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Metal Roofing in Oneida Ontario
You Own Your Home, Why Rent Your Roof?
Your home is meant to last decades – shouldn't your roof? Most people do not give much thought to their roofs, but your roof is an essential component of the structure of your home or commercial building. It is the first line of defense against extreme weather elements. A good roof protects your family from the elements and increases the value and curb appeal of your home.
How would you like a roof that can hold up against all weather conditions, increase the resale value of your home, save you up to 40% on energy costs, and lasts for as long as you own your home?
Why Steel or Aluminum Roofing?
Typical asphalt roofs last 6 to 12 years – without encountering any extreme weather events. Metal, aluminum or steel roofing systems can last over 100 years and withstand extreme weather events like heavy winds, rain, and snow.
Eco metal roofing offers the following superior benefits:
- Superior Strength – Metal roofing systems can handle wind gusts up to 150 kilometers per hour without breaking or corroding and are impact-resistant. Metal roofs do not need expensive regular maintenance like other roofing materials.
- Superior Safety – Metal roofing will not ignite from fires or lightning.
- Superior Energy Efficiency – Metal roofs can lower cooling costs by 10% to 25%
- Environmentally Friendly – Metal roofing systems are made of 25% to 95% recycled material and are 100% recyclable at the end of their lifespan. Typical roof shingles end up as garbage which makes up about 20 billion extra pounds of landfill
If you are concerned about metal residential roofing costs, you should know that sheet metal roofing installation is an affordable choice when you consider its lifespan, energy efficiency, eliminated maintenance costs and increased home value. Call us for a free quote on sheet metal roofing prices today!
Why London Metal Roofing in Oneida Ontario?
There are a number of metal roofing contractors you can choose from, but London Metal Roofing is the leader in aluminum and steel roof installation. London Metal Roofing is locally owned and operated and stands by their work with a 55 year, 100% limited non-prorated transferable warranty. We are proud to live and work in the areas we serve as environmentally conscientious members of our community.
Unlike other sheet metal roofing companies, we have been working in the metal roof industry for over 25 years, and we are not going anywhere. Don't be fooled by other fly-by-night steel roofing contractors who may try to lure you with prices that seem too good to be true. Our metal roofs are manufactured right here in Southern Ontario and are produced using the highest quality steel and coatings in the industry.
We do not use low-cost producer material like most of our competitors. Go with the leader in residential steel roofing installation to enjoy the financial, environmental and aesthetic value of affordable metal roofing now. We do the job right the first time and stand by our work!
Call us today for a free quote and more information on residential steel roofing prices.
What Makes Aluminum & Steel Roofing Systems a Superior Choice?
Aluminum & Steel Roofing Shingles are known in the home improvement industry as one of most durable, longest-lasting, energy efficient and value-for-money roofing products. They are known to last for up to 100 years or more. Given that traditional asphalt shingles need replacement every 6 to 12 years on average, how is it possible that metal shingles last for so long? The reason lies in its metallic composition. Most metal roofs last a very long time. High-quality metal roofing panels can last for more than 100 years with very little to no maintenance.
Metal, as a roofing material, is the superior choice as it is known for its toughness, durability, and lightweight nature. Metal roofs do not dry out, rot, curl or break due to exposure to harsh weather conditions. Aluminum does not rust, and high-quality Steel takes several decades before it even begins to rust. For Steel, it simply comes down to the level of zinc and galvanization content. Beware of low cost producer steel which does not contain the necessary levels of zinc and galvanization as it will rust prematurely.
Next, we must consider the quality of the colour coatings. Beware of cheap coatings as they will begin to flake and delaminate within the first 8 to 10 years. We ensure that the metal roofing material we use has been manufactured using the most up to date coating technology that has been proven not to chalk, streak or change its color with age.
This is backed by our coating manufacturers warranty. The same goes for our Steel Roofing Material. We only buy superior steel from SSAB (Sweden) and Arcelor Mittal (Germany). Beware, as most of our competitors don't publish were their steel comes from. So what may look like a slightly better price, is far from being a good value.
Moreover, a comparison to other conventional roofing materials underscores the superiority of metal as the roofing material of choice for durability, energy efficiency, zero to low maintenance, and beauty. Metal roofing is hands down the best overall re-roofing home solution in the industry today!
Asphalt Shingles
Asphalt shingles are very commonly used for roofing in North America. There are millions of homes that use asphalt roofing shingles because of their low cost, though it has some serious drawbacks and disadvantages. It dries out quickly and traps heat in your attic during hot weather. This increases the temperature in attics and houses in general. This not only results in higher cooling expenses in summer but explains why the upstairs area in your home is always hotter than the main floor.
Asphalt shingles also have a short lifespan of around 6 to 12 years, depending on your roof pitch– and that is without being exposed to any extreme weather events. They need constant, careful maintenance and repairs. Today, asphalt shingles never last their stated lifespan and are prone to cracks, leaks, and other damage. Since 1998, the use of asbestos in the production of asphalt shingles was banned by the government. Asphalt shingle manufacturers decide to go with fiberglass mats as a replacement.
Unlike asbestos, this material cannot withstand the natural temperature changes between summer and winter over an extended period. In our opinion, the 25 to 50-year warranties given by these manufacturers is a complete scam, which is why you see all the class action lawsuits against them, from home builders to homeowners. They should have named these shingles Fiberglass in 1998, and not have waited up until recently to change the design and start calling them Fiberglass Laminated Shingles.
It is our opinion; these new laminated shingles will crack but not curl, and therefore, believe we will begin to receive more calls in regards to water damage as a result. If you do not have the budget for a metal roof and need to re-shingle, please do yourself a favour and pay extra for a high-quality underlayment.
You are most likely going to need this extra layer of protection! After all, asphalt shingles made with asbestos used to last over 25 years and did not require any underlayment what so ever except for 3 feet of Ice & Water Shield along the eaves and valleys.
Cedar Shake Shingles
Another type of shingle which was popular but now unfavored is cedar shake. This kind of roofing material is prone to fire hazards. It also rots and curls when subjected to moist conditions. Historically, cedar shakes came from mature trees and were much more resistant to natural elements.
Today, almost all cedar shakes come from immature 3rd generation trees, which is why they are chemically treated, that do not stand the test of time. Furthermore, it is a much more expensive option compared to the exceptional value found in metal roofing.
The Superior Choice
Metal roofing is the superior choice because it overcomes the deficiencies of any other commonly used roofing material. Steel or Aluminum roofing shingles do not retain heat – they transfer heat away quickly. Metal is a natural reflector of radiation and does not become loose or break off when the roof expands and contracts under varying weather conditions or extremes.
Metal roofs also offer superior strength. It is possible for people to walk freely over it leaving no damage, unlike with asphalt or other traditional roofing materials. Metal roofing is made up of recycled material and is 100% recyclable at the end of its life. Replacing asphalt shingles every 6 to 12 years or so significantly increases the load on landfills.
While aluminum or steel is comparatively lightweight, and can easily be placed over existing roofing, without significantly increasing the load on the structure. Keep in mind that metal roofing is about three times lighter than your shingles when they are wet.
This also positively impacts the cost to install a metal roof since underlying roofing does not have to be removed before installation begins. Also, not only do the existing shingles act as an extra layer of protection, but it is also more environmentally conscious to leave them on your roof than in landfill
Call us today for more information on aluminum roof installation and a FREE metal roofing estimate!
Residential Metal Roofing Services in Oneida Ontario
If you are looking to upgrade your current residential roof, London Metal Roofing is the best choice. Our roof system uses cutting-edge zinc galvanized technology that improves curb appeal and adds lasting value to your home. We also provide a 100% 55-year transferable warranty that is non-prorated.
According to the National Roofing Contractors Association, the popularity of metal roofing has increased dramatically over the past decade – a clear sign that homeowners and builders are getting up to speed on the superiority of metal roofing.
Over the last 25 years, a whole new generation of metal roofing products and materials has hit the market. The days of polyester coated barn style steel are a thing of the past although some companies still sell this substandard roofing material. It is important you do your research for this very reason. Today's metal roofing offers a high-tech alternative for durable, fire-resistant, lightweight roofing that looks beautiful.
Metal roofs are preferred for their fire-resistant qualities, longevity, and speed of installation by qualified residential metal roofing contractors. They are also surprisingly lightweight and are great at reflecting the sun's heat, which helps homeowners save money on cooling bills and may even qualify for tax credits through the LEED program.
Metal roofing materials are made primarily from aluminum and steel, but other materials, such as copper and alloys, can also be used, but can be very expensive. Aluminum and steel roofing systems are by far the most common and sensible of available residential roofing materials because they offer the best overall value, hold paint finishes and coatings well, and are durable. Both steel and aluminum have unique properties that may affect which metal you decide to go with.
Aluminum is comparatively softer, which makes it easy to work with, but it can be more prone to denting and damage. It is also more expensive than steel. On the other hand, aluminum will not corrode the way steel can if the finish is compromised or of poor quality. The quality of the steel must also be taken into consideration here as it is a critical factor that cannot be overlooked when it comes to longevity.
Cost of Metal Roofing in Oneida Ontario
Metal roofing prices can vary greatly from product to product, system to system and company to company. On average, a metal roof is approximately 2-to-3 times more expensive than a conventional shingle roof. Nothing in the market today provides more value to homeowners than a metal roof. They continually pay for themselves over and over while providing 'Curb Appeal' that is second to none.
Metal roofing is an investment in your home and is considered a home renovation project within the home improvement industry. Re-Shingling is an unnecessary expense and a complete waste of money in today's market. You own your home. Why rent your roof?
Call London Metal Roofing and let our experienced professionals guide you through the differences and provide you with the best solution for your residential roofing needs. We guarantee you the best value on the market today.
Choosing a Metal Residential Roofing Profile for Your Home
When considering a metal roof, you will first want to determine the kind of look you want for your home. For the most part, residential metal roofing is available in two different installation formats and appearances: sheet-like panels and shingles. These two categories offer many variations of colors and patterns, as well as quality.
Metal Panel Roofing
The most familiar patterns of panel-style metal roofing are a Scandinavian look (Bond) and a Mediterranean look (Grande). Most homeowners go with the 'Bond' profile if they have a brick finish and choose 'Grande' if they have a stucco finish. That being said, many of our customers prefer the opposite and their homes still look fantastic. It is a personal preference with no right or wrong answer. These patterns are form-rolled and are far superior to those that are produced by being stamped during the manufacturing process.
Metal Shingle-Style Roofing
Shingle-style metal roofing is quite different from sheet roofing. The metal profiles are stamped into shapes that imitate a Spanish tile, wood shakes or slate look. While yielding most of the benefits that metal roofing bestows they do sacrifice quality for aesthetics. The stamping process stretches both the gauge and the colour finish whether it is painted or coated. This lowers the quality and durability of the metal roof and adversely affects its longevity.
Interlock Method vs. Strapping Method for Metal Roof Installation
The metal roofing installation difference between the Shingle-Style & Panel-Style of metal roofs is significant. Mainly, Interlocking is performed by nailing directly into the roof deck while Sheet Metal is screwed into strapping that has been nailed into the attic trusses. Not only does strapping level your roof and reinforce your structure, but it also allows for an extra 2-inch gap (between the deck and the metal) for an additional cavity of airflow which is a welcomed benefit.
This is also known and referred to as the Swedish Method. In contrast; Interlocked metal roofs have been seen to bow over time which is a very costly repair and is extremely unfortunate for the homeowner. This 'bowing of the roof 'is not caused by the Interlocking System itself but is rather an aging issue in the roof structure of the trusses themselves. This is why industry insiders agree that strapping is a far superior metal roofing installation practice.
The experts at London Metal Roofing can help you decide on the best option for your home.
Commercial Metal Roofing Services in Oneida Ontario
London Metal Roofing commercial roofing and industrial building metal roof panels are a low-maintenance solution for commercial grade performance while enhancing the aesthetics of your building. Experienced installation and flexible design make London Metal Roofing products the perfect option for commercial buildings.
We save you time and money while allowing for full customization to fit your specific design needs. Our range of metal shingles and colors help you to customize your building exactly how you like, while our product warranties and the latest technologies maximize your investment. Our reflective Cool Roof Coatings will increase a building's energy efficiency and lower building maintenance costs.
London Metal Roofing understands how important it is to business owners and building contractors to have a roof that prolongs the life of the building. Our commercial roofs and siding, work perfectly for a variety of roof slopes, building designs, shapes, loads and weather conditions.
Call London Metal Roofing today for a FREE metal roofing estimate for your home or business. Our experts will take the time to answer your questions and help you understand why a long-lasting, beautiful metal roof is the best choice for your property!
Metal Roofing in Haldimand County Service Areas: Canborough, Cayuga North & South, Dunn, Moulton, Oneida, Rainham, Seneca, Sherbrooke and Walpole.


