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Other Proposed Uses
Lutein, a chemical found in green vegetables, is a member of a family of substances known as carotenoids . Beta-carotene is the most famous nutrient in this class. Like beta-carotene, lutein is an antioxidant that protects our cells against damage caused by dangerous, naturally occurring chemicals known as free radicals.
Recent evidence has found that lutein may play an important role in protecting our eyes and eyesight. It may work in two ways: by acting directly as a kind of natural sunblock, and also by neutralizing free radicals that can damage the eye.
Lutein is not an essential nutrient. However, it is possible that it may be useful for optimal health.
Green vegetables are the best source of lutein, especially spinach, kale, collard greens, romaine lettuce, leeks, and peas. Unlike beta-carotene, lutein is not found in high concentrations in yellow and orange vegetables such as carrots.
Therapeutic Dosages
We don't know how much lutein is necessary for a therapeutic effect, but estimates range from 5 to 30 mg daily. (However, see Safety Issues .)
Therapeutic Uses
According to theoretical findings and two preliminary double-blind studies, it appears that use of lutein supplements might help prevent or slow the development of age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) and possibly cataracts , the two most common causes of vision loss in seniors.
Lutein has also shown a hint of promise for treatment of retinitis pigmentosa , an inherited form of eye disease that causes progressive vision loss. 13
Very weak evidence hints that lutein might help prevent atherosclerosis . 9
What is the Scientific Evidence for Lutein?
Most but not all observational studies suggest that people who eat foods containing lutein are less likely to develop cataracts and perhaps macular degeneration as well, the two most common causes of vision loss in adults. 1-5,8 Furthermore, there are good theoretical reasons to believe that lutein may play an important role in protecting the eyes.
Lutein is the main pigment (coloring chemical) in the center of the retina, the region of maximum visual sensitivity known as the macula . Macular degeneration consists of injury to the macula and leads to a severe loss in vision. One of the main causes of macular degeneration appears to be sun damage to the sensitive tissue. Lutein appears to act as a natural eyeshade, protecting the retina against too much light. 6 It is also an antioxidant , meaning that it fights dangerous, naturally occurring substances called free radicals. Free radicals may play a role in macular degeneration.
Based on this information, researchers conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of lutein. 11 The study enrolled 90 people with dry-type macular degeneration and followed them for 12 months. The participants received either lutein (10 mg), lutein plus other antioxidants, and a multivitamin/mineral supplement, or placebo. At the end of the study period, participants who had taken lutein alone or lutein plus the other nutrients showed improvements in vision, while no change in vision was seen in the placebo group. A subsequent study failed to find benefit with lutein, but it used a lower dose (6 mg daily) and involved fewer people. 15 Ultimately, further study will be needed to establish whether lutein is actually helpful for macular degeneration.
Besides protecting the macula, lutein might also shield the lens of the eye from light damage, slowing the development of cataracts . 7 One small 2-year, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial found some evidence that lutein may improve vision in people who already have cataracts. 10
A trial involving 225 adults with retinitis pigmentosa found 4 years of daily supplementation with lutein and vitamin A slowed the rate of visual loss in the mid-peripheral field. 17
Safety Issues
Although lutein is a normal part of the diet, there has not been much evaluation of lutein's safety when taken as a concentrated supplement. One study found evidence that lutein is safe in doses up to the highest tested dose of 10 mg daily. 14 A review of other evidence concluded that long term use of lutein should be safe when taken at a dose of up to 20 mg per day. 13 A 2009 study following 77,126 adults (over age 50), however, suggests that there may be some harm in long-term supplementation with lutein. This study found that long-term use of beta-carotene, lutein or retinol supplements may increase lung cancer risk. Long-term supplement use was determined by subjects' memory of the previous 10 years, so the results of this large study should be interpreted with some caution. 16
Maximum safe dosages for young children, pregnant or nursing women, or those with severe liver or kidney disease have not been established.
Revision Information
- Reviewer: EBSCO CAM Review Board
- Review Date: 12/2015 -
- Update Date: 12/15/2015 -


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If you have obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), your obsessive and compulsive behaviors are extreme enough to interfere with your everyday life. This is not the same as the "compulsive" behavior many people normally display, such as high standards of performance, perfectionism, and organization in work and recreational activities. Normal "compulsiveness" often serves a valuable purpose, contributing to a person's self-esteem and success on the job. OCD, on the other hand, involves obsessions and rituals that are very distressing and interfere with daily functioning.
Diagnosis of OCD is usually based on the following:
Initial Assessment
Your doctor will ask you about your symptoms and medical history. This may be done with a structured interview and/or questionnaire. You may also be given a psychological assessment. OCD may be diagnosed if the specified symptoms consume at least one hour each day and/or result in both emotional distress and disturbed functioning, but are not caused by medication, drug abuse, or a medical condition . You usually know that the behaviors are excessive or unreasonable. When you have OCD, the symptoms are disruptive enough to cause problems at school, work, and/or in family and peer relationships.
Evaluation of Other Mental and Neurologic Disorders
Other psychiatric disorders, such as depression , generalized anxiety disorder , Tourette syndrome (a neurologic disorder), eating disorders (such as anorexia and bulimia), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) , and personality disorders often occur with OCD. You may be tested for these and other psychiatric disorders.
Revision Information
- Reviewer: Adrian Preda, MD
- Review Date: 12/2016 -
- Update Date: 05/20/2015 -

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Varysburg Private Schools - starts with E
The 50States Varysburg private school directory. Find Varysburg, New York private school addresses, phone numbers and other private school info.
Go To: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
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Puzzle Levels
Puzzle Categories
Download a FREE Solution for your puzzles!
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The Wonderful Chinese Pony Puzzle - Blue - Limited Edition
Product Information
|Level 6 - Tricky
|Sam Loyd
|Paper Puzzles
|2.7 in x 2.3 in / 6.8 cm x 5.9 cm
Product Description
This is a Limited Edition, Sam Loyd Puzzle. There are only 145 of these made. Puzzle Master is the exclusive world wide distributor, for 2012, for these 145th anniversary items.
To celebrate 145 years since Sam Loyd published his first commercially successful puzzle card "The Wonderful Chinese Pony Puzzle", this commemorative edition has been created using original artwork first drawn in 1868 and is limited to 145 cards world-wide.
Thank you Sam Loyd for letting Puzzle Master be the exclusive world wide distributor, for 2012, of these 145th anniversary items.
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A capsule containing a tiny camera that takes pictures of the lining of the intestines is one tool doctors have to help detect polyps, cancer, and sources of bleeding in the small intestine that current tests cannot always find. The procedure is called capsule endoscopy.
How It Works
You swallow a small capsule that contains a camera. As the capsule passes through the small intestine, the camera snaps pictures 4 times per second. The capsule is eventually excreted naturally, without you feeling anything unusual.
As the capsule moves through the GI tract, it sends signals to a data recorder worn on a belt around your waist. You wear the recorder for about 8 hours as you go about your daily activities. The images stored on the data recorder can be downloaded to a computer and viewed by a physician.
The Hardware
Swallowing a capsule with a camera may seem like a science fiction plot, but the technology is available. The capsule and supporting system include:
- A tiny camera and transmitter inside the capsule, which is about the size of a large vitamin.
- Abdominal sensors (which are placed on your abdomen) pick up the transmission and send the information to a data recorder.
- A data recorder which downloads images to a computer equipped with special software.
How This Technology Helps Doctors and Patients
In many cases, doctors rely on endoscopy to view the small intestine. This involves inserting a thin, lighted tube with a camera, down the throat, through the stomach, and into the small intestine. However, an endoscope cannot reach all of the 20-foot-long small intestine. Capsule endoscopy can provide pictures of the entire length of the small intestine.
This helps to find problems in the small intestine that may not have been previously be seen.
The capsule results are used along with other endoscopic and radiological tests to help make a diagnosis. It is not a replacement for these tests.
The capsule is able to detect signs of health conditions as it passes through the digestive tract. These may include:
- Inflammation or changes in the esophagus, which may be associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or Barrett esophagus
- Bleeding, which may be caused by tumors or other lesions and associated with anemia
- Lesions in the intestine, which may be associated with Crohn disease
Safety, Effectiveness, and the Future
The capsule is safe, but there may be minor side effects. Very rarely, the capsule can get stuck in the digestive tract and surgery may be required to remove it.
Studies done on the effectiveness of the capsule in the small intestine have been positive, especially when it is used to evaluate sources of bleeding. Capsule endoscopy has been found to be equal to or better than some other tests that are commonly used.
Some evidence shows that capsule endoscopy may also be effective in evaluations of the colon, but more evidence is needed. More research is being done on the effectiveness of capsule endoscopy in routine colon procedures.
