text:
Two things happened Tuesday in the exchange-traded fund market for junk bonds, and while both events occurred in New York, the distant that separated them was as vast as the gulf that separates actively managed versus passively invested ETFs.
At one event, executives with AdvisorShares and one of its subadvisors, Peritus, were busy ringing the bell at the New York Stock Exchange to celebrate the success of their actively managed ETF that invests in the junk bond market. The AdvisorShares Peritus High Yield ETF (HYLD), which just turned two years old with about $200 million of assets under management, bills itself as an actively managed ETF "in an asset class that is not easily indexable."
In an interview after the bell-ringing, AdvisorShares founder and CEO Noah Hamman said ETF investors who want to invest in the high-yield rewards of junk bonds were gravitating toward active management. And high-yield bonds, while credit sensitive, are less interest rate sensitive than 10-year Treasury notes, he said. "Any time you deal with higher risk is exactly the time you don't want to take on a passive approach," Hamman said. "You want to actively manage that risk."
At the other event, over on Madison Avenue, Market Vectors officials on Tuesday were busy pulling the plug on what was supposed to be the first trading day of their Van Eck Global-sponsored ETF, Treasury-Hedged High Yield Bond ETF (THHY), which would track their index designed to provide exposure to junk bonds while using 5-year U.S. Treasury notes to hedge against rising interest rates.
Why did they pull the plug? Market Vectors, which is in a quiet period for THHY, didn't return calls for comment. But a few things are certain: the fixed-income market is a complicated one, ETFs must jump through all kinds of hoops to meet Securities and Exchange Commission approval, and investors are finally waking up to the fact that higher interest rates wouldn't be good for their bond investments because higher rates would mean a declining value in the price of the bonds they hold.
"I don't know of an ETF that was set to launch and didn't launch. Typically, ETFs announce they're launching, and they launch," said Todd Rosenbluth, director of ETF and mutual fund research for S&P Capital IQ ETF in a phone interview on Wednesday.
While Rosenbluth said he was unaware of THHY, he did say that he knew of several dozen ETFs in the high-yield bond space. For example, he said, just last year Market Vectors launched three such funds: the International High Yield Bond ETF (IHY), the Emerging Markets High Yield Bond ETF (HYEM) and the Fallen Angel High-Yield Bond ETF (ANGL).
Earlier this month, Market Vectors launched the BDC Income ETF (BIZD), the first-ever ETF to offer pure-play exposure to the high-yield, high-risk world of business development companies, or BDCs. Meanwhile, FINRA stated in a Jan. 11 letter to the broker-dealer firms it oversees that it was concerned about "potentially unsuitable and otherwise problematic" investments for retail investors, including BDCs.
According to a Feb. 14 ETF Trends comment by Paul Weisbruch, vice president of ETF and index sales and trading at Street One Financial, speculation has been rife lately that as yields sit near all-time lows, the strong bull run in high-yield corporate bond ETFs is due for a steeper correction — and this risk might actually give active management a boost.
Weibruch quoted Schwab analysts, who warned: "By simply buying a high yield index fund, an investor may end up with too much exposure to lower rated segments of the market. Active management allows for professional management and the ability to focus on certain segments of the market."
To be sure, the barrier to entry into the actively managed junk ETF space is high. Winning SEC approval for sophisticated corporate credit products used in ETFs is a frustrating process, Peritus CEO and HYLD co-manager Ron Heller said in an interview Tuesday with AdvisorOne on the NYSE trading floor.
"We were in the approval stage for a year for high-yield bonds, and we've been waiting for approval for three years for floating-rate leveraged loans. They're cheap, but we can't buy them," Heller said, noting that the SEC has held back on giving leveraged loans the OK.
Read Is 2013 the Year of Actively Managed ETFs? at AdvisorOne.


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text: Friday, February 08, 2013 Reflex Control Linked With Improved Gait in Patients With Incomplete Spinal Injuries A training regimen to adjust the body's motor reflexes may help improve mobility for some people with incomplete spinal cord injuries, according to a study supported by the National Institutes of Health. The study involved 13 people who were still able to walk after incomplete spinal cord injuries that had occurred from 8 months to 50 years prior to the study. All had spasticity and an impaired ability to walk. The goal was to determine if these individuals could gain mobility by learning to suppress a spinal H-reflex, which is elicited by electrical stimulation rather than by a tendon stretch. Participants in the study received electrical stimulation to the soleus of their weaker leg while standing with support. The first 2 weeks of the study involved baseline measurements of the resulting reflex. During the next 10 weeks, 9 participants underwent 3 training sessions per week, during which they viewed the size of their reflexes on a monitor and were encouraged to suppress it. A control group of 4 participants received the stimulation but no feedback about their reflexes. Before and after these sessions, the researchers measured the participants' walking speed over a distance of 10 meters and monitored their gait symmetry with electronic shoe implants. Six of the 9 participants in the training group were able to suppress their reflexes. Their walking speed increased 59% on average, and their gait became more symmetrical. These improvements in speed and symmetry were not seen in 3 participants who were unable to suppress their reflexes, or in the control group. Many participants also spontaneously told the researchers they were noticing improvements in daily living activities. About 85% of these comments came from people who were able to control their reflexes after several weeks of training. Study author Jonathan Wolpaw, MD, said he views reflex conditioning as a complement to current rehabilitation practices. The technique could be tailored to focus on specific reflexes that affect different muscle groups and, in some cases, to increase reflexes instead of decrease them. In its 2006 study, his group found that enhancing soleus H-reflex was beneficial for rats that had spinal cord injuries predominantly characterized by weakness without spasticity. Aiko Thompson, PhD, who also authored the article, said she plans to study how durable the effects of training are, but such research presents a design challenge. "Once people noticed their mobility had improved, they started exercising more and getting involved with other types of therapy. Those activities are likely to have additional benefits and will be difficult to separate from the long-term effects of our reflex conditioning protocol," she said.


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MGT512: SANS Security Leadership Essentials For Managers with Knowledge Compression™
Mon, June 19 - Fri, June 23, 2017
- Contents | Additional Info
- Instructor: Ted Demopoulos
- 33 CPEs
- Laptop Recommended
The blending of management and technologies in a course is challenging. SANS courses writers and instructor provide timely information to their students.
SANS MGT512 course has been instrumental in bridging the gaps in my knowledge & has prepared me to take on bigger responsibilities.
This completely updated course is designed to empower advancing managers who want to get up to speed quickly on information security issues and terminology. You won't just learn about security, you will learn how to manage security. Lecture sections are intense; the most common student comment is that it's like drinking from a fire hose. The diligent manager will gain vital, up-to-date knowledge and skills required to supervise the security component of any information technology project. Additionally, the course has been engineered to incorporate the NIST Special Publication 800 (series) guidance so that it can be particularly useful to US government managers and supporting contractors.
Essential security topics covered in this management track include: network fundamentals and applications, power, cooling and safety, architectural approaches to defense in depth, cyber attacks, vulnerability assessment and management, security policies, contingency and continuity planning, awareness management, risk management analysis, incident handling, Web application security, offensive and defensive information warfare, culminating with our management practicum. The material uses Knowledge Compression™, special charts, and other proprietary SANS techniques to help convey the key points of critical slides and keep the information flow rate at a pace senior executives demand every teaching hour of the course. The course has been evaluated and approved by CompTIA's CAQC program for Security + 2008 to ensure that managers and their direct reports have a common baseline for security terminology and concepts. You will be able to put what you learn into practice the day you get back into the office.
- Establish a minimum standard for IT security knowledge, skills, and abilities. In a nutshell, this course covers all of the non-operating system topics that are in SANS Security Essentials, though not to the same depth. The goal is to enable managers and auditors to speak the same language as system, security, and network administrators.
- Establish a minimum standard for IT management knowledge, skills, and abilities. I keep running into managers that don't know TCP/IP, and that is OK; but then they don't know how to calculate total cost of ownership (TCO), leaving me quietly wondering what they do know.
- Save the up-and-coming generation of senior and rapidly advancing managers a world of pain by sharing the things we wish someone had shared with us. As the saying goes, it is OK to make mistakes, just make new ones.
Please note that some course material for SEC401 and MGT512 may overlap. We recommend SEC401 for those interested in a more technical course of study, and MGT512 for those primarily interested in a leadership-oriented but less technical learning experience.
This course prepares you for the GSLC certification which meets the requirement of the DoD 8570 IAM Level 1, 2, 3.
