text:
Hello, and welcome to Pit Bull Forum, a gathering place for responsible dog owners and enthusiasts. We are dedicated to promoting the positive image of the American Pit Bull Terrier, American Staffordshire Terrier, Staffordshire Bull Terrier, and all other bull breeds.
Pit Bull Forum is a peer resource for pit bull owners. The members who post here are dedicated dog owners who are willing to generously share their experiences, advice and information with one another. That's the backbone of this community.
Although many of our members have a good deal of experience owning, handling and caring for dogs, we do not recommend that members use the advice they receive here as a substitute for seeking in-person veterinary or behavioral care for your dogs.
If you have a concern about your dog's health, particularly if you feel your dog is ill, you should make an appointment with your veterinarian for professional medical advice.
If you have concerns about your dog's behavior, particularly if you are concerned about aggression issues, you should seek the advice of a behavior consultant or trainer in your area. Trying to diagnose aggression problems over the Internet can be potentially dangerous. Need help figuring out what kind of behavior professional can help you? See this post for information on the different kinds of veterinary behaviorists and consultants.
If you need advice on how to find a behavior consultant in your area, post in training and ask. Our members are sure to make some suggestions.
To help foster an atmosphere where education and collaboration can thrive, we have a few simple rules and guidelines. As you browse the forum and interact with other members, please keep these rules in mind, especially when discussions may become involved and heated.
It's okay to have intense discussions and arguments as long as everyone involved behaves in a courteous and respectful manner; in fact, we here at PBF believe that mature debate and discussion are vital to an educational forum. Please do not misinterpret polite but firm disagreement or debate as a personal attack. Remember that strong disagreement and debate are not the same things as "flaming."
That said, we also expect our members to be able to conduct themselves in a manner that, even in the face of disagreement, encourages the exchange of information and ideas—even when those ideas clash with your own.
So, we have created a code of conduct that we expect all users to abide by. If you do not agree with these rules, or if you cannot post according to them, then this is probably not the right forum for you.
We encourage you to read these rules, and refer back to them as needed.
[1] We condone only legal, humane dog-sports
Members may not promote dog fighting, which is now an illegal form of animal cruelty in the United States and most of the industrialized nations. We do understand and respect the history of our breed, but members may not use this board to glorify the act of dog fighting, past or present.
[2] No advertising of breeding
Members may not advertise breeding kennels, sell dogs, advertise for breedings, or post pictures of litters for sale on PBF. You may post photos of rescue dogs, rescue puppies, or rescue litters for adoption.
[3] No advertising of owner surrender
As a rescue-oriented forum, many here find it especially galling when a dog who already has its "forever home" is advertised for rehoming. We are happy to offer suggestions and resources that may help you find creative ways to keep your dog, but PBF is not to be used to help you get rid of a dog. You may post information about dogs in foster care who are still in need of their "forever home."
[4] Request help only for dogs you know personally
Many great dogs with great temperaments are killed every day, simply for lack of a home, so please do not expect us to vouch for dogs of unknown or marginal temperaments who may require special precautions and resources to live safely among humans. When you post about a dog in need of rescue or a dog in foster care, you are putting your personal reputation as a dog-savvy person on the line here. If you haven't met and evaluated a dog in person, then you don't really know the dog.
[5] What happens in Vegas stays in Vegas
Members may not use this forum as a rumor mill for the pit bull community. This is a board to discuss dogs, not people. Please do not bring interpersonal problems with other pit bull organizations, forums, or individuals to this board. If you have a problem with someone on this board, try to resolve it via e-mail or private message ("PM"); do not drag it out onto the forums. We understand that sometimes tempers flare, but PBF is not the place for members to air their dirty laundry. It's not conducive to the environment we hope to foster here, and it's not good for the reputation of pit bull owners in general, if we look and act like a bunch of disagreeable, unkind punks with more interest in personal issues than in responsible dog ownership. So please keep that in mind.
[6] What happens in Virtual Vegas stays there, too
Problems happening on other boards, chat rooms, and forums do not belong here, so please leave the drama at the door. We do not want to foster negative vibes here, and we do not want members from other boards feeling like they have to come here to defend themselves. So please: Do not board bash, copy threads from other boards, or use this board to rally the troops to go flame members elsewhere. Please do not make posts about personality conflicts or pit bull bashing that may take place on other forums. And to reduce inter-forum conflict, we ask that members do not post links to other boards, forums, or chat rooms here. This includes messaging the drama to moderators of this forum "just so we know" — if it happens here, we'll take care of it. If it happens elsewhere, we don't want to know.
[7] Be a positive representative
Members may not post any messages that are obscene, vulgar, threatening, harassing, sexually oriented, or that violate the law. This includes posting favorably about drug use—owners of this breed must go above and beyond to fight misconceptions and prejudices about who we are and what we stand for. We believe that threads and images condoning the use of drugs perpetuates those stereotypes. So please: no bong pics, no stories of reckless drug use, no promotion of drug and alcohol abuse, no "I was soooo stoned" threads. You can probably find a forum where those kinds of stories are more appropriate.
[8] PBF is a hate-free zone
This community promotes tolerance of race, religion, sexual orientation, and ideology. Therefore, racist, sexually harassing, homophobic, or otherwise hateful posting will not be permitted. Period. The posting of racist remarks, hate language, homophobic, or sexually harassing comments may result in immediate and permanent suspension of one's membership. It will be up to the discretion of the moderators and administrators to make that judgment call.
[9] No personal insults—post civilly, or do not post
Members may not make attacks on other forum members. Personal attacks of any kind are not permitted—no name calling, no personal insults, no posting angrily at other members. This includes, but is not limited to, attacking others based on their viewpoints about dogs, training, politics, lifestyles, or other personal preferences. You do not have to like all the other members on this board; you do not have to agree with them; you do not have to sugarcoat what you want to say to them. But we do not want you to sling mud at them, verbally abuse them, or harass them. You can offer constructive criticism, opposing viewpoints, or register your disagreement with another poster without resorting to mean-spiritedness. Posting personal attacks / insults may result in a warning for the offending member. Warnings will be sent via private message, and repeated warnings may result in temporary or permanent suspension of your posting privileges. If you cannot post civilly, do not post at all.
[10] No veiled, weasel-worded personal insults — post civilly, or do not post
Members should avoid making "passive-aggressive" comments in an attempt to get around the rules. We want you to follow the spirit and the letter of the law with regards to the rule against personal attacks and insults. Attempts to use passive-aggressive posting to get away with insulting others will not be tolerated, and may result in a warning and probation for the offending member. Warnings will be sent via private message, and repeated warnings may result in temporary or permanent suspension of your posting privileges. (Examples of passive-aggressive posting: Rather than calling someone an idiot directly, making a snide comment about "the idiots who post things like this." Rather than telling someone you disagree with something respectfully, you make a comment about how "ignorant people who think like this don't deserve to own these dogs," etc.)
[11] Ignorance is bliss
PBF now has an "ignore" feature—please use it for people whose posts consistently make you want to post uncivilly.
[12] Don't shoot the messengers
Members may not attack the moderators or administrators of this forum. Admins and moderators are volunteers who try to keep the forum running smoothly—and no matter what kinds of decisions we have to make, we cannot make the entire community happy with each and every decision. We must weigh what we think is best for the whole of PBF against the desires of individual members. We try to be fair and even-handed, but please try to remember that we are only human: We have full-time jobs, families, and dogs that require our attention, so we may not respond to things as quickly as you'd like. Sometimes, we may have a bad day. Sometimes we may make a bad call. However, we are always trying to improve the forum. If you have concerns, complaints, or objections to our decisions, please contact us and let us know. We do welcome constructive criticism from the PBF community. You do not have to like all of the moderators on this forum, but we ask you to be civil.
[13] No topic-spamming
No spamming the forum. If you make a post about something, please do so in the appropriate section, and please do so only ONCE. Do not post your topic in several different forums so that it gets more attention—this wastes bandwidth and storage space on the server. And, it's very annoying if people who are trying to follow the discussion must look in several places to do so.
[14] Dude, Where's my post?
Sometimes the moderation team will take similar posts and threads, and merge them together. Sometimes the moderation team will take posts that stray off-topic, and split them off to a separate thread. Sometimes, if a post seems to violate our community norms too much, the moderation team will edit it, or remove it altogether. In such cases, we'll often let you know by personal message; but sometimes we forget, or don't have time, etc. If you don't see your post where you expected to, please look around the forum or use the "View your posts" feature (and perhaps make a habit of using the "subscribe" feature for topics that interest you). If you still don't find it, do not post a duplicate or start a "where did my post go" thread. Rather, please send a PM to a moderator.
[15] No libel; no defamation
Members may not make libelous or defamatory posts against others—that means no assaults on the character of others, no posting of false information about others, and no statements that (in the opinion of the moderation team) appear malicious. Putting these kinds of things into circulation opens you up to potential legal problems. This does not mean you cannot question someone about their practices—you can—but it does mean that you cannot present untruthful information as fact, and you may not post malicious statements or information here. If you know of a serious problem involving a member, rescue, or organization posting here and you cannot keep it to yourself, please PM a moderator and we will decide how to proceed.
[16] Don't feed the animals
Any post that appears intentionally made to degrade or disrupt a thread, and/or posts that the moderators deem to be malicious, may result in a warning to the offending member. Warnings will be sent via private message, and repeated warnings may result in temporary or permanent suspension of your posting privileges.
[17] No ganging up
Members should avoid "piling on" or "ganging up" on other members. It is not conducive to the community spirit we would like to foster at PBF.
[18] No religion; no non-dog politics
Please leave discussions about politics and religions at the door. We've found these topics to be divisive and the source of hurt feelings, anger, and negativity here. For a number of years now, PBF has been a religion-and-politics free zone. And we like it that way.
[19] PG-13 or milder
Members may not post sexually explicit material. "Hot guys and girls" threads are OK, but please don't post nude photos, pornographic materials, or obscene jokes. We like to maintain a reasonably family-friendly atmosphere here at PBF.
[20] One login account per person
Each member is allowed one personal login account, and we ask that people not share logins with others—to reduce confusion, please create and use your own login name rather than posting using someone else's login. Creating multiple accounts may result in removal of both accounts without notice. Exceptions may be made for rescue or advocacy organizations, which may create one individual account (for one's personal dog ownership and opinions) and one account for the organization.
[21] Community watch
You can help the moderation team by using the "report to moderator" buttons when you see a thread or a post that is violating our community norms. Once a thread / post is reported, the mods / admins will deal with it. We usually will let you know that we're handling it, but we usually will not tell you what specific action we took to handle it.
[22] We reserve the right to refuse service
PBF is a private forum, owned and run by private individuals, and posting here is a privilege, not a right. We reserve the right to deny access to those who we think may be detrimental to the community. Likewise, we reserve the right to revoke membership of individuals who are disruptive, who break rules, or who we feel are trolling for trouble on the forum.
[23] Admins and mods enforce the rules (which are subject to change) ...
As a dynamic and ever-changing community, we cannot anticipate every situation that may occur. Therefore, we reserve the right to take any actions we deem appropriate to ensure that the forum and its members are not mistreated unduly. That may mean locking of the occasional thread, removing threads that may violate the rules, or taking disciplinary action against members, at the discretion of the moderation team.
[24] ... but sometimes it takes a little time, and we're not liable for what people post here
Administrators and moderators will attempt to remove or edit any generally objectionable material as quickly as possible, but please keep in mind that it is impossible to review every message right away. By posting on Pitbullforum.com, you acknowledge that posts made to this forum express the views and opinions of the individuals making those posts, and not Pitbullforum.com or its administrators, moderators or webmaster. The forum, its administrators, and its moderators will not be held liable for the actions of the forum's members.
[25] To discourage misbehavior
The moderation team will, at its discretion and depending on the severity of a violation, impose penalties for violating these rules. Penalties may include editing or removing posts, locking or removing threads, warning and 90-day probation, temporary suspension of posting privileges, or permanent expulsion from the forum. We find that a very small percentage of members cause the vast majority of the moderating workload, and we may elect to temporarily or permanently ban repeat offenders.
[26] Intellectual property
You grant to PitBullForum.com irrevocable license to publish your postings here. You can't force us to remove your postings — though in some situations, we might agree to do so. Also, please respect the legal rights of copyright holders, and don't post someone else's intellectual property here as though it were your own.
Rules of the Board
An introduction to the forum! Helpful info, breeding, links, etc..
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text:
Regular unleaded gasoline was selling for an average of $3.11 a gallon Wednesday in Fort Morgan, with a median price of $3.09.
The lowest prices were offered at Sav-O-Mat and Western Convenience store, and the highest prices at stations in the interior of the city.
In Colorado the same day, the lowest price was $2.64 at a Denver station, and in Greeley the lowest price was $2.81.
Wyoming and Colorado had the lowest gasoline prices in the U.S. at an average of $2.89 and $2.94 per gallon respectively.
The average price in the U.S. was about $3.27 a gallon on Wednesday.
That was a big change from just four months ago, when prices hovered near $4 a gallon in many places, including Fort Morgan.
Rises in prices at the pump are often explained by the cost of crude oil, but that did not track this year. The highest prices were charged at pumps in September. Crude oil prices in September ranged from $92 to $99 a barrel, which was actually down from February, March and April, when pump prices were lower.
Crude oil prices were down in June, while retail prices were rising.
By the end of December, the crude price was just below $92 a barrel. That was actually more than $50 a barrel less than when gasoline prices hit $4 a gallon in 2008.
Some reports tied high gasoline prices to refinery outages.
Others noted that the U.S. is seeing more intensive competition for gasoline from other nations, including developing nations.
In fact, some U.S. refineries are sending gasoline production to other countries for sale.
— Contact Dan Barker at email@example.com

