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Professional Roofing in Brisbane Northside
Professional Roofing in Brisbane Northside
If you are one of the over 2 million residents living in North Brisbane, you will no longer have to worry about any of your roofing problems or needs. There are many companies to cater for all your requirements. As you are well aware, the roof is the part of the house which protects you against the elements and makes you feel safe, in the knowledge that nothing will disturb your sleep, if you help us make the right choices, based on our vast experience in the field of roofing.
One of the first things you need to consider when deciding on your roofing needs is who you are going to entrust the job to. Always look towards specialists who can provide a free quotation and consultation, without any obligations whatsoever. There are plenty of options if you search for Roofing North Brisbane using local directories. You can also search engines to find a reliable contractor for your needs.
Safety Regulations
For new roofing, many essential factors come into the equation. Durability, warranty, insulation and maintenance are all important things you need to consider before you make your choice. Working with professionals who work in strict allegiance with the Australian safety regulations is already something to be assured about. A good roofing company will look into the climate and coastal areas with particular attention, as the material used for these areas has to be able to withstand the elements. Extended work on roofs, possibly due to unfavorable weather conditions are not charged extra and we aim to stick to our original planned completion date.
Although having a new roof installed may be the hardest decision to make, it may end up being the wisest. You would never want to compromise the safety of your family for a solid investment, which could last you a lifetime. In most cases, it is possible to re-roof a house and this could turn out to be an affordable and life-changing experience for all those living underneath! Colorbond roofing is renowned for its durability and long shelf life and can also be converted into stylish and colorful options, which will stand out in the lovely Brisbane and Gold Coast suburbs.
Roof Tiling
Roof tiling is another option you may consider as the aesthetic appeal and elegance of tiles is hard to surpass. Tiles are heavier than Colorbond and more complicated to install, but, depending on your tastes and our better judgement, we are available for any roofing service which needs completing. Prior to installation or any other service make sure your company clearly outlines and explains from head to foot, so that you are completely in the picture of what is going on and what to expect.
Buying a new house can sometimes pose some risks, especially if you are unaware of the state of the roof you have just purchased. It might look new and fresh, especially if it has just been painted, but you would need to make sure that the condition of the roof is good enough to warrant staying in the house. You can never be sure when investing in property so it is important to get the contractors to come and inspect your roof for you and give you the all-clear or even recommend some drastic or subtle changes.
Experience Matters
Always choose a contractor with a proven track record and preferable atleast 5 years experience in roofing. There are many local roofers who work exclusively around the Southside and Northside suburbs of Brisbane.
One of the most important aspects of roofs is insulation, which, when installed correctly, will provide the home with ample cool and warm air, depending on the outside temperature. Rockwool and glasswool are the most common types of insulation material used by roofing companies, as they are both non-hazardous. Request all the necessary certification and make sure they are in complete accordance with safety regulations. Many companies also offer installation and removal of guttering, removal of asbestos and commercial roofing. With asbestos, if you have any doubts whatsoever regarding the origins and material of your roof, do not hesitate to contact a professional.
To find out more about Brisbane North or to read the latest News Visit http://www.couriermail.com.au/questnews/north


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Welcome to Titan Motor Group. Here you can shop for new Nissans, new INFINITIS or used cars at our Long Island dealership serving the Queens, Bayside, Flushing and Douglaston areas. Come visit us to test drive a Nissan or INFINITI, speak to one of our certified automotive experts, or discuss auto financingoptions. Titan Motor Group dealerships always have a wide selection of quality autos from Nissan and INFINITI for the Long Island, Queens, Bayside, Flushing and Douglaston area. Our wide selection of new and used cars ensures that we have a vehicle for everyone, no matter what it is you're looking for.
We are proud to provide our customers with the only pressure free shopping experience you will find from Queens to Suffolk County. From the moment you step into our showrooms you will notice our commitment to customer satisfaction is second to none. We strive to make your experience with Titan Motor Group a good one for the life of your vehicle.
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On this page:
Online tax-free shopping
From luxurious gifts to exclusive KLM products, at Shop@KLM you can have your pick from a wide range of tax-free items and order them online from the comfort of your easy chair. Your purchases will be delivered to you free of charge during your flight. Shop@KLM delivers on board the following flights:
- A KLM flight with a flight duration over 1,5 hours.
This way, you don't have to walk around the airport carrying heavy hand baggage. You can place your order up to 1-3 calendar days before departure.
You can still order from Shop@KLM even if you won't be flying in the near future: we can deliver some of these items to your home address in the Netherlands. In this case, however, you will have to pay VAT and delivery charges.
Shop@KLM offers even more products than are to be found in our on-board selection. The Miles you earn with each purchase as well as the discounts you receive are the same. Not only do you earn Miles, but you can also use them to pay for your purchases. We update our product range each month, so you'll always find new offers.
Go to Shop@KLM
How Shop@KLM works
- 1. Select your favourite items and add them to your shopping bag.
- 2. Indicate whether you want to receive them on board your flight or at your home address.
- 3. Enter your personal details and contact information and, if relevant, a booking code.
- 4. Select your payment method and pay for your order. Once your purchase has been finalised, you will receive a confirmation and an invoice by e-mail. If you will be flying, please print the confirmation e-mail and make sure to take it with you on your flight.
- 5. You will receive your purchase(s) plus a delivery receipt either on board your flight or at your home address, depending on the delivery preference you selected. Please save your delivery receipt – this is your guarantee voucher.
Please note: If you wish to receive your order on board, you will have to place your order at least 72 hours before departure. For flights departing from Amsterdam your order can be placed up to 25 hours in advance. If you choose home delivery, you will have to pay VAT and delivery charges. Shop@KLM is available in both Dutch and English.
Payment options
All prices are shown in euros and include VAT (if applicable). You can pay with iDEAL (Internet banking option available in the Netherlands only), various credit cards and Miles. You also earn Miles with your purchases (except when paying with Miles).
Your credit card details are sent to us through a secure server that encrypts all your personal and credit card information.
Please keep in mind that if you receive your items on board, any additional import taxes and/or local taxes for your purchases will still have to be paid at your destination. Whether or not this applies and the amount of the duty or tax to be paid depends on the destination and the total value of your purchase.
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Delivery on board
Should delivery on board not be possible, we will contact you by phone or e-mail. During the flight, our cabin crew will not be able to refund the paid amount.
Depending on the situation, we offer various solutions:
If you cancelled your flight or if you missed your flight because a non-SkyTeam flight was delayed, you can choose from the following options:
- Your purchases will be offered to you on your next flight.
- The amount you paid will be refunded to your bank account.
If your flight was cancelled, if you missed your flight because another KLM or SkyTeam flight was delayed, or if your purchases were not offered to you on board, you can choose from the following options:
- Your purchases will be offered to you on your next flight.
- We will transfer the paid amount to your account.
- We will deliver your purchases to your home.
If a product is temporarily out of stock, we will inform you by e-mail. We will try to deliver your purchase to your home within 5 days in the Netherlands, or 10 days in other countries.
Frequently Asked Questions about delivery>
Home delivery
If you have not received your order at your home address within 14 days, please contact us by using the contact form at Shop@KLM.
Returns and refunds
If you are not happy with your purchase, you can return your purchase to us within 30 days after receiving the product. This is possible only if the item is unused and sealed. Please return your purchase in the original, undamaged packaging. As soon as we have received the item, we will transfer the purchase amount (excluding shipping costs) to your account.
Frequently Asked Questions about returns and refunds
To return a product you have purchased via Shop@KLM, please fill in our refund form.
Read the terms and conditions for shopping at Shop@KLM
Request a refund at Shop@KLM
Contact Shop@KLM


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Most Visited Pin Codes
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Krodabailur PIN CODE : 576227
|Post Office :
|Office Type :
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|Division :
|Taluk :
|Region :
|South Karnataka
|District :
|State :
|Contact Information
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|Post Master, Krodabailur, Kundapura Taluk, Udupi District, KARNATAKA, India.
Other Post offices with same Postal Code 576227
Post Office Type: S.O
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Post Office Type: B.O
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krodabailur Map, udupi District, karnataka
What is Pin code of Krodabailur?
Krodabailur Pin code or Postal zip code of Krodabailur is an unique Post index number provided to the post office of Krodabailur, Udupi Division, Udupi District of Karnataka state, India. These Pin codes are provided by India Post. Apart from Udupi Division in Udupi District, the other Postal Divisions in Udupi are listed below. If you are not sure about the division in which you are searching for the pin code, we recommend you to search for the pin code in other postal divisions as well.


text: Explore our current selection of new Toyota cars, trucks, and SUVs for sale in Spokane Valley, WA. Our extensive inventory features all of the latest 2020 Toyota models in a wide variety of colors and trim levels. We also offer a number of exclusive lease and finance specials to help make new vehicle ownership even easier. Browse our current inventory below, then give us a call at (509) 850-9359 to schedule a test drive!


