text:
Principal Proposed Natural Treatments
Other Proposed Natural Treatments
The term migraine refers to a class of headaches sharing certain characteristic symptoms. Headache pain usually occurs in the forehead or temples, often on one side only and typically accompanied by nausea and a preference for a darkened room. Headache attacks last for several hours, up to a day or more. They are usually separated by completely pain-free intervals. In some cases, headache pain is accompanied by a visual (or occasionally nonvisual) disturbance known as an aura. Migraines are classified as migraine with aura and migraine without aura.
Migraines can be set off by a variety of triggers, including fatigue, stress, hormonal changes, and foods such as alcoholic beverages, chocolate, peanuts, and avocados. When people with migraine headaches first consult a physician, they are generally advised to identify such triggers, and avoid them if possible. However, migraines quite frequently occur with no obvious avoidable triggering factor.
The underlying cause of migraine headaches has been a subject of continuing controversy for over a century. Opinion has swung back and forth between two primary beliefs: that migraines are related to epileptic seizures and originate in the nervous tissue of the brain; or that blood vessels in the skull cause headache pain when they dilate or contract (so-called vascular headaches). Most likely, several factors are involved, and more than one stimulus can light the fuse that leads to a full-blown migraine attack.
Conventional treatment of acute migraines has lately been revolutionized by drugs in the triptan family. These medications can completely abort a migraine headache in many individuals. They work by imitating the action of serotonin on blood vessels, causing them to contract. However, while they are dramatically effective for the majority of people with migraines, a substantial minority do not respond, for reasons that are unclear.
People interested in prevention of migraines have a great variety of options, including ergot drugs, antidepressants, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and antiseizure medications. Picking the best one is mostly a matter of trial and error. Most but not all people can find some medication that will work.
Principal Proposed Natural Treatments
Several herbs and supplements have shown considerable promise for helping to prevent migraines. Keep in mind that serious diseases may occasionally first present themselves as migraine-type headaches. If you suddenly start having migraines without a previous history, or if the pattern of your migraines changes significantly, it is essential to seek medical evaluation.
Two double-blind, placebo-controlled studies suggest that an extract of the herb butterbur may be helpful for preventing migraines.
Butterbur extract was tested as a migraine preventive in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study involving 60 men and women who experienced at least three migraines per month. 34 After 4 weeks without any conventional medications, participants were randomly assigned to take either 50 mg of butterbur extract or placebo twice daily for 3 months. The results were positive: both the number of migraine attacks and the total number of days of migraine pain were significantly reduced in the treatment group as compared to the placebo group. Three out of four individuals taking butterbur reported improvement, as compared to only one out of four in the placebo group. No significant side effects were noted.
In another double-blind, placebo-controlled study performed by different researchers, 202 people with migraine headaches received either 50 mg twice daily of butterbur extract, 75 mg twice daily, or placebo. 60 Over the 3 months of the study, the frequency of migraine attacks gradually decreased in all three groups. However, the group receiving the higher dose of butterbur extract showed significantly greater improvement than those in the placebo group. The lower dose of butterbur failed to prove significantly more effective than placebo.
Based on these two studies, it does appear that butterbur extract is helpful for preventing migraines, and that 75 mg twice daily is more effective than 50 mg twice daily. However, further research is necessary to establish this with certainty.
For more information, including dosage and safety issues, see the full Butterbur article.
Five meaningful double-blind, placebo-controlled studies have been performed to evaluate feverfew's effectiveness as a preventive treatment for migraines, but the results have been inconsistent. The best of the positive trials used a feverfew extract made by extracting the herb with liquid carbon dioxide. Two other trials that used whole feverfew leaf also found it effective; however, two studies that used feverfew extracts did not find benefit.
In a well-conducted 16-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 170 people with migraines, use of a feverfew product made via liquid carbon-dioxide extraction resulted in a significant decrease in headache frequency as compared to the effect of the placebo treatment. 63 In the treatment group, headache frequency decreased by 1.9 headaches per month, as compared to a reduction of 1.3 headaches per month in the placebo group. The average number of headaches per month prior to treatment was 4.76 headaches. A previous study using the same extract had failed to find benefit, but it primarily enrolled people who were less prone to migraines. 10 A review of 6 randomized trials including some the above trials, supported that feverfew has mixed, inconclusive evidence as treatment for preventing migraine headaches. 95
Two other studies used whole feverfew leaf, and found benefit. The first followed 59 people for 8 months. 2 For 4 months, half received a daily capsule of feverfew leaf, and the other half received placebo. The groups were then switched and followed for an additional 4 months. Treatment with feverfew produced a 24% reduction in the number of migraines and a significant decrease in nausea and vomiting during the headaches. A subsequent double-blind study of 57 people with migraines found that use of feverfew leaf could decrease the severity of migraine headaches. 3 Unfortunately, this trial did not report whether there was any change in the frequency of migraines.
One study using an alcohol extract failed to find benefit. 4,10
Some migraine sufferers experience a mild headache before the onset of their full blown migraine. A randomized trial involving 60 such patients found that a sublingual (placed under the toungue for rapid absorption) combination of feverfew and ginger taken at the onset of this early hedache helped to reduce or eliminate pain for at least 2 hours. 77
For more information, including dosage and safety issues, see the full Feverfew article.
Magnesium is another natural treatment that has shown promise for the prevention of migraine headaches. A 12-week, double-blind study followed 81 people with recurrent migraines. 19 Half received 600 mg of magnesium daily (in the rather unusual form of trimagnesium dicitrate), and the other half received placebo. By the last 3 weeks of the study, the frequency of migraine attacks was reduced by 41.6% in the treated group, compared to 15.8% in the placebo group. The only side effects observed were diarrhea (18.6%) and digestive irritation (4.7%).
Similar results have been seen in other double-blind studies. 20,21,61 There was one study that did not find a benefit, 22 but it had many problems in its design. 23
Preliminary studies also suggest that magnesium may be helpful for migraines triggered by hormonal changes occurring with the menstrual cycle. 21,42
For more information, including dosage and safety issues, see the full Magnesium article.
5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP)
The body manufactures 5-HTP on its way to making serotonin. When 5-HTP is taken as a supplement, the net result may be increased serotonin production. Since a number of drugs that affect serotonin are used to prevent migraine headaches, 5-HTP has been tried as well. Some evidence suggests that it may work when taken at a dosage of 400 mg to 600 mg daily. Lower doses may not be effective.
In a 6-month trial of 124 people, 5-HTP (600 mg daily) proved equally effective as the standard drug methysergide. 24 The most dramatic benefits seen were a reduction in the intensity and duration of migraines. Since methysergide has been proven better than placebo for migraine headaches in earlier studies, the study results provide meaningful, although not airtight, evidence that 5-HTP is also effective.
Similarly good results were seen in another comparative study, using a different medication and 5-HTP (at a dose of 400 mg daily). 25
However, in one study, 5-HTP (up to 300 mg daily) was less effective than the drug propranolol. 26 Also, in a study involving children, 5-HTP failed to demonstrate benefit. 27 Other studies that are sometimes quoted as evidence that 5-HTP is effective for migraines actually enrolled adults or children with many different types of headaches (including migraines). 28-30
Putting all this evidence together, it appears possible that 5-HTP can help people with frequent migraine headaches if taken in sufficient doses, but further research needs to be done. In particular, we need a large double-blind study that compares 5-HTP against placebo over a period of several months.
For more information, including dosage and safety issues, see the full 5-HTP article.
Mitochondrial Enhancers
Mitochondria are the energy-producing subunits of cells. Based on a the highly speculative theory that mitochondrial dysfunction may play a role in migraines, three substances have been tried for migraine prevention: vitamin B 2 (riboflavin), coenzyme Q 10 (CoQ 10 ), and lipoic acid . Results, thus far, have been a bit promising.
A 3-month, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 55 people with migraines found that vitamin B 2 (at a daily dose of 400 mg) significantly reduced the frequency and duration of migraine attacks. 33 The majority of the participants experienced a greater than 50% decrease in the number of migraine attacks as well as the total days with headache pain. A subsequent study failed to find benefit with a combination of vitamin B 2 , magnesium, and feverfew; however, it is possible that the 25 mg daily dose of vitamin B 2 used as the placebo confused the issue by providing some benefits on its own. 64
Another small double-blind, placebo-controlled trial found benefit with CoQ 10 (100 mg 3x daily). 62 In this study, about 50% of the people taking this supplement had a significant decrease in migraine frequency, as compared to only 15% in the placebo group.
A similar study of lipoic acid hinted at benefit, but the results failed to pass tests of statistical significance. 68
Other Proposed Natural Treatments
Fish Oil
Despite promising results in an earlier and widely publicized study, 31 a much larger and longer study of fish oil for migraines failed to find benefit. 31 In this 16-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 167 individuals with recurrent migraines, use of fish oil did not significantly reduce headache frequency or severity. 39 Another small double-blind, placebo-controlled study failed to find statistically significant evidence of benefit. 40
Acupuncture has shown some promise for various types of headaches, including migraines; however, the research record remains mixed, and the best designed studies have generally failed to find benefit. 78-90
One study, though, found more persuasive evidence for migraines. 78 In this study, 140 migraine sufferers were randomized to receive acupuncture plus placebo or sham acupuncture plus flunarizine (a medication used to prevent migraines). At 16 weeks, those in the acupuncture and placebo group experienced more migraine-free days than the sham acupuncture and medication group. A drawback of this study is that flunarizine is not a commonly used medication for migraine prevention.
In a review of five randomized trials with 3,962 patients, acupuncture was effective in reducing migraine and tension-type headache pain when compared to patients receiving no acupuncture. However, four randomized trials comparing acupunture to sham acupuncture among 1,414 patients showed mixed results. Two trials found significant pain reduction and two did not. 91
In a single blind randomized trial of 480 adults with migraine headaches, 20 sessions of real acupuncture over 4 weeks reduced the number of headache days compared to sham acupuncture 12 weeks after treatment. However, this effect was delayed: there were no significant differences between the groups after 4 weeks after treatment. 92
Acupuncture was combined with migraine prophylaxis in a randomized trial of 100 patients who did not have success with standard prophylaxis treatment. Patients continued prophylaxis treatment and were randomized to acupuncture or sham acupuncture for 4 months. Although there were significant reductions in migraine attacks per month in the acupuncture group, the effects of the acupuncture treatment declined after 2 months. 94
Acupuncture was used as migraine prophylaxis in a review of 22 randomized trials with 4,985 adults. Acupuncture was compared to no acupuncture (no blinding) or sham acupuncture. Overall, acupuncture may help reduce the frequency of migraine headaches when combined with usual care, but it is not very effective in preventing migraines after 3-4 months of treatment.97
Other Treatments
In a 24-week, double-blind study, 49 women with menstrual migraines received either placebo or soy isoflavones combined with dong quai and black cohosh extracts. 43 Beginning at the twentieth week, use of the herbal supplement resulted in decreased severity and frequency of headaches as compared to placebo. It is not clear which of the ingredients in the combination was helpful; contrary to what is stated in this research report, the current consensus is that neither black cohosh nor dong quai are phytoestrogens, but they may have other effects.
Calcium , chromium , folate , and vitamin C have also been reported to be helpful for migraines, but there is as yet no meaningful scientific evidence for any of these natural products.
Ginger powder taken at the onset of a migraine headache (without aura) had the same effect as sumatriptan in a randomized trial of 100 adults. People in both groups saw more than a 90% reduction in headache severity within 2 hours. 93
In a small, 8-week study involving 48 people with migraines, those that took melatonin did not experience a reduction in the frequency of their migraines. 76
Identifying and eliminating allergenic foods from your diet might be helpful for reducing the frequency of migraine attacks. 37
Biofeedback , 56-58,74massage , 55,67yoga , 69 and a form of magnet therapy called PEMF have shown some promise for migraines. 59 A careful review of 29 trials found psychological interventions such as cognitive behavioral therapy, biofeedback, relaxation and coping associated with reduced chronic headache or migraine pain in 589 children. These treatments were compared to placebo, standard treatment, waiting list control, or other active treatments. 75
Osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) is a collection of several therapeutic techniques focusing on the musculoskeletal system. In a randomized trial of 105 adults with chronic migraines (average 22.5 headaches per month), OMT with medication was associated with a significant reduction in rescue medication, migraine days per month, severity of pain, and functional disability compared to sham OMT with medication, and a control group taking medication only. Patients had eight 30-minute sessions using a combination techniques. 96 Further information onthis therapy can be found on OMT page.
For a discussion of homeopathic approaches to migraine headaches, see the Homeopathy Database .
Herbs and Supplements to Use Only With Caution
Various herbs and supplements may interact adversely with drugs used to treat migraine headaches. For more information on this potential risk, see the individual drug article in the Drug Interactions section of this database.
Revision Information
- Reviewer: EBSCO CAM Review Board
- Review Date: 12/2015 -
- Update Date: 12/15/2016 -