This course features Knowledge Compression™
Course Syllabus
MGT512.1: Managing the Enterprise, Planning, Network, and Physical Plant
Ted Demopoulos
Mon Jun 19th, 2017
The course starts with a whirlwind tour of the information an effective IT security manager must know to function in today's environment. We will cover safety, physical security, and how networks and the related protocols like TCP/IP work and equip you to review network designs for performance, security, vulnerability scanning, and return on investment. Learn more about secure IT operations in a single day than you ever thought possible.
CPE/CMU Credits: 7
- Budget Awareness and Project Management
- The Network Infrastructure; Computer and Network Addressing
- IP Terminology and Concepts
- Vulnerability Management
- Managing Physical Safety, Security & the Procurement Process
MGT512.2: IP Concepts, Attacks Against the Enterprise and Defense-in-Depth
Ted Demopoulos
Tue Jun 20th, 2017
Learn information assurance foundations, which are presented in the context of both current and historical computer security threats, and how they have impacted confidentiality, integrity, and availability. You will learn the methods of attack and the importance of managing attack surface.
CPE/CMU Credits: 7
- Attacks Against the Enterprise
- Defense in Depth
- Managing Security Policy
- Access Control and Password Management
MGT512.3: Secure Communications
Ted Demopoulos
Wed Jun 21st, 2017
Examine various cryptographic tools and technologies and how they can be used to secure a company's assets. A related area called steganography, or information hiding, is also covered. Learn how malware and viruses often employ cryptographic techniques in an attempt to evade detection. We will learn about managing privacy issues in communications, and investigate Web application security.
CPE/CMU Credits: 7
- Cryptography
- Wireless Network Security
- Steganography
- Managing Privacy
- Web Communications and Security
- Operations Security, Defensive and Offensive Methods
MGT512.4: The Value of Information
Ted Demopoulos
Thu Jun 22nd, 2017
On this day, we consider the most valuable resource an organization has - its information. You will learn about intellectual property, incident handling, and how to identify and better protect the information that is the real value of your organization. We will then formally consider how to apply everything we have learned as well as practice briefing management on our risk architecture.
CPE/CMU Credits: 7
- Managing Intellectual Property
- Incident Handling Foundations
- Information Warfare
- Disaster Recovery/Contingency Planning
- Managing Ethics
- IT Risk Management
MGT512.5: Management Practicum
Ted Demopoulos
Fri Jun 23rd, 2017
In the fifth and final day, we pull it all together and apply the technical knowledge to the art of management. The management practicum covers a number of specific applications and topics concerning information security. We'll explore proven techniques for successful and effective management, empowering managers to immediately apply what you've been taught your first day back at the office.
CPE/CMU Credits: 5
- The Mission
- Globalization
- IT Business and Program Growth
- Security and Organizational Structure
- The Total Cost of Ownership
- Negotiations
- Fraud
- Legal Liability
- Technical People
Additional Information
"Thanks for a great class in Las Vegas! After taking your class I have been able to start the following projects:
- Two-Factor authorization for remote users.
- Web Filtering.
- Intrusion detection systems for our internet facing offices.
- Security awareness program. "
Jerry Farnstrom, Information Security Manager, Long Term Care Group Inc.
Laptop Recommended
Although laptops are not required for this course, you will receive a USB with supporting documentation that you might find helpful referencing during the course. No specific configurations are required.
If you have additional questions about the laptop specifications, please contact email@example.com.
Who Should Attend
- All newly-appointed information security officers
- Technically-skilled administrators that have recently been given leadership responsibilities
- Seasoned managers who want to understand what your technical people are telling you
Course Preparation
This course is taught MBA style and students are expected to be ready to work on the in-class exercises by preparing prior to the first day of instruction. When you enroll in MGT512, we suggest you review the following items before the course begins:
What You Will Receive
In this course, you will receive the following:
- MP3 audio files of the complete course lecture
- USB with supporting documentation and video demo's
You Will Be Able To
- Establish a minimum standard for IT security knowledge, skills, and abilities. In a nutshell, this course covers all of the non-operating system topics that are in SANS Security Essentials, though not to the same depth. The goal is to enable managers and auditors to speak the same language as system, security, and network administrators.
- Establish a minimum standard for IT management knowledge, skills and abilities. I keep running into managers that do not know TCP/IP, and that is okay; but then they do not know how to calculate total cost of ownership (TCO), leaving me quietly wondering what they do know.
- Save the up-and-coming generation of senior and rapidly advancing managers a world of pain by sharing the things we wish someone had shared with us. As the saying goes, it is okay to make mistakes, just make new ones.
Author Statement
When SANS designed the Security Leadership for Managers course, we chose to emulate the format utilized by many executive MBA programs. While core source material is derived from our highly regarded SANS Security Essentials program, we decided to focus this program on the big picture of securing the enterprise: network fundamentals, security technologies, using cryptography, defense-in-depth, policy development, and management practicum. This course includes executive briefings designed to present a distilled summary of vitally important information security topics like operating system security and security threat forecasts. Ultimately, the goal of this program is to ensure that managers charged with the responsibility for information security can make informed choices and decisions that will improve their organization's security.


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text: Besides our wide selection, we also offer guaranteed best pricing on Design Ideas wire baskets, with items starting as low as $9.11. We also believe that the satisfaction of our customers comes first and foremost. We strive to provide the kind of customer service that will make Unbeatablesale.com your only on-line store for online retail products. We accept major credit cards as well as Paypal and ship your order at lightning speed. Shop Unbeatablesale.com with confidence today!


text:
A hip dislocation is when the ball of the thigh bone moves out of place within the socket of the pelvic bone. This ball and socket form the hip joint.
Hip dislocations are relatively rare and severe injuries. They are often associated with femur or pelvic fractures . A normal hip joint is stable and strong. A hip dislocation can only occur when a strong force is applied to the hip joint. This may occur due to:
- Severe falls, especially from heights
- Motor vehicle accidents
- Sports injuries, especially from football, rugby, skiing, and snowboarding
Risk Factors
Factors that can increase your chance of developing this condition include:
- Prior hip replacement surgery
- Abnormal hip joint
- Severe falls, especially from heights
- Motor vehicle accidents
- Sports injuries, especially from football, rugby, skiing, and snowboarding
- Poor muscle control or weakness leading to falls
- High risk behaviors, such as excessive alcohol use
Symptoms include:
- Severe pain in the hip, especially when attempting to move the leg
- Pain that spreads to the legs, knees, and back
- Leg on the affected side appears shorter than the other leg
- Hip joint appears deformed
- Pain or numbness along the back of thighs if injury presses on the sciatic nerve
- Being unable to walk
You will be asked about your symptoms and how the injury occurred. An exam of your your hip and leg will be done.
Images may be taken of your bones. This can be done with:
Treatments include:
Closed Reduction
The thigh and leg will be manipulated. This is to try to put the ball of the femur back into the hip socket. You may be given medications to relax, such as:
- Pain medication
- Sedation
- Muscle relaxants
- General or spinal anesthesia
Open Reduction
In some cases, surgery is needed. Open reduction is often done if:
- Closed reduction is unsuccessful
- Bony fragments or soft tissue remain in the joint space
- The joint remains unstable
- The thigh or pelvic bones are also broken
Physical Therapy
A physical therapist will assess the injury. An exercise program will be created to help recovery and to strengthen the muscles.
There are no guidelines for preventing hip dislocation. Most come from car accidents or sports injuries. To reduce your risk, take the following steps:
- Wear your seat belt in the car.
- Obey speed limits and other traffic laws.
- Wear proper safety equipment for sports.
- Use safety precautions to prevent falls when working at heights.
- Do not drink and drive.
- Follow your doctor's directions to manage chronic conditions that involve the joints.
Revision Information
- Reviewer: EBSCO Medical Review Board Warren A. Bodine, DO, CAQSM
- Review Date: 03/2018 -
- Update Date: 03/01/2013 -


text:
Black And White PatternThe evening purse illustrates elegance in a small package. This party accessory features a 16" vintage brass-colored chain, giving it a unique feel that is unrivaled. Design images are heat transferred using a heat dye sublimation technique, ensuring no discoloring, even if it makes contact with water.Made from leather.Nylon interior features a zippered hidden compartment.Zippered top closure.Detachable 16" brass-colored chain.Design printed on one side. Other side is plain leather.Measures approximately 6.5"(w) x 5"(h) x 0.5"(d).
If you order more than 50 pcs items (can be combined), please click here to contact us for whole price quotation, please include the SKU# and the quantity you want for each of them. For order less than 50 pcs, please order directly from our website.