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VERITY Midi Dress
☆ FREE SHIPPING for all AUS orders over $75 ☆
- Pre-order only - delivers in 1-2 weeks
- Yellow floral print
- Square neckline
- Shirred bodice with 3 buttons at front
- High slightly gathered waist
- 3/4 length sleeves with elasticised cuffs
- Midi length
- Fabric: Rayon
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FREE Shipping for all AUSTRALIAN Orders over $75
PRE-ORDER ITEMS: Please allow 1-2 weeks for delivery (usually less, may vary, see below). Each of our products are clearly labelled whether they are pre-order or in stock and ready for immediate dispatch so you know when to expect delivery.
PRE-ORDER ITEMS SHIPPING TIMES (and totally worth the wait!):
Australia: Delivers to you in 1-2 weeks
New Zealand, USA, Canada: 1-3 weeks (generally less)
United Kingdom & Europe: 2-4 weeks maximum (generally less)
Rest of the world: 2-6 weeks.
SHIPS IN 24 HOURS ITEMS: These items are in stock at our premises and ready for immediate dispatch. We will ship these items within 1 business day. Delivery will depend on your location, Australia Post Shipping can take between 1-5 working days. If you would like Express please choose this option at checkout. International orders will be sent via trackable satchel and are generally delivered between 3-10 days. All items we have in stock are listed under the "Ships in 24 hrs" tab.
New Zealand: $20 shipping or free shipping on orders over $150.
United States: $20 shipping flat rate.
Canada: $30 shipping flat rate
United Kingdom & Europe: $28 shipping * Orders over $500 will incur an extra $17 AUD shipping fee due the weight of the shipment PLEASE NOTE: excludes all customs, taxes & duties imposed by the European Union. Any charges / taxes are the responsibility of the customer. If the parcel is uncollected or rejected by the customer at collection Boheme Junction is not liable for any expenses or reimbursement.
Asia: $20 shipping flat rate
South Africa: $35 Shipping. Orders over $500 will incur an extra $15 AUD shipping fee due to the weight of the shipment.
PLEASE NOTE: excludes all customs, taxes & duties. If parcel is rejected or uncollected by the customer Boheme Junction is not liable for any expenses or reimbursement.
I ordered a Ships in 24 hrs and a Pre-order item, are these shipped together?
Ships in 24 hours item will be shipped within 1 business day. Your Pre-order item will be sent separately once they arrive, you will only pay for one lot of shipping. Pre-orders are often shipped directly from our suppliers warehouse as this means you will get your parcel faster. Please be aware only products listed under "Ships in 24 Hours"are shipped from Australia, most other products are shipped from our suppliers warehouse.
Where is my order sent from and how long will it take? Orders are sent from our NSW based office. Items that are pre-order generally take 1 week to arrive (usually faster.) These items are ordered in specially for you, so if the item has already been ordered and is in transit to us we are unable to cancel your order. You are free to return it for an exchange or credit once delivered.
Some products will be sent direct from our manufacturer, this is done as it arrives quicker than shipping from Australia.
Unfortunately, once your order is processed or in transit, we cannot cancel or refund (Pre-order and in stock).
Why did I only receive part of my order? If you ordered multiple items they may be dispatched separately. Since we source our products from multiple suppliers may receive your items in separate packages, but rest assured, they are on their way!
Why was I sent multiple tracking numbers? If you ordered multiple products, please note that you may receive several packages as they are shipping from different locations.
When will I receive a tracking confirmation? Within a week of your order being fulfilled (shipped), you will receive notification of your tracking number. If your items is "Ships in 24 hours" you will receive tracking number within 1 business day.
If you do not receive your tracking number within 7 business days, please contact us at firstname.lastname@example.com.
We recommend that you keep an eye on your tracking. If you have questions or haven't received your order, please contact us.


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The victim is this case had his credit card taken by a suspect at the Kinko's Fed Ex (650 Orchard Park Rd) West Seneca.
The resident reported finding a bicycle in their yard which
did not belong to them in the Indian Church Rd./ City Line are of the Town of West Seneca in mid August 2012. Upon
review of home security system it was discovered that a W/M possibly teen had dumped a bicycle and stolen a bicycle belonging to another resident of the area .
If you can identify or believe you may know the subject in the video Contact the West Seneca Police Detective Bureua @ 716-674-3154
Crimestopper Case #D49-11-109664
If you can Identify this suspect please Contact: WSPD CrimeStoppers
Crimestoppers West Seneca Police Case#D49-11-116870 larceny hardware store.
2-W/M' entered store multiple expensive tool kits. Larger suspect W/M approx.6'2" has tattoo Rt.Arm. Suspects Left scene in possibly gold/tan toyota camry.09/21/2011
WSPD Anonymous TipLine 716-675-8423
The victim is this case had his credit card taken by a suspect at the Kinko's Fed Ex (650 Orchard Park Rd) West Seneca.
After the theft the suspect used the credit/debit card at numerous locations posing as the owner of the card.
Video footage obtained from Jim's Steakout (Elmwood) show's suspect using the card.
Suspect described as a White Male aprox. 28-35 years old. 230 lbs. 6'-6'1" Tall.
Has a Unique Cross (possibly celtic,Round Edges) Tattoo on the crease of Right ForeArm
May not be from West Seneca but utilizes the services of Kinko's Fed Ex Orchard Park Rd. Location
If Anyone can Identify this subject please Contact: WSPD CrimeStoppers


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Mississippi Sin Dip Recipe
We had this dip at our tailgate last weekend. I have no idea why this is called Mississippi Sin (there are so many jokes that could be inserted here), but we'll just go with it. Mama Hen got the recipe from one of he co-workers. The recipe is very similar to one of my favorite dips, "crack". (We call it crack b/c you can't stop eating it)
This is a great tailgate dip because it is great hot and still really good cold (after the game). I ate way too much of this. I feel like the bread bowl is optional. It looks good, but it isn't necessary to the success of the dip. I think this would be just as good baked in a baking dish.
This is a keeper. I might even like it better than my beloved "crack dip". I think I'll refer to this as "new crack" from now on.
Mississippi Sin Dip
- 16-oz sour cream
- 8-oz cream cheese, softened
- 2 cups shredded cheddar cheese
- 1/2 cup chopped ham
- 1 green onion, chopped
- 1/4 tsp hot sauce
- 1 tsp Worcestershire sauce
- salt and pepper, to taste
- 16 oz French bread loaf
- In a mixing bowl, combine all ingredients, except French bread; stirring until well blended.
- Cut a thin slice from top of bread loaf; set slice aside. Using a gentle sawing motion, cut vertically to, but not through, bottom of the loaf, 1/2 inch from the edge, to cut out center of bread. Lift out center of loaf. Fill hollowed bread loaf with the dip. Wrap loaf with foil.
- Bake dip at 350° degrees for 1 hour. Serve with reserved bread cubes, crackers, or potato chips.


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Sunday, March 31, 2019
newsletter April 2019
Posted by Gary and Toni Lewis at 4:27 PM
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After spending three years in Guyana, South America, we have now moved to Bewani, 50 Km south of Vanimo, Papua New Guinea. We have started a new humanitarian aviation ministry here. In visiting with health officials and church people here, the need for an aviation program to reach into remote villages became very apparent. We are taking health workers and medicines/vaccines, into remote village airstrips and bringing out critically ill patients to the hospital. We also fly in educational materials for schools, as well as take in Bible workers. Toni is helping with the medical end of things, while Gary takes care of the flying part. We have several local lay missionaries we sponsor and we do ground transport for patients as well. We are volunteers here to serve our God and the unreached people of Papua New Guinea. We have a great need for more people to join in this effort.


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I am an art teacher & MisterArt is where I turn for all my supplies! Thank you for your great selection, prices & service!
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The UK's first pencil factory was founded in 1832. The factory has had various owners in its 180 year history, but became the Cumberland Pencil Company in 1916. The Lakeland children's range was launched in 1930, followed by the Derwent brand of fine art pencils in 1938. Since then, a huge variety of artists' materials has been developed, from traditional to highly innovative.
Derwent combines traditional pencil making skills, perfected by generations of local craftsmen, with state of the art manufacturing techniques. Derwent pioneered many of the processes now in common use and their reputation for quality and consistency is unsurpassed in the art materials world. [ visit manufacturer website ]
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If you want to fully immerse yourself in the "Life's a Beach" lifestyle of the sugar white sands and turquoise waters of the Gulf of Mexico, consider a holiday rental instead of a hotel. Imagine luxuriating in a spacious home, cottage or condo with your entire family at the same price (or less) than you would pay for two or more hotel rooms. Panama City Beach's holiday rental menu includes sprawling beach homes, quaint cottages, sophisticated villas and town homes, and elegant condos.
Panama City Beach is known for its family-friendly attractions like Ripley's Believe it or Not! Museum, Shipwreck Island Waterpark, and ZooWorld Zoological and Botanical Park. Other family favorites include boat rentals at Shell Island, motor scooter rentals and dolphin cruises. The unofficial epicenter of shopping, dining and entertainment on Panama City Beach is Pier Park, a million-square-foot, open-air complex with national chain stores, boutiques, a movie theater and restaurants like Jimmy Buffet's Margaritaville and the Hobrau Beer Garden. For golfers, the course line-up is enticing with the Nicklaus and Meadows courses at Bay Point Resort, Greg Norman's Shark's Tooth and the Hombre Golf Club leading the way. Deep sea fisherman love the area, too, because the remarkably deep waters off the coast of Panama City Beach put you as close to the action as you can get. Do you want to take a dive? The snorkel and scuba set relish the multitude of natural, historical and artificial reefs in the sparkling, gin-clear waters. A holiday rental in Panama City Beach makes it easy to explore the attractions and embrace the laid-back lifestyle.
