text:
Principal Proposed Uses
- Common Cold (Prevention)
- Heart Disease (Prevention)
- Insect Repellent
Other Proposed Uses
- Athlete's Foot
- "Blood Thinning"
- Cancer Prevention
- Candida
- Diabetes
- Hypertension
- Immune Support
- Middle Ear Infections (Reducing Pain)
- Topical Antibiotic
- Vaginal Infections
- Yeast Hypersensitivity
Probably Not Effective Uses
- Oral Antibiotic
- High Cholesterol
- Ulcers
The story of garlic's role in human history could fill a book, as indeed it has, many times. Its species name, sativum , means cultivated, indicating that garlic does not grow in the wild. So fond have humans been of this herb that garlic can be found almost everywhere in the world, from Polynesia to Siberia.
From Roman antiquity through World War I, garlic poultices were used to prevent wound infections. The famous microbiologist Louis Pasteur performed some of the original work showing that garlic could kill bacteria. In 1916, the British government issued a general plea for the public to supply it with garlic in order to meet wartime needs. Garlic was called Russian penicillin during World War II because, after running out of antibiotics, the Russian government turned to this ancient treatment for its soldiers.
After World War II, Sandoz Pharmaceuticals manufactured a garlic compound for intestinal spasms, and the Van Patten Company produced another for lowering blood pressure.
What Is Garlic Used for Today?
Garlic is widely used as an all-around treatment for preventing or slowing the progression of atherosclerosis (the cause of most heart attacks and strokes ). 48-50 However, there is actually relatively little in the way of meaningful evidence that it works for this purpose. The balance of the evidence suggests that garlic is not effective for treating high cholesterol , 53-64,99-102,111,121 ; there is only minimal evidence that it offers any benefits for people with high blood pressure . 65 According to some, but not all, studies, garlic might have blood-thinning effects, 15-18,112 but whether this translates into any medical benefit remains unclear.
One study found preliminary evidence that use of garlic could enhance blood sugar control in diabetes . 113
Garlic has a long folkloric history as a treatment for colds and is commonly stated to strengthen the immune system. However, up until 2001, there was no supporting evidence for this use. Since then, however, evidence including a well-designed double-blind study does suggest that regular use of garlic extract can help prevent colds. 95
In addition, folklore suggesting that garlic ingestion can ward off insect bites may have some truth to it, at least when garlic is taken regularly for several weeks. 29
When applied topically, garlic can kill fungi, 38-41 and there is preliminary evidence suggesting that ajoene, a compound derived from garlic, might help treat athlete's foot . 42,43 Topical garlic can also kill bacteria on contact; however, if you take garlic by mouth, it will not work like an antibiotic throughout your system. Furthermore, oral garlic has failed to prove effective for killing Helicobacter pylori , the stomach bacteria implicated as a major cause of ulcers . 46,47
Traditionally, garlic was often combined with the herb mullein in oil products designed to reduce the pain of middle ear infections ( otitis media , not external ear infections known commonly as swimmer's ear), and two double-blind studies support this use. 97,98Note : While these products may reduce pain, it is very unlikely that they have any actual effect on the infection because the eardrum prevents them from reaching the site of infection.
Preliminary evidence, including one small double-blind trial suggests that regular intake of garlic as food or as aged garlic supplements may reduce risk of various forms of cancer . 30-37,114,115
Based on extremely weak evidence, garlic has been proposed as a treatment for problems related to the yeast Candida albicans , such as vaginal yeast infections , 44-45 oral yeast infections (thrush), 110 and the purported condition discussed in some alternative medicine circles as yeast hypersensitivity syndrome .
What Is the Scientific Evidence for Garlic?
Scant evidence hints that garlic might help prevent atherosclerosis , the most common cause of heart attacks and strokes .
Garlic preparations have been found to slow hardening of the arteries in animal studies. 48,49
In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study that followed 152 people for 4 years, standardized garlic powder at a dosage of 900 mg daily significantly slowed the development of atherosclerosis as measured by ultrasound. 50 Unfortunately, this study suffered from some statistical problems that make its results less than fully reliable.
An observational study of 200 people measured the flexibility of the aorta, the main artery exiting the heart. 51 Participants who took garlic showed more flexibility, indicating less atherosclerosis. However, because this was not a double-blind trial, its results prove little.
Heart Attack Prevention
In one study, 432 people who had suffered a heart attack were given either garlic oil extract or no treatment over a period of 3 years. 52 The results showed a significant reduction of second heart attacks and about a 50% reduction in death rate among those taking garlic.
High Cholesterol
A number of studies published in the 1980s and early 1990s found evidence that garlic preparations can reduce high cholesterol . 53-57 However, virtually all subsequent studies have failed to find any significant benefit. 58-64,104-107,111 One carefully designed study failed to find benefits with raw garlic, garlic powder, or aged garlic. 111 The accumulating impact of these repeated negative results indicates that garlic is not, in fact, effective for improving cholesterol profile.
Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)
Numerous studies have found weak evidence that garlic lowers blood pressure slightly, perhaps in the neighborhood of 5% to 10% more than placebo. 65-67,120 It remains unclear whether garlic supplements can help patients with high blood pressure safely eliminate or avoid antihypertensive medications.
One study followed 47 subjects with an average starting blood pressure of 171/101. 68 Over a period of 12 weeks, half were treated with 600 mg of garlic powder daily standardized to 1.3% alliin, while the other half were given placebo. The results showed a statistically significant drop of 11% in the systolic blood pressure and 13% in the diastolic pressure. In comparison, blood pressure fell in the placebo group by 5% and 4%, respectively. However, this study suffers from a significant problem: the average starting blood pressure of the placebo and the treated groups were quite different, making comparisons unreliable.
Two reviews of 25 randomized trials, including trials above, compared garlic preparations to placebo to look for possible hypertension benefits. The trials included 1,418 patients with and without hypertension. In the 7 trials with 348 patients with hypertension, the garlic preparation was associated with reduction in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure readings. Similar results were found in the other 18 trials, but there was a mix of participants with and without hypertension which make the results less reliable.122
Cold Prevention
The herb garlic has a long history of use for treating or preventing colds . However, up until 2001, there was no scientific evidence that it actually works for this purpose. A US study reported in that year does provide meaningful preliminary evidence that garlic might possess cold-fighting powers. 95 In this 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 146 people received either placebo or a garlic extract between November and February.
The results showed that participants receiving garlic were almost two-thirds less likely to catch cold than those receiving placebo. Furthermore, participants who did catch cold recovered about one day faster in the garlic group as compared to the placebo group.
A study performed in Russia also reported benefits. 108
Thus, regular use of garlic might help prevent colds. However, there is no evidence as yet that if you take garlic at the onset of a cold you will recover more quickly.
Insect Repellent
A 20-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial followed 80 Swedish soldiers and measured the number of tick bites received during the garlic and the placebo treatments. 69 The results showed a modest but statistically significant reduction in tick bites when soldiers consumed 1,200 mg of garlic daily for 8 to 10 weeks. Unfortunately, the type of garlic used in this study was not stated.
However, another study failed to find one-time use of garlic helpful for repelling mosquitoes. 109
Cancer Prevention
Evidence from observational studies suggests that garlic may help prevent cancer , particularly cancer of the stomach and colon. 70-77 In one of the best of these trials, the Iowa Women's Study, a group of 41,837 women were questioned as to their lifestyle habits in 1986 and then followed continuously in subsequent years. At the 4-year follow-up, questionnaires showed that women whose diets included significant quantities of garlic were approximately 30% less likely to develop colon cancer. 78
The interpretations of studies like this one are always a bit controversial. For example, it's possible that the women who ate a lot of garlic also made other healthful lifestyle choices. While researchers looked at this possibility very carefully and concluded that garlic was a common factor, it is not clear that they are right. What is really needed to settle the question is an intervention trial, where some people are given garlic and others are given a placebo. However, none has yet been performed that evaluated garlic for cancer prevention.
There is no question that raw garlic can kill a wide variety of microorganisms by direct contact, including fungi, bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. 79,80 A double-blind study reported in 1999 found that a cream made from the garlic constituent ajoene was just as effective for fungal skin infections as the standard drug terbinafine. 81 These findings may explain why garlic was traditionally applied directly to wounds in order to prevent infection (but keep in mind that it can burn the skin). Nevertheless, there is no real evidence that taking garlic orally can kill organisms throughout the body. Thus, it's not an antibiotic in the usual sense. It's more of an antiseptic.
Oral garlic could theoretically offer benefits against organisms in the stomach or intestines because it can come into direct contact with them. However, there is only the scantiest evidence as yet that it works for any specific infection of this type. 82-84 For example, despite test tube evidence that garlic can kill Helicobacter pylori (the cause of ulcers), studies in people have not been promising. 85,86
A typical dosage of garlic is 900 mg daily of a garlic powder extract standardized to contain 1.3% alliin, providing about 12,000 mcg of alliin daily, or 4-5 mg of "allicin potential." Alliin-free aged garlic is taken at a dose of 1 to 7.2 g daily.
Alliin is a relatively odorless substance found in garlic. When garlic is crushed or cut, an enzyme called allinase is brought in contact with alliin, turning it into allicin. Allicin is responsible for much of the typical odor of garlic. It is very active chemically and probably helps the garlic bulb defend itself from attack by insects and other threats. However, allicin is unstable, and soon breaks down into a variety of other substances. When garlic is ground up and encapsulated, the effect is similar to cutting the bulb: Alliin contacts allinase, yielding allicin, which then breaks down. Unless something is done to prevent this process, garlic powder won't have any alliin or allicin left by the time it is purchased.
Some garlic producers believe that alliin and allicin are not essential for garlic's effectiveness and do not worry about this. Aged garlic, for example, has very little of either compound. But other manufacturers believe that allicin is the primary active ingredient in garlic. Because allicin is an unstable chemical, these manufacturers are faced with a challenge.
One solution might be to chemically stabilize allicin so that it doesn't break down. However, allicin has a strong garlic smell, and a relatively odorless product is preferable. Many manufacturers of garlic powder products seek to stabilize the alliin in the product, and to do so in such a way that the alliin converts to allicin after it is consumed. How well their methods work remain a matter of controversy.
Note : Do not confuse essential oil of garlic with garlic oils. The term "garlic oil" refers to garlic extracted by means of oil. Garlic essential oil is the pure oily component of the herb, and, like other essential oils , it is potentially toxic.
Safety Issues
As a commonly used food, garlic is on the FDA's GRAS (generally recognized as safe) list. Rats have been fed gigantic doses of aged garlic (2,000 mg per kilogram body weight) for 6 months without any signs of negative effects. 87 Long-term treatment with standardized garlic powder at a dose equivalent to three times the usual dose, along with fish oil, produced no toxic effects in rats. 96
The only common side effect of garlic is unpleasant breath odor. Even "odorless garlic" produces an offensive smell in up to 50% of those who use it. 88
Other side effects occur only rarely. For example, a study that followed 1,997 people who were given a normal dose of deodorized garlic daily over a 16-week period showed a 6% incidence of nausea, a 1.3% incidence of dizziness on standing (perhaps a sign of low blood pressure), and a 1.1% incidence of allergic reactions. 89 There were also a few reports of bloating, headaches, sweating, and dizziness.
When raw garlic is taken in excessive doses, it can cause numerous symptoms, such as stomach upset, heartburn, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, flatulence, facial flushing, rapid pulse, and insomnia.
Topical garlic can cause skin irritation, blistering, and even third-degree burns, so be very careful about applying garlic directly to the skin. 90
Since garlic might "thin" the blood, it is probably imprudent to take garlic pills immediately prior to or after surgery or labor and delivery, because of the risk of excessive bleeding. 91,92 Similarly, garlic should not be combined with blood-thinning drugs, such as warfarin (Coumadin), heparin , aspirin , clopidogrel (Plavix), ticlopidine (Ticlid), or pentoxifylline (Trental). In addition, garlic could conceivably interact with natural products with blood-thinning properties, such as ginkgo , policosanol , or high-dose vitamin E . However, a placebo-controlled study found that actual raw garlic consumed in food at the fairly high dose of 4.2 g once daily did not impair platelet function. In addition, volunteers who continued to consume the dietary garlic for a week did not show any change in their normal platelet function. 119
Garlic may also combine poorly with certain HIV medications. Two people with HIV experienced severe gastrointestinal toxicity from the HIV drug ritonavir after taking garlic supplements. 93 Garlic might also reduce the effectiveness of some drugs used for HIV. 94
Garlic is presumed to be safe for pregnant women (except just before and immediately after delivery) and nursing mothers, although this has not been proven.
Interactions You Should Know About
If you are taking:
- Blood-thinning drugs such as warfarin (Coumadin), heparin , aspirin , clopidogrel (Plavix), ticlopidine (Ticlid), or pentoxifylline (Trental): Do not use garlic except on medical advice.
- Ginkgo , policosanol , or high-dose vitamin E : Taking garlic at the same time might conceivably cause a risk of bleeding problems.
- Medications for HIV : Do not use garlic.
Revision Information
- Reviewer: EBSCO CAM Review Board
- Review Date: 09/2014 -
- Update Date: 01/22/2016 -