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Branching Out - Scree Fabric
Artists' Collection
hover over image to zoom
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Artists' Collection
- Name
- Branching Out - Scree
- Colour
- Scree
- Code
- Composition
- 100% Linen
- Width
- 138 cm
- Pattern Repeat Approx
- 21 cm
- Care Instructions
- Dry Clean Only
- Origin
- United Kingdom
- Price per Metre
- £54.00 (including VAT)
Fabric details
Pattern repeat may vary by 1cm
What would you like made for you?
Returnable Samples
You can order a returnable sample, which is half a metre of the fabric you have chosen. Hang this up in a window or drape it over a sofa in your home, and live with it for a while. Please return the sample within a month. We charge you for the returnable sample and then refund the cost to you once it is recieved back in good condition, (this is done through the web site you do not need to give us your card details again).

subset: commoncrawl


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In my kitchen, each season I change out accents to make the otherwise neutral room feel more like that particular time of year. Little touches like adding fresh colored kitchen towels and a stack of linen napkins can make a big difference in making the entire room feel like Spring, for example. To be able to keep up with my seasonally evolving kitchen, I have made a variety of custom kitchen linens that boast my favorite color combinations and hand-stitched monograms. Best of all, this project can be done by the most un-gifted artist.
Everyday Occasions store - some inspired by these hand-painted towels. My collection for this season has a selection of warm, muted tones for fall. Some even come with coordinating cocktail napkins and dinner napkins - perfect for making your kitchen and family dinners cozy and warm this season. Visit the store here.
hand painted
linen kitchen towels & napkins
fabric paint
painter's tape
drop cloth or craft paper
linen fabric
sewing machine
pair of scissors
Directions :
Begin by cutting the linen into the size of the item you'd like to make. For a napkin, a 20-inch square is a standard size, and 24 by 30-inches works great for kitchen towels. Allow 1-inch extra around the perimeter for the seam. Place a piece of craft paper on your surface before beginning. Place the linen down and use painter's tape to create stripes. For a 'plaid' effect you'll need to do the perpendicular stripes in separate phases.
To make the paint, mix the color you'd like to use, then dilute it with 2 parts water. Dip your paint brush in the paint, then dab off until almost all of the liquid is off of the brush, leaving only a small amount coating the bristles. This is called a dry brush method. Lightly begin to brush the liquid on with even strokes. Continue until all of the stripes are a homogeneous color and intensity.
Remove the tape and repeat to complete your selected pattern.
Let the paint dry for several hours.
Hem the edges of the linens with a 1/2 seam. Wash in cool water and press.
I put an "H" monogram on our napkins with embroidery floss using a simple running stitch.


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Namibian Economics to the Point - Review 2017
30. December 2017, - Economics
It is with regret that Gondwana Collection Namibia has learnt that the COVID-19 virus has reached Namibia. On 14 March 2020, President Hage Geingob confirmed the first two cases. On 17 March, the President declared a state of emergency.
On 24 March 2020, the additional measures in response to the COVID-19 outbreak have been announced. They include a lockdown of the Khomas and Erongo regions from 27 March until 16 April 2020. For regulations and guidelines please click here. Namibia has 16 confirmed COVID-19 cases thus far (as of 5 April 2020).
Gondwana is fully aware of the current situation and continues to monitor the spread of the virus and the resulting changes to our industry. In view of the state of emergency and the additional measures ordered by the government, employees at Gondwana House in Windhoek will be working from home. Due to international and regional travel restrictions Gondwana has reduced its operations at the lodges as far as possible. Most employees have been sent home, at full pay.
The Ministry of Health has made availability for a toll-free phone number within Namibia for queries with regards to COVID-19. The toll-free number is 800-100-100 or alternatively 911.
Where the Namib Desert stretches languidly from the Atlantic Ocean and wild land extends into infinity, dreams become real. At this place where fantasy meets reality, you'll find the Gondwana Collection safely positioned.
Take our outstretched hand and let us introduce you to our extraordinary country, Namibia. From the massive chasms of the Fish River Canyon, the fossilised dunes of the Namib Desert and the red sands of the Kalahari Desert to the waterways of the Kavango and Zambezi, there are countless marvels to behold. Explore this awe-inspiring wilderness from the warmth of our lodges, created with conservation cognizance and ample character. And return to relax after an exciting day of discovery.
This is the Gondwana feeling: Namibia with heart and soul.
Come and stay with us, experience Namibia.
It is with great pleasure and pride that Gondwana Collection Namibia would like to share our first Value Creation Report with you.
Proudly Namibian, Gondwana is a company with soul. The essence of our culture is intangible.
Experience Africa like never before. Explore Namibia your way with our well-maintained and fully inclusive rental vehicles. NAMIBIA2GO - Easy. Hassle free. Unforgettable.
We offer a comprehensive travel service including car rental, accommodation, safaris and self-drive itineraries and day trips. Interested?
Cardboard Box Travel Shop is a renowned tour operator in Windhoek that specialises in Namibian tours, either self-drive or with an experienced guide. The comprehensive (online) travel service covers among others car rental, accommodation, domestic and regional flights, safaris and route planning, including destinations in Botswana, Zambia (Livingstone) and Zimbabwe (Victoria Falls). more
3 Day / 2 Night – Sossusvlei Safari Shuttle
Exciting adventures await those who partake in this exhilarating safari to Sossusvlei, one of the most spectacular sites in the world. The magnificent star dunes are a photographer's dream and the spectacular landscape will leave memories to last a lifetime. more
10-Day Namibian Highlights Tour
Enjoy Namibia's most popular destinations on this compact guided tour that incorporates visits to the Kalahari and Namib deserts – including the famed Sossusvlei dunes, the intriguing coastal town of Swakopmund, the Twyfelfontein rock engravings and Etosha National Park. more
7-Day Northern Namibian Adventure Tour
Enjoy Namibia's most popular destinations on this compact guided tour that incorporates visits the intriguing coastal town of Swakopmund, the Twyfelfontein rock engravings which received the UNESCO world heritage status in 2007, and the legendary Etosha National Park. more
Further information and booking enquiries: info(at)safari2go.org | Tel: +264 (0)84 000 9900
Let us spoil you with Gondwana Collection's exceptional self-drive safari packages including accommodation, vehicle and a detailed route map guide. Make use of our comprehensive travel services to book an unforgettable safari. Discover the spectacular secrets Namibia holds. more
GO EPIC - Experience Namibia's famed locations (11 days)
GO BIG - Discover Namibia's main attractions (13 days)
GO WILD - Track Namibia's awesome wildlife (12 days)
Anyone touring Namibia should definitely take our road map along. It is available from Gondwana free of charge, or as pdf download. This map features fascinating experiences plus recommended accommodation. At the same time it is an ordinary road map with all the essential information of the official Namibia road map by Prof. Uwe Jäschke and the Roads Authority of Namibia.
30. December 2017, - Economics
29. December 2017, - Discover Namibia, Environment
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200 hospitality establishments in the most beautiful locations in Europe - enjoy, relax and experience.