There are so many marvelous beach venues for family holidays in the Panama City Beach area that it's difficult to narrow them down. On the west end you'll find a wealth of economical family-oriented holiday homes in Laguna Beach and Sunnyside Beach. Farther west on U.S. Highway 30A, you'll discover charming, family-friendly "New Urban" designed coastal villages like Rosemary Beach and Watersound, which are dominated by parks, plazas, promenades, dune walkovers and pavilions. You can select from lavish, multi-bedroom holiday homes to small, ice cream-colored, wood-framed cottages with tin roofs and front porches.
Whether you want to rent a luxurious beachfront estate home or a cozy cottage, cabin or condo for your family holiday, you want the best deal available. Regardless of your price range, we have special deals and discounts on a wide variety of properties in different areas of Panama City Beach.


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Linux/MIPS Porting Guide
This document reflects what I have learned through porting several MIPS machines and other related Linux work. Hopefully it will help beginners to get started and give the experienced a reference point.
This document goes through all the major steps to port Linux to a MIPS machine. The focus can perhaps be called "MIPS machine abstraction layer", i.e., the interface between machine-specific code and, mostly, MIPS common code. Another useful document focuses on "Linux hardware abstraction layer", i.e., the interface between Linux common code and architecture-specific code. The document is written by C Hanish Menon (www.hanishkvc.com).
- 1 Overview
- 2 Setup a cross-development environment
- 3 "Hello, world!"
- 4 Getting the Kernel
- 5 Initial board support
- 6 Early printk()
- 7 Serial driver and console
- 8 kgdb
- 9 Supporting a new CPU
- 10 Interrupts
- 11 System time and timer
- 12 PCI support
- 13 Debugging
- 14 Appendix A: Linux startup sequence in 2.4.x
- 15 Appendix B: Credits
- Know C programming.
- Have some knowledge of OS concepts, such as interrupt handling, system calls, memory management.
- Know how to configure and make Linux kernel. You can find much help on this if you are not very comfortable.
- Have some knowledge of MIPS CPU. More than likely you will need to deal with CP0 registers, enable or disable interrupts, etc..
- You don't have to be an expert in MIPS assembly, but total ignorance of it might make you handicapped in some situations.
- Obviously, you need a MIPS hardware to play with.
- Finally but most importantly, you need a willing-to-learn heart and perhaps many restless debugging hours. :-)
It is also highly recommanded to read through the Linux MIPS HOWTO by Ralf Bächle, firstname.lastname@example.com. By the way, as part of the pre-requisite, you should also remember Ralf's name. :-)
Overall porting steps
Depending on your specific case, some (but not all!) of the following may be skipped:
- Setup a cross-development environment.
- "Hello, World!" - Get board setup, serial porting working, and print out "Hello, world!" through the serial port.
- Download the kernel -- this is where you'll be doing all your work.
- Add your own code.
- Get early printk working - Make the first MIPS image and see the printk output from kernel.
- Serial driver and serial console - Get the real printk working with the serial console.
- KGDB - KGDB can be enormously helpful in your development. It is highly recommended and it is not that difficult to set up.
- CPU support - If your MIPS CPU is not currently supported, you need to add new code that supports it.
- Board specific support - Create your board-specific directory. Setup interrupt routing/handling and kernel timer services.
- PCI subsystems - If your machine has PCI, you need to get the PCI subsystem working before you can use PCI devices.
- Ethernet drivers - You should already have the serial port working before attempting this. Usually the next driver you want is the ethernet driver. With ethernet driver working, you can set up a NFS root file system which gives you a fully working Linux userland.
- ROMFS root file system - Alternatively you can create a userland file system as a ROMFS image stored in a ramdisk.
Setup a cross-development environment
You'll need a cross-development environment since your board is not yet self-hosting (ie. unable to natively build and run executable code). In this scenario, you usually have two machines -- a host and target. It is on your host (eg. Linux on i386) that you build your code, and onto your target (MIPS board) that you download and run it. This is a preferred (and robust) methodology of doing embedded development, since most targets are resource-constrained (memory- and CPU-wise) for things like native builds of whole kernel trees.
A primary step towards setting up your environment is installing a cross-toolchain. While you may be able to roll your own, you're better off using a pre-built set (full toolchain builds have since become quite time consuming). An exception to this is when you require added support for your platform to the toolchain itself, which is out of scope for this guide.
See Toolchains for where to download pre-built tools, or instructions on how to roll your own.
"Hello, world!"
In cross development, the serial port is usually the most important interface: That is where you can see anything happening! It might be worthwhile to make sure you get serial porting work before you even start playing with Linux. You can find the sample code or gzipped tar ball of a stand-alone program that can do printf. Such a program can even be useful in later debugging staging, e.g., printing out hardware register values.
Before you rush to type 'make', check and modify the following configurations:
- The sample code assumes R4K style CP0 structure. It should apply to most CPUs named above number 4000 and the recent MIPS32/MIPS64.
- Check if you have 1MB RAM size. (You really should have at 1MB to run Linux at all.) It is recommanded you have 8MB RAM or more.
- Is your serial port a standard UART type? If yes, modify the serial code and parameters. If not, you will have to supply your own functions to utilize the UART.
- What is your cross-tool name and path? Modify the Makefile accordingly.
Now, fire your "make" command.
Depending on your downloader on your MIPS box, you may need to generate ELF image, binary image or a SREC image.
Download the barebone image to your target and give it a run! Connect the serial port to your host machine. Start minicom and hopefully you can see the "Hello, world!" message.
Trouble shooting:
- Make sure your bootloader downloads the image to uncached KSEG1 segment. If your bootloader downloads to the cached KSEG0 area, you will want to run the image from the KSEG0 area too.
- If your bootloader has already initialized the serial port, you may want to skip your own initialization.
- Did you set up minicom correctly? Test it with other machines.
- Hopefully it is not the toolchain problem...
Getting the Kernel
Ideally, you should be working against the latest stable release. The older stable release, 2.4.x, is only open to bug fixes and won't be accepting any new features. Besides, countless bugs may have since been squished, APIs overhauled etc., all of which you'll greatly benefit from.
See Getting the Kernel for where to obtain the latest stable release.
Initial board support
A first step toward adding support for your board is to hook into the kernel build system (kbuild). At this point you should be worrying about getting the tree to actually build. You'll also need to provide the board-specific hooks that the architecture back-end depends on.
In the following examples, we assume a board named Aloha supplied by a vendor Hawaii.
Decide on a directory hierarchy
Your code for a new board can be classified into board-support code (or board-specific code) and drivers. Driver code should be placed under the drivers/ directory and board specific code should be placed under the arch/mips/ directory.
The easiest choice is to create a directory called arch/mips/aloha.
However, a couple of other considerations might make it slightly complicated.
- If Aloha uses a chipset or System on a Chip (SOC) that is already supported or belongs to a bigger family, such as NEC VR41xx or gt64120, it makes sense to put Aloha code under those sub-directories. You can re-use and share a lot of common code.
- Similarly, if Aloha is the first board that uses a chipset or SOC which is expected to be used in many other boards, you may want to create similar directory structure. However, if you are not sure, just create your own board specific directory.
In the past people have created directories based on the board manufacturer's name, such as "mips-boards". This generally is not a good idea. It is almost certain that some of these boards do not share anything common at all.
To make things worse, sometimes boards made by different companies use the same chipset or SOC. Now what are you going to do? Are you going to duplicate the common code? Or are you going stick one company's board under another company's name?
For header files, you usually create similar directory or header files under include/asm-mips/. [DEBATE] For board specific header files, I would encourage people to place them under the corresponding arch/mips/ directory if possible.
In our example, we will create arch/mips/aloha/ directory.
Hook into the build system
Add a Kconfig entry for your board so you are able to select it with any of
make *config. For a description of this syntax, see Documentation/kbuild/kconfig-language.txt: (TODO: Document CONFIG_SYS_SUPPORTS_* or better yet, just do it in arch/mips/Kconfig)
--- a/arch/mips/Kconfig +++ b/arch/mips/Kconfig @@ -229,6 +229,18 @@ config MIPS_ITE8172 either a NEC Vr5432 or QED RM5231. Say Y here if you wish to build a kernel for this platform. +config HAWAII_ALOHA + bool "Hawaii Aloha" + select DMA_COHERENT + select SYS_HAS_CPU_R5000 + select SYS_SUPPORTS_32BIT_KERNEL + select SYS_SUPPORTS_64BIT_KERNEL if EXPERIMENTAL + select SYS_SUPPORTS_LITTLE_ENDIAN + help + This is an evaluation board only available in Hawaii. + Before importing one, please check with your local import + laws on fictional hardware. + config MACH_JAZZ bool "Support for the Jazz family of machines" select ARC
You'll need a corresponding Makefile entry so
make may recurse into your platform sub-directory. Such a Makefile would look like this:
+# +# Makefile for the Hawaii Aloha specific parts of the kernel +# + +obj-y := irq.o serial.o setup.o time.o + +obj-$(CONFIG_PCI) += pci.o +obj-$(CONFIG_EARLY_PRINTK) += console.o
You will also need a specific Platform file so the Linux kernel build system knows about your platform specific starting address, where to look for header files, and how to recurse into your platform specific Makefile.