text:
Frequently Asked Questions
Map Updates
Citroen Risk Zones
Account registration and billing
New French law for speedtraps
Map Updates
- I know where I am going. Why do I need a navigation system ?
GPS navigation helps you find the most efficient routes to your destinations, saving you time, fuel and money. Your Citroen navigation system gives you more than just directions from A to B, it helps you to find the things you need, the nearest car park, hotel, petrol station or restaurant. With the added benefits of traffic information, it will also offer an alternative route when your usual route is congested. And for peace of mind, it can pinpoint your exact location should you need roadside assistance.
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- What are the advantages of Citroen in-dash navigation system ?
The Citroen navigation system is designed to meet safety regulations and automotive specifications. The unit links into the vehicle electronics – such as the speed sensor and gyro sensor – to provide dead reckoning when the GPS signal is lost thus keeping you on track. The screen size and quality is optimized for viewing and is also ergonomically positioned on the dashboard to ensure minimal driver distraction. Combined with all other multimedia functions, in-dash navigation enables a more comfortable driving experience.
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- What are the benefits of navigation ?
Studies have shown that vehicles with navigation systems use 12% less fuel than those without, saving you €425 annually. By taking more efficient routes, drivers with up-to-date navigation systems reduce their carbon dioxide emissions by an average of 21%*
*HERE Navigation Benefits Study (2009)
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- Who provides the map data ?
Citroen uses HERE as their provider. The HERE map is built on the roads of the world by over 2,000 geographic analysts and produces a map that the world turns to 100 million times each day. You can see the whole range of Citroen products created in partnership with HERE on the citroen.navigation.com website.
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- Why do I need to buy a new map update?
Updating your navigation map re-energizes your Citroen navigation system. Updated maps help your navigation system find the most efficient routes, saving time, money and fuel.
The world around us is constantly changing, but with regular map updates, you can trust your navigation system to keep you on track. Citroen's map provider HERE builds the data on the roads of the world to reflect the real world conditions. Geographic analysts drive millions of miles a year to make sure everything is up to date. With the latest Citroen map you can obtain the best route, a reliable detour, the closest petrol station, the nearest hospital… whatever you need to travel confidently to your destination. You won't have to worry about getting lost or stopping for directions. Furthermore the coverage of the premium Info Traffic service is increasing each year. New city centers, new roads are covered. To benefit of this info traffic improvements, you just need to update your map. Hence to get the best info traffic service, it is recommanded to update the map at least every 2 years.
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- How often are new map updates or map products released?
Updated maps are generally available once a year. To be informed when a new map product becomes available for your navigation system, ask your nearest dealer.
Check for your nearest dealer at www.citroen.com (Select country Network). You can also view our offers for map updates on the citroen.navigation.com website, or submit a request using the Contact Us form.
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- The map / navigation system that I purchased does not contain a road that I know it exists and I am certain I have the most recent map update available. What can I do?
Map Creator is an exclusive, easy way to inform Citroen's map supplier HERE about changes on the roads you drive and the POI's you are interested in. Millions of people everywhere help keep HERE's maps fresh in by this method. With its user-friendly Web interface, you can pinpoint the exact location where a map change may be needed. Simply visit here.com/mapcreator/, point, click and report changes.
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- My navigation system does not always display what I know is the shortest/fastest route?
We all know short cuts within our local areas that we use to avoid rush hour traffic or poorly timed traffic lights. Navigation systems calculate routes using the detailed information within the map database and take into account various circumstances including actual distance, average speed, road classification, turn restrictions and more. Your system allows you to set personal preferences such as using motorways, toll roads, and calculating the shortest route.. Refer to your owner's manual for further technical details.
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- Why can´t I find my destination address?
There are many different ways to find your location. You can enter an address, find a specific address in the detailed list of Points of Interest (POIs), or select a destination directly on the map. Refer to your owner's manual for further technical details.
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- I want to travel in Europe, what is the map coverage of Citroen's navigation system?
The European product includes:
Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canary Islands , Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Gibraltar, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldavia, Monaco, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Vatican State.
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- Who are HERE and where can I access more information on them?
HERE is Citroen's digital map provider and is the world leader in premium-quality map data and content. HERE maps drive most of the in-car navigation systems made in both Europe and North America. To find out more, visit the website www.navigation.com/here.
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- What is the purpose of the DRM key that is used for certain map updates?
The DRM (Digital Rights Management) key associated with a map product is an unlock code that allows implementation of the update subject to the user having purchased the map in an authorised manner. To obtain the code, the user must link his vehicle (identified by the VIN number) to the 16 character serial number for the map information. Once this link has been created in your account, you will receive an unlock code. This is the code that is requested by the system during the update procedure.
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- Which Citroen GPS systems are likely to request a DRM unlock code?
The following systems are likely to be protected by an active DRM code: WIP nav plus, Ecran tactile 208. This becomes obvious at the time of updating if the system requests a code during the update procedure.
Furthermore, you should note that the WIP nav system does not actually support DRM coding. However, the SD card is protected in the sense that it can only be read if it is an original version that has been purchased by the customer.
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- What is the procedure for unlocking a vehicle map update that is protected by DRM?
The update procedure makes it necessary to create an account and link the vehicle (identified by the unique VIN number shown on the registration document) to the map update serial number (the 16 digit PSN code printed on the map update packaging).
A detailed step-by-step description of the procedure can be found on the following page: http://citroen.navigation.com/activation .
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Citroen Risk Zones
- How often are Citroen Risk Zones released and can I be informed when it is?
A new version of the Citroen Risk Zones Database will be released on a monthly basis. To be informed when the latest version is available for download, complete your details in the CONTACT US page. When updating regurlarly this database, you can get more accurate alerts and drive then more safely.
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- What are the alerts notification available ?
In France, in accordance with the legislation in force, warnings are emitted when entering a hazardous area. The visual notification for a hazardous area takes the form of specific icon showing a triangle.
In other European countries that are covered by Citroen Risk Zones and where speed camera alerts are authorised, the database indicates the location of the fixed speed cameras and the traffic light cameras. In this case, the visual notification takes the form of either an icon displaying the authorised speed limit or a traffic light.
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- What are the countries with Citroen Risk Zones content ?
The Citroen Risk Zones database contains all the relevant alerts for 15 European countries:
Danger zones: France
Radar alerts: Great Britain, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Belgium, Netherlands, Austria, Poland, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Czech Republic, Slovenia, Andorra.
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- For which vehicles the service Citroen Risk Areas is available ?
The service is available for the vehicle equipped with one of the following Citroen GPS navigation systems :
- RT4 with software version 8.1 or over,
- Citroen NaviDrive RT4/5 with software version 8.1 or over
- Citroen MyWay,
- Citroen NaviDrive 3D,
- Citroen eMyWay
- Citroen SMEG+
This service is not available for 4007 and for vehicles fitted with a monochrome GPS navigation system, RT2 or RT3 systems.
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- Why do you ask for the software version number of my navigation system?
To install the Citroen Risk Areas data available by download onto your navigation system, your Citroen needs to be fitted with an RT4 or Citroen NaviDrive version 8.1 system or higher, a Citroen MyWay or a Citroen NaviDrive 3D system, or Citroen eMyWay.
This service is not compatible with earlier versions of the software versions used by RT4 or Citroen NaviDrive
If you have an RT4 version 7.0 or 7.1 , or a Citroen NaviDrive 8.0, please contact your local Citroen dealership to see if a software update is available
To check the software version of an RT4 or a Citroen NaviDrive :
- Hold down the MENU button on the system
- Select "Audio/telephone diagnostics", then "Device description"
The software version used by your navigation system is listed in the "Unit software version" line.
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- How do I import Citroen Risk Areas to my navigation system?
After ordering the Citroen Risk Areas data, download the ZIP file directly to your computer (either Mac or PC). After updating the storage medium, it shall be inserted into the navigation device. All steps of installation are explained in the installation guides available on the internet site.
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- Which data storage media are compatible with my navigation system?
On Citroen NaviDrive , you will need to copy the data onto the SD High Capacity (HC) map card provided with the system. You cannot use any other SD card. You will need to use an SD High Capacity card reader to copy data onto the SD HC card.
On Citroen NaviDrive or an RT4 system, you will need to burn the data onto a compatible CD-ROM. Inserting the CD-ROM into the navigation system will automatically trigger the installation of the Citroen Risk Areas data onto the system's hard drive.
NB: on vehicles fitted with Citroen NaviDrive and a USB port linked to the navigation system, it is possible to copy Citroen Risk Areas data onto a compatible USB key and insert the USB key in the suitable socket to transfer data onto the system hard drive.
On Citroen NaviDrive 3D, you can either use a USB key, a standard SD card or a high capacity (HC) SD card.
On Citroen eMyWay , you need to use a USB key.
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- What is an SD HC card?
