text:
Topic Overview
What are lice?
Lice are tiny insects that live on humans and feed on blood. When a large number of lice live and multiply on a person, it is called an infestation.
Three different kinds of lice live on humans:
- Head lice are usually found in hair, most often on the back of the neck and behind the ears. Head lice are common in preschool and elementary school-age children. Adults can get them too, especially adults who live with children.
- Pubic lice , also called crabs, are usually found in the pubic area. But they may also be found on facial hair, on eyelashes, on eyebrows, in the armpits, on chest hair, and, rarely, on the scalp.
- Body lice live and lay eggs (nits) in the seams of clothing. The lice are on the body only when they feed.
What causes a lice infestation?
Lice spread easily from one person to another through close contact or through shared clothing or personal items (such as hats or hairbrushes). A louse cannot jump or fly.
What are the symptoms?
The most common symptom of lice is itching. There are different symptoms, depending on which type of lice you have.
- Head lice may not cause any symptoms at first. Itching on the scalp may start weeks or even months after lice have started to spread. Scratching can make the skin raw. The raw skin may ooze clear fluid or crust over, and it may get infected.
- Pubic lice cause severe itching. Their bites may cause small marks that look like bruises on the torso, thighs, or upper arms. If pubic lice get on the eyelashes, the edges of the eyelids may be crusted. You may see lice and their eggs at the base of the eyelashes.
- Body lice cause very bad itching, especially at night. Itchy sores appear in the armpits and on the waist, torso, and other areas where the seams of clothes press against the skin. The lice and eggs may be found in the seams of the person's clothing but are typically not seen on the skin.
Frequent scratching can cause a skin infection. In the most severe cases of head lice, hair may fall out, and the skin may get darker in the areas infested with lice.
How is a lice infestation diagnosed?
A doctor can usually tell if you have lice by looking closely for live lice or eggs in your hair. The doctor may also comb through your hair with a fine-toothed comb to help detect lice. He or she may look at the lice or eggs under a microscope.
Your doctor can also find pubic lice and body lice by looking closely at your body or your clothing.
How is it treated?
Lice won't go away on their own. Be sure to do all you can to treat lice and to prevent the spread of lice.
The most common treatment is an over-the-counter or prescription cream, lotion, or shampoo. You put it on the skin or scalp to kill the lice and eggs. In some cases, you may need treatment a second time to make sure that all the eggs are dead. If two or more treatments don't work, your doctor may prescribe a different medicine.
It's also important to wash clothing and bedding in hot water to help get rid of lice.
Some people continue to have itching for 7 to 10 days after the lice and eggs have been killed. Steroid creams or calamine lotion can relieve the itching. If you have severe itching, you can try antihistamine pills. But don't give antihistamines to your child unless you've checked with the doctor first.
Frequently Asked Questions
Learning about lice:
Being diagnosed:
Getting treatment:
Lice are very easily spread, usually through close personal contact. Lice infestation may be caused by any of the three types of lice:
- Head lice may be spread through close personal contact, shared personal items (combs, brushes, hats, helmets, clothing, or earphones), or shared bedding.
- Pubic lice are spread mainly through sexual contact and are very contagious. Most people become infected after a single exposure to an infected person. The lice and eggs may also survive long enough on personal items such as clothing or towels to be spread to another person. A child who has pubic lice may have a history of sexual abuse.
- Body lice are most often spread by contact with personal items, especially clothing and hats. They are sometimes spread by direct personal contact.
Lice are spread from human to human. Pets don't get head lice and can't spread them to humans.
Itching, the most common symptom of all types of lice infestation, is caused by an allergic reaction . Lice bite the skin to feed on a person's blood. The saliva from these bites causes the allergic reaction and itching.
Itching may not occur right away, depending on a person's sensitivity and history of lice infestation. The first time a person is infested with lice, it may take several weeks or months for itching to start or to be noticed. In a repeat case of lice, a person may begin to itch within 2 days of infestation because the immune system reacts more quickly when exposure has occurred before.
Some people become very sensitive to lice bites and have unbearable itching. Others build up tolerance to the bites and have little or no itching, even with repeated infestations.
In addition to itching, symptoms of lice infestation vary depending on which type of lice is present.
Head lice
Head lice and their eggs (nits) can be seen on hair , the nape of the neck, and behind the ears. They can vary in color from white to brown to dark gray. The eggs are tiny round or oval shapes that are tightly attached to the hair near the scalp and do not slide up and down on the hair.
Frequent scratching may cause broken skin or sores to form on the scalp. The damaged skin may weep clear fluid or crust over, and it may become infected. In response to infection, the lymph nodes behind the ears and in the neck may become tender and swollen.
Pubic lice
A pubic lice infestation may cause itching around the genitals as well as the anus, armpits, eyelashes, and other body areas with hair. Pubic lice bites may cause small, flat, blue-gray marks (maculae cerulea) that look like bruises on the torso, thighs, or upper arms. The marks may last for several months, even after all lice have been killed. Pubic lice, like head lice, can be seen on shafts of hair.
Pubic lice that infest the eyelashes and eyelids may cause irritation and crusting in those areas. The lice may be visible near the base of eyelashes.
Pubic lice tends to be spread by sexual contact. If you or your teen has pubic lice, you may also have some other sexually transmitted infection (STI). Symptoms of STIs can include itching, tingling, burning, or pain of the genitals. For more information about STIs, see the topic Sexually Transmitted Infections .
Body lice
Itchy sores from body lice usually develop in the armpits, around the waist, and along the trunk where seams of clothes press against the skin. The lice and eggs are generally not seen on the skin but may be found in the seams of the person's clothing.
Other conditions, such as dandruff or scabies , can cause symptoms similar to those of a lice infestation.
What Happens
Lice will not go away without treatment. If the initial treatment does not kill all of the eggs (nits), a follow-up treatment may be required 7 to 10 days later to kill the newly hatched lice. Itching may last for 7 to 10 days even after successful treatment.
After treatment, dead eggs may remain in the person's hair until they are removed. Some schools have a policy of not allowing children to return to school until they are free of eggs.
If your child has lice, report it to your child's day care provider or school so that other children can be checked.
Some children and parents think about or feel lice crawling even after the lice problem is gone. If you or your child feels like symptoms are lasting or feels troubled after the lice problem is gone, talk to your doctor.
Frequent scratching can cause mild complications such as skin infections. In severe cases, hair may fall out. Some people may develop thickened, darkened skin in areas that are infested with lice over a long period.
What Increases Your Risk
Things that increase the risk of getting lice include:
- Attending school or day care. Young children in school or day care often play together closely and share hats, brushes, and other items. This behavior puts them at a higher risk for getting and transmitting head lice .
- Living in crowded or unclean conditions. People who live in crowded conditions and who do not or cannot bathe and wash their clothing regularly (such as people who are homeless, victims of war or natural disasters, or refugees) are at increased risk for body lice .
- Having many sex partners, which increases the risk for pubic lice .
When To Call a Doctor
If you suspect lice infestation (pediculosis), you can try an over-the-counter lice medicine or visit your doctor to double-check your symptoms. Call a doctor if:
- You have severe nighttime itching that does not go away after a few days.
- You see live lice or new eggs (nits) after using the medicine (prescription or nonprescription).
- You have serious side effects after using a product to treat lice.
- You have signs of a skin infection. These may include:
- Increased pain, swelling, heat, redness, or tenderness.
- Red streaks extending from the affected area.
- Discharge of pus.
- Fever of 100°F (37.8°C) or higher with no other obvious cause.
Watchful waiting
Lice will not go away without proper treatment. Even if they don't bother you much, lice can be spread to other household members, sex partners, or other people you have close personal contact with. If you think you have lice, try an over-the-counter lice medicine or call a doctor.
Who to see
If you need help treating a lice problem, contact any of the following:
- Local health department
- Nurse practitioner or physician assistant
- Internist
- Pediatrician
- Family medicine doctor
- Gynecologist (for pubic lice)
- Dermatologist
A pharmacist can answer your questions about medicines that treat lice.
To prepare for your appointment, see the topic Making the Most of Your Appointment .
