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Difference between revisions of "GRUB"
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Assume your USB stick's first partition is FAT32 and it's partition is /dev/sdy1
Assume your USB stick's first partition is FAT32 and it's partition is /dev/sdy1
# mkdir -p /
# mkdir -p //; mount /dev/sdy1 //
# grub-install --target=i386-pc --recheck --debug --boot-directory=/
# grub-install --target=i386-pc --recheck --debug --boot-directory=///boot /dev/sdy
# grub-mkconfig -o /
# grub-mkconfig -o ///boot/grub/grub.cfg
# optional, backup config files of grub.cfg
# optional, backup config files of grub.cfg
# mkdir -p /
# mkdir -p ///etc/default
# cp /etc/default/grub /
# cp /etc/default/grub ///etc/default
# cp -a /etc/grub.d /
# cp -a /etc/grub.d ///etc
# sync ; umount /
# sync ; umount //
===== Install to partition or partitionless disk =====
===== Install to partition or partitionless disk =====
Revision as of 22:34, 20 September 2014
GRUB — not to be confused with GRUB Legacy — is the next generation of the GRand Unified Bootloader. GRUB is derived from PUPA which was a research project to develop the next generation of what is now GRUB Legacy. GRUB has been rewritten from scratch to clean up everything and provide modularity and portability [1].
In brief, the bootloader is the first software program that runs when a computer starts. It is responsible for loading and transferring control to the Linux kernel. The kernel, in turn, initializes the rest of the operating system.
- 1 Preface
- 1.1 Notes for GRUB Legacy users
- 1.2 Preliminary requirements
- 2 Installation
- 2.1 BIOS systems
- 2.2 UEFI systems
- 3 Generating main configuration file
- 4 Basic configuration
- 4.1 Additional arguments
- 4.2 Visual configuration
- 4.3 Persistent block device naming
- 4.4 Recall previous entry
- 4.5 Changing the default menu entry
- 4.6 Disable Submenu
- 4.7 Root encryption
- 4.8 Boot non-default entry only once
- 5 Advanced configuration
- 5.1 Manually creating grub.cfg
- 5.2 Dual-booting
- 5.2.1 Automatically generating using /etc/grub.d/40_custom and grub-mkconfig
- 5.2.2 With Windows via EasyBCD and NeoGRUB
- 5.3 Booting ISO9660 image file directly via GRUB
- 5.6 Using labels
- 5.7 Password protection of GRUB menu
- 5.8 Hide GRUB unless the Shift key is held down
- 5.9 Combining the use of UUIDs and basic scripting
- 6 Using the command shell
- 7 GUI configuration tools
- 8 parttool for hide/unhide
- 9 Using the rescue console
- 10 Troubleshooting
- 10.1 Intel BIOS not booting GPT
- 10.2 Enable debug messages
- 10.3 "No suitable mode found" error
- 10.4 msdos-style error message
- 10.5 GRUB UEFI drops to shell
- 10.6 GRUB UEFI not loaded
- 10.7 Invalid signature
- 10.8 Boot freezes
- 10.9 Restore GRUB Legacy
- 10.10 Arch not found from other OS
- 11 See also
- The name GRUB officially refers to version 2 of the software, see [2]. If you are looking for the article on the legacy version, see GRUB Legacy.
- GRUB supports Btrfs as root (without a separate
/bootfile system) compressed with either zlib or LZO
- GRUB does not support F2fs as root so you will need a separate
/bootwith a supported file system.
Notes for GRUB Legacy users
- Upgrading from GRUB Legacy to GRUB is much the same as freshly installing GRUB. This topic is covered here.
- There are differences in the commands of GRUB Legacy and GRUB. Familiarize yourself with GRUB commands before proceeding (e.g. "find" has been replaced with "search").
- GRUB is now modular and no longer requires "stage 1.5". As a result, the bootloader itself is limited -- modules are loaded from the hard drive as needed to expand functionality (e.g. for LVM or RAID support).
- Device naming has changed between GRUB Legacy and GRUB. Partitions are numbered from 1 instead of 0 while drives are still numbered from 0, and prefixed with partition-table type. For example,
/dev/sda1would be referred to as
(hd0,msdos1)(for MBR) or
(hd0,gpt1)(for GPT).
- GRUB is noticeably bigger than GRUB legacy (occupies ~13 MB in
/boot). If you are booting from a separate
/bootpartition, and this partition is smaller than 32 MB, you will run into disk space issues, and pacman will refuse to install new kernels.
Backup important data
Although a GRUB installation should run smoothly, it is strongly recommended to keep the GRUB Legacy files before upgrading to GRUB v2.
# mv /boot/grub /boot/grub-legacy
Backup the MBR which contains the boot code and partition table (replace
/dev/sdX with your actual disk path):
# dd if=/dev/sdX of=/path/to/backup/mbr_backup bs=512 count=1
Only 446 bytes of the MBR contain boot code, the next 64 contain the partition table. If you do not want to overwrite your partition table when restoring, it is strongly advised to backup only the MBR boot code:
# dd if=/dev/sdX of=/path/to/backup/bootcode_backup bs=446 count=1
If unable to install GRUB2 correctly, see Restore GRUB Legacy.
Preliminary requirements
BIOS systems
GUID Partition Table (GPT) specific instructions
On a BIOS/GPT configuration a BIOS boot partition is required. GRUB embeds its
core.img into this partition.
- Before attempting this method keep in mind that not all systems will be able to support this partitioning scheme, read more on GUID partition tables.
- This additional partition is only needed on a GRUB, BIOS/GPT partitioning scheme. Previously, for a GRUB, BIOS/MBR partitioning scheme, GRUB used the Post-MBR gap for the embedding the
core.img). GRUB for GPT, however, does not use the Post-GPT gap to confirm to GPT specifications that require 1_mebibyte/2048_sector disk boundaries.
- For UEFI systems this extra partition is not required as no embedding of boot sectors takes place in that case.
Create a mebibyte partition {
+1MiB with
gdisk) on the disk with no file system and type
ef02 (or
bios_grub in
parted). This partition can be in any position order but has to be on the first 2 TiB of the disk. This partition needs to be created before GRUB installation. When the partition is ready, install the bootloader as per the instructions below and be sure to include the
--target=i386-pc option (as GRUB may mistaken the configuration as EFI-GPT).
The Post-GPT gap can also be used as the BIOS boot partition though it will be out of GPT alignment specification. Since the partition will not be regularly accessed performance issues can be disregarded (though some disk utilities will display a warning about it). In
gdisk create a new partition starting at sector 34 and spanning to 2047 and set the type. To to have the viewable partitions begin at the base consider adding this partition last.
Master Boot Record (MBR) specific instructions
Usually the post-MBR gap (after the 512 byte MBR region and before the start of the 1st partition) in many MBR (or msdos disklabel) partitioned systems is 31 KiB when DOS compatibility cylinder alignment issues are satisfied in the partition table. However a post-MBR gap of about 1 to 2 MiB is recommended to provide sufficient room for embedding GRUB's
core.img (FS#24103). It is advisable to use a partitioner which supports 1 MiB partition alignment to obtain this space as well as satisfy other non-512 byte sector issues (which are unrelated to embedding of
UEFI systems
Check if you have GPT and an ESP
An EFI System Partition (ESP) is needed on every disc you want to boot using EFI. GPT is not strictly necessary, but it is highly recommended and is the only method currently supported in this article. If you are installing Arch Linux on an EFI-capable computer with an already-working operating system, like Windows 8 for example, it is very likely that you already have an ESP. To check for GPT and for an ESP, use
parted as root to print the partition table of the disk you want to boot from. (We are calling it
# parted /dev/sda print
For GPT, you are looking for "Partition Table: GPT". For EFI, you are looking for a small (512 MiB or less) partition with a vfat file system and the boot flag enabled. On it, there should be a directory named "EFI". If these criteria are met, this is your ESP. Make note of the partition number. You will need to know which one it is, so you can mount it later on while installing GRUB to it.
Create an ESP
If you do not have an ESP, you will need to create it. Follow UEFI#EFI System Partition for instructions on creating an ESP.
grub.cfg, or other problems that will prevent the system from booting.
BIOS systems
GRUB can be installed with the grub package from the official repositories. It will replace grub-legacyAUR , if it is installed.
/boot/grub/i386-pc/core.img file and the GRUB modules in
/boot/grub/i386-pc. You need to update them manually using
grub-install as explained below.
Install boot files
There are 4 ways to install GRUB boot files in BIOS booting:
- Install to disk (recommended)
- Install to external USB stick (for recovery)
- Install to partition or partitionless disk (not recommended)
- Generate core.img alone (safest method, but requires another BIOS bootloader like Syslinux to be installed to chainload
Install to disk
/boot/grub and its first stage code installed to the 440-byte MBR boot code region (not to be confused with MBR partition table). For partitionless disk (super-floppy) please refer to #Install to partition or partitionless disk
To set up GRUB in the 440-byte Master Boot Record boot code region, populate the
/boot/grub directory, generate the
/boot/grub/i386-pc/core.img file, and embed it in the 31 KiB (minimum size - varies depending on partition alignment) post-MBR gap in case of MBR partitioned disk (or BIOS Boot Partition in case of GPT partitioned disk, denoted by
bios_grub flag in parted and EF02 type code in gdisk), run:
# grub-install --target=i386-pc --recheck --debug /dev/sdx # grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
--target=i386-pc instructs
grub-install to install for BIOS systems only. It is recommended to always use this option to remove ambiguity in grub-install.
If you use LVM for your
/boot, you can install GRUB on multiple physical disks.
Install to external USB stick
Assume your USB stick's first partition is FAT32 and it's partition is /dev/sdy1
# mkdir -p /mnt/usb ; mount /dev/sdy1 /mnt/usb # grub-install --target=i386-pc --recheck --debug --boot-directory=/mnt/usb/boot /dev/sdy # grub-mkconfig -o /mnt/usb/boot/grub/grub.cfg
# optional, backup config files of grub.cfg # mkdir -p /mnt/usb/etc/default # cp /etc/default/grub /mnt/usb/etc/default # cp -a /etc/grub.d /mnt/usb/etc
# sync ; umount /mnt/usb
Install to partition or partitionless disk
To set up grub to a partition boot sector, to a partitionless disk (also called superfloppy) or to a floppy disk, run (using for example
/dev/sdaX as the
/boot partition):
# chattr -i /boot/grub/i386-pc/core.img # grub-install --target=i386-pc --recheck --debug --force /dev/sdaX # chattr +i /boot/grub/i386-pc/core.img
/dev/sdaXused for example only.
grub-installto install for BIOS systems only. It is recommended to always use this option to remove ambiguity in grub-install.
You need to use the
--force option to allow usage of blocklists and should not use
--grub-setup=/bin/true (which is similar to simply generating
grub-install will give out warnings like which should give you the idea of what might go wrong with this approach:
/sbin/grub-setup: warn: Attempting to install GRUB to a partitionless disk or to a partition. This is a BAD idea. /sbin/grub-setup: warn: Embedding is not possible. GRUB can only be installed in this setup by using blocklists. However, blocklists are UNRELIABLE and their use is discouraged.
--force you may get the below error and
grub-setup will not setup its boot code in the partition boot sector:
/sbin/grub-setup: error: will not proceed with blocklists
--force you should get:
Installation finished. No error reported.
The reason why
grub-setup does not by default allow this is because in case of partition or a partitionless disk is that GRUB relies on embedded blocklists in the partition bootsector to locate the
/boot/grub/i386-pc/core.img file and the prefix directory
/boot/grub. The sector locations of
core.img may change whenever the file system in the partition is being altered (files copied, deleted etc.). For more info, see https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=728742 and https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=730915.
The workaround for this is to set the immutable flag on
/boot/grub/i386-pc/core.img (using
chattr command as mentioned above) so that the sector locations of the
core.img file in the disk is not altered. The immutable flag on
/boot/grub/i386-pc/core.img needs to be set only if GRUB is installed to a partition boot sector or a partitionless disk, not in case of installation to MBR or simple generation of
core.img without embedding any bootsector (mentioned above).
Unfortunately, the grub.cfg file that is created will not contain the proper UUID in order to boot, even if it reports no errors. see https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?pid=1294604#p1294604. In order to fix this issue the following commands:
# mount /dev/sdxY /mnt #Your root partition. # mount /dev/sdxZ /mnt/boot #Your boot partition (if you have one). # arch-chroot /mnt # pacman -S linux # grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
Generate core.img alone
To populate the
/boot/grub directory and generate a
/boot/grub/i386-pc/core.img file without embedding any GRUB bootsector code in the MBR, post-MBR region, or the partition bootsector, add
--grub-setup=/bin/true to
# grub-install --target=i386-pc --grub-setup=/bin/true --recheck --debug /dev/sda
/dev/sdaused for example only.
grub-installto install for BIOS systems only. It is recommended to always use this option to remove ambiguity in grub-install.
You can then chainload GRUB's
core.img from GRUB Legacy or syslinux as a Linux kernel or as a multiboot kernel.
UEFI systems
First install the grub, dosfstools, and efibootmgr packages, then follow the instructions below. (The last two packages are required for EFI support in grub.)
core.efi file and the GRUB modules in the ESP. You need to do this manually using
grub-install as explained below.
Install boot files
Recommended method
- The below commands assume you are using installing GRUB for
i386-efiin the below commands)
- To do this, you need to be booted using UEFI and not BIOS, or grub-install will show errors.
First, mount the ESP at your preferred mountpoint (usually
/boot/efi, hereafter referred to as $esp). On a first install, you will need to mkdir /boot/efi, if that's where you want to mount it.
