text:
Other Proposed Treatments
- Bromelain
- Cineole (From Eucalyptus )
- Combination Herbal Product Containing Primrose, Gentian root , Elderberry , Common Sorrel, and Vervain
- Combination Product Containing Horseradish and Nasturtium
- Essential Oil Monoterpenes
Sinusitis is inflammation of the sinus cavities. The sinuses are air filled spaces in the skull. It is not clear what purpose they serve (except, perhaps, helping opera singers to project sound!). They are often affected by allergies, and are also susceptible to infection by viruses and bacteria.
Allergic sinusitis is usually associated with allergic rhinitis (hay fever). For information on natural and conventional treatment of this condition, see the allergic rhinitis article. Viral sinusitis is typically associated with the common cold . It has no specific treatment, other than decongestants.
Bacterial sinusitis may develop independently, or as a result of viral or allergic sinusitis. Acute bacterial sinusitis typically lasts less than three weeks and resolves on its own; it is not entirely clear whether standard treatment (antibiotics and decongestants) will in fact speed recovery.
Chronic sinusitis involves continuous infection of the sinuses for months or years. Treatment is often quite difficult and may involve extended courses of antibiotics, antihistamines, decongestants and steroids; in certain cases surgery may be helpful.
Proposed Natural Treatments for Sinusitis
A standardized combination of four herbs (primrose, gentian root , elderberry , common sorrel and vervain ) has undergone some study as a treatment of sinusitis. In two double-blind, placebo-controlled studies enrolling a total of about 300 young men, this standardized combination proved more effective than placebo in resolving sinus symptoms. 1 After two weeks of treatment, about 2/3 of the participants using the herb described their infection as cured, while only about 1/3 of those taking placebo described themselves as cured. This herbal combination is hypothesized to work by thinning mucous and perhaps also by enhancing the immune response to infection.
An extract of eucalyptus oil , cineole, is also thought to thin mucous. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 152 people found that it could be helpful for viral sinusitis (which is essentially a "head cold"). 2 The dosage used was two 100-mg capsules of cineole taken 3 times daily. By day four, symptoms were significantly less in the treatment group as compared to the placebo group; the difference was even greater at day seven. Another study found benefit using a combination therapy that contains cineole. This product, called essential oil monoterpenes , contains, in addition to cineole, d-limonene from citrus fruit and alpha-pinene from pine. In a double-blind placebo-controlled study of about 300 people, use of this product markedly improved symptoms of acute viral sinusitis as compared to placebo. 3
The enzyme bromelain has also been advocated for treatment of sinusitis. However, the only support for its use comes from a few poor-quality, double-blind studies performed in the 1960s. 4-6 It is not apparent from the published study reports whether the participants in these studies had viral or bacterial sinusitis.
One study provides weak evidence that a standardized combination of horseradish and nasturtium might be helpful for the treatment of sinusitis in children. 7
Irrigation of the nose with saline solution is typically recommended, both by conventional and alternative medicine practitioners. It is not clear, however, whether this method actually helps.
For homeopathic approaches to sinus problems, see the homeopathy database .
Revision Information
- Reviewer: EBSCO CAM Review Board
- Review Date: 12/2015 -
- Update Date: 12/15/2015 -


text:
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Recessed lights are usually used by architects and interior designers in rooms where the residents aim for a relaxed and soothing lighting effect. Recessed lighting is considered preferable to the use of multiple standing and side table lamps based on the mood they can induce in the occupant of the room. You will discover why interior designers are using recessed lighting when you enter a room that has recessed lights in them – to see is to believe, as they say.
The experts may recommend that you have recessed lights installed in your hallways and/or kitchen, to get the best use out of this form of lighting. Recessed lights are installed in the form of canister lights that will fit the holes in the ceiling they were fitted for. You will probably need an experienced electrician to guide the installation team in the installation of your recessed lighting, so that the finished work results with the recessed lights are set flush with the ceiling structure without compromising safety.
If you are looking for an electrician to install Recessed Lights, please call us today at (844) 435-5646.
Based on list recommendations, I called Howard Oven and he was here in 2 days, fixed one overhead light, replaced a wall fixture with a much more appropriate light (and beautiful to boot!), plus fixed the basement overhead and a wall outlet. All in about four hours! They were careful with our indoor cat, very clean and very easy to have around while they were working. Plus, when Howard went out for a part and the store did not have it like they said they did when he called ahead, he called me to let me know what the delay was and when I could expect him back.
We will definitely be using H.O.Electric for our electrical needs in future. Their web site is http://hoelectric.com
Thank You, Howard
The fan looks and works great.
Great service once again!
I had some small electrical projects for the guys and once again what wonderful service. The guys came out and agian were very professional. They explained everything to me once again so I could remember how they work. I agreed once again and in the end another great job by H.O. Electric! I will continue to call H.O. Electric for all my electrical needs.
from customerlobby.com
Reliable, Creative, and Up-front
They always showed up exactly when they said they would and they came up with creative solutions when the existing wiring made it difficult to implement what we wanted. They charge exactly what they say they will charge, although sometimes you need to pay them to do enough work to figure out how much the total will cost.
from customerlobby.com
Howard came the day I called and was very helpful explaining the situation and quick in fixing the problem so we could turn our fuse back on. He was also helpful with questions I had about improvements I would like in the future - pointing out the most cost-effective solutions and recommending some website to look at fixtures. I am planning to ask him to come by again soon to do more work.
Reasonable price with excellent service
I had two outlets that had stopped working- a simple thing but it can be difficult to get someone in, especially for a smaller job. The great thing about HO is that it's a company with a team of people behind it, so you can always get someone on the phone. I had called a few independent electricians and got calls back from them 2 days later.. I called into HO elecrtic and got someone on the phone right away who took all of my information, and booked an appointment right away. The electricians then showed up on time, and walked me through what they were doing. Price was the set price in their book. Within half on hour they were on their way.
from customerlobby.com
Great job to both your son and company on the flagpole.
Steve Savarese
We wanted to thank you for the great job you and your crew did on our living room lighting project. You responded quickly, gave us excellent design advice, provided an estimate the same day, and then worked with us to make the timing fit our needs. We could not believe how you were able to fit us so promptly into your busy schedule. The quality of the work was great and your crew, led by Juice, was professional, courteous, and highly skilled. We would happily recommend you to anyone.
Many thanks,
David and Miriam
Thanks Howard -
You guys were impressive. That was like a swat team - in / out / job finished.
As I told you, it was a little more of a job than I was initially prepared for; I appreciate your patience with my situation - and thanks for not wasting my resources on a band aid, but instead bringing us a step forward toward our kitchen rehab.
Impressive billing system too!
Everything up front and explained in detail.
I like that they explain in detail and you know how much everything is going to be. They are very upfront. They also stated that there was a problem with some wiring that was previously done. I appreciate this, as safty is very very important. I like that they are not afraid to tell you this. I asked them also to look at a future job and they did so without any problem. They were not rushed. While they are there on a job, you are their only concern at the time. Very much apprecitated. I would recommend them to family and friends without a second thought.
from customerlobby.com
Fantastic company!
We were very impressed with the presentation H.O. Electric gave. They were extremely professional and efficient. Everything went great with them and I'd definitely use them again.
from customerlobby.com
Excellent work, but they really push the service plans.
I recently used H.O. Electric for the first time. They replaced the exhaust fan in my attic, as well as installed a screen, which is something they normally don't do. The workers did very well addressing my concerns, and were helpful. It went quickly, too. The work itself was totally fine.
There were a few negatives in the peripherals, however. All the promotional stuff--get these savings if you sign up for this plan--took away from the experience. They try to sell you on certain plans and tell you what the work will cost with each, and I thought if should be just one price for the thing. Though the work was great, I have to detract points for this part of the experience.
Jerry Brown
from customerlobby.com
Excellent services, details of job explained clearly up front. Would recommend using this companny.
Lighting problem was quickly resolved, All of my questions were answered and options were presented to me. A very professional company. Highly recommend to others.
from customerlobby.com
Very knowledgeable and professional.
I was very pleased with the work done at my house. I would deffinetly call them again for electrical or plumbing work.
from customerlobby.com
I was fully satisfied with my experience with the HQ electrians.
Outstanding job.
from customerlobby.com
Top Notch Professionals!!!!
I have a Casablanca ceiling fan that wasn't working properly. I called H.O. Electric and was very thankful I did. Will (Mike) was very professional, knowledgeable, pleasant, and customer friendly. For a house call they were very reasonably priced and timely. I highly recommend their service to all. Casablanca is a top notch fan and H.O. Electric is a top notch company! I will definitely use them again.
from customerlobby.com
The cable tv works great
When I needed cable tv in my house, I called the cable co. but they said I needed an electrician. I did not know who to call but read great reviews about H.O. Electric. I gave them a try and was glad that I did. My experience was perfect. Nice guys showed up in uniform and charged me exactly what they quoted.
from customerlobby.com
Great electrical company
The guys came out to my house this past monday to fix my heating system. They explained the issue and went right to work. I like how they give me the price up front. No surprises. I will definitely be using these guys again.
from customerlobby.com
They were very responsive in taking care of my request.
Pricing is something that yet has to be determined due to the circumstances on the first call, but there was only a $59.00 service call charge which was more than fair for the trip.
But overall, S.O.S maintenance will use them again.
Thank you
from customerlobby.com
Thanks Howard. Heat in my office works great!
I'll make sure to pass along your name to anyone
looking for an electrician with lots to offer at reasonable prices.
