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Difference between revisions of "Optical disc drive"
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[[ja:Optical Disc Drive]]
[[ja:Optical Disc Drive]]
[[zh-CN:Optical Disc Drive]]
[[zh-CN:Optical Disc Drive]]
From [[Wikipedia:Optical disc drive|Wikipedia]]
From [[Wikipedia:Optical disc drive|Wikipedia]]
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=== Install burning utilities ===
=== Install burning utilities ===
If you want to use programs with graphical user interface, then follow [[#
If you want to use programs with graphical user interface, then follow [[#|this link to the list of GUI programs]].
The programs listed here are the back ends which are used by most free GUI programs for CD, DVD, and BD. They are command line oriented. GUI users might get to them when it comes to troubleshooting or to scripting of burn activities.
The programs listed here are the back ends which are used by most free GUI programs for CD, DVD, and BD. They are command line oriented. GUI users might get to them when it comes to troubleshooting or to scripting of burn activities.
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# copy the needed files to one folder, for example: {{ic|./for_iso}}
# copy the needed files to one folder, for example: {{ic|./for_iso}}
# and then use
# and then use mkisofsor genisoimagein the manner of the following example:
$ genisoimage -V "ARCHIVE_2013_07_27" -J -r -o isoimage.iso ./for_iso
Each of those flags/switches are explained, as follows:
Each of those flags/switches are explained, as follows:
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[http://cdrecord.berlios.de/private/man/cdrecord/mkisofs.8.html mkisofs]
[http://cdrecord.berlios.de/private/man/cdrecord/mkisofs.8.html mkisofs]
[http://www.gnu.org/software/xorriso/man_1_xorrisofs.html xorrisofs]
[http://www.gnu.org/software/xorriso/man_1_xorrisofs.html xorrisofs]
Extra note:
Extra note:
This process can be thought of alternately as, on one hand:
This process can be thought of alternately as, on one hand:
* creating an archive (which is not that different, on one level, from creating a ZIP archive or TARball (e.g.:
* creating an archive (which is not that different, on one level, from creating a ZIP archive or TARball (e.g.: .tar.gz)
* creating and populating a filesystem volume, manifested in the form of a "disk" image (file)
* creating and populating a filesystem volume, manifested in the form of a "disk" image (file)
:which preserves as much as possible (content, name, relative directory structure/hierarchy/placement, and possibly other filesystem overhead metadata / properties (aspects)) such as timestamp(s), ownership, permissions.
:which preserves as much as possible (content, name, relative directory structure/hierarchy/placement, and possibly other filesystem overhead metadata / properties (aspects)) such as timestamp(s), ownership, permissions.
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If you use a GUI program and experience problems which the program's log blames on some backend program, then try to reproduce the problem by the logged backend program arguments.
If you use a GUI program and experience problems which the program's log blames on some backend program, then try to reproduce the problem by the logged backend program arguments.
Whether you succeed with reproducing or not, you may report the logged lines and your own findings to the places mentioned in [[#
Whether you succeed with reproducing or not, you may report the logged lines and your own findings to the places mentioned in [[#|section Burn Backend Problems]].
==== Special case: medium error / write error ====
==== Special case: medium error / write error ====
Revision as of 08:53, 22 December 2013
From Wikipedia
- In computing, an optical disc drive (ODD) is a disk drive that uses laser light or electromagnetic waves within or near the visible light spectrum as part of the process of reading or writing data to or from optical discs. Some drives can only read from discs, but recent drives are commonly both readers and recorders, also called burners or writers. Compact discs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs are common types of optical media which can be read and recorded by such drives. Optical drive is the generic name; drives are usually described as "CD" "DVD", or "Blu-ray", followed by "drive", "writer", etc.
- 1 Burning
- 1.1 Install burning utilities
- 1.2 Making an ISO image from existing files on hard disk
- 1.3 Mounting an ISO image
- 1.4 Converting img/ccd to an ISO image
- 1.5 Learning the name of your optical drive
- 1.6 Reading an ISO image from a CD, DVD, or BD
- 1.7 Erasing CD-RW and DVD-RW
- 1.8 Burning an ISO image to CD, DVD, or BD
- 1.9 Verifying the burnt ISO image
- 1.10 ISO 9660 and Burning On-The-Fly
- 1.11 Multi-session
- 1.12 BD Defect Management
- 1.13 Burning an audio CD
- 1.14 Burning a bin/cue
- 1.15 Burn backend problems
- 1.16 Burning CD/DVD/BD with a GUI
- 2 DVD playing
- 3 DVD ripping
- 4 Troubleshooting
- 4.1 K3b locale error
- 4.2 Brasero fails to find blank discs
- 4.3 Brasero fails to normalize audio CD
- 4.4 VLC: Error "... could not open the disc /dev/dvd"
- 4.5 DVD drive is noisy
- 4.6 Playback does not work with new computer (new DVD-Drive)
- 4.7 None of the above programs are able to rip/encode a DVD to my hard disk!
- 4.8 GUI program log indicates problems with backend program
- 5 See also
The burning process of optical disc drives consists of creating or obtaining an image and writing it to an optical medium. The image may in principle be any data file. If you want to mount the resulting medium, then it is usually an ISO 9660 filesystem image file. Audio and multi-media CDs are often burned from a BIN file, under control of a TOC file or a CUE file which tell the desired track layout.
Install burning utilities
If you want to use programs with graphical user interface, then follow this link to the list of GUI programs.
The programs listed here are the back ends which are used by most free GUI programs for CD, DVD, and BD. They are command line oriented. GUI users might get to them when it comes to troubleshooting or to scripting of burn activities.
You need at least one program for creation of filesystem images and one program that is able to burn data onto your desired media type.
Available programs for ISO 9660 image creation are:
genisoimagefrom package cdrkit
mkisofsfrom package cdrtools
xorrisofsfrom package libisoburn
The traditional choice is
Available programs for burning to media are:
cdrdaofrom package cdrdao (CD only, TOC/CUE/BIN only)
cdrecordfrom package cdrtools
cdrskinfrom package libburn
growisofsfrom package dvd+rw-tools (DVD and BD only)
wodimfrom package cdrkit (CD only, DVD deprecated)
xorrecordfrom package libisoburn
The traditional choices are
wodim for CD and
growisofs for DVD and Blu-ray Disk. For growisofs and BD-R see the bug workaround below.
For writing TOC/CUE/BIN files to CD, install
The free GUI programs for CD, DVD, and BD burning depend on at least one of the above packages.
The programs
mkisofs, and
xorrisofs all three support the genisoimage options which are shown in this document.
The programs
cdrskin, and
wodim all three support the shown wodim options. Program
xorrecord supports those which do not deal with audio CD.
Making an ISO image from existing files on hard disk
This can be achieved by using either mkisofs or its cdrkit fork, genisoimage.
The most simple way to create an ISO image is to first,
- copy the needed files to one folder, for example:
- and then use
genisoimagein the manner of the following example:
$ genisoimage -V "ARCHIVE_2013_07_27" -J -r -o isoimage.iso ./for_iso
Each of those flags/switches are explained, as follows:
basic switches
- Specifies the name (that is assigned to) of the filesystem. The ISO 9660 standard specs impose the limitations of 32-character string length, as well as limiting the characters allowed to sets of: "A" to "Z", "0" to "9", and "_". This volume label will probably show up as mount point if the medium is mounted automatically.
- Prepares names of up to 64 UTF-16 characters for MS-Windows readers. Aka "Joliet".
- -joliet-long
- Would allow 103 UTF-16 characters for MS-Windows readers. Not conformant to Joliet specs.
- -r
- Prepares names of up to 255 characters for Unix readers and gives read permission for everybody. Aka "Rock Ridge".
- -o
- Sets the file path for the resulting ISO image.
It is also possible to use genisoimage or mkisofs to collect files and directories from various paths
$ genisoimage -V "BACKUP_2013_07_27" -J -r -o backup_2013_07_27.iso \ -graft-points \ /photos=/home/user/photos \ /mail=/home/user/mail \ /photos/holidays=/home/user/holidays/photos
- -graft-points
- Enables the recognition of pathspecs which consist of a target address in the ISO filesystem (e.g. /photos) and a source address on hard disk (e.g. /home/user/photos). Both are separated by a
So this example puts the disk directory
/home/user/mail and
/home/user/holidays/photos, respectively in the ISO image as
mkisofs and
xorrisofs accept the same options. For secure backups consider to use
xorrisofs with option
--for_backup, which records eventual ACLs and stores an MD5 checksum for each data file.
See the manuals of the ISO 9660 programs for more info about their options: genisoimage mkisofs xorrisofs
Extra note:
This process can be thought of alternately as, on one hand:
- creating an archive (which is not that different, on one level, from creating a ZIP archive or TARball (e.g.:
- creating and populating a filesystem volume, manifested in the form of a "disk" image (file)
- which preserves as much as possible (content, name, relative directory structure/hierarchy/placement, and possibly other filesystem overhead metadata / properties (aspects)) such as timestamp(s), ownership, permissions.
Mounting an ISO image
To test if the ISO image is proper, you can mount it (as root):
# mount -t iso9660 -o ro,loop=/dev/loop0 cd_image /cdrom
You have to first load the loop module:
# modprobe loop
Do not forget to unmount the image when your inspection of the image is done:
# umount /cdrom
See also Mounting images as user for mounting without root privileges.
Converting img/ccd to an ISO image
To convert an
ccd image, you can use ccd2iso:
$ ccd2iso ~/image.img ~/image.iso
Learning the name of your optical drive
For the remainder of this section the name of your recording device is assumed to be
Check this by
$ wodim dev=/dev/sr0 -checkdrive
which should report "Vendor_info" and "Identification" of the drive.
If no drive is found, check whether any