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In 2002, Tom and I traveled to Morocco. We visited the four imperial cities of Fes, Marrakesh, Meknes and Rabat, as well as Casablanca. We toured ancient medinas, shopped the souks and even stayed in traditional Moroccan houses known as riads. Unassuming, plain and often windowless from the street, all the rooms typically open to an interior courtyard with a garden (and sometimes a water feature as well). Once inside a riad, a beautiful and private world reveals itself. Zillij tilework covers ceilings, walls, floors and even fountains.
Morocco is like no other country. It is a feast for the all the senses! Enjoy these photos from my scrapbook, and excuse the quality as they have been scanned.


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Voyager Express Jobs
Voyager Express values diversity and is committed to hiring qualified diverse professionals. Voyager Express posts jobs on Professional Diversity Network's eight different online networks in order to access the most qualified diverse talent available.
* Equal Opportunity / Affirmative Action
We serve Equal Opportunity Employers and are an Equal Opportunity Employer. The Professional Diversity Network has separate professional networking sites for different affinities, and in selecting the groups you identify with, you will be joined with those networks.
Note: Providing this information is strictly voluntary - you will not be penalized or subjected to adverse treatment. If you choose not to provide this information, simply select "Choose not to identify."


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Fuzzy logic is a powerful, yet straightforward, problem-solving technique with widespread applicability, especially in the areas of control and decision making. In general, it is most useful in handling problems not easily definable by practical mathematical models. For instance, fuzzy logic has been employed in such tasks as managing stock-market portfolios and controlling subway systems.
Fuzzy derives much of its power from its ability to draw conclusions and generate responses based on vague, ambiguous, qualitative, incomplete, or imprecise information. In this respect, fuzzy-based systems have a reasoning ability similar to that of humans. In fact, the behavior of a fuzzy system is represented in a very simple and natural way. This allows quick construction of understandable, maintainable, and robust systems. In addition, a fuzzy approach generally requires much less memory and computing power than conventional methods, thereby permitting smaller and less expensive systems.
Lotfi Zadeh, a professor at the University of California at Berkeley, is the person most widely associated with fuzzy logic. In 1965 he presented the original paper formally defining fuzzy-set theory, from which fuzzy logic emerged. Zadeh extended traditional theory to resolve the paradoxes sometimes generated from the "nothing-or-all" classifications of Aristotelian logic. Traditionally, a logic premise has two extremes: either completely true or completely false. However, in the fuzzy world, a premise ranges in degree of truth from 0 to 100 percent, which allows it to be partially true and partially false.
By incorporating this "degree of truth" concept, fuzzy logic extends traditional logic in two ways. First, sets are labeled qualitatively (using linguistic terms such as "tall," "warm," "active," "nearby," and so on), and the elements of these sets are assigned varying degrees of membership. For instance, a 5'11" man and a 6'4" man may both be members of a set of "tall" men, although the 6'4" man has a higher degree of membership. Secondly, any action or output resulting from a premise being true executes to a strength reflecting the degree to which that premise is true.
As an example, imagine a fan motor, the speed of which is a function of temperature, as shown in Table 1. The current supplied to the fan motor is regulated by sets of temperature: cold, cool, warm, and hot. In this system, as the temperature gradually moves from warm to cool, the current gradually moves from 50 to 15. By continuously tracking inputs, outputs can avoid abrupt changes, even as inputs transcend set boundaries. Fuzzy-based systems are constructed so that generated outputs change in a smooth and continuous manner, regardless of inputs crossing set boundaries.
Temperature Fan Speed Relative Motor Current ------------------------------------------ Cold Off 0 Cool Slow 15 Warm Medium 50 Hot Fast 100
Table 1: Fan-speed control.
Organization of a Fuzzy System
Figure 1 illustrates the flow of data through a fuzzy system. System inputs undergo three transformations to become system outputs. First, a fuzzification process that uses predefined membership functions maps each system input into one or more degrees of membership. Then, the rules in the rule base (also predefined) are evaluated by combining degrees of membership to form output strengths. And lastly, the defuzzification process computes system outputs based on strengths and membership functions.
Fuzzification of Inputs. Fuzzification is the process of assigning or calculating a value to represent an input's degree of membership in one or more qualitative groupings, called "fuzzy sets." Figure 2 shows a system input, temperature, with fuzzy sets cold, cool, warm, and hot. Each temperature value has a degree of membership in each of these sets. The degree of membership is determined by a membership function, which is defined based on experience or intuition. (Figure 9 will illustrate the degree of membership calculation for a trapezoidal membership function.) It is accepted that membership functions change several times as the system is tuned to achieve desired responses to given inputs.
Generally, once the system is in operation, the membership functions do not change. Simple shapes such as trapezoids and triangles are often used to define membership in fuzzy sets, but any suitable function can be used. In addition, you must decide upon the number of fuzzy sets per system input.
In Figure 2, a fuzzy set labeled comfortable could be inserted between cool and warm. The number of fuzzy-set membership functions and the shapes you choose depend on such things as required accuracy, responsiveness and stability of the system, ease of implementation, manipulation, and maintenance, and so on. The trapezoidal and triangular membership functions are most common and have proven to be good compromises between effectiveness and efficiency. The fuzzy sets must span the X-axis covering the entire range, or universe of discourse, for a system input. Mapping to the Y-axis ranges from 0 to 1 and represents the degree to which an input value is a member of that particular fuzzy set. Overlapping between set boundaries is desirable and key to the smooth operation of the system. It permits membership in multiple--even seemingly contradictory--sets. In Figure 2, 63 degrees can be both cool and warm, but it is cool to a greater degree. An overlap of 25 percent between adjacent fuzzy sets is a general rule of thumb.
The fuzzification process permits a binding to take place between linguistic terms (cold, nearby, active, large, and so on) and membership functions, making the terms meaningful to a computer. As a result, a designer can express or modify the behavior of a system using such natural language, thus enhancing the possibility of clear and concise descriptions of complex tasks.
Evaluation of Rules. To govern the system's behavior, the designer develops a set of rules that have the form of If-Then statements. The If side of a rule contains one or more conditions, called "antecedents;" the Then side contains one or more actions, called "consequences." The antecedents of rules correspond directly to degrees of membership calculated during the fuzzification process.
For example, consider a potential rule from the stock-market system shown in Figure 3: If share price is decreasing And trading volume is heavy, Then order is sell. The two conditions "share price is decreasing" and "trading volume is heavy" are the rule's antecedents. Each antecedent has a degree-of-truth (membership) value assigned to it as a result of fuzzification. The action of the rule (or "fuzzy output") is to sell shares. During rule evaluation, strengths are computed based on antecedent values and then assigned to the rules' fuzzy outputs. Generally, a minimum function is used so that the strength of a rule is assigned the value of its weakest or least true antecedent. Other methods to compute rule strength can be used, such as multiplying antecedent values together. The action of selling shares is carried out to a degree that reflects the rule's strength. In other words, the amount of shares sold is based on the degree to which share price is decreasing and trading volume is heavy. Often, more than one rule applies to the same specific action, in which case the common practice is to use the strongest or most true rule; see Figure 4.
Rule 1: if A & B then Z & X Rule 2: if C & D then Z & Y Strength of Rule 1 = min (A,B) Strength of Rule 2 = min (C,D) X = Strength of Rule 1 Y = Strength of Rule 2 Z = max (Strength of Rule 1 Strength of Rule 2) = max (min(A,B), min(C,D))
Figure 4: Rule-evaluation computation.
Defuzzification of Outputs. Even though the rule-evaluation process assigns strengths to each specific action, further processing, or "defuzzification," is required for two reasons. The first is to decipher the meaning of vague (fuzzy) actions, such as "order is sell," using membership functions. The second is to resolve conflicts between competing actions such as "order is sell" and "order is hold," which may have been triggered by certain conditions during rule evaluation. Defuzzification employs compromising techniques to resolve both the vagueness and conflict issues.
One common defuzzification technique, the "center-of-gravity method," consists of several steps. Initially, a centroid point on the X-axis is determined for each output membership function. Then, the membership functions are limited in height by the applied rule strength, and the areas of the membership functions are computed. Finally, the defuzzified output is derived by a weighted average of the X-axis centroid points and the computed areas, with the areas serving as the weights. The center-of-gravity method is illustrated in Figure 5.
Sometimes, "singletons" are used to simplify the defuzzification process; see Figure 6. A singleton is an output membership function represented by a single vertical line. Since a singleton intersects the X-axis at only one point, the center-of-gravity calculation reduces to just a weighted average calculation of X-axis points and rule strengths, with the rule strengths used as weights.
Fuzzy Data Structures
To implement a fuzzy system in C, the following types of data must be accommodated:
- System inputs.
- Input membership functions.
- Antecedent values.
- Rules.
- Rule-output strengths.
- Output membership functions.
- System outputs.
Figure 7 illustrates an overall linked-list arrangement of system-input and membership-function nodes. The details of these structures are shown in Figure 8.
The system-input node is straight-forward and contains an input name, a membership-function pointer, and a next-input pointer. More interesting is the membership-function structure, which contains two X-axis points and two slope values that describe a trapezoidal membership function. This information is used to calculate antecedent values (degrees of membership), as shown in Figure 9 and Listing Three. The resulting antecedent value is stored in the "value" field of the membership-function structure. Rules can be represented by two sets of pointers; see Figure 10.
The first set indicates which antecedent values are used to determine the rule's strength, and the second set points to output locations where the strength is to be applied. Finally, a data arrangement similar to the input-data structure handles outputs and output membership functions; see Figure 11.