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Getting Started
Gimel What Goes Around Comes Around -This hump or that one
Giving Thanks
God helps those who help themselves
Going Home
Going Home and the Right Hand of Authority
Gossip, Rumors, Conspiracy – What does Scripture say
Halloween – One of Eight Pagan Sabbaths & Part of Sun God Worship
Hardening of your Heart
Has Time Been Lost The Lost Sabbath Lie
Have We kept Our Oath What Happens when we are not Obedient
Have We kept Our Oath What Happens when we are not Obedient 2
Have We kept our Oath-What Happens when we are not Obedient
He Prepares a Place for You. Why Germany is interested in Syria
Healing in the Name of Satan
Health Hazards of a High Fruit Diet
Heaven and Hell – Part 2
Heaven and Hell – Part 3
Heaven and Hell – Part 4
Heaven and Hell – Part 6
Heaven and Hell – Pt1 – Which one you going to_ Are you Sure
Hei – Breath of Life is at the Door
Hezekiahs Passover
Hillel or Sighted Moon – A Quick Look at the Facts
Hochen a Hanukah Hair Ball
How All of Us Can Serve
How Can I Help
How Can I Observe the Sabbath Without a Congregation
How Do You Keep The Sabbath Holy
How Do You Keep The Sabbath Holy
How Do You Know If You Love Him Scripture or Feelings
How I am going to Keep the Sabbatical Year
How to Apply Essential Oils
How to lure the people with a 26.8 lb. Cabbage
How Will You Be Remembered
HW Armstrong Declared the Month began with the Sighted Moon?
I Am that I Am-It is so Obvious
I am YEHOVAH and beside me there is no SAVIOR This is your Wake Up Call
I do not know you you workers of lawlessness
I Yehovah your God am a Jealous God
I'm Overwhelmed by your Support
If you no longer have to keep the law then why are you keeping Pentecost
In 1914, We were caught Sleeping and Missed the Warnings.
International Dateline and the start of the Sabbath
Into Egypt and out
Introduction to Emotional Release – Part 1
Introduction to Emotional Release – Part 2
Introduction to Healing Oils of the Bible
Ireland Ulsters Red Hand & Wake Up America
Is it Barley or the Equinox that determine the New Year
Is The Day of Atonement A Fast Day Most assuredly Yes
Is the Hebrew Calendar Biblical Evidence continues to prove it is not
Is the Sabbath 12 or 24 hours Long
Is the USA Babylon
Islam the Religion of Rape and Sex Slaves
Islamic State Warns Christians Convert Pay Tax Leave Or Die
Islamic State Warns Christians Convert Pay Tax Leave Or Die
Israel Farm Update June 2012
Israel You Are Not My People-This is why We Fast and Pray
It is the Ripe Barley and New Crescent Sighted Moon
IT IS WRITTEN in the Ketuba – Understanding the 10%
Jerusalem Jerusalem How I Would have gathered you under my wings
John Bolton – Restore Order or Light the Fuse of the 4th Curse
Joseph of Arimathea
Joseph of Arimathea and the Line of Nathan-The Throne of Britain – Pt 11
Joseph of Arimathea and the Line of Nathan-The Throne of Britain – Pt 12
Joseph of Arimathea and the Line of Nathan-The Throne of Britain – Pt 13
Judah has made Ephraim more righteous by all her abominations Follow Judahs way if you dare
Judgement, Ten Days of Awe, and Shabbat Shuva, The Year of Return
Kaf – In the Palm of His Hand, Under His Instructions
Kenya Update – December 2017
Lamed – Torah, The Word, Teach and Learn
Laws 1 – 49
Laws 100-149
Laws 150-199
Laws 200-249
Laws 250-299
Laws 300-349
Laws 350-399
Laws 400-449
Laws 450-499
Laws 50 – 99
Laws 500-549
Laws 550-599
Laws 600-613
Leprosy and You
Lets Roll. Who will stand in the Gap
Letter of Wisdom
Let's discuss Birthdays
LGBT Human Rights Baal Peor
Libya Egypt 911 and White Genocide South Africa-All explained in the Sabbatical cycles
Living Waters and Quenching the Spirit
Living With An Unconverted Mate
Love and Respect keeps a Marriage healthy
Love Will Overcome Hate
Man's Laws, Tish b'Av 2018, and The Blood Moons
Marriage Options – Gay, Polygamous, Pedophilia, Bestiality, or One Man One Woman
Marriage Options – Gay, Polygamous, Pedophilia, Bestiality, or One Man One Woman
Mastering the Gratitude Attitude
May Your Name be Found in the Book of Life
Measure for Measure – You Reap what you Sow
Memories of our Israel Sukkot Tours
Merry Christmas! Happy New Year! Really
Messiah and the Crimson Worm
Messiah b Joseph Messiah b David are False Ideologies- Not Torah Based
Methuselah Died and The Flood occurred When
Migdal Eder and the Birth of Messiah
Migdal Eder-The Truth of Messiahs Birth
Milk or Meat
Morning and Evening – To Stand in Perpetuity
Moses 120 Years and The Witnesses
Moses Died Two years before they crossed the Jordan
Mothers Day and its Pagan Origins
Mourning Complaining and Not Being in Control
Movie Prophecies in the Jubilees
Muslim Brotherhood declares war on US
My Journey to Find the Door
My Sister the Iron Man
Nazareth or Gamala – Where was Jesus (Yeshua) born
Nissan vs Tishrei & Proclamation of Liberty at Atonement in 6th or 7th Sabbatical Year
Noah in the 2nd Month
Nuclear Weapons and Flying Scrolls in Scriptures
Nun – Cycles of Righteousness
Nun Samech – Taking a Selah to explain the Master
O Tannenbaum O Tannenbaum du bist ein edler Zweig
Obedience – What do you call Kosher
Occupy Until He Comes – Doing a Work
Oholah and Oholibah Come Out of Her my People
Orange Essential Oil
Our Father's Name
Our Homeland A Plea from Shomron
Our Week on the Farm Before Sukkot
Pandoras Box – The Porn Epidemic
Pastors and Priests – Are you ready to break the drought curse
Pay It Forward
Pentecosts Hidden Meaning
Pey – The Mouth
Philippines Update – December 2017 – The Law for His Holy Days
Philippines Update – Post 2015 Sukkot Visit
Please Help SightedMoon take the Torah to the Nations
Pneumonic Plague and the Healing Oils of the Bible
Podcasts Back on the Air
Preparation Day- Why Bother
Professor Liebenberg of the HRTI and Yeshiva offer
Prostituting our Daughters
Prostituting our Daughters
Prove All Things
Purim Reconsidered
Purim – Does Yehovah command us to keep this Feast
Putting On Righteousness
Queen Jezebel and the Quest for Qabalah – Part 2
ray-sheeth – Your very best First Fruits Offering – Understanding Blood & Fat & What Abel Offered
Reenactment of the Omer Barley Offering
Renewed Covenant
Repent of What – Saved by Grace
Respecting Fences
Romans Law and Grace Explained
Russia, Crimea, The Ukraine and Nazi's – What's really happening
Sabbatical Jubilee Year Charts
Sabbatical Year Proofs in the New Testament
Saturnalia, New Year & Scripture revealed in Greek Mythology
Saved by Grace through Faith
Scrapping the Monarchy-The Throne of Britain Its Biblical Origin and Future – Pt 1
Seeing and Living in Israel
Selah – Aleph-Tav and Why we are doing this
Sepulchre of David The Location and Future Discovery of King David's Tomb
Serat Serot – The Leprosy in You
Sevening Ourselves
Sevening Ourselves to Our Husband Yehovah
Shall We Dance
Shavuot and its Relationship to the 8th Day Feast
She Chose the Good Fruit not the Evil One
Shefa Vineyard Report 2015
Shem and the Execution of Nimrod A Prophecy for our time
Shem and the Execution of Nimrod A Prophecy for our time
Shemita Controversy – Pt-1
Shemitah – The Law for the Sabbatical Year
Shma Israel Yehovah Eloheinu Yehovah Echad
Sightedmoon's Goals and Hiring needs for the coming 10 years
Signs and How you react to them
Signs in the Heavens – Solar Eclipse and Lunar Eclipse
Signs Signs Everywhere a Sign Cant you Read the Signs
Simon Peter versus Simon the Sorcerer
So it begins
Song of Solomon at Shavuot The Tallit
Speaking in Tongues at Pentecost
Speaking Things Hard to Understand The Rightly Dividing Point
Special Prayer for the 7th of Aviv
Special Torah Reading for The Days of Unleavened Bread
Stinken Christian Thinken – Yehovah says He will Laugh
Sukkot in Jerusalem 2008 and its Dangers