The capsule may not be used on people with:
- Cardiac pacemaker
- Implanted electromagnetic devices
- Intestinal blockage
- Narrow small bowel
- A abnormal connection between the bowel and another organ—fistula
Technology will bring improvements. Newer forms of the capsule may allow for controlling movement, biopsies, or dispensing medication. Capsule endoscopy is a peek into exciting medical innovations that may keep us healthy without certain hassles of endoscopies or colonoscopies.
- Reviewer: Michael Woods, MD
- Review Date: 10/2016 -
- Update Date: 10/27/2014 -


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Retrofitting Residential HVAC Systems
A version of this article appears in the January/February 2005 issue of Home Energy Magazine.
January 01, 2005
In this case study, we show how DOE's Best Practices Guide For Residential HVAC Retrofits works - as well as some of the installation practice and building code official problems that can arise.
Traditionally, retrofits are done in a piecemeal fashion; individual building components are replaced one at a time, with little thought given to their interactions.This is particularly true for HVAC systems, whose performance can be negatively affected by changes in the building envelope.The systems approach, which attempts to treat the whole building and all of its components together, is a good solution to this problem, and has three major benefits: • correct system sizing when loads (such as envelope conduction, window solar gain, and infiltration) are reduced by retrofits, • avoidance of potential problems (such as increased condensation potential when air conditioning is added to previously uncooled houses), and • total cost can be reduced.The cost of a retrofit using the systems approach is often less than the sum total of the individual retrofits. Because the current retrofit industry is not structured to use the systems approach, the DOE Best Practices Guide For Residential HVAC Retrofits was developed to provide guidance for contractors. In order to simplify the ...
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For state, county and local government agencies, funding technology upgrades can be daunting, especially given today's struggling economy and significantly reduced IT budgets. It doesn't have to be. With flexible lease financing from HP Financial Services, setting up your agency with the most advanced technology has never been more affordable and accessible.
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Photographer John Novis along with Greenpeace campaigner Zhong Yu head to China's beautiful rice paddies to document the area's farming culture. Traditional lifestyles are being threatened by the increasing use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, as well as genetically engineered rice plants. For the people of China's southwest countryside, "rice is life" and farming is deeply intertwined with the culture and identity of the people.
© Greenpeace
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Colorful rhombus patternThe silky feel of this glasses pouch protects your spectacles without scratching them. Made from a fine microfiber material, the pouch can be used for cleaning the lenses whilst glasses are placed within. Pouch can be closed with drawstring. Measures approximately 3"(w) x 6"(h).
If you order more than 50 pcs items (can be combined), please click here to contact us for whole price quotation, please include the SKU# and the quantity you want for each of them. For order less than 50 pcs, please order directly from our website.


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Waffle House
6941 Ga Hwy. 21 Send to Phone
912-964-5488 | Make Restaurant Reservations | Menu
OpenOpen daily 24 hours
- Dress code: Casual
- Kid-friendly
- Take-out available
* Click here for rating key
Waffle House Restaurant Review: The Waffle House chain serves customers and keeps its signature yellow sign lit up 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. The menu features a variety of waffles, of course, plus omelets, hashbrowns, grits and breakfast wraps. For lunch and dinner, guests can choose from American classics like burgers (100% Angus), sandwiches made with Texas toast, chili, salads and steaks. Other locations.


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undefined from , a member of Minted's
community of independent artists.
Designers were asked to submit a chic and modern design.
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A single tree on the seaside in Scotland, fighting against the storm.
art prints, scotland, storm, tree, cloudy, wind, dark, seaside
brown, blue, black, grey
Rectangular Non-Personalizable Art Print
Nov 16 2015
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If It Ain't Broke, Why Fix It?
A version of this article appears in the May/June 2009 issue of Home Energy Magazine.
May 06, 2009
Something old and a few things new in the choices of insulation material and installation.
In the last two decades there has been tremendous growth in the variety of insulation products, and in our understanding of those products. This has accompanied a boost in fraudulent and near-fraudulent claims (for example, that reflective foils are a good alternative to wall or subslab insulation). There are also new types of insulation that are better suited for some installations than for others. Most importantly, the development of building science and sophisticated measurement tools has allowed the shortcomings of standard insulation methods to be better understood. It is important to understand that the published R-value of an insulating material is based on laboratory testing. This testing does not take into account the degrading effects of air infiltrating through the building envelope, which can increase heating-and-cooling costs by up to 40%. Most insulation works by trapping pockets of air (or other gases) to retard the conduction of heat. For this reason, any batt insulation can be a reasonable insulator if it is properly applied with no voids, and if the cavity is airtight. But the real world of construction is rarely airtight, and fiberglass batting with air passing through it loses R-value. With this in mind, it is easy to see ...
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Comments (kindly keep them relevant to the current topic of interest!)
Recent Posts
- Sindonology's 10 biggest mistakes …
- Please excuse this pot-boiler of a posting …
- What's causing Air Sindonology to nosedive and crash? Vapour alone from an empty fuel tank? Or trying to fly on a heaven-sent source of mystery radiation?
- Can you spot the new entry on Dan Porter's shroudstory site (despite the shutters coming down 3 years ago)?
- Turin Shroud: think "medieval whole body powder imprint". STOP PRESS: body image maybe not so superficially photograph-like as claimed!
- No, Mr. Barrie M. Schwortz. STURP did NOT "provide an example that future Shroud researchers can use to carefully plan their own work". STURP showed how not to plan or execute objective, ISSUE- RELEVANT science-based research!
- Here's one good reason for thinking the Turin Shroud to be a medieval fake – namely that 'cardboard cut-out look', with frontal v dorsal views of body only – NO SIDES!
- Here it is at last – a simple explanation for the Shroud of Turin – how and more importantly WHY it was made in the mid 14th century. Think simulated sweat imprint, seemingly yellowed with age, plus bloodstains in all the right places….
Conflicting definitions of "sindonology"
1. First, from en.wiktionary
"The study of the Shroud of Turin from a believing perspective"
2. Second, from www.dictionary.
"The scientific study of the Shroud of Turin"
Er, they can't both be right! Indeed they could be said to be pulling in opposite directions!
So why hasn't sindonology put its house in order, at least where internet search returns are concerned? Is sindonology a branch of religious belief, coloured by preconceptions, whether inherited or acquired? Or is it an entirely science-based discipline, dependent purely on hypothesis followed by objective testing, followed by objective interpretation of data, followed if necessary by new hypotheses, additional testing etc etc?
PS: See references below to "Type 1" v "Type 2" sindonologists, based on the above… ;-}
Oops. Seems that Google doesn't like my new site design, with the expanded margin comment. Why? Probably because it's not ideally suited to cramped smartphone screens. Regardless, display restrictions are viewer and Google's problem, not mine. Big issues require big screens! The message on this site WILL finally get broadcast, correction, narrowcast, with or without mobile/cellphone user or Google's assistance…
Back to business: list of reasons for thinking the Turin TRANSPORT LINEN* to be of medieval origin
* Yes, let's straightaway dispense with that hugely misleading term "Shroud" (as in "Shroud" of Turin! ).
Please read – or re-read as the case may be – the first 3 Gospel accounts detailing body retrieval and transport with Joseph of Arimathea's single sheet of "fine linen" ("sindon", singular noun). Then, and only then, read the 4th Gospel re final burial clothes. Yes, also making reference to linen, but described by a different term ("othonia", plural noun) and in all probability a later and separate input of linen, replacing – and not to be confused with – J of A's…
No, NOT "Shroud" of Turin but "makeshift stretcher" using quality linen. Yes, "pre-shroud" of Turin, later replaced by entirely different linen – burial clothes as per Gospel of John – separate face cloth etc.
Oh, and not the real thing (whether J of A's linen was a makeshift stretcher or not), but a painstakingly executed medieval reconstruction thereof (simulated body/blood imprint!)
Now for that list (4 for starters):
1. The radiocarbon date (1260-1390). Yes, it has been challenged, indeed ridiculed, with all kinds of alleged deficiencies, ranging from the plausible through to pure moonshine.
But it's never been conclusively demonstrated to be erroneous. Indeed, it's almost certainly accurate to within a hundred years either way, the mean date (1325) being just 30 years short of the first documented appearance of the Linen at Lirey, France.
2. The very first recorded public Lirey display, around 1355, was not only the first appearance of the Linen in documented history. It was also the first appearance of that iconic double-body image, with those attention-grabbing frontal and dorsal body surfaces aligned head to head.
3. Then there's that NEGATIVE (tone-reversed) image, easily interpretable I say as a simple contact BODY IMPRINT onto linen from a real bearded adult male, or maybe a representation thereof (statue, bas relief) partially or totally .