An SD HC card is a high capacity memory card which is capable of holding all the map data for the whole of Europe. To be able to copy the Citroen Risk Areas data files from a PC onto an SD HC card, you will need to use an SD HC card reader. SD HC card readers are available which can be connected to a PC through a USB port.
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- Can I delete the data I installed my navigation system?
You can delete all data from your GPS system, with the file Citroen Risk Areas - Clearing your radar, this file is used to reset your navigation system in its original configuration by downloading a file completely erasing your data in radar the installation file on your system.
The installation follows the same procedures as the installation of another file Citroen Risk Areas.
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- Is the Citroen Risk Areas data kept up to date?
In order to ensure that you have access to the most recent and most useful information, the Citroen Risk Zones data available on the website is updated once a month (normally between the 10th and the 15th of the month). As a result, if you download this information regularly or if you have taken out a subscription, you will be informed of the latest Citroen alert zones that have been detected in the European road network (in the countries covered by the service).
In the case of Citroen NaviDrive and Citroen NaviDrive 3D systems, it is possible to display the version number for the Citroen Risk Zones file. To do so, you simply press and hold the « SETUP » button and select the following options:
Description of the unit > Map version. Now you can verify the file name, which starts with the letters ZAR.
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- Is the data compatible with the mapping version on my navigation system?
The Citroen Risk Zones data available on the website is compatible with all map versions used on RT4, Citroen NaviDrive, Citroen NaviDrive 3D navigation systems. However, in order to make the most of optimised navigation, we recommend that you regularly update your navigation system map.
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- Why am I getting an alert for a speed camera on the other side of the road?
Sometimes on busy roads, your navigation will not be able to distinguish between different sides of the road where an automatic roadside speed camera is located. An automatic roadside speed camera on the other side of the road may therefore appear on your route.
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- Can I buy Citroen Risk Zones data if I do not own a Citroen?
No. The Citroen Risk Zones data available on the website is exclusively compatible with certain Citroen onboard GPS navigation systems.
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- What should I do if I sell my vehicle?
You should inform the new owner that the navigation system holds Citroen Risk Zones.
To update this data, the new owner will need to create their own personal account, then order and download the update from the website. He will not have access to your order history or to the last data file that you downloaded.
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- Why do I need Adobe Acrobat Reader?
You will need Adobe Reader software to be able to read and print out the User Guide for your navigation system. You can download this software for free at www.adobe.com
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- How are customers with a Citroen Risk Zones subscription informed when a new file is available?
When a new Citroen Risk Areas file is made available in the on-line shop, customers who have taken out a subscription automatically receive an email informing them that the new file is now available. The new file is generally made available between 10th and 20th of the month.
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- How can I perform a new download of the Citroen Risk Areas databases that I have already purchased? (Valid as a bulk download after a single purchase or purchase of a subscription.)
1) Go to http://citroen.navigation.com
2) Click Identification
3) Enter your username and password and click « Log in ». You are redirected to the « My Account » page
4) Next, click « Display my orders »
5) Click the order number associated with your Citroen Risk Areas purchase. The order details are displayed
6) Next, you can:
a. Download your Citroen Risk Areas files free of charge using the « Download Wizard (recommended) » or via « Immediate download (for experienced users) »
b. Download the « Installation instructions » as a PDF file.
NB: If your Internet connection is protected by a firewall or is routed through a proxy, the installation wizard may not operate correctly. In that case, you must install the files manually (« Immediate download (for experienced users) », see the installation instructions).
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Account registration and billing
- How can I buy Citroen Risk Areas or map data ?
To buy Citroen Risk Areas or map data, first select your car configuration on the home page, place your order , then check out your basket by entering your personal information, finally pay online. You will be guided step-by-step throughout the order and payment process.
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- How can I pay?
Payments are made online:
- either by credit card: Visa, MasterCard, or American Express
- or by entering a single-use private promotional code.
- or by Paypal
Cards are debited at the time of order.
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- Is the online payment secure?
Your safety and security is our priority. This is why we provide highly secure online payment.
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- Are my card details saved?
For reasons of security and confidentiality, we do not save your credit card information. We will only ask you to choose your method of payment and, if necessary, give us your bank details, each time you want to buy a product online.
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- Why do I need to give you my e-mail address?
Your e-mail address will be used to confirm you about online purchasing and the download of Citroen Risk Areas data.
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- How can I update the personal details I provided at the time of registration?
All you need to do is log-in to your personal area (login to your account) and click on " Update my personal data". You will then be able to change your address, password or other details.
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- What is the vehicle identification number (VIN) and where can I find it?
The vehicle identification number (VIN) is a unique number that identifies your vehicle: it is allocated at the constructor's factory.
The VIN will be listed on your vehicle registration documents in section (E): it consists of 17 alphanumeric characters starting with VF3.
Note: the vehicle identification number is also displayed on various locations, including the V5C registration document, in the vehicle handbook and on the windscreen. See examples here.
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- How could I contact the Customer Service ?
International Toll Free: 00 800 18 23 53 22
Toll Free in Germany: 0800 181 6065
Toll Free in France: 0800 914 478
Toll for Italy: 800 781 145
Phone: +31 555384245
Fax Number : +31 555 433 947
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New French law for speedtraps
- What legislation applies to speed trap warning systems in France?
As of 5 January 2012, the French highway code prohibits the use and ownership of speed trap warning systems in France. Speed Trap databases, which contain the exact locations of speed traps in France (prior to January 2012) will therefore become illegal. Whereas, Citroen Risk Areas with dangerous areas covering France is compliant with the French highway code.
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- Speed trap information has been installed in my navigation system; how can I make my navigation system comply with the law?
You can ensure compliance with the law:
- By installing Citroen Risk Areas (14 countries with France) ; this will exchange speedtrap warning with a dangerous area warning in France.
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- What are the certificates of compliance that are delivered by Citroen?
Citroen is not delivering any certificate . The certificate of compliancy is not mandatory by the French law.
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- How are the dangerous areas defined?
Only the start point of the zone is displayed (technical constrain). Dangerous areas have predefined lengths : 300m in cities, 2km on roads outside cities, 4km on highways. Be carefull as soon as you pass along the POI of dangerous area start (displayed by a panel with a "!" inside a triangle).
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- Are all radar cameras included in the danger zones?
Yes, automatic radar cameras are installed at locations proposed by the regional police forces in accordance with precise criteria. A radar camera is installed on a priority basis in an area where accidents are mainly caused by excessive speed. They are therefore installed in dangerous areas where road users must exercise greater than normal vigilance.
(source : Sécurité Routière/ http://www.securite-routiere.gouv.fr/connaitre-les-regles/questions-frequentes/avertisseurs-de-radars)
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- Why do the NaviDrive 3D and MyWay Nav systems not warn you of the legal speed limit when entering a Danger Zone?
In countries where radar alerts are permitted, the NaviDrive 3D and MyWay systems do warn you of the legal speed limit at the exact location of a radar camera. The danger zones may however include several sections where different legal speed limits apply; it is therefore not possible to display a constant legal speed limit that applies for the entire zone. As a result, the NaviDrive 3D and MyWay do not display any speed indication in the danger zones.
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- Why is the information with the « ! » erased while the driver is inside the dangerous area?
The choice that Citroen has made is to help the driver to get ahead of potential risks and then adapt their driving behaviour. The driver is informed when getting close to a dangerous area. A visual and acoustic pre-alert are generated 600m before the zone, then 350m before. Once the car has entered the dangerous area zone, the information on the screen with "!" disappears. This behaviour, which differs from other systems on the market, requires to be understood and learnt to drive carefully during the whole time within the dangerous area (at minimum 300m in cities).
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- How are the dangerous localised points managed?
Citroen and its partners provide you with traffic information with precise information concerning hazards on your road. For more information please check out you owner manual.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Phoenix Rising: Lessons Learned from Katrina
A version of this article appears in the July/August 2010 issue of Home Energy Magazine.
July 01, 2010
Energy-efficient homes play a significant role in post-Katrina rebuilding in New Orleans and the Gulf Coast.
Julie Groth didn't set out to become a building contractor. Like her father, she intended to become a "land man," oil-patch lingo for a land management executive, the advance staffer who puts together land deals with other oil and gas producers. So she got a degree in petroleum land management from the University of Texas at Austin and went to work right after college. And not long after, the big oil bust of the late 1980s hit, putting her out of work. Not that she minded much.
To read complete online articles, you need to sign up for an Online Subscription.
Once an order has been placed there is an automatic $10 processing fee that will be deducted with any cancellation.
The Home Energy Online articles are for personal use only and may not be printed for distribution. For permission to reprint, please send an e-mail to email@example.com.