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Perspectives: Travelers' Perception of Risk
Travel medicine is based on the concept of the reduction of risk. In the context of travel medicine, "risk" refers to the possibility of harm during the course of a planned trip. Some risks may be avoidable, and others may not. Vaccine-preventable diseases may be mostly avoidable, depending on the risk of the disease and the protective efficacy of the vaccine. Non-disease risks, such as motor vehicle accidents or drowning, account for a much higher percentage of deaths among travelers than infectious diseases.
For many years, travel medicine practitioners have felt that if they knew the statistics for a given risk, they could objectively advise travelers about that risk. However, it has become clear that the perception and tolerance of risk are subjective factors that must be considered when addressing risks of travel. Travel health providers may know statistics for a given risk, but whether the risk is considered high or low depends on the perception of the traveler or the travel medicine provider. For example, the risk of dying while trekking in Nepal is 15 deaths per 100,000 trekkers, but there is no objective way to determine whether this risk is high or low. When the manuscript that reported this risk of dying while trekking was peer-reviewed, one reviewer wrote, "You need to emphasize that these data show how dangerous trekking actually is." The other reviewer wrote, "You should make a point of stating that these data show how safe trekking is."
The subjective sense of risk is based on one's perception of risk ("15 per 100,000 means it's dangerous") and one's tolerance for risk ("it may be 15 per 100,000, but it's worth it"). This subjective sense of risk suffuses the field of travel medicine, but it is rarely discussed. Some travelers canceled travel plans to Asia because of their fear of H5N1 avian influenza, even though the actual risk to travelers was virtually zero. Other travelers plan to ascend Mount Everest, even though the risk of dying during an Everest climb is 1 in 40.
Regardless of the perception and tolerance of risk, the hazards associated with travel cannot be eliminated, just as the risks of staying home are not zero. Even the act of trying to prevent a risk—such as yellow fever—can lead to a fatal reaction to the vaccine in rare cases. Therefore, the goal in travel and in travel medicine should be skillfully managing risk, rather than trying to eliminate risk. The pretravel consultation is an opportunity to discuss risks and develop plans that minimize these risks. Each traveler will have individual concepts about the risks and benefits of vaccines, prophylaxis, and behavior modification.
Travelers should also consider the psychological and emotional aspects of foreign travel. Culture shock can occur on either end of a journey: on arrival when one encounters an entirely strange new world, and on return when one's own world may temporarily appear unfamiliar. Travelers with underlying psychiatric conditions should be cautious when heading out to a stressful new environment, particularly if they are traveling alone.
Travel medicine providers should promote the understanding of the concept of commitment, the idea that certain parts of a journey cannot easily be reversed. A person trekking into a remote area may need to accept that rescue, if available at all, may be delayed for days. A person who has a myocardial infarction in a country with no advanced cardiac services may have a difficult time getting to definitive medical care. If the traveler has already contemplated these concerns and accepted them, it will be easier to deal with them if they come to pass.
Travel medicine practitioners should explore their own perception and tolerance of risk, so that they can help travelers find their individual comfort level when making decisions about destinations, activities, and prophylactic measures.
David R. Shlim
Perspectives sections are written as editorial discussions aiming to add depth and clinical perspective to the official recommendations contained in the book. The views and opinions expressed in this section are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position of CDC.

subset: commoncrawl


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May Day Bank Holiday Weekend Trolleyday
Sunday, May 5 10:30AM
Open May Day Bank Holiday weekend on Saturday, Sunday and Monday from 10.30am to 4.30pm each day (last admission 3.30pm)
Click here to see public transport links today
What's happening this weekend:
As well as all our normal attractions and exhibitions, there will be a selection of trolleybuses available to ride on each day. On Saturday (4 May) ONLY we host a classic car show presented by Lincolnshire Louth Motor Club - Classic Section, when a range of cars dating from the 1930s through to the 1980s will be on display.
Please be aware that circumstances beyond our control may necessitate the cancellation or closure of any activity, facility or attraction.
Visit our Facebook page for the latest information about this weekend
Our normal attractions include:
- Selection of trolleybuses in operation to ride on
- In-house 5-rated cafe serving made-to-order meals, delicious home-made cakes and hot and cold drinks
- Vintage motorbus guided tour of surrounding local area (the Isle of Axholme)
- TOY museum - Please note that due to illness, the opening of our new TOY museum has had to be postponed - probably until the end of May. We very much regret this delay and apologise for any disappointment caused. We will provide details of the opening date on the Open Days at a Glance page in due course.
- Trolleybus displays
- 1950s/ 60s shop window displays
- The period Sunbeam cycle shop exhibition
- 1950s Prefab "home" display
- Audio-visual presentations in the "Regal" lecture theatre
- Children's full-sized trolleybus "Have a Go at Driving" simulator (located in the café)
- Guided tours of vehicles in the main depot building
- Souvenir shop
- Gardens & nature trail
Ample FREE parking (including for coaches)
Admission prices this weekend
Note: Our admission prices include a 10% (rounded up) gift aid donation
Adult: £8.00 - "Adult" is defined as a person aged 17 to 60 inclusive and who is not eligible to be classified as a "Concession" (see below).
Senior: £7.00 - "Senior is defined as a person aged 61 or over and who is not eligible to be classified as a "Concession" (see below)
Concession: £6.00 - "Concession" is defined as the following:
- a child aged 5 to 16 inclusive
- a person who is registered as disabled
- a person acting as a carer for a (or a group o) disabled person(s) also visiting the Museum
- a university student (student union ID must be produced)
Under-5s: Free
Family: £25.50 - "Family" is defined as a party of 2 adults (they may be either "Adults" or "Seniors") accompanied by up to 4 "Concessions"
THERE ARE NO ADDITIONAL CHARGES! Our admission prices are all-inclusive, so it include ALL trolleybus and motorbus rides, and will admit visitors to ALL available exhibitions and attractions.
Dogs are welcome but must be kept under control and on a lead. Please note that (apart from guide and other assistance dogs) they are not permitted in certain buildings, including the café and the souvenir shop. At the discretion of the conductor (for the comfort of passengers), dogs may be allowed on trolleybuses and motorbuses.
Public transport links today (Sunday)
We regret that there are NO public transport links to the Trolleybus Museum today (Sunday).
Note: On SATURDAY, 4 May (and on every Saturday Trolleyday), the Trolleybus Museum operates a FREE bus link between Epworth and the Trolleybus Museum to link with a scheduled bus service from/ to Doncaster operated by Isle Coaches, whilst on May Day Bank Holiday MONDAY (6 May), a FREE bus service from Doncaster Interchange direct to the Trolleybus Museum is operated.
Advertised free bus services are operated by Sandtoft Transport Centre Limited. Payment for admission to the Trolleybus Museum at Sandtoft is not a condition of carriage.
We look forward to welcoming you to the Trolleybus Museum at Sandtoft today and/ or over this weekend!
Click here to return to the full list of TrolleydaysLocation: The Trolleybus Museum at Sandtoft