/dev/sr* exist and whether they offer read/write permission (
wr-) to you or your group.
If no
/dev/sr* exists then try
# modprobe sr_mod
Reading an ISO image from a CD, DVD, or BD
You should determine the size of the ISO filesystem before copying it to hard disk. Most media types deliver more data than was written to them with the most recent burn run.
Use program
isosize out of package util-linux to obtain the image size
$ blocks=$(expr $(isosize /dev/sr0) / 2048)
Have a look whether the obtained number of blocks is plausible
$ echo "That would be $(expr $blocks / 512) MB"
That would be 589 MB
Then copy the determined amount of data from medium to hard disk :
$ dd if=/dev/sr0 of=isoimage.iso bs=2048 count=$blocks
count=$blocks if you did not determine the size. You will probably get more data than needed. The resulting file will nevertheless be mountable. It should still fit onto a medium of the same type as the medium from which the image was copied.
If the original medium was bootable, then the copy will be a bootable image. You may use it as pseudo CD for a virtual machine or burn it onto optical media which should then become bootable.
Erasing CD-RW and DVD-RW
Used CD-RW media need to be erased before you can write over the previously recorded data. This is done by
$ wodim -v dev=/dev/sr0 blank=fast
Unformatted DVD-RW media need the same treatment before re-use. But fast blanking deprives them of the capability for multi-session and recording of streams of unpredicted length. So one should apply
$ dvd+rw-format -blank=full /dev/sr0
dvd+rw-format is part of package dvd+rw-tools. Alternative commands are
$ cdrecord -v dev=/dev/sr0 blank=all $ cdrskin -v dev=/dev/sr0 blank=all $ xorriso -outdev /dev/sr0 -blank as_needed
Formatted DVD-RW media can be overwritten without such erasure. So consider to apply once in their life time
$ dvd+rw-format -force /dev/sr0
Alternative commands are
$ cdrskin -v dev=/dev/sr0 blank=format_overwrite $ xorriso -outdev /dev/sr0 -format as_needed
All other media are either write-once (CD-R, DVD-R, DVD+R, BD-R) or are overwritable without the need for erasing (DVD-RAM, DVD+RW, BD-RE).
Burning an ISO image to CD, DVD, or BD
To burn a readily prepared ISO image file
isoimage.iso onto an optical medium, run for CD:
$ wodim -v -sao dev=/dev/sr0 isoimage.iso
and for DVD or BD:
$ growisofs -dvd-compat -Z /dev/sr0=isoimage.iso
The programs
cdrskin, and
xorrecord may be used on all kinds of media with the options shown with
- Make sure that the medium is not mounted when you begin to write to it. Mounting may happen automatically if the medium contains a readable filesystem. In best case it will prevent the burn programs from using the burner device. In worst case there will be misburns because read operations disturbed the drive.
So if in doubt, do:
# umount /dev/sr0
growisofshas a small bug with blank BD-R media. It issues an error message after the burning is complete. Programs like
k3bthen believe the whole burn run failed.
To prevent this, either
- format the blank BD-R by
dvd+rw-format /dev/sr0before submitting it to growisofs
- or use growisofs option
- format the blank BD-R by
Verifying the burnt ISO image
You can verify the integrity of the burnt medium to make sure it contains no errors. Always eject the medium and reinsert it before verifying. The kernel will learn about the new content only by that reinsertion.
First calculate the md5sum of the original ISO image:
$ md5sum isoimage.iso
e5643e18e05f5646046bb2e4236986d8 isoimage.iso
Next calculate the md5sum of the ISO filesystem on the medium. Although some media types deliver exactly the same amount of data as have been submitted to the burn program, many others append trailing garbage when being read. So you should restrict reading to the size of the ISO image file.
$ blocks=$(expr $(du -b isoimage.iso | awk '{print $1}') / 2048)
$ dd if=/dev/sr0 bs=2048 count=$blocks | md5sum
43992+0 records in 43992+0 records out 90095616 bytes (90 MB) copied, 0.359539 s, 251 MB/s e5643e18e05f5646046bb2e4236986d8 -
Both runs should yield the same MD5 sum (here:
e5643e18e05f5646046bb2e4236986d8). If they do not, you will propbably also get an i/o error message from the
dd run.
dmesg might then tell about SCSI errors and block numbers, if you are interested.
ISO 9660 and Burning On-The-Fly
It is not necessary to store an emerging ISO filesystem on hard disk before writing it to optical media. Only very old CD drives at very old computers could suffer misburns due to empty drive buffer.
If you omit option
-o from
genisoimage then it writes the ISO image to standard output. This can be piped into the standard input of burn programs.
$ genisoimage -V "ARCHIVE_2013_07_27" -J -r ./for_iso | \ wodim -v dev=/dev/sr0 -waiti -
-waiti is not really needed here. It prevents
wodim from writing to the medium before
genisoimage starts its output. This would allow
genisoimage to read the medium without disturbing an already started burn run. See next section about multi-session.
On DVD and BD you may let
growisofs operate
genisoimage for you and burn its output on-the-fly
$ export MKISOFS="genisoimage" $ growisofs -Z /dev/sr0 -V "ARCHIVE_2013_07_27" -r -J ./for_iso
ISO 9660 multi-session means that a medium with readable filesystem is still writable at its first unused block address, and that a new ISO directory tree gets written to this unused part. The new tree is accompanied by the content blocks of newly added or overwritten data files. The blocks of data files, which shall stay as in the old ISO tree, will not be written again.
Linux and many other operating systems will mount the directory tree in the last session on the medium. This youngest tree will normally show the files of the older sessions, too.
Multi-session by wodim
CD-R and CD-RW stay writable (aka "appendable") if wodim option
-multi was used
$ wodim -v -multi dev=/dev/sr0 isoimage.iso
Then the medium can be inquired for the parameters of the next session
$ m=$(wodim dev=/dev/sr0 -msinfo)
By help of these parameters and of the readable medium in the drive you can produce the add-on ISO session
$ genisoimage -M /dev/sr0 -C "$m" \ -V "ARCHIVE_2013_07_28" -J -r -o session2.iso ./more_for_iso
Finally append the session to the medium and keep it appendable again
$ wodim -v -multi dev=/dev/sr0 session2.iso
cdrskin and
xorrecord do this too with DVD-R, DVD+R, BD-R and unformatted DVD-RW. Program
cdrecord does multi-session with at least DVD-R and DVD-RW. They all do with CD-R and CD-RW, of course.
Most re-usable media types do not record a session history that would be recognizable for a mounting kernel. But with ISO 9660 it is possible to achieve the multi-session effect even on those media.
growisofs and
xorriso can do this and hide most of the complexity.
Multi-session by growisofs
growisofs forwards most of its program arguments to a program that is compatible to
mkisofs. See above examples of
It bans option
-o and deprecates option
By default it uses the installed program named "mkisofs". You may let it choose one of the others by setting environment variable
$ export MKISOFS="genisoimage" $ export MKISOFS="xorrisofs"
The wish to begin with a new ISO filesystem on the optical medium is expressed by option
$ growisofs -Z /dev/sr0 -V "ARCHIVE_2013_07_27" -r -J ./for_iso
The wish to append more files as new session to an existing ISO filesystem is expressed by option
$ growisofs -M /dev/sr0 -V "ARCHIVE_2013_07_28" -r -J ./more_for_iso
For details see the growisofs manual and the manuals of
Multi-session by xorriso
xorriso learns the wish to begin with a new ISO filesystem from the blank state of the medium. So it is appropriate to blank it if it contains data. The command
-blank as_needed applies to all kinds of re-usable media and even to ISO images in data files on hard disk. It does not cause error if applied to a blank write-once medium.
$ xorriso -outdev /dev/sr0 -blank as_needed \ -volid "ARCHIVE_2013_07_27" -joliet on -add ./for_iso --
On non-blank writable media xorriso appends the newly given disk files if command
-dev is used rather than
-outdev. Of course, no command
-blank should be given here
$ xorriso -dev /dev/sr0 \ -volid "ARCHIVE_2013_07_28" -joliet on -add ./more_for_iso --
For details see the manual page and especially its examples
BD Defect Management
BD-RE and formatted BD-R media are normally written with enabled Defect Management. This feature reads the written blocks while they are still stored in the drive buffer. In case of poor read quality the blocks get written again or redirected to the Spare Area where the data get stored in replacement blocks.
This checkreading reduces write speed to at most half of the nominal speed of drive and BD medium. Sometimes it is even worse. Heavy use of the Spare Area causes long delays during read operations. So Defect Management is not always desirable.
cdrecord does not format BD-R. It has no means to prevent Defect Management on BD-RE media, though.
growisofs formats BD-R by default. This can be prevented by option
-use-the-force-luke=spare:none. It has no means to prevent Defect Management on BD-RE media, though.
xorriso, and
xorrecord do not format BD-R by default. They do with
cdrskin blank=format_if_needed, resp.
xorriso -format as_needed, resp.
xorrecord blank=format_overwrite.
These three programs can disable Defect Management with BD-RE and already formatted BD-R by
cdrskin stream_recording=on, resp.
xorriso -stream_recording on, resp.
xorrecord stream_recording=on.
Burning an audio CD
Create your audio tracks and store them as uncompressed, 16-bit stereo WAV files. To convert MP3 to WAV, ensure lame is installed,
cd to the directoy with your MP3 files, and run:
$ for i in *.mp3; do lame --decode "$i" "$(basename "$i" .mp3)".wav; done
In case you get an error when trying to burn WAV files converted with lame try decoding with mpg123:
$ for i in *.mp3; do mpg123 --rate 44100 --stereo --buffer 3072 --resync -w $(basename $i .mp3).wav $i; done
Name the audio files in a manner that will cause them to be listed in the desired track order when listed alphabetically, such as
03.wav, etc.
Use the following command to simulate burning the wav files as an audio CD:
$ wodim -dummy -v -pad speed=1 dev=/dev/sr0 -dao -swab *.wav
In case you detect errors or empty tracks like:
Track 01: audio 0 MB (00:00.00) no preemp pad
try another decoder (e.g. mpg123) or try using cdrecord from the cdrtools package.
Note that cdrkit also contains a cdrecord command but it is just a softlink to wodim. If anything worked you can remove the dummy flag to really burn the CD
To test the new audio CD, use MPlayer:
$ mplayer cdda://