Thanks again,
Got their number off their trucks. Wow. Lightning bolts. neat, professional, and courteous people. Arrived inside scheduled window. Answered all my questions and offered info about problem and solutions. got a choice of level of service and they did the work right then. Paid with a cc and they swiped it and emailed my receipt right there. Going to get more info from them soon.
from customerlobby.com
H.O. does electrical,plumbing and heating.Would recommend to everybody
H.O. came out tuned up my generator,they did a great job. H.O. does Electrical, plumbing and heating. They are the company to service all your needs.
from customerlobby.com
Very responsive, neat, and friendly
I had H.O. Electric out to my house on a saterday evening because I had lost power to part of my house. I called around to other electricians, but did not get through to any one. I found H.O. and called, and to my surprise a REAL person answered.
I explained my issue and the woman explained how they operated. She an electrician would be sent out immediatly. He arrived at my house about 45 minutes later. I was amazed at how fast he got there on a saterday night. He was very friendly, and put on some booties when he came into my house. He listened to my problem and ask me to show him around. After looking at what was not working, he showed me his price book and explained what he planned on doing to resolve my issues. I had him go ahead and do it. He was very focused and worked very quickly until he had got my power back on. I was very impressed. He walked me through what he had done and what the problem was,and I was very surprised to see what actually went into what I thought would be basically turning my lights back on. He cleaned up and took a credit card payment. From the time I called on a saterday night until the time he left was only about 2 1/2 hours. I'm very impressed, as I'm used to waiting days or even a week just to hear back from an electrician. I would definately recommend them to my neighbors.
from customerlobby.com
I contacted HO for fan repair, as they are the only authorized ********** repair facility in the area. Even though this isn't the main stream of their business, they treated me very well, even offering to make delivery of the repaired fan - to a relatively remote area of the South Shore - after their business hours.
from customerlobby.com
Comments: They are excellent. Very thorough. Howard does a great job explaining everything from start to finish. He's prompt as well. I was thrilled with the experience.
- Ed
Great work!! Exactly what we were looking for.
Thanks for salvaging that old bathroom fan also. Will get the check out ASAP.
- ST, Boston
Just a quick and long overdue thanks and note of appreciation for a job well done.
Your crew installed a 220v line extension from the service panel over to a new washing machine installation a few months back. Everything went smoothly, without a hitch, and on schedule. I appreciate how easy it was doing business with you. And the online PDF billing was a piece of cake, too.
Pleasure doing business. We'll certainly be back again.
Andy, Arlington
Outstanding, first-rate company.
I first started using H.O. Electric several years ago when I had to have some electrical work done. I saw their large ad in the Yellow Pages and noticed that they were a family business in the Cambridge area. Given their longevity, I thought that they must be a good company, and they were.
I have used them 3 or 4 times now for everything from installing TV's to sub pumps. They are a nice group of guys to work with and they will immediately correct any glitch without charge or dispute.
I also have recommended H.O. Electric to many other people. They are an outstanding, first-rate company.
from customerlobby.com
H.O. replaced my panel and upgraded it to a 200 amp service. Since we live in a 213 year old house he also did some wiring of old nob a tube in the attic.
I had heard about H O from my next door neighbor had Howard do his electrical panel and was happy with his work. Howard was very professional and took the time to explain what he was doing. After taking the time to do a house inspection he showed me the old knob and tube in the attic, and recommended that it be replaced.
Howard cleaned up after the job and reviewed all the work with me that they had completed. I was quite impressed with Howard and his staff. I have recommended him to others.
Awesome Job!
I needed help with my kitchen lights. These guys came out and provided me with options. They provide great service so I understand if they are a little more expensive than others. Its worth the time and money. I highly recommend them and I will be using them again!
from customerlobby.com
I'm Happy With The Job
I called them, they showed up on time, gave me a price, and did the job the same day. They installed circuits, 200 amp electrical service, lights, and repaired broken switches / dimmers. I would recommend.
from customerlobby.com
Howard, thanks for your help.
Juice did a great job.
We have a couple of other electrical jobs in mind, and we'll go to the web site when we have everything ready to go.
All the best.
Any recommendations for reliable and fair pricedelectrician? (I know there is no such thing as aninexpensive electrician.)
I've had a good experience with H.O. Services. They showed up on time anddid a neat and professional job. www.hoelectric.com (844) 435-5646
I second that recommendation. Howard just did a great job on some lightingin my husband's office. He is a really nice guy, takes the time to explain,listen, and offer opinions.


text:
Trinity Project keeping 3.5 alive
For people who prefer the KDE 3.5-style desktop, a new version of the Trinity Desktop Environment (TDE) has been released. Trinity is a continuation of the KDE 3.5 Desktop Environment with ongoing updates and new features. Trinity Desktop Environment 3.5.13 source code is available and the project also provides packages for Debian, Ubuntu and Fedora. Read on for an overview of what is new in Trinity 3.5.13!
Features and fixes
There has been a number of changes and improvements to Trinity in the 3.5.13 release. The most visible of those are:
There is also a number of new applications added to this Trinity release:
Under the hood
The Trinity project is working hard to make TDE 3.5 easier to maintain. Many of the modules have been ported to CMAKE in this release. There have been cleanups of a number of libraries, and many stability fixes. For example, Flash no longer segfaults Konqueror and the lockups caused by OpenGL screensavers have been fixed.
The Trinity project also announced that they are taking over Qt3 maintenance from now on.
Congratulations to Trinity!
While the KDE community is focused on developing the 4.x series of KDE Platform, Plasma Workspaces and Applications, we welcome and support the efforts of the Trinity Project to provide a desktop environment for those who want to continue using the 3.x series!
Congratulations, and...
... I read "Integration with applications like Firefox and NetworkManager with a new DBUS notification client".
Is trinity still DCOP based, or DBUS based or does it have some sort of DCOP<->DBUS gateway? Or all of them? ;)
By Vajsvarana at Tue, 2011/11/08 - 4:30pm
I am part of the Trinity Development Team so i'll give this a shot. Basically we have decided not to convert to DBUS. the overhead to do so would be pretty in depth code wise for little purpose. DCOP has things DBUS doesn't, and vica versa.
DCOP is small enough not to impact performance, so running both isn't an issue.
By Anonymous at Tue, 2011/11/08 - 6:43pm
The true power of FOSS
This is what make's 'Free and Open Source Software' so powerful, software evolves, sometimes requiring drastic revisions such as the jump from KDE 3.x to 4.x, but the old series is never confined to the bit bucket and fond memories, others can keep it alive, providing yet more choice's for users.
By Anonymous at Tue, 2011/11/08 - 6:25pm
Competition, competition, competition
The problem is that we can't foster growth in KDE and due to most people in Linux favouring fast development over say, stability, KDE4 could not be competitive enough after 4.0 and had large segments of market share taken away from it. This was all thanks to the stab-in-the-back of the KDE 3.5 developers who are trying so hard to keep this damned and outdated project alive.
This is the negative power of FOSS; forking splits the community if anything.
I hope they don't receive funding from KDE e.V., otherwise I might concede to organising a DDoS as that would really anger me (just kidding!).
By Anonymous at Tue, 2011/11/08 - 6:34pm
Some people don't like kde4
Some people don't like kde4 and how it works. Accept that.
By Anonymous at Tue, 2011/11/08 - 8:53pm
You know...
You are not required to use "unnecessary things like infinite applets". KDE runs fine without compositing or any applets on the desktop.
By Anonymous at Wed, 2011/11/09 - 10:13am
I have something to tell...
I was always a KDE fan and I like KDE4 so much and I'm using it in my work PC. But at home I had used KDE 3.x series and was perfect at that time. When KDE 4.x released I tried it at home but my PC is old and weak to maintain KDE 4.x and became slow and laggy sometimes. So I used and forced to downgrade to KDE 3.x While I'm still using KDE 4.x at WORK PC and i'm happy with both. I just wanted to tell you that some people don't like KDE 4.x and the other can not use it due to their old and weak PCs and here (KDE3.x is the solution).
I'm happy that some one survived KDE 3.x and happy that KDE 4.x changed the way we use our systems and doing jobs with new technologies & efforts.
Torn Hoopoe
By Anonymous at Wed, 2011/11/16 - 12:47pm
"Some people want simple,
"Some people want simple, fast and productive desktop enviroment, without unnecessary things like infinite applets, animations and so on."
Thanks for showing off again the real attitude of most KDE4 "critics".
You mention "simplicity". How is KDE3 simpler than KDE4? Any proofs or are you confusing your "I'm familiar with x and thus it is easier for me than y" with claiming simplicity? Hello Windows user.
"fast": Any proofs or just your assumptions? Your statements are far too general to be true or taken seriously. I can show you things in KDE4 that are faster than in KDE3, a lot, but I don't care about KDE3 and thus I do not criticise it – maybe you should learn from that.
"productive": again, any proof that those using KDE4 are less productive? Or is it again just you who cannot or does not want to learn new things that improve productiveness or keep the level and simply look better. But hey, something that looks good cannot be productive – that's for sure!
"infinite applets": I see. You are one of those that cannot say "no" but have to restrain themselves to have no choice. Otherwise you would not argue that way because – guess what – plasmoids and applets are optional in KDE4, so if you do not like them, you do not have to use them. You could even port your precious kicker or what not to KDE4 and use it.
