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Car Enamel Pin
Channel Hollywood glamour with this glossy Car enamel pin. The rubber clutch backing keeps it safely attached to your favourite jacket, backpack, or tee.
When will my order ship?
In order to offer the extensive range of papers/products that we do, some products are housed offsite and may require 1-6 business days to be collected before your order ships. If you are in a hurry to receive your items, please contact us to check stock before placing your order. In the very rare event that we run out of something included in your order, you will be issued a full refund for that product(s) when your order ships.
Free Sample Paper Shipping to Canada and the USA:
Our 8.5x11" paper samples are shipped free to you by standard letter mail. If you require faster/trackable shipping please select one of the paid shipping options for your samples.
International Orders – Customs Charges:
Import duties, taxes and charges are the responsibility of the buyer and are not included in your shipping cost. These are calculated by customs as your shipment enters its destination country and are completely beyond our control. Please check with your country's customs office to determine what these additional costs may by prior to purchasing.
Shipping Cost Considerations:
All shipping costs are automatically calculated by our shipping partners and The Paper Place reserves the right to re-quote shipping costs if we discover the actual fees vary considerably from those calculated at checkout. You will be notified of any cost changes and have to ability to approve them before your order is shipped.
Chiyogami is possibly our most popular paper. Strong, beautiful and versatile, these papers are available in a seemingly endless selection of colours and patterns. It is easy to admire Chiyogami for it's beauty alone but what is even more impressive is understanding the time and craftsmanship that goes into making just a single sheet.
The base paper of each sheet of Chiyogami is made of a combination of kozo and sulphite. The kozo gives the paper it's characteristic strength and softness while the sulphite makes it possible to produce these papers at a reasonable cost.
To create a single sheet of Chiyogami, each base sheet is silkscreened with as many colours as there are in that particular pattern – in most cases, four or five colours. After the base sheet has been pasted to a wooden board for stability during the silkscreening process, the first screen silkscreen is registered and ink applied. Each sheet of paper is dried on racks to allow the ink to dry between applications. The screens for subsequent colours are painstakingly registered so that the colour layers lie precisely in relation to each other.
The following are samples showing each stage of this process. The last picture shows the result of this labour intensive process – an incredibly beautiful sheet of Chiyogami.


text: In addition to our large array of in-stock items, we also offer the guaranteed lowest price in the online retail products industry, with our Casemate Pub & Book Dist Llc history ranging from $15.41 to $67.74. At Unbeatablesale.com, we celebrate the quality of our service, not just our products. We take every step we can to make sure your online shopping experience is simple, secure, and efficient.We accept most major credit cards as well as Paypal and have a money back guaranty on products returned within 30 days, so shop now for worry-free savings!

subset: commoncrawl


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There are 3 United States Postal Service post boxes and offices available to the public in Harrison, TN 37341. You can use any one of these locations to mail your letter or package via USPS. For additional collection boxes in neighboring communities, see the list of post boxes in Tennessee. Do you need postage? See where to buy postage in Harrison, TN.
Avoid trips to the Post Office. Print USPS postage online with Stamps.com


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Principal Proposed Uses
Other Proposed Uses
The passionflower vine is a native of the Western hemisphere, named for symbolic connections drawn between its appearance and the crucifixion of Jesus. Native North Americans used passionflower primarily as a mild sedative. It quickly caught on as a folk remedy in Europe and was thereafter adopted by professional herbalists as a sedative and digestive aid.
What Is Passionflower Used for Today?
In 1985, Germany's Commission E officially approved passionflower as a treatment for "nervous unrest." The herb is considered to be a mildly effective treatment for anxiety and insomnia , less potent than kava and valerian , but nonetheless useful. Like melissa (lemon balm), chamomile , and valerian, passionflower is also used for nervous stomach .
However, there is only weak supporting scientific evidence that passionflower works for these purposes. Preliminary trials suggest that passionflower might be helpful for anxiety9,14 and chemical dependency . 10Animal studies suggest that passionflower extracts can reduce agitation and prolong sleep. 1,11-13
The active ingredients in passionflower are not known.
What Is the Scientific Evidence for Passionflower?
A 4-week double-blind study of 36 individuals with anxiety (specifically, generalized anxiety disorder) compared passionflower to the standard drug oxazepam. 9 Oxazepam worked more quickly, but by the end of the 4-week trial, both treatments proved equally effective. Furthermore, passionflower showed a comparative advantage in terms of side-effects: use of oxazepam was associated with more job-related problems (such as, daytime drowsiness). And, in a placebo-controlled trial involving 60 surgical patients, passionflower significantly reduced anxiety up to 90 minutes prior to surgery. 14
Chemical Dependency
A 14-day, double-blind trial enrolled 65 men addicted to opiate drugs and compared the effectiveness of passionflower and the drug clonidine together against clonidine alone. 10 Clonidine is a drug widely used to assist narcotic withdrawal. It effectively reduces physical symptoms such as increased blood pressure. However, clonidine does not help emotional symptoms, such as drug craving, anxiety, irritability, agitation, and depression. These symptoms can be quite severe and often cause enrollees in drug treatment programs to end participation. In this 14 day study, the use of passionflower along with clonidine significantly eased the emotional aspects of withdrawal as compared to clonidine alone.
The proper dosage of passionflower is 1 cup 3 times daily of a tea made by steeping 1 teaspoon of dried leaves for 10 to 15 minutes. Passionflower tinctures and powdered extracts should be taken according to the label instructions.
Safety Issues
Passionflower is on the FDA's GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) list.
The alkaloids harman and harmaline found in passionflower have been found to act somewhat like the drugs known as MAO inhibitors and also to stimulate the uterus, 3,4 but whether whole passionflower has these effects remains unknown. Passionflower might increase the action of sedative medications. 5,6,7 Finally, there are five case reports from Norway of individuals becoming temporarily mentally impaired from a combination herbal product containing passionflower. 8 It is not clear whether the other ingredients may have played a role.
Safety has not been established for pregnant or nursing mothers, very young children, or those with severe liver or kidney disease.
Interactions You Should Know About
If you are taking:
- Sedative medications : Passionflower might exaggerate their effect.
Revision Information
- Reviewer: EBSCO CAM Review Board
- Review Date: 12/2015 -
- Update Date: 12/15/2015 -


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Husker fans encouraged to arrive early for senior night
As Wednesday marks the final Husker basketball game in the Devaney Center, several pregame events are planned to help honor the 2012-13 seniors and celebrate the final season of the Devaney Center.
Fans are encouraged to arrive early on Wednesday, as Husker legends Dave Hoppen, Eric Piatkowski and Erick Strickland will have a free autograph session on the main concourse beginning at 7 p.m. All three are members of the Nebraska Basketball Hall of Fame, while Hoppen and Piatkowski are two of the three Huskers to have their jersey retired at Nebraska.
In addition, the first 10,000 fans on Wednesday will also receive a free Devaney Legends poster, while all concession stands will have throwback prices on 24-ounce Pepsi products and popcorn for $1 apiece* throughout the evening.
Senior Night ceremonies will begin at 7:45 for Andre Almeida, Dylan Talley and Brandon Ubel, as the trio will be featured with a special tribute video before they take the Devaney Center court for the final time as Huskers.
In addition, halftime ceremonies will feature the unveiling of the All-Devaney team, comprising the top five vote-getters from a Huskers.com fan poll throughout February, as well as a special video tribute to the 37 seasons at the Devaney Center.
Tickets for Wednesday's game are available for $10 and $15 by visiting Huskers.com, calling 800-8-BIGRED or at the Devaney Center at 6:30 p.m.


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BFGoodrich Tires near me in Pittston PAView a list of all locations
Mavis Discount Tire in Pittston Pennsylvania offers a wide selection of BFGoodrich tires, both car tires and truck tires. Whether your search is for a specific model or a replacement for your vehicles (OE), Original Equipment tires, Mavis has the tire for you in stock and at a discount price. We are staffed with tire professionals who will help guide you to the best tire to fit your needs. Our tire buyers know the importance of keeping the tires that you want and need in stock, at discounted prices. Please browse the tire models and tire reviews completed by our customers, then call or visit our tire shop in Pittston Pennsylvania.
We also offer many other brands of tires to the Pittston, Pennsylvania community, please search, call or visit our tire shop.
Mavis Discount Tire
1650 S Township Blvd.
Pittston PA 18640
Make My Home Store
Mon., Tue., Wed., Fri.: 8 AM - 6 PM
Thu.: 8 AM - 6 PM
Sat.: 8 AM - 5 PM
Sun.: 9 AM - 5 PM
Schedule Appointment ?
Located in the Pittston Commons shopping center near K-Mart and Planet fitness.
Get Directions from:
About Mavis Discount Tire - Pittston PAMavis Discount Tire Pittston is located in the town of Pittston PA in Luzerne County, PA. The location opened in 2017. The store location is near Duryea, Wyoming, Ransom,
For a FREE tire price quote, to schedule an appointment for tire installation or auto service please call 570-446-5946.