Exams and Tests
To find out if your child has lice, the doctor will do a close visual exam to look for live lice or their eggs (nits) on the hair . The doctor may also use a fine-toothed comb to help detect lice. He or she may need to look at the lice or eggs under a microscope to confirm the diagnosis.
Treatment Overview
Lice will not go away without proper treatment. Treatment should begin as soon as symptoms of lice are noticed or when live lice and eggs (nits) are seen on the person's body or in clothing. Specific treatment depends on the type of lice infestation.
- Head lice and pubic lice are killed with over-the-counter or prescription medicines applied to the skin or scalp, and sometimes with a prescription pill. The most common way to treat lice is to use medicated creams, lotions, or shampoos that kill lice.
- Body lice , which live and lay eggs in the seams of clothing, are destroyed by washing clothing in hot water [130°F (54.4°C) or higher] for 5 minutes or more. This will usually kill adult lice and prevent eggs from hatching. Body lice are only present on the skin when they feed and will usually go away if you bathe daily and wear clean clothes.
Children with head lice can return to school or day care after their first treatment. Some schools have a "no nits" policy in which the child can go back to school or day care only after eggs have been removed. "No nits" policies are discouraged by medical experts. Most doctors agree that a child should be allowed to return to class after proper treatment and should be urged to avoid close head-to-head contact with other students. Confidentiality should be maintained so as not to embarrass a child who has head lice.
Itching may continue even after all lice are destroyed. This happens because of a lingering allergic reaction to their bites. Over-the-counter cortisone ( corticosteroid ) creams or calamine lotion may help. For severe itching, antihistamine medicines (such as Benadryl) or stronger, prescription-strength corticosteroid creams may be needed. Don't give antihistamines to your child unless you've checked with the doctor first. And don't use cortisone cream for longer than 7 days without talking with your doctor. Do not use the cream on children younger than age 2 unless your doctor tells you to. And don't use it in the rectal or vaginal area in children younger than age 12 unless you've checked with the doctor first.
What to think about
Who should be treated?
- Household members and anyone who has been in close contact with a lice-infested person should be checked for signs of lice. If they have itching and skin sores that are commonly seen with lice infestations or if lice or eggs are found on their bodies, treatment is recommended.
- Anyone who has shared a bed with a person who has lice should be treated, whether they have symptoms or not.
- If you still see live lice on a household member 7 to 10 days after he or she had the first treatment, it's best for that person to have a second treatment. Sometimes the first treatment doesn't work.
- People who have pubic lice are encouraged to tell their sex partners so that they can also be treated. It is also a good idea to see a doctor to be tested for other sexually transmitted infections .
Treatment is not likely to work if:
- You don't use the medicine as directed.
- You stay in contact with other people who have lice but who did not get treated.
- Lice become resistant to the medicines and don't die. This occurs in some locations more than others. Talk to your doctor if you think a lice medicine isn't working as expected.
Head lice are easily spread among children because kids commonly share hats, combs, and other items. If you or your child has head lice, you can help prevent others from getting it if you avoid head-to-head (hair-to-hair) contact during activities inside the home and outside the home. Also, don't share clothing, bedding, hair brushes and accessories, pillows, stuffed animals, or towels. Frequently examining the scalps of your school-age children may help you discover and treat lice before they spread to the rest of your family. Avoiding prolonged close contact with a person who has lice will also reduce your risk.
Pubic lice are spread primarily among people who have many sex partners. Reducing the number of sex partners you have may help reduce your risk of getting pubic lice.
Body lice may be prevented by bathing regularly and changing clothes daily. Body lice live on clothing, not on the body. Washing clothing in hot water [130°F (54.44°C) or higher] will usually kill adult lice and prevent eggs from hatching. Body lice that are on the skin usually go away on their own with daily bathing and wearing clothes that are not contaminated. Medicines to kill body lice are usually not needed.
To help control the spread of lice, you can also clean combs, brushes, clothing, and other personal items to kill lice and their eggs.
There are both over-the-counter medicines and prescription products to treat head lice and pubic lice. Most products come as a shampoo, creme rinse, or lotion (topical treatment) that is applied to the affected areas, left on for a period of time, and then rinsed off. Doctors sometimes prescribe a pill to treat lice when two or more approved topical medicines have not worked.
If lice infest the eyelashes, your doctor may prescribe an eye ointment for you.
Because body lice live in clothing, not on the body, medicines are generally not needed unless the person is severely infested. The most common way to kill body lice and eggs is to wash clothing and bedding in hot water [130°F (54.5°C) or higher] in a washing machine.
Medicine choices
Over-the-counter (OTC) medicines that are recommended for head or pubic lice include: footnote 1
- Permethrin creme rinse 1% (such as Nix), which is a common first choice for treating head lice. It kills lice and their eggs for 2 weeks or more after it has been rinsed off.
- Shampoos containing pyrethrins and piperonyl butoxide (such as Rid), which are left on the hair for 10 minutes and then rinsed out. A second treatment is needed 9 days after the first to kill newly hatched lice.
There are other OTC products for lice, but not all of them have good evidence that their benefits outweigh the side effects and other risks. Check the product label . Be sure to follow the directions about proper use and safety. And talk to your doctor or pharmacist about whether these products are safe for young children.
Prescription medicines that are recommended for head or pubic lice include: footnote 1
- Benzyl alcohol 5% (Ulesfia), which is used to treat head lice. It is applied to the hair on the head, left on for 10 minutes, and then rinsed off.
- Malathion lotion (Ovide), which is used to treat head lice. It is applied to hair on the head, left on for 8 to 12 hours, then rinsed off. If lice are still present 7 to 9 days later, a second treatment must be done.
If these OTC or prescription medicines aren't working, your doctor may prescribe a different medicine to help get rid of lice. These include ivermectin (Sklice or Stromectol), permethrin 5% (Elamite), and spinosad (Natroba). In rare cases, lindane may be prescribed. But lindane is falling out of favor because of the potential for serious nervous system side effects. The American Academy of Pediatrics no longer recommends lindane as a treatment for head lice.
Antihistamines (both prescription and nonprescription) can help relieve the itching that often occurs with lice. These medicines may cause drowsiness. Don't give antihistamines to your child unless you've checked with the doctor first.
If there is a serious skin infection, antibiotics may be needed.
What to think about
It is not necessary to remove lice eggs from hair after treatment with topical medicines, but some people may wish to remove them for cosmetic reasons.
Most products used to treat lice may cause side effects if they are not used properly. Never use a product more than two times (with less than 7 days between uses) without first consulting a doctor.
There is some concern that lice are becoming resistant to (can no longer be killed by) permethrin or other medicine used to treat lice infestations. It is also possible that lice may persist after treatment because the medicine was not used properly or because the person was reinfected by someone else who was still infected with lice.
Wet combing is an option for infants who can't use lice medicines.
Other Treatment
Some people try other treatments (such as using petroleum jelly or olive oil to smother lice). But there is not strong evidence that other treatments such as these work well or are safe to treat lice.
Head-shaving helps get rid of head lice. But this method can cause distress to the person whose head is shaved. After cutting or shaving the hair, put the hair into a garbage bag right away and seal it so that lice cannot spread to other areas in your home.
Other Places To Get Help
Related Information
- Drugs for parasitic infections (2010). Treatment Guidelines From The Medical Letter, 8(Suppl): e1-e20.
Other Works Consulted
- American Academy of Pediatrics (2015). Pediculosis capitis. In DW Kimberlin et al., eds., Red Book: 2015 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases, 30th ed., pp. 597-601. Elk Grove Village, IL: America Academy of Pediatrics.
- Burgess I (2011). Head lice, search date June 2010. Online version of BMJ Clinical Evidence. Also available online: http://www.clinicalevidence.com.
- Burgess IF, Silverston P (2015). Head lice. BMJ Clinical Evidence. http://clinicalevidence.bmj.com/x/systematic-review/1703/overview.html. Accessed April 12, 2016.
- Burkhart CN, Burkhart CG (2012). Scabies, other mites, and pediculosis. In LA Goldman et al., eds., Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine, 8th ed., vol. 2, pp. 2569-2578. New York: McGraw-Hill.