"unnecessary": Who are you to judge what is necessary and what not? a11y has improved since KDE3 – but who cares about those. I only would have to find a single applet or effect that helps somebody and would have proved you wrong. I guess by now you realise how obvious your lack of constructiveness in your criticism is and how one can only fail if one makes these kind of general statements.
"animations": again. KDE4 gives you a choice, you can disable them.
So once again you showed off that most KDE3 users are unfortunately just KDE4 haters which stand in their own way and imply that KDE4 is not productive, slow, complicated to use etc. Pathetic.
Nobody wants to convince you to use KDE4, nobody claims that KDE4 is better than KDE3, you can use KDE3 as long as you want, nobody cares. Just don't show off your inferiority complex towards KDE4 by repeating the same general assumptions and allegations over and over again.
You should spend your time reading Qt3, KDE3 and KDE3-apps' code because those are unmaintained (packaging is not maintaining) and while there where dozens if not hundreds of professional coders which checked for security issues and fixed them, now there are not even a handful if any professionals which package that code and you can do the maths how much time they can spend on checking code, leaving alone knowing the code to a degree which is necessary to provide secure software. But, yeah, Qt3 is bug free and free of security issues, as is KDE3, KDE4 or any other piece of software…
Honestly, keep using KDE3 or any piece of software you like, but keep your allegations and general statements to yourself.
By Anonymous at Wed, 2011/11/09 - 10:36am
You should use KDE 3 on a recent computer, it is faster than KDE 4, it's easy to see:
I think KDE 4 need an optimisation release like with KDE 3.5.0 release (if i remember well)
By Anonymous at Wed, 2011/11/09 - 2:22pm
KDE4 has a lot of features that KDE3 don't. And look better and more polished than KDE3. Also Amarok has a lot of new feautres.
By Anonymous at Thu, 2011/11/10 - 12:59pm
But it all comes from the use pattern.
My use pattern:
So the comparation is good to me. What I use of Trinity is always faster than what I use of KDE4.
I think the availability of features I don't use should not slow down the ones I use. This is usually a sign of bad underlying architecture, if I may say.
Ok, just my personal use-pattern and my personal experience, no offence intended, I know those features are used and cared about by many people.
By Vajsvarana at Fri, 2011/11/11 - 10:58am
You are putting your use case against something you don't know how to use. Simple as that.
Continue using KDE3 if you wish. Nobody will stop you.
Just realize it's now Windows 98 to 7 for bug-fixes and security fixes. If you're fine with that, great, but don't speak about things you obviously don't know much about.
By Anonymous at Sun, 2011/11/13 - 6:51am
There's not just one KDE desktop environment
Some people don't like kde4 and how it works. Accept that.
You are clearly confusing KDE(4) with a desktop environment. Nobody prevents anybody from creating a simple, fast and productive desktop environment based on KDE technologies[*], if only those "some people" stopped moaning all the time and instead actually did something.
[*] e.g. http://kde-apps.org/content/show.php?content=126302
By Anonymous at Thu, 2011/11/10 - 2:58pm
why not kde4?
At my first kde4 install I realised I could not use my years old configuration and tailoring. Not even the same desktop appearance could be reached. Actually, the best desktop view I was able to get could be called ugly.
Alexandre Aguiar
By Anonymous at Sat, 2011/12/10 - 10:44pm
I Agree
I've been using KDE3 since years and have been very satisfied. Upgrading my Debian with manually configured kernel to squeeze broke about everything, partly because I needed to adjust my kernel config which helped. But the key issue then was that Squeeze by default comes with KDE4.
I have four machines running Debian, most of which with pretty outdated hardware. Two out of four run as servers, running VNC servers. It turns out that KDE4 doesn't work with VNC which was a real showstopper. Fortunately, a friend told me about Trinity. This solved most of my Squeeze problems.
So, thanks to the crew maintaining Trinity. Cool stuff, helping to keep me on KDE instead of migrating to Gnome.
By donaldduck at Sat, 2012/05/19 - 12:08pm
Reply to: Competition, competition, competition
"most people in Linux favouring fast development over say, stability"
Quite. So are you saying that those of us who favour stability over fast development, are hereby kicked out of the FLOSS community so that you, and those who think like you, don't have to put up with the competition? Why should we put up with a DE that we dislike (in my case strongly), so that you can have what you want? Are you also saying that LXDE and KFCE4 must be assigned to the rubbish bucket?
FLOSS is about choice, and anyone who wishes can make a fork. If the fork is popular it will thrive. If it is not, it will fall by the wayside.
I am delighted to be able to continue with the more stable and more configurable KDE 3.x, and am very grateful to Timothy and the other developers for giving me the chance to make this choice.
It occurs to me that you may just be trolling and I have now fed the troll. But just in case.....
By Anonymous at Tue, 2011/11/08 - 9:29pm
i guess you can foster KDE
i guess you can foster KDE growth by building something people want to use and like to use, right? sure, it would take to hear users and to learn from users. or you can always blame them forkers :)
By Anonymous at Tue, 2011/11/08 - 9:47pm
I really love KDE 4, but...
I would use Trinity in an old computer. I think Trinity would run awesomely in a Pentium III with 384 MB of RAM. KDE 4.7 can't run in that thing.
For that reason alone, Trinity must go on.
By Ernesto Manríquez at Wed, 2011/11/09 - 11:34pm
And not just on "old PCs"
Trinity has a place not just on old Personal, but wherever a lightweight, yet full-featured desktop is needed.
I'm thinking public Kiosks or Terminal-servers...
By Vajsvarana at Thu, 2011/11/10 - 9:48am
RE: I really love KDE 4, but...
I hear ya, the same applies to low-powered netbooks as well. I mean, KDE 4 runs, but it feels sluggish. I hope this improves, but until then Trinity looks like a great choice.
By Anonymous at Sat, 2011/11/12 - 7:44am
It's good to have a project like you around!
Yes, I'm still on KDE3 and I intend to stay on it if I can. It's great to have people like you around that continue to maintain and develop this wonderful piece of code. You may say a lot of things about KDE3, but it is a very reliable workhorse - and that is all I need.
By Anonymous at Wed, 2011/11/09 - 8:31am
I'm on KDE 3.5, and I plan to stay here. At least until a number of really annoying things in KDE 4 are resolved, and its speed is as good as I'm used to from KDE 3.
My main machine is running Gentoo, which supports KDE 3 through its elaborate overlay system. Other machines I'm using are generally Fedora, and so the Trinity packages for Fedora are great news. There is a security problem with using packages from not-so-trusted sources, and I'll have to look into that of course.
Apparently some KDE developers are complaining over the fact that KDE 3 is being kept alive. Unbelievable! Surely it's a lone troll, right?
This is not the place to discuss KDE 4, so can I maybe just suggest that current KDE developers, for their own sake, try to look into why anybody would want to run an old version? I've already given two reasons, and I'll continue:
- Missing features (like drag/drop in Konqueror's left pane)
KDE 4 is certainly progressing. But it seems that to get a small feature back, I have to also get some whole new subsystem and workflow. Things that get in my way and that I'm not going to use, in exchange for something I already have in KDE 3 makes this an easy choice for me.
Oh look, I ended up discussing KDE 4 after all...
By Anonymous at Wed, 2011/11/09 - 11:02am
Trinity's speed on old computers.
I love KDE4 & generally prefer to use KDE4 instead of Trinity. However, I maintain several old desktops & laptops that only have 512 MB of RAM or less. I have tried KDE4 and Trinity DE on these old computers. Trinity DE is fast on these old computers. KDE4 is so slow on these computers, that they are unusable.
Now, if I spent a lot of time learning how to tweak KDE4 for use on old computers, maybe it would be just as fast as Trinity DE on these old machines, but I don't have time for that. Trinity does the trick just fine on these old computers. On PCs with 1.5 GB or more of RAM, I use KDE4 & it works beautifully.
Also, I'm looking forward to hopefully having one of the Camp KDE gatherings (or whatever we end up calling it) in Bellingham, WA USA in 2012. And Plasma Active looks very promising!
By Anonymous at Wed, 2011/11/09 - 12:23pm
Thinking the same thing.
I'm waiting for a Trinity spin of Fedora. Also, Trinity would kick the ass out of IceWM, LXDE, and the so called "light" desktops.
Trinity has a place along KDE 4.
By Ernesto Manríquez at Wed, 2011/11/09 - 11:48pm
Agreed and congratulations to
Agreed and congratulations to the KDE Trinity project-team!
By Anonymous at Thu, 2011/11/10 - 4:08am
But all the things you're saying... you're too biased and negative. The basic answer is...You can disabled if you don't want to use it the new features.
- Missing features (like drag/drop in Konqueror's left pane)-> Use Dolphin instead, is the default file browser.
- Very awkward systems (like Activities)--> Don't use it. I like it, by the way.
- Bloat (Nepomuk, Plasma and a 1000 other things that get in my way)--> Disable nepoumk, don't put plasmoids in your desktop. Easy.
- Speed (KDE4 absolutely doesn't feel as responsive as KDE3)--> True in old computers. But you have effects, eyecandy, semantic search... and tweaking a little, you'll have a fast desktop.
- Kmail2 barely working (Yes, I can mix things, but why bother?) --> I agree.. but you're only saying negative things.. and how about the great improvements and new feautres in other applications? (digikam, okular, krita, kate,choqok,...)
- I have a desktop computer with a large screen. Not a phone or a pad. --> Don't understand you... You can configure KDE4 as you needed (icon size, taskbar size and position, behaviour...)
By Anonymous at Thu, 2011/11/10 - 1:20pm
How can i disable Plasma? Or
How can i disable Plasma? Or is there some sort of NoScript for Plasma?