Sukkot in Jerusalem 2009 – Simply Awesome
Sukkot in Jerusalem 2016 – Herding Cats
Task Masters
Tekufah Equinox
Temple Mount Society says NO to Conjunction Moon
Terah, Abram, and Haran
Tet – What Goes Around Comes Around
That Still Small Voice
That's the way it is! Teaching Passover to Switzerland Christians
The 12 Tribes of Israel Farm Vision
The 2016 Shemita Controversy – Part 2
The 2016 Shemita Controversy – Part 3
The 2016 Shemita Controversy – Part 4
The 2016 Shemita Controversy – Pt5
The 2016 U.N. Human Rights Day
The 40 days of Repentance and Selichot
The 70 Years Lie
The 9th of Av – Should we Fast
The 9th of Av, Curses, Blood Moons, & Overtaken by the Thief – Will you be caught off guard
The Aleph Tav Deception
The Attempt to Destroy Davids Lineage-The Throne of Britain – Pt 14
The Bar-Kokhba Revolt – Part 1 – Is He the Messiah in Daniel's Timeline
The Bar-Kokhba Revolt – Part 2 – The Shemitah Year Change & Resolving Daniel's Timeline
The Barley is not Abiv
The Beast is Awakening BEWARE
The Biblical Calendar Movie
The Birthday of Yehshua-The Feast of Yom Teruah
The Bismallah ? No Man can Buy or Sell Without The Mark
The Biyrah of The Bayith-The Rocks Are Crying Out
The Blessings and The Curses
The Blood Covenant of Abraham and Sinai
The Book of ActsThe Rest of the Story
The Book of Life or the Book of Shame
The Chaldean Origin of Easter
The Church of the Holy Wisdom
The City of Salem History
The Colchis Connection-The Throne of Britain – Pt 4
The Connection between Shavuot, Joshua, and the Jubilee – Do you see the Yobel
The Coronation of Iran as King of the South
The Counting of the Omer – All 50 Days
The Covenant and The Curses – What does it all mean
The Covenant Made with Many for One week
The Covenant Made With Many; It Involves You
The Covenantal Curses are upon us. Can they be Stopped
The Curses of the Exodus took place in the First Sabbatical cycle in 1386 BC
The Curses – It's Hard to Teach These Things
The Darkness of Abrahams Sleep
The Day the Messiah died in relation to proving the Jubilee years are correct
The Debt Bomb Pension cut backs or Help Build a Farm in Israel
The Decline and Fall of Assyria – Part 2
The Demons Believe in Yehovah like you. So What is the Difference
The Doctrine of Balaam & The Rape of Dinah and Tamar
The Edomites begin to Unite and a Shiite Prophecy
The Eighth Commandment
The False Teaching of Daniel's Timeline Exposed
The Family of Odin-The Throne of Britain – Pt 10
The Famine of the Word
The Farm Report from the Land of Israel
The Fastest Growing Threat-Islam
The Feast of Trumpets and 10 Days of Awe – Part 2 – The Day of Atonement
The Fifth Commandment
The Fifth Curse of Captivity and Cannibalism
The First Commandment – He Identifies Himself
The First Curse of Terrorism
The Five types of Levitical Offerings – A Side by Side Comparison
The Foolish Virgins – Are you one of them, Are you Sure
The Foot Washing Memorial
The Four Fasts of Zechariah
The Four Horsemen
The Four Horses
The Fourth Commandment
The Fourth Curse of Blood Moons and Precursor to War
The Frequencies of the Tabernacle
The Frog in the Pot That Will Not Repent
The Gentiles Revealed the Tribe of Manasseh and Ephraim
The giving of the Law and of Spirit
The Glory of Yahweh and The Glory of Kings
The Great Falling Away & The Flat Earth Lie
The Great Nea Church – Church of Mary
The Hammer of Thor which Breaks in Pieces-The Swastika
The Harvest that occurred before the Feast
The Hebrew Roots of English
The heresy of the Enoch Calendar
The Hittites, Assyrians, Asshur, King of Tyre, and Deutschland
The Holy Ground and When Michael Stands Down
The House of Omri written in Stone – Pt 2
The House of Shammai and the House of Hillel
The Hunters Come
The Identity of Assyria and the Source of the Ancient gods
The Identity of Assyria – The Breaker – UPDATE
The Invasion of Europe The Hunters Gather
The King of the North Who is He Daniel 11 Prophecy
The King of The South
The Last Supper
The Law in Colossians 216
The Law of Niddah – Part 1
The Law of Niddah – Part 2 – A Wife's Journey
The Law Written on our Hearts & Minds
The Liberty Pole Where do you Stand
The Lion and the Unicorn-The Throne of Britain – Pt 9
The Lunar Sabbath Calendar Issues
The Mark of the Beast
The Marriage Week of Sukkot According to the Sabbatical Cycles
The Meaning of the Eighth Day Feast – Part 1 – Wisdom Righteousness
The Meaning of the Eighth Day Feast – Part 2 – That I may Dwell with them
The Meaning of the Eighth Day Feast – Part 3 – Hell
The Meaning of the Eighth Day Feast – Part 4 – Heaven
The Meaning of the Eighth Day Feast – Part 6 – The Menorah
The Meaning of the Eighth Day Feast – Part 7 – The Meaning of the Menorah
The Meaning of the Eighth Day Feast – Part 8 – Sukkot; The Wedding
The Meaning of the Eighth Day Feast – Part 9 – Written in the Stars
The Meeking of a Horse – Strength under Control
The Messiah was Promised from the very Beginning-Have you proven it
The Messiahs Name Written in the Tanach
The Missing Simeonites
The Name Jesus & Torah Terrorists
The New Year was Changed from Nisan to Tishri. Did you know
The Ninth Commandment
The Noahides The Abomination on the Mount of Olives
The Nobel Prize! To a Ditch Digger!
The Nobility Also Jewish-The Throne of Britain – Pt 15
The Occult Roots of National Socialism
The Philippines 2015 Report – Videos
The Philippines 2015 Report Greg Cronkite
The Philippines 2015 Report Joseph Dumond
The Philippines 2018 Report – Joseph Dumond
The Philippines 2018 Report – Aike Mesais
The Philippines 2018 Report – Shavuot, They Got the Fire
The Philippines is the ancient Ophir
The Philippines – Torah Study Centres Come to Life
The Pill in Noahs Day
The Pill – Does it Work like you Think
The Pope and ISIS-in Prophecy
The Pride of Ephraim
The Prodigal Son
The Promise Covenant and Error
The Prophecies of Abraham
The Prophecy of Niddah
The Quest for Qabalah a Trip to the Dark Side and Witchcraft – Part 1
The Rapture and Left Behind Lie Unveiled
The Real Terrorist of Haifa is Yehovah
The Red Carpet The Door
The Return Of Yeshua
The Roots of the Muslim Brotherhood and Survivalist Theology
The Royal Line of Judah in Britain Trojan Origins
The Sabbatical Years are not just for when you're in The Land of Yisra'el
The Sabbatical Years were kept in the Garden of Eden
The Scots The Dutch The Irish Other Tribes The Yanks
The Second Commandment
The Second Curse of Drought & Famine
The Secret to the Dome of the Rock
The Serpent Was More Subtle – Speaking in Tongues
The Seven Feasts of Yehovah and Their Secrets
The Seven Resurrections of The Fourth Empire
The Seventh Commandment – Part 1
The Seventh Commandment – Part 2
The Seventh Commandment – Part 3
The seventh Year Tithe The Forgiveness of Debts The Reading of the Law
The Seventy Shabuwa The Seventy Weeks of Daniel 9
The Sign of Jonah
The Significance of the Wave Offering
The Sixth Commandment
The Start of the Written Hebrew Language
The Statutes of the House of Omri – Pt 1
The Stone of Destiny-The Throne of Britain – Pt 7
The Stone of Destiny-The Throne of Britain – Pt 8
The Stone that Roared
The Tallit Prayer Shawl – Under the Shadow of His Wings
The Tenth Commandment
The Third Commandment
The Third Curse of Pestilence
The Third Tithe supporting the Widows and the Fatherless
The Thirteenth-Month-Issue
The Threshold Covenant – Will it bring You Protection or Destruction
The Throne of Britain Its Biblical Origin and Future – Pt 1
The Throne of Britain Its Biblical Origin and Future – Pt 2
The Throne of Britain Its Biblical Origin and Future – Pt 3
The Throne of Britain Its Biblical Origin and Future – Pt 4
The Truth can be hard to hear
The Truth that Chanukah Hides
The Two Goats Yahshua and Satan