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This procedure is used to remove skin cancer that affects the face and other sensitive areas. The cancer is removed layer by layer. The tissue is examined under a microscope until only healthy tissue remains.
Reasons for Procedure
This surgery is most often used to treat basal and squamous cell carcinomas and other more rare skin cancers that:
- Appear on the face (including the eye lids and lips), scalp, ears, neck, shins, hands, fingers, feet, toes, and genitals
- Were previously treated and came back
- Occur near scar tissue
- Are large
- Have poorly-defined edges
- Are growing rapidly
This surgery is an effective and precise way to treat basal and squamous cell skin cancers. It offers a good chance for complete removal of the cancer, while sparing normal tissue.
Possible Complications
Problems from the procedure are rare, but all procedures have some risk. Your doctor will review potential problems, like:
- Bleeding
- Scarring
- Reaction to the local anesthesia
- Infection
- Damage to nerve endings (temporary or permanent numbness or weakness)
- Itching or shooting-pain sensations
Before your procedure, talk to your doctor about ways to manage factors that may increase your risk of complication, such as:
What to Expect
Prior to Procedure
In the time leading up to the procedure:
- Discuss with your doctor any allergies or medical problems that you have.
- Talk to your doctor if you take any medications, herbs, or supplements. You may need to stop taking some medications up to 1 week before the procedure.
- Arrange for a ride home and for help at home.
- Eat normally the day of the procedure.
Local anesthesia will be used. You will not feel pain, but you will be awake during the procedure.
Description of Procedure
The area will be cleansed with antiseptic. A local anesthetic will be injected into the area. Using a small scalpel, the top visible portion of the cancer will be removed. Next, another, deeper layer will be removed. The layer will be divided into sections and examined under a microscope. Each section of the removed layer will be color coded. This will allow the doctor to know exactly where the layer was in the skin.
These sections will be frozen and examined under a microscope for remaining cancer cells. If cancer is found at the edges of the removed layer, the doctor will go back to the precise area where that section was removed. Additional layers will be removed and examined under a microscope until all areas are cancer free. For larger wound areas, the wound will be closed with stitches, a skin flap, or a skin graft procedure. Small, shallow wounds may heal without stitches.
How Long Will It Take?
You will have to wait while the tissue is examined under a microscope, which can take 30 minutes or more. In some cases, this procedure can last for several hours.
How Much Will It Hurt?
You should have minimal discomfort during the procedure. There will be some minor pain during recovery. You may be given pain medication.
Post-procedure Care
During your stay, the hospital staff will take steps to reduce your chance of infection such as:
- Washing their hands
- Wearing gloves or masks
- Keeping your incisions covered
There are also steps you can take to reduce your chances of infection such as:
- Washing your hands often and reminding visitors and healthcare providers to do the same
- Reminding your healthcare providers to wear gloves or masks
- Not allowing others to touch your incisions
After the procedure, you may be given pain medication and an antibiotic. You will be able to leave the same day.
Keep in mind that it is normal for a scar to form. The appearance may improve over time. The doctor will monitor your condition. You and your doctor will talk about prevention steps that include regular follow-up appointments and protecting your skin in the sun.
Call Your Doctor
Call your doctor if any of these occur:
- Bleeding or other drainage
- Increased pain at the incision site
- Redness, warmth, tenderness, or swelling at the incision site
- Signs of infection, including fever and chills
If you think you have an emergency, call for emergency medical services right away.
Revision Information
- Reviewer: EBSCO Medical Review Board Monica Zangwill, MD, MPH
- Review Date: 03/2018 -
- Update Date: 10/20/2014 -


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(Wild) Hypostomus Luteus (Phase 3)Previous Next
Imperial Tropicals
Out of stock
The Hypostomus Luteus is a very rare and special plecostomus from South America. They are found in Northern Argentina on the border of Brazil living in the Rio Uruguay. They live in the fast flowing water feeding on the algae.
Since not much was know about these fish, the team from Imperial Tropicals went down to Argentina to learn more about them and the habit that they live in. In the future we plan on putting the videos on our YouTube page of that expedition.
To add this product to your wish list you must Sign In or Create an account
The Hypostomus Luteus is a very rare and special plecostomus from South America. They are found in Northern Argentina on the border of Brazil living in the Rio Uruguay. They live in the fast flowing water feeding on the algae.
Since not much was know about these fish, the team from Imperial Tropicals went down to Argentina to learn more about them and the habit that they live in. In the future we plan on putting the videos on our YouTube page of that expedition.
Q: Can you ship my order right after I place it?
A: No, in 99% of cases, we cannot and will not ship fish immediately after an order is received, nor will we ship same day in most cases. Fish need to be purged of waste and quarantined before shipment. It doesn't matter what day or time you place an order.
Q: Who do you ship through?
A: Our $9.99 SHIPPING is USPS Priority 2-3 day, or occasionally UPS Ground, if you are in the Southeastern US. The method by which we ship your fish will be determined by us at the time that we receive your order. EXPRESS (Overnight) orders are shipped primarily via UPS, Express is "next-day". If you are in Puerto Rico, EXPRESS shipping will be done through USPS and it can sometimes take 2 days. That is currently our only option for Expedited shipping to Puerto Rico.
Q: Your website only charges $9.99 for shipping. Most websites charge a lot more than that. How do you do it?
A: The only catch to get the $9.99 shipping is that you must spend at least $45 and must have a U.S. mailing address. We want it to be easy for you to know how much your fish will cost upfront and not have extra hidden fees for shipping or packaging. Orders under $45 are subject to a $14.99 flat shipping charge. There are occasionally exceptions, such as wild caught fish, which we will sometimes require EXPRESS shipping on, which is a flat $29.99.
Q: Some or all of my fish arrived dead- what do I do?
A: Contact us as soon as possible. IN ORDER FOR US TO HONOR A DOA CLAIM, YOU MUST CONTACT US WITHIN 2 HOURS OF THE PACKAGE BEING DELIVERED (WE WILL USE THE TIME PROVIDED BY THE CARRIER ON THE TRACKING). Please take a picture for us showing the loss- it can just be a picture taken with your smart phone. From there, we will either offer to refund the cost of the fish, issue credit towards a future purchase or ship you out a replacement, AT OUR DISCRETION. If the cost for us of sending you a new fish exceeds the value of the fish, we will issue a refund or credit or send you a replacement with a future order. We work very hard to make sure that you receive your fish alive and we want your fish to have a long, happy life in your tank, however it has to make financial sense for us in the end. We do not accept returns however, we will refund in 1-2 business days.
Q: I paid for overnight shipping or 2nd Day Air, but you haven't shipped my fish yet. What gives?
A: "Overnight shipping" refers only to the method by which the package carrier will deliver your fish. It does not mean that we will ship your fish the same day or even necessarily the next day after you order. We still cannot ship certain days regardless of when you order. We also still have a quarantine process which must be factored in.
Q: My tracking is showing up as "NOT FOUND". Why is that?
A: When we print your label, you will receive an email with a tracking number. The tracking number will not register any information until the Post Office or UPS actually comes and gets the box. Please wait at least 3-5 hours and try again before emailing us, as 99% of the time, this is the explanation.
Q: How do you ship? Will my fish survive in the mail for several days?
A: Over the years, we have fine tuned the process and are very comfortable shipping our fish no matter how hot or how cold it is. They are packed in insulated boxes, with clean water and pure oxygen. Heat packs or cool packs are added at no additional cost when necessary. We have had extreme cases where packages have been delayed and our fish have been in transit for 5-6 days and still survived. While we would never intentionally put our fish in that situation, delays are sometimes inevitable. For that reason, we take the utmost care in how we package our fish.
Q: Ok, so if I order today, when will you ship my fish?
A: Before shipment, we quarantine all fish for at least 24 hours. During this period, we closely monitor the fish to make sure they are healthy. We also do not feed them during this time in order to 'clean out' their digestive system. This lessens the chance of fish dying in transit due to poor water quality. Once this process is completed, your fish will then be shipped out the next Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday or sometimes Thursday (depending on your location) - whichever comes first. In most cases, we do NOT ship, Friday or Saturday.
Q: I live in another State, how do I receive fish from Imperial Tropicals?
A: Once your fish order has been prepared for shipment by us, you will receive a tracking number by email. Then, you can track your fish on the web and know an estimated arrival day. We package them with pure oxygen and pack them in insulated boxes. It is best to have someone home when the fish arrives, so that your package does not sit outside your door in the hot or cold weather.
Q: What do I need to do to prepare my tank for the fish that I have ordered?
A: Once you have done your research on the fish that you want to buy, you need to make sure that you have the proper environment for your fish to live in. That means having a healthy, cycled tank for them to go into. It is good to have a spare tank set up, so you can acclimate your fish to your water before adding them into a community tank. Always use aged aquarium water with healthy bacteria in it. You can Google more info on setting up a new tank.
Q: I just received my fish and they do not look like the pictures on the website. What's up with that?
A: Most pictures are taken with adult fish who are showing their maximum color and size potential. Any fish that was just shipped will be stressed. Allow a day or two (or occasionally more) for the fish to acclimate to their new environment - their color will return. This stress can also affect a fish's appetite. They may not eat for the first day or two. Be careful to not over feed during this period, as uneaten food will rot and diminish the water quality.
Q: Do you ship to Hawaii, Alaska or Puerto Rico?
A: Yes. For Hawaii and Alaska, we require UPS Express Shipping, which for those areas, is a flat $49.99. Hawaii requires an agricultural permit to import fish. You can find more info about that here: http://hdoa.hawaii.gov/pi/pq/travel-shipping-information/importing-animals-to-hawai%CA%BBi-from-the-u-s-mainland/ "Overnight" service for Hawaii, Alaska and Puerto Rico can often take 2 days instead of 1. Puerto Rico Express Shipping is only available through USPS at this time. It is also $49.99 flat. FAQ
Q: I own a fish store. Can I purchase wholesale from you?
A: Possibly! Reach out to us via the "Contact Us" page for more information on receiving our wholesale application. Please include your business name, address, time in business, website, etc. Purchasing wholesale from us will greatly benefit resellers as these rates are considerably lower than if purchasing retail.
Q: Where do the fish from Imperial Tropicals come from?
A: That is a good question! We are proud to say, "Direct from the breeders". Our family has been breeding and selling aquarium fish since 1970. We are always looking for new and best strains of fish to breed. We also have friends and family that breed high quality fish which we also carry on our website. You can know that when you receive a fish from us that it has been kept in the best conditions before it was sold. We also sell fish from the wild which we have imported for breeding projects. They will be labeled with the country and region they are from.
Q: How do I find out more information about the fish that I want to buy from you?
A: Before buying fish from us, we recommend that you research as much information as possible about the fish that you want to buy. You can use the Google search engine and find just about anything you would like to know about our fish. There are also numerous online fish forums, Facebook groups and blogs where knowledgeable fish keepers share a wealth of information! Lastly, if you're lucky enough to find one close by, you can join a local fish keeping club and surround yourself with other passionate hobbyists.
Q: I am interested in your fish but I cannot find the information that I need?
A: If you cannot find the answers you need on our website or the internet, you can email us via the form on the "CONTACT US" page and we will do our best to answer all of your questions. If possible, please use the above mentioned resources before emailing us. Our business is breeding and selling and it is most beneficial to all parties involved when we can focus our time on our fish.
Q: What kind of water are your fish raised in?
A: Most of our water is on the hard side and has a pH of around 8. We use soft water only for breeding the fish, but they are all raised in hard water.
Q: I have soft water with a low pH, will the fish be okay?
A: When you are fortunate enough to have soft water with a low pH, you should keep fish that like those conditions. Most fish from the Amazon and other parts of South America come from soft water conditions and will thrive in your soft water. On the opposite spectrum, most African cichlids prefer hard water with a high pH. However, if you don't have the ideal conditions for the fish you want, keep in mind that a stable pH, high or low, will be fine in most situations. If your water parameters are drastically different than ours, we recommend a slow acclimation period. If you are unfamiliar with the acclimation process, search Google, there are a few different ways to acclimate. Most domesticated fish will do good in hard or soft water when acclimated properly.
Q: I'm looking for a certain fish, but don't see it on your website. Can you get it for me?
A: Possibly! If we can get our hands on it for you, we will. You can email us via the form on the "CONTACT US" page.
Q: I live near your farm. Can I pick up my fish?
A: We do allow local pickup by appointment only. Please use the form on the CONTACT US page to schedule an appointment. We do not have a retail storefront.