By Anonymous at Sat, 2011/11/19 - 1:28pm
I have not stabbed anybody in the back
I take great exception to the accusation that I (or anybody else) has stabbed KDE in the back by contributing to Trinity (in my case as a package maintainer). KDE left me and many others behind.
Furthermore, I just don't see the point of either I or any of the other people involved in Trinity 'coming back' to KDE since we now have different views of where the desktop should be headed, views which I suspect are no longer capable of coexisting within the same project. The end result of such a return would be strife and/or a messy compromise which pleases nobody.
KDE 4 has many great developers involved and I'm sure it works well for many people, but it doesn't work for me and the direction the project is currently headed in suggests that this situation is unlikely to change. Therefore, I will continue to contribute to Trinity.
By Anonymous at Wed, 2011/11/09 - 12:02pm
You, certainly, are not a backstabber. Thank you.
I would like to thank you for keeping Trinity alive. I have four Pentium IV 1.6s with 512 MB of RAM to switch from Windows XP "Guanaco Edition" to Linux and I need something that runs fast on them. KDE 4 is pretty, beautiful, powerful, amazing, but it won't run as fast as Trinity on those computers.
Long live Trinity AND KDE 4.
By Ernesto Manríquez at Wed, 2011/11/09 - 11:51pm
Thank you for your
Thank you for your contributions to Trinity. I'm really looking forward to upgrade from KDE4 to Trinity as soon as it gets better supported by the distributions...[removed troll comment]
By trixl at Sun, 2011/11/13 - 2:29pm
Can't we just stay civilized?
There's no need at all to start yet another endless, mostly anonymous, discussion about whether KDE 4 is good or not, or whether KDE 3 is good, or not, or which one is better, with an endless re-threading over ground covered so often it looks like a WWI trench.
There are two things important:
And that should be enough for everyone: free software works like it should, there is an option for everyone, and nobody needs to go out and argue why they feel that KDE 4 developers are idiots who don't know what their users want or that Trinity developers are idiots who cannot possibly maintain what they started out to maintain. Whoever does so has not understood that there is no tribal war going on. We're a free software project, not acting in Lord of the Flies.
Boudewijn (happy KDE user since 1.something, Krita maintainer since 2003)
By Anonymous at Wed, 2011/11/09 - 1:13pm
.. that's pretty much what i thought when i read through the comments. in fact, it's pretty much what i wrote to the trinity mailing list a few days ago.
i'm disappointed in a lot of the communication that happens around these issues, particularly as it pits people against each other who have far more in common than not. it also drives many of them to making claims that are or can not be backed up in an attempt to make their case seem stronger .. which just leads to all kinds of back-and-forth noise, reinforcing the "pitting people against each other" issue.
who cares! use what you like and be happy that it's all there.
as for the "backstabbing" or "turning their back on me" sorts of statements: no, KDE did not turn their back on anyone. if KDE had, trinity would not be able to exist. some people confuse KDE for being a "do what I want" sort of slave community as opposed to a participation based community where those who do the work set the results.
in this case, people have worked on Trinity and we have those results. great! i also don't see anyone, really, who would otherwise be contributing to the 4.x code bases working instead on Trinity. the vast majority of developers have continued working on 4.x and moving that now towards 5.x releases in the coming years (Frameworks 5 being the first step), and that has not been materially altered by Trinity.
if anything, Trinity has given a good place for those to hang out who would otherwise simply throw negativity at the rest of the community who is working on moving things forward, albeit in a direction they (while not doing anything themselves) don't want.
in other words, we're all getting what we want .. because people are putting effort into those things. applaud those efforts. save your condemnation for someone else.
By Aaron Seigo at Wed, 2011/11/09 - 1:57pm
Some really good point Aaron!
I completely agree,
As of me, the "results" I need more is a "traditional" rock-stable desktop to count on, so I'm really glad for Trinity taking some spin.
But of course there's also place for the ones who are more excited in trying new ideas and new ways, even if it means rewriting and retesting the whole thing every 2-3 years.
As long as there is place for both, why not?
By Vajsvarana at Wed, 2011/11/09 - 2:24pm
>i wrote to the trinity
>i wrote to the trinity mailing list a few days ago.
I didn't know you were involved with Trinity. I know it's a fast, stable and sexy DE, but _please_ don't port Plasma to Trinity.
By Anonymous at Fri, 2011/11/18 - 8:56am
There's no need at all to
There's no need at all to start yet another endless, mostly anonymous, discussion about whether KDE 4 is good or not, or whether KDE 3 is good, or not, or which one is better, with an endless re-threading over ground covered so often it looks like a WWI trench.
There are two things important:
And that should be enough for everyone: free software works like it should, there is an option for everyone, and nobody needs to go out and argue why they feel that KDE 4 developers are idiots who don't know what their users want or that Trinity developers are idiots who cannot possibly maintain what they started out to maintain. Whoever does so has not understood that there is no tribal war going on. We're a free software project, not acting in Lord of the Flies.
Boudewijn (KDE user since 1.something, Krita maintainer)
By Boudewijn Rempt at Wed, 2011/11/09 - 1:15pm
The upcoming openSUSE 12.1 release will even feature the Trinity
That would surprise me.
I am currently running an updated OpenSuSE 12.1-rc2 and I have been unable to find any repository featuring trinity. All I could find was an older 3.5.10 KDE. Also, I could not find any discussions in that regard and no one mentioned packaging Trinity for 12.1.
I would appreciate a pointer to the RPMs.
By Anonymous at Wed, 2011/11/09 - 5:58pm
openSUSE 12.1 does not include Trinity and never will.
openSUSE 12.1 does not include Trinity and never will. openSUSE comes with normal KDE 3.
By Anonymous at Tue, 2011/11/15 - 1:44am
Why do I feel so bad with KDE4
Congratilations to Trinity project developpers.
I skip the description of my disappointments with the various distributions versions...
I blame KDE for having abandoned users of version 3. Luckily I'm not at the head of a large company, if that were the case, I would have forced the installation of Suse (ie OSS 10.3) on the maximum number of workstations!
How long has the KDE4 project been started? where is it? If I had to hire a responsible "research and development", to still be a member of the team of KDE developers would be prohibitive. In fact, to persist for years to rewrite something that was working and most importantly, to give up the distribution (not to mention maintaining) of it is unforgivable.
More controversial: the approach of KDE4 seems to follow the spirit of the leader of the "market": the machines / grafical systems still need more power to run the applications they host...
(Translated with help of Google)
By Anonymous at Wed, 2011/11/09 - 8:49pm
We should work as community
We should work as community not split apart.
I started to use KDE 4 only in 4.5 version because the speed and feel 4.7 sluggish yet.
My computer is 3-4 years old. A very old computer these days. This is why I feel KDE 4.7 sluggish but I don't want to buy another only to run KDE 4.
What can I do?? Help the community to develop a faster KDE 4.
There are few developers adding great features with little time to optimize the code, but anyone can help them.
And to make the things worst, KDE 4 in a recent computer is not sluggish anyway. I have one of them in work.
If you think KDE 4 is sluggish, try Windows Vista/Seven. MacOS is always installed in a powerful hardware.
Most people behave like has paid for the software instead to behave like a part of the community. The code is ours. The benefits too.
Try to find the bottleneck, optimize yourself and send back the improvement. I know several people that can do it but chooses to complain. Those that don't have the skills could learn it. It is not that hard. Many optimizations is simple ones but someone has to investigate where is the bottleneck.
And, of course, there always will be some old hardware that only run in old software. I think the Trinity is a great project and should continue for a long time.
By Anonymous at Fri, 2011/11/11 - 8:53pm
When KDE4 was released years ago, I didn't really like it. But the last years it was improved a lot. I know this, cause it's my main desktop for years already. (don't get me wrong: kde4* still has a lot of bugs, but there are minor for me)
By Anonymous at Sat, 2011/11/12 - 8:21pm
Not for me.KDE developers
[edited trollish remarks]
[KDE4] not for me.
I want to continue using my computer how I want to.
And I liked KDE 3.
Props to all guys who keep KDE 3 alive!
You guys are my heroes and trust me, you are not alone!
By Anonymous at Mon, 2011/11/14 - 11:42pm
It's allright
I was stuck with an outdated Debian release for a long time, to keep KDE3.5. Yes, I really liked KDE3.5. Then came Trinity and I could switch. Soon I found that KDE4 had matured to be good enough too and I switched. Having both Trinity and KDE4 at the same time was nice, so, I can say, Trinity helped me switch gradually to KDE4. Now I use KDE4 - mostly. Yes there are still some small issues, I miss some of the features of KDE3, but it ok. Thanks for the good work.
By Anonymous at Tue, 2011/11/15 - 12:31pm
Hi I am one of those that are
I am one of those that are happely using trinity. And it is not due to that kde 4 is sluggish nor due to the direction of kde 4. The reason for me not using kde 4 is becouse of kde 4 is still missing support for Multi-Screen-Setup:
By Anonymous at Wed, 2011/11/16 - 7:51am
I really liked KDE 3, and I thought would it ever be back, this is awesome, Id like to help/contriute to this project.
By Anonymous at Fri, 2011/11/18 - 11:17pm


text: AnglersChannel.com is your source for everything Bass Fishing in the southeast. We cover Bass Tournaments in Virginia, the Carolinas, Tennessee and Georgia - all the way down to Louisiana and Florida - and everywhere in between. Become a member and take advantage of all our Bass Fishing resources, find new and used bass boats, read pro bass fishing blogs, and more!