Now, install the GRUB UEFI application to
$esp/EFI/grub and its modules to
# grub-install --target=x86_64-efi --efi-directory=$esp --bootloader-id=grub --recheck --debug
- If you have a problem when running grub-install with sysfs or procfs and it says you have to "modprobe efivars", try Unified_Extensible_Firmware_Interface#Switch_to_efivarfs.
- When installing GRUB on a LVM system in a chroot environment (e.g. during System installation), you may receive warnings like
/run/lvm/lvmetad.socket: connect failed: No such file or directoryor
WARNING: failed to connect to lvmetad: No such file or directory. Falling back to internal scanning.This is because
/runis not available inside the chroot. These warnings will not prevent the system from booting, provided that everything has been done correctly, so you may continue with the installation.
- Without
--directoryoption, grub-install cannot determine for which firmware to install. In such cases
grub-installwill print
source_dir does not exist. Please specify --target or --directory.
--bootloader-idare specific to GRUB UEFI.
--efi-directoryspecifies the mountpoint of the ESP. It replaces
--root-directory, which is deprecated.
--bootloader-idspecifies the name of the directory used to store the
- If you notice carefully, there is no <device_path> option (Eg:
/dev/sda) at the end of the
grub-installcommand unlike the case of setting up GRUB for BIOS systems. Any <device_path> provided will be ignored by the install script, as UEFI bootloaders do not use MBR or Partition boot sectors at all.
GRUB is now installed. Do not forget to generate the main configuration file.
Alternative method
If you want to keep all of the GRUB boot files inside the EFI System Partition itself, add
--boot-directory=$esp/EFI to the grub-install command:
# grub-install --target=x86_64-efi --efi-directory=$esp --bootloader-id=grub --boot-directory=$esp/EFI --recheck --debug
This puts the GRUB modules in
$esp/EFI/grub. ('/grub' is hard coded onto the end of this path.) Using this method, grub.cfg is kept on the EFI System Partition as well, so make sure you point grub-mkconfig to the right place in the configuration phase:
# grub-mkconfig -o $esp/EFI/grub/grub.cfg
Configuration is otherwise the same.
Create a GRUB entry in the firmware boot manager
grub-install automatically tries to create a menu entry in the boot manager. If it does not, then see UEFI#efibootmgr for instructions to use
efibootmgr to create a menu entry. However, the problem is likely to be that you have not booted your CD/USB in UEFI mode, as in UEFI#Create UEFI bootable USB from ISO.
GRUB Standalone
It is possible to create a
grubx64_standalone.efi application which has all the modules embedded in a tar archive within the UEFI application, thus removing the need for having a separate directory populated with all of the GRUB UEFI modules and other related files. This is done using the
grub-mkstandalone command (included in grub) as follows:
# echo 'configfile ${cmdpath}/grub.cfg' > /tmp/grub.cfg ## use single quotes, ${cmdpath}/grub.cfg should be present as it is # grub-mkstandalone -d /usr/lib/grub/x86_64-efi/ -O x86_64-efi --modules="part_gpt part_msdos" --fonts="unicode" --locales="en@quot" --themes="" -o "$esp/EFI/grub/grubx64_standalone.efi" "boot/grub/grub.cfg=/tmp/grub.cfg" -v
Then copy the GRUB config file to
$esp/EFI/grub/grub.cfg and create a UEFI Boot Manager entry for
$esp/EFI/grub/grubx64_standalone.efi using efibootmgr.
--modules="part_gpt part_msdos" (with the quotes) is necessary for the
${cmdpath} feature to work properly.
grub.cfg file is not loaded due to
${cmdpath} missing a slash (i.e.
(hd1,msdos2)EFI/Boot instead of
(hd1,msdos2)/EFI/Boot) and so you are dropped into a GRUB shell. If this happens determine what
${cmdpath} is set to (
echo ${cmdpath} ) and then load the config file manually (e.g.
configfile (hd1,msdos2)/EFI/Boot/grub.cfg).
GRUB Standalone - Technical Info
The GRUB EFI file always expects its config file to be at
${prefix}/grub.cfg. However in the standalone GRUB EFI file, the
${prefix} is located inside a tar archive and embedded inside the standalone GRUB EFI file itself (inside the GRUB environment, it is denoted by
"(memdisk)", without quotes). This tar archive contains all the files that would be stored normally at
/boot/grub in case of a normal GRUB EFI install.
Due to this embedding of
/boot/grub contents inside the standalone image itself, it does not rely on actual (external)
/boot/grub for anything. Thus in case of standalone GRUB EFI file
${prefix}==(memdisk)/boot/grub and the standalone GRUB EFI file reads expects the config file to be at
Hence to make sure the standalone GRUB EFI file reads the external
grub.cfg located in the same directory as the EFI file (inside the GRUB environment, it is denoted by
${cmdpath} ), we create a simple
/tmp/grub.cfg which instructs GRUB to use
${cmdpath}/grub.cfg as its config (
configfile ${cmdpath}/grub.cfg command in
(memdisk)/boot/grub/grub.cfg). We then instruct grub-mkstandalone to copy this
/tmp/grub.cfg file to
${prefix}/grub.cfg (which is actually
(memdisk)/boot/grub/grub.cfg) using the option
This way, the standalone GRUB EFI file and actual
grub.cfg can be stored in any directory inside the EFI System Partition (as long as they are in the same directory), thus making them portable.
Generating main configuration file
After the installation, the main configuration file
grub.cfg needs to be generated. The generation process can be influenced by a variety of options in
/etc/default/grub and scripts in
/etc/grub.d/, this is covered in the #Basic configuration and #Advanced configuration sections.
grub.cfg has to be re-generated after any change to
/etc/default/grub or
Use the grub-mkconfig tool to generate
# grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
- The file path is
/boot/grub/grub.cfg, NOT
- If you are trying to run grub-mkconfig in a chroot or systemd-nspawn container, you might notice that it does not work, complaining that grub-probe cannot get the "canonical path of /dev/sdaX". In this case, try using arch-chroot as described here.
- When generating the GRUB config file on a LVM system in a chroot environment (even arch-chroot, e.g. during System installation), you may receive warnings like
/run/lvm/lvmetad.socket: connect failed: No such file or directoryor
WARNING: failed to connect to lvmetad: No such file or directory. Falling back to internal scanning.This is because
/runis not available inside the chroot. These warnings will not prevent the system from booting, provided that everything has been done correctly, so you may continue with the installation.
By default the generation scripts automatically add menu entries for Arch Linux to any generated configuration. However, entries for other operating systems do not work out of the box. On BIOS systems, you may want to install os-prober, which detects other operating systems installed on your machine and adds entries for them into
grub.cfg. If installed, it will be executed when running grub-mkconfig. See #Dual-booting for advanced configuration.
Converting GRUB Legacy's config file to the new format
grub-mkconfig fails, convert your
/boot/grub/menu.lst file to
/boot/grub/grub.cfg using:
# grub-menulst2cfg /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/grub.cfg
For example:
default=0 timeout=5 title Arch Linux Stock Kernel root (hd0,0) kernel /vmlinuz-linux root=/dev/sda2 ro initrd /initramfs-linux.img title Arch Linux Stock Kernel Fallback root (hd0,0) kernel /vmlinuz-linux root=/dev/sda2 ro initrd /initramfs-linux-fallback.img
set default='0'; if [ x"$default" = xsaved ]; then load_env; set default="$saved_entry"; fi set timeout=5 menuentry 'Arch Linux Stock Kernel' { set root='(hd0,1)'; set legacy_hdbias='0' legacy_kernel '/vmlinuz-linux' '/vmlinuz-linux' 'root=/dev/sda2' 'ro' legacy_initrd '/initramfs-linux.img' '/initramfs-linux.img' } menuentry 'Arch Linux Stock Kernel Fallback' { set root='(hd0,1)'; set legacy_hdbias='0' legacy_kernel '/vmlinuz-linux' '/vmlinuz-linux' 'root=/dev/sda2' 'ro' legacy_initrd '/initramfs-linux-fallback.img' '/initramfs-linux-fallback.img' }
If you forgot to create a GRUB
/boot/grub/grub.cfg config file and simply rebooted into GRUB Command Shell, type:
sh:grub> insmod legacycfg sh:grub> legacy_configfile ${prefix}/menu.lst
Boot into Arch and re-create the proper GRUB
/boot/grub/grub.cfg config file.
Basic configuration
This section covers only editing the
/etc/default/grub configuration file. See #Advanced configuration if you need more.
Additional arguments
To pass custom additional arguments to the Linux image, you can set the
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT variables in
/etc/default/grub. The two are appended to each other and passed to kernel when generating regular boot entries. For the recovery boot entry, only
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX is used in the generation.
It is not necessary to use both, but can be useful. For example, you could use
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="resume=/dev/sdaX quiet" where
sdaX is your swap partition to enable resume after hibernation. This would generate a recovery boot entry without the resume and without quiet suppressing kernel messages during a boot from that menu entry. Though, the other (regular) menu entries would have them as options.
For generating the GRUB recovery entry you also have to comment out
#GRUB_DISABLE_RECOVERY=true in
You can also use
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="resume=/dev/disk/by-uuid/${swap_uuid}", where
${swap_uuid} is the UUID of your swap partition.
Multiple entries are separated by spaces within the double quotes. So, for users who want both resume and systemd it would look like this:
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="resume=/dev/sdaX init=/usr/lib/systemd/systemd"
See Kernel parameters for more info.
Visual configuration
In GRUB it is possible, by default, to change the look of the menu. Make sure to initialize, if not done already, GRUB graphical terminal, gfxterm, with proper video mode, gfxmode, in GRUB. This can be seen in the section #"No suitable mode found" error. This video mode is passed by GRUB to the linux kernel via 'gfxpayload' so any visual configurations need this mode in order to be in effect.
Setting the framebuffer resolution
GRUB can set the framebuffer for both GRUB itself and the kernel. The old
vga= way is deprecated. The preferred method is editing
/etc/default/grub as the following sample:
GRUB_GFXMODE=1024x768x32 GRUB_GFXPAYLOAD_LINUX=keep
To generate the changes, run:
# grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
gfxpayload property will make sure the kernel keeps the resolution.
- If this example does not work for you try to replace
vbemode="0x105". Remember to replace the specified resolution with one suitable for your screen
- To show all the modes you can use
# hwinfo --framebuffer(hwinfo is available in [community]), while at GRUB prompt you can use the
If this method does not work for you, the deprecated
vga= method will still work. Just
add it next to the
"GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT=" line in
for example:
"GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash vga=792" will give you a
1024x768 resolution.
You can choose one of these resolutions:
915resolution hack
Some times for Intel graphic adapters neither
# hwinfo --framebuffer nor
vbeinfo will show you the desired resolution. In this case you can use
915resolution hack. This hack will temporarily modify video BIOS and add needed resolution. See 915resolution's home page
First you need to find a video mode which will be modified later. For that we need the GRUB command shell:
sh:grub> 915resolution -l
Intel 800/900 Series VBIOS Hack : version 0.5.3 [...] Mode 30 : 640x480, 8 bits/pixel [...]
Next, we overwrite the
Mode 30 with
1440x900 resolution:
[...] 915resolution 30 1440 900 # Inserted line set gfxmode=${GRUB_GFXMODE} [...]
Lastly we need to set
GRUB_GFXMODE as described earlier, regenerate
grub.cfg and reboot to test changes.
Background image and bitmap fonts
GRUB comes with support for background images and bitmap fonts in
pf2 format. The unifont font is included in the grub package under the filename
unicode.pf2, or, as only ASCII characters under the name
Image formats supported include tga, png and jpeg, providing the correct modules are loaded. The maximum supported resolution depends on your hardware.
Make sure you have set up the proper framebuffer resolution.
/etc/default/grub like this:
GRUB_BACKGROUND="/boot/grub/myimage" #GRUB_THEME="/path/to/gfxtheme" GRUB_FONT="/path/to/font.pf2"
/boot/grub/myimage becomes
grub.cfg to apply the changes. If adding the splash image was successful, the user will see
"Found background image..." in the terminal as the command is executed. If this phrase is not seen, the image information was probably not incorporated into the
grub.cfg file.
If the image is not displayed, check:
- The path and the filename in
/etc/default/grubare correct
- The image is of the proper size and format (tga, png, 8-bit jpg)
- The image was saved in the RGB mode, and is not indexed
- The console mode is not enabled in
- The command
grub-mkconfigmust be executed to place the background image information into the
Here is an example for configuring Starfield theme which was included in GRUB package.
grub.cfg to apply the changes. If configuring the theme was successful, you will see
Found theme: /usr/share/grub/themes/starfield/theme.txt in the terminal.
Your splash image will usually not be displayed when using a theme.
Menu colors
You can set the menu colors in GRUB. The available colors for GRUB can be found in the GRUB Manual. Here is an example:
GRUB_COLOR_NORMAL="light-blue/black" GRUB_COLOR_HIGHLIGHT="light-cyan/blue"
One of the unique features of GRUB is hiding/skipping the menu and showing it by holding
Esc when needed. You can also adjust whether you want to see the timeout counter.
/etc/default/grub as you wish. Here is an example where the comments from the beginning of the two lines have been removed to enable the feature, the timeout has been set to five seconds and to be shown to the user:
GRUB_TIMEOUT=0 GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT=5 GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT_QUIET=false
GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT is how many seconds before displaying menu. You also need to set GRUB_TIMEOUT=0 if you want to hide menu.