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Antioxidants are substances that inactivate free radicals, highly unstable molecules that can damage cell membranes and scramble the genetic information (DNA) in cells. Free radicals are produced in the body during normal cell metabolism, and at a higher rate following tissue injury or exposure to tobacco smoke, sunlight, x-rays, and other environmental influences. To fight these dangerous chemicals, the body deploys a powerful antioxidant defense system, but it is hypothesized that in some cases the quantity of free radicals may overwhelm the body's natural defenses. This in turn could theoretically accelerate or cause various illnesses.
Vitamins A , C , and E , beta-carotene , and the mineral selenium function as antioxidants, agents with the ability to deactivate naturally occurring toxic compounds called free radicals . Other substances in foods such as lutein , astaxanthin and lycopene also have antioxidant activity; in addition, as noted above, the body produces its own antioxidants.
The "antioxidant hypothesis" states that herbs and supplements with antioxidant properties may prevent illnesses and health problems associated with excess free-radical activity. For example, the conditions heart disease , cancer , macular degeneration , and aging skin are just a few of the hundreds of illnesses in which free radicals are thought to play a role. Based on this hypothesis, some of the largest double-blind, placebo-controlled studies in history were set up and performed to evaluate the potential disease-preventive benefits of various antioxidant supplements. The results, unfortunately, have been quite disappointing. 1-6 At present, there is no firm evidence that antioxidants provide any meaningful health benefits. Indeed, in a 2012 review of 78 randomized trials involving 296,707 participants, researchers found no evidence that antioxidant supplements (eg, beta-carotene, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium) could reduce mortality.8
On the contrary, there was some evidence that vitamin A , beta-carotene , and vitamin E supplementation may actually increase mortality. 7
What is the reason for this discrepancy? It is possible that studies have not involved the right combinations of antioxidants. It is also possible that the antioxidant hypothesis is wrong.
For more information, see the individual articles on the antioxidant nutrients noted above.


