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Home speakers glossary
Common home speaker terms and technologies
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2-conductor speaker wire
Speaker wire that contains two separate wire conductors within the jacket, one used for the positive speaker terminal and one for the negative.
2-way speaker
A 2-way, full-range speaker has two drivers — a tweeter and a woofer — which handle upper frequencies and mid-to-low frequencies, respectively.
3-way speaker
A 3-way, full-range speaker has three drivers — a tweeter, a midrange, and a woofer — which handle high frequencies, mid-range frequencies, and lower frequencies, respectively.
4-conductor speaker wire
Speaker wire that contains four separate wire conductors within the jacket, two each for the positive speaker terminals and two each for the negative speaker terminals. A 4-conductor speaker wire can be used with stereo-input speakers, including some in-wall and outdoor speakers, and in multiroom setups where the speakers are somewhat close together to send two different signals using one cable. You can also double-up the positive and negative wires for use with a single speaker when bi-wiring and bi-amping the speaker.
Acoustic suspension
A type of speaker enclosure that uses a sealed box to provide tight, accurate bass response. It gives up some efficiency to provide bass that is more accurate and controlled, so compared to a bass reflex design, it may require more amplifier power to play at the same volume level. See also bass reflex.
Automatic speaker calibration
Receivers with this feature analyze and automatically adjust the sound of connected speakers. The receiver sends a series of test signals to each speaker in your surround sound system, then measures the response with an included calibration microphone to optimize the speakers' volume level, time delay settings, and frequency response — making speaker setup easier and usually more accurate than manual methods. The most advanced auto calibration systems allow multiple measurements to be taken from different listening positions in the room to provide even greater sonic accuracy.
Bass reflex
A type of speaker enclosure that includes a "tuned" port or passive radiator to increase and extend bass response (by releasing some of the energy created by the inward movement of the woofer cone). Bass reflex designs are more power-efficient than acoustic suspension designs — they'll play louder than an acoustic suspension speaker when driven with the same amplifier power. But they may sacrifice some bass accuracy in exchange for the added bass output.
Bi-amping and bi-wiring
It's becoming more common for higher-performance speakers to include dual sets of terminals, usually binding posts (see terminals, below). Models with dual terminals almost always also feature a special type of crossover with separate "high-pass" and "low-pass" sections.
Speakers with dual sets of terminals work fine when used with a single set of speaker cables. In fact, they usually come from the factory set up for conventional operation, with "jumpers" installed between the two sets. These jumpers can be easily removed for bi-amping or bi-wiring.
- Bi-amping means that instead of driving a speaker full-range with a single channel of amplification through a single set of speaker cables, you actually connect two sets of cables, with each set carrying the signal from a separate amplifier (or amp channel). This way, both low-frequency drivers (woofers) and high-frequency drivers (tweeters) receive dedicated amplification.
- Bi-wiring involves connecting two sets of cables to your speakers, like bi-amping, but both sets of cables connect to the same set of output connectors on your receiver or amplifier. Bi-wiring doesn't deliver more wattage to your speakers, so it doesn't offer as dramatic a sonic improvement as bi-amping. Still, many audiophiles find that it offers subtle improvements in imaging and detail.
You can also check out our articles on bi-amping and bi-wiring for more information.
A speaker design that uses two sets of drivers to generate equal amounts of sound both forward and backward, or side to side, with the two sounds being "in phase." In a home theater setup, bipole speakers are particularly effective at creating a full, diffuse soundfield when used as surround speakers placed behind the listening position. Some speakers offer both bipole and dipole modes.
The cabinet or enclosure that holds speakers in place. Cabinets can have a huge impact on the sound created by the speaker, since the amount of space and air behind the speaker helps determine the movement of the woofer(s). There are typically two types of enclosures — acoustic suspension and bass reflex — each with their own sonic traits.
In general, speaker with larger cabinets provide more spacious sound with deeper bass, while those with smaller cabinets may struggle to provide deep bass on their own, often requiring the addition of a subwoofer. Cabinets must also be very rigid, otherwise they can deform and muddy the sound. They're traditionally made of wood, although molded plastic and even extruded aluminum is also common, especially in smaller surround and bookshelf speakers. Designs can range from the typical box-like construction, to more rounded shapes that are designed to blend more easily into today's décor.
Center channel speaker
The center channel speaker reproduces almost all of a movie's dialogue and much of the special effects. Since its purpose is to keep sound anchored to the on-screen action, a good center channel speaker is crucial for a well-balanced home theater system. It's usually mounted on top of your TV or directly below it. See our articles on choosing home theater speakers and speaker placement for home theater for more info.
CL2/CL3 rating
A rating given to speaker wire by the Underwriters Laboratories, it means that the wire has been thoroughly tested for safety in case of fire or electric shock and approved for in-wall use. The CL2 (Class 2) rating means the cable is certified for use in homes. A CL3 (Class 3) rated cable has a higher threshold for heat, so it's certified for commercial or industrial buildings. Some CL3 cables are also separately rated for direct burial, making them useful for outdoor installations.
If you're going to install in-wall, in-ceiling, or outdoor speakers in your home, then you're going to need to check which rating your local code requires. You can also check out our in-wall wiring guide for more info.
Any change in the character of a sound that reduces accuracy, such as an over- or under-emphasis of certain frequencies.
Connectors (pins, plugs, etc.) (Click for pictures)
There are several different ways to connect the cables from your receiver or amplifier to your speakers. Bare wire connections are acceptable, especially with "spring clip" terminals. However, there are other connector types that provide more solid and secure connections, especially with binding post terminals.
- Spade connectors are compatible with most binding post terminals. A spade fits around the terminal's central threaded post, allowing you to then tighten the collar down on the spade for a snug, secure connection. But keep in mind, some electronics now have terminals that prohibit the use of spade connectors.
- Pin-type connectors will work with both spring clip and binding post terminals. This is probably the best type for connecting a thick, heavy-gauge wire to a small spring clip connector. On a 5-way binding post, this slender pin will also fit the hole that's back near the base of the central post (see binding post illustration, below). You can then tighten the collar down against it.
- Banana plugs will plug straight into the center of 5-way binding posts. They make a quick and convenient connection — nothing to loosen or tighten.
- Double-banana plugs are the same as banana plugs, except the positive and negative banana connectors are both fixed in a molded housing that spaces them 3/4" apart. These are even quicker and easier to connect than regular, single banana plugs — as long as the terminals on your speakers and/or receiver are true 5-way binding posts with the proper spacing.
A circuit that divides the frequency spectrum into two or more parts. A crossover acts as a filter, allowing certain frequencies to pass through to the speaker while blocking others. It's the crossover's job to send only high frequencies to the tweeter and only low frequencies to the woofer. (And midrange frequencies to the midrange driver in a 3-way speaker.)
A high-pass crossover allows only frequencies above the "crossover frequency" to pass through, while a low-pass crossover (common in powered subwoofers) allows only frequencies below the crossover frequency to pass through. A "bandpass" crossover combines a high-pass and a low-pass so that the driver (often a midrange unit) only sees a restricted band of middle frequencies.
Decibel (dB)
The standard unit of measure for expressing relative power or amplitude differences. With audio, it represents loudness. One dB is the smallest change in loudness most people can detect. A 1 dB difference is barely noticeable, but a 10 dB difference is big — a speaker playing at 10 dB higher volume will sound roughly twice as loud.
Another amazing dB fact: For any given set of speakers, each 3 dB increase in volume level requires a doubling of the amplifier power.
The part of a speaker driver that moves, producing the sound. Each diaphragm is directly connected to a voice coil. The diaphragm for a woofer is a cone, while for a tweeter, it's often a dome.
The scattering of sound. Diffusion reduces the ability of a listener to pinpoint the actual location of a speaker, a useful quality in surround speakers. Diffuse surrounds create a wraparound soundfield that draws you into the on-screen action.
A speaker design that uses two sets of drivers to generate equal amounts of sound both forward and backward, or side to side, with the two sounds being "out of phase." Dipoles are often used as surround speakers, and are very effective at creating a diffuse soundfield when placed on the sides of the listening position. Some speakers offer both dipole and bipole modes.
Direct and reflected sound
The sound that you hear from your listening/viewing position is a combination of the direct sound that travels straight from your speakers to your ears, and the indirect, reflected sound — the sound from your speakers that bounces off the walls, floor, ceiling or furniture before it reaches your ears.
The degree to which a speaker's sound is spread over the listening area.
Dolby Atmos® enabled speaker
A specially designed speaker that fires sound upward, where it reflects off the ceiling to provide overhead sound effects for Dolby Atmos surround sound. Available in a variety of shapes and sizes, it can rest on a stand, take the form of a module that sits on top of your front and rear speakers, or is integrated into a single cabinet with front-firing speakers.
Any individual device in a loudspeaker that contributes to the creation of sound, such as any of the electrical components; also used to refer to the woofer, tweeter, or midrange in a speaker enclosure containing multiple kinds of speakers.
Dynamic range
The difference between loud and soft sounds. A speaker with wide dynamic range — one that can reproduce the sudden and wide changes between loud and soft sounds in music and video soundtracks — will sound more realistic (all other things being equal).
Although a speaker's efficiency rating is almost always correlated to its sensitivity rating, it is actually a different measurement. The efficiency rating for a speaker is a measure of how well a speaker converts watts of electrical power into watts of acoustical power. Most speakers have a very low efficiency rating — between 1% and 10% — so manufacturers rarely provide this information, choosing instead to list sensitivity ratings.
EQ presets
Equalization or "EQ" presets let you customize a subwoofer's bass response to your listening space. Some subs simply allow you to indicate your sub's placement (corner, mid-wall, in-cabinet, etc.), while higher-end subs may actually take audio samples using an included microphone and automatically tailor the sound to suit your room.
When a speaker's response is described as "flat," that's a good thing. It means that the speaker can accurately reproduce a signal that is fed to it without adding unnatural coloration to the sound. Specific frequencies don't sound too loud or too soft.
Frequency response
The human ear responds to frequencies from approximately 20 to 20,000 cycles-per-second, or Hertz. A speaker's frequency response indicates how much of that range can be reproduced.
Front speakers
In home theater, the front left and right speakers deliver a wide soundstage that blends with the video to create a more realistic and exciting movie experience. In addition to reproducing the musical score, front speakers work with your center channel to reproduce the special effects, along with any on-screen action that moves left to right or vice versa. The front left and right speakers in your home theater system also act as the left and right stereo speakers for listening to music. See our articles on choosing home theater speakers and speaker placement for home theater for more info.
Hertz (Hz)
The unit of sound frequency; one Hz is equal to one cycle per second. The range of human hearing is 20-20,000 Hz. Points of reference: low "E" on a bass guitar is 41 Hz; middle "C" on a piano is 262 Hz; cymbals can go out to 15,000 Hz.
Home theater system
A home theater system refers to any combination of a TV, speakers, and the components that people use for entertainment. A home theater system can be as simple as a sound bar speaker setup or as involved as a surround sound system.
The ability of a speaker to reproduce spatial information in a recording so that you can visualize the relative positioning of individual voices and instruments as you're listening.
The load value (in ohms) that the speakers present to the amplifier — the amount of resistance to the flow of current. While playing music, a speaker's actual impedance constantly fluctuates; however, speakers are usually given a single nominal impedance rating for easy comparison. Low-impedance speakers (4 ohms or less) can cause problems with receivers or amplifiers that are not designed to deliver large amounts of current.
In-wall/in-ceiling speakers
Speakers designed specifically for placement inside your wall or ceiling. They work the same as regular speakers, but mount flush with your drywall. The space behind your wall or ceiling actually acts as a giant cabinet, so these speakers can produce more bass than standalone speakers. Many people prefer in-wall or in-ceiling speakers because they don't take up the floor or shelf space of traditional speakers, and can be painted to match the room's décor. Check out our articles on choosing, placing, and installing in-wall or in-ceiling speakers for more information.
Kilohertz (kHz)
One thousand Hertz.
LCR speakers are designed to serve as the left, center, or right speakers in a home theater setup. Most LCR speakers have a non-traditional cabinet that's long and thin, and come in on-wall, in-wall, and shelf-standing versions.
LFE input