Burning a bin/cue
To burn a bin/cue image run:
$ cdrdao write --device /dev/sr0 image.cue
TOC/CUE/BIN for mixed-mode disks
ISO images only store a single data track. If you want to create an image of a mixed-mode disk (data track with multiple audio tracks) then you need to make a TOC/BIN pair:
$ cdrdao read-cd --read-raw --datafile IMAGE.bin --driver generic-mmc:0x20000 --device /dev/cdrom IMAGE.toc
Some software only likes CUE/BIN pair, you can make a CUE sheet with
toc2cue (part of
$ toc2cue IMAGE.toc IMAGE.cue
Burn backend problems
If you experience problems, you may ask for advise at mailing list firstname.lastname@example.com . Or ask for advise at the support mail addresses if some are listed near the end of the program's man page.
Tell the command lines you tried, the medium type (e.g. CD-R, DVD+RW, ...), and the symptoms of failure (program messages, disappointed user expectation, ...). You will possibly get asked to obtain the newest release or development version of the affected program and to make test runs. But the answer might as well be, that your drive dislikes the particular medium.
Burning CD/DVD/BD with a GUI
Template:Wikipedia There are several applications available to burn CDs in a graphical environment.
Free GUI Programs
- AcetoneISO — All in one ISO tool (supports BIN, MDF, NRG, IMG, DAA, DMG, CDI, B5I, BWI, PDI and ISO).
- BashBurn — Lightweight terminal based menu frontend for CD/DVD burning tools.
- Brasero — Disc burning application for the GNOME desktop that is designed to be as simple as possible. Part of gnome-extra.
- cdw — Ncurses frontend to cdrecord, mkisofs, growisofs, dvd+rw-mediainfo, dvd+rw-format, xorriso.
- GnomeBaker — Full featured CD/DVD burning application for the GNOME desktop.
- Graveman — GTK-based CD/DVD burning application. It requires configuration to point to correct devices.
- isomaster — ISO image editor.
- K3b — Feature-rich and easy to handle CD burning application based on KDElibs.
- Silicon empire — Qt-based set of tools to manage and organize your optical discs like CDs, DVDs and Blu-rays.
- X-CD-Roast — Lightweight cdrtools front-end for CD and DVD writing.
- Xfburn — Simple frontend to the libburnia libraries with support for CD/DVD(-RW), ISO images and BurnFree.
- xorriso-tcltk — Graphical frontend to ISO and CD/DVD/BD burn tool xorriso
Nero Linux
Nero Linux is a commercial burning suite from makers of Nero for Windows - Nero AG. The biggest advantage of Nero linux is its interface which similar to window version. Hence, users migrating from windows might find it easy to operate. The Linux version now includes Nero Express, a wizard which takes users through the process of burning CDs and DVDs step-by-step, which users will be familiar with from the Windows version. Also new in version 4 is Blu-ray Disc defect management, integration of Isolinux for creating bootable media and support for Musepack and AIFF audio formats...
Nero Linux 4 retails at £17.99 with a free trial version also available.
- Nero Linux 4
- nerolinuxAUR AUR package.
Nero Linux offers some features, like :
- Easy, wizard-style user interface for guided burning with Nero Linux Express 4.
- Full Blu-ray burning support.
- Supports surning of audio CD (CD-DA), ISO 9660 (Joliet support), CD-text, ISOLINUX bootable, Multi-session discs, DVD-Video and miniDVD, DVD double layer support.
- Advanced burning with Nero Burning ROM and command line client.
sg module at boot time. Put a namesake file in
sgSome updates ago the
sg module was not auto loaded any more and Nero needs it.
DVD playing
DVD, also known as Digital Versatile Disc or Digital Video Disc, is an optical disc storage media format used for video and data storage.
If you wish to play encrypted DVDs, you must install the libdvd* packages:
Additionally, you must install player software. Popular DVD players are MPlayer, xine and VLC. See the video players list and the specific instructions for MPlayer.
optical group to be able to access the DVD drive. To add
USERNAME to the
optical group, run the following:
# gpasswd -a USERNAME opticalDo not forget to log the user out and back in for the changes to take effect. You can see your user's current groups with
groups command.
DVD ripping
Ripping is the process of copying audio or video content to a hard disk, typically from removable media or media streams.
Often, the process of ripping a DVD can be broken down into two subtasks:
- Data extraction - Copying the audio and/or video data to a hard disk,
- Transcoding - Converting the extracted data into a suitable format.
Some utilities perform both tasks, whilst others focus on one aspect or the other:
- dvd-vr — Tool which easily converts VRO files extracted from a DVD-VR and splits them in regular VOB files.
- dvdbackup — Tool for pure data extraction which does not transcode. It is useful for creating exact copies of encrypted DVDs in conjunction with libdvdcss or for decrypting video for other utilities unable to read encrypted DVDs.
- FFmpeg — Complete and free Internet live audio and video broadcasting solution for Linux/Unix, capable to do a direct rip in any format (audio/video) from a DVD-Video ISO image, just select the input as the ISO image and proceed with the desired options. It also allows to downmixing, shrinking, spliting, selecting streams among other features.
- http://ffmpeg.org/ || See article
- HandBrake — Multithreaded video transcoder, which offers both a graphical and command-line interface with many preset configurations.
- Hybrid — Multi platform Qt based frontend for a bunch of other tools which can convert nearly every input to x264/Xvid/VP8 + ac3/ogg/mp3/aac/flac inside an mp4/m2ts/mkv/webm/mov/avi container, a Blu-ray or an AVCHD structure.
- MEncoder — Free command line video decoding, encoding and filtering tool released under the GNU General Public License. It is a close sibling to MPlayer and can convert all the formats that MPlayer understands into a variety of compressed and uncompressed formats using different codecs. Wrapper programs like h264encAUR and undvdAUR can provide an assistive interface. Many front-ends are available.
- Transcode — Video/DVD ripper and encoder for the terminal/console.
dvd::rip is a front-end to transcode, used to extract and transcode on-the-fly.
The following packages should be installed:
- dvdrip: GTK front-end for transcode, which performs the ripping and encoding
- libdv: Software codec for DV video
- xvidcore: If you want to encode your ripped files as XviD, an open source MPEG-4 video codec (free alternative to DivX)
- divx4linuxAUR: If you want to encode your ripped files as DivX (available in the AUR)
The dvd::rip preferences are mostly well-documented/self-explanatory. If you need help with something, see http://www.exit1.org/dvdrip/doc/gui-gui_pref.cipp.
Ripping a DVD is often a simple matter of selecting the preferred codec(s), selecting the desired titles, then clicking the "Rip" button.
K3b locale error
When running K3B, if the following message appears:
System locale charset is ANSI_X3.4-1968 Your system's locale charset (i.e. the charset used to encode file names) is set to ANSI_X3.4-1968. It is highly unlikely that this has been done intentionally. Most likely the locale is not set at all. An invalid setting will result in problems when creating data projects.Solution: To properly set the locale charset make sure the LC_* environment variables are set. Normally the distribution setup tools take care of this.
It means that your locale is not set well.
To fix it,
- Remove
- Re-install glibc
- Edit
/etc/locale.gen, uncommenting all lines lines that corresponds to your language AND the
en_USoptions, for compatibility:
en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8 en_US ISO-8859-1
- Re-generate the profiles with
# locale-gen
Generating locales... en_US.UTF-8... done en_US.ISO-8859-1... done pt_BR.UTF-8... done pt_BR.ISO-8859-1... done Generation complete.
More info here.
Brasero fails to find blank discs
Brasero uses gvfs to manage CD/DVD burning devices. Also make sure that your session is not broken.
Brasero fails to normalize audio CD
If you try to burn it may stop at the first step called Normalization.
As a workaround you can disable the normalization plugin using the Edit > Plugins menu
VLC: Error "... could not open the disc /dev/dvd"
If you get the error, "vlc dvdread could not open the disc "/dev/dvd"" it may be because there is no device node
/dev/dvd on your system. Udev no longer creates
/dev/dvd and instead uses
/dev/sr0. To fix this edit the VLC configuration file (
# DVD device (string) dvd=/dev/sr0
DVD drive is noisy
If playing DVD videos causes the system to be very loud, it may be because the disk is spinning faster than it needs to. To temporarily change the speed of the drive, as root, run:
# eject -x 12 /dev/dvd
# hdparm -E12 /dev/dvd
Any speed that is supported by the drive can be used, or 0 for the maximum speed.
Setting CD-ROM and DVD-ROM drive speed
Playback does not work with new computer (new DVD-Drive)
If playback does not work and you have a new computer (new DVD-Drive) the reason might be that the region code is not set. You can read and set the region code with regionsetAUR from the AUR.
None of the above programs are able to rip/encode a DVD to my hard disk!
Make sure the region of your DVD-reader is set correctly, otherwise you will get loads of unexplainable CSS-related errors. Use regionsetAUR to do so.
GUI program log indicates problems with backend program
If you use a GUI program and experience problems which the program's log blames on some backend program, then try to reproduce the problem by the logged backend program arguments. Whether you succeed with reproducing or not, you may report the logged lines and your own findings to the places mentioned in section Burn Backend Problems.
Special case: medium error / write error
Here are some typical messages about the drive disliking the medium. This can only be solved by using a different drive or a different medium. A different program will hardly help.
K3b with backend wodim:
Sense Bytes: 70 00 03 00 00 00 00 12 00 00 00 00 0C 00 00 00 Sense Key: 0x3 Medium Error, Segment 0 Sense Code: 0x0C Qual 0x00 (write error) Fru 0x0
Brasero with backend growisofs:
BraseroGrowisofs stderr: :-[ WRITE@LBA=0h failed with SK=3h/ASC=0Ch/ACQ=00h]: Input/output error
Brasero with backend libburn:
BraseroLibburn Libburn reported an error SCSI error on write(16976,16): [3 0C 00] Write error
See also
- RIAA and actual laws allow backup of physically obtained media under these conditions RIAA - the law.
- Convert any Movie to DVD Video
- Main page of the project Libburnia