text:
Weight: 167g
SKU: 8163-25Brand: James Hare FabricsUnit (Quantity): 1 MetreProduct Weight: 167gComposition: 100% SilkWidth (to Selvage): 140 cms (55.1 inches)Fabric Use: Dress & Bridal, Interior
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text:
USS Gravely comes to Wilmington North Carolina for Commissioning Ceremony
Wilmington North Carolina has been chosen as the site of yet another Navy ship commissioning. The USS Gravely, a guided missile destroyer will be commissioned at the North Carolina State Port in Wilmington on November 20th. The USS Gravely is … Continue reading


text:
State Rep. Seneca Scott selected secretary of the National Caucus of Native American State Legislators.
State Rep. Seneca Scott was recently elected as secretary for the National Caucus of Native American State Legislators, a working group of the National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL).
Scott, who is a member of the Choctaw Nation, has been involved with the NCSL since 2009. The Native American caucus, which acts as an advisory body for the NCSL on issues affecting Native Americans, consists of 72 members from 17 states, including 24 members from Oklahoma.
"It is such a privilege to represent Native American issues and culture on a national platform, and I am honored that my colleagues in the caucus have elected me to serve in this role," said Scott, D-Tulsa. "I hope to use this role to encourage partnerships with other states that leverage Oklahoma's unique position as a national leader on energy, health and infrastructure projects among the various tribes. We have an expertise built on experience here in Oklahoma that we can transplant to other states and regions to benefit the lives of so many more Native Americans."
Scott has been involved with several NCSL initiatives during his time in the Legislature, including a partnership to encourage grocery stores to open in "food deserts" in various urban and rural areas. In addition, Scott presented Oklahoma's Infrastructure Plan this past October at the NCSL CG/LA 4th North American Strategic Infrastructure Summit.


text:
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This week, pastor Matt Fry continues our series "March Madness".
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C3 Church is a miracle on a tobacco farm that started in 1998 with about 50 people, and is now impacting hundreds of families in the Raleigh - Durham region. We do this by exposing the life-giving gospel, equipping people to be fully devoted followers of Jesus Christ, and giving them the opportunity to experience ministry by using their own gifts and talents.
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text:
Rotavirus is an infection of the stomach and intestines. It is the most common cause of severe diarrhea in infants and young children.
Rotavirus can easily pass from person to person.
A rotavirus infection is caused by a specific type of virus.
The virus is passed through the stool of someone with rotavirus. The infected stool can pass the virus to hands, surfaces, objects, food, or water. The virus then enters the body when any of these infected items come in contact with the mouth.
Risk Factors
People with the highest chance of rotavirus include:
- Infants and young children
- Children who attend daycare or any public childcare setting
- Adults who care for young children, especially children who wear diapers
- Children or adults with household members who have the virus
Symptoms of rotavirus may vary from person to person but may include:
- Fever
- Vomiting
- Watery diarrhea
- Abdominal pain
These symptoms can range from mild to severe. They often last about 3 to 8 days.
You will be asked about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done. The infection may be diagnosed based on your symptoms. A stool sample may be taken. The sample will be examined for the presence of the virus.
There is no treatment for rotavirus itself. Viruses do not respond to antibiotics.
Some treatments may be needed for symptoms caused by the infection. For example, dehydration may need to be treated with:
- Rehydration fluids—such as an oral rehydration solution for children
- IV fluids—if dehydration is severe
For children, the doctor may advise probiotics. Probiotics may help reduce the duration and severity of diarrhea symptoms.
Good hygiene is the best way to help reduce the spread of rotavirus. This includes taking the following steps:
- Wash your hands often.
- If someone in your house has rotavirus, encourage everyone to wash their hands more often.
Always wash your hands:
- After using the toilet
- After changing a baby's diaper or helping a child use the toilet
- Before handling or preparing food
There is a vaccine to prevent rotavirus in babies. Your baby may need 2 or 3 doses between the ages of 2-6 months.
Revision Information
- Reviewer: EBSCO Medical Review Board Kari Kassir, MD
- Review Date: 11/2018 -
- Update Date: 12/20/2014 -


text:
[alt: I'm just worried that we'll all leave and you won't get to come along!]
"Mr. Beret is excited because of science. His enthusiasm is lost on a sleepy man."
Alas, my nature compels me to elaborate.
I guess the fun in this comic is supposed to come from his child-like enthusiasm - a common enough theme in xkcd. Often it seems to be set up in way which, like in the comic above, the message is that those who do not have childlike glee are missing out on something and the childlike person is happier and better than the other. They nearly all feel like ripoffs of Calvin and Hobbes, which perhaps was able to get away with this by having its childlike excitement come from an actual child.
I suppose another feature of this comic that is meant to be positive is that he is excited about science in the abstract, and not in any way that will affect him (note the "in a few generations" line). Are we supposed to feel the same way? I hope not. Future scientific discoveries are not always those which people expected several generations earlier, and some things, like travel to another planet with intelligent life, seems too remote to even consider getting excited about.
We are left to conclude that Mr. Beret is a figure to be laughed at for his naiveté. I guess that is starting to be a somewhat defining characteristic for him (finally!) - he is dumb and/or enthusiastic. I am guessing we'll have a few more of these comics which will get very boring very suddenly. Dumb people can be lots of fun but the "I am excited about silly things" trope is rather narrow.
Lastly, the ending to this comic is atrocious, with a print-comicesque line from the sleeping guy and a nonsensical response from Mr. Beret. All of it constitutes post-punchline dialog.


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Maa da Laadla has come of age at last!
Wah! Kya baat hai!! The Congress Party has finally found its 'Item Number'. Rahulbaba is out of his pram and has shed his diapers, finally. He is now a MAN! And what a dishy man. Pure eye candy. A real Himbo who does not need to flaunt a six pack gut – but he sure flaunted his guts!! I loved the way he shot his mouth off at the press conference this week and in one stroke catapulted himself to the numero uno 'It Boy' position. He was exactly what the doc ordered in this pheeka, unsexy election.The critics and pundits can go to hell. He got them by the b***s - and they know it!They can mock his 'immaturity' and make fun of his naïve remarks. But, let's hand it to the greenhorn – he's done it!! I have received countless emails from complete strangers gushing over the guy. A young lady ecstatically announced, " I want to marry him – he is so drool-worthy." I said to myself, " Oh oh… watch out King Khan….here comes competition". Rahul Gandhi is officially 'Cho Chweet' – a card carrying member of the Hotties Club. Moily was bang on for once when he described Rahul as a Youth Icon. We know what it takes to become one, right? Oomph. Nothing more, nothing less.Rahulbaba's biggest plus point is his age. Nobody knows or cares about his qualifications – school\college dropout?You know what? It doesn't matter a damn. The magic has worked. And that's all that counts. Rahul Gandhi came across as a good chap – simple, uncomplicated and sincere. A semi Mr. Clean. This is very rare in politics, especially in India, where we expect netas to look and behave like thugs. If they are educated, sophisticated, articulate , erudite and refined – well, that's too bad. For them. So many careers have gone down the tube, because those men were seen as being far removed from the hoi polloi. Too high brow, too cerebral, too cunning. And therefore suspect. Rahul was the unknown factor – seen more as a shy, modest, reluctant and let's face it – dumb - heir apparent who was 'doing it for mummy' – much like his own father Rajiv, who also famously did it 'for mummy' after being air-dropped into the hot seat due to tragic circumstances. But the public at least knew a little about that Prince. We were aware that he had managed to hold down a day job as a pilot for a commercial airline, that he was a shaadi-shuda father of two cute kids, married to a gorgeous-looking Italian lady who preferred to stay out of sight. We also knew 'Mummy' preferred the younger son, Sanjay, whose fiery personality and naked ambition made him the perfect fit as her successor. But history had its own plan – and Rajiv became India's unlikely Prime Minister. He was written off before he even started. Too young, too raw, too inexperienced. Till he went to America and addressed his first important press conference. Bingo!! Perceptions changed overnight… the world took him more seriously. And so did we!
What an amazing coincidence that it took another press conference to 'reveal' Rahul to his own countrymen. All of a sudden, Rahul Gandhi was perceived as his party's biggest trump card. Never mind that his detractors chose to interpret his outspokenness as desperation. Never mind that seasoned journos read defeat in that speech. And never mind too that political analysts mocked the shallow, superficial content of his responses and said he sounded like a gauche schoolboy, not a future prime minister. They are all completely right! And that is precisely what did the trick for Rahul. He sounded like anybody else – the guy next door. Not a hardened politician indulging in doublespeak. His comments were commonsensical, even nonsensical. But he spoke from the heart. And he appeared heart breakingly vulnerable, too.All these 'negatives' worked in his favour. Viewers watching him calmly take tough questions and wade trustingly into dangerous waters, responded with sympathy and admiration. The overall verdict was positive, and I was astonished by the sort of reactions his unrehearsed, unscripted, indiscreet and gullible comments about the Left, Right and other weird alliances generated. A senior publisher who happened to visit that afternoon was gob-smacked by the impact of that single tv appearance. He kept repeating, " Rahul spoke a lot of sense… he spoke on behalf of millions of us when he talked about growth. It gave us hope that if he does become the p.m. soon, he won't waste his time and ours by indulging in negative politics. His solutions may have been over simplified, but they were practical. We could relate to what he was saying." This assessment coming from a person, who as a young man , had left a pregnant wife behind in Mumbai, jumped onto a train headed for Amethi, and worked tirelessly for Rajmohan Gandhi (who lost – of course!), made me do a double think about Rahul Baba's future. Like his father, Rahul looks trustworthy. The operative word is 'looks'. But that's the beauty and tragedy of politics, whether in India or elsewhere – so much depends on perception. Richard Nixon 'looked' a crook. JFK 'looked' a gentleman. Both were crooks. Berloscuoni 'looks' a rascal, behaves like a rascal and is a rascal. Ditto for Sarkozy. Gordon Brown resembles a butcher\baker. While Obama, like Rahul, is America's 'Item Number'. Sex appeal is hard to deconstruct or 'explain'. There is really very little difference between sex appeal and voter appeal. We imagine we select candidates\parties using the rational, logical side of our brains. But the truth is, we vote with our hearts. For better or worse.