Listing One includes the C-code definition of these data structures. Articles by James M. Sibigtroth (see "References") explain the implementation of fuzzy systems at the assembly language level.
Listing One
/* General-purpose fuzzy inference engine supporting any number of system inputs and outputs, membership functions, and rules. Membership functions can be any shape defineable by 2 points and 2 slopes--trapezoids, triangles, rectanlges, etc. Rules can have any number of antecedents and outputs, and can vary from rule to rule. "Min" method is used to compute rule strength, "Max" for applying rule strengths, "Center-of-Gravity" for defuzzification. This implementation of Inverted Pendulum control problem has: System Inputs, 2 (pendulum angle and velocity); System Outputs, 1 (force supplied to base of pendulum); Membership Functions, 7 per system input/output; Rules, 15 (each with 2 antecedents & 1 output). If more precision is required, integers can be changed to real numbers.*/ #include <stdio.h> #define MAXNAME 10 /* max number of characters in names */ #define UPPER_LIMIT 255 /* max number assigned as degree of membership */ /* io_type structure builds a list of system inputs and a list of system outputs. After initialization, these lists are fixed, except for value field which is updated on every inference pass. */ struct io_type{ char name[MAXNAME]; /* name of system input/output */ int value; /* value of system input/output */ struct mf_type /* list of membership functions for */ *membership_functions; /* this system input/output */ struct io_type *next; /* pointer to next input/output */ }; /* Membership functions are associated with each system input and output. */ struct mf_type{ char name[MAXNAME]; /* name of membership function (fuzzy set) */ int value; /* degree of membership or output strength */ int point1; /* leftmost x-axis point of mem. function */ int point2; /* rightmost x-axis point of mem. function */ int slope1; /* slope of left side of membership function */ int slope2; /* slope of right side of membership function */ struct mf_type *next; /* pointer to next membership function */ }; /* Each rule has an if side and a then side. Elements making up if side are pointers to antecedent values inside mf_type structure. Elements making up then side of rule are pointers to output strength values, also inside mf_type structure. Each rule structure contains a pointer to next rule in rule base. */ struct rule_element_type{ int *value; /* pointer to antecedent/output strength value */ struct rule_element_type *next; /* next antecedent/output element in rule */ }; struct rule_type{ struct rule_element_type *if_side; /* list of antecedents in rule */ struct rule_element_type *then_side; /* list of outputs in rule */ struct rule_type *next; /* next rule in rule base */ }; struct rule_type *Rule_Base; /* list of all rules in rule base */
Inverted-pendulum Example
Figure 12 shows a classic two-dimensional control problem known as the "inverted pendulum." The idea is to keep a pole vertically balanced. The pole is weighted at the top and attached at the bottom by a movable base. If the pole falls to the right or left, the base moves in the same direction to compensate. By monitoring the angle and angular velocity of the pendulum, a fuzzy system can determine the proper force to apply at the base to keep it balanced.
Figure 13 shows the fuzzy sets associated with the system inputs and output. The exact set of rules depends on the dynamics of the physical components, required robustness, and range of operating conditions.
Theoretically, the rule base in Figure 14 is sufficient to balance the pendulum, but other solutions exist. A general-purpose fuzzy inference engine like that in Listings One through Four can be applied to many applications. Listing One provides the header and data structures, Listings Two and Three present the major fuzzy processes, and Listing Four lists the math-support functions. The input-configuration files describing system input/output, the membership functions, and the rule base differ from application to application.
Listing Two
main() { initialize_system(); while(1){ get_system_inputs(); fuzzification(); rule_evaluation(); defuzzification(); put_system_outputs(); } }
Listing Three
/* Fuzzification--Degree of membership value is calculated for each membership function of each system input. Values correspond to antecedents in rules. */ fuzzification() { struct io_type *si; /* system input pointer */ struct mf_type *mf; /* membership function pointer */ for(si=System_Inputs; si != NULL; si=si->next) for(mf=si->membership_functions; mf != NULL; mf=mf->next) compute_degree_of_membership(mf,si->value); } /* Rule Evaluation--Each rule consists of a list of pointers to antecedents (if side), list of pointers to outputs (then side), and pointer to next rule in rule base. When a rule is evaluated, its antecedents are ANDed together, using a minimum function, to form strength of rule. Then strength is applied to each of listed rule outputs. If an output has already been assigned a rule strength, during current inference pass, a maximum function is used to determine which strength should apply. */ rule_evaluation() { struct rule_type *rule; struct rule_element_type *ip; /* pointer of antecedents (if-parts) */ struct rule_element_type *tp; /* pointer to consequences (then-parts) */ int strength; /* strength of rule currently being evaluated */ for(rule=Rule_Base; rule != NULL; rule=rule->next){ strength = UPPER_LIMIT; /* max rule strength allowed */ /* process if-side of rule to determine strength */ for(ip=rule->if_side; ip != NULL; ip=ip->next) strength = min(strength,*(ip->value)); /* process then-side of rule to apply strength */ for(tp=rule->then_side; tp != NULL; tp=tp->next) *(tp->value) = max(strength,*(tp->value)); } } /* Defuzzification */ defuzzification() { struct io_type *so; /* system output pointer */ struct mf_type *mf; /* output membership function pointer */ int sum_of_products; /* sum of products of area & centroid */ int sum_of_areas; /* sum of shortend trapezoid area */ int area; int centroid; /* compute a defuzzified value for each system output */ for(so=System_Outputs; so != NULL; so=so->next){ sum_of_products = 0; sum_of_areas = 0; for(mf=so->membership_functions; mf != NULL; mf=mf->next){ area = compute_area_of_trapezoid(mf); centroid = mf->point1 + (mf->point2 - mf->point1)/2; sum_of_products += area * centroid; sum_of_areas += area; } so->value = sum_of_products/sum_of_areas; /* weighted average */ } }
Listing Four
/* Compute Degree of Membership--Degree to which input is a member of mf is calculated as follows: 1. Compute delta terms to determine if input is inside or outside membership function. 2. If outside, then degree of membership is 0. Otherwise, smaller of delta_1 * slope1 and delta_2 * slope2 applies. 3. Enforce upper limit. */ compute_degree_of_membership(mf,input) struct mf_type *mf; int input; { int delta_1; int delta_2; delta_1 = input - mf->point1; delta_2 = mf->point2 - input; if ((delta_1 <= 0) || (delta_2 <= 0)) /* input outside mem. function ? */ mf->value = 0; /* then degree of membership is 0 */ else mf->value = min( (mf->slope1*delta_1),(mf->slope2*delta_2) ); mf->value = min(mf->value,UPPER_LIMIT); /* enforce upper limit */ } /* Compute Area of Trapezoid--Each inference pass produces a new set of output strengths which affect the areas of trapezoidal membership functions used in center-of-gravity defuzzification. Area values must be recalculated with each pass. Area of trapezoid is h*(a+b)/2 where h=height=output_strength=mf->value b=base=mf->point2-mf->point1 a=top= must be derived from h,b, and slopes1&2 */ compute_area_of_trapezoid(mf) struct mf_type *mf; { int run_1; int run_2; int base; int top; int area; base = mf->point2 - mf->point1; run_1 = mf->value/mf->slope1; run_2 = mf->value/mf->slope2; top = base - run_1 - run_2; area = mf->value * ( base + top)/2; return(area); }
Figures 14 and 15 contain the necessary information to implement the inverted-pendulum problem.
Rule 1: IF (angle is NL) AND (velocity is ZE) THEN (force is PL) Rule 2: IF (angle is ZE) AND (velocity is NL) THEN (force is PL) Rule 3: IF (angle is NM) AND (velocity is ZE) THEN (force is PM) Rule 4: IF (angle is ZE) AND (velocity is NM) THEN (force is PM) Rule 5: IF (angle is NS) AND (velocity is ZE) THEN (force is PS) Rule 6: IF (angle is ZE) AND (velocity is NS) THEN (force is PS) Rule 7: IF (angle is NS) AND (velocity is PS) THEN (force is PS) Rule 8: IF (angle is ZE) AND (velocity is ZE) THEN (force is ZE) Rule 9: IF (angle is ZE) AND (velocity is PS) THEN (force is NS) Rule 10: IF (angle is PS) AND (velocity is ZE) THEN (force is NS) Rule 11: IF (angle is PS) AND (velocity is NS) THEN (force is NS) Rule 12: IF (angle is ZE) AND (velocity is PM) THEN (force is NM) Rule 13: IF (angle is NM) AND (velocity is ZE) THEN (force is NM) Rule 14: IF (angle is ZE) AND (velocity is PL) THEN (force is NL) Rule 15: IF (angle is PL) AND (velocity is ZE) THEN (force is NL)
Figure 14: Inverted pendulum rule base.
input: angle input: velocity output: force NL: 0 31 31 63 NL: 0 31 31 63 NL: 0 31 31 63 NM: 31 63 63 95 NM: 31 63 63 95 NM: 31 63 63 95 NS: 63 95 95 127 NS: 63 95 95 127 NS: 63 95 95 127 ZE: 95 127 127 159 ZE: 95 127 127 159 ZE: 95 127 127 159 PS: 127 159 159 191 PS: 127 159 159 191 PS: 127 159 159 191 PM: 159 191 191 223 PM: 159 191 191 223 PM: 159 191 191 223 PL: 191 223 223 255 PL: 191 223 223 255 PL: 191 223 223 255
Figure 15: Sample membership function input file.
Figure 15 repeats the input/output and membership information shown Figure 13 in a format that can be easily parsed by an initialization routine. Such an initialization routine (not shown in the listings) sets up the required data structures, converting the four points describing a membership function into two points and two slopes; see Figure 16.
Generally, four points describe a trapezoid, but a triangle can be formed by making the two midpoints identical, as in Figure 16.
Closing Remarks
The emergence of fuzzy logic is exciting because it is readily applicable to many problems too awkward to solve with conventional techniques. Any programmer can easily write code to implement a fuzzy inference engine like the one presented here. However, excellent fuzzy development tools exist which allow the designer to focus more on the application and behavior of the system and less on the implementation. These tools provide user-friendly, graphical interfaces with a rich set of support functions for analyzing, debugging, and simulating the system. Examples of such tools are: FIDE from Aptronix (San Jose, CA), CubiCalc from Hyperlogic (Escondido, CA), and TILShell from Togai InfraLogic (Irvine, CA). In addition, Motorola distributes free fuzzy development tools through their electronic BBS. "Freeware Data Services," at 512-891-3733 (in the subdirectory amcu/amcull).
Implementing the fuzzy engine manually, however, affords the ability to understand, optimize, or customize the fuzzy inference engine. This is especially important when experimenting with new fuzzy paradigms, such as rulebase hierarchies and adaptive or hybrid systems.
Brubaker, David I. Introduction to Fuzzy Logic Systems. Menlo Park, CA: The Huntington Group, 1991.
Kosko, Bart. Neural Networks and Fuzzy Systems. Englewood Cliffs., NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1990.
Self, Kevin. "Designing with Fuzzy Logic." IEEE Spectrum (November, 1990).
Sibigtroth, James M. "Creating Fuzzy Micros." Embedded Systems Programming (December, 1991).
Sibigtroth, James M. "Implementing Fuzzy Expert Rules." AI Expert (April, 1992).
Williams, Tom. "Fuzzy Logic is Anything but Fuzzy." Computer Design (April, 1992).
Greg is a member of the Motorola technical ladder and is currently merging fuzzy logic with microcontrollers. He has an MSEE from National Technological University and a BSEE from the University of Texas at Austin. Greg can be contacted at Motorola Advanced Microcontroller Division, 6501 William Cannon Drive West, Austin, Texas 78735-8598.