text:
iltonrogerio / istockphoto
The National System for the Management of Genetic Heritage (SisGen) has been officially launched in Brazil.
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SisGen, genetic heritage, traditional knowledge, database, Licks Attorneys, biodiversity, National System for the Management of Genetic Heritage (SisGen)

subset: commoncrawl


text:
France Bed and Breakfasts brings you a wide range of the best bed and breakfasts and guesthouse accomodation throughout France. For those who want a change from impersonal hotels, a stay in a bed and breakfast run by local residents provides the perfect base for exploring the French region of your choice.
Roquefort-des-Corbières, Languedoc, France
When a roof over your head isn't quite enough... Try out one of the bnbs in our special interest categories below
Meet your food before you eat it.
Wine tasting
Or wine drinking, as its also known.
Sleep in a yurt, a barge or under the ground.
Winter sports
Time to hit the snowy slopes?
Somebody/something famous was here.
Water hazard on the 7th.
Stay somewhere nice to hike somewhere nicer.
Pony-trekking, vintage cars, hot air balloons...


text:
MLS Listings TORONTO E09 & kingshah.com as TORONTO E09 Real Estate provider
With more than 88 Homes for sale listed in TORONTO city, kingshah.com provides the most up to date information about real estate properties and also the help and guidance for the customers to buy their new dream home. With kingshah.com you may get instant access to relevat information about TORONTO, TORONTO including real estate property descriptions, photos of Homes for sale and the most recent added MLS Listings and the latest sold properties.
As a bonus kingshah.com offers an updated lists of Condos for sale in the most recent launched condominium buildings in TORONTO. You may find also key information as floor plans, ammenities, prices per sqft on dedicated pages about recent condo buildings in TORONTO. There is also an updated TORONTO list of pre-construction and VIP Platinum stage of the recently annuonced Condos for sale.
45 Homes for sale TORONTO E09 on 2018 02 23
On 2018 02 23 in TORONTO E09 were 99 MLS Listings on Real Estate Market. From them 45 are Homes for sale and only 35 real estate properties were active on market and were updated today. In TORONTO E09, prices for Homes for sale varies between a minimum of $575000 and a maximum of $1498000 and usually the price per square feet(PPSQF) for houses for sale is around $0 .
Detached homes for sale prices are between $599900 and $1498000 and their price per square feet (PPSQF) is around $0 . On the other hand average prices for detached houses for sale - $815584 51 could be easy compared with average prices for semi-detached houses - $0 or with the prominet average price of townhouses for sale - $0 . Have in mind that prices for semi-detached residential real estate properties varies between $625000 and $645000 and the prices for townhouses interval is between $658000 and $658000 .
In 2018 02 23 at this moment 2018 02 23 you could find MLS Listings with an average surface square feets of 0 SQFT.
54 Condos for sale TORONTO E09 on 2018 02 23
On 2018 02 23 in TORONTO E09 were 99 MLS Listings on Real Estate Market. From them 54 are Condos for sale and only 72 condominiums were active on market and therefore were updated during this day. In TORONTO E09, prices for Condos for sale varies between a minimum of $5000 and a maximum of $558000 and usually the price per square feet(PPSQF) for condos for sale is around $0 . Around average surface square feets of condos is 0 SQFT.
Families who might be looking for a new Condos for sale could find in TORONTO E09 3 rooms condominiums for an aerage price like $456085 57 between a minimum of $384999 and a maximum of $529900 . For an average price per suqre feet like $0 all family could move into a new condo.
For smaller families there is always the 2 rooms condos with a smaller price per square feet (PPSQFT) $0 and the price in an interval between $359800 and $558000 .
Bachelor may find perfect the 1 room condo because of their price interval between $299999 and $429900 and average price per square feet (PPSQFT) of $365336 69.
TORONTO Stats
For a better understanding of Real Estate Market in TORONTO kingshah.com provide some detalied Stats of Homes for sale available today. Our data is provided by updated MLS Listings and are not older than 24 hours. Through this dedicated Stats page kinghshah.com is trying to help their customers to have an informed choice about the location of their new home.
TORONTO Neighbourhoods
Location is everything in Real Estate. Knowing where to look for your new home is essential. Kingshah.com is helping their customers by offering a dedicated page with simple stats about Neighbourhoods of every region.
Knowing the ups and downs of your new home location is an adavantage.