$(load-y) is the starting address for your Linux image when it is loaded into RAM. Note that the first
0x200 bytes are used by the exception vectors on most CPUs. Some CPUs will require a larger space, so modify
$(load-y) accordingly. Due to the linker's addressing limit, the start address is aligned on a 8KB boundary, so setting
$(load-y) to
0xffffffff80002000 should be reasonable:
--- a/arch/mips/aloha/Platform +++ b/arch/mips/aloha/Platform +# +# Hawaii Aloha board +# +platform-$(CONFIG_HAWAII_ALOHA) += aloha/ +cflags-$(CONFIG_HAWAII_ALOHA) += -I$(srctree)/arch/mips/include/asm/mach-aloha/ +load-$(CONFIG_HAWAII_ALOHA) += 0xffffffff80002000
Provide board-specific hooks
These are the hooks you need to get a tree that actually builds. Actual implementation depends on your hardware:
/* * arch/mips/aloha/init.c */ const char *get_system_type(void) { return "Hawaii Aloha"; }
/* * arch/mips/aloha/irq.c */ #include <linux/init.h>
asmlinkage void plat_irq_dispatch(void) { /* read cause and status registers to get interrupt source */ } void __init arch_init_irq(void) { /* do board-specific irq initialization */ }
/* * arch/mips/aloha/prom.c */ #include <linux/init.h> void __init prom_init(void) { /* get whatever info we need from the PROM */ } unsigned long prom_free_prom_memory(void) { return 0; /* "Freeing unused memory: %ldk freed\n" */ }
/* * arch/mips/aloha/setup.c */ #include <linux/init.h> void __init plat_mem_setup(void) { /* do board-specific setup.. */ }
Configure and build a kernel image
Now you are ready to run your favorite configuration tool. Since we do not have much code added yet, do not be too greedy with selecting options. Just pick a couple of simple options such as the serial and serial console.
- If you denoted the Aloha board support to be EXPERIMENTAL, select 'Prompt for development and/or incomplete code/drivers' under 'Code maturity level options'.
- Select 'Support for Hawaii Aloha board' and unselect all other machines under 'Machine selection'.
- Select the right CPU. Under 'CPU selection' select your CPU. If there is no entry for the CPU on your board, you will need to add support for it. Most recent CPUs can generally run to some degree with CPU_R4X00.
- Under 'Character devices', select 'Standard/generic (8250/16550 and compatible UARTs) serial support' and 'Support for console on serial port'. Unselect the 'Virtual terminal' option.
- Note that some platforms may not use a standard 8250/16550 compatible UARTs but something entirely custom (refer to the hardware manual or reference code in that case)
- With some recent platforms you may find more and more AMBA-compatible peripherals such as the AMBA PL010/PL011 UART blocks
- Under the 'Kernel hacking' option, select 'Are you using a crosscompiler'.
- For other options either take the default or select 'no'.
Here is a sample minimum config for our Aloha board.
Before you type
make, double-check the arch/mips/Makefile and make sure the cross-toolchain program names are correct and in your execution path i.e. your
PATH environment variable.
Now type
make dep and
make. Then wait for a miracle to happen!
Early printk()
Assuming you are lucky and actually generate an image from the last chapter, don't bother running it because you won't see anything. This is not strange because all our board-specific code is empty and we have not told Linux kernel anything about our serial port or I/O devices yet.
The sign of a live Linux kernel comes from the output of printk, which is routed to the first console. Since we have configured a serial console, we should be able to see something on the serial wire if we have set it up correctly.
Unfortunately, setup of the serial console happens much later during the kernel startup process. (See Appendix A: Linux startup sequence in 2.4.x for a chart of the kernel start-up sequence). Chances are your new kernel probably dies even before that. That is where the early printk patch comes in handy. It allows you to see printk as early as the first line of C code.
In order to properly make use of early printk, your platform should select
SYS_HAS_EARLY_PRINTK and implement a
prom_putchar() routine which will be used by the kernel to output characters via the UART.
Serial driver and console
While early printk is rather useful, you still need to get the real serial driver working. Serial Driver and Console has all the details you'll need in order to implement a device driver for your serial port.
For many Linux kernel developers, KGDB is a life-saving tool. With KGDB, you can debug the kernel while it runs! You can set breakpoints or do single stepping at the source code level.
To do this, you will need a dedicated serial port on your target, and use a crossover-cable (also known as a null-modem) to connect it to your development host. If you are also using a serial console, this implies you will need two serial ports on your target. It is possible to do both kernel debug and serial console through a single serial port. This will be mentioned later in this chapter.
When you configure the kernel, select the
Remote GDB kernel debugging which is listed under
Kernel hacking. Do a
make clean and recompile the kernel so that debugging symbols are compiled into your kernel image. Try to make a new image. You will soon discover two missing symbols in the final linking stage:
arch/mips/kernel/kernel.o: In function `getpacket': arch/mips/kernel/kernel.o(.text+0x85ac): undefined reference to `getDebugChar' arch/mips/kernel/kernel.o(.text+0x85cc): undefined reference to `getDebugChar' arch/mips/kernel/kernel.o(.text+0x8634): undefined reference to `getDebugChar' arch/mips/kernel/kernel.o(.text+0x864c): undefined reference to `getDebugChar' arch/mips/kernel/kernel.o(.text+0x8670): undefined reference to `putDebugChar' arch/mips/kernel/kernel.o(.text+0x8680): undefined reference to `putDebugChar' arch/mips/kernel/kernel.o(.text+0x8698): undefined reference to `putDebugChar' arch/mips/kernel/kernel.o(.text+0x86a0): undefined reference to `putDebugChar'
You need to supply these two functions for your own boards:
int putDebugChar(uint8 byte) uint8 getDebugChar(void)
As an example, here is the dbg_io.c for DDB5476 board. DDB5476 uses a standard UART serial port to implement those two functions.
After supplying those two functions, you are ready to debug the kernel. Run the new kernel image. If you also use the early printk patch, you should be able to see something like this on your console:
Wait for gdb client connection ...
Assuming you have already connected a cross-over serial cable between the dedicated serial port on the target and a serial port on your host (say, COM0), you can then set the appropriate baud rate and start the cross gdb on your host:
stty -F /dev/ttyS0 38400 mipsel-linux-gdb vmlinux
At the gdb prompt, type
target remote /dev/ttyS0
And, voila! You should be talking to the kernel through KGDB - if you are lucky enough!
A couple of tips on using KGDB:
- Any functions preceded with the
__initlabel will not break very well with breakpoints. Sometimes it will screw up the line numbers of other functions in the same file. Try undefining
__initto be an empty macro in your include/linux/init.h file. Refer to the patch. [NOTE: This problem is fixed in the latest gdb version, at least in gdb 5.2]
- Sometimes if you break on a function, you cannot see the correct value in variables and cannot do back-tracing. This is probably because certain registers are still not initialized [HELP: because kernel is compiled with -O2 flag?]. Step into the function a couple of lines, and you should see the variable and back-tracing fine.
What if the board only has one serial port?
Some boards only have one serial port. If you use it as serial console, you cannot really use it for KGDB - unless you do some tricks to it.
There are two solutions. One is GDB console, and the other is to use a KGDB demuxing script.
It is easy to use the GDB console. When you select 'Remote GDB kernel debugging' under the 'Kernel hacking' sub-menu, you are also prompted for 'Console output to GDB'. Simply selecting that choice will work! In fact, this option is so easy to use you might want to use it even if you have a second serial port.
However, this option has a limit. When the kernel goes to userland, the console stops working. This is because the KGDB stub in the kernel and GDB are not designed to provide interactive output. [HELP: any volunteers?]
The second option uses a script called 'kgdb_demux' written by Brian Moyle. It creates two virtual ports, typically ttya0 and ttya1. It then listens to the real serial port (such as ttyS0). It will forward console traffic to ttya0 and KGDB traffic to ttya1. All you have to do then is to start minicom on /dev/ttya0 (port setting does not matter) and KGDB on
With 2.6 kernel pseudo terminals can be
You can download the tarball here. A couple of usage tips.
- Untar the file to some place.
- Copy kgdb_demux script to your execution path, and modify it properly.
- Set the port parameters properly before you start kgdb_demux.
A newer C version of kdmx can be downloaded from this post.
Supporting a new CPU
In the MIPS world, there are different families of MIPS cores. For example Toshiba TX49, SiByte SB1, NEC VR41XX, MIPS32, and MIPS64 to name a few. These different families may have different cache architectures, may be 32-bit or 64-bit, and may or may not have a FP unit. A complete list of families is found in the arch/mips/Kconfig and arch/mips/include/asm-mips/cpu.h files. When you are configuring your kernel the complete list will appear under the CPU type menu selection. If you are adding support for an entirely new family of MIPS cores, you will need to change the following files:
- arch/mips/Kconfig: You will need to add your processor family to the list under CPU type.