text:
Hello smart, intelligent and attractive people of the xkcdsucks blog and Carl (OH SNAP!). Person #1 here once again to guest post about that one webcomic that causes wikipedia editors so much work.
I love including other people in my blog posts, as you may have noticed, and today I have a story too. A friend of mine, who is a legitimate friend of xkcd told me about how incredibly unentertaining today's xkcd is. Once again, this gave me an incentive to check it out. (See? People keep making me read it)
Well, my first thought was "Again? Didn't we already do this?". Well, we did. Back then, the comic had an actual joke, though. What is this supposed to tell us? Ha ha, I changed the equation to see how many different alien encounter stories are out there. Ha. Hilarious. The bottom text (which you read last) describes what's going on. The problem here is, there IS a lot of alien encounter stories. This is not fascinating or unexpected or anything. It's like telling a story about what the best route to the supermarket is, and then expecting people to laugh at it. it's a lot of buildup for nothing surprising.
This is something which could be seen as satire, maybe showing how anyone can make up bullshit equations to prove a point, which doesn't make them true. However, this does not make them funny. This is something I could accept in a newspaper or as part of a blog post, but on it's own it's just lame. He could have done pretty much anything to make it funnier.
This strikes me as one of those comics where Randall was not really looking to be funny, but rather to make up some interesting bullshit, which I do like to do with my friends too. But it doesn't make good material for a webcomic.
Alt text: "Statistics suggest that there should be tons of alien encounter stories, and in pracitce [sic] there are tons of alien encounter stories. This is known as Fermi's Lack-of-a-Paradox."
Well, that's lame. I don't even know what else to say about that. It's just so incredibly mediocre. Ha ha, my crazy result is actually not crazy and totally normal and I am pointing this out. Why didn't he just write "Hey guys this comic totally isn't funny, so fuck you"
Forumites, do your thing:
Why is it called the Flake Equation?
Perhaps it's a flaky equation?
There's a ton of stuff on Google about alien abductions in Snow Flake, Arizona... Maybe that has something to do with it? I don't know.
I guess I am not the only non-native speaker. Flake is a crazy person.
blah blah blah - forumites are boring. I have a more important issue to tackle with the forums anyway:
Is echochamber.me turning into a socialist dictatorship?
Yes. Yes it is
I have been informed, through the comments on this blog (where everyone is free to complain about how I totally suck and Carl is better, or how Carl totally sucks and I am better) that the xkcd forums are having this mod frenzy bullshit which is basically a series of hilarious wordfilters. From observing and what I'm told, they look something like this:
God -> Jehova
Mod -> God
edit: -> OOPS
also: -> ALSO YOU GUYS:
The last two may be inaccurate, but that's besides the point anyways. The point is that they are replacing a bunch of shit
I am going to quote a post which was quoted in the comments of the previous post:
"OK, that's three. Complainers, whingers and absurdly indignant killjoy assclowns are now subject to bannination for the duration of Mod Madness without further warning at my discretion. My whim, actually. Especially if the complaint appears in this thread where I am really really likely to see it. I don't care about annoying people with word filters this week. I understand and accept that some of you find it annoying. And I don't care. Shut up and let the mod staff have some fun for a few days."
Dear Randall, your forum moderators are profoundly unstable douchebags.


text:
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As many of you already know, I have announced my retirement from United Way of Southwest Colorado after 10 years on the job. I will become the director of the Durango Business Improvement District effective Jan. 2.
In my 10 years working for United Way of Southwest Colorado, and another six years working for two other local United Ways, I have learned a lot about the nonprofit sector. Contrary to popular opinion, nonprofits are businesses with similar pressures and requirements as for-profit organizations.
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Nonprofit businesses employ local people. A recent study I conducted with a colleague showed nonprofit organizations in La Plata County employe about 1 out of every 7 workers. Nonprofits occasionally struggle to meet payroll, and often wonder how that will happen when an annual grant source changes what it will fund without any notice. Sound familiar?
Nonprofit organizations keep a constant eye on the bottom line. We look at budgets, statements of cash flows, balance sheets and profit and loss reports. We have staff members with financial expertise who report regularly to volunteer finance committees and boards of directors. We are audited by independent CPAs on an annual basis. We also report to the IRS each year, file two reports with the Colorado secretary of states office and then report to a multitude of grantors about how money they provided was used.
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I hope after reading this you feel like I do. Nonprofit organizations are businesses with professional staff running the daily operations and smart local business people on the board of directors overseeing everything. I am proud to have worked in the nonprofit sector and to have supported the best nonprofit businesses in the region.
I also want to take this opportunity to say thank you to everyone I have met and worked with over the last 10 years of running your United Way. United Way is much stronger today than when I started 10 years ago, and I am very proud of that. I did not do it on my own, so I owe a debt of gratitude to former and current United Way staff, our incredible volunteers and to the community for your trust and loyal support.
I hope United Way will continue to receive the communitys support in the future because it is a great force for the common good in Southwest Colorado. The current fundraising campaign is nearly complete and is currently projected to reach 98.3 percent of our regional goal. We need your support to fully reach the goal.
If you are thinking about a year-end donation to charity, please consider your local United Way. Visit our website at www.unitedway-swco.org and click on Give to donate today.
Tim Walsworth is president and CEO for United Way and a member of the Durango High Noon Rotary Club.