text:
Cold sores have very recognizable features. They are most often diagnosed by physical exam and by your medical history. If your doctor is not sure, a sample of the fluid or tissue from the blister may be taken. A blood sample may also be taken for testing.
Testing may include any of the following:
- Viral culture—A sample of the fluid from the cold sore blisters is taken with a cotton swab. This is done as soon as possible after an outbreak begins. The virus is then grown in the laboratory. This test is very accurate if the sample is taken while there are still clear blisters.
- Tzanck test—The cold sore is lightly scraped to collect cells onto a glass slide. These cells are then examined under a microscope. This test is quick, but not as accurate.
- Tests to detect the presence of antibodies in your blood. These particular antibodies are created by your body to fight herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections. This test may be done when no sores are present.
Revision Information
- Reviewer: EBSCO Medical Review Board David L. Horn, MD
- Review Date: 03/2018 -
- Update Date: 03/15/2015 -


text:
Clinical Trials
A Study of Two Adherence Plans to Help HIV-Positive Patients Take Their Medications Correctly
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Information provided by (Responsible Party)
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
First received: January 17, 2000
Last updated: September 28, 2013
Last Verified: September 2013
History of Changes
The purpose of this study is to look at different ways to help patients follow their anti-HIV
medication schedules.
It is very important that HIV-positive patients take their anti-HIV medications correctly so they get the best possible benefit from them. Taking the drugs correctly, called "adherence," may keep HIV virus levels in the blood (viral load) low for a longer time. However, anti-HIV medication schedules are often complicated, and many patients have difficulty remembering to take their drugs at the correct time. This study will look at 2 different ways to teach patients about the importance of taking their medications correctly and to remind them when to take their medications.
HIV Infections
Device : Electronic Medication Reminder System
Behavioral : Medication Manager
|Study Type:
|Study Design:
Intervention Model: Factorial Assignment
Primary Purpose: Treatment
|Official Title:
|Adherence Strategies Using a Medication Manager and an Electronic Medication Reminder System for HIV-Infected Patients Receiving HAART
Further study details as provided by National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID):
|Study Completion Date:
|June 2003
Detailed Description:
Adherence to antiretroviral (AR) therapy has become increasingly important in the management
of HIV infection. Adherence to AR regimens is thought to be a critical factor in maintaining
therapeutic drug levels, thus helping ensure viral suppression and minimizing the risk of
drug resistance. However, AR regimens are often complex with demanding dosing schedules.
Patients often miss doses because they simply forget; other factors such as substance abuse,
depression, and low literacy levels also contribute to nonadherence. Adherence is influenced
not only by individual behavior but also by the services, the quality of the patient-provider
relationship, and the amount of social support offered the patient. There is no currently
agreed upon, widely used, and generalizable intervention for improving adherence over the
long course of HIV therapy. This study provides a long-term comparative evaluation of two
Clinical sites, rather than individual patients, are randomized to one of four groups: a medication manager, an electronic medication reminder system, a medication manager plus an electronic medication reminder system, or usual care. Special training sessions are held for the staff of participating units assigned to medication manager and/or electronic medication reminder system interventions. The medication manager is a research staff member who works individually with study patients, addressing the knowledge, motivation, and skills necessary for adherence. The electronic medication reminder system is ALR (A Little Reminder). This is a small, portable alarm that is programmed to sound and flash at the times of the patient's scheduled AR medication doses. Patients enrolling into either the FIRST or MDR-HIV study at clinical sites authorized to carry out this study are offered the option of participating in the adherence intervention to which the clinical site has been randomly assigned. Data collected through the FIRST and the MDR-HIV protocols are used to address the Adherence study objectives. Patients on the FIRST protocol are assessed for time to first plasma HIV-RNA level above 2,000 copies/ml. Also, patients on the FIRST and MDR-HIV studies are assessed for changes in viral load, resistance, CD4 cell counts, adherence, and other factors.
|Ages Eligible for Study:
|Child, Adult, Senior
|Sexes Eligible for Study:
|Accepts Healthy Volunteers:
Inclusion Criteria
Patients may be eligible for this study if they:
- Are enrolling in a qualifying CPCRA AR therapeutic study. Currently, the FIRST and MDR-HIV studies are the only qualifying protocols.
- Are enrolling at a clinic site that is unable to participate in this study for some
Exclusion Criteria
Patients will not be eligible for this study if they:
Contacts and LocationsChoosing to participate in a study is an important personal decision.Talk with your doctor and family members or friends about deciding to join a study. To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the Contacts provided below.For general information, see Learn About Clinical Studies.
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00001129
Locations Show More
|United States, California
|Community Consortium / UCSF
|San Francisco, California, United States, 94110
|Virginia Cafaro M.D.
|San Francisco, California, United States, 94110
|United States, Colorado
|Denver CPCRA / Denver Public Hlth
|Denver, Colorado, United States, 80204
|Univ Hosp Infectious Diseases Clinic
|Denver, Colorado, United States, 80204
|United States, Connecticut
|Yale Univ School of Medicine / AIDS Program
|New Haven, Connecticut, United States, 06510
|United States, District of Columbia
|Washington Reg AIDS Prog / Dept of Infect Dis
|Washington, District of Columbia, United States, 20422
|United States, Georgia
|AIDS Research Consortium of Atlanta
|Atlanta, Georgia, United States, 30308
|United States, Illinois
|AIDS Research Alliance - Chicago
|Chicago, Illinois, United States, 60657
|United States, Louisiana
|Louisiana Comm AIDS Rsch Prog / Tulane Univ Med
|New Orleans, Louisiana, United States, 70112
|United States, Michigan
|Wayne State Univ - WSU/DMC / Univ Hlth Ctr
|Detroit, Michigan, United States, 48201
|Henry Ford Hosp
|Detroit, Michigan, United States, 48202
|United States, New Jersey
|Southern New Jersey AIDS Clinical Trials
|Camden, New Jersey, United States, 08103
|North Jersey Community Research Initiative
|Newark, New Jersey, United States, 07103
|United States, New Mexico
|Partners in Research / New Mexico
|Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States, 87131
|United States, New York
|Bronx-Lebanon Hosp Ctr
|Bronx, New York, United States, 10453
|Harlem AIDS Treatment Grp / Harlem Hosp Ctr
|New York, New York, United States, 10037
|United States, Oregon
|The Research and Education Group
|Portland, Oregon, United States, 97210
|United States, Pennsylvania
|Philadelphia FIGHT
|Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, 19107
|United States, Texas
|Univ TX Health Science Ctr
|Houston, Texas, United States, 77030
|United States, Virginia
|Richmond AIDS Consortium / Div of Infect Diseases
|Richmond, Virginia, United States, 23298
Sponsors and CollaboratorsNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
|Study Chair:
|Sharon Mannheimer
|Study Chair:
|Edward Morse
More Information
|Responsible Party:
|National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
|ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
|NCT00001129 History of Changes
|Other Study ID Numbers:
|Study First Received:
|January 17, 2000
|Last Updated:
|September 28, 2013
Keywords provided by National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID):Drug Therapy, Combination
RNA, Viral
Patient Compliance
Anti-HIV Agents
Viral Load
Reminder Systems
Treatment Experienced
Treatment Naive
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
HIV Infections
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on March 27, 2020
This information is provided by ClinicalTrials.gov.