The Unpardonable sin and taking his name in vain
The Vatican's Hidden Jerusalem Agenda
The Wall Street Waltz
The War Grace vs Law
The Wave Offering
The Wave Sheaf 2019
The Wave Sheaf From Passover to Yeshua
The Whore and The Beast
The Widows and Tithing
The World Seeks a Sign
The Year Abraham Made the Covenant and Joshua Entered the Promised Land
The Year Abraham Made the Covenant and Joshua Entered the Promised Land
The Zadok Scale and the 2018 Barley
The Zeroah of Yehovah – To Whom is His Arm Revealed
Thief on the cross and going to Heaven when you die
Thinking about His Mercy as we Deleaven our Homes
This is a Test
This is not a Spectator Event – Are you in the Game
Thou Shalt Grow a Beard. Really
TIMES UP No More Excuses – The Jubilee Year is a Shadow Picture of Future Events
Tis the Season for the Festival of Lights
Tithing Summed Up
To Afflict the Soul means To Fast
To My Porn-Watching Dad, From Your Daughter
To See or Not to See the New Moon from Yehovah's Headquarters
To See or Not to See the New Moon from Yehovah's Headquarters
Tombstones of Hannah and Hasadiah the Priest
Tonsuring or Shaving the Head, The Kipa & Dressing in Black
Triennial Torah Study 6th Year 04042015
Triennial Torah Study Year 2 16042011
Triennial Torah Study Year 2 24092011
Triennial Torah Study Year 3 21042012
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Triennial Torah Study Year2 25022012
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Triennial Torah Study Year3 20102012
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Trip Report Shavuot Our proclamation
Trump – Come Out of Her My People
Try Me, I Dare You
Trying to Reflect on Passover Without Crying
Tu B'Shevat – Happy New Year to the Trees. What
Tzaraat, Gan Eden, and the Age to Come
Uh O Canada
UN Says Carbon Tax or Total Destruction by 2030
Understand Paul Did Not do away with Torah – Translators Did
Understanding the 10 Days Of Awe
Update and Teaching on Kadesh Barnea
USA Gay Rights and Yehovah's Blood Moon Warning
Vatican calls for Oversight of the World's Finances
Vav – Behold the Man – Yehovahs bridge to the Treasure
Vineyard Update Attack of the Locusts July 2013
Watch Germany and these Key Locations – Gibraltar, Suez, and the Dardanelles
Were the Greeks Israelites-The Throne of Britain – Pt 2
We're Proving the Sabbatical Years. Are you
What do The Ten Days of Awe mean – TShuva Repentance and Isaiah 66
What Is A Prophet
What is a Prophet and Who is Elijah
What is the Gospel of the Kingdom
What is Yehovah Showing Us on the 8th Day
What Others Are Saying
What time is it Mr Wolf – Overview of History Past & Future
What was Nailed to the Cross and Is the Law Good
What's on your Tongue
Wheat, Tares, and Anti-Missionaries
When does the month begin
Where are the Curses in Scripture. Is it God or Satan bringing this upon us.
Where Are Those 7000 Who Do not Bow to Baal
Where Are We Told to Expect a Messiah in the Torah-Can You Prove it
Where did Martha, Mary and Lazarus go newagain
Where did The Apostles Go – Part 2
Where did the Apostles Go – Pt 1
Where did Thomas go – India
Where Do Scriptures Say Yehovah is to come and die
Where do we get the Tradition of 40 Days of Repentance
Where do we see the Sabbatical and Jubilee Years in Scripture and Why is this important
Where does it say we are going to Sacrifice God
Where is that King of Judah today That Yahweh Promised would aways be there
Where is the 13th month found in the bible
Where is the famine that was to come in 2010
Which Calendar did Yehshua Keep
Which Calendar, Which Moon
Which Day is the Passover Meal
Which Torah Did Moses Teach – Oral or Written
Who are the Magi – Parthia – The Rest of the story
Who has the Authority to Baptize according to Scripture
Who were the Essenes
Whose Commandments do YOU Keep – Who do YOU Follow – Do YOU have any Clue of the Day and Hour we're in
Why are we Looking for Barley at This time of the Year
Why did Yehovah have to pay a redemption price and to whom
Why do we keep Pentecost or Shavuot
Why Do We Keep the Day of Atonement
Why do we Need Barley Where is it Commanded
Why Does the Land Need to Rest
Why is it wrong to buy and sell on the Sabbath
Why is Shavuot called the Feast of Oaths
Why is the 7th Day of Unleavened Bread Holy
Why Israel Returns to the Land in 2030 and Why they Leave Again and How the Two Witnesses Cause this
Why Israel Returns to the Land in 2030 and Why they Leave Again and How the Two Witnesses Cause this
Why Keep the 40 days of Repentance AND The Little Red Hen
Why Let the Land go Fallow anyway
Why the Difference in Calendar Year's – The Missing Kings
Why the Farm in Israel Prophecy Guides Us
Why use the Conjunction Moon to begin the month
Why we Deleaven our Homes
Wilderness Trouble and Solutions with Essential Oils
World Events Following Bible Prophecy to a Tee
Yeah But Jesus Kept Chanukah See John 10:22
Yehovah & The Fast of the First Born, The Pidyon Ha'bon
Yehovah & The Fast of the First Born, The Pidyon Ha'bon
Yehovah or Yahweh Prove it
Yehovah our Elohim is one Yehovah
Yehovah our Elohim is one Yehovah – Part 2
Yehovah Our Redeemer
Yehovah's 700 Promises for You In The Land – Part 1
Yehovah's 700 Promises – Isaiah to Jeremiah – Part 4
Yehovah's 700 Promises – Joshua to Psalms – Part 3
Yehovah's 700 Promises – Lamentations to Zechariah – Part 5
Yehovah's 700 Promises – Part 2 – Genesis to Deuteronomy
Yes you can be Gay and Christian
Yes, Passover before the Equinox happens
Yeshua's 3 Prayers & Their Relationship to the Curses
You never know you've been asleep till you wake up!
You Shall Know Them By Their Love
You shall Teach Them to Your Children
You will Know Them by Their Fruit
You've Read The 2300 Days of Hell Now What Are You Going to Do
Zayin-Cutting the Aleph-Tav to Shreds
Zechariahs Prophecy Comes to Life
Are You a Prophet – Are Your Prophecies Pleasing to Yah
Are You in Obedience with the Second Passover
Audio Library
A Case for War
The Curses
The Ten Lost Tribes
The Assyrians
The Prophesies of Abraham
The Law of Niddah
The 70 Shabua of Daniel
2300 Days of Hell
The Great Enlightenment
The 8th Day
The Third Tithe
The Blood Moons Audio
Biblical Lesson Books
Blood Moons and the Sabbatical years
Do You Have Enough Oil?
Donation Confirmation
Donation History
Falsely Accused
Heaven and Hell – Part 5
Home – Afrikaan
Home – French
Home – German Article
Home – Portuguese
Home – Spanish
Israel Tour 2017
It Was a Riddle – Not a Command (German)
Jubilees Corrected – C.E. to B.C.E. Chart
Jusqu'à quand vont-ils pas atteindre la pureté?
Kenya Update – June 2018
La Marque de la Bête
Library Article Archives
But Passover is on the Sabbath now what do I do
Did Yehshua Eat Leaven Bread or Unleavened Bread on the Night He was betrayed
Foot Washing and the Order of the events of Passover
Nefertiti and Akhenaten
Noah's Ark – Part 1 – An Introduction to Ron Wyatt and the Ark
Noah's Ark – Part 2 – My Trip to Noahs Ark from the Beginning
Noah's Ark – Part 3 – A Marvel of Marine Engineering revealing the Golden Ratio and Phi
Noah's Ark – Part 4 – Sorting out the Di screpancies – Height, Ziggurats, Cubits, and Volume
Noah's Ark – Part 5 – The Location of Noahs Ark from all sources Naxuan and Seron Mt Judi Mt Mashar
Noah's Ark – Part 6 – What exactly is Gopher wood The relationship of Easter Eggs and Doves to the Ark
Noah's Ark – Part 7 – How Noah felt warning everyone and only His eight heeded his warning
Palm Sunday and 6 Days Before Passover
Palm Sunday and Resurrection Sunday Prove the Sabbath Was Not Changed
palm_sunday_ booklet_burundi
Road to Emmaus Lesson booklet
Visualize what Really Happened at the Red Sea Crossing
Wave Sheaf Lesson Booklet
What Happens When you Die
Where does it say we need Barley to start the New Year?