No, it's seriously flawed logic to assume, as so many do, or seem to, that a negative image, first revealed by late 19th century photography, must itself be a photographic image. Is a muddy footprint on a white tiled floor a 'photograph' as well? No, so let's forget photography. Think CONTACT IMPRINT (tone-reversed, and thus merely reminiscent of pre-digital silver emulsion photography)
So why no reference to either "negative image" or even imprint in the 1981 STURP Summary? (Yet we're told by STURP's Documenting Photographer, now re-invented born-again "scientist", that it was a model of inspired planning, one that modern scientists should take as an example! Harumph! )
4. That life-size double body image, especially one that is an imprint-like 'negative' with front, back but no sides.
The biblical account in the first 3 Gospels of 'mystery man' Joseph of Arimathea conjuring up a sheet of 'fine linen' (Luke) to transport the crucified Jesus from cross to nearby tomb supplies a rationale, at least in principle, for the double body imprint.
Sixteenth century Italian artists portrayed the J of A narrative, even if the linen is now seen by the majority of modern-day sindonologists as a "burial shroud" for later secondary use (as described for the sole mention of 'linen' in the final Gospel, omitting any mention one might add of prior body transport), that providing the pretext for image capture – via, we're told, some kind of supernatural 'selfie proto- photography' of the entire body image some 2 days later at the instant of Resurrection. Yes, the two-fold body image, interpretable as a dried-on aged sweat imprint (plus relatively recently freshly-shed blood) is – or should be – seen first and foremost as a contact imprint. Caveat: but not necessarily a genuine 1st century one, but, more probably, a medieval reconstruction of the image that might have been left on J of A's fine linen (expensive herring-bone twill being deployed in the case of the Turin Linen to make the connection with J of A's fine linen, NOT the final burial shroud, needing plain linen only).
One could add more, much more, to the list of reasons for regarding the Turin Linen (NOT 'Shroud' if meaning 'burial shroud' ) as being a medieval reconstruction of J of A's 'fine linen', deployed purely in transport mode, NOT intended as final 'burial shroud'. Sadly space does not permit here in this somewhat restricted margin. Hopefully enough has been said to give you, dear site visitor, an idea of where this retired (PhD) scientist stands after some 7 years of fairly continuous hands-on and book research, reported here on this site and elsewhere in real time through some 350 and more postings…
Colin Berry
Herts, UK
May 8, 2019
email: firstname.lastname@example.com (Added note: July 30, 2019: AOL is suddenly playing hard to get – so your email might not get to me…)
My very own sindonological hit parade (including, er, some of my own discoveries)
In preparation
Top of my list: The (some might say ) belated discovery by Secondo Pia in 1899 that the body image of the Man on the Turin Linen bears a closer resemblance to a photographic tone-reversed negative than to a positive (see lefthand of the two images below).
And yes, the first can be converted to the second (see right above) to achieve a more realistic human countenance.
Shame about the hair turning white!
Shame too at the way the negative image has been used by Type 1 sindonologists to promote 'supernatural proto-photography' as the mechanism of initial image capture. The focus should, needless to say, have been on imaging via contact imprinting from the word go, with no attempts to lightly dismiss imprinting based on irrelevant considerations ( least of all the absence of lateral 'wrap-around' distortion in an image that lacks sides!).
Incredibly, the 1981 STURP Summary makes no reference whatsoever to Secondo Pia, the negative body image, or the in-your-face implications re imprinting via contact.
Type 1 or Type 2 sindonology? Go figure…
Second on my list
This one gets scarcely any mention in current discussion/debate re the Linen – the crucial, nay pivotal, discovery by STURP's Alan Adler and John Heller that the body image fibres are bleachable. Curiously, ordinary domestic bleach (sodium hypochlorite) appears not to have been tested, but 3 different chemical reagents did the trick: hydrazine, diimide and alkaline hydrogen peroxide. They all have one thing in common: they are chemical reducing agents (yes, alkaline peroxide as well, which comes as a surprise to some).
There are two chief implications. The first is that the 'bleachability' of the image chromophore should have killed stone dead the ideas put forth by Walter McCrone that the image was painted using inorganic medieval paint pigments (iron ochre, i.e. Fe2O3 etc.). For some reason it did not, either then, back in 1980 or even now, 40 years later!
Natural iron oxides, used for centuries, nay millennia, by artists. But they are NON-BLEACHABLE , unlike organic chromophores that depend on conjugated -C=C- double bonds for their colour. The Turin Linen has a bleachable body image chromophore, something that Walter McCrone overlooked (or ignored).
Secondly, it gives a clue to the chemical nature of the image chromophore, especially the effect of diimide (N2H2) which is a specialized reagent that unusually adds hydrogen atoms in a highly specific manner across -CH=CH- double bonds to form -CH2-CH2-. That accounts for the bleaching, when, importantly, the double bond is just one in an alternating sequence of single and double bonds, the so-called conjugated system that confers colour – yellow or brown.
etc -CH=CH-CH=CH-CH=CH-CH=CH- etc
(it's said one needs a minimum of 8 double bonds in conjugation to have colour, so one needs only to hydrogenate the odd or or two, especially more central ones, to see bleaching).
Adler and Heller sadly then took a wrong direction, resorting to concentrated sulphuric acid to model a yellow coloration of linen. Fellow STURP team member Raymond N.Rogers had other ideas – believing the cellulose was not involved – see below, but sadly those ideas did not appear till later. It's A and H's "oxidized, dehydrated cellulose" modelled with concentrated(!) sulphuric acid which appears in the 1981 STURP Summary. Talk about losing the plot! Talk about turning up a dead-end alley, albeit with resounding cheers from Type 1 sindonology, looking to justify its supernatural radiation theories, acting on allegedly oh-so-susceptible-to-browning cellulose… (Yes, book and newspaper pages yellow with age, but that's more likely due to changes in the woody lignin rather than the more chemically-inert cellulose. And quite how one gets 8 or more colour-conferring conjugated double bonds into cellulose molecules via oxidation and chemical dehydration is anyone's guess…)
Third on my hit parade listing
Apols if some found the chemistry above somewhat off-putting. But one cannot discuss the alleged "enigma" of the Linen's body image without bringing in chemistry. And though I hesistate to say it, there's more to come, under the heading of Ray Roger's proposal that the body image chromophore is NOT chemically-modified cellulose, as per the notion advanced, prematurely some might say, by Adler and Heller in the STURP Summary, but a so-called "Maillard browning product" formed in an ACQUIRED chemical coating on the surface of the linen. (It's called "thinking out the box", an essential in science from time to time, whereas a daily occurrence in the extreme manifestation of uncompromising Type 1 sindonology).
OK, so let's start by providing a familiar example of a Maillard browning product – namely what comes out of the oven when one bakes bread dough:
So what generates the brown crust? Answer: those so-called non-enzymic, heat-generated Maillard browning reactions between (a) reducing sugars – glucose, maltose etc- and amino (-NH2) groups supplied mainly from the lysine side chains of certain proteins. The chemistry is exceedingly complex, as is the nature of the end-products, which are high-molecular weight so-called melanoidins, liberally endowed with those conjugated double bonds referred to earlier. Indeed, they are so complex in their chemical make-up that it's impossible to write a chemical formula for them. But one thing's for certain – they are bleachable – unlike McCrone's iron oxide and other inorganic paint pigments!
So what was the source of the two co-reactants for Rogers' Maillard reaction, generating straw-coloured melanoidins as an image chromophore? Here's where it gets tendentious. First: neither comes from the linen per se, in contrast to Adler and Heller's hypothesizing (though I have no objection to Rogers' thus far, far from it, as will be seen later). No, it's the precise source that is hard to take seriously. Why? Because the reducing sugars are said to have been supplied by a starch impurity coating, added we're informed to the linen at time of manufacture 2 millennia ago to aid with weaving. Er, yes, and we're told that starch traces were indeed detectable both by Rogers and McCrone. Shame that starch does not fall apart on cue to supply free reducing sugars at least in the absence of strong acid or starch-degrading enzymes. Free amino groups? Here it gets even more imaginative. They were generated in gaseous form from the initial decomposition of the deceased body, lying in the rock tomb. Those gaseous amines (putrescine , cadaverine etc) then diffused across the air gap between body and nearest linen to interact with starch-derived reducing sugars to generate the fuzzy body image.
Yes, no lack of imagination there, though some might consider that the opposite to be the case – an excess of imagination, adding up to a naturalistic, i.e. non-supernatural pro-authenticity narrative!
But let's not get hung up on chemical detail. What matters first and foremost is the originality and boldness of the scenario on offer – namely the presence of two co-reactants for a Maillard browning reaction, neither of which is intrinsic to linen per se, both having been supplied from 'outside'.