- arch/mips/include/asm-mip/cpu.h: You will need to add a
PRID_IMPentries for your processor family if they do not already exist. You will also need to add the CPU types that you will support in that family. Adding CPU types is covered below.
- arch/mips/kernel/cpu-probe.c: For each processor family, there is typically a
cpu_probe_XXX()function that probes and fills in the
struct cpuinfo_mipswhich contains information about the CPU type, whether a FP unit exists, the number of TLBs available, etc. Your function is responsible for properly probing and filling in this information for the entire family of processors. Finally, if your family does something special for CPU idle, then you will have to define a
wait()function. Most likely, you will be able to use one that already exists. If not, add your
wait()function and enable detection of it in
- arch/mips/mm: If your processor family has a unique cache architecture or anything out of the ordinary, you will need to either add or modify files in this directory.
Within each family of MIPS cores, there are multiple processors. For example, Alchemy processors and Broadcom processors are in the MIPS32 family, the Sibyte 1250 is in the SB1 family, and so on. Once you have decided what family your processor is in, you need to verify that a unique CPU identification exists for it. arch/mips/include/asm-mips/cpu.h contains all of the currently supported CPU types for the Linux/MIPS kernel.
If your processor is already listed in arch/mips/include/asm-mips/cpu.h, the existing Linux/MIPS code should auto-detect it. Otherwise, you'll need to change three files to properly detect your processor:
- arch/mips/include/asm-mips/cpu.h: Add your processor at the end of the
CPU_XXXdefinitions. Make sure you update the
CPU_LASTvalue to match that of the processor you added.
- arch/mips/kernel/proc.c: Add an entry to the
cpu_namearray so that your CPU name can be properly displayed in /proc/cpuinfo.
- arch/mips/kernel/cpu-probe.c: Add your processor into the case statement in the function
check_wait()if your CPU can do some sort of wait or idle operation. Add the necessary code in the
cpu_probe_XXX()function to detect and set your CPU type.
Once you have support for your processor family and specific CPU type, you should be able to take full advantage of its capabilities.
If you followed the previous steps, most likely you will see kernel hanging at the BogusMIPS calibration step. The reason is simple: The interrupt code is not there and jiffies are never updated. Therefore the calibration can never be done.
Before you start writing interrupt code, it really pays to study the hardware first. Pay particular attention to identify all interrupt sources, their corresponding controllers and how they are routed.
Then you need to come up with a strategy, which typically includes:
- a static interrupt routing map
- a list of interrupt sources
- a list of their corresponding controllers
- how interrupt controllers cascade from each other
Interrupt code overview
To completely service an interrupt, four different pieces of code work together:
- IRQ detection/dispatching:
This is typically coded in a file called 'irq.c' by the low-level C function
plat_irq_dispatch(). This function is called from the assembly defined macro 'handle_int' which is in turn set as the exception vector 0 (interrupts). This 'plat_irq_dispatch' function is responsible for reading the status and cause register and dispatch the interrupt handling to the corresponding interrupt handlers (CPU timer, IP2, IP3 ...)
- do_IRQ()
do_IRQ() is provided in the 'arch/mips/kernel/irq.c' file. It provides a common framework for IRQ handling. It invokes the individual IRQ controller code to enable/disable a particular interrupt. It calls the driver supplied interrupt handling routine that does the real processing.
- struct irq_chip
This structure represents the kernel view of a specific hardware interrupt controller. Some basic function pointers such as 'irq_mask' and 'irq_unmask' are required for basic interrupt operations. For each and every single interrupt line serviced by this controller, you should call 'irq_set_chip_and_handler()' to instruct the Linux kernel on how to service this interrupt within this interrupt controller (interrupt number, level/edge handling, parent interrupt controller). Depending on the hardware features of your interrupt controller (level, edge interrupts, routing ...) you might need to implement more callbacks to properly support its features.
- driver interrupt handling code
The code that does the real job. An interrupt handler within a specific driver is registered and released using 'request_irq()', resp. 'free_irq()' and should implement a driver/device specific interrupt handler function whose prototype is 'irqreturn_t isr_handler(int irq, void *dev_id)'.
Obviously for our porting purposes we need to write IRQ detection/disptaching code and the corresponding struct irq_chip function pointers code for any new IRQ controller used in the system. In addition, there is also IRQ setup and initialization code.
CPU as an IRQ controller
MIPS processors include a simple interrupt controller. In it's simplest case as implemented in the R2000 it implements two software interrupts. This are interrupts that can only be raised by software setting the bit in the cause register and needs to be cleared by the interrupt handler. Otherwise they will behave just like hardware interrupts.
In case of the R4000 and most newer processors newer than the R4000 the IP7 bit in the cp0 status and cause registers doubles to serve the timer interrupt also. That is the IP7 interrupt will be raised whenever the cop0 count and compare registers have the same value. The exact mode of operation of the count register and the timer interrupt are often configurable by the CPU's mode bits. Using IP7 as the timer interrupt typically also means this interrupt cannot sensibly used for any other purpose.
So here's how to initialize the timer interrupt in a typical system. First define "CONFIG_IRQ_CPU" for your machine to enable compile the support code into the kernel. Then in your
arch_init_irq() just call
mips_cpu_irq_init(x) where for
x you put the first of the 8 interrupt numbers you're going to assign to the CPU's interrupt controller.
Set up cascading interrupts
More than likely you will have more interrupt sources than those that can directly connect to the CPU interrupt pins. A second or even third-level interrupt controller may connect to one or more of those CPU pins. In that case, you have cascading interrupts.
There are plenty of examples of how cascading interrupt works, such as the DDB5477. Here is a short summary:
- Assign blocks of IRQ numbers to various interrupt controllers in the whole system. For example, in the case of Vr4181 systems, CPU interrupts occupy IRQ 0 to 7. Vr4181 system interrupts occupy IRQ 8 to 39, and GPIO interrupts occupy 40 to 56. In most cases, the actual IRQ numbers do not matter, as long as the driver knows which IRQ number it should use. However, if you have an i8259 interrupt controller and an ISA bus, you should try to assign IRQ number 0 to 16 for the i8259 interrupts because it will make the legacy PC drivers happy. (Please note before ~12/08/2001 in version 2.4.16 of the Linux kernel, the 'i8259.c' file set the base vector to be 0x20. If you use the IRQ acknowledgement cycle to obtain the interrupt vector, you will get an IRQ number from 0x20 to 0x2f. You will then need to substract 0x20 from the return value to get the correct IRQ number.)
- Write the 'hw_irq_controller' member functinos for your specific controllers. Note that CPU and i8259 already have their code written. You just need to define appropriate CONFIG options for your board. See the next sub-section for more details about writing 'hw_irq_controller' member functions.
- In your IRQ setup routine, initialize all the controllers, usually by calling 'interrupt_controller_XXX_init()' functions.
- In your IRQ setup routine, setup the cascading IRQs. This setup will enable interrupts for the upper interrupt controller so that the lower-level interrupts can cascade through once they are enabled. A typical way of doing this is to have a dummy 'irqaction struct' and setup as follows:
static struct irqaction cascade = { .handler = no_action, .name = "cascade", .flags = IRQF_NO_THREAD, };
void __init <my>_irq_init(void) { .... setup_irq(CPU_IP3, &cascade); }
- You need to expand your interrupt dispatching code properly to identify the added interrupt sources. If the code is simple enough, you can do it in the same int_handler.S file. If it is more complicated, you may do it in a separate C function (such as in the DDB5476 board).
The irq_chip struct
irq_chip structure' is a defined in the 'include/linux/irq.h' file.
The 'arch/mips/kernel/irq_cpu.c' is a good sample code to write 'irq_chip' member functions. Refer to the comments above the definition of 'struct irq_chip' in 'include/linux/irq.h' for more information about each function pointer.
The IRQ initialization code
The IRQ initialization is done in 'arch_init_irq()'. Currently it is supplied by each individual board. In the future, it will probably be a MIPS common routine, which will further invoke a board-specific function, board_irq_init(). board_irq_init will be a function pointer that <my_board>_setup() function needs to assign propoer value.
In any case, the following is a skeleton code for a normal 'arch_init_irq()' routine.
static void irq_mask(struct irq_data *d) { /* clear interrupt at interrupt controller level */ }
static void irq_unmask(struct irq_data *d) { /* set interrupt at interrupt controller level */ }
static struct irq_chip my_irq_chip = { .name = "myirqchip", .irq_mask = irq_mask, .irq_unmask = irq_unmask, };
static struct irqaction cascade = { .handler = no_action, .name = "cascade", .flags = IRQF_NO_THREAD, };
void arch_init_irq(void) { int i; /* hardware initialization code */ .... /* init all interrupt controllers */ mips_cpu_irq_init(); .... /* set up cascading IRQ */ setup_irq(CPU_IRQ_IP3, &cascade); /* set up reserved IRQ so that others can not mistakingly request * it later. */ setup_irq(CPU_IRQ_IP4, &reserved);
/* set up interrupts from my_irq_chip to be handled as level interrupts */ for (i = MYIRQ_CHIP_IRQ0; i < MYIRQ_CHIP_IRQMAX; i++) irq_set_chip_and_handler(i, &my_irq_chip, handle_level_irq); #ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG /* setup debug IRQ so that if that interrupt happens, we can * capture it. */ setup_irq(CPU_IRQ_IP4, &error_irq); #endif }
Final notes
What is described in this chapter is what is so-called new style interrupt handling. We used to have three different ways to handle interrupts: new style (CONFIG_NEW_IRQ), the old style (CONFIG_ROTTEN_IRQ) and board-private ad hoc routines. New style is now the only valid method since October-2002.