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Just wanted to say that Mark, Michael and Stuart from FMI and Trevor from PWC did an excellent job engaging the classroom in discussion each day, and had a great program format for teaching. The information they brought forward was extremely useful now as I'm sure it will be throughout my career. This was only my 2nd IMPACT course that I have attended, I would like to commend IMPACT on organizing these events for Ironworkers and contractors alike, IMPACT always put on an amazing program, and does a very good job at making these events comfortable and welcoming to attend. I plan to attend more IMPACT events as the information is always very useful and IMPACT does a great job of finding the right instructors for the occasion. I would like to thank everyone at IMPACT for the work they do to set these events up and providing the opportunity to attend these courses.
Jacob Wicks
Chief Estimator
JCT Metals Inc.
Customer Service Rep / Meeting Coordinator
© 2010-2016 IMPACT All Rights Reserved
1750 New York Avenue,
Fourth Floor
(202) 393-1147
(202) 393-1148
Toll Free:
(800) 545-4921
Type a ZIP code and select a distance to find training centers within that area


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A risk factor is something that increases your chance of getting a disease or condition.
It is possible to develop esophageal cancer with or without the risk factors listed below. However, the more risk factors you have, the greater your likelihood of developing esophageal cancer. If you have a number of risk factors, ask your doctor about reducing your risk.
Some factors cannot be altered, such as age or gender. Esophageal cancer is over 3 times more common in men than in women. Though esophageal cancer can occur at any age, the risk increases with age. Adenocarcinoma incidence is highest in people aged 50-60 years old, while squamous cell carcinoma is more likely to be found in people aged 60-70 years old.
Other factors that may increase your chance of esophageal cancer include:
Tobacco Use
Smoking and chewing tobacco contain cancer-causing agents (carcinogens) that are absorbed through the surface of the esophagus, causing irritation and cellular changes. The risk of cancer increases with the amount of tobacco used and the number of years as a tobacco user. All forms of tobacco are strongly and directly associated with esophageal cancer, especially squamous cell carcinoma. The risk drops once tobacco use is stopped.
Alcohol itself is not considered a carcinogen, but a by-product of alcohol may create a highly toxic agent that irritates the esophagus. As with tobacco, prolonged alcohol use is directly associated with an increased risk of esophageal cancer, especially squamous cell carcinoma.
Alcohol and Tobacco Combined
The combined effect of alcohol and tobacco use has been shown to substantially multiply the risk of esophageal cancer. The risk of esophageal cancer may increase 3-fold in people who use both alcohol and tobacco compared to using one either alone.
Diets high in red meat consumption are associated with an increased risk of esophageal cancer. Processed meats may also increase risk, but a clear link has not been established. Squamous cell carinoma risk is higher in those who drink very hot liquids without allowing time for them to cool down. Repeated exposure to high temperatures may affect the cellular structure of the esophagus.
Environmental Exposures
Exposure to certain chemicals through work, accidents, or lifestyle habits can harm the esophagus and increase the risk of cancer. These may include:
- Harsh chemicals like drain cleaners or lye can burn or damage cells that line the esophagus. Damage can result in scar tissue that narrows the esophagus, making it difficult for food to pass from the throat to the stomach.
- Certain occupations increase exposure to harmful chemicals. Inhaled chemicals may injure the esophagus. Risk may be higher in people who are exposed to solvents in dry cleaning.
- Radiation therapy aimed at the abdomen or chest may cause damage to the esophagus.
Medical Conditions
Current or history of certain medical conditions that may increase the risk of esophageal cancer include:
- Barrett's esophagus —Barrett's esophagus is the change in the cells of the lower esophagus when they are exposed to acid from the stomach. The acid reflux causes the cells to change from the normal squamous cells to columnar cells normally found in the intestine.
- Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)—Gastric contents, including acid, chronically refluxes from the stomach into the esophagus causing irritation and discomfort..
- Obesity —Obesity is associated with Barrett's esophagus and GERD. Excess weight causes more pressure on the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), which contributes to acid reflux.
- Achalasia —The LES does not open properly, so food and liquids have a hard time moving into the stomach. The delay can cause irritation to the cells of the esophagus.
- Human papilloma virus (HPV) infection —HPV can cause normal cells to become abnormal. Persistent HPV infection has been linked to increased risk of several cancers.
- Nutrient deficiencies—Being deficient in folic acid, vitamins A and C, and riboflavin, molybdenum, and selenium increases the risk of esophageal cancer.
Revision Information
- Reviewer: Mohei Abouzied, MD
- Review Date: 12/2016 -
- Update Date: 12/08/2015 -


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Jan 20, 2013 Knowings Excerpt: The Windows to the Sky Sessions
Posted by You are Welcome at Sunday, February 03, 2013


text: Monday, December 03, 2012 Using Motivational Interviewing in Conversations With Patients In a new APTA podcast, MarySue Ingman, PT, DSc, describes the use of motivational interviewing (MI) when talking to patients about making changes in their lifestyle and presents the key concepts of MI—expressing empathy, supporting self-efficacy, rolling with resistance, and developing discrepancy. She also offers listeners specific MI techniques that they can use with patients, such as asking open-ended questions and demonstrating reflective listening. Ingman illustrates how the techniques can be used with an example in which a physical therapist has to have a conversation with a patient about smoking or a sedentary lifestyle. This podcast is the third in a series on behavioral change. Look for a podcast later this month that will provide an example of using MI with a student. The other podcasts in this series can be found on APTA's Health Behavior Change webpage. APTA podcasts are prerecorded discussions and interviews, not live events. Members can listen to podcasts at their convenience by clicking on the links provided in News Now articles, visiting www.apta.org/podcasts/, or subscribing to APTA podcasts on iTunes.