- Diaz JH (2010). Lice (pediculosis). In GL Mandell et al., eds., Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 7th ed., vol. 2, pp. 3629-3632. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier.
- Elston D (2011). Infestations. In EG Nabel, ed., ACP Medicine, section 4, chap. 8. Hamilton, ON: BC Decker.
- Frankowski BL, et al. (2010). Clinical report: Head lice. Pediatrics, 126(2): 392-403.
- Gupta A, Levitt JO (2010). Pediculosis. In MG Lebwohl et al., eds., Treatment of Skin Disease: Comprehensive Therapeutic Strategies, 3rd ed., pp. 536-539. Edinburgh: Saunders Elsevier.
- Habif TP (2010). Infestations and bites. In Clinical Dermatology: A Color Guide to Diagnosis and Therapy, 5th ed., pp. 581-634. Edinburgh: Mosby Elsevier.
- Habif TP, et al. (2011). Infestations and bites. In Skin Disease: Diagnosis and Treatment, 3rd ed., pp. 334-365. Edinburgh: Saunders.
- Morelli JG (2011). Arthropod bites and infestations. In RM Kleigman et al., eds., Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, 19th ed., pp. 2317-2322. Philadelphia: Saunders.
- Spinosad (Natroba) topical suspension for head lice (2011). Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics, 53(1367): 50-51.
ByHealthwise Staff
Primary Medical Reviewer John Pope, MD - Pediatrics
Adam Husney, MD - Family Medicine
E. Gregory Thompson, MD - Internal Medicine
Kathleen Romito, MD - Family Medicine
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Volume 1197, Hans-Egon Steinhagen --- Hans-Joachim Rechenberg
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Volume 1197, Hans-Egon Steinhagen---Hans-Joachim Rechenberg Print Wikipedia is a both a utilitarian visualization of the largest accumulation of human knowledge and a poetic gesture towards the inhuman scale of big data. Michael Mandiberg wrote software transforms all of Wikipedia in thousands of print on print-on-demand volumes, drawing attention to the sheer size of the encyclopedia's content and the impossibility of rendering Wikipedia as a poetic material object in fixed form: Once a volume is printed it is already out of date. This German version encompases 3406 volumes that were uploaded in May and June 2016. Eine gängige Größenordnung für Enzyklopädien sind die Bände ihrer Ausgaben. Michael Mandiberg hat die aktuelle Version der deutschsprachigen Wikipedia in enzyklopädische Artikel umgerechnet und eine ganze Bibliothek des Wissens geschaffen: 3.406 Bände.
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Supplement Forms/Alternate Names
- Dihydroxyacetone Pyruvate (DHAP)
- Calcium Pyruvate
- Magnesium Pyruvate
- Potassium Pyruvate
- Sodium Pyruvate
Principal Proposed Uses
Other Proposed Uses
Pyruvate supplies the body with pyruvic acid, a natural compound that plays important roles in the manufacture and use of energy. Pyruvate supplements have become popular with bodybuilders and other athletes, based on claims that pyruvate can reduce body fat and enhance the ability to use energy efficiently. However, at the present time, there is only preliminary evidence that it really works.
Pyruvate is not an essential nutrient, since your body makes all it needs. But it can be found in food, with an average diet supplying anywhere from 100 mg to 2 g daily. Apples are the best source: a single apple contains about 450 mg of pyruvate. Beer and red wine contain about 75 mg per serving.
Therapeutic dosages are usually much higher than what you can get from food: You'd have to eat almost 70 apples a day to get the proper amount! To use pyruvate for therapeutic purposes, you must take a supplement.
Although most products on the market contain only (or almost only) pyruvate, some also contain a related compound, dihydroxyacetone, which the body converts to pyruvate. The combination of the two products is known as DHAP.
Therapeutic Dosages
A typical therapeutic dosage of pyruvate is 30 g daily, although 6 to 44 g daily have been used in studies. Dihydroxyacetone dosages in studies of DHAP (pyruvate plus dihydroxyacetone) have ranged from 12 to 75 g daily.
Therapeutic Uses
Evidence from several small placebo-controlled studies suggests that pyruvate may enhance weight loss . 1-8,18
Pyruvate is also marketed as a sports performance supplement , but the supporting evidence for this use is weak and contradictory at best. 9-12,19
What Is the Scientific Evidence for Pyruvate?
Several small studies enrolling a total of about 150 individuals have found evidence that pyruvate or DHAP can aid weight loss and/or improve body composition (the proportion of fat to muscle tissue). 13-18
For example, in a 6-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial , 51 individuals were given either pyruvate (6 g daily), placebo, or no treatment. 18 All participated in an exercise program. In the treated group, significant decreases in fat mass (2.1 kg) and percentage body fat (2.6%) were seen, along with a significant increase in muscle mass (1.5 kg). No significant changes were seen in the placebo or non-treatment groups.
Another placebo-controlled study (blinding not stated) used a much higher dose of pyruvate, 22 to 44 g daily depending on total calorie intake. 13 In this trial, 34 slightly overweight individuals were put on a mildly weight-reducing diet for 4 weeks. Subsequently, half were given a liquid dietary supplement containing pyruvate. Over the course of 6 weeks, individuals in the pyruvate group lost a small amount of weight (about 1.5 lb) while those in the placebo group did not lose weight. Most of the weight loss came from fat.
A third placebo-controlled study evaluated the effects of combined dihydroxyacetone and pyruvate (DHAP) when individuals who had previously lost weight increased their calorie intake. 15 Seventeen severely overweight women were put on a restricted diet as inpatients for 3 weeks, during which time they lost an average of approximately 17 pounds. They were then given a high-calorie diet. Approximately half of the women also received 15 g of pyruvate and 75 g of dihydroxyacetone daily. The results showed that after 3 weeks of this weight-gaining diet, individuals receiving the supplements gained only about 4 pounds, as compared to about 6 pounds in the placebo group. Close evaluation showed that pyruvate specifically blocked regain of fat weight.
While all these studies are intriguing, we really need large studies (100 participants or more) to establish the potential benefits of pyruvate for weight loss.
Safety Issues
Both pyruvate and dihydroxyacetone appear to be quite safe, aside from mild side effects, such as occasional stomach upset and diarrhea. Very weak evidence (too weak to get very concerned about) hints that pyruvate supplements might adversely affect cholesterol profile by negating the positive effects of exercise on HDL ("good" cholesterol). 19
Maximum safe dosages for children, women who are pregnant or nursing, or those with liver or kidney disease have not been established.
Keep in mind that if a contaminant were present, even in very small percentages, there could be harmful results due to the enormous doses of pyruvate used. For this reason, you should make sure to use a high-quality product.
Revision Information
- Reviewer: EBSCO CAM Review Board
- Review Date: 12/2015 -
- Update Date: 12/15/2015 -


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Product DescriptionThe "G" Factor is the measure of your mental ability. It measures not only intelligence but also how your brain works. In other words, being a genius may not help you with this puzzle.! The goal is to remove the "G" shape. Can you factor in the moves? What's your "G" factor?
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On Friday October 31st Shaggy wrote,
Very difficult. I only solved it, because I have already been familiar with another puzzle like this - "Heart Breaker" and its complicated version, which is pretty similar to "G Factor". But "G Factor" seems to have two possible solutions until you realize that only of them is practically correct.
On Wednesday November 26th DerrickR wrote,
Much trickier then it looks. I enjoyed this puzzle. Kept giving me the feeling that I was going to tangle it up into an unsolvable mess. I did not give it 5 stars, only because the path is a little tight even if no force was necessay. I still recommend it.


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It's back to dynasty as usual…..
Jai Ho!! The Ulta Pultu Party pulled it off!! As Confucius famously advised centuries ago, " Confuse the enemy…." That's exactly what the Congress did - either by default or through design. And with this remarkable win, the 'kamzor' prime minister Manmohan Singh unambiguously provided the answer to the question - who's the boss ? It's Sonia Gandhi! And sorry Rahulbaba , but the real star of this dramatic election remains the Indian Voter. Just look at how the country voted, and one can safely tell all the self-styled experts , exit poll-wallas and armchair analysts to go to hell. Gyaan givers should now go into hiding and hang up their brains. This has been a a daal chawal election, in that the voter opted for comfort food - when the offer was for an exotic eight course menu… or, if one were to look at it more crudely– an unappetizing khichdi. There couldn't have been a more emphatic 'No' to the sort of bogus change that was being peddled. It was a straightforward vote for maintaining the status quo.