Found on most powered subwoofers, this special preamp-level input accepts the "Low Frequency Effects" signal that's output by digital 5.1-, 6.1-, or 7.1-channel home theater receivers, ensuring proper bass reproduction. This type of input doesn't route the signal through any processing inside the sub which could potentially interfere with the low-pass crossover built into the receiver's bass management circuitry.
Some powered subs feature an unfiltered LFE input/output — the output sends full-range signals minus the low frequencies back to a receiver or preamplifier's "main in" jacks for even more precise sonic control.
Line-level (Preamp) connections
These connections carry the low-voltage analog audio signals from source components, such as CD and DVD players, to your preamplifier or receiver. Generally, these connections are made with RCA patch cords, also called interconnects. See also speaker-level connections.
Generally considered to be the range of frequencies above bass and below treble that our ears are most sensitive to, which includes most vocal and instrumental sounds. Sometimes refers to a driver designed to reproduce these frequencies.
Motor structure
The part of the speaker that moves a diaphragm to produce sound. The motor structure basically consists of a voice coil that sits inside a cylindrical magnet. Alternating current is pumped through the voice coil, which constantly changes its magnetic polarity. As the voice coil alternates between being attracted to and repelled by the magnet, it moves the attached driver to create sound.
A material used in some speaker magnets. Neodymium magnets are smaller and more powerful than conventional speaker magnets.
Outdoor speakers
Speakers that are designed specifically for placement outside your home. Since outdoor environments are much more open than spaces inside your home, many outdoor speakers are designed to project sound over a larger area and to provide a little more bass than your typical indoor speaker. They're also built to be weather resistant to withstand assault from the elements. See our article on choosing outdoor speakers and our video on outdoor speaker installation for more information.
Passive radiator
A type of bass reflex speaker enclosure that includes a "passive" woofer in addition to the main woofer. The passive woofer isn't powered, but moves in response to changes in air pressure inside the cabinet that are caused by movement of the main woofer. Passive radiators are often used in speaker cabinets too small for a properly tuned port. Plus, they avoid some of the issues associated with ports such as port turbulence, which can sometimes lead to a low-pitched whistling noise coming from the port. However, passive radiators tend to be more complex to design, so you'll typically pay more for speakers with passive radiators than similar ported models.
Refers to the timing relationship of two or more signals or sound waves. It's especially important to be sure that your stereo speakers are playing "in phase." This means that the drivers (woofers and tweeters) of your right and left speakers are moving in and out at the same time.
If your stereo speakers are "out of phase" — that is, with one set of positive and negative leads reversed — you'll hear significantly less bass, and instead of producing a strong center image, the sound tends to stay localized at the speakers. To learn how to be sure your speakers are in phase, check the Home Speakers FAQ.
Phase control
A 2-position switch found on some powered subwoofers that lets you delay the subwoofer's output slightly so that it is in phase with the output from your main speakers.
Power handling
A measure of how much amplifier power, in watts, a speaker can take before it is damaged.
When a component or system vibrates more at a certain frequency than at any other frequency. In a speaker system, resonance with the speaker enclosure or any of the components can lead to colorations in the sound.
A term used to indicate the average level of power that a receiver or amplifier can sustain over a given period of time. Average power ratings (ex: 100 watts RMS) provide a more realistic assessment of your amp's performance than peak power (ex: 400 watts peak/dynamic power) since an amp can only sustain peak power for a short period of time.
RMS stands for "root mean square," which is one of the mathematical methods used to calculate an amp's average power output. While it isn't an accurate descriptor of the measurements themselves, it's commonly used throughout the industry to denote the average power rating.
Rough-in bracket
A mounting bracket used as a placeholder for in-wall and in-ceiling speakers in homes under construction or undergoing heavy renovation. If you choose to install one before the dry wall goes up, the drywaller will cut a hole for your speaker in the drywall for you, making speaker installation easier.
Satellite speaker
Small speakers generally used as surround speakers placed or mounted in various locations (hence the name "satellite") around a room for a home theater setup. Because they tend to have limited bass response, they're often designed to be used with a matching subwoofer.
A sensitivity rating tells you how effectively a speaker converts power (watts) into volume (decibels). The higher the rating, the louder your speakers will play with a given amount of amplifier power. Sensitivity is often measured by driving a speaker with one watt and measuring the loudness in decibels at one meter.
The chart below illustrates that a few dB in sensitivity can make a big difference:
|Sensitivity rating
|Power needed
to produce a given volume
|Speaker A
|85 dB
|100 watts
|Speaker B
|88 dB
|50 watts
|Speaker C
|91 dB
|25 watts
speaker's only needs half as much power to deliver the same amount of sound.
Speaker cone
The conical-shaped part of a speaker that is partly responsible for the reproduction of sound. When the electro-magnetic energy sent from the voice coil reaches the speaker cone, it turns into physical energy with the movement of the cone. The speaker cone in turn moves the air, which our ears perceive as sound.
Speaker cones can be made from a variety of materials, such as metals, papers, plastics, rubbers, or some combination of materials, each with their own sonic properties. For example, metals tend to be used for tweeters, the sound of which can have a bright, snappy quality. The type of material used depends on the manufacturer and the kind of speaker being made. The choice of material also tends to strive for a good balance between having a lightweight material (for better movement) and a strong material (for clearer sound without distortion).
A stereo or home theater system's ability to present music, dialogue, and other sounds as taking place within a physical space with definite width, height, and depth. The individual vocal and instrumental "images" are part of the "soundstage."
SPL (sound pressure level)
The intensity or volume level of sound (measured on the dB scale). See sensitivity, above.
Speaker-level connections
These carry the higher-voltage, higher-current signals produced by a power amp or receiver to drive a speaker. These connections are made with speaker cables. See also line-level connections.
Standing waves
Standing waves occur when the sound from your speakers is reflected back and forth between the parallel surfaces in your room: the side walls, the front and rear wall, and the floor and ceiling. This effect amplifies some frequencies while others might get canceled out, creating areas of differing sound pressure or loudness around your room.
Stereo system
A stereo speaker setup is made up of two speakers — one to play the left channel of sound and a second to play the right channel sound. Stereo speaker setups are the most common for music listening, since most music is mixed for stereo, as opposed to mono (single-channel) or multi-channel surround recordings.
A speaker specially designed to reproduce a range of very low frequencies only (the bass). The typical range for a subwoofer is about 20-200 Hz. A "powered subwoofer" includes a built-in amplifier to drive the speaker. See our article on how to choose a sub for more info.
Connects a driver's diaphragm to its basket. The two most common surround materials are rubber and foam. Rubber typically lasts longer than foam, especially in warm, moist climates, but tends to cost more.
Surround speakers
In a home theater system, the speakers located beside or behind the listening/viewing position. These speakers can be mounted on the walls, placed on stands, or set on bookshelves. They help create an enveloping three-dimensional soundstage by reproducing the surround information on video soundtracks and music recordings encoded with surround sound. For details, check out our nuts and bolts discussion of the different surround sound formats.
Some multichannel movie soundtracks also take advantage of surround back speakers. These speakers are used in addition to the regular surround speakers mentioned above, and can either be a pair of speakers placed behind and slightly to the sides of the listening area, or a single speaker directly behind it. You'll need a six- or seven-channel receiver for this type of setup, but adding surround back speakers can give you even more convincing wraparound effects. See our article on choosing home theater speakers for more info. You can also watch our video or read our article on speaker placement for more tips.
Surround sound system
A surround sound system is a kind of home theater system that uses five or more speakers and a subwoofer to play the multi-channel soundtracks that accompany most movies and some TV shows, video games, and music albums.
You probably don't think about the connectors on the back of your speakers until you go to hook them up. There are two basic types: spring clips and binding posts.
- Spring clip terminals are usually found on lower-priced speakers, and low- to medium-priced receivers. They work best with bare wire connections with small-gauge speaker wire, or pin-type connectors.
- Binding post terminals are a sturdier, more versatile type of speaker jack, often found on higher-quality speakers and receivers, and on most amplifiers. They're threaded, so you can tighten them down against the wire or connector for an extra-snug connection.
A common variety of binding post, especially for speakers, is known as a "5-way" binding post. This type accepts bare wire, pin connectors, spade connectors, banana plugs, and double-banana plugs.
Pronounced "tam-burr." The quality of a sound related to its harmonic structure. Timbre is what gives a voice or instrument its sonic signature — for instance, why a trumpet and a saxophone sound different when they play the same note.
Any device that converts a signal from one physical form to another. Examples: a phono cartridge (mechanical to electrical); a speaker (electrical to mechanical).
A short-lived aspect of a signal, such as the attack and decay of musical tones. A speaker that can react quickly to rapid changes in the music is said to have good "transient response."
A small, lightweight driver that reproduces the highest musical frequencies, like violins, cymbals, female vocals, etc. The typical range for a tweeter is everything above 2,000 Hz or so.
Unfiltered LFE input
See LFE input.
Video shielding
A way of containing a speaker's magnetic energy inside its enclosure. This is usually achieved by placing another speaker magnet back-to-back with the existing one so that the two magnetic fields cancel each other. Shielding may also be achieved by lining the inside of the speaker cabinet with metal.
Video shielding is important for home theater speakers — especially the center channel speaker — because if an unshielded speaker is placed too close to a tube TV, the magnetic energy can cause picture distortion and even permanently damage the TV's picture tube.
Virtual surround sound
Mostly found on sound bar speakers, virtual surround sound is digital processing that fools your ears into hearing sounds as if they're coming from multiple locations around you. Audio systems with this feature can deliver surround-like effects using fewer speakers than a traditional home theater system.
Voice coil
The cylindrical coil of wire that moves in the magnetic field of a dynamic driver. The voice coil is bonded to the diaphragm, which actually produces the sound.
When speakers possess a similar timbre or tonal quality. Voice-matched (or timbre-matched) speakers in a home theater system will result in more seamless, consistent, convincing wraparound sound. A good way to get voice-matched speakers is to stay within a family or series of speakers from a single manufacturer or to get a pre-matched multi-speaker system
A unit of power. Named after James Watt for his contributions to the development of the steam engine.
Wire gauge
The "gauge" (or AWG) is a unit of measure used to describe the diameter of round, solid wires, with 0000 gauge (or 4/0) being the largest possible diameter up to 46 gauge being the smallest possible diameter. Speaker wire typically ranges in gauge from 18 AWG to 10 AWG. The larger the gauge, the lower the resistance of the wire, giving you a better, more accurate signal transfer where long runs are necessary. You can also check out our in-wall wiring guide for more info.
A type of driver that features a cone-shaped diaphragm, commonly used for producing the mid- and low-frequency portions of the music signal.
Reader comments (7 responses)
Please share your thoughts below.
Kramer Crane from Crutchfield
Posted on 11/16/2017
Hi Keith, most speakers within the same brand will share similar sonic qualities. There may be outliers that sound noticeably different, but those are rare. My best advice when building a speaker system is to choose models within a given series (like Klipsch Reference, or Polk Audio Signature) to ensure consistent sound. Feel free to give us a shout for free, personalized advice.
Keith from Williford
Posted on 11/16/2017
I understand the logic behind "voice matching" the speakers, but are there some that match & some that don't WITHIN a given brand? How can you know without hearing them?
Todd from Omaha
Posted on 6/19/2016
Nothing is mentioned about transmission line speakers. I do have two pair of them. No they are not the most common but they are out here.
Dave Bar from Crutchfield
Posted on 10/9/2015
June 6, 2011
Nick from Canton
Posted on 10/9/2015
What date was this published? Trying to cite it for a paper.
Dave Bar from Crutchfield
Posted on 7/8/2015
Are you certain about that Definitive Technology model number, Rick? I can't seem to come up with it anywhere. In any case, Definitive doesn't put dual bi-wire/bi-amp input jacks on many of their speakers, and for starters, that would be a prerequisite for bi-wiring.
If your speakers do indeed have dual inputs, and you are confident that your cables are in good working order, I suppose you could bi-wire them.
Be sure to remove the jumpers between the upper and lower speaker terminals when connecting the wires to the speakers. And, as I'm sure you realize with bi-wiring, the four conductors will need to be tied together to yield one positive and one negative lead to connect to each of your receiver's surround speaker output terminals.
Rick from Plantation, FL
Posted on 7/8/2015
I am installing new surround speakers in my home theater and noticed that each of the old surround speakers were installed with four ( 4) pronged speaker wire, although only two (2) were used on each speaker. Can I use the 4 speaker wires to bi-wire my surround speakers. Incidentally, they are def tech's bp8040 SD speakers.