text: Tuesday, December 11, 2012 HHS Issues FAQs on Exchanges, Market Reforms, and Medicaid Yesterday, the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) released an FAQ document on state health insurance Exchanges, other market reforms, and Medicaid expansion. The document includes a section on what states should expect if they opt for a federally operated Exchange, including how states can work with the federal government to ensure the needs of a particular state are being met. HHS reiterates that there is no deadline for a state to declare to the federal government its intention to participate in Medicaid expansion to individuals at and below 133% of the federal poverty level (FPL) and that states have flexibility to start and stop the expansion. However, the federal match rates for medical assistance to states for this expansion population are tied to specific calendar years by law (eg, 100% support for newly eligible adults in 2014, 2015, and 2016). Additionally, HHS clarified that the law does not provide for a phased-in or partial expansion to less than 133% of the FPL, something some states had been considering but were unsure if it was an allowable option.


text:
77 Birch Street
Lewiston, Maine, 04240
Commute to Downtown Auburn
Most errands can be accomplished on foot.
Minimal bike infrastructure.
77 Birch Street has a Walk Score of 78 out of 100. This location is Very Walkable so most errands can be accomplished on foot.
This location is in Lewiston. Nearby parks include Pierce Street Playground, Maple Street Park and Kennedy Park.
Explore how far you can travel by car, bus, bike and foot from 77 Birch Street.
View all Lewiston apartments on a map.
Search for homes in Lewiston or find a Lewiston real estate agent who knows walkable neighborhoods. Links will open on our partner site Redfin.com.
This location is in the city of Lewiston, ME. Lewiston has an average Walk Score of 45 and has 36,592 residents.Learn More About Lewiston


text:
Some Great Contract Hire and van Leasing Offers on all Citroen Vehicles, Click the deals below to view the great lease deals on on the Citroen van range.
Swiftlease has some fantastic contract hire and van leasing deals on all Citroen for both business and personal customers, choose one of the many special offers we currently have on our Citroen deals page.
Click on the images below to view our fantastic Business contract hire deals on the Citroen range.
Finding the most suitable personal Ford car leasing deals to suit any needs, requirements and budgets has never been easier here at Swiftlease. Offering a vast range of Ford leasing deals, including spectacular plans on some of Ford's newest and most popular models, we really do hold plans to suit everyone.
For full leasing details and information on the Ford models that you're interested in, you can simply click on the images below. Alternatively you can call our car leasing experts today who will be more than happy to assist you in determining the most perfect leasing plan for you.
We can provide a quotation on any model so if you cant see what you are looking for then click here to get a quote.
* All vehicle images and car descriptions on this site are for illustration and reference purposes only and are not necessarily an accurate representation of the vehicle on offer.
E: firstname.lastname@example.com
Suite 7
The Chambers
The Old Town Hall
Great Harwood
Swiftlease are a credit broker and not a lender, we are authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority. Registered No : 665412
Data Protection No : Z165453X | VAT No : 973800113
Registered Office : Swiftlease, Suite 7 The Chambers, Town Hall Square, Great Harwood, Lancashire, BB6 7DD
Copyright © 2020 Swiftlease, All rights reserved.


text:
Market Snapshot: Bird Key, Sarasota
Prep Sports
Real Estate
August, 2016
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Sunday August 28
Market Snapshot: Country Creek, Sarasota
Saturday August 20
Modern makeover on Morningside Drive
Saturday August 20
Market Snapshot: Willow Chase, Venice
Sunday August 14
A Waterside Cottage in Osprey on Little Sarasota Bay for sale
Friday August 12
Market Snapshot: Cape Haze West, Placida
Friday August 05
Market Snapshot: Ranches of Bern Creek, Sarasota
July, 2016
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Sunday July 31
A stylish and functional outdoor Kitchen
Friday July 29
Market Snapshot: Golden Gate Point, Sarasota
Wednesday July 13
Harold Bubil's "Florida Buildings I Love," 1-27
Thursday July 07
Guy Peterson wins AIA Florida Gold Medal
June, 2016
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Monday June 27
Mangrove Point elegance for sale
Sunday June 26
AIA Florida Gulf Coast design awards
Saturday June 25
Market Snapshot: Twin Rivers, Parrish
Sunday June 19
Siesta Key estate designed by artist Stanislas Kostka on the market
Wednesday June 15
Market Snapshot: Arbor Reserve, Manatee County
Sunday June 05
DOWNSIZING: An adventure in space planning
Saturday June 04
Market Snapshot: Mill Creek, Manatee County
May, 2016
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Saturday May 21
Romantic renovation in Woodlands II
Saturday May 21
Market Snapshot: Sylvan Lea, Sarasota
Tuesday May 10
Market Snapshot: McClellan Park, revisited, Sarasota
Monday May 09
The Modern Show, May 13-14
Friday May 06
Market Snapshot: Sarasota National, Venice
Friday May 06
ArchiFest Sarasota gallery of posters
Tuesday May 03
Dedication of the new Punta Gorda Airport Bailey Terminal
April, 2016
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Friday April 29
Market Snapshot: Jewfish Key, Sarasota Bay
Saturday April 23
Renovated, redecorated and relisted on Vamo Drive
Saturday April 23
Renovated, redecorated and relisted on Vamo Drive
Friday April 22
Babcock Ranch's "big reveal"
Tuesday April 19
Market Snapshot: Lido Shores, Sarasota, revisited
Tuesday April 12
Market Snapshot: Cape Haze Windward, Placida
Tuesday April 12
Market Snapshot: Prominent plastic surgeon lists home
Sunday April 10
1958 South Gate home surprises at every turn
Saturday April 09
Market Snapshot: Grand Oaks, Venice
Friday April 08
Venice Biennale preview party
March, 2016
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Wednesday March 30
Market Snapshot: Whisper Bend, Bradenton
Sunday March 27
Old trailer camp becomes Taylor Morrison's Bayside
Sunday March 27
Market Snapshot: Country Place, Sarasota
Sunday March 20
$7 million listing in Harbor Acres
Sunday March 20
Real Estate: Long goodbye in Glen Oaks Manor
Friday March 18
Market Snapshot: Panther Ridge, Manatee County
Friday March 11
Market Snapshot: Harmony, Lakewood Ranch
Monday March 07
The armchair Parade of Homes, Part III
Monday March 07
Armchair Parade of Homes, Part II
Sunday March 06
The armchair Parade of Homes, Part I
Friday March 04
2016 Jewels on the Bay, revisited
Friday March 04
Market Snapshot: Beneva Woods, Sarasota
February, 2016
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Sunday February 28
Redoing a classical home in The Oaks
Friday February 26
Sarasota Historic Homes Tour 2016
Friday February 26
For model designer, orange is the new red
Tuesday February 23
Market Snapshot: The Paddocks, Sarasota
Saturday February 20
The Junior League's Simply Sarasota tour
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Open Houses
Harold Bubil


text:
There are no specific guidelines to help prevent gout, but there are ways to reduce the risk of acute attacks and maintain joint health. Managing certain risk factors may help. Steps include:
- Maintain a healthy weight. Obesity is linked to increased uric acid levels. Eat more vegetables, low- or non-fat dairy, and mono- and polyunsaturated fats.
- Exercise regularly—Moderate exercise helps with weight control and overall well-being. Talk to your doctor about which exercises will benefit you the most. Avoid intense exercises that strain muscles and joints.
- Drink alcohol in moderation—Excess alcohol consumption is associated with gout. Moderate alcohol intake means 2 drinks or less per day for men, and 1 drink or less per day for women. Choosing not to drink alcohol is also acceptable.
- Avoid foods that contain high amounts of purines. These include red meats, seafood, and foods high in salt or fructose.
Talk to your doctor about adding bing sweet cherries and/or vitamin C supplements to your diet. These may help reduce uric acid levels. Keep in mind that supplements and herbal medications may interact with medications you currently take. Talk to your doctor or pharmacist about medications and supplements you may be taking to learn about possible problems.
Revision Information
- Reviewer: Michael Woods, MD, FAAP
- Review Date: 02/2017 -
- Update Date: 03/15/2015 -