Disable framebuffer
Users who use NVIDIA proprietary driver might wish to disable GRUB's framebuffer as it can cause problems with the binary driver.
To disable framebuffer, edit
/etc/default/grub and uncomment the following line:
Another option if you want to keep the framebuffer in GRUB is to revert to text mode just before starting the kernel. To do that modify the variable in
Persistent block device naming
One naming scheme for Persistent block device naming is the use of globally unique UUIDs to detect partitions instead of the "old"
/dev/sd*. Advantages are covered up in the above linked article.
Persistent naming via file system UUIDs are used by default in GRUB.
/boot/grub.cfg file needs regeneration with the new UUID in
/etc/default/grub every time a relevant file system is resized or recreated. Remember this when modifying partitions & file systems with a Live-CD.
Whether to use UUIDs is controlled by an option in
Recall previous entry
GRUB can remember the last entry you booted from and use this as the default entry to boot from next time. This is useful if you have multiple kernels (i.e., the current Arch one and the LTS kernel as a fallback option) or operating systems. To do this, edit
/etc/default/grub and change the value of
This ensures that GRUB will default to the saved entry. To enable saving the selected entry, add the following line to
/etc/grub.d/40_custom or
/boot/grub/custom.cfg, will need
savedefault added.
To change the default selected entry, edit
/etc/default/grub and change the value of
Using numbers :
Grub identifies entries in generated menu counted from zero. That means 0 for the first entry which is the default value, 1 for the second and so on.
Or using menu titles :
GRUB_DEFAULT='Arch Linux, with Linux core repo kernel'
If you have multiple kernels installed, say linux and linux-lts, by default
grub-mkconfig groups them in a submenu.
If you do not like this behaviour you can go back to one single menu by adding the following line to
Root encryption
To let GRUB automatically add the kernel parameters for root encryption,
cryptdevice=/dev/yourdevice:label to
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX in
See Dm-crypt/System Configuration#Boot loader for more details.
/boot/grub/menu.lst.pacsave for the correct device/label to add. Look for them after the text
kernel /vmlinuz-linux.
Example with root mapped to
Also, disable the usage of UUIDs for the rootfs:
Boot non-default entry only once
The command
grub-reboot is very helpful to boot another entry than the default only once. GRUB loads the entry passed in the first command line argument, when the system is rebooted the next time. Most importantly GRUB returns to loading the default entry for all future booting. Changing the configuration file or selecting an entry in the GRUB menu is not necessary.
GRUB_DEFAULT=saved in
/etc/default/grub (and then regenerating
grub.cfg) or, in case of hand-made
grub.cfg, the line
set default="${saved_entry}".
Advanced configuration
This section covers manual editing of
grub.cfg, writing custom scripts in
/etc/grub.d/ and other advanced settings.
Manually creating grub.cfg
grub-mkconfig command, and it is best to edit your
/etc/default/grub or one of the scripts in the
/etc/grub.d directory.
A basic GRUB config file uses the following options:
(hdX,Y)is the partition Y on disk X, partition numbers starting at 1, disk numbers starting at 0
set default=Nis the default boot entry that is chosen after timeout for user action
set timeout=Mis the time M to wait in seconds for a user selection before default is booted
menuentry "title" {entry options}is a boot entry titled
set root=(hdX,Y)sets the boot partition, where the kernel and GRUB modules are stored (boot need not be a separate partition, and may simply be a directory under the "root" partition (
An example configuration:
# Config file for GRUB - The GNU GRand Unified Bootloader # /boot/grub/grub.cfg # DEVICE NAME CONVERSIONS # # Linux Grub # ------------------------- # /dev/fd0 (fd0) # /dev/sda (hd0) # /dev/sdb2 (hd1,2) # /dev/sda3 (hd0,3) # # Timeout for menu set timeout=5 # Set default boot entry as Entry 0 set default=0 # (0) Arch Linux menuentry "Arch Linux" { set root=(hd0,1) linux /vmlinuz-linux root=/dev/sda3 ro initrd /initramfs-linux.img } ## (1) Windows #menuentry "Windows" { # set root=(hd0,3) # chainloader +1 #}
Automatically generating using /etc/grub.d/40_custom and grub-mkconfig
The best way to add other entries is editing the
/etc/grub.d/40_custom or
/boot/grub/custom.cfg. The entries in this file will be automatically added when running
After adding the new lines, run:
# grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
or, for UEFI-GPT Mode (as per alternate method):
# grub-mkconfig -o /boot/efi/EFI/GRUB/grub.cfg
to generate an updated
For example, a typical
/etc/grub.d/40_custom file, could appear similar to the following one, created for HP Pavilion 15-e056sl Notebook PC, originally with Microsoft Windows 8 preinstalled. Each
menuentry should mantain a structure similar to the following ones. Note that the UEFI partition
/dev/sda2 within GRUB is called
hd0,gpt2 and
ahci0,gpt2 (see here for more info).
#!/bin/sh exec tail -n +3 $0 # This file provides an easy way to add custom menu entries. Simply type the # menu entries you want to add after this comment. Be careful not to change # the 'exec tail' line above. menuentry "HP / Microsoft Windows 8.1" { echo "Loading HP / Microsoft Windows 8.1..." insmod part_gpt insmod fat insmod search_fs_uuid insmod chain search --fs-uuid --no-floppy --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,gpt2 --hint-efi=hd0,gpt2 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,gpt2 763A-9CB6 chainloader /EFI/Microsoft/Boot/bootmgfw.efi } menuentry "HP / Microsoft Control Center" { echo "Loading HP / Microsoft Control Center..." insmod part_gpt insmod fat insmod search_fs_uuid insmod chain search --fs-uuid --no-floppy --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,gpt2 --hint-efi=hd0,gpt2 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,gpt2 763A-9CB6 chainloader /EFI/HP/boot/bootmgfw.efi } menuentry "System shutdown" { echo "System shutting down..." halt } menuentry "System restart" { echo "System rebooting..." reboot }
Assuming that the other distro is on partition
menuentry "Other Linux" { set root=(hd0,2) linux /boot/vmlinuz (add other options here as required) initrd /boot/initrd.img (if the other kernel uses/needs one) }
Requires that FreeBSD is installed on a single partition with UFS. Assuming it is installed on
menuentry "FreeBSD" { set root=(hd0,4) chainloader +1 }
This assumes that your Windows partition is
sda3. Remember you need to point set root and chainloader to the system reserve partition that windows made when it installed, not the actual partition windows is on. This example works if your system reserve partition is
# (2) Windows XP menuentry "Windows XP" { set root="(hd0,3)" chainloader +1 }
If the Windows bootloader is on an entirely different hard drive than GRUB, it may be necessary to trick Windows into believing that it is the first hard drive. This was possible with
drivemap. Assuming GRUB is on
hd0 and Windows is on
hd2, you need to add the following after
set root:
drivemap -s hd0 hd2
if [ "${grub_platform}" == "efi" ]; then menuentry "Microsoft Windows Vista/7/8/8.1 UEFI-GPT" { insmod part_gpt insmod fat insmod search_fs_uuid insmod chain search --fs-uuid --set=root $hints_string $fs_uuid chainloader /EFI/Microsoft/Boot/bootmgfw.efi } fi
$hints_string and
$fs_uuid are obtained with the following two commands.
$fs_uuid's command:
# grub-probe --target=fs_uuid $esp/EFI/Microsoft/Boot/bootmgfw.efi 1ce5-7f28
$hints_string's command:
# grub-probe --target=hints_string $esp/EFI/Microsoft/Boot/bootmgfw.efi --hint-bios=hd0,gpt1 --hint-efi=hd0,gpt1 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,gpt1
These two commands assume the ESP Windows uses is mounted at
$esp. There might be case differences in the path to Windows's EFI file, what with being Windows, and all.
menuentry "System shutdown" { echo "System shutting down..." halt }
menuentry "System restart" { echo "System rebooting..." reboot }
Windows installed in BIOS-MBR mode
bootmgr directly and chainload of partition boot sector is no longer required to boot Windows in a BIOS-MBR setup.
/bootmgr, not your "real" Windows partition (usually C:). In
blkid output, the system partition is the one with
LABEL="SYSTEM RESERVED" or
LABEL="SYSTEM" and is only about 100 to 200 MB in size (much like the boot partition for Arch). See Wikipedia:System partition and boot partition for more info.
Throughout this section, it is assumed your Windows partition is
/dev/sda1. A different partition will change every instance of hd0,msdos1. First, find the UUID of the NTFS file system of the Windows's SYSTEM PARTITION where the
bootmgr and its files reside. For example, if Windows
bootmgr exists at
For Windows Vista/7/8/8.1:
# grub-probe --target=fs_uuid /media/SYSTEM_RESERVED/bootmgr 69B235F6749E84CE
# grub-probe --target=hints_string /media/SYSTEM_RESERVED/bootmgr --hint-bios=hd0,msdos1 --hint-efi=hd0,msdos1 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,msdos1
bootmgr with
NTLDR in the above commands. And note that there may not be a separate SYSTEM_RESERVED partition; just probe the file NTLDR on your Windows partition.
Then, add the below code to
/etc/grub.d/40_custom or
/boot/grub/custom.cfg and regenerate
grub.cfg with
grub-mkconfig as explained above to boot Windows (XP, Vista, 7 or 8) installed in BIOS-MBR mode:
For Windows Vista/7/8/8.1:
if [ "${grub_platform}" == "pc" ]; then menuentry "Microsoft Windows Vista/7/8/8.1 BIOS-MBR" { insmod part_msdos insmod ntfs insmod search_fs_uuid insmod ntldr search --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,msdos1 --hint-efi=hd0,msdos1 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,msdos1 69B235F6749E84CE ntldr /bootmgr } fi
For Windows XP:
if [ "${grub_platform}" == "pc" ]; then menuentry "Microsoft Windows XP" { insmod part_msdos insmod ntfs insmod search_fs_uuid insmod ntldr search --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,msdos1 --hint-efi=hd0,msdos1 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,msdos1 69B235F6749E84CE ntldr /bootmgr } fi
\boot\bcd (error code
0xc000000f). You can fix it going to Windows Recovery Console (cmd from install disk) and executing:
x:\> "bootrec.exe /fixboot" x:\> "bootrec.exe /RebuildBcd".Do not use
bootrec.exe /Fixmbr because it will wipe GRUB out.
/etc/grub.d/40_custom can be used as a template to create
/etc/grub.d/nn_custom. Where
nn defines the precendence, indicating the order the script is executed. The order scripts are executed determine the placement in the grub boot menu.
nn should be greater than 06 to ensure necessary scripts are executed first.
With Windows via EasyBCD and NeoGRUB
Since EasyBCD's NeoGRUB currently does not understand the GRUB menu format, chainload to it by replacing the contents of your
C:\NST\menu.lst file with lines similar to the following:
default 0 timeout 1
title Chainload into GRUB v2 root (hd0,7) kernel /boot/grub/i386-pc/core.img
Finally, recreate your
grub.cfg using
Booting ISO9660 image file directly via GRUB
GRUB supports booting from ISO images directly via loopback devices, see Multiboot USB drive#Using GRUB and loopback devices for examples.
If you use LVM for your
/boot, add the following before menuentry lines:
insmod lvm
and specify your root in the menuentry as:
set root=lvm/lvm_group_name-lvm_logical_boot_partition_name
# (0) Arch Linux menuentry "Arch Linux" { insmod lvm set root=lvm/VolumeGroup-lv_boot # you can only set following two lines linux /vmlinuz-linux root=/dev/mapper/VolumeGroup-root ro initrd /initramfs-linux.img }
GRUB provides convenient handling of RAID volumes. You need to add
insmod mdraid which allows you to address the volume natively. For example,
/dev/md0 becomes:
set root=(md/0)
whereas a partitioned RAID volume (e.g.
/dev/md0p1) becomes:
set root=(md/0,1)
To install grub when using RAID1 as the
/boot partition (or using
/boot housed on a RAID1 root partition), on devices with GPT ef02/'BIOS boot partition', simply run grub-install on both of the drives, such as:
# grub-install --target=i386-pc --recheck --debug /dev/sda # grub-install --target=i386-pc --recheck --debug /dev/sdb
Where the RAID 1 array housing
/boot is housed on
/dev/sda and
Using labels
It is possible to use labels, human-readable strings attached to file systems, by using the
--label option to
search. First of all, label your existing partition:
# tune2fs -L LABEL PARTITION
Then, add an entry using labels. An example of this:
menuentry "Arch Linux, session texte" { search --label --set=root archroot linux /boot/vmlinuz-linux root=/dev/disk/by-label/archroot ro initrd /boot/initramfs-linux.img }
If you want to secure GRUB so it is not possible for anyone to change boot parameters or use the command line, you can add a user/password combination to GRUB's configuration files. To do this, run the command
grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2. Enter a password and confirm it:
[...] Your PBKDF2 is grub.pbkdf2.sha512.10000.C8ABD3E93C4DFC83138B0C7A3D719BC650E6234310DA069E6FDB0DD4156313DA3D0D9BFFC2846C21D5A2DDA515114CF6378F8A064C94198D0618E70D23717E82.509BFA8A4217EAD0B33C87432524C0B6B64B34FBAD22D3E6E6874D9B101996C5F98AB1746FE7C7199147ECF4ABD8661C222EEEDB7D14A843261FFF2C07B1269A
Then, add the following to
cat << EOF set superusers="username" password_pbkdf2 username <password> EOF
<password> is the string generated by
Regenerate your configuration file. Your GRUB command line, boot parameters and all boot entries are now protected.
This can be relaxed and further customized with more users as described in the "Security" part of the GRUB manual.
Hide GRUB unless the Shift key is held down
In order to achieve the fastest possible boot, instead of having GRUB wait for a timeout, it is possible for GRUB to hide the menu, unless the
Shift key is held down during GRUB's start-up.
In order to achieve this, you should add the following line to
And the following file should be created and made executable:
#! /bin/sh set -e # grub-mkconfig helper script. # Copyright (C) 2006,2007,2008,2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. # # GRUB is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by # the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or # (at your option) any later version. # # GRUB is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, # but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the # GNU General Public License for more details. # # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License # along with GRUB. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. prefix="/usr" exec_prefix="${prefix}" datarootdir="${prefix}/share" export TEXTDOMAIN=grub export TEXTDOMAINDIR="${datarootdir}/locale" source "${datarootdir}/grub/grub-mkconfig_lib" found_other_os= make_timeout () { if [ "x${GRUB_FORCE_HIDDEN_MENU}" = "xtrue" ] ; then if [ "x${1}" != "x" ] ; then if [ "x${GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT_QUIET}" = "xtrue" ] ; then verbose= else verbose=" --verbose" fi if [ "x${1}" = "x0" ] ; then cat <<EOF if [ "x\${timeout}" != "x-1" ]; then if keystatus; then if keystatus --shift; then set timeout=-1 else set timeout=0 fi else if sleep$verbose --interruptible 3 ; then set timeout=0 fi fi fi EOF else cat << EOF if [ "x\${timeout}" != "x-1" ]; then if sleep$verbose --interruptible ${GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT} ; then set timeout=0 fi fi EOF fi fi fi } adjust_timeout () { if [ "x$GRUB_BUTTON_CMOS_ADDRESS" != "x" ]; then cat <<EOF if cmostest $GRUB_BUTTON_CMOS_ADDRESS ; then EOF make_timeout "${GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT_BUTTON}" "${GRUB_TIMEOUT_BUTTON}" echo else make_timeout "${GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT}" "${GRUB_TIMEOUT}" echo fi else make_timeout "${GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT}" "${GRUB_TIMEOUT}" fi } adjust_timeout cat <<EOF if [ "x\${timeout}" != "x-1" ]; then if keystatus; then if keystatus --shift; then set timeout=-1 else set timeout=0 fi else if sleep$verbose --interruptible 3 ; then set timeout=0 fi fi fi EOF
Make that file executable and then regenerate your grub config:
chmod a+x /etc/grub.d/31_hold_shift grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
Combining the use of UUIDs and basic scripting
If you like the idea of using UUIDs to avoid unreliable BIOS mappings or are struggling with GRUB's syntax, here is an example boot menu item that uses UUIDs and a small script to direct GRUB to the proper disk partitions for your system. All you need to do is replace the UUIDs in the sample with the correct UUIDs for your system. The example applies to a system with a boot and root partition. You will obviously need to modify the GRUB configuration if you have additional partitions:
menuentry "Arch Linux 64" { # Set the UUIDs for your boot and root partition respectively set the_boot_uuid=ece0448f-bb08-486d-9864-ac3271bd8d07 set the_root_uuid=c55da16f-e2af-4603-9e0b-03f5f565ec4a # (Note: This may be the same as your boot partition) # Get the boot/root devices and set them in the root and grub_boot variables search --fs-uuid $the_root_uuid --set=root search --fs-uuid $the_boot_uuid --set=grub_boot # Check to see if boot and root are equal. # If they are, then append /boot to $grub_boot (Since $grub_boot is actually the root partition) if [ $the_boot_uuid == $the_root_uuid ] ; then set grub_boot=($grub_boot)/boot else set grub_boot=($grub_boot) fi # $grub_boot now points to the correct location, so the following will properly find the kernel and initrd linux $grub_boot/vmlinuz-linux root=/dev/disk/by-uuid/$the_root_uuid ro initrd $grub_boot/initramfs-linux.img }
Using the command shell
Since the MBR is too small to store all GRUB modules, only the menu and a few basic commands reside there. The majority of GRUB functionality remains in modules in
/boot/grub, which are inserted as needed. In error conditions (e.g. if the partition layout changes) GRUB may fail to boot. When this happens, a command shell may appear.
GRUB offers multiple shells/prompts. If there is a problem reading the menu but the bootloader is able to find the disk, you will likely be dropped to the "normal" shell:
If there is a more serious problem (e.g. GRUB cannot find required files), you may instead be dropped to the "rescue" shell:
grub rescue>
The rescue shell is a restricted subset of the normal shell, offering much less functionality. If dumped to the rescue shell, first try inserting the "normal" module, then starting the "normal" shell:
grub rescue> set prefix=(hdX,Y)/boot/grub grub rescue> insmod (hdX,Y)/boot/grub/i386-pc/normal.mod rescue:grub> normal
Pager support
GRUB supports pager for reading commands that provide long output (like the
help command). This works only in normal shell mode and not in rescue mode. To enable pager, in GRUB command shell type:
sh:grub> set pager=1
Using the command shell environment to boot operating systems
The GRUB's command shell environment can be used to boot operating systems. A common scenario may be to boot Windows / Linux stored on a drive/partition via chainloading.
Chainloading means to load another boot-loader from the current one, ie, chain-loading.
The other bootloader may be embedded at the starting of the disk(MBR) or at the starting of a partition.
Chainloading a partition
set root=(hdX,Y) chainloader +1 boot
For example to chainload Windows stored in the first partiton of the first hard disk,
set root=(hd0,1) chainloader +1 boot
Similarly GRUB installed to a partition can be chainloaded.
Chainloading a disk/drive
set root=hdX chainloader +1 boot
Chainloading Windows/Linux installed in UEFI mode
insmod ntfs set root=(hd0,gpt4) chainloader (${root})/EFI/Microsoft/Boot/bootmgfw.efi boot
insmod ntfs used for loading the ntfs file system module for loading Windows. (hd0,gpt4) or /dev/sda4 is my EFI System Partition (ESP). The entry in the chainloader line specifies the path of the .efi file to be chain-loaded.
Normal loading
See the examples in #Using_the_rescue_console
GUI configuration tools
Following package may be installed:
- grub-customizer — Customize the bootloader (GRUB or BURG)
- grub2-editor — KDE4 control module for configuring the GRUB bootloader
- startupmanager — GUI app for changing the settings of GRUB Legacy, GRUB, Usplash and Splashy (abandonned)
parttool for hide/unhide
If you have a Windows 9x paradigm with hidden
C:\ disks GRUB can hide/unhide it using
parttool. For example, to boot the third
C:\ disk of three Windows 9x installations on the CLI enter the CLI and:
parttool hd0,1 hidden+ boot- parttool hd0,2 hidden+ boot- parttool hd0,3 hidden- boot+ set root=hd0,3 chainloader +1 boot
Using the rescue console
See #Using the command shell first. If unable to activate the standard shell, one possible solution is to boot using a live CD or some other rescue disk to correct configuration errors and reinstall GRUB. However, such a boot disk is not always available (nor necessary); the rescue console is surprisingly robust.
The available commands in GRUB rescue include
set, and
unset. This example uses
set and
set modifies variables and
insmod inserts new modules to add functionality.
Before starting, the user must know the location of their
/boot partition (be it a separate partition, or a subdirectory under their root):
grub rescue> set prefix=(hdX,Y)/boot/grub
where X is the physical drive number and Y is the partition number.
To expand console capabilities, insert the
linux module:
grub rescue> insmod i386-pc/linux.mod
/boot from the path, (i.e. type
set prefix=(hdX,Y)/grub).
This introduces the
linux and
initrd commands, which should be familiar (see #Advanced configuration).
An example, booting Arch Linux:
set root=(hd0,5) linux /boot/vmlinuz-linux root=/dev/sda5 initrd /boot/initramfs-linux.img boot
With a separate boot partition, again change the lines accordingly:
set root=(hd0,5) linux /vmlinuz-linux root=/dev/sda6 initrd /initramfs-linux.img boot
error: premature end of file /YOUR_KERNEL_NAME during execution of
linux command, you can try
linux16 instead.
After successfully booting the Arch Linux installation, users can correct
grub.cfg as needed and then reinstall GRUB.
To reinstall GRUB and fix the problem completely, changing
/dev/sda if needed. See #Installation for details.
Intel BIOS not booting GPT
Some Intel BIOS's require at least one bootable MBR partition to be present at boot, causing GPT-partitioned boot setups to be unbootable.
This can be circumvented by using (for instance) fdisk to mark one of the GPT partitions (preferably the 1007 KiB partition you have created for GRUB already) bootable in the MBR. This can be achieved, using fdisk, by the following commands: Start fdisk against the disk you are installing, for instance
fdisk /dev/sda, then press
a and select the partition you wish to mark as bootable (probably #1) by pressing the corresponding number, finally press
w to write the changes to the MBR.
fdisk or similar, not in GParted or others, as they will not set the bootable flag in the MBR.
With cfdisk, the steps are similar, just
cfdisk /dev/sda, choose bootable (at the left) in the desired hard disk, and quit saving.
More information is available here
EFI path
Some UEFI firmwares require a bootable file at a known location before they will show UEFI NVRAM boot entries. If this is the case,
grub-install will claim
efibootmgr has added an entry to boot GRUB, however the entry will not show up in the VisualBIOS boot order selector. The solution is to place a file at one of the known locations. Assuming the EFI partition is at
/boot/efi/ this will work:
mkdir /boot/efi/EFI/boot cp /boot/efi/EFI/grub/grubx64.efi /boot/efi/EFI/boot/bootx64.efi
This solution worked for an Intel DH87MC motherboard with firmware dated Jan 2014.
Enable debug messages
set pager=1 set debug=all
"No suitable mode found" error
If you get this error when booting any menuentry:
error: no suitable mode found Booting however
Then you need to initialize GRUB graphical terminal (
gfxterm) with proper video mode (
gfxmode) in GRUB. This video mode is passed by GRUB to the linux kernel via 'gfxpayload'. In case of UEFI systems, if the GRUB video mode is not initialized, no kernel boot messages will be shown in the terminal (atleast until KMS kicks in).
/usr/share/grub/unicode.pf2 to ${GRUB_PREFIX_DIR} (
/boot/grub/ in case of BIOS and UEFI systems). If GRUB UEFI was installed with
--boot-directory=$esp/EFI set, then the directory is
# cp /usr/share/grub/unicode.pf2 ${GRUB_PREFIX_DIR}
/usr/share/grub/unicode.pf2 does not exist, install bdf-unifont, create the
unifont.pf2 file and then copy it to
# grub-mkfont -o unicode.pf2 /usr/share/fonts/misc/unifont.bdf
Then, in the
grub.cfg file, add the following lines to enable GRUB to pass the video mode correctly to the kernel, without of which you will only get a black screen (no output) but booting (actually) proceeds successfully without any system hang.
BIOS systems:
insmod vbe
UEFI systems:
insmod efi_gop insmod efi_uga
After that add the following code (common to both BIOS and UEFI):
insmod font
if loadfont ${prefix}/fonts/unicode.pf2 then insmod gfxterm set gfxmode=auto set gfxpayload=keep terminal_output gfxterm fi
As you can see for gfxterm (graphical terminal) to function properly,
unicode.pf2 font file should exist in
msdos-style error message
grub-setup: warn: This msdos-style partition label has no post-MBR gap; embedding will not be possible! grub-setup: warn: Embedding is not possible. GRUB can only be installed in this setup by using blocklists. However, blocklists are UNRELIABLE and its use is discouraged. grub-setup: error: If you really want blocklists, use --force.
This error may occur when you try installing GRUB in a VMware container. Read more about it here. It happens when the first partition starts just after the MBR (block 63), without the usual space of 1 MiB (2048 blocks) before the first partition. Read #Master Boot Record (MBR) specific instructions
GRUB UEFI drops to shell
If GRUB loads but drops you into the rescue shell with no errors, it may be because of a missing or misplaced
grub.cfg. This will happen if GRUB UEFI was installed with
--boot-directory and
grub.cfg is missing OR if the partition number of the boot partition changed (which is hard-coded into the
grubx64.efi file).
GRUB UEFI not loaded
An example of a working EFI:
# efibootmgr -v
BootCurrent: 0000 Timeout: 3 seconds BootOrder: 0000,0001,0002 Boot0000* Grub HD(1,800,32000,23532fbb-1bfa-4e46-851a-b494bfe9478c)File(\efi\grub\grub.efi) Boot0001* Shell HD(1,800,32000,23532fbb-1bfa-4e46-851a-b494bfe9478c)File(\EfiShell.efi) Boot0002* Festplatte BIOS(2,0,00)P0: SAMSUNG HD204UI
If the screen only goes black for a second and the next boot option is tried afterwards, according to this post, moving GRUB to the partition root can help. The boot option has to be deleted and recreated afterwards. The entry for GRUB should look like this then:
Boot0000* Grub HD(1,800,32000,23532fbb-1bfa-4e46-851a-b494bfe9478c)File(\grub.efi)
Invalid signature
If trying to boot Windows results in an "invalid signature" error, e.g. after reconfiguring partitions or adding additional hard drives, (re)move GRUB's device configuration and let it reconfigure:
# mv /boot/grub/device.map /boot/grub/device.map-old # grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
grub-mkconfig should now mention all found boot options, including Windows. If it works, remove
Boot freezes
If booting gets stuck without any error message after GRUB loading the kernel and the initial ramdisk, try removing the
add_efi_memmap kernel parameter.
Restore GRUB Legacy
- Move GRUB v2 files out of the way:
# mv /boot/grub /boot/grub.nonfunctional
- Copy GRUB Legacy back to
# cp -af /boot/grub-legacy /boot/grub
- Replace MBR and next 62 sectors of sda with backed up copy
# dd if=/path/to/backup/first-sectors of=/dev/sdX bs=512 count=1
A safer way is to restore only the MBR boot code use:
# dd if=/path/to/backup/mbr-boot-code of=/dev/sdX bs=446 count=1
Arch not found from other OS
Some have reported that other distributions have trouble finding Arch Linux automatically with
os-prober. If this problem arises, it has been reported that detection can be improved with the presence of
/etc/lsb-release. This file and updating tool is available with the package lsb-release in the official repositories.
See also
- Official GRUB Manual - https://www.gnu.org/software/grub/manual/grub.html
- Ubuntu wiki page for GRUB - https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Grub2
- GRUB wiki page describing steps to compile for UEFI systems - https://help.ubuntu.com/community/UEFIBooting
- Wikipedia's page on BIOS Boot partition
- http://members.iinet.net/~herman546/p20/GRUB2%20Configuration%20File%20Commands.html - quite complete description of how to configure GRUB