Lost Password
Monthly Calendar
Video Series
The Curses
10 Ten Lost Tribes
Prophesies of Abraham
The Law of Niddah
The 70 Shabua of Daniel
The 2300 Days of Hell
The Great Enlightenment
The 8th Day
The Blood Moons
A Case for War
The Third Tithe
The Tombstones of the Zoar
Afflicting Our Souls – Pt 1
Afflicting Our Souls – Pt 2
Trump and Baal Peor
Afflicting Our Souls – Pt 3
Afflicting Our Souls – Pt 4
Baal Peor Pt 1
Baal Peor Pt 2
Baal Peor Pt 3
The Curse of Balaam
Under The Curse
The Stock Market
Philippines Conference – Morning Pt1
Philippines Conference – Morning Pt2
Philippines Conference – Evening Pt1
Philippines Conference – Evening Pt2
Philippines Conference – Evening Pt3
Philippines Sukkot 2015
Philippine Farmers – Pt1
Philippine Farmers – Pt2
The 8th Day Philippines
Philippines Behind the Scenes
700 Club Asia Interview
Understanding the POA Charts
Drafting a Bill for Conference
Military Meetings
My Account
Newsletter Thank You
Niddah Cycle for Israel and the Whore Charts
Philippines Update – April 2019
Philippines Update – August 2018 – The Curses & The Blessings
Philippines Update – June 2019
Philippines Update – Our Torah Ministry Beginnings
Portez-Vous Votre Anneau de Mariage?
Promotion – 10 Lost Tribes
Promotion – Complete eBundle
Promotion – It was a Riddle Not a Command
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'Inventing Wine': The History Of A Very Vintage Beverage
This is FRESH AIR. I'm Terry Gross. Beer is great, but it's wine that was initially believed to come directly from the gods. Wine didn't become secularized on a wide scale until the Middle Ages in Europe. Wine is about 8,000 years old, but it's still evolving through new technologies and globalization.
My guest Paul Lukacs writes about all this and more in his new book "Inventing Wine: A New History of One of the World's Most Ancient Pleasures." He's been writing about wine for nearly 20 years and is the winner of a James Beard Award for his earlier book, "American Vintage: The Rise of American Wine." He's also a professor of English at Loyola University and directs its Center for the Humanities.
Paul Lukacs, welcome to FRESH AIR.
PAUL LUKACS: It's great to be here.
GROSS: So one of the things I learned from your book is that I probably would not have wanted to drink ancient wine. You make it sound actually pretty putrid. Why did it taste so bad?
LUKACS: It tasted bad because fermented grape juice will oxidize very quickly, and there was no secure way to store the wine, secure meaning keeping air away from it. So inevitably wine would sour rapidly, and of course it could only be made once a year, at the harvest.
So it might have tasted, to our palates, decent in September, but it sure would have tasted bad come spring.
GROSS: And of course you haven't tasted ancient wine, so...
LUKACS: No, this is - these are all guesses.
GROSS: Right.
LUKACS: Educated guesses, I hope.
GROSS: So what are some of the things in ancient times that were added to wine to make it taste less foul?
LUKACS: Everything from lead to ash to myrrh to various kinds of incense, spices, and the most common thing added, especially to wines that people valued, were fresh resin from pine trees or boiled resin, namely pitch, from pine trees.
GROSS: You have, by saying this, not improved my impression of the taste of ancient wine. And can I say you also say marble dust was added to wine.
LUKACS: Correct.
GROSS: I can't imagine why. What function would marble dust or, worse yet, lead serve in wine?
LUKACS: I'm not all that sure about the marble dust. I know that it was added. I'm not sure, since I haven't tried it myself, not being a mason, I'm not sure what it would do to the wine. Lead in fact will sweeten wine. So lead was used for thousands and thousands of years, all the way up until really the 18th century to sweeten the wine, which had soured due to oxidation.
GROSS: Wouldn't it kill you?
LUKACS: It eventually would - it's a toxic substance, so it eventually could make you sick, and it was a German researcher who discovered the connection between lead and poisoning in the 17th century, and by the middle of the 18th century, scientists and vintners were really saying you shouldn't use it much anymore.
GROSS: And you say that wine was frequently added to water to sanitize the water because the water was so foul, drinking water. How did ancient people know that alcohol could help kill certain germs? Because this was long before the idea of, you know, knowledge of germs.
LUKACS: I think they knew, as best I can tell, by trial and error. Pliny the Elder, writing in the Roman Empire, talks about using not water to cut wine but wine to improve water, and he recommends using seawater, especially, and that the wine - although he does caution don't get it too close to shore, where one assumes the sewage went, but get the saltwater and the wine combined together to make the water more drinkable - because you've got to remember, for thousands of years, if you lived in a town or a village, the water was pretty undrinkable.
If you were lucky enough to live in the countryside, and you had a well, that would be a different situation, but if you lived in ancient Athens, or you lived in ancient Babylon or Alexandria, you couldn't drink the water. So wine was something that people drank from morning to night. Babies drank it; old people drank it; soldiers drank it. Everybody drank wine all the time, and in order for them not to be falling down drunk by 10 in the morning, they mixed it with water and used it to sanitize or purify the water.
GROSS: So you mentioned that Pliny the Elder suggested using ocean water, which would be saltwater. That's not a very good idea, drinking that.
LUKACS: I'm not sure chemically what would happen if you drank, say, equal parts wine and saltwater, but the Greeks, the ancient Greeks, were particularly fond of saltwater, and they - we think of people today cataloguing and classifying different types of wine, and the first growth from Bordeaux is better than the fifth growth from Bordeaux, which is better than - however one measures better - than the jug wine from the Central Valley in California.
The Greeks didn't classify wine so much as classify water and classify resin, which was also added to the concoction. It's what they valued. It's not what we value, but it's what they valued.
GROSS: In ancient times, wine was believed to be connected to the gods. What was the connection?
LUKACS: I think that's the really crucial difference, even more than taste, between wine in the ancient world and wine today. Wine wasn't the only intoxicating or potentially intoxicating beverage that people drank in the ancient world. Beer and mead both came at roughly the same time. So did, a little later, fermented date palm juice, which was the drink of choice in ancient Egypt, for example.
None of these were imbued with the same kind of spiritual meaning as wine. There were multiple gods of wine, Bacchus or Dionysus being the most famous one for us today, but all these cultures had gods of wine. The reason that I think they did, is that wine is a completely, we would say, natural product.
Unlike beer or mead or other fermented beverages, which have to be manipulated by human beings, when grapes fall to the ground, and the skins burst open, yeast will start working on them right away, and wine will be produced. It may not be the prettiest wine, it may not be the cleanest wine, it may not be what we want to go spend our money on, but wine will be produced naturally.
For the ancients, naturally meant coming from God or the gods. So wine was a product of the gods, and it had this magical, mysterious quality about it. Nobody understood how it was made. It wasn't until the mid-19th century that anybody could explain fermentation, a long time away from the ancients. So it had divinity within it.
And when one drank wine, one was drinking the juice of the gods, and by the time one gets to classical Greece, one was drinking Dionysus himself, one was drinking god.
GROSS: It - really was the connection considered to be that direct?
LUKACS: Yes it definitely was considered to be that direct, which was not true with beer or mead or grog or other kinds of beverages. They were respected, and they were honored, and there were gods that people thought brought human beings the knowledge of how to make beer, for example in ancient Sumeria, but there wasn't a god of beer in the same way that there is a god of wine.
GROSS: Where does wine originate?
LUKACS: As best we know - and this archaeological evidence is fairly recent, within the last 30, 40 years - as best we know, wine begins in what geographers call Transcaucasia. That would be present-day eastern Turkey, northern Iran, Georgia, Azerbaijan, in between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, south of the Caucasus Mountains.
GROSS: So some of the places that you mentioned are predominantly Islamic in population now, which means wine is something that might not be approved of in those places, even though it's the place, places where wine originates.
LUKACS: Absolutely, and one of the interesting things in that regard is that modern Islam retains the notion that is very, very old that wine is a sacred beverage and is so sacred that it's almost too good, too powerful to be consumed on Earth. The Quran is filled with references to drinking wine, floating in baths of wine after one dies, but here on Earth, one is too weak to not succumb to the temptations of wine, so it's something that should be reserved for the afterlife.
GROSS: What does the Old Testament have to say about wine?
LUKACS: The Old Testament, like the Old Testament says about many things, is somewhat contradictory at parts, but the Old Testament repeatedly talks about the Israelites as a vine and talks about Israel as the - the Israelites as a chosen place, and the land where the vines will flourish, but also repeatedly condemns drunkenness, condemns wine as a secular pleasure, and says only pagans or heathens or the enemies think of wine as something that one would drink to excess, one would drink for sensual pleasure in the here and now.