text:
Plan your visit, see when the RAF Museum Cosford is open. Contact us on 01902 376 200 or email@example.com
How to find us and travel to the RAF Museum Cosford by car, train, bus or bike.
Enjoy lunch in Refuel with views overlooking the airfield. The Cold War Cafe in the National Cold War Exhibition is ideal for morning coffee and a cake.
The Royal Air Force Museum Shop has a gift for everyone from pocket money toys to specialist aviation gifts.
A car parking charge Is payable
See what events are scheduled at Cosford
Find out the latest news and updates for our Cosford site
Summer Time Advanced Aerospace Residency
Plan a day, see the opening hours & closure dates for RAF Museum London. Contact us on 020 8205 2266 or firstname.lastname@example.com
How to find us and travel to the RAF Museum London by car, train, bus or bike.
Discover our brand new green space in which to picnic and relax
Explore our brand new outdoor playground
We now have six charging points for electric vehicles
When you need to refuel during your visit why not visit Claude's between Hangars 2 and 6? At this eatery you will find a variety of delicious home-made offerings to suit all tastes and pockets
Specially created for visitors 3 - 8 by our Access and Learning Team
See what events are planned at our London site
Read the latest news from our London Museum
Want to know more about how to leave a Legacy to the RAF Museum?
Interested in sponsorship opportunities?
Want to become a Patron?
Find out more about our American Foundation?
Get more from the Museum and be part of the RAF Story
Join the RAF Museum as a volunteer and create a unique experience for yourself and our visitors. Bring your enthusiasm, knowledge and skills or try something new.
A little information about what you can expect from us and what we ask of our volunteers.
Find out about our recruitment process, what you gain and who our volunteering is for (everyone!)
air transport auxiliary,women,ATA,
Download history »
The Saladin had a protracted development before going into production in 1958. It entered service a year later and served in all parts of the world. In many politically sensitive colonial situations, its heavy gun allowed it to provide effective support as a 'wheeled tank' where a fully tracked vehicle would have been difficult to justify.
Learn about aviation pioneers at our London site
The Royal Air Force Museum London offers a fun, enthralling...
For all the latest news and events
A world class collection for our visitors to enjoy
Plan your next visit to Cosford
Collecting stories throughout the world
Make a difference through a donation
In addition to our world renowned collection of aircraft,...
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Bringing the amazing stories of the RAF Museum's historic...
For group bookings (10 or more persons) or to book...
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And into the archives with our latest blog posts
Fascinating workshops to inspire the next generation
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text:
Supplement Forms/Alternate Names
- Vitamin K 1 (Phylloquinone)
- Vitamin K 2 (Menaquinone)
- Vitamin K 3 (Menadione)
Principal Proposed Uses
- Osteoporosis
- Treating Medication-induced Vitamin K Deficiency
Other Proposed Uses
- Menorrhagia (Heavy Menstruation)
- Nausea
Vitamin K plays a major role in the body's blood clotting system. There are three forms of vitamin K: K 1 (phylloquinone), found in plants; K 2 (menaquinone), produced by bacteria in your intestines; and K 3 (menadione), a synthetic form.
Vitamin K is used medically to reverse the effects of "blood-thinning" drugs, such as warfarin (Coumadin). Growing evidence suggests that it may also be helpful for osteoporosis.
Vitamin K is an essential nutrient, but you need only a tiny amount of it. The official U.S. recommendations for daily intake have been set as follows:
- 0-6 months: 2 mcg
- 7-12 months: 2.5 mcg
- 1-3 years: 30 mcg
- 4-8 years: 55 mcg
- 9-13 years: 60 mcg
- 14-18 years: 75 mcg
- 19 years and older: 120 mcg
- 9-13 years: 60 mcg
- 14-18 years: 75 mcg
- 19 years and older: 90 mcg
Pregnant Women
- 18 years or younger: 75 mcg
- 19 years and older: 90 mcg, preferably the K 1 variety (phylloquinone)
Nursing Women
- 18 years or younger: 75 mcg
- 19 years and older: 90 mcg, preferably the K 1 variety (phylloquinone)
Vitamin K (in the form of K 1 ) is found in green leafy vegetables. Kale and turnip greens are the best food sources, providing about 10 times the daily adult requirement in a single serving. Spinach, broccoli, lettuce, and cabbage are very rich sources as well, and you can get perfectly respectable amounts of vitamin K in such common foods as oats, green peas, whole wheat, and green beans, as well as watercress and asparagus.
Vitamin K (in the form of K 2 ) is also manufactured by bacteria in the intestines and is a major source of vitamin K. Long-term use of antibiotics can cause a vitamin K deficiency by killing these bacteria. However, this effect seems to be significant only in people who are deficient in vitamin K to begin with. 2-5 Pregnant and postmenopausal women are also sometimes deficient in this vitamin. 6-8 In addition, children born to women taking anticonvulsants while pregnant may be significantly deficient in vitamin K, causing them to have bleeding problems and facial bone abnormalities. 9-11 Vitamin K supplementation during pregnancy may be helpful for preventing this.
The blood-thinning drug warfarin (Coumadin) works by antagonizing the effects of vitamin K. Conversely, vitamin K supplements, or intake of foods containing high levels of vitamin K, block the action of this medication and can be used as an antidote. 12
Cephalosporins and possibly other antibiotics may also interfere with vitamin K-dependent blood clotting. 13-16 However, this interaction seems to be significant only in people who have vitamin K-poor diets.
People with disorders of the digestive tract, such as chronic diarrhea , celiac sprue, ulcerative colitis , or Crohn's disease , may become deficient in vitamin K. 17-20Alcoholism can also lead to vitamin K deficiency. 21
Therapeutic Dosages
In one study of osteoporosis described below, vitamin K was taken at the high dose of 1 mg daily, more than 10 times the necessary nutritional intake.
Therapeutic Uses
Growing, but not yet definitive, evidence suggests that vitamin K should be added to the list of nutrients helpful for preventing osteoporosis . 22-32,50,52,57-58
Based on its ability to help blood clot normally, vitamin K has been proposed as a treatment for excessive menstrual bleeding. 33 However, the last actual study testing this idea was carried out more than 55 years ago. 34 Vitamin K has also been recommended for nausea , although there is as yet no meaningful evidence that it really works.
Preliminary evidence suggests that vitamin K supplementation may help prevent liver cancer . 51 Very high doses of intravenous vitamin K have also been used to treat advanced liver cancer, with, perhaps, marginal benefits. 55
What Is the Scientific Evidence for Vitamin K?
Vitamin K plays a known biochemical role in the formation of bone. This has led researchers to look for relationships between vitamin K intake and osteoporosis.
Observational studies have found that people with osteoporosis often have low levels of vitamin K, 35-38 and that people with higher intake of vitamin K have a lower incidence of osteoporosis. 39,40
Research also suggests that supplemental vitamin K can reduce the amount of calcium lost in the urine. 41-43 This is indirect evidence of a beneficial effect on bone.
However, while these studies are interesting, only double-blind, placebo-controlled trials can actually prove a treatment effective. (For the reasons why, see Why Does This Database Rely on Double-blind Studies? ). Several such studies have been performed on vitamin K for osteoporosis, with generally positive results. 50,53, 56,57-58
One of these was a 3-year, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 181 women; it found that vitamin K significantly enhanced the effectiveness of supplementation with calcium , vitamin D , and magnesium . 50 Participants, postmenopausal women between the ages of 50 and 60, were divided into three groups: receiving either placebo, calcium plus vitamin D plus magnesium, or calcium plus vitamin D plus magnesium plus vitamin K 1 (at the high dose of 1 mg daily). Researchers monitored bone loss by using a standard DEXA bone density scan. The results showed that the study participants using vitamin K along with the other nutrients lost less bone than those in the other two groups.
Benefits were seen in other studies as well. 53,56,57-58 However, another placebo-controlled trial involving 452 older men and woman with normal levels of calcium and vitamin D failed to demonstrate any beneficial effects of 500 mcg per day of vitamin K supplementation on bone density and other measures of bone health over a3-year period. 60
If there is a favorable effect, it is appears to be quite modest. Vitamin K may show its influence most strongly when, instead of DEXA scan alone, more complex tests of bone strength are used. 57
Some evidence hints that vitamin K works by reducing bone breakdown, rather than by enhancing bone formation. 54
For more information, see the Osteoporosis article.
Safety Issues
Vitamin K is quite safe at the recommended therapeutic dosages.
Note : Vitamin K directly counters the effects of the anticoagulant warfarin (Coumadin) . If you are taking warfarin, you should not take vitamin K supplements or alter your dietary intake of vitamin K without doctor supervision. 44,45 (One study suggests a novel way of using this effect deliberately. 59 Researchers gave people on warfarin a fixed daily dose of vitamin K in order to override the changes in warfarin action caused by the natural variation in day-to-day dietary vitamin K consumption. The results were positive: INR values—the standard measurement of warfarin's blood thinning effect—became more stable. Needless to say, however, this method should not be used except under close physician supervision.)
Newborns are commonly given vitamin K 1 injections to prevent bleeding problems. Although some have suggested that this practice may increase the risk of cancer, 46 enormous observational studies have found no such connection (one such trial involved more than one million participants). 47,48
Interactions You Should Know About
If you are taking:
- Warfarin (Coumadin) : Do not take vitamin K supplements or eat foods high in vitamin K except under the supervision of a physician. (You will need to have your medication dosage adjusted.)
- Cephalosporins or other antibiotics : You may need more vitamin K if you are already deficient in this nutrient.
- Anticonvulsants—such as phenytoin (Dilantin) , carbamazepine , phenobarbital , and primidone (Mysoline) —and are pregnant: You may need more vitamin K.
Revision Information
- Reviewer: EBSCO CAM Review Board
- Review Date: 12/2015 -
- Update Date: 12/15/2015 -