In politics, timing is everything. Which is why our mighty political pundits are confused, even annoyed at not being taken into confidence about the Rahul coup. The timing of his coming out party seems off. Very off. But is it? Why now, they demand.When the party's fate has been sealed? Why not earlier when his presence would have made some difference and influenced voters?According to me, the timing couldn't have been better calibrated. I think his press conference was very shrewdly timed to confuse the enemy and throw the opposition off balance. See how they ran… watch how they scrambled. Listen to Jaitley, Karat, Nitesh spluttering with rage, and you can gauge the panic. Sadly, the truth is that are no issues involved in these elections .It's all about the numbers game. The kind of numbers one has been hearing ( 10,000 crores offered to Amma for her support when it comes to the crunch and a prime minister' s name has to be thrown into the ring), are shocking and obscene. Those trillions lying in foreign banks have not been hoarded there for nothing. Of course, no party is interested in naming names – who will cast the first stone at the glass Lutyen's bungalows? But at least the people of India now know exactly where their hard earned money which politicians have systematically looted over the years, is sitting. It has been stashed away for buying the prime ministership, and other similar emergencies.If enough noise is made, we can (and must) see some of it back in the country. There are no saints in this dirty game. But Rajkumar Rahul has emerged as a worthy heir to the throne. The dowager queen must be happy. Mogambo khush hua!
This appeared in the Asian Age\Deccan Chronicle over the weekend.
The final countdown is about to begin.
I think the Congress is in trouble. Truly an Ulta Pulta Alliance.
I am almost certain Uddhav Thackeray will become the next Chief Minister of Maharashtra - North Indians and other 'Outsiders' can relax.
I still think Mayawati will make it. Long live pink polyester.
Highheelconfidential ROCKS!! Even when they trash me. Just for the record - I do have problem feet and can't wear closed shoes!


text:
Principal Proposed Uses
- Alcoholic Hepatitis
- Viral Hepatitis
- Liver Cirrhosis
- Mushroom Poisoning (Special Intravenous Form Only)
- Protection From Liver-toxic Medications
- Rosacea
The milk thistle plant commonly grows from 2 to 7 feet in height, with spiny leaves and reddish-purple, thistle-shaped flowers. It has also been called wild artichoke, holy thistle, and Mary thistle. Native to Europe, milk thistle has a long history of use as both a food and a medicine. At the turn of the twentieth century, English gardeners grew milk thistle to use its leaves like lettuce (after cutting off the spines), the stalks like asparagus, the roasted seeds like coffee, and the roots (soaked overnight) like oyster plant. The seeds and leaves of milk thistle were used for medicinal purposes as well, such as treating jaundice and increasing breast milk production.
German researchers in the 1960s were sufficiently impressed with the history and clinical effectiveness of milk thistle to begin examining it for active constituents. In 1986, Germany's Commission E approved an oral extract of milk thistle as a treatment for liver disease. However, the evidence that it really works remains incomplete and inconsistent.
What Is Milk Thistle Used for Today?
Based on the extensive folk use of milk thistle in cases of jaundice, European medical researchers began to investigate its medicinal effects. It is currently used to treat alcoholic hepatitis , liver cirrhosis , liver poisoning, and viral hepatitis , as well as to protect the liver in general from the effects of liver-toxic medications. However, despite this wide usage, there is no definitive evidence that it is effective.
Standardized milk thistle extract is known as silymarin. Silymarin itself is a mixture of at least seven chemicals. The most active of these chemicals is commonly known as silibinin. But, silibinin too is, in fact, a mixture, comprising the two related substances silibinin A and silibinin B. 48 When injected intravenously, silibinin is thought to act as an antidote to poisoning by the deathcap mushroom, Amanita phalloides . Animal studies suggest that milk thistle extracts can also protect against many other poisonous substances, from toluene to the drug acetaminophen. 2-7 One animal study suggests that milk thistle can also protect against fetal damage caused by alcohol. 8
Silibinin is hypothesized to function by displacing toxins trying to bind to the liver as well as by causing the liver to regenerate more quickly. 9 It may also act as an antioxidant and also stabilize liver cell membranes. 10,11
In Europe, milk thistle is often added as extra protection when patients are given medications known to cause liver problems. However, milk thistle failed to prove effective for preventing liver inflammation caused by the Alzheimer's drug Cognex (tacrine). 12
Milk thistle is also used in a vague condition known as minor hepatic insufficiency, or "sluggish liver." 13 This term is mostly used by European physicians and American naturopathic practitioners—conventional physicians in the US don't recognize it. Symptoms are supposed to include aching under the ribs, fatigue, unhealthy skin appearance, general malaise, constipation, premenstrual syndrome, chemical sensitivities, and allergies.
Milk thistle may also offer some protection to the kidney. 14
Highly preliminary evidence hints that milk thistle might help reduce breast cancer risk. 15 Other even more preliminary studies have suggested potential benefits in slowing cancer growth in a variety of cancers including colon, breast, ovarian, skin, and liver cancers. 56,57,58,59 Unfortunately, these trials were done on cancer cells cultivated in a lab or animal studies so benefit in a human body is not understood. Human clinical studies will need to be done to help determine the benefits of milk thistle, potential side effects on the body, impact on cancer treatment, and proper dosing.
Milk thistle is sometimes recommended for gallstones and psoriasis , but there is little to no evidence as yet that it really helps these conditions.
In one small, placebo-controlled trial, the topical application of milk thistle with methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) for 1 month appeared to be effective in the treatment of 46 subjects with the skin condition rosacea . 50
A small preliminary study investigated whether milk thistle can help to relieve obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). 52 Thirty-five adults with OCD were randomized to receive milk thistle (600 mg/day) or the medication fluoxetine (30 mg/day), which is commonly used to treat OCD. At the end of the 8-week trial, researchers did not find any significant differences between the two groups.
Two, small randomized, placebo-controlled trials (with a total of 89 people) found that milk thistle helped to improve blood sugar control in people with type 2 diabetes . 55
What Is the Scientific Evidence for Milk Thistle?
As noted above, there is considerable evidence from studies in animals that milk thistle can protect the liver from numerous toxins. However, human studies of people suffering from various liver diseases have often yielded mixed results. A 2007 review of published and unpublished studies on milk thistle as a treatment for liver disease caused by alcohol or viral hepatitis concluded that benefits were seen only in low-quality trials, and, even in those, milk thistle did not show more than a slight benefit. 49
Acute Viral Hepatitis
A 21-day, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 57 people with acute viral hepatitis found significant improvements in the group receiving milk thistle. 20 In another study, 105 people with acute hepatitis receiving milk thistle (140 mg, 3 times daily) showed modest improvement in some symptoms compared to those taking a placebo for 4 weeks. 53 On the other hand, a 35-day study of 151 individuals thought to have acute hepatitis found no benefit with milk thistle, but this study has been criticized for failing to document that the participants actually had acute hepatitis. 21,22
Chronic Viral Hepatitis
Inconsistent evidence exists regarding whether milk thistle is helpful for chronic viral hepatitis B or C. 17-19,44,46,51 The herb does not appear to affect levels of virus in the body, but might help protect the liver from damage and improve some symptoms.
Alcoholic Hepatitis
A double-blind, placebo-controlled study performed in 1981 followed 106 Finnish soldiers with alcoholic liver disease over a period of 4 weeks. 23 The treated group showed a significant decrease in elevated liver enzymes and improvement in liver histology (the microscopic structure of liver tissue), as evaluated by biopsy in 29 subjects.
Two similar studies provided essentially equivalent results. 24,25 However, a 3-month, randomized, double-blind study of 116 people showed little to no additional benefit, perhaps because most participants reduced their alcohol consumption and almost half stopped drinking entirely. 26 Another study found no benefit in 72 patients followed for 15 months. 27 It is undoubtedly more effective for people with alcoholism to quit drinking than to continue drinking and take milk thistle!
Liver Cirrhosis
A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 170 people with alcoholic or non-alcoholic cirrhosis found that in the group treated with milk thistle the 4-year survival rate was 58% as compared to only 38% in the placebo group. 28 This difference was statistically significant.