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Difference between revisions of "Beginners' guide"
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DAEMONS=(network @syslog-ng netfs @crond)
DAEMONS=(network @syslog-ng netfs @crond)
* If a script name is prefixed with a bang ({{ic|!}}), it is not
* If a script name is prefixed with a bang ({{ic|!}}), it is not .
* If a script is prefixed with an "at" symbol ({{ic|@}}), it
* If a script is prefixed with an "at" symbol ({{ic|@}}), it in the background; the startup sequence will not wait for successful completion of daemon before continuing to the next. (Useful for speeding up system boot). Do not background daemons that are needed by other daemons. For example {{ic|mpd}} depends on {{ic|network}}, therefore backgrounding {{ic|network}} may cause {{ic|mpd}} to break.
* Edit this array whenever new system services are installed, if starting them automatically during boot is desired.
* Edit this array whenever new system services are installed, if starting them automatically during boot is desired.
{{Tip|A list of available services (and their running status) can be found using this command: {{ic|rc.d list}}.}}
{{Tip|A list of available services (and their running status) can be found using this command: {{ic|rc.d list}}.}}
Revision as of 13:34, 11 August 2012
zh-CN:Beginners' Guide/Installation
- 1 Installation
- 1.1 Changing the keymap
- 1.2 Setup network in the live installation environment
- 1.3 Prepare hard drive
- 1.4 Configure block devices, filesystems, and mountpoints
- 1.5 Mount the partitions
- 1.6 Select installation mirror
- 1.7 Install the base system
- 1.8 Generate fstab
- 1.9 Chroot into system
- 1.10 Configure the system
- 1.11 Configure the network
- 1.12 Create an initial ramdisk environment
- 1.13 Install and configure the bootloader
- 1.14 Root password
- 1.15 Unmount the partitions and reboot
After booting, the installation media automatically logs in as root and uses a US keyboard layout.
Changing the keymap
If you have a non-US keyboard layout you can interactively choose your keymap/console font with the command:
# loadkeys layout
where layout is your keyboard layout such as
uk or
Keymaps are available for many countries and keyboard types. The keymap files can be found in
/usr/share/kbd/keymaps/ (you can omit the keymap path and file extension when using
Setup network in the live installation environment
The installer need network connection to download and install packages. So network have to be setup first.
Automatic setup
The installer will try to automatically configure a wired connection if available. You may check this was successful by using
# ping -c 3 www.google.com
If you get an answer that looks like this:
PING www.l.google.com (126.96.36.199) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from wb-in-f105.1e100.net (220.127.116.11): icmp_req=1 ttl=50 time=17.0 ms 64 bytes from wb-in-f105.1e100.net (126.96.36.199): icmp_req=2 ttl=50 time=18.2 ms 64 bytes from wb-in-f105.1e100.net (126.96.36.199): icmp_req=3 ttl=50 time=16.6 ms --- www.l.google.com ping statistics --- 3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2003ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 16.660/17.320/18.254/0.678 ms
then the network and Internet access have been properly configured. You may continue to #Prepare_hard_drive. Otherwise, if you get:
ping: unknown host www.google.com
you will need to set up the network manually, as explained below.
Set up a wired connection
Follow this procedure if your computer is connected to an Ethernet network. In most cases, you will have one interface, called
eth0. If you have additional ethernet interfaces (which may be additional cards or integrated to the motherboard), their name will follow the sequence
Dynamic IP (DHCP)
Assuming a wired Ethernet connection and access to a DHCP server (e.g. using a router), run:
# dhcpcd
to get a lease.
If you have several interfaces (such as several Ethernet cards), you may specify the interface with
dhcpcd <interface>, e.g:
# dhcpcd eth0
Verify your connection as explained above and if successful jump to #Prepare_hard_drive.
Static IP
If you do not have access or are not using DHCP, you need to assign a static IP address. You need to know these settings:
- Static IP address,
- Subnet mask,
- Gateway's IP address,
- Name servers' (DNS) IP addresses,
- Domain name (unless a local LAN, in which case you can make it up).
Activate the connected ethernet interface, e.g. for
# ip link set eth0 up
Add the address:
# ip addr add <ip address>/<subnetmask> dev <interface>
For example:
# ip addr add 192.168.1.2/24 dev eth0
For more options, see:
man ip
Add your gateway like so:
# ip route add default via <ip address>
(Substitute your own gateway's IP address)
For example:
# ip route add default via 192.168.1.1
Edit your
/etc/resolv.conf like this, substituting your name servers' IP addresses and your local domain name:
nameserver 126.96.36.199 nameserver 61.95.849.8 search example.com
nameserver lines.
Setup wireless network
Follow this procedure if you need wireless connectivity (WiFi) during the installation process.
The wireless drivers and utilities are now available to you in the live environment of the installation media. A good knowledge of your wireless hardware will be of key importance to successful configuration. Note that the following quick-start procedure executed at this point in the installation will initialize your wireless hardware for use in the live environment of the installation media. These steps (or some other form of wireless management) must be repeated from the actual installed system after booting into it.
Also note that these steps are optional if wireless connectivity is unnecessary at this point in the installation; wireless functionality may always be established later.
wlan0 for the interface and
linksys for the ESSID. Remember to change these values according to your setup.
The basic procedure will be:
- (optional) Identify the wireless interface:
# lspci | grep -i net
or, if using a USB adapter:
# lsusb
- Ensure udev has loaded the driver, and that the driver has created a usable wireless kernel interface with
# iwconfig
lo no wireless extensions. eth0 no wireless extensions. wlan0 unassociated ESSID:"" Mode:Managed Channel=0 Access Point: Not-Associated Bit Rate:0 kb/s Tx-Power=20 dBm Sensitivity=8/0 Retry limit:7 RTS thr:off Fragment thr:off Power Management:off Link Quality:0 Signal level:0 Noise level:0 Rx invalid nwid:0 Rx invalid crypt:0 Rx invalid frag:0 Tx excessive retries:0 Invalid misc:0 Missed beacon:0
wlan0 is the available wireless interface in this example.
- Bring the interface up with:
# ip link set wlan0 up
A small percentage of wireless chipsets also require firmware, in addition to a corresponding driver. If the wireless chipset requires firmware, you are likely to receive this error when bringing the interface up:
# ip link set wlan0 up
SIOCSIFFLAGS: No such file or directory
If unsure, invoke
/usr/bin/dmesg to query the kernel log for a firmware request from the wireless chipset.
Example output from an Intel chipset which requires and has requested firmware from the kernel at boot:
$ dmesg | grep firmware
firmware: requesting iwlwifi-5000-1.ucode
If there is no output, it may be concluded that the system's wireless chipset does not require firmware.
/usr/lib/firmware in the live environment (on CD/USB stick) but must be explicitly installed to your actual system to provide wireless functionality after you reboot into it! Package installation is covered later in this guide. Ensure installation of both your wireless module and firmware before rebooting! See Wireless Setup if you are unsure about the requirement of corresponding firmware installation for your particular chipset. This is a very common error.
- If the ESSID has been forgotten or is unknown, use
iwlist <interface> scanto scan for nearby networks:
# iwlist wlan0 scan
Cell 01 - Address: 04:25:10:6B:7F:9D Channel:2 Frequency:2.417 GHz (Channel 2) Quality=31/70 Signal level=-79 dBm Encryption key:off ESSID:"dlink" Bit Rates:1 Mb/s; 2 Mb/s; 5.5 Mb/s; 11 Mb/s Bit Rates:6 Mb/s; 9 Mb/s; 12 Mb/s; 18 Mb/s; 24 Mb/s 36 Mb/s; 48 Mb/s; 54 Mb/s
- If using WPA encryption:
Using WPA encryption requires that the key be encrypted and stored in a file, along with the ESSID, to be used later for connection via
wpa_supplicant. Thus, a few extra steps are required:
For the purpose of simplifying and backup, rename the default
wpa_supplicant.conf file:
# mv /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf.original
wpa_passphrase, provide your wireless network name and WPA key to be encrypted and written to
The following example encrypts the key "my_secret_passkey" of the "linksys" wireless network, generates a new configuration file (
/etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf), and subsequently redirects the encrypted key, writing it to the file:
# wpa_passphrase linksys "my_secret_passkey" > /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf
bash: event not found error, it may be due to special characters (e.g.
!) used in your wireless network name. In that case try the following:
# tee /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf < <(wpa_passphrase linksys "passphrase")
And if you are still having problems because of special characters in your network name or passphrase, you may try the following, where (
~/mykey) is a temporary text file containing only your passphrase:
# cat ~/mykey | wpa_passphrase linksys > /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.confAlso, for security reasons, you may want to remove this file (
~/mykey) after you setup your (
/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf) file.
Check WPA Supplicant for more information and troubleshooting.
/etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf is stored in plain text format. This is not risky in the installation environment, but when you reboot into your new system and reconfigure WPA, remember to change the permissions on
/etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf (e.g.
chmod 0600 /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf to make it readable by root only).
- Associate your wireless device with the access point you want to use. Depending on the encryption (none, WEP, or WPA), the procedure may differ. You need to know the name of the chosen wireless network (ESSID).
|No Encryption
iwconfig wlan0 essid "linksys"
|WEP w/ Hex Key
iwconfig wlan0 essid "linksys" key "0241baf34c"
|WEP w/ ASCII passphrase
iwconfig wlan0 essid "linksys" key "s:pass1"
wpa_supplicant -B -Dwext -i wlan0 -c /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf
/etc/rc.d/dbus start and
/etc/rc.d/networkmanager start, list available connections with
nmcli con list and use a connection with
nmcli con up id NAME where NAME is the name of the connection.
- After utilizing the appropriate association method outlined above, wait a few moments and confirm you have successfully associated to the access point before continuing, e.g.:
# iwconfig wlan0
Output should indicate the wireless network is associated with the interface.
- Request an IP address with
/sbin/dhcpcd <interface>, e.g.:
# dhcpcd wlan0
You should now have a working network connection. If you do not, check the detailed Wireless Setup page.
Set up Direct Modem Connection
xDSL (PPPoE)
Follow this procedure if you have a modem or router in bridge mode to connect to your ISP.
# pppoe-setup
If everything is well configured in the end, you can connect to your ISP with:
# pppoe-start
Analog Modem, ISDN
See Direct Modem Connection for detailed instructions.
Proxy Server
If you are behind a proxy server, you will need to export the
http_proxy and
ftp_proxy environment variables. Click here for more information.
Test network connection
Lastly, ensure you can route using
# ping -c 3 www.google.com
PING www.l.google.com (188.8.131.52) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from wb-in-f105.1e100.net (220.127.116.11): icmp_req=1 ttl=50 time=17.0 ms 64 bytes from wb-in-f105.1e100.net (126.96.36.199): icmp_req=2 ttl=50 time=18.2 ms 64 bytes from wb-in-f105.1e100.net (188.8.131.52): icmp_req=3 ttl=50 time=16.6 ms --- www.l.google.com ping statistics --- 3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2003ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 16.660/17.320/18.254/0.678 ms
Prepare hard drive
If you have already partitioned your hard disk, verify current disk identities and layout by invoking
/sbin/fdisk with the
-l (lower-case L) switch.
At the root prompt enter:
# fdisk -l
Take note of the disk(s) and/or partition(s) to utilize for the Arch installation. Each partition is identified with a number suffix. Example:
sda1 specifies the first partition of a drive while
sda designates the entire drive. You may now proceed to Configure block devices, filesystems, and mountpoints.
The remainder of this section shows an example configuration for a beginner's Arch installation and uses the fdisk partitioning tool. You are not required to use this configuration or this tool; it is presented here only as an example.
For more information on partitioning your hard disk, see Partitioning.
For more information on possible file system types, see File Systems.
Manually partition hard drives
The current install media includes the disk partitioning tools fdisk, gdisk, and parted.
gdisk supports only GPT partition tables;
fdisk supports only MBR partition tables;
parted supports both. This example uses fdisk.
Use fdisk to open the selected target disk for manual partitioning (if you have an SSD drive other choices like gdisk or GNU Parted may be preferable). This example uses the first hard disk, designated sda:
# fdisk /dev/sda
The example system will contain a 15GB root (
/) partition, a 1GB
swap partition, and a
/home partition for the remaining disk space. It is emphasized again that partitioning is a personal choice and this example is only for illustration.
Choose New -> 'Primary' and enter the desired size (15.44 GB in this example) for the root (
/) filesystem. The partition will be put at the beginning of the disk. Select the Type and designate it as
83 Linux. The created
/ partition will appear as
sda1. Thereafter select "Bootable" to flag root as bootable.
Next, create a second partition for swap. Select an appropriate size (~1 GB here) and specify the Type as
82 (Linux swap / Solaris). The created swap partition will appear as
The remaining space is used to create a third partition for the
/home directory. Identify it as a primary partition and set the size. Select the Type as
83 Linux. The created
/home partition will appear as
This is how the example will look:
Name Flags Part Type FS Type [Label] Size (MB) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- sda1 Boot Primary Linux 15440 #root sda2 Primary Linux swap / Solaris 1024 #swap sda3 Primary Linux 133000 #/home
Choose Write and type
yes. Be aware that this operation may destroy data on your disk. Choose Quit to leave the partitioner.
For more information on partitioning your hard disk, see Partitioning.
Configure block devices, filesystems, and mountpoints
Use the
mkfs utility to format the partitions into filesystems. In this example configuration, we are using the ext4 filesystem for both root and home partitions.
# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda1 # mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda3
Format and activate the swap partition:
# mkswap /dev/sda2 && swapon /dev/sda2
For more information on possible file system types, see File Systems.
Mount the partitions
Mount the root partition on
# mount /dev/sda1 /mnt
Create a directory for the /home partition and mount it:
# mkdir /mnt/home && mount /dev/sda3 /mnt/home
Select installation mirror
Before installing, you may want to edit
/etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist such that your preferred mirror is first. This copy of the mirrorlist will be installed on your new system by
pacstrap as well, so it's worth getting it right.
Install the base system
The base system is installed using the pacstrap script. A minimal system requires the base package group; also installing the base-devel package group at this time is highly recommended. If you require other packages at this time, simply add them to the pacstrap command.
# pacstrap /mnt base base-devel
- base: Software packages from the [core] repo to provide the minimal base environment.
- base-devel: Extra tools from [core] such as
make, and
automake. Most beginners should choose to install it, as it will likely be needed to expand your new system. The base-devel group will be required to install software from the Arch User Repository.
This will give you a basic Arch system. Other packages can be installed later using pacman.
Generate fstab
Generate an fstab file with the following command. (If you prefer to use UUIDs or labels, add the
-U or
-L option, respectively.)
# genfstab -p /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab
/mnt/etc/fstab) before continuing. If you encounter errors running genfstab or later in the install process, do not run genfstab again; just edit the fstab file. Also, only the "/" partition needs "1" for the last field. Everything else should have "2" or "0" (see #Field definitions).
Chroot into system
Next we chroot into our newly installed system.
# arch-chroot /mnt
Configure the system
At this stage of the installation, you will configure the primary configuration files of your Arch Linux base system.
Configuration files
/etc/rc.conf is the configuration file for Arch's initscripts, and in the past used to also contain configurations for other parts of the system. Unless you are using an alternate init system like systemd,
/etc/rc.conf configures which daemons to start during boot-up and some networking and storage information.
/etc/rc.conf for system configuring still works (for now) with the default init system, but the new configuration files take precedence and using them is recommended. The new files will also work for configuring systemd.
|Configuration file(s)
/etc/rc.conf section
|Console fonts and Keymap
|Hardware clock
|Kernel modules
|Wired Network
Configuration files can simply be created if they do not exist already and you wish to change the defaults. During this procedure you use the editor nano. For example to edit your hostname file in
/etc/hostname you'll type:
# nano /etc/hostname
you press Template:Keypress to either save changes or close the file. When prompted to save changes, press Template:Keypress or Template:Keypress, and Template:Keypress to write the file
Add your hostname in
/etc/hostname. Example:
Set it to your liking. This is the name of your computer.
Add also your hostname in
/etc/hosts, coinciding with the one specified in
/etc/hostname as an alias, so that it looks like this:
127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost myhostname ::1 localhost.localdomain localhost myhostname
If you use a static IP, add another line using the syntax: <static-IP> <hostname.domainname.org> <hostname> e.g.:
192.168.1.100 myhostname.domain.org myhostname
/etc/hosts aliases for hosts on your network, and/or on the Web, e.g.:
192.168.1.90 media 192.168.1.88 dataThe above example would allow you access a media and data server on your network by name and without the need for typing out their respective IP addresses.
Console fonts and keymap
- The available keymaps are in
/usr/share/kbd/keymaps. Please note that this setting is only valid for your TTYs, not any graphical window managers or X.
- Available alternate console fonts reside in
/usr/share/kbd/consolefonts/. The default (blank) is safe.
- Defines the console map to load with the setfont program at boot. Possible maps are found in
/usr/share/kbd/consoletrans, if needed. The default (blank) is safe.
KEYMAP=us FONT= FONT_MAP=
man vconsole.conf.
Available time zones and subzones can be found in the
/usr/share/zoneinfo/<Zone>/<SubZone> directories.
To view the available <Zone>, check the directory
# ls /usr/share/zoneinfo/
Similarly, you can check the contents of directories belonging to a <SubZone>:
# ls /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe
Create a symbolic link
/etc/localtime to your zone file
/usr/share/zoneinfo/<Zone>/<SubZone> using this command:
# ln -s
/usr/share/zoneinfo/<Zone>/<SubZone> /etc/localtime
# ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Minsk /etc/localtime
If you are using systemd's timedated, you might wish to also edit the file
/etc/timezone and write your
man 5 timezone for more options.
The need for
/etc/timezone might go away in the future [1].
Enable locales
/usr/sbin/locale-gen command reads from
/etc/locale.gen to generate specific locales. They can then be used by glibc and any other locale-aware program or library for rendering text, correctly displaying regional monetary values, time and date formats, alphabetic idiosyncrasies, and other locale-specific standards:
# nano /etc/locale.gen
By default
/etc/locale.gen is an empty file with commented documentation. Once edited, the file remains untouched.
locale-gen runs on every glibc upgrade, generating all the locales specified in
Choose the locale(s) you need by removing the # in front of the lines you want, e.g.:
en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8
Then run:
# locale-gen
Setting up system-wide locale
Set locale preferences in
LANG=en_US.UTF-8 LC_TIME=en_GB.UTF-8
Setting only
LANG should be enough. It acts as the default value for all other locale settings.
You can override parts of a locale using
LC_* variables – for example, setting
LC_COLLATE=C disables locale-aware sorting, but keeps all other features. You can see all
LC_* variables by running
LC_ALL overrides all other settings. Because of that, you cannot set it from
locale.conf. It is recommended that you use
LC_ALL only when needed – do not put it in your default environment.
For the ramdisk creation that will follow later, you should now set the
LANG variable. Example:
# export LANG=en_US.UTF-8
Hardware clock time
This is set in
/etc/adjtime. Set the hardware clock mode uniformly between your operating systems on the same machine. Otherwise, they will overwrite the time and cause clock shifts (which can cause time drift correction to be miscalibrated).
You can generate
/etc/adjtime automatically by using one of the following commands.
/etc/rc.conf is not set when using this method.
- UTC (recommended)
# hwclock --systohc --utc
- localtime (discouraged) - Used by default in Windows
# hwclock --systohc --localtime
Setting time in a Windows dual boot setup
If you are setting up a dual-boot with Windows on your system, you have two options:
- Recommended: Set both Arch Linux and Windows to use UTC (a quick registry fix is needed, see this page for instructions). Also, be sure to prevent Windows from synchronizing the time with the Internet, as it will make the hardware clock use localtime again. If you want such functionality (NTP sync), you should use ntpd on your Arch Linux installation instead.
- Not recommended: Set Arch Linux to localtime and later (in Configure the system) remove
hwclockfrom the
DAEMONSarray in
/etc/rc.conf(Windows will take care of hardware clock corrections).
Kernel modules
/etc/modules-load.d/ to configure kernel modules to load during boot in a static list. Each configuration file is named in the style of
/etc/modules-load.d/<program>.conf. The configuration files should simply contain a list of kernel module names to load, separated by newlines. Empty lines and lines whose first non-whitespace character is
# or
; are ignored. Example:
# Load virtio-net.ko at boot virtio-net
Daemons are programs that run in the background, waiting for events to occur and offering services. A good example is a web server that waits for a request to deliver a page (e.g.:
httpd) or an SSH server waiting for a user login (e.g.:
sshd). While these are full-featured applications, there are also daemons whose work is not that visible. Examples are a daemon which writes messages into a log file (e.g.
metalog), and a daemon which provides a graphical login (e.g.:
These programs can be added to the DAEMONS line in
/etc/rc.conf and will be started when the system boots. The DAEMONS array simply list the names of those scripts contained in
/etc/rc.d/ which are to be started during the boot process, and the order in which they start. Asynchronous initialization by backgrounding is also supported and useful for speeding up boot:
DAEMONS=(network @syslog-ng netfs @crond)
- If a script name is prefixed with a bang (
!), it is not run.
- If a script is prefixed with an "at" symbol (
@), it is run in the background; the startup sequence will not wait for successful completion of this daemon before continuing to the next. (Useful for speeding up system boot). Do not background daemons that are needed by other daemons. For example
mpddepends on
network, therefore backgrounding
networkmay cause
mpdto break.
- Edit this array whenever new system services are installed, if starting them automatically during boot is desired.
rc.d list.
Configure the network
You need to configure the network again, but this time for your newly installed environment. The procedure and prerequisites are very similar to the one described above, except we are going to make it persistent and automatically run at boot.
Wired Network
If you only use a single wired network connection, you can use the network daemon, a simple solution for both dynamic and static IP addressing. First, insure that the daemon is listed in the DAEMONS array:
DAEMONS=(... network ...)
Then configure the NETWORKING section of
/etc/rc.conf as follows, depending on your IP addressing type.
Dynamic IP (DHCP)
Assuming the network interface to activate at start is eth0, use this configuration:
interface=eth0 address= netmask= gateway=
Your DNS server addresses will be automatically filled in by the dhcpcd daemon.
Static IP
If you need to use a static IP address, use this configuration:
interface=eth0 address=192.168.0.2 netmask=255.255.255.0 broadcast=192.168.0.255 gateway=192.168.0.1
You will also need to add your name servers' (DNS) IP addresses and your local domain name to your
/etc/resolv.conf like this:
nameserver 184.108.40.206 nameserver 61.95.849.8 search example.com
Wireless network
The network daemon is not sufficient to handle Wireless networking, which requires additional configuration. You will need to install other programs to configure and manage wireless network profiles, such as netcfg. NetworkManager and Wicd are popular alternatives.
- Exit the chroot environment:
# exit
- Install the required packages:
# pacstrap /mnt wireless_tools netcfg
- If you use WPA/WPA2 wireless encryption, install:
# pacstrap /mnt wpa_supplicant wpa_actiond
- If your wireless adapter requires a firmware (as described in #Setup_wireless_network and Wireless_Setup#Drivers_and_firmware), install the package containg your firmware, e.g.:
# pacstrap /mnt zd1211-firmware
- Chroot back:
# arch-chroot /mnt
- Create a network profile for your wireless connection in the
- Copy and rename a configuration template from
/etc/network.d/mynetwork(mynetwork being an example; the name is not a network setting and does not need to match the wireless network name (SSID)). These templates are adapted to the type of your wireless connection, such as
wireless-wpa. See Netcfg#Configuration for a list of available templates and their usage.
- Set
INTERFACEto the correct wireless interface. This can be checked with
- Ensure the
KEY(passkey) are set correctly for wireless connections. Typos in these fields are common errors.
- Note that WEP string keys (not hex keys) must be specified with a leading
- For WPA-Personal, it is possible to specify the passkey in plain text or as an encoded hex.
- Note that WEP string keys (not hex keys) must be specified with a leading
- Copy and rename a configuration template from
- Add
net-auto-wirelessto the
DAEMONSarray in
DAEMONS=(... net-auto-wireless ...)
And specify the desired wireless interface with the
WIRELESS_INTERFACE variable in
It is also possible to define a list of network profiles that should be automatically connected with the
AUTO_PROFILES variable in
/etc/conf.d/netcfg. If
AUTO_PROFILES is not set, all wireless networks will be tried.
Direct Modem Connection
For xDSL, analog modem (dial-up) and ISDN, see Direct Modem Connection for detailed instructions.
Create an initial ramdisk environment
/etc/mkinitcpio.conf as needed (see mkinitcpio) and create an initial ramdisk with
# mkinitcpio -p linux
/etc/mkinitcpio.conf file.
Install and configure the bootloader
Install either Syslinux or Grub (you do not need to install both).
Use pacman to install syslinux:
# pacman -S syslinux
/boot/syslinux/syslinux.cfg to point to the right
/ (root) partition. This step is vital. If it points to the wrong partition arch linux will not boot. Open
syslinux.cfg and under
LABEL arch find this line:
APPEND root=/dev/sda2 ro
change "sda2" to the designator for your root partition (if you partitioned your disk as we did in the example, your root partition is sda1). Do the same for
LABEL archfallback.
Then type the following command to install (
-i), set the boot flag (
-a) and install the Master Boot Record (MBR) (
# /usr/sbin/syslinux-install_update -iam
For more information on configuring and using syslinux, see Syslinux.
Install Grub for BIOS:
# pacman -S grub-bios # grub-install --target=i386-pc --recheck /dev/sda
Or Grub for UEFI:
# pacman -S grub-efi-x86_64 # grub-install --target=x86_64-efi --efi-directory=/boot/efi --bootloader-id=arch_grub --recheck
(in rare cases you may need grub-efi-i386 instead)
To prevent a (harmless) error message at boot time:
# mkdir -p /boot/grub/locale # cp /usr/share/locale/en\@quot/LC_MESSAGES/grub.mo /boot/grub/locale/en.mo
Create the grub.cfg file:
# grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
For more information on configuring and using GRUB2, see GRUB2.
Root password
Set the root password with:
# passwd
Unmount the partitions and reboot
Exit from the chroot environment:
# exit
Since the partitions are mounted under
/mnt, we use the following command to unmount them.
# umount /mnt/{boot,home,}
Exit the install, and reboot:
# reboot