What did the startling results tell us about ourselves? For one, scratch the surface and we are creatures of habit. For another, we like the familiar and the predictable.Our relationship with the Congress Party is like a slightly boring but essentially stable marriage. The seven year itch is a thing of the past. We have settled into the senior citizens' shaadi slot, in which mild flirtations with exciting new partners offering fresh thrills are permitted, but both parties know that these are dangerous liaisons that can't last…. and may damage the marriage permanently. By now, we have made peace with the in-laws, accepted bratty relatives, and got used to the partner's snoring… along with other bad habits. The marriage is on solid if uninspiring ground - no great expectations, no major disillusionments. It carries on with rough periods and health scares, till the very bitter end, which in this case, isn't yet in sight. It is this strange love-hate relationship voters share with the Congress that puzzles outsiders. And it is precisely this dichotomy that makes it impossible for analysts to crawl inside the mind of the Indian voter and make even a semi-accurate prediction as to how that bloody ballot will be cast.
The Wow Factor this time was provided by Rahul Gandhi, and it would be petty and mean to deny him his glory. The Dimpled Darling worked hard and sincerely , totaling up a record number of rallies addressed by any leader, to successfully swing the vote in favour of Mummy's party. Between him and Princess Priyanka, they managed to inject the necessary oomph into what was turning into a hideous , immoral slanging match stripped off any decorum or dignity. These two young people demonstrated their class ( give or take a few boo boos), in the face of cheap mud slinging indulged in by the veterans. From this point on, Rahulbaba can rightfully write his own ticket – Mummy can persuade the reluctant debutant to join the cabinet ( portfolio of his choice), take over from her and run the party, or simply wait it out till Manmohan Singh gracefully moves over ( health reasons cannot be argued against, after all) and hands over the gaddi to the heir. Yup. It is back to dynasty as usual – and who is anyone to protest? The numbers say it all.
From Shining India to Sensible India , is one way of looking at these results. Clearly, the voter was in no mood to opt for either the Right or the Left. It was a clear mandate for continuity, for better or worse. Religion and caste came second and third, when everyone expected both to be the biggest issues.In a way they were – India voted against their exploitation by political parties trying their luck by playing those cards. The BJP got nuked ! And Narendra Modi exposed himself as nothing more grandiose than a fire breathing local satrap with no national support or following. Behind some of the surprising wins and losses, the one thing that became abundantly clear was the mood of the nation – it was a loud and clear signal to fundamentalist forces that the party's over for them.It was an equally resounding slap in the face for jet setting commies a la Karat who looked whipped while addressing the press .And a sweet(almost touching) assurance to the Didi of Kolkata that she rules the hearts of her loyaltists.So, who do you think came of age in this election? You might say it's Rahul. I'd say it's the voter.
The euphoria continues.....I consider this election a great win for democracy itself! I am not a diehard Congress supporter and have been critical about various aspects of the party at different times. But the people of India have delivered their verdict and that has gone in the favour of the Congress in unambiguous terms. So be it.
The key thing now is to be vigilant, hawk eyed and persistent - watch their performance closely. Ask questions. Demand answers. And keep those guys on their toes every second of the way. The formation of the cabinet will see some hard bargaining, but with the Commies out of the picture, it will make Singh's life that much easier. Mamatadi may get Railways. And Pranab will be the Finance Minister ( hope he hires an interpreter).But I am pretty sure the average age of the cabinet will come down this time with Rahulbaba inducting his key people and rewarding loyalists by distributing the portfolios shrewdly. Not a bad thing, India is a young country, and we need young leaders. Though I have to confess I felt really, really bad that the old socialist\trade unionist George the Giant Killer had to suffer such an ignominious exit from political life - Fernandes lost his deposit!
At a swish dinner party last night, the mood was giddy with top bankers and industrialists greeting one another with lusty cries of ''Jai Ho!" I guess it was a delirious moment for those capitalist pigs - the Congress had won - imagine what might have happened had the Commies done better and called the shots?? There was much clinking of glasses in anticipation of the BSE opening on monday with a 1000 point jump. Unlikely scenario. But the mood is bullish and upbeat on the whole. The money men's palms are itching!!!


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Famous queen phrase song motivational phrase motif typographic seamless pattern design in red and blue colors
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Offering a wide range of music, from Monteverdi to Berio, Handel to Messiaen, in first-rate performances from many of DG's most renowned artists, DUO set new standards in two-CD releases.
Here you find many of our best recordings from the last twenty years offered with full liner notes – mostly newly commissioned – in English, German and French, plus sung texts in original language and English for vocal works.
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- · Maria Joao Pires' complete Chopin Nocturnes – "Among the most eloquent master musicians of our time" – Gramophone
- Ravel's Orchestral Works with Pierre Boulez and the Berliner Philharmoniker – "Boulez's Ravel was always provocative; it is now evocative. Bravo and encore!" – Gramophone
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Carlos Mencia is well-known for his standup humor, which is slyly good-natured and often focuses on race and ethnicity. The 46 year-old Mencia has had a successful series on The Comedy Channel (Mind of Mencia) and draws huge crowds when he tours the country. When he was starting out in the business, he spent a lot of time on college campuses. And he learned pretty quickly that how he talked about the ethnicity he thought he shared with his audience could get him into trouble.
He told TV host Katie Couric about the scoldings he'd get as he thrashed around trying to find a name for the politicized students who'd come to see him.
"I said 'Latinos,' and they said, 'We're not Latin!' " he told Couric. "And then I said 'Chicano,' and they said, 'We're not of Mexican descent.' So I said 'I don't know what to say — Hispanic?' And they said, 'There's no such country as Hispania!' " He's chuckling now, but the memory was still clearly frustrating. "How am I supposed to describe us?" he wondered.
Those exchanges took place 20 years ago, and people — and institutions — are still trying to figure it out. The census used to ask people now commonly referred to as Latino or Hispanic to check the "Spanish-speaking" box, but that was too restrictive. What if you were Latino but didn't speak Spanish? Or if you were from the Iberian Peninsula and didn't speak English. ¡Ay!
Using One, Or The Other — Or Both
So in 1980, the Census Bureau switched to using the term "Hispanic," which had been chosen during the Nixon administration in the 1970s and up till then had been used on all government forms. But some people liked describing themselves as Latino — sometimes it indicated one's geographic origins, sometimes one's political leanings. Public figures decided to try to please everyone, and many use both Latino and Hispanic, sometimes interchangeably. Sometimes in the same sentence.
The president did this when he launched "Latinos for Obama 2012."
The Spanish-language news behemoth Univision also uses the term interchangeably, as do many Hispanic/Latino Americans. (And, as you might have guessed, so does NPR.)
NPR surveyed almost 1,500 randomly selected people to ask whether they would choose to describe themselves as Hispanic or Latino. We found a very slight preference for Hispanic, but not a terribly significant one. When Code Switch asked its followers on Facebook how they felt about this, we saw a kaleidoscope of responses:
Debbie Pastor wrote: "I find the term Latin@ more appropriate than Hispanic.... Latino includes all Spanish speakers regardless of country of origin, including spain."
Arturo Czares also said: "I prefer Latino but Hispanic is OK. Neither is perfect, but both are general terms that encompass a lot of people."
David Alejandro Haros commented: "I used to hate the term Hispanic, but now it doesn't matter. I use either interchangeably."
As with NPR's poll, the Pew Research Center's Hispanic Trends Project found the same thing in its latest Latino survey.
Mark Hugo Lopez, director of the Hispanic Trends Project, says this demographic identifies much more readily with its country of origin — or the country its parents or grandparents came from. While traveling through Latin America, Lopez said, "You'll find people aren't necessarily describing themselves as Hispanic first. They'll say they're Salvadoran or Peruvian when you go to those countries."