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Natural menopause is usually diagnosed when a woman has not had a menstrual period for 12 consecutive months. Your doctor will ask about your symptoms, family and medical history, and perform a physical exam. You may have blood tests, a pelvic exam, and a Pap smear.
Most women in their late 40s and early 50s will have menopausal symptoms. Your doctor will consider if testing for other possible causes of these symptoms is needed.
In most cases, hormone tests are not needed. However, your doctor may give you a follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) test, which measures the level of FSH in your blood. This is done to confirm that you are in menopause. Women most likely to have this test are those who have had a hysterectomy with preservation of ovaries. Without the cessation of menstruation as a guide, the FSH level may be used to diagnose menopause.
FSH is produced by your pituitary gland and stimulates your ovaries to produce estrogen. As your estrogen levels decline, your pituitary gland produces more FSH, which enters your blood in an attempt to stimulate more estrogen. When blood levels of FSH consistently rise to certain levels, it is likely that you have reached menopause. More than one FSH test may be needed to confirm menopause. You should not be taking birth control pills when you have an FSH test because birth control pills contain hormones that will affect the test results.
Revision Information
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- Review Date: 03/2018 -
- Update Date: 03/15/2015 -


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Artists are invited to submit work for consideration to the 2020 Sooke Fine..
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ACAF (Accessible Art Fair) is back on October 15-18, 2020 for its 14th..
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The Other Art Fair are thrilled to present the newest edition of The..
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Art created by Canadian textile artists encompasses a wide range of forms including embroidery, hand woven clothing, quilts, baskets, wall hangings, rugs and tapestries - functional pieces with texture and colour that embraces the Canada's cultural fabric.
Peterborough Painted fine art and heirloom quality quilted textiles. Figurative and still life works in oil, watercolour, pencil and other media. Quality framing. Fine quiltmaking. more...
Peterborough Marybeth artistically weaves larger beautiful beaded tapestries from seed beads and semiprecious minerals. She has been weaving for over 35 years. Her work often reflects traditional teaching of first nations and the wilderness from he many travels.. more...
Peterborough Abstract art made with recycled materials. more...
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Female sexual dysfunction refers to recurrent problems during any phase of the sexual response cycle (excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution) that causes distress or negatively affects your relationship with your partner.
The following factors tend to be related:
Physical causes of female sexual dysfunction include:
- Diabetes
- Heart disease
- Cancer
- Arthritis
- Fatigue
- Headaches
- Urinary or bowel difficulties
- Alcoholism and drug abuse
- Certain medications, including antidepressant drugs, blood pressure medications, and chemotherapy drugs
During menopause in particular, estrogen levels decrease, which can cause changes to occur in your genital tissues and your sexual responsiveness. Intercourse may become painful ( dyspareunia ), and/or it may take longer for you to achieve an orgasm.
Untreated emotional and psychological issues need to be addressed for treatment to be effective. Factors that affect sexual functioning may include:
- Anxiety
- Depression
- Stress
- Sexual abuse in the past
- Self-perception during and after pregnancy
- Conflict with your partner
Risk Factors
This condition is most common in those aged 45-64.
Factors that may increase your risk of sexual dysfunction include:
- Medical conditions or diseases
- Hormonal changes
- Certain medications
- Psychological and social conditions
Symptoms of sexual dysfunction include experiencing personal distress because of one or more of the following:
- Low sexual desire—You have a lack of interest in sex and have poor libido.
- Inability to become aroused—Although your desire to have sex may exist, you are unable to become physically aroused or to maintain arousal during sex. This may be due to insufficient vaginal lubrication, anxiety, or lack of clitoral/vaginal sensation.
- Orgasmic disorder—You consistently have difficulty achieving sexual climax, or are unable to do so.
- Pain during intercourse—You experience pain during sexual stimulation and/or penetration. Vaginismus is an involuntary, painful vaginal contraction that inhibits penetration.
Defining sexual dysfunction is largely dependent on your own view of sexual difficulties and your relationship with your partner.
You will be asked about your symptoms, medical history, sexual history, and the medications you take. A gynecologic exam will be done. You may also have a psychological evaluation.
Your bodily fluids may be tested. This can be done using:
- Swabs of vaginal fluid
- Cervical swabs
- Urine tests
Because many factors can lead to the disorder, both medical and nonmedical treatments may be recommended.
Medical treatments address the underlying conditions, and include the following:
- Changing medication that may have sexual side effects
- Treating depression and anxiety
- Using vaginal lubricants to relieve dyspareunia, vaginal dryness, and irritation
Hormone therapies:
- Estrogen supplementation, such as the low-dose estradiol skin patch or topical estrogen or low dose oral medication, can help with vaginal pain and dryness.
- Androgen therapy, including the use of testosterone, is controversial for the treatment of decreased sex drive/libido. The treatment is not approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) at this time and is only to be used under medical supervision.
Other treatments to improve sexual health and decreased desire include:
- Working with a sex therapist
- Making lifestyle changes to improve your overall health through things like diet and exercise
- Strengthening your pelvic muscles by doing Kegel exercises
You can't avoid all the risk factors for female sexual dysfunction. However, avoiding emotional stress may help.
Revision Information
- Reviewer: Beverly Siegal, MD, FACOG
- Review Date: 11/2018 -
- Update Date: 12/20/2014 -


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All Games
Riders of Icarus is a free2play MMORPG where the majority of the action revolves around fantastic aerial battles with flying mounts. In RoI, you explore a massive game world full of wild beasts and powerful enemies. Learn and master the art of aerial battle! Along with countless other players, you set out on an epic and exciting adventure in Riders of Icarus, including boss fights on the ground and in the skies.
As a rider with legendary abilities, you will find a huge variety of winged beasts that you can use as mounts during your journey through the world of Riders of Icarus. Dominate the skies and defeat the legions of evil in RoI by taming and improving flying mounts, and unlocking special skills.
Here at Online Gold, you can buy Riders of Icarus Gold, the ingame currency of the game. Afford the best possible equipment and more! Also, you can buy Riders of Icarus Powerleveling here – let the expert players of our Levelservice help you reach the desired level in no time!


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Are you interested in concerts, performances, movies, premieres, disco events or shows in clubs?
In the table below you will find what South-Hayling can offer you on 10.04.2020
You can type the event you need in the search field, whether it's a circus performance, opera, football or championship.
If the system cannot offer you an exciting event in 10.04.2020 on request (auction sales, benefit performance, business presentation, concert, holiday evening, meeting, tour, symphony, fireworks or celebrations, city festival, carnival, Christmas tree, quest, parade, fair) - try to type synonyms in the search field "WHAT" - promotional sales, ballet performances, city carnival, children's matinees, concert evenings or concerts of chamber music, for example.
So, South-Hayling - where to go today
In chronological order - choose!
Today, on 10.04.2020, South-Hayling is waiting for the events, the trailers of which we have collected for you
Click the selected one to view!
There is not only South-Hayling on our map.
There are also some interesting events nearby.
Look again at the map above - probably you would change the location and see what awaits you on 10.04.2020 there?
Remember that South-Hayling isn't stopping for a minute and if a jazz, a rock, a seminar or a conference are not in our table on 10.04.2020 just search your request on tomorrow or the day after tomorrow.
Good luck and enjoy your holiday!
Where to have fun and where to go in the morning, afternoon or evening.
South-Hayling wishes you a pleasant pastime


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Event detail
Fiat Yuks: Cal Student Humor, Then and Now
Exhibit - Artifacts | October 16, 2017 – June 3, 2018 every day | Bancroft Library, Rowell Cases, 2nd floor corridor between The Bancroft Library and Doe Library
Let there be laughter! This exhibition features Cal students
cartoons, jokes, and satire throughout the years selected
from their humor magazines and other publications.
firstname.lastname@example.com, 510-642-3782


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Durleşti Google maps and facts
This Durleşti map is for informational use only. No representation is made or warranty given as to its content. User assumes all risk of using Google maps and Google Route Planner to Durleşti. World and City Maps (ex.: I Google Maps) assumes no responsibility for any loss or delay resulting from such use of free Durleşti map.
Link to Durleşti Google Map page:
This map of Durleşti has been viewed 595 times until now. In case you would like, there is a very easy way how to link to our Durleşti map - including free Google maps, gazetteer search, country, city maps, Street View and facts -, ready to use on your website. Please, simply copy & paste the provided HTML code into your page source code. Thank you for all links to World and City Maps .com!
|Text link to: Durleşti map