text:
Other Proposed Uses
Hydroxycitric acid (HCA), a derivative of citric acid, is found primarily in a small, sweet, purple fruit called the Malabar tamarind or, as it is most commonly called, Garcinia cambogia . Test tube and animal research suggests that HCA may be helpful in weight loss because of its effects on metabolism. However, studies in humans have found mixed results.
HCA is not an essential nutrient. The Malabar tamarind is the only practical source of this supplement.
Therapeutic Dosages
A typical dosage of HCA is 250 to 1,000 mg 3 times daily. Supplements are available in many forms, including tablets, capsules, powders, and even snack bars. Products are often labeled Garcinia cambogia and standardized to contain a fixed percentage of HCA. Various proprietary forms of HCA are also available, often claimed by their promoters to be more effective.
Therapeutic Uses
Although animal and test tube studies as well as two human trials suggest that HCA might encourage weight loss , other studies have found no benefit. 1-14,20,21
What Is the Scientific Evidence for Hydroxycitric Acid?
It remains unclear whether HCA offers any weight-loss benefits.
In an 8-week double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 60 overweight individuals, use of HCA at a dose of 440 mg 3 times daily produced significant weight loss as compared to placebo. 15
In contrast, a 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 135 overweight individuals, who were given either placebo or 500 mg of HCA (as Garcinia cambogia extract standardized to contain 50% HCA) 3 times daily, found no effect on body weight or fat mass. 16 However, this study has been criticized for using a high-fiber diet, which is thought to impair HCA absorption. 17
A 12-week double-blind trial of 89 individuals found that HCA had no effect on appetite. 18 Another study tested HCA to see if it could cause weight loss by altering metabolism, but no effects on metabolism were found. 19
Safety Issues
The Malabar tamarind (from which HCA is extracted) is a traditional food and flavoring in Southeast Asia. No serious side effects have been reported from animal or human studies involving either fruit extracts or the concentrated chemical. A proprietary calcium-potassium salt of HCA appears to have undergone considerable formal safety study, without evidence of toxicity appearing. 20 However, maximum safe doses have not been established, especially for pregnant or nursing women, young children, or people with severe liver or kidney disease.
Revision Information
- Reviewer: EBSCO CAM Review Board
- Review Date: 12/2015 -
- Update Date: 12/15/2015 -