text:
On October 10, 2019, the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) in coordination with the New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, and New York City Department of Parks and Recreation announced that they have eliminated the Asian longhorned beetle (ALB) from the New York City boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens. "I am proud to say that we have eradicated Asian longhorned beetle from Brooklyn and Queens," said Greg Ibach, USDA's Under Secretary for Marketing and Regulatory Programs. "This officially marks the end of our 23-year long battle with this pest in New York City."
Displaying 21 to 25 of 25Search Help
USDA. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service.
The United States Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) has established a quarantine for European cherry fruit fly (ECFF) in New York. A portion of Niagara County is quarantined for the invasive fruit fly following the detection of 51 flies in 2017. APHIS and the New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets (NYSDAM) are working collaboratively on this detection. The ECFF quarantine area encompasses approximately 92 square miles of Niagara County.
See also: Fruit Flies for additional information.
Google. YouTube; United States Navy.


text:
Driving Test Complete
The UKs best Driving and Theory Test software product for car drivers and motorcycle riders.
Driving Test Complete is easily the most comprehensive PC software of its kind. Includes all the Official DVSA questions, answers, explanations and includes case studies, hazard clips and full driving test plus lots more.
No other product offers 4 different ways to learn the answers to the Official DVSA Theory Test questions thus making revision quick and easy.
No other product allows you to learn on the move with a Free Android and iOS Theory Test App where you can pass results backwards and forwards to your PC product.
This product offers you hundreds of Hazard Perception Test clips to practice on with comprehensive tutorials and videos on how to make your first test your last. Includes the 26 Official DVSA sample clips.
No other product offers a interactive learn to drive programme that shows you step by step how to develop your skills using LDCs highly acclaimed LD System of driving tuition.
No other product offers a more accurate video of a full driving test.
Professional voice-over is used extensively throughout the product for help, information, learning notes, tutorials, animations, video, questions, answers, explanations and hint advice.
The Product is made up of 8 distinct programs:
1. Theory Test program
Information module
- Interactive tutorial that tells you all about the Theory Test with professional voice-over.
- Comprehensive help on how to use the program at each stage.
Learning module
- Contains the entire Official DVSA Theory Test question bank for car drivers and motorcyclists with new case studies and Abridged Theory Test all with click on text professional voice-over.
- Three unique learning quiz programmes that enable you to cover all the Official questions with ease.
- One designed to work with the standard DVSA theory categories
- One to work with your study of the Highway Code or
- One to work hand-in-hand with the early stages of your in-car driving course.
- No other product gives you such learning flexibility or ease of use. Also includes one learning quiz programme specifically for the motorcyclist theory test.
- Pre-study illustrated learning notes for each of the above learning quiz programmes with relevant extracts from the new Highway Code, our own unique supplementary notes (covers the theory needed that is not inthe Highway Code) and the Motorcycle Riders the Essential Skills publication.
- Learning quiz hint pop up screen again with appropriate extracts from the above publications to help you with
any difficult questions.
- Unique traffic light progress monitoring detailing which of the Official questions have been answered correctly, incorrectly or not at all. The only product to make it easy to know when all the Official questions have been learnt or what is outstanding.
- Each learning quiz has the option to exclude questions already correctly answered thus enabling you to focus on those questions not attempted or answered incorrectly.
- Case study learning programme containing 14 case studies, one for each of the DSA categories plus an additional 14 in the mock tests.
- Learn on the Move to allow you to download questions and answers as MP3 files or Podcasts or sync direct with LDCs Free Android and iOS Theory Test Apps.The only product to allow you to undertake Theory Tests either on your PC or your mobile App and synchronise your results.
Exam testing module
- 14 properly balanced pre-set simulated Theory Tests based on our extensive experience (as one of the largest national driving schools in the UK) of the most commonly occurring test questions all under realistic exam conditions.
- New Fast Pass learning programme using just the the specially formulated 14 mock tests and review feature (below) for those in a real hurry to pass.
- Unlimited randomly generated Theory Test simulations (again properly balanced with the right number of questions from each category) just as on the real test.
- Printable Theory Test quiz eBook (RRP £4.99) in PDF format to allow you to test yourself away from the computer.
Review final revision module
- Comprehensive test review with weaknesses automatically identified and feed back to the learning module using LDC unique traffic light question monitoring facility for subsequent revision before attempting another simulated test.
Reading difficulties?
- Over 10 hours of professional voice-over presentation is provided throughout this product. Perfect for anyone with reading difficulties or who simply finds reading the computer screen tiring.
2. Hazard Perception program
Information learning module
- Official DVSA CGI video introduction to the Hazard Perception Test.
- Comprehensive video tutorial and interactive presentation about the scoring mechanism and precisely what constitutes a developing hazard.
- Three Multi-media interactive tutorials entitled
- About the HP Test,
- Hazard Perception skills and
- Defensive Driving skills
incorporating 30 video clips and several interactive animated presentations.
Practice learning module
- Thirteen tutorials covering each of the 13 common hazard perception test types that can appear on test and in the real world.
- 14 Practice clips, one for each hazard test type and one containing a double hazard for you to practice on with comprehensive review.
- After being tested on any practice clip you are presented with a comprehensive review feature that enables you to replay any practice clip in full or in part using a drag bar line that also shows exactly where you clicked and where each section of the scoring window was with the option to pause at each score point.
Exam Testing module
- Hundreds of Hazard Perception video clips used to accurately simulate the Hazard Perception Test including the 26 Official DVSA Hazard Perception Test sample video clips. All shot from outside of the car and in the same format as on the real test.
- 18 Full pre-set Hazard Perception test simulations with review option. Each test is unique and contains a properly balanced set of hazard test types. Two tests contains the Official DVSA sample test clips making these test simulations particularly realistic.
- Random Hazard Perception Test simulations with review option giving virtually unlimited test combinations.
- After each pre-set or random test you are presented with a comprehensive test review feature that enables you to replay any test clip in full or in part using a drag bar line that also shows exactly where you clicked and where each section of the scoring window was with the option to pause at each score point.
- Exceptionally accurate anti-cheat mechanism to help you determine what type of clicking is and is not allowed.
- Video is shot from outside the car in the same format as on the real test - not from behind the windscreen of the car in a lower, grainer resolution as on many other products. Nobody can match the quantity or quality of the shots we provide.
Review and retesting module
- Review your test performance by hazard type and retake a test using just those clips for any particular hazard type you are weak on. Once you have made sure you are no longer weak on any particular type of hazard use the league table of weakest clips to polish off any final clip weaknesses.
- Weakest clip league table review and retest. Allows you to see and retest yourself on your ten weakest clips for any particular hazard type or across all types. Helps you to eliminate any final weaknesses you might have.
- Pre-set Hazard Perception test simulation review so that you can re-examine any of the previously taken pre-set tests from the testing module again.
- Again as with the practice clip and test modules you have the comprehensive clip review features available to you.
3. Learning to drive program
- Highly acclaimed LDC Learn-2-Drive programme of 20 lessons for you to follow with mum or dad or indeed your driving instructor.
- The computer lessons are composed of over 50 interactive animated presentations with exercises, 60 video tutorials and quizzes to help you prepare for each in-car lesson in the LDC programme.
4. Show me Tell me program
- Interactive show me drag and drop animated game.
- 19 interactive mock test video examples of the 12 "Show Me" and the 7 "Tell Me" Official test questions.
5. Practical Driving Test program
- Video tutorial about the Driving Test.
- Use an interactive talking version of the Driving Test examiners report to determine exactly what the examiner is looking and determine precisely what driving faults might be recorded and why.
- Interactive training notes version of the Driving Test examiners report to help you correct any faults you may have identified from the above.
- Full driving test video game. Take on the role of the examiner and determine how to mark the pupils Driving Test Report. Watch the full driving test and see if you can spot the faults.
6. Highway Code plus program
- Talking Highway Code: the latest Official Highway Code for you to listen to, view, search and/or print.
- Talking Supplementary Notes: covering theory not in the Highway Code for both the car drivers and the motorcycle riders theory test.
- Easy to listen to professional voice-over presentation.
- Free Highway Code eBook (RRP £1.95) in PDF format.
- Learn on the Move - Download information from the Highway Code or Supplementry notes for revision on your MP3 player, mobile phone or iPod.
7. Signs, road markings and signals program
- Learn all about the signs system using a series of tutorials
- Theory Test signs quiz game.
- Signs memory game.
- Signs quick fire game.
8. Passed - What next?
- Video introduction to the Pass Plus scheme
- Pass Plus training notes
- LD System motorway video lesson
- Motorway driving lesson training notes
- 2 young 2 die interactive videos about real life experiences and excellent advice on how to stay safe.
Professional voice-over is used extensively throughout the product for help, information, learning notes, tutorials, animations, video, questions, answers and hint advice and has been stated here to save repetition of this fact in the features and descriptions below.
The Product is made up of 8 distinct programs:
1. Theory Test
The very latest OFFICIAL DVSA Question Bank for cars drivers and motorcyclists used in 3 unique learning programmes with highly realistic mock test simulations. Includes new case studies and the Abridged Theory Test. Nothing can offer you the same learning flexibility or ease of use with comprehensive pre-study tutorials and help hint pop up including Learning on the Move to allow you to download questions as MP3 files or Podcasts or sync direct with LDCs Free Android and iOS Apps.
2. Hazard Perception
Hundreds of Hazard Perception Test simulation video clips including the 26 OFFICIAL DVSA test sample clips and test introduction video providing 18 properly balance, unique test simulations. Nobody offers more and nobody can match the quality of the clips we offer. Also includes entertaining interactive multimedia tutorials to help you understand the test, the skills you are trying to develop and the common types of hazard that appear on test.
3. Learn-2-Drive system
20 Interactive driving lessons using over 50 animations, 60 video tutorials and quizzes to help you to prepare for each driving lesson in LDCs highly acclaimed tuition system. Put yourself in the driving seat by making sure you follow a proven structured training programme that leaves nothing to chance. See below for more details.
4. Show Me Tell Me
Complete "Show me Tell me" video lesson with video examples of each of the 19 OFFICIAL test questions (i.e. 12 Show Me and 7 Tell Me questions). Dont get caught out even before you start by rehearsing how to answer each of the 19 official questions that can appear on the practical driving test. See below for more details.
5. Practical Test
Fully interactive mock test videos (with independent driving) and tutorials so you know exactly what to expect on the big day and exactly how the examiner will mark you. Discover if you still have any outstanding driving weaknesses and how to correct them. Ensure you make your first test your last.
6. Highway Code Plus
Interactive talking version of the OFFICIAL Highway Code (new version), LDCs supplementary training notes and extracts from Motorcycle Rider essential skills with view, search and print capabilities including Learning on the Move to allow you to download Highway Code rules and supplementary notes onto your MP3 player, mobile phone or iPod. Plus eBook of LDCs version of the Highway Code valued at £1.95.
7. Signs, signals and road markings
Interactive tutorials about the UK sign system plus 3 games to make learning your traffic signs fun. Learn how our signs, signals and road markings came about then test yourself with the theory, quick fire and memory game.
8. Passed - What next?
Pass plus and motorway driving lesson videos and notes together with access to the highly acclaimed interactive road safety tool 2 young 2 die produced by Brake - the road safety experts.
Nothing in the market currently compares to the quality or the quantity of the Driving Test Complete product. It is easily the most complete and comprehensive software of its kind. Indeed it is easy to pay twice as much for half of what this product offers. So if you want to give yourself the best possible chance of passing the Theory, Hazard Perception and practical Driving Test first time as well as equipping you for a lifetime of safe driving then buy Driving Test Complete and put yourself in the driving seat today.
Minimum PC specification
The minimum PC specification recommended to run the above software is as follows:
Operating System: Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7 or Windows 8.
CPU: Pentium II 800.
Hard Drive Space: Minimum - 2.05gb with HP clips on DVD-Rom.
Memory: 128mb.
Graphics: 800 x 600
DVD-Rom Speed: 2 x or faster.
Audio: 16bit Sound card.
Although we are confident that the majority of Computers that satisfy this minimum specification will successfully run the program we can not guarantee this as other factors can also effect compatibility.
Use the disc from LDC and it WILL help you. I used it for both parts of the theory test and got 34 out of 35 for the questions and 60 out of 75 for the Hazard Perception! Thankyou LDC!
by Lisa - Feltham
I have passed my theory test 2 days ago and I must admit that it was not possible without the driving test complete. Thank you for all the confidence and information I needed to pass my test first time. Regards, Iram
by Dr Iram Zahoor
Found this DVD very good, nice little quizzes, easy to follow, very helpful. More Case Studies on this DVD than on the official DSA DVD.
by M. Evans
Easy to use. Fully comprehensive coverage of all parts of the driving test. Visual practice sessions good for supplementing actual driving lessons. Excellent as an introduction for first time nervous drivers. Recommended.
by Dadi
My son used this and found it an absolute godsend. Easy to use, the interface is easily accessible and the package gives you everything you could possibly need to get you through your test. My son obviously had 'real lessons' too and this is no substitute for that but if used properly it'll give the budding driver everything they need to know about taking to the road. It's also great fun!
by Scubaboy
I'm about to learn to drive, and do feel quite nervous about the prospect of getting to grips with it all, so this products simple clear instructions are a pleasure to encounter. Everything is broken down into clear sections, explaining the basics and how each part of the car works and demonstrating the proper way to approach driving. There seems to be a good approach to making sure all areas are covered and it's useful to be able to open more than one module at once. The only downside I've found so far is that the interactive areas, where you're required to drag objects, seem a little stubborn at times and refuse to move. Overall though a good product for the money. I expect to be using this product a good amount in the coming months!
by Fiona Mccaw
This software has put so many of my friends through there driving test I cannot begin to imagine trying to get through the theory part of the test without this. Clear concise instructions, actual questions you will encounter on the "real" test and set out in such a manor you can't wait to get back into it to try and better your scores etc. I passed my test using a previous release and got this for my wife to help her with her driving and it is so addictive I almost feel jealous of my wife for getting the newer version AND because its actually quite fun to use. This software is an absolute MUST and I would recommend it to ANYONE who is learning to drive and this will be a invaluable tool in passing your theory and hazard perception. For the record I got 100% on my questions when I passed my theory and it was completely thanks to this software!
by Jason Gaston
Packed with useful tools to help you with both your theory and practical tests. Allows you to download notes to your iPod, really helpful if you want to revise whilst your on the move. Also has some fun games to play to help you learn road signs. Really helped me get my head round everything!
by Ms Amy Barnett
Thanks to your software I have passed my theory test with flying colours today. 48/50 for the multiple choice and 63/75 for the Hazard perception test. Don't tell the authorities but a large number of the multiple choice questions were exactly the same as those in your software! I could not have done it without your help so my sincere thanks
by Barry Harvey