text:
A blood transfusion is the delivery of blood through a vein. The blood may come from an unrelated or related donor.
For planned procedures, some people have their blood drawn at an earlier date and stored until the transfusion is needed.
Reasons for Procedure
A blood transfusion should help increase your level of blood cells or other specific blood products. It may be needed if you have:
- Blood and fluid loss due to injury, surgery, or disease
- Severe anemia
- Bleeding disorders, such as von Willebrand disease or hemophilia
- Poor immune system
- Leukemia
- Diseases that result in destruction of blood cells or bone marrow
- Side effects of certain medications such as chemotherapy for cancer
Possible Complications
Problems from the procedure are rare, but all procedures have some risk. Your doctor will review potential problems, like:
- Severe reactions due to allergies, volume overload, iron build up, and the mismatching of blood types. Hospitals have several steps to make sure blood is correctly matched.
- Certain infections such as hepatitis or HIV, can be passed on during blood transfusions. There are many steps and tests that are done to thoroughly check donated blood before anyone is allowed to receive it.
What to Expect
Prior to Procedure
- You will have a blood test to determine your specific blood type. The donor blood will be carefully matched to your blood type.
- You may also be given a physical exam. Your vital signs, including your temperature, heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure, will be recorded.
- You may be given medications before you receive a transfusion. These drugs will help reduce any minor allergic reactions.
Description of the Procedure
You will need to be seated. A bag containing the blood product will be hung nearby. An IV needle will be placed into a vein in your hand or arm. The blood product will drip slowly from the bag through a tube into your vein. After the bag of blood product is empty, the needle in your arm will be removed.
Throughout the transfusion, your vital signs will be checked regularly. You will also be asked about pain, itching, or discomfort. Most reactions occur early in a blood transfusion, so you will be monitored more closely during the first 15 minutes.
How Long Will It Take?
About 2–4 hours
Will It Hurt?
The placement of the IV needle is uncomfortable. After the needle is in place, it should not cause pain.
Post-procedure Care
Immediately following your procedure, the staff may:
- Monitor you closely.
- Give you pecific instructions based on your overall condition.
- Order blood tests to determine how effective the transfusion was.
When you return home after the transfusion, carefully follow your doctor's advice regarding any activity restrictions or other instructions.
Call Your Doctor
Call your doctor if any of these occur:
- New rash, hives, or itching
- Swelling in legs, feet, hands, arms, or face
- Lightheadedness
- Persistent nausea or vomiting
- New onset of pain, especially in the back or chest
- Shortness of breath, wheezing
- Signs of infection, including fever and chills
- Redness, swelling, increasing pain, excessive bleeding, or discharge where the needle was inserted
If you think you have an emergency, call for emergency medical services right away.
Revision Information
- Reviewer: EBSCO Medical Review Board Marcin Chwistek, MD
- Review Date: 03/2018 -
- Update Date: 05/01/2014 -