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a type of severe, chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which causes:
- Inflammation in the lining of the colon and rectum
- Ulcers in the lining of the colon and rectum
- Bleeding in the lining of the colon and rectum
The exact cause is unknown. A virus or bacteria may cause the immune system to overreact and damage the colon and rectum.
Risk Factors
Having a family member with IBD (includes UC and Crohn disease ) may increase your risk of developing UC.
UC may cause:
- Diarrhea
- Abdominal cramps and pain
- Rectal bleeding
- Anemia
- Weight loss
- Fatigue, weakness
- Nausea
- Fever
- Skin rashes
- Arthritis
- Eye inflammation, such as uveitis
Intestinal complications of UC may include:
- Perforation
- Fistula—abnormal passageway between 2 bodily structures
- Obstruction
- Excess bleeding
- Toxic megacolon—a potentially life-threatening condition when the colon severely expands, which may result in reduced blood flow
Other complications of UC may include:
- Liver disease
- Kidney stones
- Osteoporosis
- Colon cancer
The doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done.
Testing may include:
- Blood tests
- Stool test
- Barium enema
- Flexible sigmoidoscopy
- Colonoscopy
- Biopsy
Treatment options may include:
Dietary Changes
Your doctor may recommend that you avoid certain foods, such as:
- Dairy (due to lactose intolerance )
- Alcohol
- Red and processed meats
- Refined sugar
- Saturated fat
Talk to your doctor or dietitian about what foods may work best for you.
There are a range of medications that may be prescribed, such as:
- Aminosalicylates
- Steroid anti-inflammatory medications
- Immune modifiers
- Biological agents
Surgery involves partial or complete removal of the colon . This may be necessary for:
- An emergency, such as a perforation, excessive bleeding, or life-threatening infection
- Long-term disease that does not respond to medications or other treatment
- Colon cancer —includes confirmed diagnosis or suspicious tissue on examination
- Lack of growth because of nutritional deficiencies (in children)
Surgery for UC is curative and reduces the risk of colon cancer.
Fecal Transplantation
Fecal transplantation may be used to treat UC.
Revision Information
- Reviewer: EBSCO Medical Review Board Daus Mahnke, MD
- Review Date: 09/2018 -
- Update Date: 08/31/2015 -


text: Tuesday, February 05, 2013 Indiana PT Day Focuses on Direct Access More than 530 physical therapists, physical therapist assistants, and physical therapy students from Indiana gathered at the statehouse on January 30 to show their support for HB 1034, which would provide direct access to physical therapists. Over 50 legislators joined the members of the physical therapy profession for lunch and to discuss the bill. State Sen Pat Miller and state Reps Dave Frizzell and Matt Ubelhor spoke to the crowd and confirmed their commitment to passing direct access legislation. Indiana is 1 of only 3 states with no form of direct access to physical therapy treatment, and the only state without direct access to a physical therapy evaluation. Many Indiana Chapter members held signs with the messages: "49 states allow you to see your PT directly … not Indiana" and "Hoosiers deserve direct access to physical therapists." The House Public Health Committee hearing for HB 1034 will be held February 6. The chapter is coordinating a team of chapter members to speak in support of the bill. If it is approved by the committee, the bill would then go to the full House of Representatives for consideration. Photos of the January 30 event are available here.


text:
1 results
As a global leader in the spa world for over a decade, Bliss has shaken up the skincare industry with its approach to, and understanding of, individual skin needs. This has resulted in a world-renowned name enjoyed in spas and in the comfort of one's own home. Its expertise and state-of-the art technology has enabled Bliss to develop powerful yet delightful products with one main aim wherever you choose to experience them: making you happy in your own skin.
Bliss understands that a dedicated visit to a wellness retreat isn't always possible, and so formulated a range of products to help you escape the stress of everyday at home. Bliss prides itself on a no-fuss approach to smart skincare. All the products are easy to use with simple instructions for application that enable you to achieve and uncover your healthiest skin.
Kind and Caring
As well as caring for your skin Bliss cares about its surroundings and their products have been developed with natural ingredients and have harnessed the power of Mother Nature to create powerful and pampering products for body and face. Choosing to use natural ingredients that are effective despite their gentleness on the skin, Bliss products are as environmentally friendly as they are skin friendly.
Taking Skin Seriously
Not only is Bliss a one-stop for all your pampering needs, at its core it takes skin erious. You can create a daily routine that features a cleanser and moisturizer to eliminate impurities and restore moisture to your skin. You can discover Bliss Products that address your specific skin needs from exfoliators that dry, dull skin, tanning products that give you a bronzed glow without the sun damage, or masks that deeply treat your skin.
Bliss offers advanced solutions for real-life skincare concerns, such as firming and toning the body. Explore innovative formulas like the Bliss
Fatgirl Sixpack, a gel designed to tone your tummy, or the Fabulips Treatment Kit, which will transform your lips.
Bliss strives to provide every day solutions that encourage and bring about the highest level of well-being for the skin with delightful scents like lemon, sage, white pepper, vanilla and bergamot.


text:
Defense Authorization and Appropriations Bills: FY1970-FY2017
Description: This report is a research aid that lists the Department of Defense (DOD) authorization bills (Table 1) and appropriations bills (Table 2) for FY1970-FY2017. This report includes all the pertinent information on the passage of these bills through the legislative process: bill numbers, report numbers, dates reported and passed, recorded vote numbers and vote tallies, dates of passage of the conference reports with their numbers and votes, vetoes, substitutions, dates of final passage, and public law numbers.
Date: January 18, 2017
Creator: DeBruyne, Nese F.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department


text:
Search our database of handpicked sites
Looking for a great physics site? We've tracked down the very best and checked them for accuracy. Just fill out the fields below and we'll do the rest.
You searched for "Pluto", type: Experiment
We found 1 result on physics.org and 0 results in our database of sites
(of which 0 are Websites, 0 are Videos, and 0 are Experiments)


text:
Lose 4% in 4 weeks
Spring into Your Leaner Self w/ Ilana
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full-length mirror (or someone to take your photo)
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This isn't a game to lose the most weight. Everyone who meets their goals wins and splits the pot!