Anyone with the slightest knowledge of cellulose and its chemical inertness is bound to take seriously alternative scenarios in which the linen itself takes a back seat. Rogers supplied just such a scenario – and its one to which this retired scientist finds himself attracted, resulting in his final Model 10. But no, it does not require starch, nor body decomposition amines. What's more, it's neither naturalistic, nor pro-authenticity. More about the specifics of my Model 10 later, except to say that it requires a readily available source of both reducing sugars and amino groups in the form of WHITE FLOUR (as a medieval IMPRINTING AGENT). Thanks Ray Rogers (RIP) for 'breaking the ice' where those non-linen ingredients are concerned.
What about the so-called "unique encoded 3D" body image?
Yes, we continue to be regaled, year after year, with that claim, trumpeted in the third sentence of 1981 STURP Summary no less:
" Computer image enhancement and analysis by a device known as a VP-8 image analyzer show that the image has unique, three-dimensional information encoded in it."
Early in 2012 this investigator was surprised to find, looking at 3D-renderings of the body image, that the 1532 burn marks responded as well, if not better, to the 3D-rendering software!
What price, then, those "unique three-dimensional information"?
Did that put a stop to the fatuous claims for unique 3D properties? Far from it. They continue to this day!
That's despite myself and others adding evermore example to the list of images that respond as well if not better (my tests employing the digital ImageJ software, as distinct from analogue pre-digital VP-8).
Here's a list of images that respond to ImageJ:
- Direct scorch imprints from heated bas relief (coins etc) or 3D templates (brass crucifix etc).
- Crude charcoal sketches of the face of the Man on the Linen
- Brass rubbings
- Line drawings (flags etc), cartoons.
- Photographs (preferably ones without angled lighting and associated shadows to avoid distortion)
- Paintings (including the representation of the body imprint in Rovere's "Deposition from the Cross").
- Graphics generated in MS Paint and similar software that have no 3D history whatsoever:
- That wet hand imprint of mine onto dark fabric, shown in this site's banner above.
- Those bloodstains on the Linen, including the scourge marks.
- Flour imprints from plastic figurines or human anatomy (hands, face) before or after colour development with applied heat.
Need one say more? I say it's time that "unique encoded 3D" was given a decent burial. Shame on STURP for foisting it on the world at large without bothering to run a proper series of controls, performed with strict scientific detachment! Fancy: to spotlight the allegedly unique 3D while not saying a single word about the negative tone-reversed image. Yet we're told it STURP's planning was a model for the current crop of investigators to emulate! Thank you STERA President for that unsolicited advice. Don't you think it would have been better if you, a non-scientist, had ASKED PRESENT-DAY SCIENTISTS FIRST WHAT THEY THOUGHT ABOUT STURP FORTY YEARS ON (and its distinctly Type 1 style of authenticity-slanted sindonology)?
My 10 experimental models, 2011-2015
Model 1. "Thermostencilling" (the one and only radiation model, quickly dismissed as impractical).
See this from Dec 2011:
Model 2: Direct one-step scorching off a heated metal template, with nothing else apart from linen. (Finally abandoned for mainly practical reasons, but it gave valuable insights into the 3D properties of thermal imprints).
See this from Nov 2013.
Model 3: as above, with coatings, notably WHITE FLOUR (an early forerunner of the final Model 10!).
I had initially tested starch, glucose etc , surprisingly with little success. it may have been this which sowed the idea that there needed to be something else present. Ray Rogers' focus on Maillard reactions helped, albeit substituting protein for his volatile putrefaction amines.
See this from Oct 2014:
Model 4: Wet imprinting with natural dyes, notably tannins, with added viscosity agents, essentially as described by Joe Accetta.
See this from March 2015
Model 5: sulphuric acid, flagged up by any number of previous investigators – Luigi Garlaschelli, Joe Nickell among others, the idea being that acids might have etching/discoloring effect on linen.
Result: negligible discoloration, profound weakening of fabric at ordinary temps, no obvious coloration without applied heat.
See this from April 2015:
Model 6: Substitution of nitric for sulphuric acid, first with plain linen, then WHITE FLOUR -coated linen (another forerunner of final model 10).
Probably the most informative experiment of all, assisted by critical input from Adrie van der Hoeven, inasmuch as protein was implicated as a potential source of image chromophore, focussing initially on the traces of protein intrinsic to linen, then moving onto extraneous sources of protein coating, then finally dispensing altogether with nitric acid as developing agent, and replacing with OVEN-HEATING TO PRODUCE MAILLARD REACTIONS. (Yes, Maillard reactions: an echo there of Rogers, but in his pro-authenticity thinking, he had perforce to introduce some less probable sources of amino nitrogen and reducing sugars (decaying corpse and 1st century technical starch or soap coatings as a somewhat improbable source of reducing sugars).
See this from May 2015:
Model 7: quicklime. A longshot, using the highly exothermic reaction between calcium oxide, CaO and water as source of in situ heat, but quickly abandoned.
See this from June 2014:
Model 8: Lemon juice and heat, with its ascorbic acid (not citric acid) as the active ingredient – basically invisible ink methodology.
Probably operates via a Maillard reaction between (a) a constituent 4- carbon reducing sugar – threose – derived from thermal decomposition of ascorbic acid- and (b) amino compounds.
Most of the existing literature assumes (wrongly!) that it's the linen that discolors when treated with acid, even weak organic ones like those present in lemon juice (citric, ascorbic etc)
See this from October 2014:
Model 9. Imprinting with WHITE FLOUR in the form of slurry then OVEN-ROASTING. Criticized for giving imprints that were too well-defined at edges.
See this from June 2015:
Final 10 (phew!) Imprinting with dry WHITE FLOUR onto wet linen, followed by OVEN-ROASTING of the imprinted linen. Fuzzier imprints, negative, 3D response in ImageJ software, right thread and fibre properties at the microscopic level – i.e. halftone effect, discontinuities etc. Eureka!
See this from Aug 2015:
Tag cloud
- 1532 Chambery fire
- alan adler
- alan d adler
- badge lirey
- Barrie Schwortz
- bas relief
- bilirubin
- blood
- bloodstains
- blood stains
- body image
- cellulose
- colin berry
- conduction
- contact imprint
- copyright
- crucifixion
- Dan Porter
- fibres
- flour imprint
- fluorescence
- forgery
- geoffroi de charney
- geoffroi de charny
- giulio fanti
- haemoglobin
- hemicellulose
- hemicelluloses
- Hugh Farey
- image
- ImageJ
- jacques de molay
- John jackson
- junk science
- Knights Templar
- leeches
- linen
- Lirey
- lirey badge
- Maillard reaction
- Mario Latendresse
- Mark Evans
- medieval forgery
- Mickey Mouse science
- negative image
- Paolo Di Lazzaro
- porphyrins
- primary cell wall
- pseudo-science
- pseudoscience
- radiation
- radiation model
- radiocarbon dating
- Raymond N Rogers
- scorch
- scorch hypothesis
- scorching
- scourge marks
- secondary cell wall
- Shroud of Turin
- Shroudology
- Shroud Scope
- shroudstory.com
- simulated sweat imprint
- spear wound
- St.Lawrence
- templars
- template
- thermal imprint
- thermal imprinting
- Thibault Heimburger
- turin shroud
- white flour
So why did I settle on Model 10 (flour imprinting/thermal yellowing) back in 2015?
1. Powder – almost any powder – makes a most effective imprinting medium, as shown by Emily Craig and Randall Bresee in the late 90s.
Recently I compared powdered charcoal alongside flour as imprinting medium. Negative images with charcoal possessed an almost photographic quality and responded to 3D-rendering software. Alternatively, white flour imprints can be 'developed' to any desired shade of yellow or brown by gentle roasting of linen.
In passing, the background linen acquires an 'aged' look – a distinct bonus if you're a medieval 'modeller' of Joseph of Arimathea's 'transport linen' with its whole body imprint.
2. The negative (tone-reversed) image is most easily accounted for as an imprint, despite that term or indeed concept failing to appear in the final STURP Summary , 1981*. (WHY NOT????!)
But an imprint from what? Real person, or an inanimate statue or bas relief? Probably real person, though this investigator has thus far only tried imprinting off hands and face (see below) . Reasonable results were obtained with a range of plastic figurines up to approx half adult human size.
* From STURP Summary: "It is clear that there has been a direct contact of the Shroud with a body, which explains certain features such as scourge marks, as well as the blood. However, while this type of contact might explain some of the features of the torso, it is totally incapable of explaining the image of the face with the high resolution that has been amply demonstrated by photography."
But here's s an imprint I took from my own face, reported in 2014, using a slurry of white flour, with no further colour development (photoediting software alone being used to accentuate the imprint).
I believe STURP was entirely wrong to have prematurely dismissed imprinting. It smacks of Type 1 sindonology ("The study of the Shroud of Turin from a believing perspective.")
3. Does flour imprinting produce the ultra-superficial image, confined to the primary cell wall, that is said to be the chief distinguishing feature of the Linen's body image? Reminder: it's the alleged ultra-superficial (approx 200nm thick) PCW that is cited as justifying resort to lasers etc, needed we're told to model 'supernatural' proto-photography.