text:
Geoff Edwards is a creative executive at Creative Artist Agency.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Principal Proposed Natural Treatments
- Bioflavonoids: Citrus Bioflavonoids , Oxerutins , and Bilberry
Other Proposed Natural Treatments
Hemorrhoids are swollen, inflamed veins in the rectum that can ache and bleed. They are very common and are usually caused by constipation , a low-fiber diet, a sedentary lifestyle, pregnancy , or liver cirrhosis .
The most important interventions for hemorrhoids aim at reversing their causes. Adopting a high-fiber diet, sitting down less, getting plenty of exercise, and maintaining regular bowel habits can make a significant difference.
Medical treatment consists mainly of stool softeners and moist heat. In more severe cases, surgical procedures may be used.
Contrary to popular belief, it does not appear that consumption of foods spiced with hot chili peppers causes any discomfort or harm to people with hemorrhoids; a double-blind study found no difference in symptoms following consumption of hot peppers or placebo. 11
Principal Proposed Natural Treatments
Bioflavonoids are colorful substances that occur widely in the plant kingdom. Reasonably good, though not indisputable, evidence suggests that the citrus bioflavonoids diosmin and hesperidin (in a special micronized combination preparation) may be helpful for hemorrhoids. 12
For example, a 2-month, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 120 individuals with recurrent hemorrhoid flare-ups found that treatment with combined diosmin and hesperidin significantly reduced the frequency and severity of hemorrhoid attacks. 1 Another double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 100 individuals had positive results with the same bioflavonoids in relieving symptoms once a flare-up of hemorrhoid pain had begun. 2 A 90-day, double-blind trial of 100 individuals with bleeding hemorrhoids also found significant benefits for both treatment of acute attacks and prevention of new ones. 3 Finally, this bioflavonoid combination was found to compare favorably with surgical treatment of hemorrhoids. 4 However, less impressive results were seen in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study, in which all participants were given a fiber laxative with either combined diosmin and hesperidin or placebo. 5
Other sources of bioflavonoids have been studied, as well. For example, in a 4-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 40 people with hemorrhoids, use of an extract made from the bioflavonoid-rich herb bilberry significantly reduced hemorrhoid symptoms as compared to placebo. 10 In addition, according to some but not all double-blind studies, the semi-synthetic bioflavonoids known as oxerutins may also be helpful for hemorrhoids, including the hemorrhoids that occur during pregnancy. 6,7
Although it is not known precisely how flavonoids work, it is thought that they stabilize the walls of blood vessels, making them less susceptible to injury.
For more information, including dosage and safety issues, see the full articles on Citrus Bioflavonoids , Bilberry , and Oxerutins .
Other Proposed Natural Treatments
Preliminary evidence suggests that an extract made from pig intestines called mesoglycan can improve the symptoms of hemorrhoids. 8,9
One study reported benefit for hemorrhoids by using a combination of olive oil, honey, and beeswax. 13 However, because this trial lacked a placebo group, its results mean little to nothing. (For information on the necessity of placebos, see Why Does This Database Depend On Double-Blind Studies? )
The natural treatments used for varicose veins are also often recommended for hemorrhoids, because a hemorrhoid is actually a special kind of varicose vein. Some of the most commonly mentioned include horse chestnut , oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPCs) , gotu kola , and butcher's broom .
Traditional herbal remedies for hemorrhoids include calendula (applied topically), Collinsonia root (oral or topical), oak bark (topical), slippery elm (oral or topical), and witch hazel (topical). However, there has been little to no scientific evaluation of these treatments.
For a discussion of homeopathic approaches to hemorrhoids, see the article of that name in the Homeopathy database.
Revision Information
- Reviewer: EBSCO CAM Review Board
- Review Date: 12/2015 -
- Update Date: 12/15/2015 -