text:
Titles A-Z
This page lists the documents in the Library according to the first letter in the document title. To display a list of documents starting with a character (e.g. A) click on the corresponding letter. Publications are available in HTML, PDF , DOC or XLS format. Click on the corresponding title to open the publication. The PDF icon located on the cover page of a publication represents that the publication is available only in PDF format. If the PDF icon is located near the title of the publication it means the document is available in both HTML and PDF formats.


text:
GMC/Hyundai/Genesis: (844) 299-0298
Nissan/Kia: (844) 299-0297
Fixer Upper: (616) 546-6289
*With approved credit. Estimated monthly payment based on $4,159 down, 72 months at 4% APR. Estimated Monthly payment is based on standard equipment and may vary from vehicle to vehicle. All payments are estimates. Tax, title, registration and dealer documentation fees are extra.


text:
Die Trying
Exploring what's being done to tackle ALS and the hurdles faced by patients and drugmakers alike.
Get HBO Anytime, Anywhere
Discover how you can enjoy HBO's original series, hit movies, documentaries and more. HBO is available through the HBO NOW streaming app, TV package, or an existing digital subscription
Did You Know?
You can stream HBO anywhere you go. Watch HBO on your TV, computer, tablet or mobile phone.


text:
The web server has detected that your visit originated from an untrusted IP address. This site is only accessible from within the Health Science Center (HSC) or when connected to the HSC Virtual Private Network (VPN). To connect to the HSC VPN, you must install the Cisco AnyConnect VPN Client.
If you want to view recorded lectures, consider visiting the Mediasite Catalog directly at http://video.dental.ufl.edu/. The Mediasite Catalog does not have the same IP restrictions as ECO.
Open the Cisco AnyConnect VPN Client software and connect to "HSC VPN". Do not connect to the "Gatorlink VPN" – it will not grant you access to ECO. If "HSC VPN" is not a connection option, you can manually type "vpn.health.ufl.edu" in the "Connect to" field.
Follow the instructions at http://dental.ufl.edu/about/administration/it-help-desk/vpn-connection-instructions/.
After connecting to the HSC VPN, click here to reconnect to ECO.


text:
Change will come to on the job training but you don't need to panic
TO READ MORE, LOGIN or SUBSCRIBE
Subscribing is free, it only takes a moment to set up and you'll get access to all our news, reviews, features and lots more. Already have an account? Login here.
March 2020
New Zealand Printer has developed a reputation as the leading printing industry resource. Our team of journalists provides lively, thoroughly researched and independent news, as it happens. Join now for free and get full access to all our premium content plus our industry news bulletins and deals on products and services.
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A confirmation email has been sent to your email address - SUPPLIED EMAIL GETS INSERTED HERE. Please click on the link in the email to verify your email address. You need to verify your email before you can start posting.
If you do not receive your confirmation email within the next few minutes, it may be because the email has been captured by a junk mail filter. Please ensure you add the domain @newzealandprinter.co.nz/ to your white-listed senders.


text:
The doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. A cold or influenza can be diagnosed based on your symptoms. In some situations, tests, such as throat culture or blood count, may be ordered to characterize the severity of the condition and identify other related problems.
Identification of the specific virus causing your symptoms is not usually necessary because it usually does not make a difference in treatment. However, if influenza A virus is suspected, on the basis of the time of year and community public health reports, people who are at high-risk for infection may be treated specifically for that virus.
Diagnosis may include the following:
Monitoring a fever —Taking your temperature every 6-8 hours can help define the severity of your illness.
Urinalysis —This is a routine check for conditions such as diabetes that may make your acute case of cold or influenza worse. This is not usually done for colds or flu unless there is another reason to suspect urinary infection, such as suggestive symptoms or a fever with few other symptoms.
Blood tests —This is another routine test to assess your general health and your ability to fight off the illness. It is not done routinely in colds or flu, but only if necessary such as if a person is very sick.
Throat Culture —This is done if there are signs or symptoms of sore throat in order to rule out strep throat , a bacterial infection.
Chest X-ray —If your doctor suspects that your upper respiratory infection has spread to your lungs, an x-ray may be done to check for pneumonia .
Revision Information
- Reviewer: David L. Horn, MD, FACP
- Review Date: 09/2018 -
- Update Date: 09/17/2014 -


text:
These powerful diuretics are used to reduce fluid accumulation in the body.
Drugs in this family include bumetanide (Bumex), ethacrynic acid (Edecrin), furosemide (Lasix), and torsemide (Demadex) among others.
Loop diuretics cause a constant and significant loss of potassium. The classic treatment for this is to eat bananas and drink orange juice. Potassium supplements are also frequently prescribed.
Long-term use (more than 6 months) of loop diuretics might lead to magnesium deficiency. 1,2,3 In turn, magnesium depletion can increase loss of potassium. 4
Since magnesium deficiency is common anyway, taking a magnesium supplement at standard U.S. Dietary Reference Intake (formerly known as the Recommended Dietary Allowance) levels might make sense.
Evidence suggests that loop diuretics interfere with the body's metabolism of vitamin B 1 (thiamin). 5,9,10
This effect may cause adverse consequences in one group of individuals who commonly take loop diuretics: people with heart failure. The heart depends on B 1 for proper function; therefore, this finding suggests that taking a B 1 supplement may be advisable. In fact, preliminary evidence suggests that thiamin supplementation does indeed improve heart function in individuals with congestive heart failure (CHF). 6,7,11
Licorice, too, affects potassium, and the combination of licorice and loop diuretics might cause unexpectedly rapid potassium loss. 8 However, the special form of licorice known as DGL (deglycyrrhizinated licorice) should not affect potassium levels.
Loop diuretics have been reported to cause increased sensitivity to the sun, amplifying the risk of sunburn or skin rash. Because St. John's wort and dong quai may also cause this problem, taking these herbal supplements during treatment with loop diuretics might add to this risk.
It may be a good idea to wear a sunscreen or protective clothing during sun exposure if you take one of these herbs while using a loop diuretic.
Revision Information
- Reviewer: EBSCO CAM Review Board
- Review Date: 12/2015 -
- Update Date: 12/15/2015 -


text:
Strep throat is pain, redness, or pus in the back of the throat.
Strep throat is caused by streptococcal (strep) bacteria. The strep bacteria is spread by airborne droplets. This occurs with coughing or sneezing from infected people, or by touching a contaminated surface then touching your eyes, nose, or mouth. The droplets can also be inhaled.
Risk Factors
Strep throat is more common in children and adolescents. Other factors that increase your chance of strep throat include:
- Exposure to family member or friend who has strep throat
- Crowded living situations
- Having strep living in the throat—occurs in a large segment of the population
Strep throat may cause:
- Red, sore throat with white patches
- Headache
- Swollen, sore glands in the neck
- Fever
- Red spots on the roof of the mouth
- Painful, difficult swallowing
- Chills
- Fatigue
- Nausea and possibly vomiting
- Decreased appetite
- Rash
- Muscle aches, especially in the neck, and abdominal pains, especially in younger children
- Swelling in back of mouth
Complications of untreated strep throat can be serious and include:
- Middle ear infection or sinus infection
- Peritonsillar abscess
- Bacterial meningitis
- Infective endocarditis
- Sepsis
- Rarely, rheumatic fever and pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders (PANDAS) associated with streptococcal infection
Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (kidney damage) is also rare, but it can occur, even with treatment
Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done. Tests to confirm strep throat may be used and include:
- Rapid antigen strep screen—Antigens are a part of the body's immune response to specific infection. This test can identify antigens within a few minutes of the test. However, a negative test does not mean you do not have strep throat (this is called a false negative).
- Throat culture—A sample of throat fluid is taken to a lab to see if strep bacteria grows. It takes a few days to gets results.
- Rapid DNA test—DNA technology is used to detect strep throat. The results are usually available in one day.
Only a rapid DNA test or throat culture can confidently distinguish strep throat from throat infections with other causes. Doctors will often make a diagnosis and decide about treatment based on symptoms, physical findings, and test results.
Most sore throats, including strep throat, will get better on its own in 7-10 days. Although the sore throat disappears, the infection may remain. It is important to follow through with proper treatment to prevent serious complications.
Your doctor will prescribe antibiotics to treat the infection. Antibiotics may be given as a pill or a shot. Symptoms will often fade in the first few days of medication, but it is important to take all of the antibiotics as prescribed.
Your doctor may advise over-the-counter pain relievers and fever reducers to ease symptoms.
Note : Aspirin is not recommended for children with a current or recent viral infection. Check with your doctor before giving your child aspirin.
To help reduce your chances of strep throat:
- Wash your hands carefully and often.
- Do not share beverages or food.
- Avoid exposure to other people who may have a strep infection.
- Replace your toothbrush after starting antibiotic treatment to prevent re-infecting yourself.
Revision Information
- Reviewer: EBSCO Medical Review Board Marcie L. Sidman, MD
- Review Date: 09/2018 -
- Update Date: 08/10/2015 -


text: Monday, March 18, 2013 Healthy People Webinar to Address Reducing Childhood Obesity Healthy People 2020 will hold a webinar on Thursday, March 21, noon ET, highlighting the success of 1 community-wide partnership in reducing childhood obesity through community outreach, advocacy, education, policy development, and environmental change. US Department of Health and Human Services Assistant Secretary for Health, Howard Koh, MD, MPH, will lead the 45-minute webinar, which will include a roundtable discussion on the impact of this critical leading health indicator topic. Register here for this event.