And there's a local equivalent of that here in the U.S.: Marketing specialist Mando Rayo says he's "part Mexican, part American, 100 percent Tejano!" Texas trumps everything, although Rayo said if forced to choose, he chooses Latino, because he feels it connects him more to his Latin American roots.
But, he said, everyone describes himself differently, which is why he tells clients wanting to capture part of the Latino market it's important to do some research first. "They're thinking about trying to sell something to the Latino community," Rayo said, "and I always say, well, which one?"
The Latino community?
Rayo is not kidding. There is no one Latino community. Variables like age, whether a person is born in the U.S. or has migrated here, level of education — all those things can be important. Even within people with the same ancestry: A sales pitch crafted to Mexican-Americans in Texas could be very different from one aimed at Mexican-Americans in California.
Different geography, different customs, different cuisines, all have to be taken into consideration. Which has corporate America and politicians eyeing this important demographic, while scrambling to try to figure things out.
"Welcome to multicultural America," said Angelo Falcon. "Reality is a very complex thing for everybody — including Hispanics." Falcon, who is Puerto Rican, heads the National Institute for Latino Policy and has been working with — and on — the census for years to develop a more accurate categorization for Latinos/Hispanics. Falcon says getting people to switch from Hispanic or Latino to a yet-to-be-devised descriptor is going to be a lot harder for Latino leaders than it was for Jesse Jackson to persuade people to switch from black to African-American in the 1980s.
Those descriptors had evolved over the years, from colored to Negro to black and most recently, African-American. Jackson and the people subscribing to African-American wanted to switch, Falcon says, because "they thought African-American was a more culturally-based, ethnic term that would identify more with the American experience." (Think about how different the perspective of an Oxford-educated Nigerian immigrant might be from a first-generation college graduate whose people have been in this country for 150 years. Both are black. Both are African-descended. But only one is African-American, with everything that history implies.)
Falcon believes the critical difference between getting "African-American" accepted and widely adopted was the salient fact that the term came from the community being urged to use it; it wasn't chosen by the government. (The government has since chosen to use it, though.)
Eventually Hispanic/Latino or something else will probably be moot, if this demographic's experience reflects its predecessors. Succeeding generations will take pride in their ancestry, but they'll describe themselves as being New Yorkers or Louisianans — or "100 percent Tejano."
As Alejandro X Terrazas wrote on Facebook that he considers himself "American first, ethnically Hispanic."
And Karen Villatoro also commented: "I like to think of myself as American with Central American roots."
And that's a classically American thing to do.
By 2040, Hispanics, or Latinos - at NPR we use the terms interchangeably - will be the largest ethnic minority in the United States. But it is at best imprecise to reduce such a diverse group to just one name. To better understand the views and experiences of Latino Americans, NPR conducted a poll with the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and the Harvard School of Public Health. All this week, we'll be sharing stories we found in the results.
Now, here's NPR's Karen Grigsby Bates with the Hispanic versus Latino debate and that old question: What's in a name?
KAREN GRIGSBY BATES, BYLINE: Born in Honduras and raised in East Los Angeles, comedian Carlos Mencia's work is filtered through the prisms of race and ethnicity. But in an interview with TV's Katie Couric, Mencia said the issue of what to call the mostly Latino audiences he drew early in his career got him in trouble.
CARLOS MENCIA: I said Latinos and they said: We're not Latin. And then I said Chicano and they said: Well, we're not of Mexican descent. And I said I don't know what to say. Hispanic? And they're: There's no such country as Hispania.
MENCIA: And I was like, well, how am I supposed to describe us?
BATES: He's not alone in that frustration. In the 1980s, the Census Bureau decided to switch from asking people who identified as Spanish-speaking to describe themselves as Hispanic or Latino. Since then, some public figures have gotten in the habit of using both terms, sometimes in the same sentence, like this guy.
PRESIDENT BARACK OBAMA: That determination has made the Latino community a driving force behind our national recovery. It's led Hispanic Americans to start small businesses at three times the national average.
BATES: Yep, that was President Barack Obama in 2012, urging a specific demographic to vote for cambio, or change. Many Spanish-language journalists use both terms, too. Here's Univision news anchor Maria Elena Salinas.
MARIA ELENA SALINAS: Hispanics were here before the Mayflower. Hispanics were here before Jamestown. You know, Latinos have roots, very deep roots in this country and they have had for a long time.
BATES: NPR's poll says of the almost 1,500 people surveyed, there was a very slight preference for Hispanic over Latino but not by much. And says Mark Hugo Lopez, of the Pew Research Center, there's a reason for that.
MARK HUGO LOPEZ: We are the country that's created this notion of a Pan-Hispanic or a Pan-Latino identity. That's really something that in many respects is unique to the United States.
BATES: Lopez coordinates Pew's annual Hispanic Trends Project's survey of Latino Communities. Pew also uses Hispanic and Latino interchangeably. Like the NPR poll, Lopez says the latest Pew Latino survey shows Latinos identify more readily by country of origin - or their parents' or grandparents' - than they do the terms used by the U.S. government.
LOPEZ: And if you travel in other parts of Latin America, you'll find, for example, people aren't necessarily calling themselves s Hispanic first. They're saying that they are Salvadoran or that they are Peruvian when you go to those countries.
BATES: But it's important to point out that not everybody prefers to identify by nationality.
MANDO RAYO: I'm part Mexican, part American, 100 percent Tejano.
BATES: In Austin, Texas, Mando Rayo helps nonprofits, businesses and politicians connect to Latino communities. He says if forced to choose, he prefers to use Latino. He believes it connects him more to his Latin American roots. But, Rayo warns clients, it's not the same for everyone.
RAYO: When you're thinking about, you know, you're trying to sell something to the Latino community, and whoa, I always say well, which one?
BATES: Good question. A lot of variables like age, whether one is U.S.-born or born elsewhere, level of education, mean a one-size-fits-all marketing strategy can easily flop. Then Rayo says there are regional differences. Mexican-Americans in Texas might respond far differently to a pitch designed for Mexican-Americans in California.
RAYO: Once you start going more into that localization of understanding communities, understanding Latinos, then you kind of have to dig deeper into those layers.
BATES: Confusing, right?
ANGELO FALCON: Welcome to multicultural America. Reality is a very complex thing for everybody, including Hispanics.
BATES: Angelo Falcon is executive director of the National Institute for Latino Policy. Falcon, who has Puerto Rican roots, says in the '90s, black leaders like Jesse Jackson had an easier job convincing many black Americans to begin to identify as African-American.
FALCON: They thought African-American was a more culturally based, ethnic term and would also identify more with the American experience.
BATES: The critical difference between using African-American and Latino-Hispanic, Falcon says, is that African-American was a term chosen by that community; where Hispanic-Latino was the government's choice. Demographers and sociologists say that as time goes on, the designation of Hispanic-Latino will begin to matter less and less. Younger generations will acknowledge their roots while proclaiming themselves American, just as most other ethnic groups have done before them. And that's very much in keeping with the evolution of American identity.
Karen Grigsby Bates, NPR News. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.


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-Under Construction-
Here at Sports Imports we have a wide range of products for your Roadster.
For more information regarding our selection of parts, prices, and descriptions, please contact us and we will get back to you as soon as possible. – Contact Us
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Can You Trust Another Wiergate Structural Steel Fabricator with Your Texas Project?
We've Been Keeping Promises For Over 40 Years.
Learn the 3 Crucial Factors You MUST Consider When Choosing a Structural Steel Fabricator in Wiergate, Texas, if Your Project is Going to Stay On Budget, Fulfill Your Quality Requirements and Finish On Time!
Our typical design-build project, with our early involvement as the structural steel fabricator in Wiergate, Texas, usually involve the following steps:
- A pre-construction meeting involving the General Contractor, Engineer, Architect, and all other trades.
- Each trade discussing value engineering possibilities and/or potential problems, from current design.
- A discussion of owners' questions and/or potential changes to plans.
- A discussion of sequencing the project and time allowed for each trade, for determining the project schedule.
- Meetings throughout the project, as required, to keep all trades current on the progress.