System time and timer
Linux relies on an RTC (real-time clock) device to obtain the real calendar data and time when it boots up. It relies on a system timer to advance the tick count, jiffies. If you don't provide proper time and timer code, Linux won't run. In fact it will stick in 'calibrate_delay()' during the startup process because jiffies is never incremented. (See Appendix B for more details about Linux/MIPS startup sequence).
There is an excellent document (I becomes a little shameless. :-0) under 'Documentations/mips/time.README' that should be read to further understand timekeeping for Linux/MIPS. It is a must read.
Here are some comments on implementing time and timer services:
- If your system has a CPU counter and another hardware timer, use the hardware timer over the CPU counter, even though CPU counter might be easier to setup and use. This is because CPU counter relies on the CPU frequency which is more likely to change in the future. In addition, performance-critical code may need to access the CPU counter for its own measurements. Some CPUs may have a variable CPU frequency which makes CPU counter not usable as a timer source. [DEBATE: 03/12/04, I changed my preference on this issue. Linux in the future will have richer and higher resolution time support. If all MIPS boards use CPU counter as the system timer, we can maximize the code sharing.]
- Unless you have to use interrupts to calibrate the CPU frequency, you can generally avoid implementing the 'board_time_init()' function. Most of its work can be done in the board setup routine.
- When you implement 'rtc_set_time()', more than likely you need to call the 'to_tm()' function which converts a single jiffy value to a full 'struct rtc_time'. This function is provided in 'arch/mips/kernel/time.c' and declared in 'include/asm-mips/time.h'.
PCI support
The PCI subsystem is perhaps the most complex code you have to deal with during the porting process. Thanks to the similarity of PCI, HyperTransport, PCI-X, Cardbus and other bus systems the time for understanding it well invested - and the key to making the PCI subsystem work properly is a good understanding of the PCI bus itself, the code layout, and the execution flow in Linux. Like many other parts of porting, you will find in the end, the actual code writen is minimal.
See PCI Subsystem for a discussion on the architecture-specific implementation and board-specific hooks you'll need to implement.
Probably the most important chapter. In this chapter, I will list some commonly used debugging tips and tricks.
Kernel Oops
ksymoops is a program that deciphers all the secret numbers in a kernel core dump. Old versions of
ksymoops may not work well for MIPS.
I sometimes use a script,
call2sym, written by Phil Hollenback. You just cut and past the call trace part to feed the script and it will display a possible function call stack at the time crash. Note it is likely some symbols are bogus, but the real ones should be displayed. You will have to use your own judgement.
Linux 2.6 will automatically convert symbols if
CONFIG_KALLSYMS is enabled. It may bloat kernels but it's a true life saver, so highly recommended.
Appendix A: Linux startup sequence in 2.4.x
kernel_entry() - arch/mips/kernel/head.S set stack; prepare argc/argp/envp; jal init_arch - arch/mips/kernel/setup.c cpu_probe() - prom_init(...) - arch/mips/ddb5074/prom.c loadmmu() start_kernel() - init/main.c setup_arch(&commaind_line); - arch/mips/kernel/setup.c ddb_setup() - arch/mips/ddb5074/setup.c parse_options(command_line); trap_init(); init_IRQ(); - arch/mips/kernel/irq.c sched_init(); softirq_init(); time_init(); if (board_time_init) board_time_init(); set xtime by calling rtc_get_time(); pick appropriate do_gettimeoffset() board_timer_setup(&timer_irqaction); console_init(); init_modules(); kmem_cache_init(); sti(); /* interrupt first open */ calibrate_delay(); mem_init(); kmem_cache_sizes_init(); pgtable_cache_init(); fork_init(); proc_caches_init(); vfs_caches_init(); buffer_init(); page_cache_init(); signals_init(); smp_init(); kernel_thread(init, ...) cpu_idle(); init() - init/main.c - lock_kernel(); do_basic_setup(); - [MTRR] mtrr_init(); [SYSCTL] sysctl_init(); [S390] s390_init_machine_check(); [ACPI] acpi_init(); [PCI] pci_init(); [SBUS] sbus_init(); [PPC] ppc_init(); [MCA] mca_init(); [ARCH_ACORN] ecard_init(); [ZORRO] zorro_init(); [DIO] dio_init(); [MAC] nubus_init(); [ISAPNP] isapnp_init(); [TC] tc_init(); sock_init(); start_context_thread(); do_initcalls(); [IRDA] irda_proto_init(); [IRDA] irda_device_init(); [PCMCIA] init_pcmcia_ds(); prepare_namespace(); free_initmem(); unlock_kernel(); files = current->files; if(unshare_files()) panic("unshare"); put_files_struct(files); if (open("/dev/console", O_RDWR, 0) < 0) printk("Warning: unable to open an initial console.\n"); (void) dup(0); (void) dup(0); if (execute_command) run_init_process(execute_command); run_init_process("/sbin/init"); run_init_process("/etc/init"); run_init_process("/bin/init"); run_init_process("/bin/sh"); panic("No init found. Try passing init= option to kernel.");
Appendix B: Credits
People in the following list have generously given their feedback to me. In spite of my effort to keep the list as complete as possible, I am afraid many people are still missing here.
- Dirk Behme <email@example.com>
- Fillod Stephane <firstname.lastname@example.com>
- Geoffrey Espin <firstname.lastname@example.com>
- Gerald Champagne <firstname.lastname@example.com>
- Henri Girard <firstname.lastname@example.com>
- Neal Crook <firstname.lastname@example.com>
- Steven J. Hill <email@example.com>
- TAKANO Ryousei <email@example.com>
- Motoya Kurotsu <firstname.lastname@example.com>


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Angela, Bolivia, 24 years old: "I developed the idea for my design with my friends Celeste Quiroga and Mirna Fernandez. With this design we wanted to express the complementarity of living beings because we are all part of the same essence, fighting hand to hand for a better future. Some people are simply out there to make money at the cost of many lives; but they do not realize that they are also jeopardizing their own lives and that of their children."
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Advancing Home Performance House By House
A version of this article appears in the January/February 2008 issue of Home Energy Magazine.
January 04, 2008
A small home performance company is growing by leaps and bounds by providing something of value to all it's customers - including an education in home performance.
As the new associate editor for Home Energy magazine, I was assigned to cover a blower door test at the home of the magazine's managing editor, Jim Gunshinan, in Walnut Creek, California. Was this to be another case of the cobbler's shoes, or would the results be unexciting? The house looked pretty sound from the outside, with its moderate size and modern doors and windows. I arrived by bicycle at the house, on a peaceful, tree-lined street, to find Advanced Home Energy's well-stocked biodiesel truck in the driveway. Company President Ori Skloot was directing his two coworkers to prepare the house for a blower door test by using blue painting tape and cardboard to seal the registers and the attic door. All of them had removed their shoes out of respect for the home and this added a refreshing element of polite comfort. Meanwhile, Skloot explained all the steps of a home performance test process to me and answered my questions in lay language. I found the claim that's made on the Advanced Home Energy Web site to be true: "We keep you thoroughly educated and informed every step of the ...
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Once an order has been placed there is an automatic $10 processing fee that will be deducted with any cancellation.
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in Essex
Sunday, September 30, 2012
Sunday, September 16, 2012
winter white hamsters
Tuesday, September 11, 2012
Now Skype is part of Microsoft. Together we will bring innovative technology to friends, family and colleagues everywhere. And now the future possibilities for our customers are even more exciting. We will enable more people to connect in more ways that transform and enhance their lives. And this is just the beginning.
Skype is for doing things together, whenever you're apart. Skype's text, voice and video make it simple to share experiences with the people that matter to you, wherever they are.
With Skype, you can share a story, celebrate a birthday, learn a language, hold a meeting, work with colleagues – just about anything you need to do together every day. You can use Skype on whatever works best for you - on your phone or computer or a TV with Skype on it. It is free to start using Skype - to speak, see and instant message other people on Skype for example. You can even try out group video, with the latest version of Skype.
If you pay a little, you can do more things, in more ways, with more people – like call phones, access WiFi or send texts. You can pay as you go or buy a subscription, whatever works for you. And in the world of business, this means you can bring your entire ecosystem of workers, partners and customers together to get things done. Try Skype out today and start adding your friends, family and colleagues. They won't be hard to find; hundreds of millions of people are already using Skype to do all sorts of things together.
Thursday, September 6, 2012
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- Announcements
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Visiting Instrument Policy
The following policy was developed in discussion with the Gemini Science and Technology Advisory Committee (STAC) and Gemini Board of Directors; it describes the principles on which a visiting instrument may be accommodated and used, and describes two routes via which the PI of an instrument team may seek access for their instrument. It was approved by the Board at its November 2012 meeting.