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Check @assilem2428 audience demography. Full report shows percentage for top-5 countries, top-5 cities, states breakdown for US, core gender, and top-5 languages.
Get in-depth analysis of the quality of audience and find fake or ghost followers numbers. The report will show the number of real people and influencers, the percentage of mass followers and suspicious accounts.
Evaluate the percentage of target age group and gender among @assilem2428 audience. The report will show the percent of each age-gender group and overall split.


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he aint the explosive freak he once was but I expect him to be a Seahawk this year. I want it to happen too
putting the whole T.O , edwards , mike williams etc situation in perspective I fully expect Moss to get a look at the vet min.
what are your guys thoughts


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Miscarriage refers to the premature end of a pregnancy before the developing baby is able to survive outside the uterus. Miscarriage can occur during the first or second trimester, before 20 weeks. Most occur in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. They often are unexpected and isolated events. About 15%-20% of recognized pregnancies end this way.
Miscarriages often occur for the following reasons:
- Chromosomal abnormalities (common cause)
- Abnormalities in the uterine tract, such as fibroids
- Hormonal problems, such as not having enough hormone (progesterone) needed to support pregnancy
- Factors related to the immune system, such as blood-clotting problems or rejection of the fetus
- Trauma
In some cases, the cause of miscarriage is unknown.
Risk Factors
Miscarriages are more common in women 35 years and older. Other factors that may increase your chance of having a miscarriage include:
- Infection
- Smoking , drinking alcohol , or using drugs during pregnancy
- Certain medications
- Exposure to certain environmental toxins
- Autoimmune disorders, such as systemic lupus erythematosus
- High-dose radiation therapy on the ovaries, uterus, or the pituitary gland during treatment of childhood cancers
Miscarriage may cause:
- Vaginal bleeding
- Pink or brown discharge
- Cramping
- Passing the fetus, placenta, and surrounding membranes through the vagina
- Fever
Recurrent Miscarriage
While miscarriage usually is a one-time occurrence, up to 1 in 20 couples experience 2 miscarriages in a row, and 1 in 100 have 3 or more. In some cases, these couples have an underlying problem. Couples who have experienced 2 or more miscarriages should have a complete medical evaluation to learn the cause and how they can prevent another one from occurring.
Cause of repeat miscarriages may include:
- Chromosome problem in one member of the couple
- Uterine abnormalities
- Hormone problems
- Immune system problems
- Unknown causes
You will be asked about your symptoms, the length of your pregnancy, and when you first noticed a change in your condition. Physical and pelvic exams.
Prior to miscarriage, tests may include:
- Ultrasound —to assess the health of the fetus
- Blood tests—to check the exact amount of the hormone (called human chorionic gonadotropin or hCG) important to sustain an early pregnancy
After miscarriage, tests may include:
- Examination of the tissue that has passed through the vagina
- Blood tests—to check for a chromosomal error in the man or the woman or to check hormone and antibody levels
Imaging tests may be used to evaluate the uterus and surrounding structures. These may include:
- Ultrasound
- Hysteroscopy —to examine the inside of the uterus
Immediate care usually involves observation only, especially in early or first trimester miscarriages. Medication may be indicated in the event of heavy bleeding or cramping.
A dilation and evacuation (D&E) may be needed if uterine contents are not spontaneously passed through the vagina. During a D&E, the doctor dilates the cervix, inserts a tool into the uterus, and suctions out remaining material.
Support Services
A counselor or support group may be needed to help deal with the emotions surrounding a miscarriage.
Before you start to plan your next pregnancy consider the following regarding your health:
- Is your diet ready to support another pregnancy?
- Are there habits you should change prior to another pregnancy?
- What medications are you taking and will they affect a pregnancy?
- How is your health?
- Are there issues you should resolve before trying another pregnancy?
If a specific cause of the miscarriage was found, certain treatments may help prevent future miscarriages. Treatments may include:
Medications such as:
- Antibiotics to treat related infections
- Hormone (progesterone) supplements
- Aspirin and other medications to treat blood-clotting problems
Surgery for uterine problems such as:
- Uterine fibroids
- Septate uterus (tissue in the center of the uterus)
- Incompetent (weakened) cervix
Revision Information
- Reviewer: EBSCO Medical Review Board Beverly Siegal, MD, FACOG
- Review Date: 09/2018 -
- Update Date: 09/30/2013 -