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Hansi Lo Wang
Hansi Lo Wang is a national correspondent for NPR based in New York City. He covers the 2020 census, the changing demographics of the U.S., and breaking news in the Northeast for NPR's Morning Edition, All Things Considered, Weekend Edition, hourly newscasts, and NPR.org.
In 2016, his reporting after the church shooting in Charleston, South Carolina, won a Salute to Excellence National Media Award from the National Association of Black Journalists. He was also part of NPR's award-winning coverage of Pope Francis' tour of the U.S. His profile of a white member of a Boston Chinatown gang won a National Journalism Award from the Asian American Journalists Association in 2014.
Since joining NPR in 2010 as a Kroc Fellow, he's contributed to breaking news coverage of the Orlando nightclub shooting, protests in Baltimore after the death of Freddie Gray, and the trial of George Zimmerman in Florida.
Wang previously reported on race, ethnicity, and culture for NPR's Code Switch team. He has also reported for Seattle public radio station KUOW and worked behind the scenes of NPR's Weekend Edition as a production assistant.
As a student at Swarthmore College, he hosted, produced, and reported for a weekly podcast on the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.
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We can list your city County property to help you achieve your real estate goals.
Do you want to sell your property?
If you want to sell your home, Nesbitt Realty is here to serve your needs. Our Realtors are experienced and familiar with the real estate market in Northern Virginia. A Realtor can help you determine the best listing price for your property. We know how to market your home to get the best price as quickly as possibly. Nesbitt Realty knows how the home selling process works, so we are ready to assist you every step of the way. Nesbitt Realty has access to the MRIS (our local multiple listing service). MRIS is the MLS database that agents use to find homes for sale in the area. Our agent will add your property to it. Working with a Realtor will make the home selling process run smoothly and much simpler than if you attempt to do it on your own. We're a local family-run business and we appreciate the opportunity to serve your needs.
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Brokerage firms are ever encouraging their advisors to find a niche market, and advisors duly report they work in a niche — such as clients who are at or near retirement — that are not so niche.
Far more rare is an advisor like Domitilia dos Santos, in Morgan Stanley's Park Avenue office in New York, whose language and culture-based niche makes her a unique community resource.
In other words, prospects are highly motivated to find her and clients highly reluctant to leave her because they feel the Portuguese-speaking advisor, and no one else, can provide access to all that Wall Street has to offer them.
Twenty-nine years ago today, Dos Santos picked up the phone the day after Labor Day to start cold calling and began building what is today a substantial clientele, a majority of whom (more than 60%, she estimates) stem from the broader population in New York City.
But, also from the beginning, she found that prospects of Portuguese extraction just found their way to her. In 1984, a Portuguese consular official in Liberia who wanted an account cold-called her; he referred dos Santos to someone in New York, who in turn referred her to someone else, who remains a client to this day.
In 1985, dos Santos inherited a Portuguese client from a departing broker. "I didn't know anything about this guy," she told ThinkAdvisor in an interview. "He's still a client, and a very good one."
These days, however, dos Santos actively cultivates the niche, such that nearly 40% of her practice are Portuguese speakers, mainly Portuguese nationals working in Brazil.
Dos Santos' family emmigrated to the U.S. from Portugal when she was 13 years old. And Portuguese continue to emigrate — a pattern that has only intensified with the financial crisis plaguing Europe's Mediterranean periphery — often bringing their PhDs with them to work for companies such as Alcoa or General Electric in Brazil's commercial capital of São Paulo.
(Many Portuguese also seek opportunity in former African colonies of Angola and Mozambique, but Patriot Act rules and economic sanctions prohibit dos Santos from opening accounts for nationals of those countries, the Morgan Stanley advisor says.)
The road this New Yorker takes to this affluent professional class of Brazilians runs through Lisbon's Catholic University, of all places. Dos Santos goes to Portugal every year, and while there spends two of her days (totaling nine hours) teaching a class pro bono for the college's master's in finance program.
The course covers the basics of investing and wealth management. That teaching effort, together with U.S.-based financial literacy education and more recently LinkedIn events in the broader Luso-American community, sparks a significant "word of mouth" factor.
"I hear from people overseas who would like me to do their financial plan," she says, describing the concept of planning as a complete novelty to foreigners.
"Nobody thinks there is such a thing as a financial plan: 'What you mean you plan for your kids' education? What do you mean you plan for retirement?' They've never heard of it," she says.
"It's all word of mouth. With anything having to do with finance, Portuguese look at me as a bridge between Wall Street and Brazil," she says.
The response is not always positive, though. "I get bizarre requests," she says, citing an example of a Brazilian lawyer who was convinced a piece of paper he had was worth $2 milllion.
"It was worthless," she says. "He thought it was corporate bond; it was [merely] a copy that had an old [i.e., outdated] Citibank logo on it." A complete waste of time, she says.
Another cold contact tried to engage dos Santos in fraud. "People try to use your good name," she says, noting that she is quick to delete e-mails from strangers.
Hassles aside, dos Santos says her niche clientele need extra help, which she is able to provide.
She cited the example of a Brazilian client whose son was traveling abroad and passing through Las Vegas. His Brazilian credit card won't work in the U.S., so dos Santos will call the bank to enable its use.
Similarly, she is at the ready to help a client whose son is attending university in England and needs to pay tuition in British pounds. The rest of the world, while prepared to deal with dollars, may not be so ready to help with lower profile currencies like the Brazilian real. And this client, an orthopedic surgeon, doesn't want the hassle, so he calls dos Santos, who responds by sending a letter to the bank to effect a wire transfer.
"Clients overseas are much more loyal," dos Santos comments. "They're not as apt to move from one brokerage firm to another. They're not going to call another broker and open account. They can't do it because of the language [barrier]."
While that may make foreign clients easier, there are attendant difficulties that balance the equation, dos Santos says, noting "zillions" of paperwork requirements: not just the usual client agreements, but W-8 tax documents certifying — every three years — that a client is a resident of Brazil, copies of passports and the like.
As for face-to-face meetings, that's usually quite easy. "Brazilians love to have apartments in New York. They love to come for a Broadway show," she says, adding that Miami, a six-hour flight from São Paolo, is a popular second residence for affluent Brazilians.
While her niche is in serving the Portuguese diaspora, rather than expat advising per se, dos Santos has noted that there's more discussion these days among her general clientele about retiring overseas.
"Some clients are saying: I'll move to Ecuador, I'll move to Costa Rica. It's just talk right now," but it's on the radar, she notes.
Check out Want to Retire on Less Than $1,200 a Month? Try Living Abroad on ThinkAdvisor.