text:
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WorldwidePer cartridge / depends on weight 9.95-19.95 EURCollector editions or limited edition that contain a lot of extras have more weight.
Actual shipping costs depend on your shopping basket and location. During the checkout our shop system will display all shipping costs.
We ship all orders complete. If you ordered pre order items together with available items, all items will be shipped when the pre order item is available.For seperate shipping please do seperate orders.


text:
What Are Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis?
Diphtheria is an infection caused by bacteria that releases toxins in the body. It can be life-threatening. The infection and toxins causes a thick coating in your nose and throat. This coating can make it hard to breath. Diphtheria can be easily spread between people.
Tetanus (also known as lockjaw) is caused by bacteria that enter through broken skin. The bacteria release a toxin in the body. It affects the nerves leading to severe muscle spasms. If it affects the muscles you need to breathe, it can be fatal.
Pertussis is also known as whooping cough. It is caused by bacteria that easily spread from person to person. It cause swelling in the airways. This causes a distinct, severe cough and breathing problems.
What Is DTaP?
DTaP is a vaccine to protect against these 3 infections.
The vaccine has inactive forms of these bacteria. Inactive forms can not cause an infection. Instead, they stimulate the body to make antitoxins and antibodies to fight future infections.
Who Should Get Vaccinated and When?
DTaP is given to young children. It is delivered over a series of 5 shots. The vaccine is given at ages:
- 2 months
- 4 months
- 6 months
- 15-18 months
- 4-6 years
Other, similar vaccines that are approved for older children and adults include:
- Tdap—Tdap is for children aged 11-12 years old. It may also be given to teens or adults who did not previously receive it. This vaccine protects against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis.
- Td—This is generally used as a booster shot. It may be given every 10 years. It protects against tetanus and diphtheria.
What Are the Risks Associated With DTap?
Common side effects of the vaccine include:
- Soreness or redness at the site of the injection
- Fever
- Fatigue
- Irritability
- Lack of appetite
- Vomiting
Less common, but more serious side effects include:
- Severe allergic reaction
- High fever
- Crying for over three hours
- Seizure
Acetaminophen is sometimes given for any pain and fever after a vaccination. In infants, the medication may weaken the vaccine's effectiveness. Talk with the doctor about whether you should give acetaminophen to your child.
Who Should Not Get Vaccinated?
Children should not receive the DTap vaccine if they experienced:
- A severe or life-threatening allergic reaction after a dose of DTap (very high fever, non-stop crying, seizure)
- A severe allergic reaction to any of the components that make up the vaccine
If your child is sick at the time of the vaccination, the doctor may recommend waiting.
What Other Ways Can These Diseases Be Prevented?
Vaccination is the best way to prevent these infections. Other strategies include:
- Avoiding contact with people who have a contagious infection
- Properly cleaning wounds and seeing a doctor right away if medical care is needed
What Happens in the Event of an Outbreak?
Suspected cases of these infections need to be reported to the public health department. If you believe you have been exposed, make sure your vaccinations are up-to-date. Your doctor may recommend preventative antibiotics after close contact with someone who is infected.
Revision Information
- Reviewer: EBSCO Medical Review Board David L. Horn, MD, FACP
- Review Date: 11/2018 -
- Update Date: 07/16/2012 -


text:
Two weeks ago, I was invited to Arrojo Studio to get my hair cut and colored, in celebration of their tenth anniversary. I have done "hair modeling" before (read: broke college student in need of a free cut) and it was almost always a disaster. They usually had a specific cut and color in mind and I had no say in it. This time, however, I left completely satisfied and there were no tears (there were tears before - tears and mullets).
Inva corrected the color in my hair, which was several shades of brown. I now have a darker, more even, richer brown - exactly what I asked for.
Tim followed exactly what I asked for. I didn't want anything too different. I just wanted a little more movement, some weight taken out, pieces to cover my ears because I'm crazy and my ears make me self conscious. Most importantly, I wanted my scar (which you can kind of see in the picture above) to be covered. When my hair is limp and heavy, it separates and the scar is always visible. He did all of these things and I was thrilled with the final result. We also bonded over our evolution of musical taste!
Liz did my makeup with all of their own products, and then we headed outside for a quick photo shoot with the very talented David Ducane. The bottom picture is what they decided to hang in the gallery, along with the photos of the other participants! You can see more photos on his Tumblr.
Of course, you can really tell if you love a cut until you get home and style it yourself. I did just that, and I'm happy to report that I'm already planning my next trip to Tim and Inva.
Thank you to all of the kind folks at Arrojo for including me in their tenth anniversary celebration!