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Some like it hot
Just as it has in the previous two years, the Inner City Health Center turned up the heat with its signature fund-raiser, Salsa & Soul. "Shades of Blue at the Copacabana" was the subplot at this red-hot fandango held at Lakewood's Belmar Events Center, and the food, drink and decor were planned accordingly.
Tony Rosacci's Fine Catering furnished a buffet that was true "southern fusion" — equal parts soul and south-of-the-border — while dance music featured the salsa sounds of Kizumba and songbird Hazel Miller's distinctive brand of soul.
7News anchor Anne Trujillo was mistress of ceremonies, sharing the spotlight with former Denver District Attorney Norm Early,who auctioned a host of valuable and unique items that included an original oil, "Shades of Blue," by Denver artist Darrell Anderson. When he's not coaxing bids or practicing law, Early writes books, does speaking engagements and serves as a legal analyst for TV.
A highlight of the evening came when the three who started Inner City Health Center, Drs. Duane Claassen and Bob Williams, plus Williams' wife, Jan, presented the 2007 Founders Award to Major Tappan, a dentist and longtime ICHC volunteer.
Former CBS4 anchorwoman Aimee Sporer and her husband, attorney and radio talk show host Dan Caplis, were the benefit's honorary chairmen. Event planners included Joyce Paloma, Dr. Dean Prina, Roselyn Saunders, Ron Montoya, Haven Moses, Don Peterson, Regina Nickels, Arlene Mohler Johnson, Linda Scott, Kelly Spencer, Sean McNicholas, Al Stapleton, Dana Abdelnour, Chandra Al-Khafaji, Lynda Arco, Brad Baltz, David Barnes, Kris Hakanson, Debra McCormick and Mike Malone.
The Inner City Health Center, 3405 Downing St., has served the uninsured and underserved for 20-plus years. Although a majority of those seeking adult medical care, prenatal services, pediatrics, dentistry and/or counseling, 40 percent of the ICHC clients are from suburban areas of Jefferson, Adams and Arapahoe counties.
Services are provided on a sliding scale basis by volunteer medical professionals and a limited number of paid staff. The ICHC has an Enterprise Zone designation that makes giving attractive to individual and business donors.
It was named Nonprofit of the Year by the Denver Metro Chamber of Commerce and a charity of choice by the Denver Broncos Charities in 2006.
Pictures taken at Salsa & Soul can be seen at denverpost.com/SeenGallery.
Denver Post Society Editor Joanne Davidson's column appears every Sunday, Wednesday and Friday in the Scene section. She can be reached at 303-809-1314 or firstname.lastname@example.com.


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The pituitary gland is found at the base of the brain. It produces several important hormones that control the production of other hormones made by glands in the body. In panhypopituitarism, the gland produces an insufficient amount of hormones.
This condition is most often caused by damage to the gland. In adults, it is usually a result of pituitary surgery. In children, damage to the pituitary gland may be caused by:
In some cases, the cause may be unknown.
Risk Factors
Factors that may increase your chance of panhypopituitarism include:
- Damage to the pituitary gland, which may occur from trauma, radiation therapy, cancer spread, bleeding after childbirth (postpartum hemorrhage)
- Tumor of the pituitary gland
Compression of the Tumor
Compression of the tumor on local structures, especially the nerves of the eyes, can cause:
- Blurred vision
- Loss of visual field
- Poor temperature control
Insufficient Hormones
Insufficient levels of gonadotropins
can cause:
- In premenopausal women—missed menstrual cycles, infertility, osteoporosis, vaginal dryness, loss or reduction in female characteristics
- In men—erectile dysfunction, reduced size of testes, decreased production of sperm, infertility, breast enlargement, reduced muscle mass, loss or reduction in male characteristics like beard growth
Insufficient levels of growth hormone
can cause:
- In children—stunted growth or dwarfism
- In adults—weakness, obesity, reduced cardiac output, low blood sugar levels, and reduced exercise tolerance
Insufficient levels of thyroid-stimulating hormones
can lead to:
- Underactive thyroid, which causes confusion, hair loss, weakness, slow heart rate, muscle stiffness, intolerance to cold, constipation, weight gain, and dry skin
Insufficient corticotrophic levels
can lead to:
- Underactive adrenal gland, which causes low blood pressure, low blood sugar , fatigue, weight loss, vomiting, and low stress tolerance (this can be life-threatening)
Decreased prolactin levels
can cause:
- In women—missed periods, infertility, and milk secretion
- In men—reduced facial and body hair, small testes
- Insufficient antidiuretic hormone (rare) can cause:
- Excessive thirst and frequent urination
- Nighttime urination
You will be asked about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done.
Tests may include the following:
- Blood tests—to measure pituitary, as well as target gland hormone levels
- Stimulation tests—to test the maximum capacity of the endocrine glands, usually of the pituitary gland
- Semen analysis—in males suspected of infertility
- MRI scan—imaging test used to assess internal structures
Talk with your doctor about the best plan for you. Treatment depends on the cause of the condition. The goal of treatment is to restore normal blood hormone levels of thyroid, adrenal, estrogen or testosterone, and sometimes growth hormone.
Treatment options include:
- Hormone replacement therapy—based on what types of hormones are missing
- Tumor removal—done if the cause of the damage is a tumor
- Radiation therapy—done if the cause of the damage is a cancer or a tumor that cannot be removed with surgery
Revision Information
- Reviewer: EBSCO Medical Review Board Alan Drabkin, MD
- Review Date: 03/2018 -
- Update Date: 03/01/2013 -


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A blessed Lent to all!
0 Members and 1 Guest are viewing this topic.
Some forums have joined that you would not have expected. Praise the Lord! Together we can mature, not as independent factions.http://christianforums.itopsites.com/index.php?a=stats&id=3048http://christianforums.itopsites.com/index.php?a=stats&id=3118http://christianforums.itopsites.com/index.php?a=stats&id=1434
No one is bearing any false witness against you.The Orthodox hear believe that the Orthodox Church is the only true Church of Christ, hence the only true Body of Christ, and therefore have no need for your little list.
Orthodox don't follow the branch theory. So, The Orthodox believe that we ARE the Body of Christ. Not the Catholics, not the Anglicans, not the Baptists, or any other protestant sect. (This is not to say that there are not people who are not mystically in the Body, without our knowledge, in any of those assemblies, but the churches themselves are not) So there is no point for us to desire any communion with them on forums other than to bring them to the fullness of truth that is Orthodox CHristianity..
Quote from: hecma925 on December 30, 2019, 07:25:46 PMOCnet is KGB.I hail Mor Ephrem as our Secretary General.
OCnet is KGB.
Oh you Greeks, you are all dumb!An Athonite
I can prove some of your false teachings, and yes, other sects believe they are the ones also but have untruths also like you, but no more aggregious than what you believe.
All I can do is hand you the truth, you still need to pick it up.
Just like them you are not in the truth either.
One can say that you have warped or mutilated the church into coporate structures and a regional faith. O the vanity.
I was saved no sooner than 1995, but no later than January, 2001 by the grace of God. Seeds were planted as early as 1995 when I received a most amazing miracle in my life from which I began to consider God of the Bible, but I believe I received initial salvation in January, 2001 based on circumstances in my life in which I finally gave up and gave in to Christ. He gave me eternal life right there in a moment according to John 6.47, "Verily, verily, I say unto you, He that believeth on me hath everlasting life."
From then on I was devoted and knew Him. Subsequently, within a few months afterwards, I had an experience in the Holy Spirit in which I thought my spirit had reached Third Heaven, though I can not be certain. I never wanted it to end, it was so incredible unlike anything I had ever experienced in my life. I prayed for it to last as long as possible, and it lasted a half an hour. I believe God gives us these experiences as a memory of his amazing power and a foretaste of what Heaven will be like so that we keep one eye on Him at all times diligent in our walk in the spirit and the Word.
Put your judgmental spirit aside for the moment. The false accuser blames but has nothing to blame with. The reason we have the blood of Christ is because we are literally accussed of the truth, but there is nothing you can say to that but rest on the cross with Christ as He died for us and let the false accuser pass.
What I am showing you by the Holy Spirit is what God's will is. His will is to see the church in locality, not a boundary greater than this, and not a boundary smaller than this. What is locality? It is orthodoxy.It is all explained here. There are two books at the bottom of the page as well. All the information you need to understand how the apostles operated is how God wants us to operate today in church locality.http://www3.telus.net/trbrooks/bodyofchrist.htmp.s. the way you give into Christ is just by the way John 6.47, 3.16,18 states.
Put your judgmental spirit aside for the moment.
yes I can prove some of your false teachings, and yes, other sects believe they are the ones also but have untruths also like you, but no more aggregious than what you believe.
In your case you are making boundary of the local churches larger than they should be as many others like you do. Some also make the church boundary smaller than it should be against God's will also.
Yes you did bear false witness, and yes I can prove some of your false teachings, and yes, other sects believe they are the ones also but have untruths also like you, but no more aggregious than what you believe.
The Lord told me to become Orthodox. I'll trust Him over you.Orthodoxy is different from your denomination because Orthodoxy is based on the living experience of the Church--the Body of Christ--over its 2000 year history since its founding by Christ, whereas your Church believes that only that which is in the Bible as interpreted by you and the Holy Spirit is true. You base your religion on a principle--ie that the Bible is true--and everything flows from that, whereas we base our faith on the fact that Christ has had an encounter with the Church for 2000 years and everything we do is based on that living experience.If your religion is true then why are there so many different kinds of "bible believers" who can't agree on the basics of the Bible?Anastasios
Thank you, Anastasios, for posting the prayer. It was much appreciated and appropriate.From drawing on my clinical experience rather anything else may I suggest simply ignoring Churchwork's posts. Debate is not possible and merely provides a cue for more propaganda. There are other serious contributors and genuine enquirers who read and post here to engage.Also, there is a difference between judging which is reserved to Him alone and prudence. Prudence may dictate I may avoid the company of some people or activities, it does not mean I am judging anyone. Reproving someone who appears to be acting in an unwise or spiritually dangerous or misleading way is not judging either but an act of love for a neighbour, surely?Similarly, not feeding the delusion or mischief being sown by another is not judging either.........
Prudently, I can not stay here long, but I only come for a post or two to help the spirit here that needs to die on the cross in regional division.
My prayers go out to you. I can only give you the truth, you still have to pick it up. My work is done here
Shame on you. Shame on you all. Now wake up from your deep sleep!
It is done, what is needed to be said is now said. Make no mistake the Lord is angry at you, and you will be punished for not repenting.
"Regional division" ? That's a new one. No one is trying to convert anyone here, except you, my friend.Demetri
I read your 23 propositions. You may claim you are not Protestant but you are, because your dispensationalist, chillianistic heresy is Protestant.Anastasios
I am not obeying you because the Lord Jesus Christ commanded me and all others to become Orthodox.Anastasios
Orthodoxy is universal.
St Nicholas of Athens, St Nektarios of Aegina, St Basil the Great, St Anastasios of Sinai, and all the saints: intercede for Troy Brooks that he might come to a knowledge of Our Lord Jesus Christ, that He may receive Holy Baptism by triple immersion from an Orthodox priest, and that He may accept the True Church and salvation. Amen.
Ummm.....okayWhat, your work as new-doctrine-peddler-de-jour?Just curious--when did God anoint you as His prophet? In what "locality" were you residing when you had your vision?You seem to have a high degree of self-importance. Perhaps you are the one with whom God is "angry". (you know--beam, speck, etc.)
Christ is one God, with one death and one resurrection. He is one Faith, one Truth, one right belief, and has established one Church with the one Holy Spirit. Bless the Lord for the unity of faith in Jesus Christ! That which He has established will never be destroyed. Most holy Theotokos, pray to your Son for the unworthy servants Troy and Maria, and all people who seek the Truth.
Boy, dont you just love these hit-and-run artists?JoeS
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Zoey Grey 31358 Dress
As UPS, FedEx, and DHL continue to function we are working hard to ship as many orders as possible. We understand the frustration and disappointment surrounding cancellations of special events like prom or weddings which is why our team is working personally with every order to ensure the satisfaction of our customers. We will continue to keep you updated as the situation unfolds.
We at NewYorkDress care about our customers and employees and are taking the precautions necessary to ensure the safety and health of everyone involved during this time.
Earlier this week as a precautionary measure we decided to close our New York boutique and office. Essential staff were asked to work remotely and we limited the number of warehouse employees per shift.
Changes to customer service
Our response time for email inquiries will increase to within 48 hours of receipt and wait times on the phone may also increase slightly. While we are operating with a smaller staff at this time, we ask for your patience and cooperation as we navigate customer inquiries.
If you have any questions or concerns, please call or email our customer service team at 1-212-594-3600 or email@example.com as our customer service hours will remain the same. We would be glad to assist you.
Changes to Shipping
Today (03/20/2020) our Governor signed an executive order directing all non essential business statewide to close in-office functions effective Sunday at 8pm. Similar executive orders have also been issued in California and Illinois. Our warehouses in these locations will no longer be open delaying some orders for the foreseeable future.
If you already have an existing order that will be affected by these closures, our customer service team will contact you immediately to try and find a resolution.
If you are thinking of placing a new order and need to receive an item before May we recommend speaking with our customer service team before placing an order.
Changes to our Return Policy
We receive all our returned items in our New York warehouse and because of its closure we will no longer be able to accept returns or exchanges until further notice. ALL SALES ARE FINAL.
We ask for you patience and understanding at this time. Please stay safe and we hope to serve you in our full capacity in the future.