text:
The Congo Basin is home to the second largest rain-forested area on earth. Its importance to the global environment should not be underestimated.Protecting these intact forest landscapes is vital is vital to prevent dangerous climate change worldwide, since they are huge carbon sinks and are important for the regional and local climate as well. The total carbon stock of the DR Congo – by far the largest country in the Congo Basin - is about 27 billion tonnes alone.
The Congo rainforest. Taken on a flight from Kinshasa to Bumba.
© Thomas Einberger / Argum / Greenpeace
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Of course we have some great breweries here in the UK--both traditional stalwarts and modern innovators. Yet imported beers have always been popular, in particular beers from Belgium and the US. In fact, US breweries really kicked off the craft beer comeback so we have a lot to thank them for!
Alongside old favourites there are some great beers coming out of countries like Norway and Denmark as well as surprising places like Italy and Japan. Our experts are constantly scouring the globe for new beers to import, so have a read of our Sommelier's tasting notes on each beer page to find a style you like. If you need a bit of guidance, our World Beer cases are a great choice filled with our top picks of imported beer.
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Men's adidas Springblade Razor Running Shoes Inspired by springboards and motorcycle suspension systems, these running shoes are like nothing you've ever seen before. Take off with explosive energy in the adidas Springblade Razor Running Shoes, designed for the speed demon in us all. Featuring 16 small high-tech elastic-polymer blades on the outsole, these sneaks snap back with almost the same amount of force put into them, leading to a more efficient stride that releases more energy. Propel forward with one of the most effective energy returns in the industry. The latest iteration of this innovative shoe, the Razor also features a cutting-edge razor-wire upper for breathability and a foot-hugging fit. Funky sci-fi bonus: the blades are mostly transparent, so not only does it feel like you're running on air... it looks like it too. FEATURES: UPPER: Durable synthetic and breathable mesh razor-wire MIDSOLE: Molded EVA sockliner and nonslip lining OUTSOLE: Polymer IMPORTED
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text: The data relating to real estate for sale on this website comes in part from the Internet Data Exchange program of the MLSListings™ MLS system. Information is deemed reliable, but not guaranteed. Real estate listings held by brokerage firms other than David Lyng Real Estate are marked with the Internet Data Exchange icon (a stylized house inside a circle) and detailed information about them includes the names of the listing brokers and listing agents. Copyright 2019 MLSListings Inc. All rights reserved. Terms of Service


text: Thursday, December 06, 2012 Individual Insurance Market Passes on MLR Savings to Consumers in 2011 Consumers saw nearly $1.5 billion in insurer rebates and overhead cost savings in 2011 due to the Affordable Care Act's (ACA) medical loss ratio (MLR) provision requiring health insurers to spend at least 80% of premium dollars on health care or quality improvement activities or pay a rebate to their customers, according to a new Commonwealth Fund report. Consumers with individual policies saw substantially reduced premiums when insurers reduced both administrative costs and profits to meet the new standards. While insurers in the small- and large-group markets achieved lower administrative costs, not all of these savings were passed on to employers and consumers, as many insurers increased profits in these markets. The report, Insurers' Responses to Regulation of Medical Loss Ratios, looks at how insurers selling policies for individuals, small-employer groups (up to 100 workers), and large-employer groups (more than 50 or 100 workers, depending on the state) in every state reacted to ACA's MLR requirement between 2010, the year just before the new rule took effect, and 2011, the first year the rule was in place. The authors find that in the individual insurance market, improvements were widespread: 39 states saw administrative costs drop, 37 states saw MLRs improve, and 34 states saw reductions in operating profits. Some states stood out for significant improvements. In New Mexico, Missouri, West Virginia, Texas, and South Carolina, MLRs improved 10 percentage points or more, while administrative costs dropped $99 or more per member in Delaware, Ohio, Louisiana, South Carolina, and New York. However, the report finds that in small- and large-group markets, MLRs were largely unchanged, and while spending on administrative costs dropped, profits increased. For example, in the small-group market, administrative costs were reduced by $190 million, profits increased by $226 million, and the medical loss ratio remained at 83%, unchanged from 2010. In the large-group market, insurers reduced administrative costs by $785 million, increased profits by $959 million, and kept their medical loss ratio at 89%, also unchanged from 2010. The authors note that while insurers in the individual market have a less stringent medical loss ratio requirement—80%, as opposed to 85% in the large-group market—their traditionally higher overhead costs and lower MLRs mean they have to work harder to reach the new standard. As a result, these insurers lowered both administrative costs and profit margins, therefore reducing growth in premiums. Conversely, insurers in the small- and large-group markets generally already have MLRs in the range of the required 85%, so while they reduced administrative costs, they had the option of turning those cost savings into profits instead of passing them along to consumers. In light of rising profits and falling administrative costs, the authors suggest it is possible insurers took profit increases in the small- and large-group markets to offset the reduced profits in the individual market. And because many insurers sell policies in all three markets, any reduction in administrative costs could have been spread across all of a given insurer's lines of business. The authors conclude that stronger measures—such as rate regulation, tighter loss-ratio rules, or enhanced competitive pressures—may be needed to ensure that administrative costs are reduced in all markets and savings are passed along to consumers. Comments One thing we can be sure of in the era of healthcare reform--insurance companies will never lose the game. That's a given. They control premium costs and claims payments. They can't lose. The reason MLRs are lower in large part is because insurance premiums have gotten so high that employers have had to pass more of the cost of premiums along to employees, while purchasing plans with higher copays, coinsurances, and deductibles which also increase out of pocket costs significantly. So the ins cos charge significantly more for plans that cover significantly less, leading to consumers paying significantly more for healthcare or going without the care altogether. True story--I had a PT in my practice who got a fish hook embedded in his hand while fishing with his son this summer. Because he knew he'd end up paying for most or all of his emergency room visit himself, he actually self-medicated with a few cold ones, called a surgeon friend who walked him through the process of hook removal, and he removed it himself with a pair of pliers! And he showed up for work the next day despite his hangover. What other much more benign things are people just ignoring or doing without to save money? And we got a nice pat on the back by our health plan rep congratulating us on bringing our practice medical loss ratio down "nicely" this year. Well, performing self-surgery is one way we did it. It's ridiculous. Posted by DQ on 12/7/2012 4:30 PM There's nothing wrong with a little self sufficiency- more of that and we wouldn't have the reliance on health maintenance plans (that's really what we've come to expect- it's not insurance any more, it's maintenance) that we do in today's society. Less dependence on them and the wouldn't have so much control over us... Posted by Afraid to post on 12/10/2012 8:46 AM