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Are you more about humor than horror? Be sure to check out our collection of funny adult Halloween costumes so you can be the talk of the party! Have you tried one of our inflatable or ride-on costumes? Talk about an easy fix for a quick go-to costume, ready for any impromptu Halloween party! Step into it, inflate and go.
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text:
all my party animal friends for taking the time to come over
and share your wonderful links each week!
flea finds,
table settings,
related to feathering your nest is welcome!!
Gorgeous Christmas decor - love your mantel. That throw looks deliciously comfortable. The features are fantastic - I do appreciate you hosting - will look forward to your post on SSS!
Beautiful features! That rhinestone pin wreath is breaktaking! I love it! Might have to start collecting those to make one of my own!
Thanks for hosting! Have a great weekend!
Kristy @ Shona Skye Creations
Thanks for hosting! :)
Those are some beautiful features Courtney! Thanks again for hosting this wonderful party...I'm off to pin *winks* VannaReplyDelete
Beautiful features. Thanks so much for hosting. Hugs, MartyReplyDelete
Fab features, Courtney and thanks for hosting. Can't wait to publish your favorite room tomorrow.ReplyDelete
Thank you so much for hosting the party for us today, Courtney, and what lovely features you've chosen this week--I love all the wintry whites!ReplyDelete
thank you for hosting the FNF party at this special time of the year. Amazing inspiration to cheer the heart. xoxoxoReplyDelete
Always beautiful features Courtney! Thanks for hosting!ReplyDelete
I love your Christmas decorating and want to more, more, more!! Thanks for hosting!ReplyDelete
Such a fun time of year to decorate! Thanks for hosting again!
Thanks so much for hosting Courtney!ReplyDelete
Inspiring features! Thanks for hosting!
Farmhouse hugs,
Your house is looking gorgeous, as are the lovely homes featured today. Thanks for hosting Courtney.ReplyDelete
Merry Christmas, Courtney! Thanks so much for hosting. So many talented folks out there! I love the inspiration!ReplyDelete
Your Christmas decor is so beautiful, Courtney. Great features too. Thanks for hosting.ReplyDelete
So many gorgeous ideas at your party! I love your mantel and guest cottage! Fresh greenery is just the best! Thank you for joining me at Home Sweet Home and for hosting!
What a wonderful surprise Courtney!Thank you so much for featuring my rosemary and ironstone post.Thank you for hosting too!
I love sneaking little peaks into everyone's home at Christmas time! Thanks for hosting and letting me join in!
Courtney...thanks for sharing the great features. Gotta do some visiting! I stopped by the other day to let you know how beautiful your decor was!ReplyDelete
Wonderful features! thank you for hosting Courtney.ReplyDelete
Thanks for hosting the party! Can't wait to see everyone's beautiful Christmas decorations :o)
Love the features! Thanks for hosting!...hugs...DebbieReplyDelete
Wonderful features you have this week. Thanks for hosting.
I am happy to be linking here this week, thanks so much for this wonderful party. Happy Thursday!{Hugs}
Courtney, thanks so much for hosting! Loving your Christmas decor...and that throw...I want one ;)ReplyDelete
What a fun party! Thanks so much for hosting.
Wonderful features. Thank you for hosting. I am joining with my Winter Wonderland.ReplyDelete
Oh Courtney, your decor is gorgeous! Lovely features, I can't wait to visit some, as I've been out of blogging for two weeks, I am sooo late! I'm also happy to be here to see you and to join the fun at your terrific party, Feather Your Nest Friday!
Thank you for hosting and big hugs,
Thanks for hosting! Hope you have a wonderful week!
Christmas blessings,
Hi Courtney, just love seeing all your wonderful Christmas decor! just linked up, thanks so much for hosting!ReplyDelete
Everything looks beautiful. You do a wonderful job! Thanks for hosting! :)ReplyDelete
So much gorgeousness! Between your beautiful decor and all of the features it is a feast for the eyes over here Courtney. :-) Thanks so much for hosting us!
Courtney, these are wonderful features. Your decor is beautiful, also! Thanks so much for hosting!ReplyDelete
Just saying hello again, and Your mantle is beautifully simple. I love the rhinestone wreath! I didn't know I love bling so much :D I linked up, thank you for hosting. lady
Your Christmas decor is gorgeous!!! Love the awesome features, too! Thank you so much for hosting.ReplyDelete
Thanks so much Courtney! You certainly have a beautiful thing going for the holidays at your place. Thanks also for following over at my new blog! I've had wonderful support, and appreciate it so much!ReplyDelete
your Christmas house
looks lovely all decked out
i linked up
my Christmas mantel
thanks for hosting!
Thanks so much for hosting!ReplyDelete
What an inspiring blog! I read every post. Thank you for hosting.
Thanks so much for hosting! Life to the full, MelissaReplyDelete
I love your green and white mantle, so fresh looking! Thanks so much for hosting again this week, LauraReplyDelete
Thank you so much for a great party Courtney!!
xoxo, Tanya
Your home is lovely and I can def see why you picked those features. WOW!!
Thank you for hosting! Have a wonderful weekend.
Love all the features! Thanks for hosting a wonderful Christmas party!
Thank you for hosting! Wishing you a pretty weekend. Toodles, Kathryn @TheDedicatedHouseReplyDelete
I have enjoyed your party this week, lots of great posts!! Thanks so much for hosting.ReplyDelete
What beautiful features! Thank you so much for featuring my mantel among so many talented bloggers! Have a Merry Christmas!
Take care,
Courtney...I always enjoy looking at your home and pics! Absolutely lovely!! Thanks too for featuring my porch! Love the other features as well. Appreciate you hosting. xoxoReplyDelete
Thank you for hosting another great party! We appreciate all the work you do. Great picks as usual. Have a Wonderful Friday!
Linda and Jeannie @ The French Hen's Nest
Thank you for hosting! You have so many lovely ideas. Thanks for sharing!
Joye & Myrna
I am crazy about your stunning wreath against the chalkboard and chippy frame,
Happy Holidays,
Joining your lovely party today.Have enjoyed your blog and followed you for a long time now.Visit Me any time you like.Blessings-Denise of Coffeeberry CottageReplyDelete
Such beautiful features and great ideas! Happy to be able to link up this week. Have a great weekend.ReplyDelete
Thanks for hosting Courtney!ReplyDelete
thanks for hosting, Courtney! lots of great inspiration featured here! Love your table setting!ReplyDelete
So nice to be at your happy and lovely place!ReplyDelete
Wonderful features Courtney! Thanx for hosting.ReplyDelete
Thanks for letting me share my own recipe of tasty and delicious
Roasted Maple Nuts!
Here's the link:
Thanks for hosting, Courtney!ReplyDelete
I LOVE your blog!!!! Thanks for hosting a great linky party.ReplyDelete
Hi, Courtney!! I wanted to stop and take a minute to Thank you for being such a wonderful inspiration for me! And, added to that my thanks for letting me come and link up with you @ your beautiful Feathered Nest Friday. As always your home and posts are beautiful. I'm still and always trying to "Feather" my own nest!
Hugs and Blessings,
Thanks for hosting. The features are very pretty. It is going to take awhile, but I am going to enjoy looking through lots of the links at the party.ReplyDelete


text:
Principal Proposed Uses
Other Proposed Uses
- Sexual Dysfunction (in Men and Women )
- Infertility (in Men and Women )
- Menopausal Symptoms
- Many Others
Tribulus terrestris (commonly known as puncture vine—the bane of bicycles in areas where it grows) has a long history of traditional medical use in China, India, and Greece. It was recommended as a treatment for female infertility, impotence, and low libido in both men and women, and to aid rejuvenation after long illness. The herb became widely known in the West when medal-winning Bulgarian Olympic athletes claimed that use of tribulus had contributed to their success. However, current evidence suggests that it does not enhance sports performance.
What Is Tribulus terrestris Used for Today?
Studies performed in Bulgaria are the primary source of most current health claims regarding tribulus. According to this research, tribulus increases levels of various hormones in the steroid family, including testosterone, DHEA, and estrogen, and for this reason improves sports performance , fertility in men and women , sexual function (again in men and women ), and symptoms of menopause (such as hot flashes). 7-11 Unfortunately, the design of these studies appears to fall far short of modern scientific standards, and there has not been any trustworthy scientific confirmation of these supposed benefits. One well-designed study failed to find that tribulus affects male sex hormone levels in young men. 17
Other studies that are far too preliminary to prove anything at all are quoted as proving that tribulus is helpful for the treatment of angina , high cholesterol , diabetes , and muscle spasms, and for the prevention of kidney stones . 1,13-16
A properly designed, though small, human study compared the effects of tribulus (3.21 mg per kilogram of body weight—for example, 292 mg daily for a 200-lb man) against placebo on body composition and endurance among 15 men engaged in resistance training. 3 At the end of the 8-week study, the only significant difference between the treatment and placebo groups was that the placebo group showed greater gains in endurance!
Another double-blind, placebo-controlled study enrolled 22 athletes and followed them for five weeks. 18 The dose used in this trial was fixed at 450 mg daily for all participants. No benefits were seen.
Tribulus terrestris is usually taken at a dose ranging from about 85 to 250 mg 3 times daily with meals. Some tribulus products are standardized to provide 40% furostanol saponins and taken at a dose providing 115 mg of saponins 2 to 3 times daily.
Safety Issues
No significant adverse effects have been noted in any of the clinical trials or human research studies of tribulus. Animal studies performed in Bulgaria are said to have found the herb safe both in the short and long terms. 9 However, it is not clear whether these studies were performed in such a way that their conclusions can be trusted.
Tribulus is known to have a toxic effect on sheep. 4,5,6
Note : Women who are pregnant or nursing should not use any tribulus product. If the herb works as described, it might alter hormones in unsafe ways.
Revision Information
- Reviewer: EBSCO CAM Review Board
- Review Date: 12/2015 -
- Update Date: 12/15/2015 -


text:
A Baker cyst is a buildup of joint fluid behind the knee. It creates a tight bump behind your knee.
Joint fluid helps the knee move smoothly. A Baker cyst develops when there is too much of this fluid. The extra joint fluid is pushed out to the back of the knee. Extra fluid may be caused by:
- Arthritis — osteoarthritis is the most common type associated with Baker cysts
- Cartilage tears, such as a torn meniscus
- Injury or accidents
- Infection in joint
In children, Baker cyst may be related to a problem with the bursa. The bursa is a small fluid filled sac between the bone and soft tissue.
Risk Factors
Factors that may increase your chance of a Baker cyst include:
- Osteoarthritis
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Infectious arthritis
- Gout
- Past knee injuries or cartilage tears
- History of corticosteroid injection around the knee
- Previous knee surgery
- Knee synovitis
A Baker cyst may cause:
- Rounded swelling behind the knee that may get bigger with activity
- Pain or pressure in the back of the knee joint—may travel to the calf muscle
- Aching or tenderness after exercise and bending the knee
Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done. The doctor will look for a soft mass in the back of the knee. The range of motion in both knees will be tested and compared. The doctor may also shine a special light through the cyst. This will show that the cyst is filled with fluid and not solid.
Images of the knee occasionally needed to look for the cause and extent of the cyst . Images may be taken with:
Blood tests may be taken if there may be an infection.
Many Baker cysts resolve on their own without treatment. They usually go away within a 2-year period.
The underlying cause may need treatment. This may include knee repairs or medication to treat medical conditions.
Treatment for the cyst itself may be needed if the cyst is painful or interferes with daily activities. Treatment options include:
- Medications to relieve pain and inflammation such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
- Physical therapy to help strengthen muscles around the knee
- Steroid injection
- Draining excess knee fluid
- Surgery—to remove large cysts or repair related knee injuries
Revision Information
- Reviewer: EBSCO Medical Review Board Warren A. Bodine, DO, CAQSM
- Review Date: 11/2018 -
- Update Date: 12/20/2014 -