- Visiting Instruments must be scientifically productive; hence observing runs are normally allocated time by the National Time Allocation Committee (TAC)/International TAC process. Where performance needs to be determined via a short run prior to wider offering, either (i) a small amount of Director's Discretionary time may be requested or (ii) the STAC may ask the Observatory to remove a sufficient block of time from the normal schedule.
- Visiting Instrument observing runs are carried out by the visiting instrument team. A visiting instrument Principal Investigator (PI) may invite Gemini staff onto their team.
- Support of visiting instruments is subject to Gemini staff availability.
- Visiting instruments whose support requires a major effort on the part of Gemini staff, or which are expected to visit multiple times thus requiring a significant cumulative effort, must be offered to the Gemini user community via one of the methods identified in the next section. Instruments which can be accommodated without much effort may be used for a PI's own programme only. In the latter case, PIs may invite collaborations; this is optional on the first visit.
- No visiting instrument will normally be offered to the community on its first visit. However if significant interest is anticipated even before the first visit, the Observatory may optionally make known that there may be a visiting instrument and other PIs can contact the PI to request collaboration.
- If an instrument appears to offer a popular capability and demonstrates competitive performance, the observatory will normally pursue the appropriate level of offering if staff effort is available to do so.
- The work required to offer an instrument to the community should not be allowed to be a cause of the effort requirement becoming "major". (For example, if incorporation into the Phase I Tool (PIT) and Observing Tool (OT) would require a large effort for an instrument which otherwise classed as "small", other ways should be found to make it possible for PIs to apply.)
- Full integration of a visiting instrument which will see limited use must be avoided. Partial integrations may make sense, e.g. for observing efficiency or scheduling.
- If an instrument requires particular observing conditions and would attract a lot of proposals, it should be queue scheduled, either by integration into the standard queue planning process or via a simpler alternative.
- As Gemini is funded via the United States National Science Foundation, all data taken using visiting instruments must be made available to the community. Access does not have to be via the Gemini Observatory Archive (GOA).
- Visiting Instruments will not be provided for in the Gemini data reduction package or Quality Assessment (QA) pipeline. However, a condition of any visit with external PI involvement is that the visiting team undertakes either (i) to reduce all data and provide reduced products to the PIs or (ii) provide comprehensive "do it yourself" instructions to PIs and support them in the use of those instructions.
- Unless impractical due to the specialized nature of the instrument, data files made available to the community will be in FITS format, whether provided via the GSA or not. Header information will be appropriate for later "archival" use. Where possible without major effort, the Visiting Instrument Interface should be used to enable headers to include accurate values for telescope position, timing etc.
- If the Visiting Instrument is to be offered to the community, the method via which the community will access their data must be agreed before any run takes place.
- The scheduling of a visiting instrument for PI-only observations must not impact significantly on queue completion with facility instruments (e.g. by taking an entire month in peak RA time.) If the visiting instrument is offered to the community, it is acceptable to pre-schedule such a block and adjust the queue filling with facility instruments accordingly.
- Visiting instrument runs can be interrupted by rapid Targets of Opportunity (ToOs), provided that summit staff can carry out the ToO observation and the instrument switch can be carried out efficiently enough. In the event of disagreement, the Head of Science Operations will make the decision.
- Visiting instrument PIs agree to follow Gemini safety policies and will not put people or facilities at risk.
Routes for Instrument PIs
Instruments Requiring Minor Effort and/or Cost
For an instrument which may be expected to require a small amount of effort or money, the following process should be followed:
- Before a first visit, the PI consults the Visiting Instrument Telescope Interfaces page, and engages with Gemini staff to determine the scale of work required to support a visit. The following points assume that that effort is confirmed to be small (e.g. an installation day and deinstallation day for the site crew, minimal software and cabling, limited night support etc.).
- The PI submits a proposal to their own partner TAC to support a visiting-instrument run, stating in the technical justification the outcome of the consultation with Gemini staff.
- If the TAC awards time, the run is accommodated.
- If the PI subsequently wishes to re-apply, appropriate methods to make the instrument available to the community will be determined: collaboration in a single merged proposal, separate proposals to the TAC process, etc.
- If in the course of the visit, the work required grows significantly above the anticipated level, Gemini staff will make a best-efforts attempt to ensure the success of the run but the Observatory retains the right to cancel it.
Instruments Requiring Major Effort and/or cost
For an instrument which will clearly require a lot of Gemini effort or money:
- Before a first visit, the PI consults the Visiting Instrument Telescope Interfaces page, and engages with Gemini staff to determine the scale of work required to support a visit. The following points assume that that effort is confirmed to be large (e.g. site crew and other engineering for >1week, significant software just to get the instrument to function on the telescope, etc.).
- The STAC is consulted, with the following summary information: (i) the effort estimate, (ii) a statement of what other work would be adversely affected and (iii) a statement of the range of possible science that the instrument could support. The STAC is invited to weigh the effort required against other priorities, and hence to determine (i) whether to proceed, (ii) if so whether the instrument should be formally offered to the community at a subsequent visit (subject to performance being demonstrated in the first) and (iii) whether the PI should apply via the normal TAC process or the Observatory should block time off the normal schedule, for a PI-only run to enable performance to be determined with a view to future wider offering.
- The STAC makes a recommendation to the Board (possibly out of step with the normal Board meeting cycle, depending on the timing relative to semester calls).
Depending on decision (iii) above, either
- The PI asks for time via the TAC process, and if successful the run is accommodated, or
- The observatory accommodates the run within a defined block of time, removed from the schedule for the semester as agreed by the STAC and Board.
In either case, if in the course of the visit the work required grows significantly above the agreed level, Gemini staff will make a best-efforts attempt to ensure the success of the run but the Observatory retains the right to cancel it.
If the run is successful, the STAC is consulted again to determine whether it wishes to see the instrument back and offered formally. If the STAC decides that the effort is worthwhile and believes that the instrument should be offered to the community, the observatory determines the best method to make the instrument available. This may include incorporation into the OT, PIT, queue planning tool, observing system etc. in the case of an instrument deemed likely to return many times, to attract a good number of proposals, and to require thorough queue scheduling to maximize science return.
If the decision is to offer formally through the PIT, the proposal software is modified in time for a call for proposals and the operational software in time for the semester.
If the decision is not to offer formally through the PIT, the PI and the observatory work out a "lightweight" method for community members to gain access (e.g. via collaborative proposals with the PI, or via use of a generic "visitor" instrument in the PIT).
Visiting Instruments and Large/Long Programs
It is acceptable for the PI of a visiting instrument to propose to use it for a Large or Long Program. Consistent with the principles above, the instrument would first need to be confirmed as supportable by the Observatory, and have gained time via the normal TAC process for an exploratory initial run. If the initial run was successful, a proposal would be made to the LLP TAC. That proposal would need to be supported with a statement from the observatory that the instrument itself, and the required regular visits, can be accommodated. As a large/long program may require extended visits to be productive, it is not a requirement that the instrument be made available for community access. However open access is encouraged, particularly in the case where the LLP has conditions requirements that would mean that it might only be observed for a fraction of the duration of any given visiting run. All other aspects of the policy (data archiving etc.) are as stated above.


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Puzzle Levels
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Download a FREE Solution for your puzzles!
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Cast Reef
Product Information
|Disassemble and Reassemble the Puzzle
|Level 7 - Challenging
|Hanayama Metal Puzzles, Akio Yamamoto, Hanayama Discontinued
|2 in x 2 2/3 in x 1 2/3 in / 5 cm x 6.7 cm x 4.3 cm
Product Description
Note: Our level rating system is different than Hanayama's. Hanayama's level 1 is equivalent to our level 5.... level 6 is equivalent to our level 10.
In the summer of 1997, I saw two mackerels that had somehow managed to get into the sardine tank at the aquarium. Watching these two fish unable to blend in with the shoal of sardines made me wonder if they were on a journey of self-discovery.
What sort of adventure will they have?
Imagining this led to the conception of six cast puzzles based on oceanographic subjects.
Subject: Reef
A pair of gobies living in a coral reef. Separate them from the coral, and then put them back together again.
- Yamamoto 2008 -
Customer Reviews |Write your own review!
Disclaimer: These reviews are written by our customers. Puzzle Master makes every attempt to keep these posts informative and relevant. If you find a post objectionable or inappropriate, please let us know by sending an email to firstname.lastname@example.com
Probably the hardest of the marine series, because there seem to be a lot of possibilities for taking this one apart.
Good looking puzzle. Very smooth operation. I agree with the 7 rating. Great addition to my collection.


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Making a continued play in the enterprise Java space this month is Telerik with the latest release of its Kendo UI framework for building websites and mobile apps with HTML and JavaScript.
In this end of year release, Kendo UI adds interactive HTML5-based financial charts to Kendo UI DataViz as well as "accessibility improvements" in Kendo UI Web.
Additionally, we now see the introduction of Java server-side wrappers, which enable Java developers to use server-side programming skills to build sites that can tap into Kendo UI's client-side capabilities and cross-browser HTML5 compatibility.