subset: commoncrawl


text: A fresco painting from the Chehel Sotun Pavillion in Isfahan, Iran, depicts Persian warfare during the Safavid dynasty period. Dave Bartruff/Corbis hide caption toggle caption Dave Bartruff/Corbis Politics & Policy The Origins Of The Shiite-Sunni Split February 12, 2007 The division between Islam's Shiite minority and the Sunni majority is deepening across the Middle East. The split occurred soon after the death of the Prophet Muhammad, nearly 1,400 years ago. The Origins Of The Shiite-Sunni Split Listen Toggle more options Download Embed Embed <iframe src="https://www.npr.org/player/embed/7332087/7344135" width="100%" height="290" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" title="NPR embedded audio player"> Transcript


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When your project goals require sourcing of materials made in the United States, look for this symbol to help you determine which of our product lines help you meet that standard. Icon indicates that all or select items within a series are made in the U.S.A. Click here to view all American Olean products Made in the U.S.A.
Indicates the use of pre-consumer recycled material content in a product. Click here to find exact percentage information.
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Vision Director - Tees
flyingmouse365 $25.00
flyingmouse365 $25.00
- Men's and Women's shirt printed on Black American Apparel Fine Jersey Short Sleeve T-shirt.
- The American Apparel t-shirt is the smoothest and softest t-shirt you'll ever wear. Made of fine jersey, it has a durable, vintage feel. These classic-cut shirts are known for their premium quality, as well as ability to stand up to a washing machine (will keep size and color after many washings). The shirts are 100% fine jersey cotton, except for the heather grey color (90% cotton, 10% polyester).
- Our apparel is created with the latest in garment printing technology and our inks are water based and eco-friendly. This makes the feel much softer than traditional screen printed shirts, but just as durable.
- 2 - 7 Days for processing
- Printed and shipped from California United States.