Third, Your Wiergate Project's Structural Steel Fabricator Must Be Able to Keep to a Schedule. As a General Contractor, you have a schedule to keep. You already know how costly delays can be. Therefore, while low up-front bids may be designed to win your business, they could very well cost you more in the long run if they cannot perform in a timely manner. It only takes one trade to cause the entire project to be thrown off schedule and all the other trades having to make up the lost time. We know how time sensitive your schedule is and our goal is to provide a quality product in a timely manner and strive to beat deadlines in Wiergate.
Being involved in your project from the very beginning, as a member of your Design-Build Team, can only save time and expenses in the long run. MMW Fabrication has an outstanding reputation for being a part of the solution when challenges arise, whether working with the General Contractor or other trades. Whatever your expectations are of us, we expect to exceed them. Our work is not complete until all of our customers' needs and requirements are met to their complete satisfaction, which is what you expect and deserve.
- Is the Lowest Bid Truly Providing You EVERYTHING You EXPECT?
- Are they intentionally leaving things out of their bid (resulting in nasty surprises later on)?
- Does the Structural Steel Fabricator have an ATTITUDE of TEAMWORK?
- Is the Structural Steel Fabricator able to MEET INSURANCE REQUIREMENTS?
- Do they sub the steel erection or do they do it themselves?
- Do they normally look for back charges to make up for their low bid?
- Is the Fabricator able to HANDLE the JOB FINANCIALLY (paying their bills & avoiding liens, purchasing materials, meeting payroll, credit, etc.)?
- Do they have the necessary experience for your particular project type?
- Does the Structural Steel Fabricator have good reputation?
- Do you get the feeling that you are only being told what you want to hear?
- Are they able to perform stellar work in your city: Wiergate?
We can supply you with any of your structural or miscellaneous steel fabrication needs and supply you a steel erection price, if required.


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Tendinopathy is an injury to the tendon. It can cause pain, swelling, and limit movement. The injuries can include:
- Tendonitis—an inflammation of the tendon
- Tendinosis—tiny tears in the tendon with no significant inflammation
The posterior tibial tendon runs from the posterior tibial muscle to the inside of the ankle and the arch of the foot. The main job of this tendon is to support the arch of the foot. If the tendon is injured or weak, then the arch of the foot can collapse. This will make the foot pronate, or roll inward. These injuries can make it painful to walk.
Treatment depends on the severity of the tendinopathy.
Causes of posterior tibial tendinopathy include:
- Overuse of the tendon
- Poor blood supply to the tendon
- Biomechanics that cause degeneration of the tendon, such as over-pronation of the foot
Risk Factors
Posterior tibial tendinopathy is more common in women and in people over the age of 40 years. Other factors that increase your chance of posterior tibial tendinopathy include:
- Flat feet
- Obesity
- Diabetes
- High blood pressure
- Previous surgery or trauma
- Local steroid injections
Symptoms may include:
- Pain and swelling near the arch of the foot and on the inside of the ankle
- Pain that increases when standing on the ball of the foot or if the foot is flexed
- Pain that increases with activity
- Tiredness in the foot after little activity
- Pain that becomes more disabling
- Later in the course of the tendinopathy, a flattening of the arch of the foot and pronation
- An inability to push off well when running
You will be asked about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done. It will include a foot exam. You may be asked to try to stand on the ball of your foot. If you cannot do this, then you likely have a problem with your posterior tibial tendon.
Images of your foot and ankle may be taken. This can be done with:
Talk to your doctor about the best treatment plan for you. Options include:
Supportive Care
The foot and ankle will need time to heal. RICE is often the main part of treatment:
- Rest—Avoid activity that causes pain. Reduce shock or vibrations to the foot and ankle.
- Ice—Ice therapy may help relieve swelling.
- Compression—Compression bandages can provide gentle pressure to help move fluids out of the area.
- Elevation—Keeping the foot elevated can help fluids drain out or prevent fluids from building up.
To help support the foot and promote healing, you may need:
- A strap or tape for your foot
- A brace or cast
- Custom-made orthotics
Prescription or over-the-counter medication may be advised to reduce pain.
Physical Therapy
A physical therapist will assess your foot and ankle. An exercise program will be created to help recovery and to strengthen the muscles.
In rare cases, surgery may be required to repair the tendon.
To reduce your chances of posterior tibialis tendinopathy, take these steps:
- Avoid activities and sports that repeatedly stress the foot and ankle.
- Maintain proper muscle strength.
- Gradually increase the frequency and intensity of exercise.
- Wear good, supportive shoes that provide arch support.
- Use proper technique for sports and dance activities.
Revision Information
- Reviewer: EBSCO Medical Review Board Teresa Briedwell, PT, DPT
- Review Date: 03/2018 -
- Update Date: 04/29/2014 -


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LLVM is an umbrella project that hosts and develops a set of close-knit, low-level toolchain components (assemblers, compilers, debuggers, etc.), which are designed to be compatible with existing tools typically used on UNIX systems. The name "LLVM" was once an acronym, but is now just a brand for the umbrella project. While LLVM provides some unique capabilities and is known for some of its widely used tools (the Clang compiler, a C/C++/Objective-C compiler that provides a number of benefits over the GCC compiler), the main thing that sets LLVM apart from other compilers is its internal architecture.
From its beginning in December 2000, LLVM was designed as a set of reusable libraries with well-defined interfaces (LA04). At the time, open source programming language implementations were designed as special-purpose tools, which usually had monolithic executables. For example, it was very difficult to reuse the parser from a static compiler (such as GCC) for doing static analysis or refactoring. While scripting languages often provided a way to embed their runtime and interpreter into larger applications, this runtime was a single monolithic lump of code that was included or excluded. There was no way to reuse pieces, and very little sharing across language implementation projects.
Beyond the composition of the compiler itself, the communities surrounding popular language implementations were usually strongly polarized: an implementation usually provided either a traditional static compiler like GCC, Free Pascal, and FreeBASIC, or it provided a runtime compiler in the form of an interpreter or Just-In-Time (JIT) compiler. It was very uncommon to see language implementation that supported both, and if they did, there was usually very little sharing of code.
Over the last ten years, LLVM has substantially altered this landscape. LLVM is now used as a common infrastructure to implement a broad variety of statically and runtime compiled languages, including the family of languages supported by GCC, Java, .NET, Python, Ruby, Scheme, Haskell, D, as well as countless lesser known languages). It has also replaced a broad variety of special-purpose compilers, such as the runtime specialization engine in Apple's OpenGL stack and the image processing library in Adobe's After Effects product. Finally, LLVM has also been used to create a variety of new products, perhaps the best known of which is the OpenCL GPU programming language and runtime.
A Quick Introduction to Classical Compiler Design
The most popular design for a traditional static compiler (like most C compilers) is the three phase design whose major components are the front end, the optimizer, and the back end (see Figure 1). The front end parses source code, checking it for errors, and builds a language-specific Abstract Syntax Tree (AST) to represent the input code. The AST is optionally converted to a new representation for optimization, and the optimizer and back end are run on the code.
Figure 1: Three major components of a three-phase compiler.
The optimizer is responsible for doing a broad variety of transformations to try to improve the code's running time, such as eliminating redundant computations, and is usually more or less independent of language and target. The back end (also known as the code generator) then maps the code onto the target instruction set. In addition to making correct code, it is responsible for generating good code that takes advantage of unusual features of the supported architecture. Common parts of a compiler back end include instruction selection, register allocation, and instruction scheduling.
This model applies equally well to interpreters and JIT compilers. The Java Virtual Machine (JVM) is also an implementation of this model, which uses Java bytecode as the interface between the front end and optimizer.
Implications of this Design
The most important win of this classical design comes when a compiler decides to support multiple source languages or target architectures. If the compiler uses a common code representation in its optimizer, then a front end can be written for any language that can compile to it, and a back end can be written for any target that can compile from it, as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2: Retargetablity.
With this design, porting the compiler to support a new source language (for example, Algol or BASIC) requires implementing a new front end, but the existing optimizer and back end can be reused. If these parts weren't separated, implementing a new source language would require starting over from scratch, so supporting N targets and M source languages would need N*M compilers.