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There are many things I miss about not living close to my family, such as seeing my young nieces dress up for their first father-daughter dance, visiting my grandmother at the nursing home, and celebrating family birthdays (like my dad's 70th last year). Thanks to Dad, I have something new to miss: homemade limoncello.
A couple of months ago, he and his long-time Italian friend, Tony, made homemade limoncello (lee-mon-chay-low), an Italian liquer made from lemons and flavorless grain alcohol like vodka. It's vibrantly lemony and mouth-puckeringly tangy.
Limoncello isn't just for drinking though. It enlivens sweet fruit sauces and is lovely whipped into mascarpone cheese and served with fruit.
These simple lemon custards I'm sharing today are beautiful in their simplicity. Creamy lemon-infused custard is topped with a chilled limoncello-spiked raspberry sauce that makes each bite pop. It's refreshing and sweet, and did I mention low-fat? What's not to love? That's why I'm sending it to Helen of Tartelette, host of Sugar High Friday #43: Citrus.
Mini Custards with Limoncello-Spiked Raspberry Sauce
Serves 6
Print recipe only here.
4 large eggs
3/4 cups sugar
2 tablespoons all-purpose flour
pinch salt
1 teaspoon pure vanilla extract
1 teaspoon lemon extract
1/4 teaspoon lemon zest (preferably Meyer lemon)
1 3/4 cups skim milk
1 cup frozen raspberries (unthawed)**
3 tablespoons water
1 tablespoon limoncello
2 1/2 tablespoons sugar, or to taste
fresh raspberries
lemon zest, optional
1-2 tablespoons chopped pistachios
**I actually prefer using frozen raspberries to fresh for the sauce because it comes much thicker and clings deliciously to the custard. If you would rather use fresh berries, then just use less liquid.
Position a rack in the center of the oven and preheat to 350 degrees F. Coat 6 (3-inch-wide) ramekins with cooking spray and place on a baking sheet.
To make the sauce, puree all sauce ingredients in a food processor until smooth. Sauce can be made ahead and refrigerated in an air-tight container for up to several days. Serve chilled or at room temperature.
In a large bowl, whisk all custard ingredients until smooth. Divide evenly among ramekins.
Bake at 350 degrees F for 25 minutes, or until golden brown and puffy. Cool on a rack.
Custards can be served either at room temperature or slightly chilled. Add a couple of spoonfuls of raspberry sauce to each ramekin, then garnish with fresh raspberries, lemon zest and chopped pistachios.
When you take the custards out of the oven, they are impressively puffy. Within 1-2 minutes, they will deflate, so you'd better be quick if you want to take a picture.
You might also like these citrus-spiked baked goods:
Coconut Lemonquat Tea Cake
Date, Fennel, and Pistachio Scones (Heart Healthy & Low Fat!)
Olive Oil Cake with Rosemary and Lemon
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Supplement Forms/Alternate Names
- Alpha Tocopherol
- D-Tocopherol
- DL-Tocopherol
- DL-Alpha-Tocopherol
- Tocopheryl Succinate
- Tocopheryl Acetate
- D-Alpha-Tocopherol
- D-Delta-Tocopherol
- D-Beta-Tocopherol
- D-Gamma-Tocopherol
- Mixed Tocopherols
Principal Proposed Uses
Other Proposed Uses
- Acute Anterior Uveitis (in Combination With Vitamin C )
- Alzheimer's Disease
- Cancer Treatment Support
- Cataracts
- Cyclical Mastalgia
- Deep Venous Thrombosis (Prevention)
- Diabetic Neuropathy and Other Complications of Diabetes
- Diabetic Neuropathy
- Epilepsy
- Immune Support
- Macular Degeneration
- Male Infertility
- Menopausal Symptoms
- Menstrual Pain
- Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)
- Preeclampsia (Prevention)
- Restless Legs Syndrome
- Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Sports Performance
- Tardive Dyskinesia
- Vascular Dementia
Probably Not Effective Uses
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
- Cancer Prevention (Other Than Prostate Cancer)
- Cataract Prevention
- Congestive Heart Failure
- Diabetes (Prevention)
- Fibrocystic Breast Disease
- Heart Disease (Prevention)
- HIV Support
- Kidney Damage in Diabetes
- Macular Degeneration
- Osteoarthritis
- Parkinson's Disease
- Prevention of Preterm Birth
- Stroke
Vitamin E is an antioxidant that fights damaging natural substances known as free radicals. It works in lipids (fats and oils), which makes it complementary to vitamin C, which fights free radicals dissolved in water. As an antioxidant, vitamin E has been widely advocated for preventing heart disease and cancer. However, the results of large, well-designed trials have generally not been encouraging. Many other proposed benefits of vitamin E have also failed to stand up in studies. There are no medicinal uses for vitamin E with solid scientific support.
Vitamin E dosage recommendations are a bit complex because the vitamin exists in many forms.
Newer vitamin E recommendations are in milligrams of alpha-tocopherol. Alpha-tocopherol can come from either natural vitamin E (called, somewhat incorrectly, d-alpha-tocopherol) or synthetic vitamin E (called, also somewhat incorrectly, dl-alpha-tocopherol). However, much of the alpha-tocopherol in synthetic vitamin E is inactive. For this reason, you have to take about twice as much of it to get the same effect. 1-3
There are other forms of vitamin E as well, such as beta-, delta-, and gamma-tocopherols, all of which occur in food. These other forms may be important; for example, preliminary evidence hints that gamma-tocopherol may be the most important (or, perhaps, the only) form of vitamin E for preventing prostate cancer. 4,211 On this basis, it has been suggested that the best vitamin E supplement would be a mixture of all these. 5-7
To make matters even more confusing, vitamin E dosages are commonly listed on labels as international units (IU). Here's how you make the conversion. One IU natural vitamin E equals 0.67 mg alpha-tocopherol; one IU synthetic vitamin E equals 0.45 mg alpha-tocopherol. Therefore, to meet the new dietary recommendations for vitamin E (15 mg per day), you need to get either 22 IU natural vitamin E (22 IU x 0.67 = 15 mg) or 33 IU synthetic vitamin E (33 IU x 0.45 = 15 mg). The official US and Canadian recommendations for daily intake of vitamin E are as follows:
- 0-6 months: 4 mg
- 7-12 months: 5 mg
- 1-3 years: 6 mg
- 4-8 years: 7 mg
- 9-13 years: 11 mg
Males and Females
- 14 years and older: 15 mg
- Pregnant Women : 15 mg
- Nursing Women : 19 mg
The best food sources of vitamin E are polyunsaturated vegetable oils, seeds, and nuts. To get a therapeutic dosage, though, you need to take a supplement. The National Institutes of Health's Office of Dietary Supplements offers this list of foods that are high in vitamin E: 239
Vitamin E Deficiency
In developed countries, mild dietary deficiency of vitamin E is relatively common. 8-10
Therapeutic Dosages
The optimal therapeutic dosage of vitamin E has not been established. Most studies have used between 50 IU and 800 IU daily, and some have used even higher doses. This would correspond to about 50 mg to 800 mg of synthetic vitamin E (dl-alpha-tocopherol), or 25 mg to 400 mg of natural vitamin E (d-alpha- or mixed tocopherols).
If you wish to purchase natural vitamin E, look for a label that says "mixed tocopherols." However, some manufacturers use this term to mean the synthetic dl-alpha-tocopherol, so you need to read the contents closely. Natural tocopherols come as d-alpha-, d-gamma-, d-delta-, and d-beta-tocopherol.
Therapeutic Uses
Observational studies raised hopes that vitamin E supplements could help prevent various forms of cancer as well as heart disease . 82-84,86,104-107,144,145 However, observational studies are notoriously unreliable for determining the effectiveness of treatments. Only double-blind trials can do that (for information why, see Why Does This Database Rely on Double-blind Studies? ), and such studies have, on balance, found vitamin E ineffective for preventing heart disease or any common form of cancer other than, possibly, prostate cancer. 75-78,81,96-102,146,155,157-159,180-182,201,225,226,229,230,232-235 . In fact, use of high-dose vitamin E for a long period might slightly increase death rate. 177,210,235
Other potential uses of vitamin E have limited supporting evidence. Intriguing but far from definitive studies suggest that vitamin E might improve immune response to vaccinations, 42 control symptoms of restless legs syndrome , 59 help prevent deep venous thrombosis (DVTs) , 213 reduce symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) , 61,62 and decrease symptoms of menstrual pain . 139,183 Vitamin E, combined with evening primrose , has also been studied as a way to alleviate premenstrual breast pain (mastalgia 222 But, more research needs to be done in this area.
While there is weak evidence that vitamin E supplements can reduce discomfort in rheumatoid arthritis, 44,45,147-149 there is strong evidence that it does not prevent it. 219
Although preliminary studies hinted that use of vitamin E might prevent or slow the progression of cataracts , 51-54 in a 10-year study of almost 40,000 female healthcare professionals, use of natural vitamin E at a dose of 600 mg every other day failed to have any effect on cataract development. 216 And another large, 8-year trial involving 11,545 physicians aged 50 years and older concluded that vitamins C (500 mg daily) and E (400 IU every other day), alone or in combination, did not lower the risk of developing cataracts. 224
Evidence regarding whether vitamin E can slow the progression of Alzheimer's disease is inconsistent. 43,184,236 A very large study failed to find vitamin E helpful for preventing mental decline (resulting from any cause) in women over 65. 209
Studies of vitamin E in combination with vitamin C for prevention of preeclampsia (high blood pressure during pregnancy) have yielded inconsistent results. 41,185-186 Also, a combination of vitamins E and C does not seem to reduce the risk of preterm birth. 228
Vitamin E has also shown equivocal promise in diabetes. One double-blind trial found benefits for cardiac autonomic neuropathy , 40 a complication of diabetes. Weaker evidence hints at possible benefits for diabetic peripheral neuropathy . 46,47 However, the best-designed study of all, a long-term trial involving 3,654 people with diabetes, found that use of vitamin E did not protect against diabetes-induced kidney or heart damage. 157 Similarly, while a few studies performed by one research group suggested that vitamin E might be helpful for improving glucose control in people with diabetes, 55-57 subsequent evidence found that the benefits, if they exist at all, are limited to the short-term. 169,187 In addition, in an extremely large double-blind study, use of vitamin E at a dose of 600 IU every other day failed to reduce risk of participants developing type 2 diabetes. 202 Finally, a study unexpectedly found that when people with diabetes took 500 mg of vitamin E daily (either as natural alpha tocopherol or a mixture of alpha and gamma tocopherol), their blood pressure increased . 208
Similarly, studies on whether vitamin E is helpful for allergic rhinitis (hay fever) have produced conflicting results. 168,193
A small double-blind study conducted in Iran reported that vitamin E (400 IU daily) was more effective than placebo for treating menopausal hot flashes . 212 However, a larger US study failed to find vitamin E significantly helpful for hot flashes associated with breast cancer treatment. 74
Vitamin E might help reduce the lung-related side effects caused by the drug amiodarone (used to prevent abnormal heart rhythms). 66
A trial of 108 patients undergoing chemotherapy cisplatin found that vitamin E supplementation (extended 3 months past chemotherapy) reduced cisplatin-related neurotoxicity (damage to nerves not uncommonly occurring with cisplatin). 221
Studies have yielded mixed results on whether vitamin E is helpful for controlling seizures in people with epilepsy , 160-163 reducing symptoms of tardive dyskinesia , 29-33 aiding recovery during heavy exercise , 63,64,65,170 and treating male infertility . 49,50
When combined with vitamin C , vitamin E may protect against sunburn to a small extent. 34-38 The same combination has also shown promise for acute anterior uveitis . 39 A separate study failed to find vitamin E alone (at the high dose of 1,600 mg daily) helpful for macular edema (swelling of the center of the retina) associated with uveitis. 188
Vitamin E has been tried for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig's disease), but the results in the first reported double-blind study showed questionable benefits if any. 137 Some vitamin E proponents felt that the dose of vitamin E used in this study might have been too low. Accordingly, they conducted another study using 10 times the dose, this one lasting 18 months and enrolling 160 people. 171 Once again, vitamin E failed to prove significantly more effective than placebo.
In one observational study, high intake of vitamin E was linked to decreased risk of progression to AIDS in people with HIV infection. 67 However, a double-blind study of 49 people with HIV who took combined vitamins C and E or placebo for 3 months did not show any significant effects on the amount of HIV virus detected or the number of opportunistic infections. 68 It has been suggested that vitamin E may enhance the antiviral effects of AZT, but evidence for this is minimal. 69
Vitamin E has been suggested for preventing the cardiac toxicity caused by the drug doxorubicin . However, while it has shown promise in animal studies, when studied in people vitamin E has persistently failed to prove effective for this purpose. 204-207
Vitamin E is sometimes recommended for osteoarthritis . However, a 2-year, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 136 people with osteoarthritis of the knee failed to find any benefit in terms of symptom control or slowing disease progression. 164 A previous 6-month, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 77 individuals with osteoarthritis also failed to find benefit. 138
A 4-year, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 1,193 people with macular degeneration failed to find vitamin E alone helpful for preventing or treating macular degeneration. 165 In addition, a review of 3 randomized, placebo-controlled trials, which included 23,099 people, did not find evidence to support the use of vitamin E and beta carotene to delay the onset of this common condition. 237
Vitamin E has also so far failed to prove helpful for preventing or treating alcoholic hepatitis , 173asthma , 172congestive heart failure , 80fibrocystic breast disease , 70 or Parkinson's disease . 71-73
In a very large study involving over 29,000 male smokers, researchers failed to find benefit of alpha-tocopherol (50 IU/day), beta-carotene (20 mg/day), or the two taken together for the prevention of type 2 diabetes over 5-8 year period. 214 As part of another large study, researchers focused on whether supplementation with vitamin E (in the form of alpha-tocopherol) or beta-carotene could reduce diabetes complications (coronary artery disease) in 1,700 male smokers. 227 At the 19-year follow-up, neither of the supplements offered any protective benefits.
What Is the Scientific Evidence for Vitamin E?
Cancer Prevention
The results of observational trials have been mixed, but on balance, they suggest that high intake of vitamin E and other antioxidants is associated with reduced risk of lung cancer and many other forms of cancer, including bladder, stomach, mouth, throat, laryngeal, liver, and prostate. 83-95,144,145,166,218 Based on these and other results, researchers developed the hypothesis that antioxidants can help prevent cancer and set in motion very large, long-term, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies to verify it. Unfortunately, these studies generally failed to find vitamin E helpful for the prevention of cancer. 14,146,158,159,189-190,225,226,229,230,232-235
An analysis that included 9 carefully designed clinical trials found that antioxidant supplementation ( beta carotene , selenium , and vitamin E) was not effective in reducing the incidence of cancer or cancer deaths. 225 Another analysis focused on whether vitamin E could reduce the risk of developing colorectal cancer. 226 The Women's Antioxidant Cardiovascular Study, a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial involving 8,171 women, also did not find evidence to support the use of antioxidants (vitamin C, vitamin E, and beta carotene) to reduce the risk of cancer. 232
Researchers analyzed 4 trials involving 94,069 people aged 40 and older who were randomized to receive vitamin E or placebo. At the 7-10 year follow-up period, it did not appear that vitamin E had an effect on the incidence of colorectal cancer. And, in an analysis of 20 randomized trials, researchers concluded that antioxidants (beta-carotene, selenium, and vitamins A, C, and E) do not prevent gastrointestinal cancer. 235 In some studies, the antioxidants appeared to increase overall mortality rates.
On the brighter side, a double-blind trial of 29,133 smokers does offer some positive news. 25 In this study, 50 mg of synthetic vitamin E daily for 5-8 years caused a 32% reduction in the incidence of prostate cancer and a 41% drop in prostate cancer deaths. 81 Surprisingly, results were seen soon after the beginning of supplementation. This was unexpected because prostate cancer grows very slowly. A cancer that shows up today actually started to develop many years ago. The fact that vitamin E almost immediately lowered the incidence of prostate cancer suggests that it somehow blocks the step at which a hidden prostate cancer makes the leap to being detectable.
Other studies, however, have not been so supportive. For example, researchers reviewed data from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial, which included 9,559 men, to find out if certain nutritional supplements had any effect on cancer occurrence. 229 They concluded that none of the supplements (vitamin E, vitamin D , lycopene , omega-3 fatty acids) reduced the risk of prostate cancer.