Telerik's Todd Anglin talks of this being a "milestone" for enterprise developers interested in adopting HTML5. "We've brought our expertise building developer tools to the huge community of Java enterprise developers, while simultaneously adding critical features that make HTML5 ready for enterprise projects," he said.
A key piece of the Kendo UI winter release is the addition of interactive HTML5-based financial charts to Kendo UI DataViz. This enables developers to present complex financial data in interactive charts that users can zoom, pan, and manipulate on desktop computers and mobile devices. The firm suggests that by using these enhancements, developers can quickly present enterprise financial data in hardware-accelerated dashboards ready to support both touch and mouse input.
This release also introduces beta server wrappers for Java developers. The hope here is that programmers will be able to maximize productivity, while creating apps with HTML and JavaScript, by leveraging existing server-side JSP programming skills to configure and interact with Kendo UI.


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Wooden jigsaw puzzles are highly durable and hold up to spills, chewing, throwing, forcing pieces into the wrong spots, etc. While Melissa and Doug puzzles are widely known for their outstanding children's puzzles, we carry many other brands creating a wide selection of wood jigsaw puzzles for children.
Use the filters to the left or simply scroll down to begin viewing all pages.
Copyright © 2008-2020, Puzzle Warehouse, All rights reserved.
Puzzle Warehouse recycles everything it can to save the environment and to keep costs and prices low.
We are Hiring! Please fill out the employment form or send your resume to firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Zalman 4K DPI USB Gaming Mouse Bilateral Design For Both Hands - ZM-M600R
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A version of this article appears in the March/April 2006 issue of Home Energy Magazine.
March 02, 2006
Not a Fan of Fans During Heating Season
Not a Fan of Fans During Heating Season
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Aqua Striped Table - Scotch Blue Painting Party
62 comments:
I love what you did with the table it looks gorgrous xxReplyDelete
This table looks so pretty;)ReplyDelete
Love the blue stripes and the mirror is gorgeous!
Thank you for sharing;)
Lovely greetings...
Maybe you like my giveaway; come and check it out;)
What a beautiful transformation!ReplyDelete
Wishing you a wonderful day!
Anette Willemine
First of all, I love the pictures! Very inspiring indeed...ReplyDelete
Then, the prize would be perrrrrrfect for the project I have in mind (actually, I´m thinking you read my mind!). I´m planning on painting the main door (the inside, that is) on chevron stripes...
I tweeted about scotch blue!ReplyDelete
I am planning a project using the scotch blue tape to fancy-up my old wooden tv trays. I'm excited for the project!ReplyDelete
Beautiful! Looks like it's always been there:)ReplyDelete
I need a whole lot of tape to finish painting my downstairs.ReplyDelete
I've been thinking about painting some stripes in my smallest bathroom--this tape would be perfect for that!ReplyDelete
- AnonymousSeptember 28, 2011 at 8:01 AM
Hello! I would use my Schotch Blue tape when I repaint our office- maybe the tape is the push I need to start this project!!ReplyDelete
I also just used the tape for a kids craft project. It's great!
I have some pieces of furniture from my MIL's house that I would love to paint in two different colors. One in particular is a little shelf with spool like legs and arms. Sounds funny but they are kinda like arms.ReplyDelete
I've been thinking about doing stripes in my little boys room so that's what I'd use the ScotchBlue on!ReplyDelete
What a cute little table!! I love the aqua stripes, beautiful!ReplyDelete
Love your project, I have a small table just about that size that I now plan to copy your project.ReplyDelete
I just bought an awesome old window pane. I would use the tape to help protect the glass as I repaint the pane. I'm excited to use it as a picture frame . Now if I can just get each of my kids to have a family picture taken!! Love your page and all your cool ideas!!ReplyDelete
Oh my goodness how darling!! Would just LOVE it if you would link this up at my turquoise lovin' party going on right now!! LOVE your blog!! http://www.sweetlittlegals.com/2011/09/turquoise-lovin-6.htmlReplyDelete
Seriously SO CUTE! I love the little punch of color it adds to that corner of your home and it looks so pretty with the aqua mason jars. And for $7??! Amazing!ReplyDelete
I desperately need to re-paint my downstairs. The whole level is this awful poop brown color from the previous owners. It really needs to go!ReplyDelete
I posted on twitter!ReplyDelete
I actually have small dresser I need to finish and the stripes would look so cute on the front drawers!ReplyDelete
btw - where did you pick up that adorable table? Just what I am looking for for a place in my hallway upstairs.
What a gorgeous transfomation. That blue is so gorgeous an gives just the right amount of color!ReplyDelete
Coley @
Our eldest (a senior in high school) has asked me to paint stripes in his room. This tape would make it so much easier!ReplyDelete
Your table came out very nice and I love the bell you have hanging on the wall. My husband has been wanting one FOREVER!!
I would love to win some scotch blue painters tape and I would love to paint a cute little table or maybe even a big one. Thanks! firstname.lastname@example.com
Looks fabulous!ReplyDelete
I found a vintage kid's chair at a yard sale this summer. It currently has roses painted on it. I have a boy. Roses just won't cut it. I would love to paint it white and do some cool gray stripes like you did here. The painters tape sure would help. :)ReplyDelete
Super cute!!! Love it!ReplyDelete
So awesome! I have an armoire that needs some updating and I think this would be perfect for the doors. Thanks for sharing!ReplyDelete
I am needing to paint 2 bathrooms, and re-paint my house so I could definitely use some tape.ReplyDelete
where do you find all your cute furniture at smashing deals? that's awesome! my house needs help so bad but I can't ever find cool furniture at good deals like that. I live out in no man's land. any suggestions?ReplyDelete
This is so gorgeous!ReplyDelete
I have some trim painting to do and I really need some Scotch (oh, and tape, too:)!!ReplyDelete
Love, Love, Love it.ReplyDelete
I would use it for a dresser I want to paint with stripes! :)ReplyDelete
I would use my tape for painting stripes in my daughters room!ReplyDelete
I love the aqua blue what a cute table! I am redoing a dresser right now and I could use that edge lock scotch tape!! Love your blog!!!ReplyDelete
Very pretty. I love your mirror too!ReplyDelete
I'd love some edge-lock tape to try out this cool painter's tape stencil tree look I found on Pinterest!ReplyDelete
love it! oh the magic of painters tape...you worked it perfectly! :) love what character the blue stripes bring to that lovely little table. And the blue mason jars with the milk glass vase for those yellow flowers is a fantastic combo :)ReplyDelete
LOVE your table! Now you've got me eyeing our sofa table, and it's not even on my "list"... Great. Guess that would be my option for the Scotch Blue. Perhaps in chevron stripes?ReplyDelete
Turned out so cute! My first project would be the furniture and walls in our master bedroom. When my hubby is gone hunting next week, I am redoing our room. Super excited to surprise him! I'm going to have to work fast but I've been recruiting help so hopefully it will be done.ReplyDelete
I want to make my own fabric painted pillows (I have seen so many cute ones with a chevron pattern these days). I can imagine this tape would be helpful with that.ReplyDelete
So subtle and yet makes such A HUGE difference.ReplyDelete
Thank you for sharing.
I would use the tape to tape off a border around my ceiling in my bathroom.ReplyDelete
Love the table!...may I ask where you got your mirror?...really love it!
I tweeted about ScotchBlueBrandReplyDelete
I would use the tape to paint my bedroomReplyDelete
I tweeted it :)ReplyDelete
Absolutely love these colors together!!ReplyDelete
I would use it to paint my bathroom!ReplyDelete
STUNNING Shelley! I LOVE everything in your room!! It is SOOOO pretty!!! Looks like a magazine.ReplyDelete
I have some wood letters that I've been wanting to paint the front one color and the sides a different color. I think this tape would help me to keep a clean line.ReplyDelete
Cute table! I need some tape to finish painting my daughter's bedroom ~ i won't mention his many months ago I started.....ReplyDelete
- AnonymousSeptember 30, 2011 at 5:00 PM
I'm working on a design for my kitchen table top and could use some new tape for perfect line!!ReplyDelete
- AnonymousSeptember 30, 2011 at 5:01 PM
I tweeted about it @funkyfaithgirlReplyDelete
- AnonymousSeptember 30, 2011 at 5:01 PM
I liked Scotch on facebookReplyDelete
The entire space is dreamy fab. I JUST LOVE THAT MIRROR. So gorg. well done cutie.ReplyDelete
I rally want to paint some stripes on the new baby's nursery wall!ReplyDelete
I would paint some thrift store frames for my office!ReplyDelete
What a sweet little table! I would use the tape to try painting stripes on an old dresser we have.ReplyDelete
I've been looking for a lamp like the yellow one where is that from?ReplyDelete
I so enjoy looking at the photos of your house, it's so clean and cozy looking. I love your wall color. What color is it?ReplyDelete
What a cute little table!! I love the aqua stripes, beautiful!ReplyDelete
♥ corner kitchen table
I absolutely love this little table and the decor on it! Gosh I love your creativity. Thank you for inspiring us :)ReplyDelete
Thank you for taking the time to leave your thoughts and comments. We truly love and appreciate each one!


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AquaMiś / Miejski Ośrodek Sportu i Rekreacji
Radzyn Podlaski, Lublin Province, POLAND
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