Another advantage of the three-phase design (which follows directly from retargetability) is that the compiler serves a broader set of programmers than it would if it only supported one source language and one target. For an open source project, this means that there is a larger community of potential contributors to draw from, which naturally leads to more enhancements and improvements to the compiler. This is the reason why open source compilers that serve many communities (like GCC) tend to generate better optimized machine code than narrower compilers like FreePASCAL. This isn't the case for proprietary compilers, whose quality is directly related to the project's budget. For example, the Intel ICC Compiler is widely known for the quality of code it generates, even though it serves a narrow audience.
A final major win of the three-phase design is that the skills required to implement a front end are different than those required for the optimizer and back end. Separating these makes it easier for a "front-end person" to enhance and maintain their part of the compiler. While this is a social issue, not a technical one, it matters a lot in practice, particularly for open source projects that want to reduce the barrier to contributing as much as possible.
Existing Language Implementations
While the benefits of a three-phase design are compelling and well-documented in compiler textbooks, in practice, it is almost never fully realized. Looking across open source language implementations (back when LLVM was started), you'd find that the implementations of Perl, Python, Ruby and Java share no code. Further, projects like the Glasgow Haskell Compiler (GHC) and FreeBASIC are retargetable to multiple different CPUs, but their implementations are very specific to the one source language they support. There is also a broad variety of special purpose compiler technology deployed to implement JIT compilers for image processing, regular expressions, graphics card drivers, and other subdomains that require CPU intensive work.
That said, there are three major success stories for this model, the first of which are the Java and .NET Virtual Machines. These systems provide a JIT compiler, runtime support, and a very well defined bytecode format. This means that any language that can compile to the bytecode format, and there are dozens of them), can take advantage of the effort put into the optimizer and JIT as well as the runtime. The tradeoff is that these implementations provide little flexibility in the choice of runtime: they both effectively force JIT compilation, garbage collection, and the use of a very particular object model. This leads to suboptimal performance when compiling languages that don't match this model closely, such as C (for example, with the LLJVM project).
A second success story is perhaps the most unfortunate, but also most popular way to reuse compiler technology: translate the input source to C code (or some other language) and send it through existing C compilers. This allows reuse of the optimizer and code generator, gives good flexibility, control over the runtime, and is really easy for front-end implementers to understand, implement, and maintain. Unfortunately, doing this prevents efficient implementation of exception handling, provides a poor debugging experience, slows down compilation, and can be problematic for languages that require guaranteed tail calls (or other features not supported by C).
A final successful implementation of this model is GCC (a "backronym" that now stands for "GNU Compiler Collection"). GCC supports many front ends and back ends, and has an active and broad community of contributors. GCC has a long history of being a C compiler that supports multiple targets with hacky support for a few other languages bolted onto it. As the years go by, the GCC community is slowly evolving a cleaner design. As of GCC 4.4, it has a new representation for the optimizer (known as "GIMPLE Tuples"), which is closer to being separate from the front-end representation than before. Also, its Fortran and Ada front ends use a clean AST.
While very successful, these three approaches have strong limitations to what they can be used for because they are designed as monolithic applications. As one example, it is not realistically possible to embed GCC into other applications, to use GCC as a runtime/JIT compiler, or extract and reuse pieces of GCC without pulling in most of the compiler. People who have wanted to use GCC's C++ front end for documentation generation, code indexing, refactoring, and static analysis tools have had to use GCC as a monolithic application that emits interesting information as XML, or write plugins to inject foreign code into the GCC process.
There are multiple reasons why pieces of GCC cannot be reused as libraries, including rampant use of global variables, weakly enforced invariants, poorly designed data structures, sprawling code base, and the use of macros that prevent the codebase from being compiled to support more than one front-end/target pair at a time. The hardest problems to fix, though, are the inherent architectural problems that stem from its early design and age. Specifically, GCC suffers from layering problems and leaky abstractions: the back end walks front-end ASTs to generate debug info, the front ends generate back-end data structures, and the entire compiler depends on global data structures set up by the command line interface.
LLVM's Code Representation: LLVM IR
With the historical background and context out of the way, let's dive into LLVM: The most important aspect of its design is the LLVM Intermediate Representation (IR), which is the form it uses to represent code in the compiler. LLVM IR is designed to host mid-level analyses and transformations that you find in the optimizer section of a compiler. It was designed with many specific goals in mind, including supporting lightweight runtime optimizations, cross-function/interprocedural optimizations, whole program analysis, and aggressive restructuring transformations, etc. The most important aspect of it, though, is that it is itself defined as a first class language with well-defined semantics. To make this concrete, here is a simple example of a
.ll file:
define i32 @add1(i32 %a, i32 %b) { entry: %tmp1 = add i32 %a, %b ret i32 %tmp1 } define i32 @add2<i32 %a, i32 %b) { entry: %tmp1 = icmp eq i32 %a, 0 br i1 %tmp1, label %done, label %recurse recurse: %tmp2 = sub i32 %a, 1 %tmp3 = add i32 %b, 1 %tmp4 = call i32 @add2(i32 %tmp2, i32 %tmp3) ret i32 %tmp4 done: ret i32 %b }
This LLVM IR corresponds to this C code, which provides two different ways to add integers:
unsigned add1(unsigned a, unsigned b) { return a+b; } // Perhaps not the most efficient way to add two numbers. unsigned add2(unsigned a, unsigned b) { if (a == 0) return b; return add2(a-1, b+1); }
As you can see from this example, LLVM IR is a low-level RISC-like virtual instruction set. Like a real RISC instruction set, it supports linear sequences of simple instructions like add, subtract, compare, and branch. These instructions are in three address form, which means that they take some number of inputs and produce a result in a different register. (This is in contrast to a two-address instruction set, like X86, which destructively updates an input register, or one-address machines that take one explicit operand and operate on an accumulator or the top of the stack on a stack machine.) LLVM IR supports labels and generally looks like a weird form of assembly language.
Unlike most RISC instruction sets, LLVM is strongly typed with a simple type system (for example,
i32 is a 32-bit integer,
i32** is a pointer to pointer to 32-bit integer) and some details of the machine are abstracted away. For example, the calling convention is abstracted through
call and
ret instructions and explicit arguments. Another significant difference from machine code is that the LLVM IR doesn't use a fixed set of named registers, it uses an infinite set of temporaries named with a
% character.
Beyond being implemented as a language, LLVM IR is actually defined in three isomorphic forms: the textual format above, an in-memory data structure inspected and modified by optimizations themselves, and an efficient and dense on-disk binary "bitcode" format. The LLVM Project also provides tools to convert the on-disk format from text to binary:
llvm-as assembles the textual
.ll file into a
.bc file containing the bitcode goop and
llvm-dis turns a
.bc file into a
.ll file.
The intermediate representation of a compiler is interesting because it can be a "perfect world" for the compiler optimizer: unlike the front end and back end of the compiler, the optimizer isn't constrained by either a specific source language or a specific target machine. On the other hand, it has to serve both well: it has to be designed to be easy for a front end to generate and be expressive enough to allow important optimizations to be performed for real targets.


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SUSE has released kGraft to the public, the technology it developed to deliver live runtime patching of the Linux kernel.
Uniquely (although we use the term carefully and with some trepidation), kGraft doesn't require stopping the kernel (even for short periods), making it (theoretically) easier for IT staff to install critical security and other patches without system downtime.
"Originally a research project from SUSE Labs, kGraft has quickly shown its promise as a live patching Linux tool for enterprise users," said Vojtěch Pavlík, director of SUSE Labs. "Providing quick and reliable response to unscheduled patching needs without requiring the shutting down or rebooting of any number of servers will increase the stability, cost efficiency, and security of enterprise customers' environments. This technology will enhance uptime in mission-critical environments."
kGraft is based on modern Linux technologies, including INT3/IPI-NMI self-modifying code, an RCU-like update mechanism, mcount-based NOP space allocation, and standard kernel module loading/linking mechanisms.
By combining and using other Linux technologies, kGraft requires only a small amount of code to run.