text:
✔ Many different sizes available.
✔ Brilliant pictures in vibrant color thanks to new Crystal Eye printing technology.
✔ Quick and easy to hang, even for beginners (choose non–woven)!
✔ Odorless and non–toxic. 100% Suitable for any room, especially children's rooms, living rooms und bedrooms.
✔ Perfect amount of paste is already included!
Base Price:22.79 € / square meter
excl. 19 % VAT excl. Shipping
Design Theme: orchids wallpaper ornaments flower orchid beads stripe lines silver
Top Quality Wallpaper Mural ✔
• Size won't change while hanging due to high quality, flexible non-woven material (only non-woven)
• Unique color brilliance due to multi-coated surface and special sealing
• Guaranteed colorfastness and UV resistance – won't fade even after years of direct light!
• Ethically Produced: Made in Europe
Environmentally Friendly and Safe ✔
• Ink is solvent free with no harmful emissions
• Hang with confidence in all living areas – of course including bedrooms and children's rooms.
Easy to Hang ✔
• Mural is hung in strips rather than tiles (Strip width: 50 cm, 92 cm or 104 cm depending on chosen size)
• Perfect fit without overlapping or size fluctuation (only non-woven)
• Simply apply the paste directly to the wall and hang the dry paper (only non-woven)
• Can even be hung over old wallpaper and will even hold on woodchip wallpaper! (only non-woven)
Available Sizes (Width x Height):
☑ 104x70.5 cm ☑ 152.5x104 cm ☑ 208x146 cm ☑ 254x184 cm ☑ 312x219 cm ☑ 368x254 cm ☑ 416x254 cm
Choose Your Material:
Premium non-woven ♥ or paper ♦
♦ Why Choose a Paper Mural?
Paper wallpaper murals are affordable, though a bit more difficult to hang and must be moistened to remove. To hang, paper material must be pasted and left to soak (for a precise amount of time) where it will expand to its full size. With only a little wallpaper hanging experience, installing a paper wallpaper is a breeze!
♥ Why Choose a Non-Woven Mural?
Non-woven wallpapers are a thicker, higher quality material than paper and popular due to easy hanging and removal. To hang a non-woven wallpaper, simply apply the paste to the wall and hang the dry wallpaper directly to it – no soaking time and no size fluctuation. To remove, a non-woven wallpaper can easily be stripped while dry from the wall. We recommend non-woven for wallpapering novices.
New products
21.95 €18.87 €*
25.45 €21.52 €*
26.45 €22.32 €*
24.45 €20.87 €*
Usually the goods will be shipped immediately from the manufacturer.
You can see the time to delivery (Germany) directly in the product description.
Deliveries will be made Monday to Friday.
To calculate the time to delivery for international orders, please sum up the delivery time declared directly in the
article description and the run time of the chosen parcel service. You find this in our
shipping information (click).
To use the features of this page, you need JavaScript!


text:
Manga online
E-Rank Healer
Chapter 11
You're reading manga E-Rank Healer Chapter 11 online at MangaBorn.com. Enjoy
Upload: Feb-25-2020 11:48
You're reading manga E-Rank Healer Chapter 11 online at MangaBorn.com
MangaBorn is the read manga online website with a huge number of manga being updated daily and high-speed. Read manga online, Manga online, Read manga and many more..
Current Time is Apr-10-2020 03:44:47 AM.
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text:
cell(redirected from epithelial cell)
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Medical, Financial, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia.
cell(Enemy combatants), noun enemy group, exxremist group, rebel organization, saboteurs, subversives, unnerground extremists
Associated concepts: enemy combatants, justice courts, miliiary tribunals, Patriotic Act, prison cells, sleeper cell, terrorist cell
cell(jail), noun cage, cella, chamber, compartment, confined room, confinement, cubicle, cubiculum, enclosed cage, incarceration, jailhouse, penitentiary, pound, prison, prison house, small cavity, small room, solitary abode
See also: chamber, jail, penitentiary, prison
CELL. A small room in a prison. See Dungeon.


text:
A meniscal tear is a tear in the meniscus. The meniscus is cartilage, which acts as a shock-absorbing structure in the knee. There are 2 menisci in each knee, a medial one on the inside, and a lateral one on the outside.
There are different types of tears depending on the location and how they look. Treatment depends on the severity of the tear.
Most injuries to the meniscus are caused by trauma. This usually includes compression and twisting of the knee. Because the aging process breaks down the inner tissues of the meniscus, minor trauma can injure the meniscus in an older adult.
Risk Factors
Older adults and men are at increased risk. Factors that may increase your risk of:
Degenerative tears:
- Occupations that involve kneeling and squatting
- Climbing stairs
- Previous knee injuries
- Obesity
Acute tears:
- Participating in contact sports, such as soccer or rugby
- Poor techniques for jumping, landing, pivoting, and cutting
Symptoms may include:
- A popping sound at the time of the injury
- Pain and swelling in the knee
- Tightness in the knee
- Locking up, catching, or giving way of the knee
- Tenderness in the joint
You will be asked about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done.
Your knee may need to be viewed. This can be done with:
Talk with your doctor about the best treatment plan for you. Recovery time ranges depend on the severity of your injury. Treatment steps may include:
Supportive Care
The knee will need time to heal. Supportive care may include:
- Rest—Activities may need to be restricted at first. Normal activities will be gradually resumed as the injury heals.
- Ice—Ice therapy may help relieve swelling. You may be advised to use heat as you begin to return to normal activities.
- Compression—Compression bandages can provide gentle pressure to help move fluids out of the area.
- Elevation—Keeping the knee elevated can help fluids drain or prevent them from building up
- A knee brace to stabilize the knee
- Crutches to keep extra weight off of the leg
Over-the-counter or prescription medication may be advised to reduce pain.
Physical Therapy
A physical therapist will assess the knee. An exercise program will be created to help recovery and to stretch and strengthen the muscles.
Repair or removal of all or part of the damaged meniscus may by done. This is usually done through small incisions of the skin. A camera and special tools are inserted through the incisions.
To reduce your chances of a meniscal tear, take these steps:
- Maintain proper technique when exercising or playing sports.
- Wear appropriate footwear for your sport and playing surface.
- Strengthen both the quadriceps and the hamstrings.
- Consider wearing a knee brace for sports.
Revision Information
- Reviewer: EBSCO Medical Review Board Teresa Briedwell, PT, DPT
- Review Date: 03/2018 -
- Update Date: 04/24/2014 -


text:
Puzzle Levels
Puzzle Categories
Download a FREE Solution for your puzzles!
Rubik's Cube 3x3x3
Product Information
|Mix Up Then Put Back to Start
|Level 8 - Demanding
|Rubik's Cube, 3x3
|2 1/4 in x 2 1/4 in x 2 1/4 in / 5.75 cm x 5.75 cm x 5.75 cm
|Plastic Hex Package
Product Description
Enjoy the new design of Rubik's! Faster, Smoother and Tougher!
This is the NEW Rubik's Cube with tough tiles. The traditional stickers have been replaced with plastic; which mean no fading, peeling or cheating! It also has a brand new mechanism that results in a smoother, faster and more durable Rubik's Cube. If anyone ever tells you they solve the Rubik's Cube by peeling the stickers off – hand them one of these!
The Rubik's Cube is the classic colour-matching puzzle that's a great mental challenge at home or on the move. Turn and twist the sides of the cube so that each of the six faces only has one colour. Over "43 Quintillion" (that's 43 with 18 zeros to you and me) moves are possible with this original 3x3 Cube, but there is only one solution! With lots of practice you can solve it in under 10 seconds!
Rubik's Cube is incredibly addictive, and has fascinated fans since it arrived in 1980. A must for puzzle lovers, the aim is to twist and turn the Rubik's Cube to return it to its original state, with every side having one solid colour. With this retro puzzle hours of challenging fun lie ahead.
Age: 8+
Customer Reviews |Write your own review!
Disclaimer: These reviews are written by our customers. Puzzle Master makes every attempt to keep these posts informative and relevant. If you find a post objectionable or inappropriate, please let us know by sending an email to email@example.com
Why would i give this 20$, I can just find a 2$ stickerless cube (And i did :p)
great cube fun funky and monkey I can solve it but not so fast I am more of a pyraminix, mirror cube kind 'of guy
The 3x3x3 Rubik's cube is a great challenge. I can solve it in a minute or less now. I learned how to solve it about a year ago, and now I can solve a 2x2, 3x3, 4x4, 5x5 and 6x6. Now I'm looking into buying a 7x7x7! The reason I rated it 4 of 5 stars is because the stickers wear off after lots of use.
I really like this puzzle! It is great, but you might want to lube it to turn better. If it doesn't turn great you just have to work it in.
Hard but not impossible. After learning how to solve it various ways and a lot of practice you can get into the 3-to-4 minute solve rate time. The 90-seconds quoted by someone above is extremely rare. The stickers wear off after a really long time (hundreds of hours) but the cube itself lasts and lasts. Plastic cube held together by springs. The six center pieces rotate only, all of the edge pieces slide around as you rotate any one side. It's very fun to ask someone else to mix it up, and then solve it and give it back to them to mix it up again. Once you learn the moves you prefer (there are many various ways to solve - some are faster but more complex, some are simpler but longer) you can solve anyone's Rubik. And for a mathematical challenge, the instructions are not needed - for a real pleasant challenge, try to solve it WITHOUT the book, for those so inclined.
The 3x3 cube is what got me into speed cubing. This is a delicious little puzzle. challenging beyond your wildest dreams. The stickers lose their protective covers over time, but the cube itself is great.
Hard but not impossible. I learned to solve this almost 30 years ago, and I still can do it in about 90 seconds.