Similarly, an analysis of 9 randomized controlled trials involving 165,056 subjects found that the supplements beta-carotene, vitamin C , vitamin E, and selenium did not reduce the number of men who developed prostate cancer or who died from the condition. 230 Along the same line, a trial that included 35,533 men found that neither selenium nor vitamin E (either alone or in combination) prevented prostate cancer. 233 And, as part of the Physician's Health Study, researchers examined what effect vitamin E (400 IU every other day) and vitamin C (500 mg daily) may have on the development of cancer. 234 Again, the results showed that neither of these vitamins reduced the risk of cancer (including prostate cancer) in the 14,641 male physicians (aged 50 years and older) who participated in the study. Similar findings were found at an 11-year follow-up. 240
If vitamin E does have any effect on preventing certain forms of cancer, it has been suggested that gamma-tocopherol rather than alpha-tocopherol might be the most relevant form for this purpose. 211 Interestingly, use of alpha-tocopherol supplements may deplete both gamma- and delta-tocopherol levels, potentially producing a negative effect. 174 However, gamma-tocopherol has not yet been tested in meaningful controlled trials, and it is quite possible that were one to be performed, the results would prove as disappointing as those for other forms of vitamin E. In addition, under certain circumstances, vitamin E may have a pro-oxidant effect—the reverse of what is desired. 203
Cardiovascular Disease
Most but not all observational studies have found associations between high intake of vitamin E and reduced risk of cardiovascular disease ( heart disease and strokes ). 104-107,150,151 However, as we've explained, observational studies by themselves cannot be relied upon to identify useful treatments. Double-blind studies, which provide much more convincing evidence of effectiveness, have generally failed to find vitamin E supplements effective.
The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) trial found that natural vitamin E (d-alpha-tocopherol) at a dose of 400 IU daily did not reduce the number of heart attacks, strokes, or deaths from heart disease any more than placebo. 96 The trial followed more than 9,000 men and women who had existing heart disease or were at high risk for it.
Negative results were seen in numerous other large trials, as well. 99-102,129,152,153,157,175,194-195,223
When the results of these studies began to come in, some antioxidant proponents suggested that the people enrolled in these trials already had disease too advanced for vitamin E to help. However, a subsequent large trial found vitamin E ineffective for slowing the progression of heart disease in healthy people as well. 155 Moreover, in an extremely large placebo-controlled trial involving over 14,000 US male physicians at low risk for heart disease, 400 IU of vitamin E every other day failed to lower the risk of major cardiovascular events or mortality over a period of 8 years. 220 On the contrary, vitamin E was associated with a slightly increased risk of stroke.
Along the same line, a large systematic review that included 9 randomized trials and 118,765 people found that vitamin E may increase the risk of a type of stroke called hemorrhagic 223 . This stroke occurs when a blood vessel breaks and bleeds into or around the brain. The review also found that vitamin E may reduce the risk of ischemic stroke (when blood flow to the brain is blocked). Since hemorrhagic stroke can lead to more serious complications, the researchers recommended against widespread use of this vitamin.
As with preventing cancer, critics have suggested that the form of vitamin E used in these studies (alpha-tocopherol) was not the best choice, and that gamma-tocopherol might be more helpful. 140-142,154 Gamma-tocopherol is present in the diet much more abundantly than alpha-tocopherol, and it could be that the studies showing benefits with dietary vitamin E actually tracked the influence of gamma-tocopherol. However, an observational study specifically looking to see if gamma-tocopherol levels were associated with risk of heart attack found no relationship between the two. 143 Nonetheless, intervention trials of gamma-tocopherol are currently underway.
In addition, as noted above, under certain circumstances, vitamin E may have a pro-oxidant effect, and this could explain the negative outcomes. 203
Interestingly, one study found that vitamin E might help prevent serious cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes who also have a particular genetic marker known as "Hp 2." 215 It has been hypothesized that people with the Hp 2 gene have an inadequate endogenous ("built-in") antioxidant defense system, and for this reason, they might be particularly benefited by taking antioxidant supplements such as vitamin E. However, this concept still remains highly preliminary.
Prevention of Complications During Pregnancy
Preeclampsia is a dangerous complication of pregnancy that involves high blood pressure, swelling of the whole body, and improper kidney function. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 283 women at increased risk for preeclampsia found that supplementation with vitamin E (400 IU daily of natural vitamin E) and vitamin C (1,000 mg daily) significantly reduced the chances of developing this disease. 112 While this research is promising, larger studies are necessary to confirm whether vitamins E and C will actually work. The authors of this study point out that studies of similar size found benefits with other treatments, such as aspirin, that later proved to be ineffective when large-scale studies were performed. Furthermore, keep in mind that we don't know whether such high dosages of these vitamins are absolutely safe for pregnant women.
Vitamins E and C have also been studied for their potential benefits in reducing the risk of preterm birth. 228 In a review of data from a trial involving 9,968 pregnant women, those that took vitamin E (400 IU daily) and vitamin C (1,000 mg daily) from 9-16 weeks gestation to their delivery day did not experience a reduction of preterm births compared to the women in the placebo group.
Tardive Dyskinesia
Between 1987 and 1998, at least five double-blind studies were published that indicated vitamin E was beneficial in treating tardive dyskinesia (TD). 113,114 Although most of these studies were small and lasted only 4 to 12 weeks, one 36-week study enrolled 40 individuals. 115 Three small double-blind studies reported that vitamin E was not helpful. 116,117 Nonetheless, a statistical analysis of the double-blind studies done before 1999 found good evidence that vitamin E was more effective than placebo. 118 Most studies found that vitamin E worked best for TD of more recent onset. 119
However, in 1999, the picture on vitamin E changed with the publication of one more study—the largest and longest to date. 120 This double-blind study included 107 participants from nine different research sites who took 1,600 IU of vitamin E or placebo daily for at least 1 year. In contrast to most of the previous studies, this trial did not find vitamin E effective in decreasing TD symptoms.
Why the discrepancy between this study and the earlier ones? The researchers, some of whom had worked on the earlier, positive studies of vitamin E, were at pains to develop an answer. 121,122 They proposed a number of possible explanations. One was that the earlier studies were too small or too short to be accurate, and that vitamin E really didn't help at all. Another was the most complicated: that vitamin E might help only a subgroup of people who have TD—those with milder TD symptoms of more recent onset—and that fewer of these people had participated in the latest study. They also pointed to changes in schizophrenia treatment since the last study was done, including the growing use of antipsychotic medications that do not cause TD.
The bottom line: The effectiveness of vitamin E for a given individual is simply not known. Given the lack of other good treatments for TD and the general safety of the vitamin, it may be worth discussing with your physician.
Immune Support
Seniors often do not respond adequately to vaccinations. One double-blind study suggests that vitamin E may be able to strengthen the immune response to vaccines. In this trial, 88 people over the age of 65 were given either placebo or vitamin E at 60 IU, 200 IU, or 800 IU dl-alpha-tocopherol daily. 123 The researchers then gave all participants immunizations against hepatitis B, tetanus, diphtheria, and pneumonia, and looked at subjects' immune response to these vaccinations. The researchers also used a skin test that evaluates the overall strength of the immune response.
The results were promising. Vitamin E at 200 mg per day and, to a lesser extent, at 800 mg per day significantly increased the strength of the immune response.
However, it is not clear whether vitamin E has a general "immune support" effect. One study in seniors found that use of vitamin E did not help prevent colds and other respiratory infections, and, in fact, seemed to slightly increase the severity of infections that did occur. 156 In a similar-sized double-blind study of long-term care residents, use of vitamin E at 200 IU daily failed to reduce incidence or number of days of respiratory infection or antibiotic use. 176 The researchers managed to find some evidence of benefit by breaking down the respiratory infections by type, but such after-the-fact analysis is questionable from a statistical perspective. Subsequently, the same researchers repeated the study with a larger group and did find a reduction in frequency of colds. 191 Another researcher found evidence that vitamin E can have either a harmful or a helpful effect depending on who takes it (the exact differences being as yet undefined). 200
Alzheimer's Disease
Evidence is conflicting regarding whether high-dose vitamin E can slow the progression of Alzheimer's disease . 124,236
In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 341 people with Alzheimer's disease received either 2,000 IU daily of vitamin E (dl-alpha-tocopherol), the antioxidant drug selegiline, or placebo. Those given vitamin E took nearly 200 days longer to reach a severe state of the disease than the placebo group. (Selegiline was even more effective.)
In another promising trial, researchers studied the potential cognitive benefits of taking vitamins E and C along with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). 236 Over a period of 8 years, 3,376 elderly people participated in the trial by filling out mental status questionnaires. Those that took the vitamins and NSAIDs dropped fewer points on their mental status scores compared to the control group during that period. The researchers also found that the people with a particular gene variant that has been linked to Alzheimer's disease seemed to benefit the most from the treatment, suggesting that the vitamin supplements and the NSAIDs may be especially helpful in slowing the rate of cognitive decline in this group.
Negative results were seen, though, in a study of 769 people at high risk of developing Alzheimer's disease based on early symptoms. 192 Participants were given either 2,000 IU of vitamin E, the drug donepezil, or placebo for 3 years. Neither treatment reduced the percentage of people who went on to develop Alzheimer's disease.
Warning: Such high dosages of vitamin E should not be taken except under a doctor's supervision. (See Safety Issues .)
Dysmenorrhea (Menstrual Pain)
In a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 100 young women complaining of significant menstrual pain were given either 500 IU of vitamin E or placebo for 5 days. 139 Treatment began 2 days before and continued for 3 days after the expected onset of menstruation. While both groups showed significant improvement in pain over the 2 months of the study (presumably due to the power of placebo), pain reduction was greater in the treatment group as compared to the placebo group.
Benefits were also seen in an Iranian, 4-month, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 278 adolescent girls. 196 The dose used in this study was 200 IU twice daily.
Mastalgia (Breast Pain)
Eight-five women with premenstrual mastalgia were randomized to receive 1 of 4 treatments for 6 months: vitamin E (1,200 IU) and placebo, evening primrose (3,000 mg) and placebo, vitamin E and evening primrose, or placebo alone. In this small study, none of the treatment groups experienced better results than the placebo group. 222
Low Sperm Count/Infertility
In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 110 men whose sperm showed subnormal activity, treatment with 100 IU of vitamin E daily resulted in improved sperm activity and higher actual fertility (measured in pregnancies). 125 However, a smaller double-blind trial found no benefit. 126
Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy
People with diabetes sometimes develop irregularities of their heart-beat called cardiac autonomic neuropathy . A 4-month, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial found that vitamin E at a dose of 600 mg daily might improve these symptoms. 127
Safety Issues
The adult safe upper intake level (UL) for vitamin E is set at 1,000 mg daily. 128 The equivalent amounts are 1,500 IU of natural vitamin E and 1,100 IU of synthetic vitamin E. (For technical reasons, the conversion factor is a bit different than in the daily intake recommendations above.) For pregnant women under 19 years of age, the upper limit is 800 mg.
Blood-thinning Effect
Vitamin E has a blood-thinning effect that could lead to problems in certain situations. In one study of 28,519 men, vitamin E supplementation at the low dose of about 50 IU synthetic vitamin E per day caused an increase in fatal hemorrhagic strokes, the kind of stroke caused by bleeding. 129 (However, it reduced the risk of a more common type of stroke, 130 and the two effects essentially canceled out.)
Based on its blood-thinning effects, there are concerns that vitamin E could cause problems if it is combined with medications that also thin the blood, such as warfarin (Coumadin), heparin, clopidogrel (Plavix), ticlopidine (Ticlid), pentoxifylline (Trental), and aspirin. Theoretically, the net result could be to thin the blood too much, causing bleeding problems. A study that evaluated vitamin E plus aspirin did in fact find an additive effect. 131 In contrast, the results of a study on vitamin E and Coumadin found no evidence of interaction, but it would still not be advisable to combine these treatments except under a physician's supervision. 132
There is also at least a remote possibility that vitamin E could also interact with supplements that possess a mild blood-thinning effect, such as garlic , policosanol , and ginkgo . Individuals with bleeding disorders, such as hemophilia, and those about to undergo surgery or labor and delivery should also approach vitamin E with caution.
In addition, vitamin E might at least temporarily enhance the body's sensitivity to its own insulin in individuals with adult-onset diabetes. 133,134 This could lead to a risk of blood sugar levels falling too low. In addition, one study found that use of vitamin E can raise blood pressure in people with diabetes. 197
The bottom line: If you have diabetes, do not take high-dose vitamin E without first consulting your physician.
The results of one large study involving 29,000 males indicate that vitamin E supplementation may increase risk of tuberculosis in heavy smokers. Curiously, however, this was only true in those participants who also consumed high levels of vitamin C (at least 90 mg/d) in their diet. Consuming high levels of vitamin C without supplemental vitamin E actually led to a reduction in tuberculosis risk. 217
Cancer Treatment
Considerable controversy exists regarding whether it is safe or appropriate to combine vitamin E with standard chemotherapy drugs. 135,178 The reasoning behind this concern is that some chemotherapy drugs may work in part by creating free radicals that destroy cancer cells. Antioxidants like vitamin E might interfere with this beneficial effect. However, there is no good evidence that antioxidants actually interfere with chemotherapy drugs, growing evidence that they do not, and some evidence of potential benefit under certain circumstances. 136,167,179,198 Nonetheless, in view of the high stakes involved, we strongly recommend that you do not take any supplements while undergoing cancer chemotherapy, except on the advice of a physician.
One study appeared to find evidence that use of vitamin E plus beta-carotene may impair the effectiveness of radiation therapy for head and neck cancers. 199
Congential Heart Defects
One trial compared 276 mothers with children who were born with congenital heart defects (CHD) with 324 mothers whose children did not have defects. 231 Based on food frequency questionnaires, mothers who had a high intake of vitamin E were more likely to have children with CHD. However, since studies of this design are notoriously misleading, it is not possible to draw any reliable conclusions about the risk of consuming foods rich in vitamin E during pregnancy.
When all major vitamin E studies are statistically combined through a process called "meta-analysis," some evidence appears suggesting that long-term usage of vitamin E at high doses might increase overall death rate for reasons that are unclear. 177,210
Interactions You Should Know About
Seek medical advice before taking vitamin E if you are taking blood thinning drugs, such as:
- Warfarin (Coumadin) , heparin , clopidogrel (Plavix), ticlopidine (Ticlid), pentoxifylline (Trental) , or aspirin
- Vitamin E may help protect you from lung-related side effects if you are taking amiodarone .
- Vitamin E may help reduce side effects if you are taking phenothiazine drugs .
- Seek medical advice before taking vitamin E if you are taking chemotherapy drugs.
- High-dose vitamin E might cause your blood sugar levels to fall too low, requiring an adjustment in medication dosage, if you are taking oral hypoglycemic medications .
Revision Information
- Reviewer: EBSCO CAM Review Board
- Review Date: 12/2015 -
- Update Date: 12/15/2015 -