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San Francisco Pizza Shop. Hand Spun Crust & Homemade Sauce. Call Us!
Lycos Yellow Pages is an online business directory that has the most complete and up-to-date local business listings. Search for local businesses by name or category and find business addresses and phone numbers, driving directions, and customer reviews all in one place. Find the most reputable pediatrician in your community or discover the best restaurants while on vacation. Whatever business you are looking for, Lycos Yellow Pages can help you find it.
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Little ones love to pretend with the VTech Peek and Play Phone.
This brightly coloured phone has four press buttons packed with fun phrases introducing feelings, numbers, colours and first words.
With three happy songs and 15 melodies included, this is one smart phone for baby!
A great gift for ages three months and up. Please note: 2 x AAA batteries included.
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FREE - when you spend £40, or £3.99 for orders under £40.
- Delivery in 6 to 10 working days
- Free delivery over £40 applies for UK mainland only
- We can't deliver during a specific time slot, but if you are likely to be out we are happy to deliver to a work, family or friends address.
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Cost £4.99
- Order by 7pm for next day delivery Monday – Friday. The Entertainer is closed on Sunday so orders placed before 2pm on Saturday for express delivery will be with you on Monday. Orders placed after 2pm Saturday and on Sunday will be delivered to you on Tuesday
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- Order before 3pm and your order will be ready to collect in 2 working days, at more than 600 toyou pick up points at Asda store nationwide.
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When it comes to preparing for the future it's important to work with someone who has the foresight and proven experience to help you navigate life's changes successfully.
That's where we come in. Whether you're just starting out, growing your family, getting ready for retirement, or looking for a way to protect all that you've worked for, our Agents can help you find the right solutions to make the most of today, tomorrow, and the years to come.
Helping you make smart decisions.
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For many people, starting an exercise program for the first time is quite safe. However, depending on your age and whether you have certain cardiovascular risk factors, you may need to see your doctor before starting a program of vigorous (as opposed to moderate) aerobic activity. The American Council on Exercise offers the following advice to help you determine if you need a doctor's okay before starting an exercise program.
General Guidelines
If you are planning to participate in vigorous activities and are a man over 45 or a woman over 55, you should have a medical exam first. The same is true if you have 2 or more coronary artery disease risk factors, which include:
- Family history of heart attack or sudden death
- Smoking
- High blood pressure
- High cholesterol
- Diabetes
- Physical inactivity
- Obesity
Specific Questions to Ask Yourself
Ask yourself the following questions to help determine if you need an exercise program approved by a doctor. If you answer "yes" to any one of the following questions, you should talk with your doctor before you start an exercise program.
- Do you have a heart condition?
- Do you have chest pain or discomfort when you are physically active? Do you have this pain even when you are not exercising?
- Does your heart often beat too fast or too slow when you are at rest?
- Do you become lightheaded, lose your balance, or lose consciousness? During the past year, have you fallen more than 2 times?
- Do you have problems with your bones or joints? If so, does this problem become worse when you exercise? Do your legs or buttocks hurt when you walk?
- Do you take medications to treat a heart condition or a blood pressure problem?
- Do you have any wounds on your feet? Do these wounds take a long time to heal?
- During the past six months, have you had unexplained weight loss?
- Can you think of any reason why you should not get involved in an exercise program?
If you answered "no" to all of these questions and you have no cardiovascular risk factors, a moderate physical activity program should be safe for you. But again, if you are a man over 45 or a woman over 55 and want to exercise more vigorously, you should check with your doctor before getting started.
- Reviewer: EBSCO Medical Review Board Michael Woods, MD, FAAP
- Review Date: 11/2017 -
- Update Date: 12/09/2015 -


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2288 Osage Ranch Blvd
Directions Plattsmouth, NE 68048
Paying close attention to your vehicle's owner's manual and its scheduled maintenance intervals at the recommended mileage, will help ensure that oil changes are done before any engine damage can occur.
For 2008 and newer model‐year vehicles, Ford recommends changing your oil every 7,500 miles or every six months, whichever comes first.
For 2007 and older model‐year vehicles, Ford recommends an oil change every 5,000miles or every six months, whichever comes first.
Another way to keep track is by watching the oil monitor message on your dashboard. Many newer‐model vehicles come equipped with the Intelligent Oil‐Life Monitor® that will inform you when it's time to change your oil and filter.
The Ford Service Credit Card is a financing option that lets you pay for all service maintenance and repairs, including tire purchases and installation at our Ford dealership in Plattsmouth and other Ford Dealers across the U.S. It only takes a few minutes to apply and receive the decision.
Upon credit approval, you'll be provided with a credit line to assist you with all instore purchases, including:
Plus, you get to take advantage of great rebate offers. Right now, each time you spend $250 or more (before tax) on your Ford Service Credit Card, you can earn a $25 prepaid card by mail‐in rebate.* Offer valid for new and existing Ford customers.
*Subject to credit approval. Rebate valid on qualifying purchase before tax; not valid on prior purchases. Complete purchase must be made on the Ford Service Credit Card. Submit rebate by 01/31/2019 by mail-in rebate form or online at fordowner.com. Limit one $25 mail-in rebate per visit. Rebate by prepaid debit card. Cannot be combined with other Ford Service Credit Card offers. See participating dealership for rebate details.
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|FTV Girls
Short review: So, what kind of girls are FTV Girls? Most of the girls are in their teens or slightly older college coeds. They run from fair-skinned blondes to raven-haired brunettes, but all of them have a very girl-next-door amateur appeal. No airbrush is needed for these gorgeous bodies and exquisite faces. FTV Girls prides itself on giving its members a collection of exclusive photos and videos that show off the God-given beauty of its models rather than some webmaster's PhotoShop airbrush skills.
Content Amount: There isn't any hardcore boy-girl sex inside FTV Girls, but you won't even miss it. The scenes are imaginative and very well-produced. The girls are encouraged to be creative with extra-large dildos, pleasure beads, and other toys.


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A thymectomy is surgery to remove the thymus gland. This gland is located in the upper portion of the chest, behind the breastbone.
Reasons for Procedure
The thymus gland helps immune cell growth. It is usually active when you are an infant, but its function reduces as you get older. The thymus acts abnormally when a person has a condition calledmyasthenia gravis. A thymectomy is used to treat myasthenia gravis.
A thymectomy may also be done if the thymus has a tumor, which is called thymoma. These types of tumors are often associated with myasthenia gravis, but may be associated with other conditions.
Possible Complications
Problems from the procedure are rare, but all procedures have some risk. Your doctor will review potential problems, like:
- Bleeding
- Infection
- Damage to other organs
- Nerve injury
- Respiratory failure
Before your procedure, talk to your doctor about ways to manage factors that may increase your risk of complications, such as:
What to Expect
Prior to Procedure
Your doctor will likely do the following:
- X-rays
- Blood tests
- Urine tests
- Muscle strength tests
- Breathing tests
- Follow a special diet, which may include withholding foods and fluids before surgery.
- Take prescribed medications as directed by your doctor.
- Talk to your doctor about your medications. You may be asked to stop taking some medications up to one week before the procedure.
- Arrange to have someone drive you to and from the procedure.
- Ask for help at home after your procedure.
General anesthesia will be given—you will be asleep during the procedure
Description of Procedure
There are 3 common methods:
- Trans-sternal approach—An incision will be made in the skin over your breastbone. The breastbone will be pulled apart. The thymus gland will then be exposed and removed. The incision will be closed with stitches or staples.
- Transcervical approach—A small incision is made across the lower part of the neck, just above the breastbone. The thymus gland will be removed. The incision will be closed with stitches or staples.
- Video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) or robot-assisted thoracic procedures—This is a less invasive option. Several tiny incisions are made in the area. A tiny camera will be inserted through one of the incisions. The camera will send images to a monitor in the room. Robotic arms may be used to do the surgery. Special tools will be passed through the remaining incisions to remove the thymus. After the thymus is removed, the incisions will be closed with stitches.
Immediately After Procedure
You will be taken to a recovery room and monitored for any complications.
How Long Will It Take?
About 1-3 hours
How Much Will It Hurt?
Anesthesia will prevent pain during surgery. Pain and discomfort after the procedure can be managed with medications.
Average Hospital Stay
The usual length of stay is 1-3 days. Your doctor may choose to keep you longer if complications arise.
Post-procedure Care
You will be given fluids and medication through an IV. You will be instructed to practice deep breathing, coughing, and frequent turning. Nurses will measure your muscle strength and breathing ability to determine the effectiveness of the surgery.
During your stay, the hospital staff will take steps to reduce your chance of infection, such as:
- Washing their hands
- Wearing gloves or masks
- Keeping your incisions covered
There are also steps you can take to reduce your chance of infection, such as:
- Washing your hands often and reminding your healthcare providers to do the same
- Reminding your healthcare providers to wear gloves or masks
- Not allowing others to touch your incision
The recovery time varies from person to person, depending on the surgical approach. It may take as little as 1-2 weeks or as long as 3 months before you can return to work or school. Follow your doctor's instructions.
If the surgery was done for myasthenia gravis:
- Improvement in muscle strength may take several months to a few years.
- It is important to work with a neurologist during the recovery period to regulate medications.
- You may need to work with a physical therapist
Call Your Doctor
Contact your doctor if your recovery is not progressing as expected or you develop complications, such as:
- Signs of infection, including fever and chills
- Redness, swelling, increasing pain, excessive bleeding, or any discharge from the incision site
- Pain that you cannot control with the medications you were given
- Cough, difficulty breathing, or chest pain
- Pain, burning, urgency, or frequency of urination, or persistent bleeding in the urine
- Persistent nausea and vomiting
- Pain and/or swelling in your feet, calves, or legs
- New or worsening symptoms
If you think you have an emergency, call for medical help right away.
Revision Information
- Reviewer: EBSCO Medical Review Board Alan Drabkin, MD
- Review Date: 03/2018 -
- Update Date: 01/23/2014 -