A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial that enrolled 172 people with cirrhosis for 4 years also found reductions in mortality, but they just missed the conventional cutoff for statistical significance. 29 A 2-year, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 200 individuals with alcoholic cirrhosis found no reduction in mortality attributable to the use of milk thistle. 30 However, in a analysis of 19 randomized trials, researchers concluded that milk thistle was significantly more effective at reducing mortality from liver cirrhosis (mostly alcohol-related) compared to placebo, but no more effective at reducing mortality from any cause. 51
Other double-blind studies of people with various forms of cirrhosis have looked at changes in tests of liver function rather than mortality. Some found benefit 42,43 , while others did not. 16,45
Protection from Medications That Damage the Liver
Numerous medications can injure or inflame the liver. Preliminary evidence suggests that milk thistle might protect against liver toxicity caused by drugs such as acetaminophen , alcohol, phenothiazines , and phenytoin ( Dilantin ). 31,32 However, according to a 12-week, double-blind study of 222 people, milk thistle does not seem to prevent the liver inflammation caused by the Alzheimer's drug tacrine (Cognex). 33
Chemotherapy is not only toxic to cancer but also toxic to healthy cells throughout the body especially the liver. Milk thistle showed some protective benefit on the liver during aggressive chemotherapy in one randomized trial of children with leukemia. There was a trend for higher chemotherapy doses needed in children taking milk thistle but the trend was not statistically significant. 56
The standard dosage of milk thistle is 200 mg 2 to 3 times a day of an extract standardized to contain 70% silymarin.
There is some evidence that silymarin bound to phosphatidylcholine may be better absorbed. 34,35 This form should be taken at a dosage of 100 mg to 200 mg twice a day.
Warning : Considering the severe nature of liver disease, a doctor's supervision is essential. Also, do not inject milk thistle preparations that are designed for oral use!
Safety Issues
Milk thistle is believed to possess very little toxicity. Animal studies have not shown any negative effects even when high doses were administered over a long period of time. 36
A study of 2,637 participants reported in 1992 showed a low incidence of side effects, limited mainly to mild gastrointestinal disturbance. 37 However, on rare occasions severe abdominal discomfort may occur. 38
On the basis of its extensive use as a food, milk thistle is believed to be safe for pregnant or nursing women and researchers have enrolled pregnant women in studies. 39 However, safety in young children, pregnant or nursing women, and individuals with severe renal disease has not been formally established.
No drug interactions are known. However, one report has noted that silibinin can inhibit a bacterial enzyme called beta-glucuronidase, which plays a role in the activity of certain drugs, such as oral contraceptives. 40 This could theoretically reduce their effectiveness.
Interactions You Should Know About
If you are taking:
- Medications that could damage the liver, such as acetaminophen, phenytoin (Dilantin), alcohol, and phenothiazines: Milk thistle might be protective for some of these drugs.
- Oral contraceptives : Milk thistle might reduce their effectiveness.
Revision Information
- Reviewer: EBSCO CAM Review Board
- Review Date: 12/2015 -
- Update Date: 12/15/2015 -


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text: Tuesday, September 11, 2012 COAMI Recommends Treating OA as a Chronic Disease Osteoarthritis (OA) should be considered—and treated—in a more multidisciplinary, coordinated, and prevention‐oriented way, similar to other chronic diseases, says a call to action recently issued by the Chronic Osteoarthritis Management Initiative (COAMI), a program of the United States Bone and Joint Initiative (USBJI). The COAMI work group met in May to assess current practice in the management of osteoarthritis. Work group members included physical therapists; orthopedic nurses and surgeons; specialists in rheumatology, rehabilitation, and sports medicine; osteopathic physicians; and athletic trainers. Changing the paradigm of intervention for OA, especially among health care providers, was a primary focus of the meeting. OA should be "subject to screening for risk factors, prevention‐oriented interventions, ongoing monitoring, and comprehensive care models typical of other chronic diseases. Instead, many patients and health care providers tolerate and expect pain and disability as an inevitable trajectory of OA and aging," says COAMI. In addition, the work group identified 7 priority actions to undertake, with the help of partners in other organizations who share COAMI's goals for improved patient outcomes. The priority actions are: developing a call to action geared specifically to health care professionals who treat patients with OA, as well as policymakers and the public; convening a larger conference that leads to further recommendations that would build agreement across disciplines and specialties within the health care system, so that current inconsistencies in approach could be resolved, and models of care developed; reaching out to other partners beyond the Work Group members (both existing and new) to include them in future COAMI work; exploring standardized screening tools and indicators of OA to make early diagnosis both more consistent and more likely; developing tools and prompts that promote patient engagement in learning about and managing OA (especially before symptoms become debilitating); lending COAMI's support to existing advocacy and awareness efforts that are already underway; and developing and supporting an OA-specific research agenda that would fill gaps in evidence and practice. APTA is a founding member of the USBJI and serves on its board of directors.


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The doctor will ask about any symptoms, and medical and family history. There will be questions about whether you have problems initiating sleep, staying asleep, waking up early, or feeling tired despite seeming to sleep for a normal amount of time.
To make a diagnosis of insomnia, the doctor will ask about:
- Excessive fatigue or daytime sleepiness
- Impairment of attention, concentration, or memory
- Impairment in social, occupational, or academic performance
- Moodiness or irritability
- Diminished motivation, energy, or initiative
- Occurrence of frequent errors or accidents at work, or while driving
- Presence of possible related symptoms such as tension headaches or gastrointestinal distress
- Preoccupation with sleep
To help determine a cause of insomia or any associated conditions, the doctor will ask about:
- Moods or mood changes
- Physical or mental symptoms or problems
- Daily activities
- Work pattern or history
- Sleep patterns
- Snoring
- Medication use
- Travel patterns
- Eating habits
- Use of alcohol, tobacco, or other drugs
You may also be asked to fill out a sleep diary, which is a record of your sleep patterns. Your doctor may want to speak with your bed partner concerning the quantity and quality of your sleep. Other specialized tests may be ordered depending on what your doctor suspects may be the cause of your insomnia.
In some instance where the diagnosis is not clear, your doctor may order a polysomnogram (sleep study), where your sleep is analyzed during a 1 or 2 night stay in a sleep lab.
Revision Information
- Reviewer: EBSCO Medical Review Board Monica Zangwill, MD, MPH
- Review Date: 03/2018 -
- Update Date: 03/15/2015 -


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Principal Proposed Uses
Other Proposed Uses
- Allergic Rhinitis (Shoyu Polysaccharides)
- Cancer Prevention
- Cyclic Mastitis
- Diabetes
- High Blood Pressure
- Menopausal Symptoms
- Menstrual Migraines
- Osteoarthritis
- Osteoporosis
- Ulcerative Colitis
The soybean has been prized for centuries in Asia as a nutritious, high-protein food with a myriad of uses, and today it's popular in the United States not only in Asian food, but also as a cholesterol-free meat and dairy substitute in traditional American foods. Soy burgers, soy yogurt, tofu hot dogs, and tofu cheese can be found in a growing number of grocery stores alongside the traditional white blocks of tofu, and soy is increasingly used as a protein filler in many prepared foods, including fast-food "hamburger."
Soy appears to reduce blood cholesterol levels, and the US Food and Drug Administration has authorized allowing foods containing soy to carry a "heart-healthy" label.
Soybeans contain isoflavones, chemicals that are similar to estrogen. These are widely thought to be the active ingredients in soy, although, as discussed below, there is substantial evidence that other constituents may be equally or more important. Much of the information in this article overlaps with that in the Isoflavone article.
If you like Japanese, Chinese, Thai, or Vietnamese food, it's easy to get a healthy dose of soy. Tofu is one of the world's most versatile foods. It can be stir-fried, steamed, or added to soup. You can also mash a cake of tofu and use it in place of ricotta cheese in your lasagna. If you don't like tofu, there are many other soy products to try: plain soybeans, soy cheese, soy burgers, soy milk, or tempeh. Or, you can use a soy supplement instead.
Therapeutic Dosages
The FDA allows soy foods containing 6-½ grams of soy to carry a heart-healthy label. Evidence suggests that a daily intake of 25 g of soy protein is adequate to noticeably reduce cholesterol. This amount is typically found in about 2-½ cups of soy milk or ½ pound of tofu.
Note: Soy is increasingly added to foods in the US as a protein filler, and there are concerns that some people here may be greatly exceeding the amount of soy eaten anywhere else in the world. Even the 25 g amount recommended for reducing cholesterol levels is relatively high. For comparison, in Asia, the average intake of soy is only about 10 g daily. 71
Therapeutic Uses
According to the combined evidence of numerous controlled studies, soy can reduce blood cholesterol levels and improve the ratio of LDL ("bad") versus HDL ("good") cholesterol. 1,122,136 At an average dosage of 47 g daily, total cholesterol falls by about 9%, LDL cholesterol by 13%, and triglycerides by 10%. Soy's effects on HDL cholesterol itself are less impressive. There is inconsistent evidence regarding whether soy might help reduce high blood pressure . 117, 124 Indeed, a comprehensive and careful review of studies investigating the influence of phytoestrogens (including soy meals) on blood pressure found no meaningful effect. 140 However, another review found that soy protein (as opposed to other soy products) could significantly reduce blood pressure. 143
Soy may reduce the common menopausal symptom known as "hot flashes," but study results conflict. 71,125 Soy has not been found helpful for improving the hot flashes that often occur in breast cancer survivors. 69,84
Unlike estrogen, soy appears to reduce the risk of uterine cancer. 4 Its effect on breast cancer is not as well established, but there are reasons to believe that soy can help reduce breast cancer risk as well, 5-7 possibly by reducing estrogen levels and lengthening the menstrual cycle. 70 (For more information, see the Isoflavone article.) Soy has shown inconsistent promise for helping to prevent prostate and colon cancers. 10-12,118
One preliminary double-blind trial found evidence that soy protein can reduce symptoms of osteoarthritis . 112 In addition, soy might help prevent osteoporosis . 13-21
In preliminary double-blind studies, a special extract of soy sauce called "Shoyu polysaccharides" has shown promise as a treatment for allergic rhinitis (hay fever). 113,114
Another special extract of soy, Bowman-Birk Inhibitor concentrate (BBI), has shown promise for helping to prevent cancer 130-133 and also for treating ulcerative colitis . 134
Soy may be beneficial in diabetes . A soy extract, pinitol, may improve blood sugar control in diabetics. 115 And, in addition to its favorable effects on cholesterol, the long-term consumption of a diet rich in soy may reduce blood sugar and improve kidney function in diabetic patients with renal dysfunction. 137
Yet another soy extract, pinitol, may improve blood sugar control in people with diabetes. 115
A very small study found hints that soy isoflavones might help reduce buildup of abdominal fat. 126
A product containing soy isoflavones and other herbs has shown some promise for migraine headaches associated with the menstrual cycle (menstrual migraines). 86
Weak evidence suggests that soy protein may be helpful for cyclic breast pain.95
A fermented soy product called natto has shown some promise for dissolving blood clots . 121
What Is the Scientific Evidence for Soy?