Link: https://shroudstory.com/2010/08/21/microscopic-and-macroscopic-characteristics-of-the-shroud-of-turin-image-superficiality/
Answer: NO, as it happens! But it doesn't need to. That notion of an 'ultra-superficial' image is almost certainly one based on a false visual impression, gained from viewing The Linen's image fibres from the outside, assuming that any SCW-penetrating colour would be visible when viewed under the microscope with typically high light intensity – where linen fibres are seen to gleam brightly!).
Viewing cut ends of image fibres in my Model 10 tells an entirely different story. Body image chromophore IS inside the SCW cores of fibres.
The effect can be easily modelled using blue ink!
I strongly suspect the same would be seen to be the case for the Linen's image fibres. Why have we been denied anything so obvious as cross-sections whether by STURP or successors?
4. Let's start by reviewing (critically!) the received wisdom regarding the nature of the yellow image chromophore (based I might say on the most cursory of chemical evidence, discussion of which we'll postpone for now)? Answer: without a doubt, it's chemically modified cellulose. How and when did it take root? Answer: see these 3 sentences from the STURP Summary (1981):
"The scientific concensus (sic) is that the image was produced by something which resulted in oxidation, dehydration and conjugation of the polysaccharide structure of the microfibrils of the linen itself. Such changes can be duplicated in the laboratory by certain chemical and physical processes. A similar type of change in linen can be obtained by sulfuric acid or heat."
STURP's supposed Chemistry Team Leader( no less}, namely Raymond N.Rogers, was later to strongly criticize the view that cellulose was chemically or even physically modified, based on his microscopy studies revealing intact crystallinity, which is bizarre given that the contradictory view in the STURP Summary came from supposdedly lower echelon team members John Heller and Alan Adler (neither of whom, in passing, accompanied the STURP team to Turin, having to wait ages for detached sticky tape fibre samples to be received at their US laboratories.). Yet the Summary claims there to have been a scientific consensus! Bizarre, truly bizarre. What's more, it gets worse, not better with the passage of time. Adler and Heller resorted to concentrated sulphuric acid no less to model a yellowing of cellulose, claiming that sequential oxidation AND chemical dehydration were needed. (In fact oxidation generally requires the conc sulphuric to be hot as well!).
This was picked up later, much later, 2011 no less, by the ENEA group in Italy (Paolo Di Lazzaro et al) , who, taking the cellulose (and hemicellulose) involvement as read, along with the Adler/Heller claims for combined oxidation and dehydration, proceeded to set out two alternative chemical pathways that they claimed could generate the necessary colour-conferring conjugated double bonds. But there's a problem, nay gross error, if one looks closely at what ENEA published!
Here's the graphic showing the starting point, namely a single (repeating) glucose monomer unit within polymeric cellulose or hemicellulose.
Its shorthand chemical formula? Not given, but count up the 3 kinds of atom, and what do you see? Answer: – C6 H10 O6 –
OK thus far. (Well, not quite: the repeating unit in cellulose etc is C6 H10 O5: the structure given has counted both bridging oxygens to neighbouring sugars, when one should really count only one of the two, but let's not quibble over minor detail)
Now take a look at two alternative proposed coloured products containing conjugated -C=C- or -C=O double bonds, formed we are told by combined oxidation and dehydration.
Here they are, labelled (c) and (e) as per original paper, shown one above the other:
Again, count up the atoms, and what does one see?
Answer: for (c) -C6 H4 O6 –
and for (e) – C6 H2 O6 –
Notice anything? The only difference is the number of hydrogen atoms – 10 initially, then finally 4 or just 2! Difference in oxygen? Answer: none whatsoever!
In short, there could have been NO dehydration step in the two pathways offered (and no need to deploy unrealistically ferocious conc. sulphuric acid into so-called chemical modelling and allied speculation). Had that been the case there would also have been a reduction in oxygen. But the only difference is in hydrogen, with either loss of 6 hydrogen atoms in pathway to (c) or 8 (gulp!) in pathway to (e). Fact: loss of hydrogen is oxidation alone! What's more, the loss of those numerous atoms of hydrogen represents extreme levels of oxidation. What kind of image capture would produce such massive amounts of oxidation in something as chemically stable and indeed inert as cellulose? Is it any wonder that Adler and Heller resorted to brute-force concentrated sulphuric acid as modelling agent to sustain what is hugely OTT in chemical terms – both dehydration and profound oxidation! Desperation clearly set in, starting with cellulose as unpromising precursor of the Linen's amazingly resilient body image!
Why did they go down that pathway, and why did ENEA uncritically pick up where they left off? Were there more realistic alternatives, crying out to be considered? Yes, indeed there was.
Lengthy and detailed postscript to the above chemistry now inserted, May 19, 2019, before moving on to what I consider an entirely different, and vastly more credible narrative, the one involving Rogers' Maillard chemistry with chemically stable end-product melanoidins.
Postscript: think I've discovered where the chemical resaoning has gone awry. It came through (a) looking at structure of proposed intermediates and (b) through reading about the conditions needed to oxidize alcohols to carbonyl compounds, specifically primary alcohols (with -CH2OH) to aldehyde (-CHO) – without further oxidation to carboxylic acid (-COOH), and secondary alcohols to ketones.
See this wiki article for a brief summary:
Neither involves a chemical dehydration step as such, i.e. removal of the elements of water (two hydrogen atoms per oxygen), requiring removal of hydrogen only.
Here are the proposed intermediates, showing simply a truncated dash to represent where each hydrogen has been removed from 3 secondary alcohol functions per glucose monomer- that dash representing a free unpaired electron.
Thus far we are looking at 4 oxidation steps (removal of 4 hydrogen atoms, one from the primary alcohol, 3 from secondary). So where does chemical dehydration enter the picture? Answer: it doesn't, at least not directly. The wiki article on alcohol oxidation supplies the vital clue. What's needed is NOT a chemical dehydration step, but dehydrating conditions for the primary alcohol conversion to stop at the intermediate aldehyde stage. Why? Because the presence of any free water would allow the aldehyde to become first hydrated, then further oxidized to the end-stage carboxylic acid. (The dehydrating agent mops up free water preventing that from happening. ) Now we see why Adler and Heller found yellowing of cellulose with conc. sulphuric acid with their somewhat bizarre choice of 'model' system . First the conc. acid abstracted elements of water from the implicated (!) linen carbohydrates (cellulose, hemicellulose) , which incidentally made the acid become hot. The hot acid then acted additionally (at least theoretically) as an oxidizing agent, converting primary alcohol groups to aldehydes – and no further, and at the same time secondary alcohol groups to ketones via hydrogen abstraction under dehydrating CONDITIONS (no chemical dehydration step as such in the reaction pathway). (Note: while hot conc. H2SO4 does have oxidizing properties, it would not be a chemists' first choice for oxidizing primary and secondary alcohols where more specialized reagents with catalytic properties are employed).
It's one thing to deploy a dual purpose reagent such as concentrated sulphuric acid which supplied dehydrating conditions and, when becoming hot through its interaction with scavenged water, becomes an oxidizing agent too, capable of abstracting hydrogen creating double bonds and with it yellow coloration. But what one might ask is the relevance of a brute-force chemical reagent to image formation on the Linen, when, as STURP conceded in its Summary, the sulphuric acid (refs to it being concentrated omitted there, but made in Heller's 1983 book) is essentially mimicking the effect of "heat" (omitting to say it had to be heat at scorching temperatures!).
In short, the use of conc. H2SO4 to model the body image was unhelpful and unilluminating to say the least. Some might say it was seriously misleading, attempting to make the extreme oxidation of cellulose (with the half-way stage aldehyde qualification as noted) seem like a bit of conventional textbook organic chemistry. Not so! As carbohydrate chemistry goes, it's about as fanciful and contrived as things can get. Not for nothing have I previously described the Adler/Heller/STURP modelling via proposed oxidation and dehydration with reliance on conc. H2SO4 as an alleged credibility-supplying model to render chemically respectable as little more than "armchair chemistry" (almost, but not quite qualifying as Mickey Mouse chemistry).
Moving on finally to those melanoidins (back to feet-on-the-ground chemistry|!):
Yes, there was Rogers' proposed Maillard reactions, not involving the intrinsic polysaccharides of linen per se, but of an acquired coating, though his published work came many years after the STURP Summary, without so much as a hint in the latter. Those Maillard reactions led finally to high molecular weight melanoidins, yellow or brown in colour, the same class of complex chemical entities responsible for the colour of baked oven products (bread, biscuits, pizza, cakes) made from flour-based doughs. Which brings us to my own final Model 10, one in which white flour was deployed as imprinting agent, followed by gentle closely monitored roasting of the imprinted linen, probably over a flame-free open fire , e.g. glowing charcoal embers, to generate the final image chromophore, stopping the heating when it had acquired the desired degree of coloration to be claimed to be an aged body imprint, deposited initially in the form of copious trauma-induced bodily secretions, notable sweat (with more than a nod in the direction of the fabled Veil of Veronica).