text:
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is an allergic lung disorder. It is related to a fungus. Aspergillosis can also occur as:
- A lung infection that can spread to other parts of the body, which is more common in patients with suppressed immune systems
- A fungal growth in a lung cavity that has healed from a previous lung disease or infection
ABPA is caused by an allergic reaction to an inhaled fungus. It grows and flourishes in decaying vegetation, soil, certain foods, dust, and water. The inhaled fungus colonizes mucus in the lungs, causing:
- Sensitization to the fungus
- Recurring allergic inflammation of the lungs
- Packing of the tiny alveoli air sacs in the lungs with a type of white blood cell involved in certain allergic reactions and infections with parasites
Risk Factors
Factors that may increase your chances of ABPA:
- Asthma or other allergies
- Cystic fibrosis
- Tuberculosis
- Sarcoidosis
- Family history
Symptoms of ABPA are usually those of progressive asthma. These include:
- Shortness of breath
- Cough
- Wheezing
- Weakness
- Chest pain
As ABPA progresses, other symptoms may occur:
- Production of thick, brownish, and/or bloody sputum
- Mild fever
- Unintended weight loss
You will be asked about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done.
Images may be taken of your bodily structures. This can be done with:
- Chest x-ray
- CT scan
Your bodily fluids and tissues may be tested. This can be done with:
- Sputum tests
- Blood tests
- Skin prick tests
- Biopsy of lung or sinus tissue
Your lungs may be tested. This can be done with pulmonary function tests (PFTs).
ABPA can appear quite similar to non-ABPA induced asthma. ABPA is typically diagnosed after several repeat tests for ABPA are positive over a number of months or years.
The goals of treatment include:
- Suppressing the allergic reaction to the fungus
- Minimizing lung inflammation
- Preventing the fungus from colonizing the lungs
ABPA is usually treated with:
- Steroids—may be taken by mouth or inhaled depending on the severity of the symptoms
- Antifungal drugs
- Medications used for asthma, such as bronchodilators or other anti-allergy medication
Avoiding exposure to fungus is the best way to prevent ABPA. However, this is difficult because fungus is so prevalent in the environment. Guidelines to help prevent exposure to the fungus include:
Avoiding areas with:
- Decaying vegetation
- Standing water
- Keeping your home as dust-free as possible
- Remaining in air-filtered, air-conditioned environments whenever possible
Measures to avoid symptoms and prevent permanent lung damage caused by ABPA include:
- Ongoing testing and monitoring of ABPA
- Early and continuing medical treatment for the disease
Revision Information
- Reviewer: EBSCO Medical Review Board David L. Horn, MD, FACP
- Review Date: 11/2018 -
- Update Date: 12/20/2014 -


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Two families from Leicestershire have been interviewed today to talk about the difficulties they face trying to support their children in light of the Save the Children launching its first UK appeal.
Robin had been through a difficult time and had just been discharged from a Mental Health Unit. He had just moved into his new home. Robin had lost all his belongings, was vulnerable and desperately trying to cope. We helped immediately and bought a bed and cooker so Robin can start rebuilding his life.
Sarah was diagnosed with MS, she was a single mum and now unable to work. Her home had been adapted to create a bedroom and bathroom downstairs. The rooms were unfurnished and Sarah couldn't afford the items. We helped and bought Sarah a new bed and carpets. This has meant the world to her.
Molly and her mum were in desperate need. Their home was infested with mice, damp and mould. The mould had spread to their beds forcing them to sleep on the settee each night. Molly's mum has no means to buy new beds. So we bought two beds, just £240 made a difference.
At 94 Lily's health had deteriorated, she could no longer manage the stairs at home, was sleeping downstairs and used a commode. To stay at home she needed a stair lift, but Lily survived on a state pension. We helped immediately and purchased a stair lift so Lily can stay at home independently.
David gained custody of his children when their mother neglected them. He found a home but it was unfurnished. David had recently lost his job and he simply couldn't afford the items needed. We helped immediately and provided the family with beds, a cooker, clothing and household goods. The family can now be together.
Reema, 17, left home due to abuse. Now living at a hostel she continued with school, but only had thin summer clothes, no coat and worn sandals during winter. Saving up to buy new things meant going without food. We helped immediately to provide new clothes and supported Reema through The Alderman Newton's Educational Foundation.
Margaret has been looking after Stacey, her grandaughter, since Stacey's mum died after giving birth. Margaret is disabled and the family survive on disability and child benefits. Stacey's bed was broken so she was sleeping on the floor. Margaret couldn't afford to buy a new one. So we did, just £165 made a difference.
David was homeless sleeping in a church crypt during winter, he had no income and had not eaten for 3 days. We acted immediately and gave David food vouchers. We provided a bond on a rented property, funds for a suit and arranged for work experience. Just £210 got David off the street and back into work.
Rina and Zach managed to escape domestic violence. Rina had been unable to go to work because of her injuries and was trying to survive on statutory sick pay. They had found a safe place but had no furniture, beds, cooker or any household goods. We acted immediately and purchased the items that they desperately needed.
Shelley lives with cerebral palsy and although severely disabled she lives independently. Her deteriorating health meant that she urgently needed a specialist eye-controlled communication computer and specialist wheelchair. Neither of these items could be provided by the NHS. We raised over £20,000 to purchase the equipment Shelley needed.