text:
|Cart (0) | Checkout | My Account | Contact Us 02 9570 4794
|Updated Monday 06 April, 2020
| Contact Us | Site Map | Privacy Notice | Conditions of Use | Shipping & Returns |
Western Firearms is a gun shop based in Sydney servicing Australia with reloading gear and accessories.
Whether you live in Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide, Perth, Brisbane, Hobart, Darwin or anywhere in between we can get you what you need asap.
We specialise in new and second hand used gun sales, shooting gear, reloading tools and accessories.
If you're into rifles, pistols, shotguns, sports shooting, hunting or anything that goes bang then you can buy it here.
You'll find thousands of different products for sale for all your shooting needs.
© 2020 Western Firearms - 2/159 Penshurst St Beverly Hills NSW 2209


text:
1633 … William Hurtley was born in Kirkby Malahmadale, Yorkshire. His parents were Thomas Hurtley and Elizabeth Deane. He is my 7x great grandfather.
1903 … Mary Anne Paley (nee Spink) died. She is my 2x great grandmother.
1924 … Florence Espley was born in Stockport, Cheshire to parents James Henry Espley and Mary Fox. She is my wife's 4th cousin.


text:
Speed Up Your Sales, Support, and Customer Service Teams
You're not a robot so stop logging your calls like one! BVoIP puts an end to the chore. Each call made on your Phone will be logged into ConnectWise automatically as a "Call". Each call record will include information such as the duration, who made the call, which leads/contacts are related, and any user entered call notes.
Make More Calls
Our click to dial works on any webpage whether you're on a detail or list view in ConnectWise, your inbox, or in spreadsheet. If there's a phone number, you can click it. While it's ringing, productively review your history or if they're not already in the CRM add them with ease by creating a new lead/contact in ConnectWise right from the popup!
Start recognizing your callers
Start each call off with context. No more: "What'd you say your name is?", "What company are you with?", or "Where'd we leave off?". The BVoIP popup will load relevant information from ConnectWise such as who it is, your previous activities (calls, emails, notes, etc).
Better Follow Ups
Always know the next step to close that deal by keeping yourself and colleagues in the loop. With our intelligent note box, you can make following up and collaborating incredibly easy. Typing something like "Follow up next week" will create a new "Task" in ConnectWise. You can even @mention one of your users that were imported from ConnectWise, and BVoIP will automatically create an event for you and anyone included in the note.
Call Analytics
BVoIP automatically syncs your team's call activity into ConnectWise, ensuring that data entry into your ConnectWise is maximized across your team when it is time to generate high value reports; you have all of the pieces to the picture. All data is stored within ConnectWise so that actionable insights can be gained.
More Features
- BVoIP is not your typical CTI solution. It boasts an innovative feature set your users will love.
- All Calls are Logged 100% Automatically. No need to be logged into ConnectWise or even have your computer on.
- Add Sales Gamification to ConnectWise.
- Click to Dial works on any webpage. ConnectWise, your inbox, a spreadsheet, LinkedIn, etc.
- Easy to use Inside Sales interface that doesn't require any training.
- Often called a PowerDialer, Auto-Dialer, Progressive Dialer, or Predictive Dialer. We call it a Sales Dialer!
- Call Centers use Call Popups that appear on every browser tab. This allows users to add notes to calls even when they're not logged into ConnectWise!
- Contact name & account link to the ConnectWise records to quickly pull up all your ConnectWise data.
- The caller's previous calls, notes, etc are pulled from ConnectWise and displayed in the call Popup
- Call Notes entered in one tab are sync'd to others. Never hunt down the tab you left notes in again. We popup right in ConnectWise or any tab.
- Call History for reviewing calls made
- Call Metrics you can understand.
- @mention syntax enables easy sharing of call notes.
- Popups handle multiple calls (ie. Call Waiting), don't ever lose a call note
- SmartRelate - Calls are related to Opportunities/Cases if dialed from one in ConnectWise
- If multiple matches, popup displays radio buttons to choose.
- Gamification awards top performers and makes it fun
- Popup is minimizable to side of screen from ConnectWise or any tab