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SINCE today is 6-6-06, ABC's Mike Breen (congratulations on his first NBA Finals) and Hubie Brown might want to start looking for ominous omens leading into Thursday's commencement exercise.
Miami vs. Dallas: One Cuban trying to overrun a whole bunch. Dueling American Airlines amphitheaters, Arena vs. Center. Bush the governor vs. Bush the former governor. What I would give for the players to come out dressed in Chaparrals and Floridians throwback uniforms.
So many critical questions, so few answers required.
Who's Kobe rooting for?
Can Shaq win a title without Derek Fisher?
How will Dirk Nowitzki respond when an opponent outwardly attempts to get under his skin, via feigned kiss or otherwise?
Can Dwyane Wade become the second draftee from the '03 class to get a ring behind Darko?
Is it too late for Karl Malone to un-retire?
How long into the series will Pat Riley coin a new mantra? "No Retreads, No Rings!"
Who's going to guard Desagana Diop?
Hold on a second, I thought I heard Joey Crawford whistling Shaq for his third offensive foul five minutes into Game 1.
Who was the last player to follow his own shot as consistently as Josh Howard? OK, other than Elnardo Webster?
Who are Nets fans rooting for?
Does the NBA plan to conduct a "Read to Achieve" seminar at the School Book Depository?
Should the Carolina-Edmonton Stanley Cup Final get better ratings, does Gary Bettman get back his old NBA job?
Wouldn't this be an appropriate time to amend the Top 50 list to include Bob McAdoo?
Will Udonis Haslem become the next Curtis Perry/late great Happy Hairston, who flourished alongside dominating big men?
Doesn't Keith Van Horn's appearance in the Finals validate the Spurs' incredible foolishness for casting their lot with some guy named Duncan?
Should Gary Payton finally gets his ring, will he do the honorable thing and make a chocolate replica for Shawn Kemp?
Over the next seven games (hopefully), who's likely to pull the trigger on more ill-advised shots – Antoine Walker, Jerry Stackhouse or Dick Cheney?
Who will prove more important, the sixth men, Stackhouse or James Posey, or "sixth assistants" Paul Mokeski or Bimbo Coles?
Will Erick Dampier be more of a factor in this series than he was in the conference finals?
Has there ever been a come competitive matchup of dancers vs. cheerleaders?
Will Jason Williams get some fresh ink for the Finals?
Should Jason revert to Blight Chocolate, will Riley again count on John Starks to be instantly and repeatedly offensive?
Isn't it about time we read a quote from Stan Van Gundy's mother – the only member of the family we've yet to hear from – about how Riley disrespected her son? At last check, the FBI was digging up the backstretch at Pompano Park looking for Stan's remains.
Should the Heat win, does that mean they did a better job not listening to Stan in favor of Pat than the Mavs did of not listening to Don Nelson in favor of Avery Johnson?
When does the Little General reveal what he thinks about President Bush's Iraqi policy?
Who are Raptor fans pulling for?
When the game is up for grabs, will the Mavs resort to Hack-a-Heat?
Will Shaq hit his sound bites when his team needs them most?
When Riley claimed at the Pistons' post-series press conference Alonzo (Organ Groaner) Mourning "sacrificed money to play the Heat," why didn't someone remind him the Raptors paid him roughly $10M when he refused to show up in Toronto, and he remains on their salary cap for $3.9 million this season and $4.22M next season?
What are the chances of Jim Gray getting Larry Bird to admit the Heat would be better served if their fans wore more white shirts?
Will Mark Cuban be content to chill in Miami and let the refs work in silence?
If the Heat get off to a poor start, will Shaq ditch Padre Riles for Paul Westhead?
When the games are played in Dallas, who becomes the building's biggest jerk, Zo or Terrell Owens?
My prediction: Hubie in seven.


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Festival of lights
Lakshmi Goddess of riches
Triumph of light over dark
Fireworks and sweets
An insight to a heart mind and soul.
07 Nov 2018 23 Comments
in Poems Tags: blessings, Diwali, fireworks and sweets, November Naani
Festival of lights
Lakshmi Goddess of riches
Triumph of light over dark
Fireworks and sweets
07 Nov 2018 11 Comments
in One liner Wednesday Tags: #1linerWeds, Elections, LindaGHill's, One liner Wednesday
"Where annual elections end where slavery begins."
This is part of LindaGHill's One-Liner Wednesday. #1linerWeds1
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Advisors are very busy people, and now here's something else for them to add to their to-do lists: help clients and their families face the facts about cognitive decline and how it affects financial decision-making skills.
Despite the vivid reminders of what happens as we age — from forgetting to pay a bill to coping with a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease — the majority of Americans avoid talking to their children and families about planning for the inevitable, according to a survey by the National Endowment for Financial Education (NEFE).
Conducted online by Harris Interactive in November among 2,059 U.S. adults, the survey finds that seven in 10 Americans say "major barriers" prevent them from communicating about who will make financial decisions on behalf of an aging family member unable to make them due to cognitive decline.
"Americans are living longer and they have concerns about becoming a burden to their loved ones," said NEFE President and CEO Ted Beck in a statement. "But with aging comes a high probability that mental decline can occur, and without a financial plan, the burden looms."
Forty-seven percent of NEFE survey respondents said they or family members with cognitive decline have had trouble paying bills, whether paying them late or not at all. A full 36% reported difficulties calculating simple math problems; 35% made irrational purchases; and 21% depleted their savings accounts.
Yet the majority of people said that family dynamics got in the way of trusting a relative to make financial decisions, according to the NEFE, a Denver-based private nonprofit foundation with a mission of educating Americans about personal finance. NEFE is funded by its own endowment, which was established with proceeds from the 1997 sale of the College for Financial Planning's assets, including a building and the rights to its professional education programs. The nonprofit offers a Smart About Money site to help consumers with financial planning decisions.
"Frequently there is defensiveness, denial, embarrassment and sibling rivalry when entering into a dialogue between adult children and a parent concerning their finances," Beck said.
In many cases, that puts advisors in the position of creating a financial plan and helping an aging parent select who they prefer to take leadership of their finances. Read on to learn about the NEFE's top four tips for helping clients and their family members face cognitive decline issues.
1) Gather information. Urge families to take the time to learn as much as they can about the illness or medical condition that is impacting an aging family member's financial capacity. Attend support groups and reach out to experts who handle matters related to Alzheimer's, dementia or other diseases. If a parent's cognitive decline is due to grief, reach out to a grief counselor.
"Share what you learn," says the National Endowment for Financial Education (NEFE). "This also is a good time to do a financial inventory. Consolidate accounts into as few as possible so it is easier to track and manage transactions. Also make sure that a will and financial power of attorney are current."
2) Be compassionate. Approach the family member experiencing cognitive decline in a positive and supportive way to let them know that you are there to offer your help and support. Be sensitive to their point of view, keeping in mind that they have worked hard over a lifetime to accumulate their resources. The aging family member may be apprehensive about relinquishing control of their finances.
"Family members should be sure to involve the aging parent in the process of developing a plan where you are assisting them with their finances. Remember, this is 'their' plan so be sure to follow their wishes," cautions NEFE President and CEO Ted Beck.
3) Implement the plan. Once the time has come for a plan to be implemented, the family member in charge of overseeing the aging parent's finances should create a calendar of bills to be paid each month, checking in to ensure that bills are being paid on time and for the correct amounts, says the NEFE.
Accounts of aging parents also should be monitored to check for any unusual activity, and annual credit checks should be done to safeguard against identity theft.
4) Divide caregiving duties. The NEFE recommends that families have an honest and open discussion among siblings about a parent's cognitive decline, what needs to be done, and what caregiving roles each family member wishes to play: "Set up a schedule for each sibling. Keep family members who do not live nearby updated with weekly emails or phone calls. Invite all siblings who wish to take on some responsibility to do so."
Read Olivia Mellan on "Your Client's Brain: Coping as Your Clients Age" at AdvisorOne.