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SEC504: Hacker Techniques, Exploits & Incident Handling
Thu, December 12 - Tue, December 17, 2013
- Contents | Additional Info
- Instructor: John Strand
- 37 CPEs
- Laptop Required
SEC504 is the single best technical training course I've taken.
The hands-on labs and the technical background about how attacks work in SEC504 are very insightful and shows us how hackers operate.
If your organization has an Internet connection or one or two disgruntled employees (and whose doesn't!), your computer systems will get attacked. From the five, ten, or even one hundred daily probes against your Internet infrastructure to the malicious insider slowly creeping through your most vital information assets, attackers are targeting your systems with increasing viciousness and stealth.
By helping you understand attackers' tactics and strategies in detail, giving you hands-on experience in finding vulnerabilities and discovering intrusions, and equipping you with a comprehensive incident handling plan, the in-depth information in this course helps you turn the tables on computer attackers. This course addresses the latest cutting-edge insidious attack vectors, the "oldie-but-goodie" attacks that are still so prevalent, and everything in between. Instead of merely teaching a few hack attack tricks, this course includes a time-tested, step-by-step process for responding to computer incidents; a detailed description of how attackers undermine systems so you can prepare, detect, and respond to them; and a hands-on workshop for discovering holes before the bad guys do. Additionally, the course explores the legal issues associated with responding to computer attacks, including employee monitoring, working with law enforcement, and handling evidence.
This challenging course is particularly well-suited to individuals who lead or are a part of an incident handling team. Furthermore, general security practitioners, system administrators, and security architects will benefit by understanding how to design, build, and operate their systems to prevent, detect, and respond to attacks.
- The step-by-step approach used by many computer attackers
- The latest computer attack vectors and how you can stop them
- Proactive and reactive defenses for each stage of a computer attack
- Hands-on workshop addressing scanning for, exploiting, and defending systems
- Strategies and tools for detecting each type of attack
- Attacks and defenses for Windows, Unix, switches, routers, and other systems
- Application-level vulnerabilities, attacks, and defenses
- Developing an incident handling process and preparing a team for battle
- Legal issues in incident handling
- Recovering from computer attacks and restoring systems for business
It is imperative that you get written permission from the proper authority in your organization before using these tools and techniques on your company's system and also that you advise your network and computer operations teams of your testing.
Course Syllabus
SEC504.1: Incident Handling Step-by-Step and Computer Crime Investigation
John Strand
Thu Dec 12th, 2013
Securing an infrastructure is a complex task of balancing business needs against security risks. With the discovery of new vulnerabilities almost on a daily basis, there is always the potential for an intrusion. In addition to online intrusions, physical incidents like fires, floods and crime all require a solid methodology for incident handling to be in place, in order to get systems and services back online as quickly and securely as possible.
The first part of the course looks at the invaluable Incident Handling Step-by-Step model. Incident Handling Step-by-Step was created through a consensus process involving experienced incident handlers from corporations, government agencies, and educational institutes, and has been proven effective in hundreds of organizations. This section is designed to provide students a complete introduction to the incident handling process, using the six steps (preparation, identification, containment, eradication, recovery and lessons learned) one needs to follow to prepare for and deal with a computer incident.
The second part of this course examines from-the-trenches case studies to understand what does and does not work in identifying computer attackers. This section provides valuable information on the steps a systems administrator can take to improve the chances of catching and prosecuting attackers.
CPE/CMU Credits: 7
- Building a Jump Kit
- Identifying the core team
- Instrumentation of the site and system
- Signs of an incident
- First steps
- Chain of Custody
- Documentation strategies: video and audio
- Containment and quarantine
- Pull the network cable, switch and site
- Identifying and isolating the trust model
- Evaluating whether a backup is compromised
- Total rebuild of the Operating System
- Moving to a new architecture
- Who makes the determination to return to production?
- Monitoring to system
- Expect an increase in attacks
Special actions for responding to different types of incidents
- Espionage
- Inappropriate use
- Sexual harassment
Incident record keeping
- Pre-built forms
- Legal acceptability
Incident follow-up
- Lessons learned meeting
- Changes in process for the future
SEC504.2: Computer and Network Hacker Exploits - Part 1
John Strand
Fri Dec 13th, 2013
Seemingly innocuous data leaking from your network could provide the clue needed by an attacker to blow your systems wide open. This day-long course covers the details associated with reconnaissance and scanning, the first two phases of many computer attacks.
Your networks reveal an enormous amount of information to potential attackers. In addition to looking for information leakage, attackers also conduct detailed scans of systems, scouring for openings to get through your defenses. They scope out targets of opportunity to break into your network, such as weak DMZ systems and firewalls, unsecured modems, or the increasingly popular wireless LAN attacks. Attackers are increasingly employing inverse scanning, blind scans, and bounce scans to obscure their source and intentions. They are also targeting firewalls, attempting to understand and manipulate rule sets to penetrate our networks. Another very hot area in computer attacks involves Intrusion Detection System evasion, techniques that allow an attacker to avoid detection by these computer burglar alarms.
If you don't have the skills needed to understand these critical phases of an attack in detail, you won't be able to protect your network. Students who take this class and master the material will understand these attacks and the associated defenses.
It is imperative that you get written permission from the proper authority in your organization before using these tools and techniques on your organizations systems, and also that you advise your network and computer operations teams of your testing schedule.
CPE/CMU Credits: 6
- What does your network reveal?
- Are you leaking too much information?
- Using Whois lookups, ARIN, RIPE and APNIC
- Domain Name System harvesting
- Data gathering from fob postings, websites and government databases
- The art of war driving to locate unsecure wireless LANs
- War dialing for renegade modems
- Port Scanning: Traditional, stealth and blind scanning
- Active and passive Operating System fingerprinting
- Firewalking to determine firewall filtering rules
- Vulnerability scanning using Nessus and other tools
- CGI scanning with Whisker
Intrusion Detection System (IDS) evasion
- Foiling IDS at the network level: Fragmentation and other tricks
- Foiling IDS at the application level: Exploiting the rich syntax of computer languages
- Using Fragroute, Fragrouter and Whisker IDS evasion tactics
Hands-on exercises with the following tools:
- NetStumbler for Wireless LAN discovery
- Nmap Port Scanner and Operating System fingerprinting tool
- Nessus Vulnerability Scanner
- Enum for extracting Windows data through null sessions
SEC504.3: Computer and Network Hacker Exploits - Part 2
John Strand
Sat Dec 14th, 2013
Computer attackers are ripping our networks and systems apart in novel ways, while constantly improving their techniques. This day-long course covers the third step of many hacker attacks: gaining access.
Attackers employ a variety of strategies to take over systems, from the network level up to the application level. This section covers the attacks in depth, from the details of buffer overflow and format string attack techniques to the latest in session hijacking of supposedly secure protocols. Additionally, you'll get hands-on experience in running sniffers and the incredibly flexible Netcat tool.
Administrators need to get into the "meat" of how the attacks and their associated defenses work to really defend against these attacks. For each attack, the course explains the vulnerability, how various tools exploit it, the signature of the attack, and how to harden the system or application against the attack. Students who sign an ethics and release form are issued a CD-ROM containing the attack tools examined in class.
It is imperative that you get written permission from the proper authority in your organization before using these tools and techniques on your organizations system, and also that you advise your network and computer operations teams of your testing schedule.
CPE/CMU Credits: 6
Network-Level attacks
- Session hijacking: From Telnet to SSL and SSH
- Person-in-the-Middle attacks
- Passive sniffing
Gathering and parsing packets
- Active sniffing: ARP cache poisoning and DNS injection
- DNS cache poisoning: Redirecting traffic on the Internet
- Using and abusing Netcat, including backdoors and nasty relays
- IP Address spoofing variations
Operating System and application-level attacks
- Buffer overflows in-depth
- The MetaSploit Exploitation Framework and Perl Exploit Library
- Format string attacks
Netcat: The attacker's best friend
- Using Netcat to transfer files, create backdoors, and shovel shell
- Netcat relays to obscure the source of an attack
- Replay attacks using Netcat
Hands-on exercises with the following tools:
- Sniffers, including Tcpdump
- Sniffer detection tools, including ifconfig, ifstatus, and promiscdetect
- Netcat for transferring files, creating backdoors, and setting up relays
- Format string vulnerabilities in Windows
SEC504.4: Computer and Network Hacker Exploits - Part 3
John Strand
Sun Dec 15th, 2013
This course starts out by covering one of the attackers favorite techniques for compromising systems: worms. We'll analyze worm developments over the last two years, and project these trends into the future to get a feel for the coming Super Worms we'll face. Then, the course turns to another vital area often exploited by attackers: web applications. Because most organizations' homegrown web applications don't get the security scrutiny of commercial software, attackers exploit these targets using SQL injection, cross-site scripting, session cloning, and a variety of other mechanisms discussed in detail.
The course also presents a taxonomy of nasty denial of service attacks, illustrating how attackers can stop services or exhaust resources, as well as what you need to do to prevent their nefarious deeds.
Also, once intruders have gained access into a system, they want to keep that access, preventing pesky system administrators and security personnel from detecting their presence.
To fool you, attackers install backdoor tools and manipulate existing software on a system to maintain access to the machine on their own terms.
To defend against these attacks, you need to understand how attackers alter systems to discover the sometimes-subtle hints associated with system compromise. This course arms you with the understanding and tools you need to defend against attackers maintaining access and covering their tracks.
It is imperative that you get written permission from the proper authority in your organization before using these tools and techniques on your organizations system, and also that you advise your network and computer operations teams of your testing schedule.
CPE/CMU Credits: 6
Password cracking
- Password cracking with John the Ripper
- Analysis of worm trends From 1999 - 2005
- Password cracking with L0phtCrack and John the Ripper
Web application attacks
- Account harvesting
- SQL Injection: Manipulating back-end databases
- Session Cloning: Grabbing other users' web sessions
- Cross-Site Scripting
Denial of service attacks
- Distributed Denial of Service: Pulsing zombies and reflected attacks
- Local Denial of Service
- SYN Floods and Smurf attacks: DoS building blocks
Hands-on exercises with the following tools:
- John the Ripper password cracker
- Web application attack tools, including Achilles
SEC504.5: Computer and Network Hacker Exploits - Part 4
John Strand
Mon Dec 16th, 2013
This day-long course covers the fourth and fifth steps of many hacker attacks: maintaining access and covering their tracks. Computer attackers install backdoors, apply Rootkits, and sometimes even manipulate the underlying kernel itself to hide their nefarious deeds. Each of these categories of tools requires specialized defenses to protect the underlying system. In this course, we'll analyze the most commonly used malicious code specimens, as well as explore future trends in malware, including BIOS-level and combo malware possibilities.
Attackers also cover their tracks by hiding files, sniffers, network usage, and active processes. Additionally, super stealthy sniffing backdoors are increasingly being used to thwart investigations. Finally, attackers often alter system logs, all in an attempt to make the compromised system appear normal. This course gives you the tools and techniques you need to detect and respond to these activities on your computers and network.
It is imperative that you get written permission from the proper authority in your organization before using these tools and techniques on your organizations system, and also that you advise your network and computer operations teams of your testing schedule.
CPE/CMU Credits: 6
Maintaining access
- Backdoors: Using QAZ, Tini, and other popular beasts
- Trojan horse backdoors: A nasty combo
- Application-level Trojan horse backdoor suites (VNC, SubSeven, etc.)
- Rootkits: Substituting binary executables with nasty variations
- Kernel-level Rootkits: Attacking the heart of the Operating System (Adore, the Super User Control Kit, and KIS)
Covering the tracks
- File and directory camouflage and hiding
- Log file editing on Windows and Unix
- Accounting entry editing: UTMP, WTMP, shell histories, etc.
- Covert channels over HTTP, ICMP, TCP and other protocols
- Sniffing backdoors and how they can really mess up your investigations unless you are aware of them
- Steganography: Hiding data in images, music, binaries, or any other file type
Putting it all together
- Specific scenarios showing how attackers use a variety of tools together
- Analyzing scenarios based on real-world attacks
- Learning from the mistakes of other organizations
- Where to go for the latest attack info and trends
Hands-on exercises with the following tools:
- Virtual Network Computing (VNC) and shovelling GUI
- RootKits and detection
- Detecting backdoors with Netstat, Lsof, and Fport
- Hidden file detection with LADS
- Covert Channels using Covert_TCP
SEC504.6: Hacker Tools Workshop
John Strand
Tue Dec 17th, 2013
Over the years, the security industry has become smarter and more effective in stopping hackers; unfortunately, hacker tools are becoming smarter and more complex. One of the most effective methods in stopping the enemy is actually testing the environment with the same tools and tactics an attacker might use against you.
This workshop lets you put what you have learned over the past week into practice. You will be connected to one of the most hostile networks on planet Earth. This network simulates the Internet and allows students to try actual attacks against live machines and learn how to protect against these attacks. This workshop will supplement the classroom training that the student has already received and give them flight time with the attack tools to better understand how they work. Instructors will give guidance on exactly what is happening as exploits and defensive measures are running. As students work on various exploits and master them, the environment will become increasingly difficult so that students will have to master additional skills in order to successfully complete the exercises.
Additionally, students can participate in the workshop's Capture The Flag event. By penetrating systems, discovering subtle flaws, and using puzzle-solving techniques, you can test the skills you've built over the week in this engaging contest. The Capture The Flag victors will win a prize.
Paranoia is good!
Your laptop will be attacked. Do not have any sensitive data stored on the system. SANS is not responsible for your system if (actually, when) someone in the class attacks it in the workshop. Bring the right equipment and prepare it in advance to maximize what you'll learn and the fun you'll have doing it.
CPE/CMU Credits: 6
Hands-on analysis
- Nmap Port Scanner
- Nessus Vulnerability Scanner
- Network mapping
- Sniffer attack tools
- Netcat: File transfer, backdoors, and relays
General exploits
- IP spoofing
- Session hijacking
- Buffer overflows
- John the Ripper Password Cracker
Other attack tools and techniques
- Web application manipulation
- Backdoors with Netcat, BO2K, and VNC
- File and directory hiding on Windows and Linux
- Covert channels in HTTP, ICMP, and TCP
- And much more...
Additional Information
Laptop Required
To get the most value out of the course, students are required to bring their own laptop so that they can connect directly to the workshop network that we will create. It is the students' responsibility to make sure that the system is properly configured with all drivers necessary to connect to an Ethernet network.
Some of the course exercises are based on Windows, while others focus on Linux. VMware Player or VMware Workstation is required for the class. If you plan to use a Macintosh, please make sure you bring VMware Fusion, along with a Windows guest virtual machine.
You are required to bring Windows 7 (Professional, Enterprise, or Ultimate), Windows Vista (Business, Enterprise, or Ultimate), Windows XP Pro, or Windows 2003 or 2008 Server, either a real system or a virtual machine. Windows 8 Pro is an acceptable option. Windows 7 Home, Windows Vista Home, Windows XP Home, and Windows 2000 (all versions) will NOT work for the class as they do not include all of the built-in capabilities we need for comprehensive analysis of the system.
The course includes a VMware image file of a guest Linux system that is larger than 3 GB. Therefore, you need a file system with the ability to read and write files that are larger than 3 GB, such as NTFS on a Windows machine.
IMPORTANT NOTE: You will also be required to disable your anti-virus tools temporarily for some exercises, so make sure you have the anti-virus administrator permissions to do so. DO NOT plan on just killing your anti-virus service or processes because most anti-virus tools still function even when their associated services and processes have been terminated. For many enterprise-managed clients, disabling your anti-virus tool may require a different password than the Administrator account password. Please bring that administrator password for your anti-virus tool.
We also require that no enterprise group policies be applied to the system. These policies can and will interfere with our labs.
Enterprise VPN clients may interfere with the network configuration required to participate in the class. If your system has an enterprise VPN client installed, you may need to uninstall it for the exercises in class.
You will use VMware to run Windows and Linux operating systems simultaneously when performing exercises in class. You must have either the free VMware Player 5 or later or the commercial VMware Workstation 9 or later installed on your system prior to coming to class. You can download VMware Player for free here.
Alternatively, if you want a more flexible and configurable tool, you can download a free 30-day trial copy of VMware Workstation here. VMware will send you a time-limited license number for VMware Workstation if you register for the trial at their Web site. No license number is required for VMware Player.
If you are using a Macbook or Macbook Pro with OS X 10.8 or later you will need VMWare Fusion 5.0 or later.
VirtualBox is not supported and may interfere with our labs. It should not be installed on a system you are planning to use for this class.
We will give you a DVD full of attack tools to experiment with during the class and take home for later analysis. We will also provide a Linux image with all of our tools pre-installed that runs within VMware Player or VMware Workstation.
You do not need to bring a Linux system if you plan to use our Linux image in VMware. However, you are required to bring VMware Workstation or VMware Player. The class does not support VirtualPC or other non-VMware virtualization products.
Mandatory Laptop Hardware Requirements
- x86- or x64-compatible 2.0 GHz CPU Minimum or higher
- DVD Drive (not a CD drive)
- 3 GigaByte RAM minimum with 4 GB or higher recommended
- Ethernet adapter (A wired connection is required in class. If your laptop supports only wireless, please make sure to bring an Ethernet adapter with you)
- 10 GigaByte available hard drive space
- Any Service Pack level is acceptable for Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, or Windows XP Pro
During the workshop, you will be connecting to one of the most hostile networks on planet Earth! Your laptop might be attacked. Do not have any sensitive data stored on the system. SANS is not responsible for your system if someone in the class attacks it in the workshop.
By bringing the right equipment and preparing in advance, you can maximize what you'll see and learn as well as have a lot of fun.
If you have additional questions about the laptop specifications, please contact firstname.lastname@example.com.
Who Should Attend
- Incident handlers
- Leaders of incident handling teams
- System administrators who are on the front lines defending their systems and responding to attacks
- Other security personnel who are first responders when systems come under attack
You Will Be Able To
- Apply incident handling processes in-depth, including preparation, identification, containment, eradication, and recovery, to protect enterprise environments
- Analyze the structure of common attack techniques to be able to evaluate an attacker�s spread through a system and network, anticipating and thwarting further attacker activity
- Utilize tools and evidence to determine the kind of malware used in an attack, including rootkits, back- doors, and trojan horses, choosing appropriate de- fenses and response tactics for each
- Use built-in command-line tools such as Windows tasklist, wmic, and reg as well as Linux netstat, ps, and lsof to detect an attacker�s presence on a machine
- Analyze router and system ARP tables along with switch CAM tables to track an attacker�s activity through a network and identify a suspect
- Use memory dumps and the Volatility tool to determine an attacker�s activities on a machine, the malware installed, and other machines the attacker used as pivot points across the network
- Gain access of a target machine using Metasploit, and then detecting the artifacts and impacts of exploita- tion through process, file, memory, and log analysis
- Analyze a system to see how attackers use the Netcat tool to move files, create backdoors, and build relays through a target environment
- Run the Nmap port scanner and Nessus vulnerability scanner to find openings on target systems, and apply tools such as tcpdump and netstat to detect and analyze the impacts of the scanning activity
- Apply the tcpdump sniffer to analyze network traffic generated by a covert backdoor to determine an attacker�s tactics
- Employ the netstat and Isof tools to diagnose specific types of traffic-flooding denial-of-service techniques and choosing appropriate response actions based on each attacker's flood technique
- Analyze shell history files to find compromised machines, attacker-controlled accounts, sniffers, and backdoors
Author Statement
My favorite part of teaching Hacker Techniques, Exploits, and Incident Handling is watching students when they finally get it. It's usually a two-stage process. First, students begin to realize how truly malicious some of these attacks are. Some students have a very visceral reaction, occasionally shouting out "Oh, shoot!" when they see what the bad guys are really up to. But if I stopped the process at that point, I'd be doing a disservice. The second stage is even more fun. Later in the class, students gradually realize that, even though the attacks are really nasty, they can prevent, detect, and respond to them. Using the knowledge they gain in this track, they know they'll be ready when a bad guy launches an attack against their systems. And being ready to thwart the bad guys is what it's all about.
- Ed Skoudis