It's something that has to be guarded carefully and used to bring one, again, to a closer connection to God.
GROSS: Let's move on to the New Testament, where Jesus describes the wine as his blood. Talk about that a little bit.
LUKACS: It's interesting that the New Testament versions of the use of wine, Christ's use of wine, echo the way the ancient Romans, the classical Romans during the empire, used wine as a vehicle, not just for communicating with - for them, the gods; for the Christian, the one God - but also a way to bring like-minded people together.
And the early Christians would gather together, and wine was a crucial part of their ceremony, of their convivium or their symposium, two activities that the Christians inherited from ancient Greece and ancient Rome.
GROSS: But there is that direct connection of wine as being the symbol of Jesus' blood.
LUKACS: Yes, wine is the symbol of Jesus' blood, and the doctrine of transubstantiation was that, and is, for believing Catholics for example, that literally what happens during the sacrament is that the wine is transformed into the blood of Christ. So it has within it the same kind of mysterious, sacred power that different peoples and different cultures going 6,000 years earlier had first observed in wine.
One of the interesting things in that regard, though, is that when Christianity becomes the dominant religion in the Western world, after Constantine's conversion and then after the fall of Rome, wine is propagated not because the Christian church needs a lot of wine, in fact they don't need much wine at all because the sacrament of the Eucharist and drinking wine becomes reserved for the priest and in fact for over a thousand years becomes something that the laity is not allowed to participate in, wine becomes something that the church propagates as a means of gathering like-minded believers together.
So it assumes, ironically enough, its secular status through the actions of the early medieval Christian church, and by...
GROSS: How does the church use wine to bring people together?
LUKACS: The church uses wine to bring people together because wine outside of the church has a completely social function, and the church owns lots of lands and lots of vineyards. So the church hires people, the church feeds people, the church organizes secular celebrations. The wine again, similar to ancient wine, is not a wine that we particularly would enjoy, but the wine is something that the church uses to organize life in villages, in towns and communities. Not as a means of communing directly with God but as a means of asserting, if you will, their commonality.
GROSS: So if you had the choice of drinking a wine that was made by any Christian order in ancient times or medieval times, whose wine would you want to drink?
LUKACS: Well, the most famous example of a religious order making wine, which has some connection to wine that we enjoy today, are the Cistercian monks in Burgundy. And they - starting around the year 1000 after Christ - and they were the first people to, in a systematic way, associate wines of a specific type with a specific place and a specific variety of grape.
So they started, on a very small scale, the notion of particularity and individual tastes from certain wines from certain places that has, in the thousand years since, become so important for wine appreciation.
GROSS: If you're just joining us, my guest is Paul Lukacs, who writes extensively about wine. His new book is a history of wine called "Inventing Wine." Let's take a short break here, and then we'll talk some more. This is FRESH AIR.
GROSS: So, you write about how spirits become a new option in - around the 14th or 15th century, that beer had existed before, but - so what's different with these spirits?
LUKACS: What happens at the end of the Middle Ages and in the Renaissance is that wine faces its first great cultural challenge. It had reigned supreme as the beverage of choice until then. Only the very poor drank beer, for example, in the early Middle Ages. The people with any sort of means, including the very beginning of the middle class, drank wine as much as they could.
What happens at the end of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance is that other drinks start challenging wine's place. First is beer because with the use of hops, which had not been used before, beer could now be transported and travel safely and had a shelf life, if you will, of more than just a few days. Before then, beer was really made by home brewers. It wasn't even much served in taverns. It was served - it was done at home by one's wife, who was cooking the meal and making beer in Scandinavia or Northern Germany or some such places.
The other big thing that happens is that distillation, which comes to Western Europe from the - from North Africa and the Muslim world but at first is used to make medicines and perfumes, start to be used - starts being used to make drink. And distilled beverages have one great advantage over wine: They don't spoil.
So you can - gin is gin, and it lasts for a very long time, whereas you open the bottle of wine, and wine today, if you open the bottle of wine, in a few days it's going to taste different, and in a week it's not going to taste very good, and in a month it's going to be vinegar, which is the problem that haunts wine.
And then yet another set of beverages comes, not spirits, not beer, nothing alcoholic, but coffee, tea and chocolate in the 17th century and into the 18th century. Nobody drew a distinction, really, between alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages. These are another new, enticing option for drinkers. So you get commercial beer, distilled spirits and tea, coffee and chocolate, and suddenly wine, which was the only real beverage of choice if one had choices until then for thousands and thousands of years, faces a whole new set of challenges.
GROSS: And at some point you have this hybrid, where wines are being mixed with spirits to get fortified wine. So what are we talking about? What drinks are we talking about?
LUKACS: Fortified wines begin in the 18th century, which I think of really as the period where modern wines start emerging, and they start with port in Portugal, with Madeira in the island of the same name off of the coast of Africa, and they have the advantage over still wines is that because of the addition of distillate, here usually a clear brandy, they can travel well.
So you could ship the wine from the island of Madeira to the English colonies in North America, and it would still taste good. And in those colonies there was a great passion for Madeira, for example. Philadelphia, where you're located, was a great center of Madeira drinking in the 18th century, precisely because the beverage wouldn't spoil.
GROSS: And how do people drink it, then? With their meals or after meals or all the time? (Chuckling)
LUKACS: I think they drank it a lot, if they could afford it. Madeira was quite popular among the higher social classes, and the lower classes in what would become the United States drank rum if they could get it from the West Indies, drank whiskey that they distilled themselves. The early colonies or the early United States was a phenomenally drunken place. People drank from morning until night.
GROSS: Paul Lukacs will be back in the second half of the show. He's the author of the new book "Inventing Wine." I'm Terry Gross, and this is FRESH AIR.
GROSS: This is FRESH AIR. I'm Terry Gross. We're talking about the history of wine with Paul Lukacs. He's been writing about wine for about 20 years. In 2001, he won a James Beard Award for his book "American Vintage: The Rise of American Wine." His new book is called "Inventing Wine: A New History of One of the World's Most Ancient Pleasures."
One of the chapters I found awfully interesting was about the world wars and wine. And I didn't know this. I don't know how many people know this, but trench warfare in World War I was so horrible that the European countries, and I think America as well, made sure that, you know, the boys and men in trenches had wine.
LUKACS: They made sure that the boys and men in the trenches had alcohol. Different countries provided different alcohols, so that the Germans, for example, provided a lot more schnapps and beer, and the French provided a lot more wine. But a crucial government action from all the combatant countries during the First World War was making sure that the men fighting were lubricated. In part, I suspect, to give them, I'm not sure if one would be true to say to give them bravery, but to give them a sense of bravery or a sense of duty, and in part to take their minds off of, if only momentarily, the horrors they were facing.
GROSS: And what about the Americans?
LUKACS: The Americans were a little more complicated because, of course, Prohibition is just around the corner and there's a huge portion of the American public that is anti-alcohol, but - in any form. But General Pershing, when he brings the American Doughboys over, he says, let them drink. They drank wine. They drank beer. Some of the beer was provided by the government, but they also spent their own money on wine, on cheap spirits, on brandy. There really was a sense during the First World War, both for the people fighting and the people at home in Europe, that the more potent the drink the better, because the more potent the drink the more you could forget.
GROSS: And what about in World War II?
LUKACS: In World War II, same thing applies and the countries still supply their troops with alcoholic beverages of all sorts. Of course, in World War II, there're not great stalemates in the trenches. The Germans occupy and control virtually all of Western Europe except for Great Britain, and they confiscate and take the best French wines, which at that point, are regarded as the best wines in the world, and ship them back to Berlin and they take massive amounts of champagne, of Burgundy, of Bordeaux and requisition them for the enjoyment of the Nazi officers.
GROSS: And in World War II, and in World War I, a lot of the winegrowing land was ruined by the war. So it's a rough period for wine after World War II.
LUKACS: It's a rough period for wine in the first half of the 20th century because of war, also because wine falls somewhat out of vogue. The chic drink between the wars for example, is the cocktail, not wine. The in vogue kind of thing - you don't see, you know, Nick and Nora Charles in "The Thin Man" drinking Burgundy, you see them drinking cocktails and lots of cocktails. Wine falls somewhat out of fashion. And part of the story of wine is that its reemergence in fashion in the second half, really the last third of the 20th century, when it becomes popular in ways that it never had been popular before.
GROSS: So why does it fall out of fashion during the first half of the 20th century? And why do cocktails replace it as a sign of sophistication?