I say it's long overdue for that "cellulose" narrative invoking improbable conjoint oxidation and chemical dehydration was dropped from the Linen literature. In its place should be amino-sugar reactions involving – probably – heated white flour, taking a cue from Raymond Rogers (while rejecting his detailed mechanism involving credulity-straining "starch impurity coating" and putrefaction-generated amines). Let's opt instead for a 14th century origin, one in which an everyday kitchen commodity (white flour) supplied the wherewithal for an imaginative albeit low-tech reconstruction of Joseph of Arimathea's linen, deployed for transport, not intended for final burial as so many like to assume (handily opening the door to resurrectional image capture on the Third Day!).
What's now abundantly clear is that Sindonology is for the most part (>95%) of the Type 1 variety, which takes the assumption of 1st century Palestine authenticity as its starting point. It then attempts to foist its various pro-authenticity scenarios onto receptive recipients, invariably cast in scientific language – or as this retired science bod would say, pseudoscientific mumbo jumbo.
I protested some 7 years ago at this abuse of the scientific method, its constantly invoking new pro-authentcity hypotheses which never get subject to critical testing.
My lone voice in the wilderness has gone largely unheeded (though thanks to Dan Porter and his original/resurrected shroudstory site for an occasional window for 'telling it the way it is'.
It's now time to say goodbye to Sindonology. Why bother talking to a brick wall for one second longer?
Goodbye Sindonology (sadly both Type 1 (!) and even science-focused Type 2 variety).
The time has come to seek more fertile pastures for expressing one's (dare I say) new and original science-based thinking.
I shall cease responding now to Comments, whether here or posted to Dan Porter's site. Sorry to those who may miss this message, expecting a reply.
Goodbye. Correction: Final goodbye…
Colin Berry
May 18, 2019
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Tag Archives: Maillard reaction
Might those be flecks of congealed wheat gluten one sees on the Turin Shroud? Evidence for unique one-off white flour imprinting?
Site banner: see how a simulated sweat imprint (my wet hand pressed down onto dark fabric) responds magnificently to 3D-rendering computer software (ImageJ) before and after tone-reversal (negative back to positive image). Remind you of anything? Like those supposedly "unique" and … Continue reading
Might flour-power have been used create the enigmatic "Shroud" of Turin body image? A retired FMBRA flour scientist says …
2015 preamble: Hello dear site visitor. Welcome to the site. You have chosen to check out a 2015 posting. 2015 was my breakthrough year. Up till then I'd been wedded to direct scorching of hot metal template (whether fully … Continue reading
Quickie response to Thibault Heimburger re that 1949 Lea and Hannan paper on the casein-glucose Maillard reaction.
Late addition (July 2019) Please forgive this postscript, correction, "prescript", correction, intrusion, added many years later – based on some 350 and more postings here and elsewhere. That's including some 7 years of my hands-on investigation into image-forming techniques, … Continue reading
Response to Jos Verhulst: delving in the literature confirms my hunch that the Maillard browning reaction is EXQUISITELY sensitive to temperature – especially in the environmental range of interest to Shroudologists…
Late addition (July 2019) Please forgive this postscript, correction, "prescript", correction, intrusion, added many years later – based on some 350 and more postings here and elsewhere. That's including some 7 years of my hands-on investigation into image-forming techniques, … Continue reading
STURP's Raymond N. Rogers, top-notch (?) thermochemist, appeared to have abandoned thermodynamics completely when he argued for that implausible Maillard reaction
Late addition (July 2019) Please forgive this postscript, correction, "prescript", correction, intrusion, added many years later – based on some 350 and more postings here and elsewhere. That's including some 7 years of my hands-on investigation into image-forming techniques, … Continue reading
Sorry, Mr.Rogers (RIP), but you got it wrong about banding in the Shroud image ruling out linen modification
Late addition (July 2019) Please forgive this postscript, correction, "prescript", correction, intrusion, added many years later – based on some 350 and more postings here and elsewhere. That's including some 7 years of my hands-on investigation into image-forming techniques, chosen … Continue reading


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Passive House Takes Root in the United States
A version of this article appears in the Climate Solutions Special Issue issue of Home Energy Magazine.
January 01, 2008
It is abundantly clear that the building sector is a primary contributor of climate-changing pollutants to the environment. Knowing this, we must decide how best to square our building energy needs with those of our environment and of our pocketbook. The Passive House concept—which promises to slash heating energy consumption of buildings by an amazing 90%—represents today's highest energy standard and most compelling option. Thousands of homes have been built or remodeled to meet the Passive House standard in Europe (see "Germany's Efficient Homes," p. 30). Widespread application of the Passive House design here in the United States would have a dramatic impact on energy use. Passive House Born and Bred The Passive House evolved from the superinsulated buildings of the 1970s, many of which were built in North America. (The Arkansas Project, the Small Homes Council of the University of Illinois, the Canadian National Research Council, and Minnesota's Housing Finance Agency were some of the agencies that supported the construction of these prototypes.) The movement toward construction of a Passive House made a quantum leap in Europe during the late 1980s, beginning with the introduction of a lower ...
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This quote gets to the heart of everything that makes
In the beginning I looked around and could not find quite the car I dreamed of. So I decided to build it myself.
His dream of the perfect sports car has always driven us – throughout our history. And we get closer to achieving it every day. With every concept, every development and every model. Along the way, we follow a plan, an ideal that unites us all. We refer to it simply as the
The story of
The future has been our destination for over 70 years. But how will we get there? With greater power and efficiency. In short, with more ideas.
The amazing thing about a
We build sports cars because that is all we have been doing since 1948. And that is a good thing.
It is important to us that the
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Click here to view an animated version of this procedure.
Cataract removal is a procedure to remove a cataract . A cataract is a clouding of the eye's lens.
Reasons for Procedure
The lens of the eye is responsible for focusing images onto the back of the eye. It is normally transparent. With cataracts, the lens begins to cloud over time. This will gradually cause a loss in vision.
Cataract removal is done when the cataract causes problems with vision. The surgery improves vision.
Possible Complications
Problems from the procedure are rare, but all procedures have some risk. Your doctor will review potential problems, like:
- Inflammation
- Infection
- Damage to the eye
- Decreased vision
- Increased eye pressure
- Detached retina
- Droopy eyelid
- Need for more surgery
Some factors that may increase the risk of complications include:
What to Expect
Prior to Procedure
The following may be done prior to the procedure:
- Complete eye exam
- An A-scan—a test using either sound waves or a laser to determine the strength of the replacement lens
- Administer eye drops
- Administer antibiotic injections
Local anesthesia will be used. It will make the area numb.
Description of the Procedure
There are 2 main types of cataract removal.
Most cataract removal surgeries are done using this technique. An ultrasound probe will break the cloudy lens into tiny fragments. A tiny incision will be made into the eye. The fragments will then be vacuumed out through the incision. A lens implant will be inserted to replace the affected lens. Stitches are often not needed. You may notice an improvement in your vision soon after surgery.
An incision will be made in the eye. The cataract will be removed in one piece through the incision, along with the anterior capsule of the lens. The lens implant will be inserted to replace the affected lens. Because the incision will be larger, you will need stitches. The recovery will take longer with this technique.
After either procedure, a shield may be used over the eye while it heals.
How Long Will It Take?
The process takes less than 1 hour.
Will It Hurt?
Most people report no significant pain during the procedure. Pulling or pressure sensations during the procedure are normal.
Post-procedure Care
The staff at the care center will provide eye drops. Another eye exam may be done.
It is not uncommon to have worse vision at first. Noticeable improvements in your vision will occur quickly, but every eye heals differently. One eye may heal more quickly or slowly than the other. Since each lens is individually fitted for each person, weaker glasses or contacts may be necessary.
Recovery at home may include:
- Adjusting activities until the eye is healed.
- Using an eye patch, eye shield,or UV-protecting sunglasses when you are outside.
- Follow your doctor's instructions.
Call Your Doctor
It is important to monitor your recovery. Alert your doctor to any problems. If any of the following occur, call your doctor:
- Signs of infection, including fever and chills
- Change in vision
- Redness, swelling, increasing pain, bleeding, or discharge from the affected eye
- Visual disturbances, such as double vision, flashes of light, floaters, part of the field of vision is missing, or eye pressure
If you think you have an emergency, call for medical help right away.