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A calf muscle strain is a partial or complete tear of the small fibers of the muscles. The calf muscles are located in the back of your lower leg.
A calf muscle strain can be caused by:
- Stretching the calf muscles beyond the amount of tension they can withstand
- Suddenly putting stress on the calf muscles when they are not ready for the stress
- A direct blow to the calf muscles
Risk Factors
Factors that increase your chance of developing a calf muscle strain:
- Participation in sports that require bursts of speed. This includes track sports like running, hurdles, or long jump. Other sports include basketball, soccer, football, or rugby.
- Previous strain or injury to the area
- Muscle fatigue
- Tight calf muscles
- Poor conditioning
- Not being ready for the exercise or stress (poor conditioning)
Symptoms may include:
- Pain and tenderness in the calf
- Stiffness in the calf muscles
- Weakness of the calf muscles
- Pain when pushing off the foot or standing on tiptoe
- Bruising on the calf
- Popping sensation as the muscle tears
You will be asked about your symptoms and how your injury occurred. An examination of your calf muscle will be done to assess the injury.
Images may be needed of the area if severe damage is suspected. Images may be taken with MRI scan or ultrasound.
Muscle strains are graded according to their severity:
- Grade 1—Some stretching with micro-tearing of muscle fibers
- Grade 2—Partial tearing of muscle fibers
- Grade 3—Complete tearing of muscle fibers; this may also be called a rupture or avulsion
Talk with your doctor about the best treatment plan for you. Recovery time ranges depending on the grade of your injury. Treatment steps may include:
Supportive Care
Your muscle will need time to heal. A group of actions called RICE is often the main part of treatment:
- Rest—Activities will need to be restricted at first. Normal activities will be reintroduced gradually.
- Ice—Ice therapy may help relieve swelling. Heat or cold may be advised throughout recovery if they provide benefits.
- Compression—Used for a limited time, compression bandages can provide gentle pressure to help move fluids out of the area.
- Elevation—Keeping the area elevated can help fluids drain out or prevent fluids from building up.
Prescription or over-the-counter medications may be advised to reduce pain.
Physical Therapy
A physical therapist will assess the muscle. An exercise program will be created to help recovery and to stretch and strengthen the muscle.
To reduce the chance of calf muscle strain:
- Keep your calf muscles strong and flexible, so they can absorb the energy of sudden physical stress
- Learn the proper technique for exercise and sporting activities to decrease stress on all your muscles
Revision Information
- Reviewer: EBSCO Medical Review Board Alan Drabkin, MD
- Review Date: 03/2018 -
- Update Date: 03/18/2013 -


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Today Im off to meet my long suffering, but doting Father as I haven't seen him in what feels like months! Although on reflection is probably has been months! My baby brother called me this morning and despite it was pretty mumbled (and in some parts shouted!) I'm pretty sure he asked me if I didn't like him anymore! So sad! However I'm just so ridiculously grumpy and tired at the moment while I get over the "withdrawal" period of cutting caffiene. I didn't realise how dependant I was on the stuff until I realised I was drinking 4-5 cups a day plus Coke on top of that! Not good for my health at all!
I wore this outfit to events last night but decided to recycle it for today. Although on reflection the epic hail storm and thunder and lightening currently distracting me from writing this post is probably a sign I am dressed highly inappropriately for the current weather. Oh well. I had a mini ASOS spree when there was a 25% off Marie Claire code and I'd had my eye on this top anyway so decided it was time to purchase it. Its very revealing and I am wearing a Motel Rocks bustier under it! I also wore my new Zara bag too which I adore! It's so big and fits in loads of stuff. I love the way it looks with my Mulberry purse (not showing off, yaddayaddayadda and it's the postmans lock contiental wallet in plaster pink soft buffalo if you're intrested) The Rose Gold hardware on both the items is just to die for. Plus the way the soft grey and the salmon pink look together just really does something for me! More things need to be rose gold! The necklace I'm wearing is actually copper tone but Im going to say its rose gold too ;)


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We have a spiffy "Welcome Area" here on reenactor.Net. It will show you how to get around and do some of the things we've found need a little explaining... to visit our Welcome Area, go here: http://www.reenactor.net/new_area/welcome_message.html
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Tapestry 5 has a loose coupling on Prototype and Scriptaculous on a lot of points. But there are some rooms where the coupling is very tight. Current project version covers all Tapestry basic components and mixins. The project was built having also in mind that the integration of this library should be as much as possible transparent for end user. Whenever only JS layers of components where overriden in order to continue to use normal component declaration.
How to use it
Just add tapestry5-jquery to your classpath (see Maven dependency snippet below)!
Then use components like you would normally do. For Autocomplete and Palette use "jquery" namespace:
<t:form> <t:jquery.autocomplete /> <t:submit /> </t:form>
Or add jquery to the tapestry-library namespace:
<html xmlns:t="http://tapestry.apache.org/schema/tapestry_5_3.xsd" xmlns:p="tapestry:parameter" xmlns:j="tapestry-library:jquery"> <t:form> <j:palette /> <t:textfield t:mixins="jquery/autocomplete" ... /> <t:submit /> </t:form> </html>
You still need to have PrototypeJS and the components originally included in tapestry ?
Tapestry5-jquery project allows you to choose whether to include or not Prototype (and original tapestry components). jQuery will be added to the javascript stack in every case. In your AppModule, contributeApplicationDefaults method, you can add `configuration.add(JQuerySymbolConstants.SUPPRESS_PROTOTYPE, "false");`
Note about jQuery
In traditional jQuery development, we are used to manipulate the `$` alias to select the elements we want to play with. jQuery allows us to change this default alias (for compatibility with other js frameworks also using the `$` alias : like PrototypeJS, included in Tapestry, for example). The tapestry5-jquery project has an option permitting you to customize this alias : in your AppModule, contributeApplicationDefaults method, you can add `configuration.add(JQuerySymbolConstants.JQUERY_ALIAS, "yourOwnAlias");`. The default jquery alias is `$`. By the way, if you've set the `JQuerySymbolConstants.SUPPRESS_PROTOTYPE` option to false, you may not use `$` to refer to jQuery, because `$` actually refers to Prototype. Thus, you may want to change jQuery's alias in that particular case. However, if you didn't change it, jQuery's alias will automatically be set to `$j`.
Maven dependency description:
<dependencies> ... <dependency> <groupId>org.got5</groupId> <artifactId>tapestry5-jquery</artifactId> <version>3.3.1</version> </dependency> ... </dependencies> <repositories> ... <repository> <id>devlab722-repo</id> <url> http://nexus.devlab722.net/nexus/content/repositories/releases </url> <snapshots> <enabled>false</enabled> </snapshots> </repository> <repository> <id>devlab722-snapshot-repo</id> <url> http://nexus.devlab722.net/nexus/content/repositories/snapshots </url> <releases> <enabled>false</enabled> </releases> </repository> ... </repositories>
Gradle dependency description:
dependencies { compile group: 'org.got5', name: 'tapestry5-jquery', version: '3.3.1' } repositories { mavenCentral() maven { url "http://nexus.devlab722.net/nexus/content/repositories/releases" } }
List Of Contributors- Robin KOMIWES as robink
- Andreas ANDREOU as andyhot
- Christian RIEDEL as criedel
- Francois FACON as got5
- Tom van DIJK as trolando
- Emmanuel DEMEY as Gillespie59
- Clement USTER as cluster
- Amaury WILLEMANT as awillemant
- Barry BOOKS as trsvax
- Pablo NUSSEMBAUL as bauna
- Alexander OBLOVATNIY
HostingChristophe Furmaniak
Changelog3.0.1 :
- add Mixins : Confirm, ContextMenu
- Switch to Tapestry 5.3 (new JavaScript Layer)
- add Components : Gallery
- improve Validation Mecanism and DataTable Component
- add Components : InPlaceEditor, Draggable
- add Mixins : ZoneRefresh, ZoneDroppable
- Switch to Tapestry 5.2.6
- Add Mixins : CustomZone, Widget
- Other Mecanisms : EffectsParam, WidgetParams, Selector Binding
- Add Components : Carousel, Checkbox, RangeSlide, Slider, Superfish
- Add Mixins : CustomDatepicker, Mask, Reveal, Tooltip
- Switch to Tapestry 5.2.5
- Add (Tabs, Accordion, AjaxUpload, Button)
- Exclusive jQuery components
- Initial releases