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Town Square
Sort by: Most recent topic/comment Most viewed Most comments
Navigation tip: Clicking on any category label will display all recent posts in that category
AROUND TOWNCyclist, train collide near downtown station
Caltrain service was briefly halted Tuesday afternoon after a northbound train and a bicyclist collided near the downtown...Original post made on May. 6, 2008
Last comment by DG, on May 14, 2008 at 8:09 pm | 3 comments | 631611 Views
AROUND TOWNFAA committee: Scrap existing flight path
A committee tasked with recommending ways to reduce airplane noise over the Midpeninsula voted last week in favor of a new...Original post made on Nov. 22, 2016
Last comment by Mad at FAA, on Nov 28, 2016 at 7:30 am | 10 comments | 484540 Views
OTHER ISSUESMovie theater proposed for San Antonio shopping center
Developer Merlone Geier has significantly revised its proposal for phase two at San Antonio Shopping Center to include an...Original post made on Mar. 12, 2013
Last comment by MW, on Apr 4, 2013 at 1:08 am | 77 comments | 263875 Views
SCHOOLS & KIDSProtest of Castro Street development
On Monday at 6:30 p.m. a group of residents is set to assemble to speak their minds about a redevelopment proposed for Castro...Original post made on Jul. 13, 2013
Last comment by Life Beyond Cars, on Jul 28, 2013 at 3:06 pm | 59 comments | 257777 Views
AROUND TOWNA sport on the rise
It's typical for the city's youth to be seen playing baseball or kicking around a soccer ball. But two Mountain View residents...Original post made on Dec. 17, 2009
Last comment by Paul, on Jul 24, 2010 at 2:48 pm | 2 comments | 212183 Views
SPORTSStrength, stamina and smarts
In Silicon Valley's knowledge-based economy, where intellect is prized, voluntarily putting your head in the way of a flying...Original post made on Jan. 12, 2014
There are no comments yet. 180455 Views
OTHER ISSUESCan't compete with free eats
A group of restaurant owners north of Highway 101 say they have been watching their customers disappear as Google expands...Original post made on Jul. 11, 2013
Last comment by Laura, on Jul 23, 2013 at 1:34 am | 70 comments | 127023 Views
AROUND TOWNWhat was Mountain View like in the '70s
I am new to the area and am curious what life was like in Mountain View in the 1970s, 1980s and even earlier. I would love...Original post made by Newbie on Apr. 13, 2008
Last comment by Eric Comerford , on Oct 5, 2017 at 9:12 am | 228 comments | 103100 Views
SCHOOLS & KIDSLos Altos district needs to compromise
Short of the sheriff showing up to escort school children to their rightful classrooms, it does not appear that the Los Altos...Original post made on Feb. 10, 2012
Last comment by MV Native, on Feb 14, 2012 at 10:39 pm | 95 comments | 85545 Views
AROUND TOWNP.E. credit for marching band?
Everyone seems to agree that marching up and down a football field while banging on drums or playing the horn is hard work....Original post made on May. 16, 2013
Last comment by Marching band, on Mar 4, 2016 at 9:24 am | 36 comments | 79921 Views
AROUND TOWNThe coronavirus has been confirmed in Mountain View
Officials at El Camino Hospital confirmed Friday that the county's new case of coronavirus was treated at its Mountain View...Original post made on Feb. 29, 2020
Last comment by Otto Maddox, on Mar 2, 2020 at 2:34 pm | 22 comments | 71996 Views
OTHER ISSUESAmid complaints, Google promises WiFi upgrades
While Google says it is committed to improving its network of light-pole mounted WiFi nodes in Mountain View, some users...Original post made on Jan. 31, 2013
Last comment by Jorge, on Oct 15, 2013 at 1:56 pm | 50 comments | 70557 Views
OTHER ISSUESLocal megachurch's charismatic leader resigns
Paul Sheppard, the beloved pastor who led the monumental growth of Abundant Life Christian Fellowship for 20 years, resigned...Original post made on Dec. 22, 2009
Last comment by Don Frances, on Jan 25, 2010 at 11:58 am | 529 comments | 70390 Views
OTHER ISSUESBlind date robbers strike again
For the second time in two days, a pair of robbers lured two out-of-town men into a lurid trap. Read the full story here...Original post made on May. 31, 2013
Last comment by Write M. Hard, on Jul 27, 2017 at 1:36 pm | 59 comments | 63242 Views
AROUND TOWNNew home for North County Social Services in MV
The North County Social Services Agency is settling in nicely to its new digs, according to the organization's director. Read...Original post made on Mar. 25, 2014
Last comment by Dr. G. DeKaplani , on Mar 26, 2014 at 10:56 pm | 2 comments | 58232 Views
OTHER ISSUES'Goose lavatory' at Shoreline Park
Years ago the Canada Geese came to Shoreline Park. They never left. Read the full story here http://www.mv-voice.com/story.php?story_id=3253...Original post made on Aug. 18, 2007
Last comment by S.N., on Feb 5, 2009 at 1:17 pm | 11 comments | 56686 Views
AROUND TOWNCity could shut down Hacker Dojo
City officials say that the popular classroom and open office space for computer programmers, Hacker Dojo, may be red-tagged...Original post made on Jan. 26, 2012
Last comment by Chance, on Mar 16, 2012 at 1:09 am | 52 comments | 53275 Views
AROUND TOWNCancer spike found near Superfund site
A study released Monday finds a historical increase in cancer among residents of northeastern Mountain View, where a large...Original post made on Oct. 11, 2012
Last comment by Sparty, on Aug 26, 2014 at 1:23 am | 30 comments | 52785 Views
AROUND TOWNEditorial: Time for city to address jobs-housing imbalance
Mountain View is in the midst of a tremendous growth spurt that in the next 15 years is likely to bring thousands of new...Original post made on Mar. 26, 2014
Last comment by Garrett, on Apr 1, 2014 at 7:13 pm | 48 comments | 52228 Views
ELECTIONSHospital suing to stop salary cap
El Camino Hospital has filed a lawsuit aimed at overturning Measure M -- the voter-approved initiative that caps top executives...Original post made on Jan. 10, 2013
Last comment by Former Employee, on Mar 6, 2013 at 2:36 pm | 29 comments | 51798 Views
Stay up to date on local coronavirus coverage with our daily news digest email.
'A devastating impact:' The coronavirus claims Clarke's Charcoal Broiler, Mountain View's oldest operating restaurant
By Elena Kadvany | 9 comments | 4,002 views
The first few seconds after awakening; before I remember the virus
By Chandrama Anderson | 0 comments | 2,805 views
Can you stay healthy without making more trash?
By Sherry Listgarten | 2 comments | 2,090 views
Think about helping others in our coronavirus-affected area
By Diana Diamond | 5 comments | 2,002 views
The 34th Annual Palo Alto Weekly Short Story Contest is now accepting entries for Adult, Young Adult and Teen categories. Send us your short story (2,500 words or less) and entry form by April 10, 2020. First, Second and Third Place prizes awarded in each category.


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Kihei is the perfect destination for anyone who loves the ocean and water sports. Aside from the beautiful white sand beaches there are endless opportunities for diving, snorkeling, rafting and boating at this location on Maui's western shore. If you're planning a trip to Kihei, choosing a holiday rental instead of a hotel can make your holiday even more luxurious. From a cozy condo for one or two, to a spacious beachfront villa that sleeps five or more, renting a holiday home in Kihei is the perfect choice for accommodations that truly feel like home away from home. With the variety of holiday rentals available, there is certain to be a rental home for every budget and taste.
Kihei is full of different ways to explore the coast for a truly unique holiday experience. Try a Blue Water Rafting tour for a visually stunning and adventurous boat tour through the area, or the Maui Eco Tours for a first-hand look at the sea life and underwater sights. Kihei is also home to the National Humpback Whale Marine Sanctuary, and is a great location for spotting these wonderful creatures. When you're finished sunning yourself on the beach, rent a car and take a drive to the volcanoes Haleakala and Puu Kukui for a unique sight-seeing experience. No matter how you spend your days in Kihei, heading back to your very own holiday rental truly adds to the unique experience of staying there, making your holiday one-of-a-kind.
What could be better than taking the whole family on a Kihei holiday? On a Maui Classic Charters boat tour with its glass-bottomed viewing room, children and parents alike can enjoy watching the animals and experiencing the sights and sounds of the ocean. Watch their faces light up when they see the sparkling beaches, abundant sea-life, and volcanoes of Kihei, and know that this holiday will create valuable memories for years to come. Holiday rentals can offer enough space to bring even the largest of families without needing to book extra hotel rooms, and children will feel comfortable in a rental home that feels more like home than a hotel room. Holiday rentals are a great excuse to bring the whole family and can make it a comfortable and economical experience for everyone.
This site uses cookies to improve your experience, to enhance site security and to show you personalised advertising. Click here to learn more or control your settings. By clicking on or navigating the site, you agree to our use of cookies.


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PicDash shows you one funny random picture at a time. Like it, Share it, or Leave a Comment to earn points and then click the pic to dash to the next one. We know you will enjoy our huge collection of over 5000 funny pictures.
So far our users have viewed: 3325209 pics


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posted on 09 June 2016
04 June 2016 Initial Unemployment Claims: Rolling Averages Improve
Weekly Initial Unemployment Claims
The market expectations for weekly initial unemployment claims (from Bloomberg) were 262,000 to 285,000 (consensus 270,000), and the Department of Labor reported 264,000 new claims. The more important (because of the volatility in the weekly reported claims and seasonality errors in adjusting the data) 4 week moving average moved from 277,000 (reported last week as 276,750) to 269,500. The rolling averages generally have been equal to or under 300,000 since August 2014.
It should be pointed out that Econintersect watches the year-over-year change on the 4 week moving average. There is always some seasonality which migrates into the seasonally adjusted data, and year-over-year comparisons helps remove some seasonality. The four week rolling average of initial claims are 3.0 % lower (better than the 0.0 % for last week) than they were in this same week in 2015.
Weekly Initial Unemployment Claims - 4 Week Average - Seasonally Adjusted - 2011 (red line), 2012 (green line), 2013 (blue line), 2014 (orange line). 2015 (violet line), 2016 (light blue)
Claim levels are at 40 year lows (with the normal range around 350,000 weekly initial unemployment claims of levels seen historically during times of economic expansion - see chart below).
From the Department of Labor:
>>>>> Scroll down to view and make comments <<<<<<
Permanent link to most recent post on this topic
Click here for Historical Releases Listing
Econintersect Economic Releases
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Sporting Gifts
eSportsonline has great sports gifts and ideas for men, women and children. Give her the gift of fitness and fun with indoor and outdoor games and sporting equipment. For kids we have jumbo beach balls & more to provide them with hours of excitement and activity. Shop today for speedy next day shipping!


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Learn Transcendental Meditation Colwood
You are invited to a special introductory talk on the Transcendental Meditation (TM) technique Colwood. Admission is free. For the schedule, please contact uscontact us, or call (250) 727-9587.
What you'll learn at an intro talk
- Why TM is so effective for stress and anxiety
- How TM improves brain function and memory
- Why TM is easy to practice
- Why TM works from the start
- Why personalized one-on-one instruction is needed
How to learn TM Colwood
TM instruction requires personal one-on-one instruction from a certified TM teacher, so it won't be taught during this group introduction. However, you'll have the opportunity to meet local TM teachers and sign up to learn the TM technique.
Meet the certified TM teachers
Helen Foster-Grimmett, Garry FosterWhy certified?
The TM technique can only be taught by certified TM teachers in a course carefully personalized for each individual. All certified TM teachers have successfully completed an intensive 5-month in-residence Teacher Training Course, and they maintain their certification through ongoing professional courses for TM teachers.


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Welcome To V6Mustang.com!
We are the oldest and largest V6 Mustang forum on the internet. If you have any questions about your V6 Mustang or just want to connect with other V6 Mustang owners around the world, you have found the best place on the internet to do that.
Registering is free and easy! Hope to see you on the forums soon!
Discussion in 'Site Suggestions & Announcements' started by jablount14, Dec 8, 2001.