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Mercedes Brake Light Switch 0015456409
Mercedes-Benz OE: 0015456409
Brake Light Switch by Genuine Mercedes
Vehicle Fitment: Mercedes-Benz: E320 2000-03 | E55 AMG 1999-02 | G500 2002-08 | G55 AMG 2003-11 | G550 2009-13 | ML320 1998-02 | ML430 1999-01 | ML500 2002-02 | ML55 AMG 2000-02 | SLK230 2001-04 | SLK320 2001-04
eEuroparts.com® carries an extensive catalog of aftermarket, OEM, original, and genuine parts from over 200 manufacturers. We are also constantly updating our Genuine Mercedes parts selection to give you the best possible selection of parts.
If there is anything you cannot find in our catalog please contact us and our knowledgeable customer service team will help you locate the part you need, fast.
Country of Manufacture: Germany
Manufacture Quality: Genuine
Shipping Weight (lbs): 0.400
About Genuine Mercedes
Founded by automotive giants Gottlieb Daimler, Karl Benz, and Wilhelm Maybach, Mercedes Benz has long been regarded as the world's oldest and best recognized automobile manufacturer. The auspicious three pointed star symbolizing dominance over land, sea and air was a portent of Mercedes Benz's sweeping success as an automotive manufacturer.
A pioneer of safety and performance features, Mercedes Benz introduced direct gas injection in the 1954 300sl, first produced crumple zones in 1959, anti-lock brakes in the w116 6.9 and incorporated airbags into production w126 sedans in 1979. With the introduction of the 560SEL, 560SL and 560SEC in 1985 and subsequent release of the ultra-luxurious w140 s500 and s600 sedans and coupes Mercedes Benz secured itself as an immutable member of the German big three and an apex luxury manufacturer.
When you buy Genuine Mercedes Benz parts you're buying and replacing the parts on your vehicle with a part of the exact same quality, fit, and finish of the original. Genuine Mercedes Benz sets the standard for your vehicle. Also look for Genuine Mercedes Benz parts built by our expansive list of OEM and OES suppliers including: Bosch, Sachs, INA, FAG, Luk, MANN-HUMMEL, Mahle, NGK, and nearly 50 other OEM suppliers in our catalog.
If this is not the exact Brake Light Switch you are looking for, or you would like this part in a brand other than Genuine Mercedes, please contact us and one of our customer service experts will help you locate the exact part you need.
Vehicle Fitment & Notes
Click a year range, make, and model below for additional information.
+ Mercedes-Benz C230 2000-2000
+ Mercedes-Benz C280 2000-2000
+ Mercedes-Benz C43 AMG 2000-2000
+ Mercedes-Benz CLK320 2000-2003
+ Mercedes-Benz CLK430 2000-2003
+ Mercedes-Benz CLK55 AMG 2001-2002
+ Mercedes-Benz E320 2000-2003
+ Mercedes-Benz E430 2000-2002
+ Mercedes-Benz E55 AMG 1999-2002
+ Mercedes-Benz G500 2002-2008
+ Mercedes-Benz G55 AMG 2003-2011
+ Mercedes-Benz G550 2009-2017
+ Mercedes-Benz G63 AMG 2013-2017
+ Mercedes-Benz G65 AMG 2016-2017
+ Mercedes-Benz ML320 1998-2003
+ Mercedes-Benz ML350 2003-2005
+ Mercedes-Benz ML430 1999-2001
+ Mercedes-Benz ML500 2002-2005
+ Mercedes-Benz ML55 AMG 2000-2003
+ Mercedes-Benz SLK230 2001-2004
+ Mercedes-Benz SLK32 AMG 2002-2004
eEuroparts for Life™ is a concept that includes a loyalty program, a limited lifetime warranty, and commitment to service designed to earn your business and then keep you as a customer for the lifetime of your European vehicle. Any items marked as eEuroparts for Life™ will be warranted to the original purchaser for the duration of your ownership. If a part fails, the original purchaser can purchase a replacement product, process an RMA for the defective item, and return the item for a credit of the original purchase price of that item.
For complete details on the program see: https://www.eeuroparts.com/Main/eEuroparts-For-Life/
The eEuroparts for Life™ limited warranty is subject to the following terms and conditions:
- You must have purchased the original part from eEuroparts.com®. We will not provide a replacement or credit for any part not purchased directly from our store.
- This warranty is not transferable. Only the original purchaser of the part can receive a credit after they have purchased a replacement.
- You must purchase a replacement part at the current price for that specific item prior to receiving any credit. You will be credited for your original invoice amount, less any discounts received.
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- If the original part is no longer available from eEuroparts.com®, we will provide a credit of the original invoice price after any new purchase of a suitable replacement part has been made, totaling the same or higher amount of your original purchase (excluding core charges, shipping, or discounts). If the original item or suitable replacement part is not available, then this warranty is void.
- eEuroparts.com® reserves the right to modify the conditions of this warranty at any time for any reason.
Delivery & Returns
Delivery Info
eEuroparts.com® proudly offers wholesale prices and fast shipping available on most orders. We also provide inexpensive and guaranteed 3 day, 2 day, and Overnight shipping options, so if you need your Brake Light Switch tomorrow, eEuroparts.com® can deliver!
Every eEuroparts.com® order is track-able, meaning you'll know exactly where your Brake Light Switch is at every step of the shipping process. eEuroparts.com® also displays your Expected Ship Date and transit time in your Cart, making our entire shipping process simple and transparent.
Returns Info
eEuroparts.com® proudly offers a ninety (90) day cash return for all items purchased through eEuroparts.com®. The item must be new and in its original manufacturer packaging to be eligible for a cash refund.
If you would like to return an item or have questions about the process, please contact us and one of our customer service experts will be happy to help.
This information is only a summary. Complete shipping and return policy information can be found in our web site policies.


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Mumbai Airport
Mumbai Airport is Certified with the 3-Star Airport Rating for the departure, arrival and transfer experience, evaluating the airport facilities, terminal comfort and cleanliness, shopping, food & beverages, staff service, and security / immigration.
Mumbai Airport
Certified Airport Ratings
Related to Mumbai Airport Ranking
Airport Ratings Breakdown
The Ratings shown on this website show headline extracts of the key areas used in final assessment and grading. Whilst every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in our web pages, the content is naturally subject to change and Skytrax cannot guarantee its accuracy or currency. We reserve the right to make changes to the information on the site without notice.


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Design from my original abstract paintings...www.dawnsebaugh.comUse this cushion case to bring the latest color trends and images into your living area or bedroom. It measures about 20" x 20", can easily insert standard size cushions.
This cushion case can be full bleed printed with your own photos, ideas and creativity by our most advanced digital printing technology. The zip closure is designed for quick laundering. The case is made of 100% polyester, which greatly helps to sharpen the digital image and enhance the silky feel!
If you order more than 50 pcs items (can be combined), please click here to contact us for whole price quotation, please include the SKU# and the quantity you want for each of them. For order less than 50 pcs, please order directly from our website.


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Women's History Consortium
Washington's Women's History
Celebrating 100 Years of Women's Rights
The Women's History Consortium, created by state statute (RCW 27.34.360) in 2005 as a Washington State Historical Society-led initiative, is dedicated to preserving and making available resources about Washington women's history.
The Women's History Consortium partners with the State Library, State Archives, Western Washington University, the University of Washington, The Evergreen State College, Central Washington University, Eastern Washington University, Washington State University, and the Northwest Museum of Arts & Culture to bring together their women's history materials on this website. The Consortium is advised by a 15-member board appointed by the Governor and Washington State Legislature.
Featured Article
Why Women's History
by Dr. Sue Armitage
As you think about the history of Washington State, make a list of women who have been important in shaping that history. Who can you name? Your list is likely to be very short. More...
From the Collection
The Women's History Consortium has recently completed an NEH "We the People" Humanities Collections and Reference Resources Grant. Visit these websites to view grant products and learn more information:
Washington State Historical Society
Western Washington University
The Evergreen State College
University of Washington
Washington State University
Image from "Women in Sport at Western"
Washington Women's History Consortium
e-mail: email@example.com


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You count on your trailers to get work done, and you can count on us too. Give us a call or send us a note and we will do everything we can to help.
Call today: (740) 928-0501
Our team has received your message and we will be reaching out to you shortly.


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Ladies Nike Sony Michel Game Jersey-Navy
The Ladies Nike Sony Michel Game Jersey-Navy is a scaled down version of #26's home jersey is especially designed for women. All Nike Game Jerseys feature a tailored fit, vented mesh side panels, screen printed numbers for a light and soft feel, and a no-tag label for clean comfort.
Nike Ladies jerseys are tailored for a snug fit and tend to run small. We suggested you consider ordering one size larger than normal if you prefer a looser fit.
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