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A myringotomy is a procedure to put a hole in the eardrum. This is done so that fluid or infection trapped in the middle ear can drain out. The fluid may be blood, pus, and/or water. In most cases, a small tube is inserted into the hole in the eardrum. The tube helps to maintain drainage.
Reasons for Procedure
A myringotomy may be done to:
- Restore hearing loss caused by chronic fluid build-up and to prevent delayed speech development caused by hearing loss in children
- Place tympanostomy tubes—these tubes help to equalize pressure. It may also help prevent recurrent ear infections and the accumulation of fluid behind the eardrum
- Take sample fluid from the middle ear to examine in the lab for the presence of bacteria or other infections
- Help treat an ear infection that is not responding to medical treatment
After the procedure, pain and/or pressure in the ear due to fluid build-up should be alleviated. Hearing loss due to fluid build-up should improve as well.
Possible Complications
Problems from the procedure are rare, but all procedures have some risk. Your doctor will review potential problems, like:
- Bleeding
- Infection
- Chronic scarring
- Failure of the myringotomy incision in the eardrum to heal as expected, which may result in frequent drainage
- Hearing loss
- Injury to ear structures other than the eardrum
- Need for repeat surgery
What to Expect
Prior to Procedure
Your doctor will likely do the following:
- Hearing test
- Tympanogram—a test that measures how well the eardrum responds to changes in pressure
Leading up to your procedure:
- Arrange for a ride to and from the procedure
- Do not eat or drink anything for at least 8 hours before the procedure
Talk to your doctor about your medications. You may be asked to stop taking some medications up to 1 week before the procedure.
General anesthesia is most often used. You will be asleep. In some cases, a local anesthetic will be used to numb the ear.
Description of Procedure
A small microscope is placed in position to give the doctor a better view. A tiny incision will be made in the eardrum. Fluid from the middle ear will then be drained. In most cases, a small tube will be inserted and left in place. This will allow the drainage to continue.
No stitches will be used to close the incision. The incision will heal itself. The procedure is often done on both ears. Some doctors may use a laser beam to make the opening in the eardrum.
How Long Will It Take?
The surgery will last about 15–20 minutes.
Will It Hurt?
Anesthesia will prevent pain during surgery. Pain and discomfort after the procedure can be managed with medications. Lidocaine ear drops may also be given to decrease pain.
Postoperative Care
Home care may include:
- Replacing cotton in the ear canal used to absorb postsurgical drainage.
- Using ear drops a few times a day.
- Monitoring your ear for drainage if water gets inside your ear.
- Using ear plugs while swimming or bathing.
- Avoiding underwater swimming and diving until further notice.
- Not cleaning your ear after surgery or placing anything other than ear drops, cotton, or ear plugs into your ear.
If ear tubes are inserted, you may feel popping, pulsation, clicking, or minor pain when burping, chewing, or yawning until the ear heals around the tubes. Complete healing without complications should occur within 4 weeks. If ear tubes were inserted, they typically fall out within 6-12 months. In some cases, surgery to remove the ear tubes may be necessary. Most eardrums heal normally after tubes come out, but visible scarring is not unusual.
Call Your Doctor
It is important for you to monitor your recovery after you leave the care center. Alert your doctor to any problems right away. If any of the following occur, call your doctor:
- Signs of infection, including fever and chills
- Redness, swelling, increasing pain, excessive bleeding, or discharge from the ear
- Pain that you cannot control with the medications you were given
- Drainage from ear continues for more than 4 days after surgery
- Decreased hearing
- Cough, shortness of breath, chest pain, or severe nausea or vomiting
- Any other new concerns
If you think you have an emergency, call for emergency medical services right away.
Revision Information
- Reviewer: EBSCO Medical Review Board Michael Woods, MD, FAAP
- Review Date: 09/2018 -
- Update Date: 09/30/2013 -


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New products introduced over the last week include a new emerging-markets bond fund from Franklin Templeton Investments; a new master limited partnership fund from Goldman Sachs; and two new ETFs from Global X.
In addition, MFS Investment Management announced that it has completed the rollout of class R5 shares for 40 of its funds and the Phoenix Companies announced a new annuity.
Here are the latest developments of interest to advisors:
1) Goldman Sachs Announces MLP Fund
Goldman Sachs Asset Management announced Wednesday the launch of the Goldman Sachs MLP Energy Infrastructure Fund (GLPAX), which invests in publicly traded MLPs that are primarily engaged in midstream energy operations including pipelines, transportation, terminals, storage, gathering and processing. GLPAX seeks total return through current income and capital appreciation. Kyri Loupis is the portfolio manager.
The fund invests primarily in MLPs and MLP-like securities. It is offered in class A and class C shares, both with $1,000 minimum initial investments; it also offers institutional, class R and class IR shares.
2) Franklin Templeton Investments Introduces Bond Fund
Franklin Templeton Investments announced Wednesday the introduction of the Templeton Emerging Markets Bond Fund, an actively managed, U.S.-registered mutual fund that seeks current income with capital appreciation as a secondary goal. The new fund invests in bonds issued by governments or government-related entities that are located in emerging market countries, as well as bonds issued by emerging market corporate entities.
The fund 's portfolio managers, Michael Hasenstab and Laura Burakreis, are supported by the analysis and insight of the Franklin Templeton fixed income group, over 140 investment professionals with an average of more than 14 years of industry experience. The managers employ an active, benchmark-agnostic investment style, based on fundamental country-by-country macroeconomic research that incorporates quantitative analysis, macroanalytic models, local market insight and rigorous risk management.
3) Global X Funds Launches Nigeria ETF, Central Asia & Mongolia ETF
Global X Funds launched the Global X Nigeria Index ETF (NGE) and the Global X Central Asia & Mongolia Index ETF (AZIA) on Wednesday.
NGE, which tracks the Solactive Nigeria Index, provides exposure to the largest and most liquid companies in Nigeria, as well as companies that derive a significant amount of revenues from the country, giving investors a cost-efficient way to access a country with significant long-term growth potential.
AZIA, which tracks the Solactive Central Asia & Mongolia Index, provides cost-effective exposure to hard-to-access countries by investing in foreign listings of central Asian companies, as well as in companies that derive significant revenues from the region.
4) MFS Completes Rollout of Class R5 Shares
MFS Investment Management has completed the rollout of class R5 shares for 40 of the firm's U.S. mutual funds. R5 shares allow MFS to offer a lower-cost share class option to plan sponsors of, and advisors working with, qualified retirement plans, including 401(k) plans. R5 shares do not pay subaccounting fees and therefore pass on lower expenses to retirement plan participants.
The rollout has lowered the total expense ratios of the firm's lifetime target date and asset allocation target risk funds. Those 15 funds now invest exclusively in R5 shares of MFS mutual funds as their underlying investments. They are widely available on retirement platforms, with many included as a qualified default investment alternative (QDIA) option.
5) The Phoenix Companies Launches Next Generation Annuities
The Phoenix Companies, Inc. announced Tuesday the launch of the Phoenix Next Generation Annuity, a single-premium fixed indexed annuity, offered in both bonus and nonbonus versions. The annuity features the protected inheritance benefit, which combines a guaranteed lifetime withdrawal benefit (GLWB) with a return of premium death benefit paid to beneficiaries in five equal installments. The annuity is offered exclusively through the partnership between Phoenix and The AltiSure Group and issued by PHL Variable Insurance Company, a Phoenix insurance subsidiary.
With the protected inheritance benefit, both the income level for the GLWB and the return of premium death benefit percentage are selected at issue. The GLWB is offered with options to elect a base level income after year one or choose a higher income guarantee after a five-year wait. The return of premium percentage at death is available at 100%, 75% or 50%, and does not change even after the initiation of GLWB payments. Individuals also can choose the bonus version of the annuity, which adds between 6% and 10% of the premium, depending on the state, to both the account value and the return of premium death benefit. There is an additional fee for the protected inheritance benefit.
Read the March 29 Portfolio Products Roundup at AdvisorOne.


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100% legal service
We deploy, you watch. Cost effective 24/7 surveillance from your armchair! Available stand-alone or as part of a surveillance package.
If your partner drives and you are unsure when the infidelity is taking place, Henley on Thames Detectives always recommend vehicle tracking. This allows us to build up a pattern of the subject's movements without having to do hours of surveillance, which can become costly.
Henley on Thames Detectives recommend a minimum of 2 weeks of vehicle tracking so you can compare the first week against the second to see if there is a pattern of movement or visits to an unknown address.
Once we have a pattern of movement, you can discuss with your Case Manager the best time to do surveillance to get photographic evidence, should you need it.
For the duration of your vehicle tracking package you can use your unique code to access the tracker online and view:
Henley on Thames Detectives tracking systems are satellite-based and provide a highly detailed report / history of time and locations visited.
Our private clients can login to our portal to view the tracker's location, history and reports in real time. Choose between Google Maps™ interface or our standard interface, shown below.
Henley on Thames Detectives offer vehicle tracking packages to cover all eventualities. To book this service today or to find out more information, call 01494 809 410.
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