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This corner of the Ireland island remains a part of the United Kingdom and, unlike Ireland proper, has a significant Protestant population. The nation was known for violent clashes between Protestants and Catholics throughout the 1980s, although peace treaties have helped to ease the tension. Northern Ireland is generally safe to visit and the people are quite welcoming.
What to do
Belfast is the capital, and much like so many other UK cities that had become run down, this one has also been massively revitalized in the last decade or so. The city was home to most of the violence that has plagued the area for so long, but now it feels completely safe. The center of the city has a nice mix of old and new, and it's noticeably cheaper than Dublin.
The north coast, which is often called the Causeway Coast, is spectacularly beautiful, and the area is dotted with castles and old ruins, but Giant's Causeway is its most famous tourist attraction and the only UNESCO World Heritage Site in the country.
Getting there
You can book a flight into Belfast International Airport (code: BFS) on the outskirts of the city. This airport can be reached from New York and continental Europe, but it's not known for having really low airfares. You can also book a flight into the George Best Belfast City Airport (code: BHD), which is only two miles outside the city. Most flights originate in the UK, but you can obviously fly into London and then take a short hop to get here for a reasonable price. You can also take a ferry from England to Belfast if you prefer a nautical approach.
Where to stay
There are obviously many hotels in Northern Ireland, and a number of hostels as well. Belfast is fairly inexpensive compared to Dublin, so it's becoming a popular weekend getaway for Europeans. Book early if you plan on coming over a weekend especially.