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text:
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that can develop after exposure to a traumatic event or ordeal in which actual physical or emotional harm occurred or was threatened. Events that can trigger PTSD include violent personal assaults such as rape or mugging, natural or human-caused disasters, accidents, or military combat. PTSD can be extremely disabling.
Many people with PTSD repeatedly re-experience the ordeal in the form of flashback episodes, memories, nightmares, or frightening thoughts, especially when they are exposed to events or objects reminiscent of the trauma . Anniversaries of the event can also trigger symptoms. People with PTSD also experience emotional numbness and sleep disturbances , depression , anxiety, and irritability or outbursts of anger. Feelings of intense guilt are also common. Most people with PTSD try to avoid any reminders or thoughts of the ordeal. PTSD is diagnosed when symptoms last more than one month.
Co-occurring depression, alcohol use disorder , substance abuse , or another anxiety disorder is not uncommon. The likelihood of treatment success is increased when these other conditions are appropriately identified and treated as well.What are the risk factors for PTSD?What are the symptoms of PTSD?How is PTSD diagnosed?What are the treatments for PTSD?How can I reduce my risk of PTSD?What questions should I ask my doctor?What is it like to live with PTSD?Where can I get more information about PTSD?
Revision Information
- Reviewer: EBSCO Medical Review Board Adrian Preda, MD
- Review Date: 11/2018 -
- Update Date: 12/20/2014 -


text:
SKF Explorer spherical roller bearings
Invented by SKF and refined over the years, SKF spherical roller bearings provide top-of-the-line performance.
All SKF spherical roller bearings are made to the SKF Explorer specifications, providing:
- Very high load carrying capacity – both radially and axially
- Highly wear-resistant bearing material
- Very high running accuracy
- Low friction
SKF Explorer performance class upgrade
Most of SKF Explorer spherical roller bearings have been upgraded to the new SKF Explorer performance class specifications, featuring a combination of high-quality steel and an improved heat treatment process. The result: a superior balance between hardness and toughness, enabling up to twice the service life as the original SKF Explorer.
Benefits of use include:
- Increased uptime
- Improved reliabilit
- Resistance to contamination
- Higher levels of productivity
- Reduced noise and vibration levels
- Excellent wear resistance


text: Tuesday, October 23, 2012 Nonmedical Factors Associated With Readmissions New research shows that age, race, employment status, living situation, and education and income levels are just some of the factors that may play a role in hospital readmissions. However, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) is not taking these causes into account in its readmissions reduction program, which started penalizing hospitals October 1 for excessive readmissions, says an article by Reuters News. In the study, published in Journal of General Internal Medicine, researchers analyzed data from 20 studies on pneumonia and 52 on heart failure. For pneumonia patients, among the factors linked to the risk of being readmitted to the hospital were being older and not white. Having a low level of education, low income, and being unemployed also were tied to a higher risk of going back into the hospital. For heart failure patients, the risk of being readmitted to a hospital was associated with being elderly, African American, or Hispanic. The researchers cannot say for certain that the risk factors identified are what cause a patient to be readmitted to the hospital. But they note in their report that this kind of information could be used by physicians, case managers, and discharge planners "to flag patients at high risk of readmission because of certain nonmedical vulnerabilities," says Reuters. Visit APTA's hospital readmissions webpage for information about how physical therapists can help reduce readmissions by providing recommendations for the most appropriate level of care to the health care team prior to and during care transitions.


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Amor by Aline Costa
Price $10
Print on Canvas
Amor by Aline Costa
Size 8″ x 10″
Print on Canvas – The process: Each canvas is spray painted in an artful form. Backgrounds will vary, for each canvas is painted by hand and no two are alike. The print is then mounted onto the canvas. Most prints will have a ragged or feathered edge of the paper (deckle like edge). The entire project is coated with a protective spray for lasting beauty. This is an affordable canvas print, enjoy! Ready to hang – no framing necessary.
Offered at $10
Send us a message or post a comment in the box below


text:
Contact us for FREE quotes on our nationwide cleaning services - 0208 1111 987
We carry out pubs, clubs and bars cleaning across the UK at great prices. If you are interested in a quote, please get in touch today, we have various options to suit. Let us take the stress out of your cleaning.
If you are looking for club and pub cleaners in your area, please complete our contact form and we will get back to you with help and assistance. Our cleaners can work at times to suit you and your business.
Our bar cleaning professionals and can offer you both outstanding results and value for money, for more information, contact us today.
We love nothing more than a drink out and to socialise with friends and family in pubs, clubs and bars in the UK and these places come in all shapes and sizes across the country.
At Professional Cleaners UK we look after bar and pub cleaning for all kinds of establishments; from small local independent boozers through to major pub chains, trendy bars and large nightclubs. To be honest we love them all - personally and professionally!
With local authorities and councils frequently visiting such establishments to carry out spot-checks and inspections, it's imperative that your premises are kept immaculate at all times. Also, customers can be demanding, and they expect the best from your facilities at all times; and in the age of social media, news of an unclean premises can quickly spread even if it's through no fault of your own. No-one wants a photo of dodgy toilets or a review questioning hygiene circling online!
Many landlords and bar managers simply hire casual cleaning staff to give their venue the 'once-over' before they open up and rely on bar staff to do the clean-down of drinking facilities. With modern hygiene requirements and environmental health concerns, this just isn't enough anymore – now, everything needs to be spick, span and sparkling every time you open your doors to the public.
So, don't take the risk and call in our top pub cleaners today!
If you're in need of a regular cleaning pub cleaning service or a deep clean before a big event or inspection, Professional Cleaners UK can help. Simply drop us a message and we will in contact with more information and FREE quotes.
It is basically the cleaning of a public house!
This type of clean looks after the cleaning of front of house areas (such as the bar, tables, floors and eating areas) as well as the backroom areas (cellar, storage units), kitchens and living quarter and guest rooms.
Our teams create bespoke cleaning plans for each premise based on individual needs, so whatever you are looking for and whatever level of service you require, drop us a message today. We will send over more information and FREE quotes for you to consider.
It stands to reason that pubs, clubs and bars can quickly become messy places with high-footfall and food and drink being served and unfortunately, one small mistake or error of judgment can cause a big clean-up as well!
With potential smashed glass, health and safety standards to be upheld and long opening times, around the clock cleaning is often required. Our teams can work around the clock to suit you.
Our top pub cleaning teams offer great pub and bar cleaning services at great prices with services typically including:
For more information and to get a quote to clean your pub, bar or nightclub, simply drop us a message today and we will be in touch.
Whilst standard bar staff and local cleaners can take care of the 'takedown' of the bar, our specially trained cleaners can sanitise the entire area (without any harmful chemicals that could be passed into drinks or snacks) and can keep your front of house areas looking tip-top, too.
This level and type of cleaning and also extends to curtains, carpets, and canopies; floors and foyers; tables and chairs; bathrooms and washrooms; and doors, windows and signage.
Of course, aroma is important too and our fragrance team can help select a scent that neutralises any unpleasant or cleaning chemical aromas.
All fabrics can be deep cleaned and shampooed, floors waxed and stripped, and heavy footfall and outdoor areas pressure washed as required.
Sometimes additional support is often needed as biohazard spillages (sick, blood from cuts etc) are also common in this sector.
For full time or one-off help with your bar cleaning drop us a message today. One of our team will talk you through the options and carry out a site visit should this be necessary.
Back of house is just as important as the front of house areas, Professional Cleaners UK will sanitise and deep clean kitchen areas, walk-in refrigerators and staff facilities of your public house.
We can also use specialist techniques and products for equipment cleaning such as grease traps, grill hoods and industrial cookery facilities.
Even storage areas can be cleaned out and refurbished to ensure there are no forgotten areas of dust, dirt or mould that you hadn't considered.
Our commercial cleaning teams can adapt their routines bespoke to any size or type of premises and its requirements.
We strive to stay on top of all relevant cleaning regulations and legislation so you can be sure that we've covered off all areas any inspectors will want to see – even if they're dropping in unannounced!
There is no set cost for the cleaning of public houses, bars or clubs. This is because each establishment is different!
The main factors which will affect the costs are:
For more information and a FREE quote simply drop us a message today.
Every penny counts in the very competitive hospitality industry and at Professional Cleaners UK we understand this so we always deliver value for money that we believe is second-to-none, combined with outstanding results.
We can tailor our services to be out-of-hours or in-house during service, should you need our help with something quickly you can always contact us as well.
Our hospitality cleaners specifically look after for:
If you would like more information on our hospitality cleaning services contact us via the enquiry form on this page.
We aren't currently recruiting for pub cleaners but you can always send your CV over, for information on the company read here.
With our years of experience in cleaning bars, clubs and pubs all over the country we consider ourselves to be the best pub cleaning company in the country. Our hard-working, professional cleaning service teams can help with whatever level of assistance you require. We also carry out restaurant cleaning as part of the same cleaning service team.
If you would like more information on our bar, pub and hospitality cleaning services, in general, drop us a message today and we will call you back before arranging a site visit.
A clean and sparkling looking establishment is paramount for both customer enjoyment and can make sure that health and standard levels are always maintained. Our teams can work at times to suit you and can either do one-off or daily cleans, whatever suits you.
We look forward to hearing from you and working together in the future.
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text: Shaffer's own hickory-smoked venison snack stick have become an office favorite here. Made with their own great-tasting venison, with 3% pork added. Snack guilt-free, knowing these snack sticks are made with 100% real meat - no filler or starch added. You do not need to refrigerate, so these are perfect for hikes and car trips.