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To help stop this destruction Take action now!
After the ten day blockade of the Clipper Hope, preventing her from loading pig iron in ão Luis do Maranhão. Greenpeace suspended the action. Upon confirmation that the public hearing with representatives of the government and the pig iron industry had begun in Brasilia, the director of the Amazon campaign, Paulo Adario, gave the order to the activists to come down and remove the anchor blockade. The organization is now waiting for positive results from the meeting. Last week, Greenpeace released a report that shows how the chain of production of pig iron leaves a path of destruction in the Amazon.05/24/2012
© Marizilda Cruppe / Greenpeace
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Infrared Thermography: (Nearly) A Daily Tool
A version of this article appears in the March/April 2008 issue of Home Energy Magazine.
March 07, 2008
The potential returns of using IR thermography for retrofitting of existing homes are immense.
Infrared (IR) thermography as a diagnostic tool for building performance has been under utilized. In the past the expense of the tools—from $25k to $60k—and their technological complexity have made them inaccessible to most contractors. Perhaps the biggest barrier has been due to a limited understanding of how to use the technology effectively and, consequently, a lack of day-to-day experience in diverse conditions. Thankfully, as the cost of the technology has decreased—to under $10k for many systems—more and more people are discovering the remarkable value it has in all stages of energy work for both new and retrofit buildings. And as more people use IR thermography regularly our collective foundation of field knowledge has grown substantially.
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Electron-beam computed tomography (EBCT) is a fast and sensitive test for detecting calcium build-up in the arteries of the heart. It uses an electron gun instead of regular x-rays to scan the chest.
The amount of calcium build-up in the arteries will give your doctor an idea of whether a condition known as atherosclerosis has developed. This condition can lead to narrowing of the arteries, heart attack, stroke, and other serious conditions.
Reasons for Test
EBCT may be used to screen people for coronary artery disease (CAD). It can be used before or after symptoms actually appear. This test may be most useful for people at moderate risk for heart attacks. This is important because, for many people, the first sign of CAD is a heart attack.
Possible Complications
An EBCT is considered a low risk procedure and uses very low amounts of radiation. Despite this, women should let their doctor know if they are pregnant.
Some may also have an allergic reaction to dyes or contrast material used to enhance the images. Let your doctor know about any allergies you may have.
What to Expect
Prior to Test
Your doctor will discuss your health and medical history, including any risk factors you have for CAD. This will help your doctor determine if EBCT screening is right for you.
Description of Test
You will be asked to lie down on a padded table under an arch-shaped scanner. You may remain clothed and your head will not be enclosed at any time. The scanner moves over your body and takes pictures of your internal organs. During the scan, you will be asked to hold your breath at times to help you remain motionless. A radiographer who runs the scan will be with you to answer any questions or concerns.
After Test
You will be able to leave after the test is done.
How Long Will It Take?
The procedure takes about 10-15 minutes. The actual scanning time is only a few seconds.
Will It Hurt?
The EBCT software measures the calcium deposits in your arteries. This is called the calcification score. Depending on your score, your doctor will discuss any measures you should take to decrease your risk of CAD, such as exercising more or taking medication. Your doctor may also recommend more testing or surgery if your score is very high.
Call Your Doctor
Call your doctor if you have any questions about the test, your condition, or your test results.
If you think you have an emergency, call for emergency medical services right away.
Revision Information
- Reviewer: EBSCO Medical Review Board Michael J. Fucci, DO, FACC
- Review Date: 03/2018 -
- Update Date: 05/02/2014 -