LUKACS: I think there are probably lots of reasons. One definite reason is that all of the world's vineyards in the end of the 19th century are decimated by a disease caused by a little microscopic root louse called phylloxera, which destroys virtually all the vineyards in the world. So they have to replant and restart making wine but there's, it takes a while for a new vine to start producing fruit. And consumers become afraid of wine. Do we really want this, which was where the crops had all been destroyed? So the sort of enthusiasm for wine that might've been there in the 1850s, 1860s, gets really hurt.
Secondly, there is a growing anti-alcohol movement in many places. And in many places - especially in the United States - cheap wine, jug wine, cheap fortified wine, the kind of thing that we associate with Skid Row and such becomes a real object of attack by the anti-alcohol advocates. And I think the other reason is the first half of the 20th century was a, in the Western world was a pretty rough time and, you know, the martini packs a lot more punch than a glass of champagne. And if the glass of champagne 50 years earlier was the sign of sophistication, in 1930, people wanted to toss back the martini.
GROSS: During Prohibition, was it a lot easier to make distilled liquor than it was to make wine?
LUKACS: It was, if it was, you know, the stereotype of the moonshiners in the hills of Appalachia, it was relatively easy to distill corn or wheat or whatever crop one had into spirits, into hard liquor. It was relatively easy to make wine also and there was a huge business and home winemaking during Prohibition because the Volstead Act, that was the actual law that governed what one, what was legal and what was illegal, allowed home winemaking to a considerable degree. So especially in big Eastern cities, there were great railcars full of grapes that were shipped east from California and people made wine in jugs and barrels and bathtubs and in their houses, which certainly did not, in the United States at least, after Prohibition ends in 1933, did not encourage people to think very highly about wine. It was something cheap and tawdry that you could make at home.
GROSS: If you're just joining us, my guest is Paul Lukacs. He's written several books about wine and his new book is called "Inventing Wine." It's a history of wine.
Let's take a short break here, and then we'll talk some more. This is FRESH AIR.
GROSS: So if you're just joining us, my guest is Paul Lukacs. We're talking about his new book "Inventing Wine."
You write a little bit in your book about Robert Mondavi's role in popularizing American wine. What's one or two of the things that you think he did that played the biggest part in popularizing American wine?
LUKACS: Well, he was American wine's great champion and great showman. Paradoxically, the wine that Mondavi promoted and sold and cared about was wine that was very much made on a European model. He wanted to make wine that rivaled white Burgundy, so he used the same grape - chardonnay - and he wanted to make wine that rivaled red Bordeaux, so he used one of the main red Bordeaux grapes - cabernet sauvignon. And he would regularly hold tastings.
He was a great salesman. He would go into a restaurant or a retailer, and he would have three bottles of wine in paper bags, and two of them would be French wines and one wine would be his, and he would dare people to tell the difference. And the great triumph would be if you couldn't tell the American wine apart from the European wine. So he was pushing and promoting - and he wasn't alone in this - he was just maybe the best salesman of all, he was pushing and promoting wine as the qualitative and stylistic equivalent of the great historic wines of Europe.
GROSS: So do you think he produced good wines that really were rivals with European wines?
LUKACS: Absolutely. As did many other people in California, starting in the '70s and into the 1980s and following on. He produced wine - the proof in the pudding - he produced wines that people couldn't tell apart from first growth Bordeaux or grand cru white Burgundy.
GROSS: Who do you consider the key players in the Americanization of wine?
LUKACS: I think Mondavi is one, the Gallo brothers would be another. And then they're...
GROSS: You know, this is may be not fair. You know, you say Gallo and I still think of just like a big gallon jug of really cheap wine.
LUKACS: Well, Gallo is a huge empire and they make tons of wine that you probably wouldn't recognize as a Gallo product because they use lots of different names.
GROSS: Mm-hmm.
LUKACS: Also true with the company that now owns Mondavi, you wouldn't necessarily recommend - you wouldn't necessarily recognize the connection. But the Gallo brothers had a very different philosophy from Mondavi. Mondavi, Robert Mondavi, said Americans don't really know what good wine is. I'm going to teach them and then the consumer will follow. And the Gallo brothers said give the consumer what the consumer wants. So the Gallo brothers in a way always followed a step behind the pioneers of the fine wine movement in the second half of the 20th century in America. But even though they were a step behind, they caught up and they produce very good wine today.
GROSS: Now you mentioned that Americans wouldn't know how many different brands are actually made by, you know, Gallo or Mondavi. You write that Mondavi's Reserve Cabernet, Manischewitz's Concord wine and Mouton Cadet's Bordeaux all come from the same company. I didn't know that.
LUKACS: It's a huge company. One of the trends in, I suspect all kinds of products today, but in the wine world has been a kind of consolidation of corporate interests. So this is a company called Constellation Brands, which there is no wine labeled Constellation, but Constellation owns Mondavi and it owns Manischewitz and it owns Mouton Cadet and it owns a host of other properties all across the world and sells them to different niches in the market. So it's part of the ongoing globalization of wine in the early decades of the 21st century.
GROSS: What do you mean when you say the globalization of wine?
LUKACS: I mean two things: One, I mean that as has happened with many, many products, people throughout the world are buying and enjoying the same thing. The ubiquitous example obviously, is blue jeans. The French farm worker, the Japanese technocrat, the Australian businessman, they all wear blue jeans made by the same companies. This has happened with wine too, that there are companies like Constellation Brands that own properties and sell wines all across the world. So in one sense it's a corporate phenomenon.
But it's also a stylistic phenomenon, that there has emerged in the last quarter century or so a particular style of wine, which I call the flamboyant style - other people might call it something else - that emphasizes ripe, sweet fruit flavors above all else, that one could argue sometimes sacrifices subtlety for power, that has become popular everywhere. So that - and they're tied with specific grapes, so that one can buy chardonnay made in Chile and chardonnay made in California and chardonnay made in France and chardonnay made in South Africa, and they will all taste relatively the same because of this stylistic similarity, which is enabled by the science and technology that emerged after the Second World War to give winemakers more control over their craft.
GROSS: If you're just joining us, my guest is Paul Lukacs. He's written several books about wine and his new book is called "Inventing Wine." It's a history of wine.
Do you remember the first wine that you ever drank?
LUKACS: My father was European, was Hungarian, so I grew up in a wine drinking family. So I remember from quite a young age having little sips of wine and I never took it as anything very special. It was only in my 20s that I began discovering the joys of wine - both physical, the sensory pleasures of wine - the smell and the taste - and the intellectual pleasures. To me what makes wine so endlessly fascinating is that it combines hedonistic pleasure and intellectual pleasure.
GROSS: OK. So, the intellectual pleasure. I think everybody who isn't a wine expert wonders this: Can you really perceive subtle differences between the thousands of wines that you probably taste every year?
LUKACS: Yes. But you can be wrong half the time. You can perceive the differences...
GROSS: Say that with pride.
LUKACS: Whether you can actually recognize and identify all those differences is a trickier question. But you can definitely perceive the differences. And I would think that if you and I went out for dinner and I served you two different wines, and you didn't know what they were - let's make - they're the same color, two different white wines - you would definitely be able to perceive differences.
Whether you could find the language to accurately describe those differences is another matter. We are, in English, very impoverished with our language of taste. We have all kinds of wonderful words to describe what we touch, what we feel emotionally, what we see. But when it comes to smell and taste, we get reduced to I-like-it or I-don't-like-it very quickly.
GROSS: Well, give me an example of another language that you think has a much more subtle set of words to describe taste.
LUKACS: I think French - at least in terms of wine tasting - the French have a somewhat richer vocabulary, but it's invariably all metaphor. That when we talk about it, it gets pretty boring, in contemporary wine speak. And we talk about echoes of blueberries and earth and hay or all these kind of language that's used to describe wine. It gets pretty boring.
The French are much nicer. They talk about, you know, that this is a lacy wine, or this is a muscular wine. And this is a wine that has the fragrance of spring in it. It just sounds much prettier than the way we talk about it. But invariably, these are all metaphors. The language of taste is metaphoric. We're drawing analogies all the time.
GROSS: Well, I want to thank you so much for talking with us and...
LUKACS: It's been a great pleasure.
GROSS: Happy Holidays.
LUKACS: Happy Holidays to you, too.
GROSS: Thank you very much.
LUKACS: And open a bottle of champagne on New Year's Eve.
GROSS: Right. OK.
GROSS: Paul Lukacs is the author of the new book "Inventing Wine: A New History of One of the World's Most Ancient Pleasures." You can read an excerpt on our website: freshair.npr.org.
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