text:
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OMM Alternatives Colorado Springs CO Marijuana Cards Doctors
OMM Alternatives 420 evaluations renewals, medical marijuana card renewals California with 420 doctors or Colorado medicinal marijuana doctors that permits holders to utilize cannabis as a suitable treatment alternative for qualifying medical conditions like medicinal marijuana can be useful when you're experiencing Arthritis, Cancer, Chemotherapy, Chronic Back Pain, ADD / ADHD, eating disorders, glaucoma, fibromyalgia, multiple sclerosis, HIV / AIDS, anxiety, nausea, epilepsy, glaucoma and the sky is the limit from there. The Colorado medical marijuana qualifying conditions keeps on extending as cannabis is utilized to treat new things and does it adequately. Patients are reporting positive results in the legal states, decreased opioid narcotic use, and decreased number of deaths due to narcotic opioid overdose. If you live in Colorado Springs and you're considering how to get a Colorado medical marijuana card explore the Colorado Springs medical marijuana doctors.
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Place Categories: Colorado Marijuana Doctors and Colorado Springs CO Marijuana Doctors
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The pacman package manager is one of the main features of Arch Linux. It combines a simple binary package format with an easy-to-use build system (see makepkg and Arch Build System). The goal of pacman is to make it possible to easily manage packages, whether they are from the official Arch repositories or the user's own builds.
pacman keeps the system up to date by synchronizing package lists with the master server. This server/client model also allows you to download/install packages with a simple command, complete with all required dependencies.
pacman is written in the C programming language and uses the
.pkg.tar.xz package format.
pacman -Ql pacman | grep bin
- 1 Configuration
- 2 Usage
- 3 Troubleshooting
- 4 See also
pacman configuration is located in
/etc/pacman.conf. This is the place where the user configures the program to work in the desired manner. In-depth information about the configuration file can be found in man pacman.conf.
General options
General options are in the
[options] section. Read the man page or look in the default
pacman.conf for information on what can be done here.
Skip package from being upgraded
To skip upgrading a specific package, specify it as such:
For multiple packages use a space-separated list, or use additional
IgnorePkg lines.
Skip package group from being upgraded
As with packages, skipping a whole package group is also possible:
This section defines which repositories to use, as referred to in
pacman.conf. They can be stated here directly, or included from another file.
All official repositories use the same
/etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist file which uses the
$repo variable, making it necessary to maintain only one list.
The following is an example for the official repositories that defers mirrors to
#[testing] #SigLevel = PackageRequired #Include = /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist [core] #SigLevel = PackageRequired Include = /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist [extra] #SigLevel = PackageOptional Include = /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist #[community-testing] #SigLevel = PackageRequired #Include = /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist [community] #SigLevel = PackageOptional Include = /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist # If you want to run 32 bit applications on your x86_64 system, # enable the multilib repositories as required here. #[multilib-testing] #SigLevel = PackageRequired #Include = /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist [multilib] #SigLevel = PackageOptional Include = /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist # An example of a custom package repository. See the pacman manpage for # tips on creating your own repositories. #[custom] #SigLevel = Optional TrustAll #Server = file:///home/custompkgs
Package security
Pacman 4 supports signed packages, which adds an extra layer of security to the packages. To enable signature verification, take a look here.
What follows is just a small sample of the operations that pacman can perform. To read more examples, refer to man pacman.
Installing packages
Installing specific packages
To install a single package or list of packages (including dependencies), issue the following command:
# pacman -S package_name1 package_name2 ...
Sometimes there are multiple versions of a package in different repositories, e.g. [extra] and [testing]. To install the former version, the repository needs to be defined in front:
# pacman -S extra/package_name
Installing package groups
Some packages belong to a group of packages that can all be installed simultaneously. For example, issuing the command:
# pacman -S gnome
will install all the packages that belong to the
gnome group. To see what packages belong to the gnome group, run:
# pacman -Sg gnome
Also visit https://www.archlinux.org/groups/ to see what package groups are available.
--needed option.
pacman -Sy package_name); this can lead to dependency issues, see #Partial upgrades are unsupported and [1].
Removing packages
To remove a single package, leaving all of its dependencies installed:
# pacman -R package_name
To remove a package and its dependencies which are not required by any other installed package:
# pacman -Rs package_name
To remove a package, its dependencies and all the packages that depend on the target package:
# pacman -Rsc package_name
To remove a package, which is required by another package, without removing the dependent package:
# pacman -Rdd package_name
pacman saves important configuration files when removing certain applications and names them with the extension:
.pacsave. To prevent the creation of these backup files use the
-n option:
# pacman -Rn package_name
Upgrading packages
pacman can update all packages on the system with just one command. This could take quite a while depending on how up-to-date the system is. This command can synchronize the repository databases and update the system's packages (excluding 'local' packages that are not in the configured repositories):
# pacman -Syu
pacman is a powerful package management tool, but it does not attempt to handle all corner cases. Read The Arch Way if this causes confusion. Users must be vigilant and take responsibility for maintaining their own system. When performing a system update, it is essential that users read all information output by pacman and use common sense. If a user-modified configuration file needs to be upgraded for a new version of a package, a
.pacnew file will be created to avoid overwriting settings modified by the user. Pacman will prompt the user to merge them. These files require manual intervention from the user and it is good practice to handle them right after every package upgrade or removal. See Pacnew and Pacsave Files for more info.
Before upgrading, it is advisable to visit the Arch Linux home page to check the latest news (or subscribe to the RSS feed): when updates require out-of-the-ordinary user intervention (more than what can be handled simply by following the instructions given by pacman), an appropriate news post will be made.
If one encounters problems that cannot be solved by these instructions, make sure to search the forum. It is likely that others have encountered the same problem and have posted instructions for solving it.
Querying package databases
pacman queries the local package database with the
-Q flag; see:
$ pacman -Q --help
and queries the sync databases with the
-S flag; see:
$ pacman -S --help
pacman can search for packages in the database, searching both in packages' names and descriptions:
$ pacman -Ss string1 string2 ...
To search for already installed packages:
$ pacman -Qs string1 string2 ...
To display extensive information about a given package:
$ pacman -Si package_name
For locally installed packages:
$ pacman -Qi package_name
Passing two
-i flags will also display the list of backup files and their modification states:
$ pacman -Qii package_name
To retrieve a list of the files installed by a package:
$ pacman -Ql package_name
For packages not installed, use
pkgfile from pkgtools or
nosr from nosr-gitAUR from AUR.
One can also query the database to know which package a file in the file system belongs to:
$ pacman -Qo /path/to/a/file
To list all packages no longer required as dependencies (orphans):
$ pacman -Qdt
To list a dependency tree of a package:
$ pactree package_name
To list all the packages depending on a package, use
whoneeds from pkgtools:
$ whoneeds package_name
Additional commands
Upgrade the system and install a list of packages (one-liner):
# pacman -Syu package_name1 package_name2 ...
Download a package without installing it:
# pacman -Sw package_name
Install a 'local' package that is not from a repository:
# pacman -U /path/to/package/package_name-version.pkg.tar.xz
Install a 'remote' package (not from a repository):
# pacman -U http://www.example.com/repo/example.pkg.tar.xz
Clean the package cache of packages that are not currently installed (
pacman -Sc removes all the old versions of installed packages.
# pacman -Sc
Clean the entire package cache:
# pacman -Scc
As an alternative to both the
-Sc and
-Scc switches, consider using CachecleanAUR from the AUR. This python script selectively cleans pacman's cache keeping x old version of each package therein.
Partial upgrades are unsupported
Arch Linux is a rolling release, and new library versions will be pushed to the repositories. The developers and trusted users will rebuild all the packages in the repositories that need to be rebuilt against the libraries. If the system has locally installed packages (such as AUR packages), users will need to rebuild them when their dependencies receive a soname bump.
This means that partial upgrades are not supported. Do not use
pacman -Sy package or any equivalent such as
pacman -Sy and then
pacman -S package. Always upgrade before installing a package -- particularly if pacman has refreshed the sync repositories. Be very careful when using
IgnorePkg and
IgnoreGroup for the same reason.
If a partial upgrade scenario has been created, and binaries are broken because they cannot find the libraries they are linked against, do not "fix" the problem simply by symlinking. Libraries receive soname bumps when they are not backwards compatible. A simple
pacman -Syu to a properly synced mirror will fix the issue as long as pacman is not broken.


text:
LEGO Star Wars BB-8 75187 Light Kit (LEGO SET ARE NOT INCLUDED )
Delivery Times
Myhobbies.com.au is determined to offer lightening fast shipping. We ensure all our products will be shipped in 3 business days for standard shipping. 1 business day for the express shipping.
Delivery Packaging
We know what toy collectors care about. Therefore, we wrap every product carefully and we even design customise the strong packaging box to ensure your loved toy arrived at your home secure and intact.
Delivery Areas
We will ship to Australia wide at this stage, however, we are working on to open more areas.
Delivery Fee
We charge $10 flat rate Australia wide standard shipping for purchase below $150. We will offer free shipping for purchase over $150.
We also offer express shipping, the express shipping fee will be calculated when you check out.
Local Pick up
Local pick up is possible for the NSW Metro customers. Please contact us on email@example.com or call mobile 0425220428 to arrange the pick up.
Change of the Mind
If you have changed your mind and you are able to provide satisfactory proof of purchase, Myhobbies may offer you an exchange or full refund provided that the merchandise:
– is in saleable condition
– is unworn or unused with all original, sealed packaging and tags attached
– the exchange or refund is sought within 14 days.
The buyer will need to pay for the return shipping cost.
Proof of Purchase
Returns, refunds, exchanges or repair requests must be accompanied by the shipping notification email received by the buyer.
Customer Guarantee For the Damaged Product
If you believe an item is damaged including damages caused by shipping and are able to provide photos of the damaged products, Myhobbies will be issues full refund including the return postage cost.
The buyer has to provide the photocopy of the postage receipt from Australia Post.
Return Tender
You should expect to receive your refund after we have verified the returned product. Your refund will be returned to you in the same manner it was given ie. credit card payments will be refunded via your credit card.
Privacy When Making Returns
Myhobbies is committed to protecting your privacy. You may be asked to present photo identification so that we can record your name, identification type, identification number and expiry date and verify your signature. Acceptable identification must also include your full name with a future expiry date.
For example, Australian Driver's Licence or Passport.
Please note, when returning merchandise totalling $1,000 or more and requesting a Tax Adjustment Note, your name, address and ABN (if applicable) will be required.
Information collected will be securely stored for a reasonable period of time. It may be used for fraud protection activities and for the purpose of Myhobbies research and analysis. It may be disclosed to state and territory departments upon request, as required by law.
How to start a return
If you need to return an item, simply contact us directly at firstname.lastname@example.com.
You can reach us via one of the following way. We will aim to answer your question as soon as possible.
Email: email@example.com
Phone: 0468560266
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text:
4046 Jandy Blvd. P.O. Box 331
Nazareth, PA 18064
Enter your registered email address to request a password reset link.
Estimated Monthly Payment will depend on vehicle make and model and will be determined upon actual vehicle inspection. All payments are estimates. Tax, title and any other fees are extra.
Quick Specs