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Magazine quality and art portraits for men, women, children, families & couples.
The studio located in Canterbury Kent for models portfolios and actors headshots.
Commercial work - TIMSTUBBINGS.COM
Kent portrait photographers |© 2003-2018 Tim Stubbings All Rights Reserved | Tim Stubbings Photography is a trading name of Tim Stubbings Photography Limited registered no. 8785536 | Portrait Photographer in Kent | Portrait Photography in Kent | Photography Workshops Courses & Training in Kent|ProPhoto Photo Blog


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A risk factor is something that increases your likelihood of getting a disease or condition.
It is possible to develop non-Hodgkin lymphoma with or without the risk factors listed below, but it is still important to be aware of risk factors. If you have a number of risk factors, ask your doctor what you can do to reduce your risk.
Certain risk factors can not be changed. For example, non-Hodgkin lymphoma is more common in people over 60 years old. It is also more common in men.
Other factors that may increase the chance of non-Hodgkin lymphoma include:
Suppressed Immune System
Cancer cells of non-Hodgkin lymphoma develop from cells of the immune system. As a result, challenges or weakness of the immune system may increase the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Examples include:
- Chronic infections such as Epstein-Barr (causes mononucleosis), HIV, helicobacter pylori (causes peptic ulcers) or HTLV.
- Autoimmune diseases such as Sjogren syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, celiac disease, or systemic lupus erythematosus
- Medications that suppress the immune system such as those used to prevent organ transplant rejection
Occupational or Environmental Exposures
Exposures to certain chemicals or radiation may increase the risk of lymphoma. People who work around pesticides, fertilizers, and certain chemical solvents have a greater chance of developing non-Hodgkins lymphoma than people who do not.
People who have survived nuclear accidents or explosions are also at an increased risk. Fallout from nuclear radiation stays in the environment for years. However, radiation exposure from medical and dental x-rays is not associated with an increased risk.
Family History
People who have a parent with non-Hodgkins lymphoma may have an increased risk of developing it. This is especially true if the family member had lymphoma at an early age.
Smoking introduces a variety of harmful chemicals into the body that can affect the DNA of cells. The lymph also help carry the chemicals out of the body. The risk of lymphoma increases with the number of cigarettes smoked and years as a smoker.
Revision Information
- Reviewer: EBSCO Medical Review Board Mohei Abouzied, MD, FACP
- Review Date: 03/2018 -
- Update Date: 03/30/2016 -


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Calibrating Measurement Tools
A version of this article appears in the May/June 2013 issue of Home Energy Magazine.
April 28, 2013
To quote the wise Yogi Berra, "You've got to be very careful if you don't know where you are going, because you might not get there." In terms of calibration you could say, "If you don't know where you started, you won't be able to tell how far you've gone." With a calibrated test instrument, we can start at the same place every time.
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If you have seven years to develop and test a software product with a fixed specification, then quality is readily achievable. This article, however, concerns practical software quality for software professionals who operate under less ideal conditions. I outline a philosophy that centers on quality gates and analyze how to make quality gates as effective as possible.
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The key to measuring and achieving software quality is developing tests, known as quality gates, through which your software must pass. The tighter the gates, the higher the software quality is guaranteed to be. Quality gates are built up over time and become as valuable as the product itself.
Quality gates take various forms. They can be processes (two peers must review and sign off on every change before check-in), results from beta trials (90% of beta sites will rate the software as defect-free), or actual tests run either manually or automatically. To be a gate, success or failure has to be measurable before release. Retrospective measurements, such as the number of defects per 1,000 lines of code, are not quality gates.
Most software professionals think that defects exist in software because of bugs in the code. A more productive perspective is that defects exist because of bugs in the quality gates that is, quality gates were not designed or applied sufficiently well to trap all errors. The central idea in this view is that bugs do not exist in code; rather, they exist only in quality gates.
In other words, code is never correct or incorrect. It is only compliant or noncompliant with the quality gates. To fix a defect, the quality gates are improved to detect the defect. Eventually, the code is made compliant with the tightened quality gates, but fixing the code is secondary to fixing the quality gates.
Some of the best quality gates are test suites that verify that, given appropriate input, the expected outputs are produced. Many organizations put enormous amounts of work into their test suites, but they are not always as effective as they could be. Three reasons account for this ineffectiveness.
1. Lack of Visibility. A software tester has very little visibility into the internal state of a system. In fact, today's software testers are like cardiologists without an EKG. They exercise the patient as hard as possible, and if the patient keels over (core dumps), the tester concludes there must have been a problem. What the software tester lacks is an EKG-equivalent that can detect subtle conditions indicating future trouble. In software, examples of such conditions include a hash table with duplicate entries or a doubly linked list that is not correctly linked. In general, a software tester needs to be able to run a test exercising part of an application, followed by extensive application-specific internal consistency checks. You can combat the lack of visibility into software by requiring applications writers to provide external hooks (environment variables, functions) that perform extensive internal consistency checks that the software tester can use after each test.
2. Delay Between Cause And Effect. Many software defects do not cause immediate visible symptoms, but if the program continues to be tested, the symptom may appear.
In Figure 1, each branch represents a different code path. For example, the initial three-way branch might be the New, Open, and Close menu entry code. In this example, a bug is triggered by the open code, but no symptom appears. Only later, perhaps when the file is accidentally re-opened by the user, will a symptom (crash) appear. Certainly this delay between cause and effect makes tracking causes difficult, but more importantly, it means test suites must be sophisticated enough to trigger an error, and they must go on to trigger a symptom. The combinatorics of exercising code are bad enough, but the extra work needed to trigger symptoms in addition to errors makes the job nearly impossible.
Figure 1: The delay between cause and effect.
3. Working By Accident. Many software programs work only by good fortune and luck. Much of the time, that luck holds and users remain content. A classic example of working by accident can be seen in the following example:
char* x = malloc(100); fill_and_sort(x, 100); if (x[100] == ERRVAL) abort();
On the third line of this code fragment, the memory location
x[100] is being read and compared against the constant
ERRVAL. The problem, of course, is that
x[99] is the last valid memory location of
x, and that
x[100] has uninitialized random contents. Most of the time (good luck), the memory
x[100] is not equal to
ERRVAL, and the call to
abort() is not performed. Sometimes (bad luck), the memory
x[100] happens to be equal to
ERRVAL, and the program core dumps. Note that no memory is being corrupted in this example, and the good-luck case has no lingering effects of the defect. Thus, a program that is working by accident produces correct results, and the application is entirely internally consistent afterwards, yet this program will fail periodically in the field.


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Networks has Long Island business security cameras, installation specialists located on call, serving the Nassau County, Western Suffolk and Eastern Queens NY areas.
Most Long Island businesses have always had some form of Security Cameras (CCTV) installed. They are very essential for every business to have these Cameras installed. They are found in banks, retails stores, and any other type business. The footage can be taken from these cameras can be used in the court room in convicting someone of a crime. Security Cameras have gotten better resolution since the 70's. Networks by Design has security cameras specialists that can design your business with a brand new DVR/NVR System. The foolest thing a business owner can do, is skimp out on a DVR/NVR system that has a lot of blind spots. Homes can get away with a 4-channel DVR/NVR system. Businesses need alot more cameras than 4.
Since there are alot of options out there, it is recommended that the business owner leaves us with picking out the correct system for their needs. A Networks by Design specialists can meet with the owner at their building and point out all of the blind spots. Kind in mind that not all employees can be trusted and if you have a feeling, backing up your feeling with a camera can help you in making a decision in keeping that employee.
Not only Networks by Design specialists can install brand new DVR/NVR equipment. We also have skills that most Technicians in the field do not have. Any Networks by Design specialist has the tools to troubleshoot any non-functioning DVR/NVR system. Most businesses think they can just install a DVR/NVR system onto their Computer Network and think everything is ok, however without a Networks by Design specialists installing them for you, conflicts between computers may occur. What separates us from our competitors, we are also computer and network specialists.
DVR (Digital Video Recorder) - Usually these devices have a BNC connection on the back of them and are limited up to 30 frames per second. These devices are out-dated technology and are not a good choice for Clarity.
NVR (Network Video Recorder) - These devices record from IP cameras. Depending on the NVR, a NVR can have the cameras connect directly to the NVR or a NVR records from the Cameras found on the network. Since the cameras and the NVR communicate with each other over Ethernet, High Output Bandwidth is required. Networks by Design, Recommends that any NVR devices stays separate from your Internet Network. Failure to due so, may result in corruption of data. NVR is a fairly newer technology compared to the DVR system. The reason why you would want a NVR system over a DVR system is for clarity reasons. The common results is when reading a car's license plate. Since the NVR has better Clarity, you will be able to read a License plate from a NVR footage, making catching the thieves easier to track down.