Revision Information
- Reviewer: EBSCO Medical Review Board Michael Woods, MD, FAAP
- Review Date: 11/2018 -
- Update Date: 12/20/2014 -


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Miami Beach is known for its exquisite beaches, endless attractions and activities, and partying hot-spots. If you're heading to Miami Beach for some fun in the sun, why not get the full experience by staying in your very own rental home instead of a hotel? From a cozy one-bedroom rental condo minutes from the Jackie Gleason Theater, to luxurious South Beach rental homes with five or more bedrooms, there is sure to be a Miami Beach holiday rental for every budget and taste.
Miami Beach is full of activities and attractions for every age and interest. Try a relaxing trip to South Pointe Park to watch the many cruise ships come and go, or the Ocean Force Adventures boat tour to experience the waters of Florida in a whole new way. If you're in the mood to party like a celebrity, Skybar at the Shore Club and Wet Willie's are great places to see and be seen. Lovers of history will enjoy South Beach's educational Art Deco Walking Tour, and the moving Holocaust Memorial is not to be missed. However you decide to fill your days in Miami Beach, heading back to relax at your holiday home will make it an even more personal experience, and you will be well-rested for the adventures ahead.
Children can't help but have a great time in Miami Beach, and with holiday rentals it is easier than ever to accommodate the whole family. There are beautiful holiday homes of all sizes, so the entire family can stay in one place without having to worry about booking and paying for separate rooms. You can watch your children's faces light up as they take in the sights on Ocean Avenue and play at the beach for hours, and know that they will feel more secure and get more enjoyment out of a holiday home that truly feels like home. Holiday rentals are the best choice for families for both financial and comfort reasons, and the space you can acquire with a rental home is a great excuse to bring everyone along.


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Wet macular degeneration is a chronic eye disease that causes vision loss in the center of your field of vision. Wet macular degeneration is generally caused by abnormal blood vessels that leak fluid or blood into the region of the macula (MAK-u-luh). The macula is in the center of the retina (the layer of tissue on the inside back wall of your eyeball).
Wet macular degeneration is one of two types of age-related macular degeneration. The other type — dry macular degeneration — is more common and less severe. Wet macular degeneration almost always begins as dry macular degeneration. It's not clear what causes wet macular degeneration.
Early detection and treatment of wet macular degeneration may help reduce vision loss and, in some instances, improve vision.


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If you are in the UK, you can order it from Amazon UK here: Hardcore Zen Strikes Again
I'm not sure why you have to order it from Amazon UK to get it over there. Maybe they've added extra u's to words like color and flavor for their version.
As far as I know it's still in English even if you order it from Amazon in Germany. Thanks to Oliver Wunderlich for providing me the link.
For the moment, the book is available only as an electronic version and is being sold exclusively through Amazon. After 90 days, the ebook will be available from other retailers. There will be a printed version as well. I'm still waiting to see and approve the galleys on that. After the approval is done and it goes on sale, I'll let you know where you can order it. You should also be able to get the print version at stores, but you may have to ask for it. Again, I'll let you know once I know.
The book itself is a collection of articles I wrote for the old Sit Down and Shut Up website that I maintained from 2001 until maybe 2004 or so. These are some of my earliest writings about Zen. They're generally a lot snarkier and more acerbic than my more recent postings. It will be interesting to see how some of the people who like to say, "Brad was so much better before, he sucks now" will feel when they actually see some of that old stuff again.
The book contains such gems as "Zen is Punk," "Zen is Not Punk," "The Whole Vegetarian Thing," "Losing My Religion," "The Source of All Religion," "Explaining the Unexplainable" and many more blasts from the past.
In addition, I have written new introductions and afterwords to each of these pieces (of what?) as well as a new introduction and a new afterword for the book itself. How much more could you possibly want?
But wait! There's more! There's a spiffy cover by David L. Angstead that's simply to die for!
Although these pieces have previously appeared on the interwebs, I took them down ages ago. If they're still on line anywhere, I don't know how to find them. (And I really don't need any clever-trousers putting links to them in the comments section. Thank you!) So even if you've read some of this stuff before, it's not likely you've read it in the past eight years. Plus the new intros and afterwords talk about how I feel about what I said all those years ago, and nobody's read those before anywhere.
So go to Amazon now and download your copy today!


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text: Friday, June 15, 2012 APTA to Develop Additional Resources for PTs in EDs Physical therapists (PTs) play a unique role in the emergency department (ED) setting, particularly given that 25%-28% of visits to EDs involve musculoskeletal conditions. Furthermore, early physical therapy in the recovery process has been shown to result in fewer days of missed work and shorter overall case duration in patients and clients with acute low back injuries and other musculoskeletal injuries. While physical therapy practice is growing in EDs, it is still not recognized even among many PTs. Therefore, a House action calls for APTA to develop materials to support the role of PTs in EDs. Materials may include resources to help PTs assess readiness for practice in this setting, negotiate the value of the role of physical therapy in the ED, and promote PT professional services in the emergency care environment. The new materials will augment current resources available to APTA members that include an Emergency Department Toolkit and a podcast series on PTs in EDs. [RC-26] Draft language adopted by the 2012 House will be available on the House Community next week. Final language for all actions taken by the June 2012 House will be available by September after the minutes have been approved.


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Other Proposed Natural Treatments
- Bee Venom
- Evening Primrose Oil
- Fish Oil
- Ginkgo
- Linoleic Acid
- Magnet Therapy
- Neural Therapy
- Phenylalanine
- Reflexology
- Threonine
- Vitamin B 12
- Vitamin D
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease affecting the fatty sheath that covers nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord. This sheath, made of a substance called myelin, normally insulates the nerve fibers, allowing nerve impulses to move swiftly and efficiently between brain, spinal cord, and body. In MS, patchy areas of this insulating material are destroyed and replaced by scar tissue, which results in the slowing or blocking of nerve signals. People with MS may experience symptoms such as blurred vision, muscle weakness and spasticity, difficulty walking, poor coordination, bladder problems, numbness, and fatigue. In its most common form, the disease begins between the ages of 20 and 40 with an initial attack of symptoms followed by partial or complete remission. Further attacks usually follow and can eventually lead to progressive disability. Another form of the disease progresses more quickly.
Although the cause of MS isn't known for sure, scientists generally assume that MS is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks the body's own myelin cells. Scientists theorize that something, perhaps a toxin or virus, triggers this autoimmune response in susceptible people. Not everyone appears to be equally susceptible. Gene studies suggest that genetics plays a role in who gets the disease, but other factors seem to be important as well. For example, MS tends to be more common the farther one goes from the equator. 1 The disease is also more prevalent in societies with greater dietary intake of meat and animal fat, lower intake of unsaturated fats compared to saturated fats, and lower intake of fish. 2-4 Not everyone agrees that all of these factors actually contribute to the disease. Some factors may simply be statistically associated with the actual cause.
There is no cure as yet for MS, but several new drugs—including two forms of the substance interferon ( Avonex and Betaseron), and an unrelated drug, glatiramer acetate (Copaxone)—appear able to reduce the frequency of relapses in people with certain forms of MS and slow the rate of progression of the disease. Other medications reduce the severity of acute attacks or treat specific symptoms such as muscle spasticity.
Proposed Natural Treatments
While there are no well-documented natural treatments for multiple sclerosis, there are a few options that may provide some help.
There is some evidence that changing the type and amount of fat in the diet might alter the course of MS. Based on observations from population studies linking diets lower in fat or saturated fat to lower rates of MS, physician R.L. Swank developed a special low-fat diet for MS in which unsaturated fats replace most saturated fat. This approach, called the Swank diet, has been used by many people with MS. When he analyzed the long-term effects of the diet on his patients, Swank found that those adhering closely to the diet for 20 to 34 years developed significantly less disability than those who ate more saturated fat. 5,6 Because these were not controlled trials, they do not actually prove that the Swank diet works. Nonetheless, the possible connection between MS and fatty acids continues to arouse interest, and a variety of essential fatty acids have been proposed as possible treatments for MS (see below). Although a link between fat intake and MS is intriguing, research has not yet provided clear-cut evidence that any of these treatments help.
Linoleic Acid
One of the omega-6 essential fatty acids, linoleic acid, is found in high concentration in sunflower and safflower oil as well as in lower concentrations in most other vegetable oils. Several researchers have investigated whether linoleic acid in the form of sunflower seed oil can help MS, but the results of their research were equivocal.