text:
U.S. women make Wambach winner in her 200th match
NASHVILLE, Tenn. (AP) -- Coach Tom Sermanni told Abby Wambach she wasn't coming out against Scotland until she scored.
After all, you need a little something special to mark a milestone.
Wambach scored on a diving header in the 51st minute, and the U.S. women's soccer team beat Scotland 3-1 on Wednesday night to give Wambach a victory in her 200th international match.
"It's great," Sermanni said about Wambach's latest career mark. "I mean what a career and still continuing. Every game that Abby plays she either scores or she's in the mix and creates so many chances and opportunities that stuff happens for other players. I think it's a great way for her to celebrate her 200th game."
Wambach became the eighth American to play at least 200 games for the national team, and she served as captain for the game in honor of the milestone. Her teammates kept trying to set up the 2012 FIFA player of the year, and Wambach finally converted when Sydney Leroux passed to Wambach just in front for her 153rd career goal and 63rd on a header.
For Wambach, that pass was only fitting since it came from Leroux, her roommate and a teammate she has watched grow up on the women's national team.
"I think it might've been a little offsides to be honest that goal," Wambach said. "I'm not complaining."
Megan Rapinoe and Christen Press also scored as the Americans gave Sermanni his second victory in five days against his native Scotland. Sermanni coached Australia the past eight years, leading the Matildas to the quarterfinals of the last two Women's World Cups.
The U.S. women's national team set an attendance mark in the state of Tennessee with 14,224 turning out on a cold night when the temperature was 40 degrees at the start at LP Field, home to the NFL's Tennessee Titans. That topped the 13,081 who turned out in 1997 in Chattanooga for a 3-1 win over Sweden.
"Playing in a big stadium like this, it can feel big if the crowd isn't into it," Rapinoe said. "But this crowd was great. I think it got behind us, and obviously getting a goal in the first half was big. Gave them something to cheer about. Rowdy enough for me."
Rapinoe did not play in Saturday's 4-1 win over Scotland in Jacksonville after joining the team late due to her commitment playing in Lyon, France. She made up for her absence by putting the Americans up 1-0 when she scored at the end of the 21st minute from 15 yards.
Scotland started the game going with just one forward in Jane Ross with five defenders after giving up four goals to the Americans in Jacksonville. The Scots kept the play in front of keeper Hope Solo for the opening minutes. The Americans didn't get their first chance to score until the 10th minute only to have Sydney Leroux's cross broken up in the box.
Wambach came into the match only six goals in international competition behind Mia Hamm's 158 among the career scorers for the U.S. She worked hard trying to get her 153rd.
Fay caught a header from Wambach in the 14th minute. Heather O'Reilly passed twice to Wambach in front of the goal in about a 60-second span starting in the 39th minute. Fay grabbed the ball on Wambach's header on the first, and the Americans couldn't connect on the second.
Scotland substituted Shannon Lynn for Fay in the second half, and Lynn had a kick save on a shot by Leroux after Wambach's goal.
Wambach pointed out some of the Americans are trying to work the rust off following their few weeks off after the national team's victory tour following their Olympic gold medal. She said they didn't really train much during that tour, flying in and out of cities for games. Now they're busy trying to get back into the flow while learning what Sermanni wants from them.
"I think my timing's a little off to be honest," Wambach said. "I'm still kind of reacting rather than anticipating, and you know as a forward, that's the No. 1 killer."
Wambach went to the bench in the 61st minute, waving her hand to the fans who gave her a big ovation. Sermanni replaced her with Press, who scored two goals and assisted on a third in the Americans' first game with Scotland. She scored in the 64th minute from 12 yards out, taking a pass from Shannon Boxx and patiently beating Lynn who came out trying to stop her.
"This is the first time she's had a chance in the national team," Wambach said. "Two games, three goals, one assist? Not a bad showing if you ask me."
Scotland avoided the shutout when Suzanne Grant redirected Emma Mitchell's cross past Solo in the 81st minute.
The Americans will next play March 6 in Portugal in the Algarve Cup.


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Black tea, also known as "red tea" in China for its rich, reddish infusion, is comprised of one of two different forms of the camellia sinensis plant: camellia sinensis sinensis and camellia sinensis assamica. Dry black tea leaves are 100% oxidized, leaving them with a blackened color, and the process always involves withering, rolling, oxidization and drying.


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Compulsive gambling is an impulse control disorder that is characterized by an overwhelming urge to gamble. In compulsive gambling, your life becomes dominated by gambling.
It is not clear what causes compulsive gambling. There is some evidence that there may be a genetic component.
Research has also shown that people who have a gambling addiction experience changes in their brain. These brain changes are like those that occur in people who are addicted to drugs.
Risk Factors
Gambling addiction is more common in males. Factors that may increase the risk of compulsive gambling include:
- Family history of gambling problems
- Mood disorders
- Personality disorders
- Drug abuse or gambling at a young age
- Certain traits such as having a competitive character, being restless, and getting bored easily
Symptoms of compulsive gambling may include:
- Gambling longer than you intended to
- Taking time from work or family life to gamble
- Feeling guilty after gambling
- Lying to hide gambling
- Not being able to sleep because of thoughts about gambling
Having financial problems because of gambling such as:
- Spending all of your money on gambling
- Needing to borrow money for gambling
- Trying to earn money through gambling to pay your bills
- Being involved in illegal activities to get money for gambling
- Trying to quit gambling but not being able to
- Feeling depressed or suicidal due to gambling
You may be referred to a mental health therapist. The therapist will ask about your:
- Medical history
- Mental health history
- Symptoms
Talk with your doctor about the best treatment plan for you. Treatment options include:
Counseling for compulsive gambling may include cognitive-behavioral therapy . This type of therapy can help you learn to correct the negative thoughts and beliefs that lead you to gamble, find healthier responses to stress, develop social skills, and prevent relapse. Therapy can also help uncover what led you to compulsively gamble.
There is some evidence that people who compulsively gamble may benefit from medications, such as:
- Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
- Mood stabilizers
- Opioid antagonists
- Antidepressants
There is no known way to prevent compulsive gambling. If you have a problem with impulse control, avoiding situations where there is gambling may prevent you from developing a problem.
Revision Information
- Reviewer: EBSCO Medical Review Board Adrian Preda, MD
- Review Date: 09/2018 -
- Update Date: 09/15/2014 -


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Puzzle Levels
Puzzle Categories
Download a FREE Solution for your puzzles!
Click Image to Enlarge
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Tangled Nails
Product Information
|Separate the nails
|Level 5 - Easy
|Puzzle Master
|Other Wire / Metal Puzzles
|3 5/8 in x 1 1/8 in / 9.2 cm x 2.9 cm
|Clam Shell
Product Description
The Tangled Nails are actually two regular nails bent and entangled together. The object is to just find a way to separate them. As an added challenge, try to entangle them back again, which can be even harder. This simple and yet fascinating design uses two identical pieces and the solution is based on a beautiful symmetry. The Tangled Nails are from our own PuzzleMaster brand and come packaged in a Clam Shell.
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Maternity Striped Soft Rib Jumper
Maternity Striped Soft Rib Jumper
Product code: BZZ49819
-50% off Everything!*
kr 160,00 kr 320,00
Style NotesSweaters are a key piece for your casual wardrobe. Think stylish details like fringe trims, tassel designs and vibrant colours, or try knitted pieces with playful patterns and fluted sleeves. Minimal is ideal for working a sport-luxe look, while sweater dresses look especially cool styled with trainers and earrings.
Details & Care100% Acrylic. Flat Measurement of Garment Not Worn. Total Length 66cm/26". Model Wears UK Size 10. Hand Washable. Measured On a UK Size 10.
Delivery info
Delivery option Delivery times Delivery cost Norwegian Standard Delivery Up to 9 working days kr 69,90 per order
Click here for further information.
Returns info
We hope you are satisfied with all of your purchases but if you ever need to return an item, you can do so within 60 days from the date shown on your dispatch note.
Please note, we cannot offer refunds on cosmetics and pierced jewellery or on swimwear and lingerie if the hygiene seal is not in place or has been broken.
Click here to view our full Returns Policy.


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" It's very little to see," I started as I transformed and also opened up the door on the light. "It's simply a routine old class."
" Program me," she stated with a smile. "I'll offer the enjoyment."
" Do what?" I asked, uncertain of what I had actually simply listened to.
I will not birthed you with the tirade I provided on exactly how unsafe of a circumstance she was placing me in. She simply maintained shushing me the entire time as well as in a min I was looking at her bare pussy as well as butt as she held the jeans skirt up as well as transformed about a couple of times.
Quickly she was entirely nude as well as I was showing off one large hard-on. She strolled over to me, her bare feet moving along on the rug, busts wiggling a little bit. She came near me and also leaned ahead up until our bodies were divided by simply a couple of inches call girls Aust, courtesan, hookers Aust, sluts Aust, whores Aust, gfe, girlfriend experience, shagging, strip club, strippers, dogging, fuck buddy, hookups Aust, free sex, sex meet, nsa sex.
I stood there, concerned as well as anxious seeing Rachel over beyond of my class as she took every one of her clothing off.
Rachel had her arms went across which naturally simply pressed her busts with each other and also up. She delicately leaned over a little bit towards me as well as duplicated, "I'm not putting on underwears."
" Are you?" I responded to back. "Can we go currently?".
Rachel went into behind me and also scoped out the area. We have to maintain the blinds open, yet Rachel drew them close and also turned the deadbolt.
Of training course, if you have actually ever before been behind a lady in a brief skirt going upstairs, you will certainly recognize that I appreciated the sight. In brief order, I had my trick out as well as was suitable it right into the door lock.
There's simply the workplace personnel as well as perhaps a couple of custodians," I responded. "My space is upstairs away from whatever anyhow.
I was tight as well as difficult quickly adult massage, asian massage, body to body massage, chinese massage, erotic massage Aust, happy ending Aust, massage parlours Aust, massage therapist, massage therapy, masseur, nude massage, nuru massage Aust, oriental massage.
She had actually simply sent her children off on a college bus to the neighborhood zoo. One of our institution teams was organizing a "Moms and dad Day Out" at the institution and also they would certainly simply packed everybody on the bus to the zoo. She stated and also grinned, "I'm not using underwears." I actually assume you require evidence that I'm not existing to you," she claimed. There's no one at the college currently, right? sensual massage, sex massage, tantra massage, tantric massage, thai massage, adult erotic massage Aust, vivastreet, backpage escorts Aust, punternet."
She drew her skirt pull back as well as stated, "Pleased?".


text:
STERLING — The court pushed back the case for the boyfriend of missing Fort Morgan teen Kayla Chadwick Thursday, as the defense is still in the process of receiving and analyzing information.
Thor Bauer, defense attorney for 18-year-old Ivan Torralba, said he just received transcripts from a grand jury hearing conducted in relation to Chadwick's disappearance. More information is on the way.
District Court Judge Michael Singer granted Torralba the continuance, and the court set a second disposition hearing for March 20, just days shy of a year from the date Chadwick was reported missing.
The courtroom at the Logan County Justice Center was nearly full for the brief hearing with friends, family and supporters of Kayla Chadwick, along with Torralba's family. Torralba appeared on a $75,000 bond.
Eighteen-year-old Kayla Chadwick was last seen in March 2012 after an argument with Torralba. She is described as 5 feet, 4 inches tall, with long red hair with black tips.
A grand jury convened to investigate her disappearance, later finding there was probable cause to believe Torralba had interfered with the investigation by moving or hiding a gun used as evidence.
They indicted Torralba, and he was arrested Nov. 8, 2012.
The investigation into Chadwick's disappearance is ongoing. Anyone with any information related to the case is asked to call 911 or the Fort Morgan Police Department at (970) 867-5678.


text:
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