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-- Want to help? Tell Chicken of the Sea to stop trashing our oceans! --
Tuna are incredible creatures. Highly migratory, they travel thousands of miles over their lifetimes. Despite weighing up to 700 kg, the majestic bluefin can accelerate faster than a Porsche and can swim as fast as 43mph - some species travel from North American to European waters several times each year. Yellowfin have been recorded travelling from the US Pacific coast to Japan, they travel at an average speed of ten miles per hour, but can reach up to 50mph. A bigeye tuna has been recorded diving 250 metres in less than one minute - see if you can do better!
A school of tuna
But globally tuna populations are in trouble. Many species are endangered or critically endangered. There simply aren't enough fish to sustain the world's voracious appetite for tuna. Rampant over-fishing and pirates stealing tuna are pushing the ocean's "natural torpedoes" to the brink of extinction.
Bigeye and yellowfin are fully exploited or over exploited in all oceans - they are in serious trouble in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean, where they were relatively healthy just a few years ago. Stocks of the magnificent bluefin, the most iconic and valuable of all tuna species, are on the brink of collapse. In 1999, Greenpeace recorded how Mediterranean bluefin had declined by 80 percent.
And it's getting worse. Advances in technology mean large ships - floating factories - are now able to take as much tuna in 2 days as whole countries can take in a year. Increasing practices of tuna ranching are also further aggravating the crisis.
The biggest tuna fishery in terms of volume is skipjack - the tuna most likely to end up in cans. While skipjack is not yet overfished, if fishing continues at current rates it won't be able to sustain itself. What's more, the methods used to net skipjack all too often catch young yellowfin and bigeye, threatening these species further. Yellowfin, a much more commercially valuable species, makes up 35 percent of the world's catch. The majestic bluefin only represents 1.5 percent of the landed volume of tuna, but its dollar value is astronomical. In 2001, a single bluefin tuna set an all time record when it sold for US$173,600 in Japan.
Numerous other marine life are hooked and netted in the global tuna fisheries with 100 million sharks, and tens of thousands of turtles killed every year causing devastation to the entire marine ecosystems.
Pirate fishing is also rampant in high value tuna fisheries literally stealing tuna from the plates of some of the poorest people in the world. But even the legal tuna fisheries are partaking in the robbery. The so called "sweetheart deals" fishing nations and rich multinational corporations negotiate with coastal states for access to fish tuna in their waters are incredibly unfair. Only around 5 percent of the value of the tuna is given to the resource owners, often denying coastal communities much-needed employment and neglecting the responsibilities to fish responsibly.
Luckily, we have the solution - a network of marine reserves - national parks at sea; areas closed to all extractive uses, such as fishing and mining. These protected areas need to cover forty percent of the world's oceans. Marine reserves provide a safe haven for marine life. And if they are properly designed to cover crucial breeding and spawning grounds, they also work for tuna and species that migrate over vast distances.
Marine reserves can help save tuna, ecosystems, and ultimately the fishing industry. After all, the fishing industry has a pretty miserable future if there's no fish left to, well, fish...
Greenpeace's tuna campaign is currently calling for the immediate closure of the Mediterranean bluefin fishery, until stocks recover - and for 40 percent of the Mediterranean to be designated as marine reserves. In the Pacific, urgent measures including halving the amount of tuna taken, a ban on transferring fish at sea, and the creation of marine reserves in key areas of international waters must be taken to save the Pacific tuna fisheries and the tuna populations themselves from collapse.
Supermarket retailers across the world from Norway to New Zealand and USA to Spain are being asked by Greenpeace to answer the hard questions: Where does our tuna come from? Is it sustainable? Is it caught from an area where developing countries are being ripped off? Is it stolen?
We are asking them to make sure that they know where their tuna originates, from boat to shelf, and commit to only sell tuna which is caught sustainably, by small-scale developing country fleets or under agreements which are fair to the people of the Pacific.
Sustainably Caught Canned Tuna Pams pole and line caught canned tuna. Pams is the home brand for Foodstuffs, one of New Zealand's two main supermarket companies. Foodstuffs introduced pole and line tuna to its Pams range in 2011...
Greenpeace is running an international campaign to steer the global tuna industry towards more environmentally and socially responsible sourcing.
I'm onboard the Greenpeace ship, the Esperanza, in the Western Indian Ocean on an important tuna quest. Tuna is probably the most popular seafood commodity out there. People eat it for a number of reasons, mostly as a convenient and...
Do you know what's in our tuna cans? It's a ridiculous question because it really should be just tuna , right? Well, these tuna fishers say otherwise — "...We are not being treated as humans, but more like animals."
Greenpeace Southeast Asia believes that consumers have a right to know where and how their tuna was caught. Modern consumers who are aware of their impact on the planet want to play a key role in preserving tuna resources for the enjoyment of...
1 - 5 of 26 results.


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Saab Window Tinting Photos
Check out our photos below of Saab Window Tint. We carry Llumar and 3M Window Films which are backed by a Nationwide Lifetime Warranty. We carry Llumar ATC, ATR, CTX, and AIR along with 3M Color Stable and Crystalline. If you want to see more samples and shades, please feel free to stop by our store.


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Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic disorder of the intestines. IBS does not cause inflammation and does not lead to a more serious condition.
The cause is unknown. With IBS, the muscles in the colon do not work normally and may spasm. If you have IBS, your colon may be more sensitive, reacting strongly to food and medication. Food allergies and certain bacteria may add to the symptoms. IBS may also occur after having the stomach flu ( gastroenteritis ).
Risk Factors
IBS is more common in women. It typically begins in young adulthood.
Factors that may increase your chances of IBS:
- Family members with IBS
- Mental health problems such as stress, anxiety , or depression
- Abuse (may be associated with IBS)
Symptoms usually come and go, and range from mild to severe. They include:
- Abdominal cramps
- Gas and bloating
- Pain that resolves with a bowel movement
- Loose stools
- Diarrhea
- Constipation
- Alternating diarrhea and constipation
- Urge to move bowels again immediately following a bowel movement
- Mucus in the stool
These factors may worsen your symptoms:
- Stress
- Menstrual periods
- Large meals or fatty foods
- Excess gas
You will be asked about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done. In many cases, a diagnosis can be made based on this. Since there is no diagnostic test for IBS, doctors have created criteria for making a diagnosis.
Your bodily fluids may be tested. This can be done with:
- Stool tests
- Blood tests
Your bodily structures may need to be viewed. This can be done with:
There is no cure for IBS. Treatment focuses on controlling symptoms.
The following changes to your diet may help control symptoms:
- Keep a food diary of what you eat and how your body responds. Share this with your doctor. You may have a food allergy.
- Make gradual changes to your diet. Record the results.
- Avoid foods that have caused problems in the past. A dietitian can help you substitute foods.
- Avoid foods and drinks that may cause symptoms:
Eat foods that may reduce the chance of spasm, such as:
- Fruits and vegetables
- Whole grains and other high-fiber foods (more fiber may increase gas and bloating until your body adjusts)
- Eat smaller meals more often or smaller portions.
- Eat slowly and try not to swallow air.
- Drink plenty of water. This will help to reduce constipation.
Participating in a regular exercise program can help improve bowel function and other IBS symptoms. If you would like to start exercising, check with your doctor to make sure you are healthy enough.
Stress Management
Talk to your doctor about ways to reduce stress such as:
- Relaxation
- Biofeedback
- Counseling
Learn as much as you can about IBS and ways that you can reduce your symptoms. You may also find it helpful to join a support group .
Depending on your symptoms, your doctor may recommend:
- Antispasmodic agent
- Antibiotics
- High-fiber bulking agent
- Antiflatulent
- Antidiarrheal agent
- Low-dose antidepressant
- Pain reliever
- Serotonin receptor agonists and antagonists (also called 5-HT3 antagonists)—May be helpful for treating diarrhea, as well as treating other IBS symptoms, like abdominal pain in women.
- Probiotics —Bacteria that help rebalance the normal bacteria in the colon. There are many probiotics available, but not all have been tested. The most common include Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Escherichia coli, as well as various mixtures.
- Peppermint oil
In some cases, your doctor may recommend that you take a combination of medications.
Revision Information
- Reviewer: EBSCO Medical Review Board Daus Mahnke, MD
- Review Date: 11/2018 -
- Update Date: 12/20/2014 -


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Luci is witty and wise. She also loves Elton John.
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Over 2 million pictures framed
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Watch our how to frame a picture video to see how simple it is to get your wood frame on the wall.
Showcase your favourite memories with this high shine merlot red picture frame. It also includes a PH-neutral white mount that enhances the look of your picture and is designed to fit Configurable photos, posters and art prints. You can't go wrong with this wood frame, it's hand-crafted in the UK and comes with an ultra-high quality perspex front that's both safe and clear. What's more, the glazing is much lighter than glass so you won't have anxiety hanging any heavy frames. With hardware perfect for hanging your frame on the wall in either orientation you can display your pictures any way you choose.