Three groups of investigators performed double-blind studies, using olive oil as a placebo , to see if linoleic acid supplements could affect the symptoms or course of MS. 7-9 Two of these studies (one involving 75 people, the other 116) found that those taking linoleic acid had shorter and less-severe attacks of MS compared to those taking placebo. 10,11 However, in the 2 years of the trials, the frequency of attacks and overall levels of disability were not significantly affected. The third study of 76 people found that linoleic acid had no effects on either MS attacks or degrees of disability over 2-½ years, as compared to olive oil. 12
Another researcher suggests that these studies may have been too short—that it may take far longer than 2 years for linoleic acid to exert its effects on myelin. 13 Olive oil also contains important fatty acids; others have wondered if the olive oil could have been an effective treatment on its own, thereby obscuring the benefits of linoleic acid. Finally, yet another researcher carefully examining the study reports found that linoleic acid might have been effective in those individuals with less severe MS symptoms. 14,15
Although interesting, this type of after-the-fact analysis must be interpreted with caution. More studies are needed to confirm whether linoleic acid, taken early in the course of MS or at other times, has the power to prevent, delay, or improve disability. In the three double-blind studies described above, participants received 17 to 20 g of linoleic acid per day, the equivalent of 1 ounce of sunflower seed oil.
Other Essential Fatty Acids
There has been much excitement about other essential fatty acids as treatments for MS, including those found in fish oil (omega-3) and evening primrose oil (omega-6). However, current evidence does not yet support this concept.
Blood tests among people with MS have found lower levels of omega-3 fatty acids in their body fluids and tissues compared to those without MS. 16,17 This hints, but does not prove, that taking extra omega-3 fatty acids might help. Only double-blind, placebo-controlled studies can show that treatments actually work. (For reasons why, see Why Does This Database Rely on Double-blind Studies? ) Unfortunately, the only meaningful double-blind study of fish oil for MS failed to find evidence of benefit. In this 2-year study of 292 people with MS, comparing fish oil's omega-3 fatty acids with an olive oil placebo, there were no significant differences between the two groups. 20 Another study did find possible benefit with fish oil as compared to olive oil in the relapsing-remitting form of MS. 45 When used in combination with a low-fat diet, participants given fish oil showed benefits on some measures. However, the study was small, and the results far from definitive. In a larger review of 3 studies, fish oil combined with a low-fat diet was found to be ineffective at reducing relapses anddisability, and improving quality of life. 51
Similarly, while some researchers have suggested that gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) might be beneficial in MS, 21 so far what little evidence there is remains more negative than positive. 22-24
For more information, including dosage and safety issues, see the Fish Oil and GLA articles.
Early evidence suggests that threonine, a naturally occurring amino acid, might be able to decrease the muscle spasticity that often occurs with MS.
Two small double-blind studies found a modest but statistically significant improvement in muscle spasticity among people who took threonine compared to those who took placebo. 25,26 In one study of 26 people with MS, the improvement was so slight after 8 weeks of treatment that it was detectable by doctors but not by the participants themselves. 27 In the other, both researchers and a few of the 33 participants noticed improvement after 2 weeks of treatment, with some individuals reporting fewer spasms and milder pain. 28 Interestingly, this shorter trial that showed more improvement also used lower doses—6 g daily of L-threonine, as opposed to 7.5 g daily of threonine. No significant side effects were noted in either study.
Vitamin B 12
Because several studies have found MS to be occasionally associated with vitamin B 12 deficiency, 29-31 and lack of B 12 can cause neurological problems on its own, some doctors recommend that people with MS be screened for this condition. One highly preliminary study suggested that massive doses of B 12 could improve certain test results ("evoked potentials"), but not disability, in people with chronic progressive MS. 33 A double-blind study of 50 people with MS found that high doses of injected hydroxocobalamin , a form of B 12 , did not affect the course of disease or number of relapses. 34
For more information, including dosage and safety issues, see the Vitamin B 12 article.
Vitamin D
Our bodies normally obtain vitamin D in one of two ways: through our diet or through exposure of our skin to the sun. More than one group of researchers has noted that areas with less sunshine tend to have a higher incidence of MS, unless the residents eat more fish that is rich in vitamin D. 35-38 This has led to a theory that vitamin D might confer some protection against MS. So far, no human studies have adequately tested this hypothesis, although one poorly designed study did investigate a combination of calcium, magnesium, and vitamin D given in the form of cod liver oil, and found hints of benefit. 39
For more information, including dosage and safety issues, see the Vitamin D article.
Phenylalanine and TENS
Phenylalanine is an essential amino acid, meaning that we need it for life and our bodies can't manufacture it from other chemicals. We normally obtain all the phenylalanine we need for nutritional purposes from high-protein foods. Supplemental phenylalanine has been studied for MS only in combination with another treatment called transcutaneous nerve stimulation (TENS), a portable electrical device used to decrease pain and muscle spasticity.
Two small double-blind trials compared phenylalanine to placebo among a total of 16 people with MS being treated with TENS. 40 In both studies, those treated with phenylalanine and TENS experienced less muscle spasticity, fewer bladder symptoms, and less depression after 4 weeks of treatment than those treated with TENS and placebo. These findings are somewhat difficult to interpret, but tend to suggest that phenylalanine may be helpful in MS. For more information, including dosage and safety issues, see the full Phenylalanine article.
Other Treatments
A special form of magnet therapy called PEMF (pulsed electromagnetic field therapy) has shown some promise for MS. In a 2-month, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 30 people with multiple sclerosis applied a real or a fake PEMF device to one of three acupuncture points on the shoulder, back, or hip. 44 The study found statistically significant improvements in the treatment group, most notably in bladder control, hand function, and muscle spasticity. A review of 6 studies supported that magnetic metal mats used for 8 minutes, 2 times per day may be useful in decreasing fatigue, but not depression associated with MS. There was inconclusive evidence that it helped with other symptoms, such as bladder control, cognition, fatigue, or mobility. 51
A small double-blind trial suggests that neural therapy, a treatment related to acupuncture , might be helpful for MS. 42 In addition, some evidence hints that reflexology might be helpful for parasthesia (sensation of burning, tingling, prickling, or numbness). A review evaluating 4 studies found improvement with 11 weeks of therapy. 48,51
Use of bee stings or injected bee venom for MS has generated a great deal of interest over the years, despite a lack of reliable research supporting its use. The one meaningful study, reported in 2005, failed to find any benefit. 46
Other treatments sometimes suggested for MS include adenosine monophosphate (AMP), biotin , glycine , proteolytic enzymes , selenium , vitamin B 1 , vitamin C , and vitamin E , but little to no evidence supports these recommendations.
Although ginkgo is sometimes suggested as a treatment for MS, there is no meaningful evidence that it works. One study reported as showing benefit was actually too small to provide meaningful results. 49 Another double-blind study examined ginkgolide B, a chemical in ginkgo, for treating MS attacks, but found no evidence of benefit. 43 A 2012 randomized trial of 121 patients with MS found that ginkgo biloba did not improve cognitive function on neuropsychological test scores compared to placebo. 50 Simlar results were found in a review of 4 studies though, ginkgo was associated with improving fatigue symptoms after 4 weeks when compared to placebo. 51
Revision Information
- Reviewer: EBSCO CAM Review Board
- Review Date: 12/2015 -
- Update Date: 12/15/2015 -


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Island Google maps and facts
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Static-Pressure Probes: Measuring Combustion Draft
A version of this article appears in the January/February 2013 issue of Home Energy Magazine.
January 02, 2013
Looking for a draft in a flue by measuring just the pressure in the flue—with reference to the combustion appliance zone, or CAZ—is a bit like discussing the speed of a moving vehicle without referencing the distance travelled or the time taken to get there. It's interesting, but it doesn't tell the whole story. The velocity of the airflow in a flue can be calculated by knowing the velocity pressure and the density of the air. The velocity pressure is the difference between the total pressure and the static pressure (see "Pitot Tube"). The total pressure is the impact pressure of the flow. The static pressure is exerted uniformly throughout the gas or fluid. The static pressure pushes out against the walls of the flue or duct. Despite the fact that the static pressure is exerted uniformly, to get an accurate draft reading, the probe used must be oriented to eliminate the impact of the total pressure on the static pressure.
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Circa 1950
A pair of double light sconces in carved wood retaining their original painted and gilded finish. The backplates in the form of gathered drapery, the armbacks supporting a matched pair of eagles.
Overall: 31-1/2" h. x 9" w. x 8-5/16" d.
Backplate: 31-1/4" h. x 3-1/2" w.
This item cannot be UL listed.
2 Candelabra sockets, maximum 60 watts per socket
2" x 3" Vertical junction box required
Dry UL listing available with modifications, please contact your salesperson for pricing.
1 pair total available.
On display at our 28th Street showroom.


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Scoreboard#: 8200SP
In order to complete your quote/purchase, you will need to chose whether to add any of the following accessories. Note: All American Scoreboards do not come with a console, but require one to operate.
Wireless 8000 Series Multi-Sport and Messaging Console.
Extruded aluminum 6"x13.5". Includes Slip Sheet set for all sports.
SRP - $790 Dealer - $495
Hard cansole case to be used with all (wireless and hard-wired) 8000 series consoles
SRP - $120 Dealer - $85
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