text: Dr. Emma J. Rosi Aquatic Ecologist Share: December 4, 2011 Disease Ecology, Invasive Species, Land-use & Human Impacts The forest, normally filled with the chorus of calling frogs, falls silent. Something drops from the trees. And then another. Dead frogs are falling from the canopy. You look at a beautiful blue frog on the ground, and its skin is sloughing off. Then you see another frog just like it. Hundred of frogs are dying all around you.This sounds like the stuff of science fiction, but it's happening all over the world. Millions of frogs are being killed by a fungal disease called Batrachochtytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Recent research suggests that Bd, in combination with habitat destruction, and other stressors, will cause unprecedented amphibian loss. Some 40 percent of species are already suffering, with at least 200 frog species experiencing dramatic declines and/or extinction.Areas that harbor the greatest diversity appear most vulnerable. In an area in Panama, just five months after Bd arrived, 50 percent of the frog species were regionally extinct. And in some of the hardest hit areas, like the cloud forests of Central America, many species are extinct in the wild.Scientists all over the world have been scrambling to find out where this deadly frog killing fungus came from, in hopes of stopping its spread, increasing our understanding of disease emergence and discovering a cure. New scientific evidence on Bd's origins makes the story seem even more like something out of science fiction.An international team of scientists has found that frogs are succumbing to a hypervirulent form of Bd that arose when two less threatening strains — from far off places — interbred. In nature, these strains would never have come in contact. But the pet industry and global trade created the perfect storm for magnifying and spreading the killer fungus.In 2008, I traveled to Panama to conduct research on a tropical stream that, two years prior, was bustling with tadpoles and surrounded by a forest filled with frogs. Remote and difficult to access, the site gave the impression of a place not touched by the larger world. On my visit, I was surrounded by beautiful sights — tropical trees, toucans and butterflies of all kinds. But the forest was silent. There were no frogs, no frog eggs, no tadpoles in the stream and no snakes that eat the frog eggs that hang from wet leaves.The team I worked with tried to impress upon me what was lost. I tried to envision the site as it was, just two short years before, with swimming tadpoles and the cacophony of frogs. I looked at photos. I listened to stories. I tried to imagine.To see living examples of the frogs that used to fill the forest, I had to go indoors — to a facility that is part of the Panama Amphibian Rescue and Conservation Project. Everything that enters the building is bleached to ensure that the killer fungus stays out. Frogs rescued from the forest were living in sterile tanks. Beautiful blue, yellow, red and green animals looked back at me from their modern-day arks, as an international team of scientists worked to encourage them to breed in captivity in the hopes of one day reintroducing them into the wild.The global wildlife trade is staggering: between 2000 and 2006, more than 1.4 billion live animals were imported by the United States. A large portion of thse animals were destined for the pet trade. Hypervirulent Bd is just one example of how uncontrolled wildlife trade destroys nature.Our desire to keep frogs in cages has made it necessary —for their very survival —to keep them in cages. This is not science fiction, but reality. And we need to do much better. Share: Dr. Emma J. Rosi Aquatic Ecologist @DrRiverSci1


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Posterior uveitis is inflammation of the back segment of the uvea. The uvea is the middle layer of the eye. Posterior uveitis affects the retina and choroid, which are layers found in the back of the eye. The retina has the rods and cones that allow you to see.
Posterior uveitis is a potentially serious condition. Posterior uveitis requires care from your doctor to prevent vision loss.
Posterior uveitis may be caused by infection or by autoimmune disorders. It may also appear as a result of an infection in the past.
Risk Factors
Factors that may increase your chance of posterior uveitis include:
Autoimmune disorders, such as:
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Sarcoidosis
- Polyarteritis nodosa
- Granulomatosis with polyangiitis
Infections, such as:
- Lyme disease
- Syphilis
- Tuberculosis
- Congenital toxoplasmosis
- Congenital rubella
- Congenital cytomegalovirus
- Weak immune status
- Exposure to pets, raw or undercooked meat, or contaminated water
- HLA-A29 gene
Posterior uveitis may cause:
- Blurred or loss of vision
- Seeing floating objects in your vision
- Sensitivity to light or glare
- Redness in the eye
- Excessive tearing
- Sensation of sparks or flashes of light
- Impaired night vision
- Impaired color vision
- Distortion of objects
You will be asked about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done.
To prepare for a complete eye exam, drops may be put in your eyes to numb them and to dilate your pupils. The slit lamp, a special microscope to examine the eye, will focus a high-powered beam of light into your eye to examine the cornea and other eye structures. The doctor may measure the pressure in your eyes.
Your bodily fluids may be tested to determine a possible cause. This can be done with blood tests.
Treatment will focus on relieving the symptoms of posterior uveitis until it goes away. It is important to follow treatment recommendations to prevent complications or recurrence.
The underlying cause will also be treated.
Posterior uveitis may be treated with:
- Oral or corticosteroid injections to control inflammation
- Medications to treat infection (if present)
- Medications that suppress the effects of the immune system
- Biological response modifiers to change immune response
Revision Information
- Reviewer: EBSCO Medical Review Board Michael Woods, MD, FAAP
- Review Date: 11/2018 -
- Update Date: 06/11/2015 -


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Sections of an underground mine from the 1800s have been found in a residential and commercial section of Springfield.
Springfield Coal & Mine Co. No. 4 Mine operated from before 1881 � the exact startup date has been lost � to 1909, according to an update of undermined areas of the state released by the Illinois Department of Natural Resources.
A coal seam of 5 1/2 to 6 feet thick was mined to a depth of 224 feet in an area from MacArthur Boulevard to Fifth Street and Laurel Street to Ash Street.
�If you look at Springfield, there�s a halo of underground mines around the city,� Scott Elrick, acting head of the coal and petroleum section of the Illinois State Geological Survey, said Wednesday. �They did not allow mines under the city in the 1920s and 1930s, but the city was a lot smaller, and the city has grown out on top of that.�
The survey regularly updates maps based on data from the Department of Natural Resources� Office of Mines and Minerals.
Elrick said the section just discovered was an extension of a mine that already had been mapped. He said geologists took another look after reports of mine-subsidence claims from the area.
State coal reports showed 20 acres were mined in 1882, but there were indications mining started before 1881.
Mine subsidence
Previous maps showed much of the city of Springfield, other than the downtown area, was built over abandoned mines. Mines are at depths of at least 125 feet.
Mine subsidence occasionally has resulted in damage to homes and buildings. But Springfield and Sangamon County are not unique in undiscovered mines. An estimated 5,500 mines have operated in the state since 1850, mostly in central and southern Illinois, according to the Department of Natural Resources.
Subsidence damage to homes and buildings resulted in more than $141 million in property claims from 1979 to 2012, according to the Illinois Mine Subsidence Insurance Fund. Claims averaged one per week over three decades.
Undermined areas are taken into account when developing land-use plans, said Norm Sims, executive director of the Springfield-Sangamon County Regional Planning Commission.
�Particularly when you�re dealing with warehouses or manufacturing that has to be a specific (building) tolerance,� Sims said.
He said he is not aware of projects that have been held up but that undermining is taken into account in development of comprehensive plans.
Commercial and residential developers, insurance companies and geologists also rely on the state maps. State law requires maps be on file with county clerks.
�Long lost cousin�
Elrick said it is difficult to gauge the risk of mine-subsidence in a specific area but that awareness is the first defense.
Researchers regularly comb state records, libraries, historical society files and mine employee personal files in search of documents. The Department of Natural Resources estimates it has maps for less than half the mines that have operated in the state.
�It�s like doing a genealogy search,� Elrick said. �It�s like finding the long lost cousin you didn�t know you had.�
He said maps are updated as new information comes in, adding that the agency encourages submissions from the public.
�We�re always looking for mined-out area maps,� Elrick said, �so we really appreciate that.�
Contact Tim Landis: 788-1536, email@example.com, twitter.com/timlandisSJR.


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Volume 1217, Bolivia national football team 2009 --- Bolton Hall (activist)
Hardcover, 701 Pages
Price: $80.00
Prints in 3-5 business days
Volume 1217, Bolivia national football team 2009---Bolton Hall (activist) Print Wikipedia is a both a utilitarian visualization of the largest accumulation of human knowledge and a poetic gesture towards the inhuman scale of big data. Michael Mandberg wrote software that parses the entirety of the English-language Wikipedia database and programmatically lays out nearly 7500 volumes, complete with covers, and then uploads them to Lulu.com for print-on-demand. Print Wikipedia draws attention to the sheer size of the encyclopedia's content and the impossibility of rendering Wikipedia as a material object in fixed form: Once a volume is printed it is already out of date. It is also a work of found poetry built on what is likely the largest appropriation ever made. As we become increasingly more dependent on information and source material on the Internet today, Mandiberg explores the accessibility of its vastness.
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Product Details
- 9781329250840
- Copyright
- Wikipedia Contributors (Creative Commons Attribution 2.0)
- Edition
- 01
- Publisher
- Michael Mandiberg
- Published
- June 23, 2015
- Language
- English
- Pages
- 701
- Binding
- Hardcover (casewrap)
- Interior Ink
- Black & white
- Weight
- 2.2 lbs.
- Dimensions (inches)
- 6 wide x 9 tall
- Product ID
- 22230049
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Armedica Treatment Tables
Armedica Manufacturing Corporation began in 1998 as a manufacturer of Hi-Lo Treatment Tables for physical therapy and sports medicine. Our products are designed with the fresh and innovative thinking that a new company inspires, but our way of doing business is based on great traditions of quality workmanship and customer satisfaction. Our treatment tables are among the best in the industry, and with the wide variety of models and options to choose from, you can get a high quality treatment table at an affordable price. Read More Read Less
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