High Cholesterol
Numerous controlled studies indicate that soy can reduce LDL ("bad") cholesterol by about 10%, and perhaps slightly raise HDL ("good") cholesterol as well. 23,71,87,119,122,136,137,143,144
It has often been assumed that isoflavones are the active ingredients in soy responsible for improving cholesterol profile. However, studies that used purified isoflavones (as opposed to whole soy, or soy protein) have generally failed to find benefit. 96,145 It is possible that non-isoflavone constituents of soy, such as proteins, fiber, and phospholipids, may be equally or perhaps even more important than the isoflavones in soy. 71,97 In a careful review of 30 studies involving almost 3,000 subjects, researchers determined that isolated soy protein (in the range of 15-40 g per day) modestly reduced LDL cholesterol levels by an average of 6%. 142 In another study involving two soy milk products, one made from whole soy beans and the other from isolated soy proteins, researchers found that both were more effective than cow's milk at reducing LDL cholesterol levels. 136 In addition, the substance pinitol appears to have cholesterol-lowering properties. 115
However, there are other possibilities as well. One study suggests that the isoflavone daidzein may be only effective for reducing cholesterol when it is converted by intestinal bacterial into a substance called equol. 98 It appears that only about one-third of people have the right intestinal bacteria to make equol.
Another study found that soy products may at times have an unusual isoflavone profile—containing high levels of the isoflavone glycitein rather than the more usual genistein and daidzein. 67 Glycitein could be inactive regarding cholesterol reduction; in other words, variations in the proportions of specific isoflavone constituents might have made some studied soy isoflavone products inactive.
It has also been suggested that soy protein must be kept in its original state to be effective. Ordinary soy protein extracts are somewhat damaged ("denatured"). In a double-blind study of 120 people, a special soy protein extract—in which the proteins were protected from damage—proved more effective for improving cholesterol profile than did standard denatured soy protein extracts. 135
There are other theories, as well. For more information, see the Isoflavone article.
Menopausal Symptoms ("Hot Flashes")
Although study results are not entirely consistent, soy may be helpful for symptoms of menopause , especially "hot flashes." For example, a double-blind, placebo-controlled study involving 104 women found that isoflavone-rich soy protein provided significant relief of hot flashes compared to placebo (milk protein). Improvements in hot flashes, as well as other symptoms such as vaginal dryness, were seen in several other studies of soy or soy isoflavones as well. 3,31,32,83,88-90,125,99-101,116 A review of 13 randomized trials with 1,996 women showed a reduced frequency of hot flashes with soy isoflavones compared to placebo, with more than 12 weeks of treatment showing the greatest effect. Hot flash severity improved in 9 randomized trials involving 988 women with soy isoflavones compared to placebo. 146 However, about as many studies have failed to find benefit with soy or concentrated isoflavones. 34-36,68,71,92,102,120 Furthermore, in three double-blind, placebo-controlled trials, isoflavone-rich soy failed to reduce hot flashes among survivors of breast cancer. 69,84,103
To make matters even more complicated, a double-blind study of 241 women experiencing hot flashes found equivalent benefits whether isoflavone-free or isoflavone-rich soy products were used. 93
The high rate of the placebo effect seen in many studies of menopausal symptoms may account for these discrepancies. In addition, it is possible that certain formulations of soy contain as yet unidentified ingredients beyond isoflavones that play an important role.
At least two studies found that people who are equol producers (see previous section) may experience greater benefits. 138,139
In one study that evaluated the benefits of soy in osteoporosis, a total of 66 postmenopausal women took either placebo (soy protein with isoflavones removed) or soy protein with 56 mg or 90 mg of isoflavones daily for 6 months. 37 The group that took the higher dosage of isoflavones showed significant gains in spinal bone density. There was little change in the placebo or low-dose isoflavone groups. This study suggests that the soy isoflavones in soy protein may be effective for osteoporosis.
Very nearly the same results were also seen in a similar study. This 24-week, double-blind study of 69 postmenopausal women found that soy can significantly reduce bone loss from the spine. 38
Similar benefits with soy or soy isoflavones have been seen in other human and animal trials; however, other studies have failed to find benefit. 39-48,71,85,104-109,123 On balance it is probably fair to say that isoflavones (either as soy, purified isoflavones, or tofu extract) are likely to have a modestly beneficial effect on bone density at most.
Interestingly, one small but long-term study suggests that progesterone cream (another treatment proposed for use in preventing or treating osteoporosis) may decrease the bone-sparing effect of soy isoflavones. 110
Estrogen and most other medications for osteoporosis work by fighting bone breakdown. It has been hypothesized that soy may also work in other ways, by helping to increase new bone formation. 49,50
Safety Issues
Studies in animals have found soy essentially nontoxic. 51 And it is reassuring to note that researchers found no evidence of ill effects when they gave healthy postmenopausal women 900 mg of soy isoflavones a day for 84 consecutive days. 141 However, soy or its isoflavones could conceivably have some potentially harmful effects in certain specific situations.
Soy appears to have numerous potential effects involving the thyroid gland. When given to individuals with impaired thyroid function , soy products have been observed to reduce absorption of thyroid medication. 58-72 In addition, some evidence hints that soy isoflavones may directly inhibit the function of the thyroid gland, although this inhibition may only be significant in individuals who are deficient in iodine. 73,74,111 However, to make matters even more confusing, studies of healthy humans and animals given soy isoflavones or other soy products have generally found that soy either had no effect on thyroid hormone levels or actually increased levels. 65,74-78 The bottom line: In view of soy's complex effects regarding the thyroid, individuals with impaired thyroid function should not take large amounts of soy products except under the supervision of a physician.
One study found that soy products may decrease testosterone levels in men. 94 This could conceivably cause problems for men with infertility or erectile dysfunction .
Soy may reduce the absorption of the nutrients zinc, iron, and calcium. 60-64 To avoid absorption problems, you should probably take these minerals at least 2 hours apart from eating soy.
Other concerns relate to the estrogenic properties of soy isoflavones. For example, while soy is thought to reduce the risk of developing breast cancer, it is possible that soy might not be safe for women who have already had breast cancer. In addition, there are concerns that intensive use of soy products by pregnant women could exert a hormonal effect that impacts unborn fetuses. Finally, fears have been expressed by some experts that soy might interfere with the action of oral contraceptives . However, one study of 36 women found reassuring results. 55 For more information on these and other safety issues regarding the isoflavones in soy, see the full Isoflavones article.
One observational study raised concerns that soy might impair mental function. 79 However, observational studies are highly unreliable by nature, and experts do not consider this a serious issue. 71 Additionally, a number of studies looking at cognitive improvement have found that soy or soy isoflavones either have no effect on mental function, or perhaps minimally improve it. 105, 127-129
Interactions You Should Know About
If you are taking:
- Zinc , iron , or calcium supplements: It may be best to eat soy at a different time of day to avoid absorption problems.
- Thyroid hormone : You should consult your physician before increasing your intake of soy products.
Revision Information
- Reviewer: EBSCO CAM Review Board
- Review Date: 12/2015 -
- Update Date: 12/15/2015 -


text:
Other Proposed Uses
Histidine is a semiessential amino acid, which means your body normally makes as much as it needs. Like most other amino acids, histidine is used to make proteins and enzymes. The body also uses histidine to make histamine, the culprit behind the swelling and itching you feel in an allergic reaction.
It appears that people with rheumatoid arthritis may have low levels of histidine in their blood. This has led to some speculation that histidine supplements might be a good treatment for this kind of arthritis, but so far no studies have confirmed this.
Although histidine is not required in the diet, histidine deficiencies can occur during periods of very rapid growth. Dairy products, meat, poultry, fish, and other protein-rich foods are good sources of histidine.
Therapeutic Uses
Although individuals with rheumatoid arthritis appear to have reduced levels of histidine in the blood, 1,2 this by itself doesn't prove that taking histidine will help. One study designed to evaluate this question directly found no significant benefit. 3
Safety Issues
As a necessary nutrient, histidine is believed to be safe. However, maximum safe dosages of histidine have not been determined for young children, pregnant or nursing women, or those with severe liver or kidney disease. As with other supplements taken in large doses, it is important to purchase a quality product, as contaminants present even in very small percentages could conceivably add up and become toxic.
Revision Information
- Reviewer: EBSCO CAM Review Board
- Review Date: 12/2015 -
- Update Date: 12/15/2015 -