Going forward now, SUSE will submit kGraft upstream while working with the Linux community to create a common, standard kernel live patching solution.


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The effect CHPDR01.mp3 is one of 96 sounds in the Drums category. You could describe the content of this category as Drums, as snare, bass, kettle, steel, beat, rythmn, hit, roll, cymbol, gong, cadence, rythmn, drumbeat, drumstick, march, and syncopation.
The full collection of 5,000 FX and music clips are organized into 70 separate categories. They are all 8-bit 22kHz mono in .mp3 format, making them easy to use with most programs. This collection is license and royalty-free for non-commercial use, and inexpensive for commerical use. Click here for detailed usage rights.
(If you don't have Shockwave, you can download the Plug-in Here.)
Free Sounds | Games | Clip Media | Education | Misc Stuff | Company | Order
© 1990-2007 BeachWare, Inc.


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Select a City
McLean, VA
Best Farmers' Markets around Mclean, VA
Add an Organization
14 and U Farmers Market
Corner of 14th Street and U Street Northwest
Washington, DC
14&U Farmers' Market is a quintessential urban farmers market. Located in the heart of the hip U Street Neighborhood, the 14&U FM tra...
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17th Street Farmers Market
100 North 17th Street
Richmond, VA
Our Mission 17th St. Market's goal is to provide our diverse surrounding community with a vibrant community space where they can find health...
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32nd Street Farmers Market
East 32nd Street and Barclay Street
Baltimore, MD
Mission: To provide a vehicle for independent vendors to survive large agribusiness competition, while making available a variety of produce, meat...
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Featured Yelp Deals for
Mclean Top Searches
Car Dealers
Hotels and Lodging
A Better Choice Bakery And Market
6 West Potomac Street
Brunswick, MD
About Us: Our bakery was started by a single mom raising an autistic son with bipolar disorder. That's the reason she started being gluten...
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AAMC Energize Farmers Market
2001 Medical Parkway
Annapolis, MD
Season: Summer Market Hours: June 7 - October 26, 2019Fridays, 10:30am - 1:30pm Location: 2001 Medical Parkway
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Adams County Farmers Market
Carlisle Street
Gettysburg, PA
Our Mission: The Adams County Farmers' Market Association (ACFMA) is committed to a vibrant farmers market which assists consumers in obtain...
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Adams Morgan Farmers Market
1800 Columbia Road NorthWest
Washington, DC
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Alexandria Old Town Farmers' Market
301 King Street
Alexandria, VA
Old Town Farmers' Market is the oldest farmers' market in the country which has been held continuously at the same site. George Washington sent his...
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American Market at National Harbor
Waterfront and Fleet Streets
Oxon Hill, MD
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Amish Country Farmers Market
101 Marlboro Avenue
Easton, MD
Season: Year Round Market Hours:Thursday,9AM - 6PMFriday,9AM - 7PMSaturday,9AM - 3PMLocation: 101 Marlboro Avenue
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Annandale Farmers Market
6621 Columbia Pike
Annandale, VA
Season: Summer and Fall Market Hours: May 2 - November 7, 2019Thursdays, 8AM - 12PMLocation: Mason District Park, 6621 Columbia Pike
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Anne Arundel County Farmers' Market
275 Harry S. Truman Parkway
Annapolis, MD
Story: The Anne Arundel County Farmers' Market (AACFM) was first organized in 1981 by the County Office of Planning and Zoning. The Market w...
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Arbutus Farmers Market
5200 Southwestern Boulevard
Arbutus, MD
About Us: All farmers that come to the Arbutus Farmers Market are from Maryland, giving you the chance to Buy Local. These local producers offer...
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Archwood Green Barns Farmers' Market
4557 Old Tavern Road
The Plains, VA
Season: Summer Market Hours:May 5, 2019 - November 24, 2019Sundays, 10 a.m. - 3 p.m.Location: 4557 Old Tavern Road
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Arlington Farmers Market
1401 North Courthouse Road
Arlington, VA
About: The Arlington Farmers' Market is proud to focus on several key goals:-Providing the freshest and highest quality foods to our customers.-Al...
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Arlington Mill Farmers Market
909 South Dinwiddie Street
Arlington, VA
Season: Summer Market Hours: May 2019 - October 2019 Saturdays, 9 am - 1 pm Location: Arlington Mill Community & Senior Center, 909 S Dinwi...
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Ashburn Farmers Market
Exchange Street and Endicott Drive
Ashburn, VA
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Ashland Farmers Market
310 South James Street
Ashland, VA
The Ashland Farmers Market, located in Downtown Ashland behind Town Hall. Market is held every Saturday from May to October, with special holiday m...
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BEC Farm Market
2024 Hopewood Drive
McLean, VA
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Ballston Farmers Market
901 North Taylor Street
Arlington, VA
Season: Summer Market Hours: April 2019 - October 2019Thursdays, 3pm to 7pm Location: Welburn Square across from the Ballston metro
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text: MS Connection Newsletter MS Connection is a local newsletter with news and information for people living with MS, their families and friends. Topics include local programs and resources, advocacy and public policy, advances in research, volunteer positions, fundraising events, and giving opportunities. Learn More About the MS Connection Newsletter Learn More


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In intestinal pseudo-obstruction, foods and liquids are unable to pass through the intestine, causing a build-up of food, fluid, and gas in all or part of the colon. The symptoms of this condition act like a mechanical bowel obstruction , but no blockage is found when doctors examine the intestine.
Intestinal pseudo-obstruction is caused by problems with the muscles and nerves of the intestine.
Risk Factors
Factors that may increase your chances of intestinal pseudo-obstruction:
Symptoms of intestinal pseudo-obstruction may include:
- Cramps
- Stomach pain
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Bloating
- Reduction in bowel movements
- Loose stools
- Bladder problems
You will be asked about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done.
Your body fluids may be tested. This can be done with:
- Blood tests
- Urine tests
Images may be taken of your body structures. This can be done with:
- Abdominal x-rays
- Abdominal CT scan
Talk with your doctor about the best treatment plan for you. Treatment options include:
Nutritional Support
IV feeding may be necessary to help prevent malnutrition.
Your doctor may prescribe antibiotics to help prevent bacterial infections. In addition, medications can be used to treat muscle problems in the intestines. Changes in your medications may be made to eliminate some medications that can slow recovery from, or worsen, this condition.
In severe cases of intestinal pseudo-obstruction, surgery to remove part or your entire intestine may be necessary.
If the colon does not resume normal function after conservative management, the pressure build-up in the colon can be relieved by removing the trapped air with a colonoscope .
Many cases of intestinal pseudo-obstruction cannot be prevented. But certain measures can be taken after surgery to help avoid the complication of intestinal pseudo-obstruction. These measures include:
- Early oral feeding
- Gum chewing
- Fluid restriction
- Medications that inhibit opioid receptors
- Beta-blockers
Revision Information
- Reviewer: EBSCO Medical Review Board Daus Mahnke, MD
- Review Date: 11/2018 -
- Update Date: 12/20/2014 -


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You'd be hard pressed to find another technology provider as committed to higher education as HP. In the past 20 years, HP has exceeded the billion mark in cash and product donations to schools, universities, community nonprofit organizations and non-governmental organizations.
HP Labs, our advanced research organization, pushes scientific frontiers via 23 labs in 7 different countries. Today, from energy efficient PCs and laptops to our powerful alliances with technology partners, we're making innovation a hallmark of our education offerings.
Investigate 1:1 computing, discover ways to gain greater energy efficiencies and explore the benefits of virtualization. Our customized solutions work in the real world, and within your budget.
Learn more about our tailored solutions
Whether you need powerful desktops, energy efficient servers, reliable printers or anything in between, HP hardware, software and services fit the bill in more ways than one.
Learn more about our products and what they mean to your university
See how our partners are helping us empower higher education through groundbreaking products and programs.
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HP invests 3.6 billion dollars annually on research and development to drive technological innovations for customers worldwide. In addition, we use our resources to drive our objectives as a global citizen.
Find out how HP puts it values as a global citizen into practice through technology grants, research collaborations and philanthropy that effect meaningful change.
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