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January 14, 2014
I was interested in NilRTOS since it is quite small and the installation was simple.
Many tasks that you handle with a small microcontroller don't require an operating system. However, as the definition of "small" keeps getting bigger, it is getting more tempting to do projects where you can benefit from some help with things like multitasking and concurrency management. Besides, as small gets bigger, you also get more processing power that you can afford a little overhead to make life easier.
Look at the Arduino, just as an example. The old ATmega 8 chip had 8K words of flash and 1K of RAM. The newer versions of Arduino often use an ATmega328, which has 32K of flash and 2K of RAM. However, last time I checked, the price of an ATmega328 was actually less than an ATmega8. So if I wanted an ATmega8, I could save money by buying the larger chip and I could use 1K of RAM and 24K of flash for my operating system before I would impact what I wanted to use anyway.
I looked at this once before when I was writing LWOS, which could target several different small processors. However, there are several other Arduino-friendly RTOS choices.
A project on Google Code covers several choices including NilRTOS, ChibiOS/RT, and a FreeRTOS port. There is also the duinos port of FreeRTOS. I also found RTuinOS and I'm sure there are plenty more out there.
All of these take some setup. For example, RTuinOS uses make and has some restrictions on where you can install it. I was interested in NilRTOS since it is quite small and the installation was as simple as copying three library directories over to your Arduino libraries.
Once I did the copy, it was easy to open a few examples, including the obligatory LED blinker with two threads (one turns the LED on and the other turns it off). The download includes an HTML file with documentation. Since it is such a simple system, there isn't much to learn.
Here's a semaphore define:
// Declare a semaphore with an inital counter value of zero. SEMAPHORE_DECL(sem, 0);
Here's the code to set a semaphore:
And, of course, to test a semaphore:
You do need to set up an initial stack for each thread:
NIL_WORKING_AREA(waThread1, 128);
The thread functions are declared via a macro and there is a static thread table (very similar to lwos). The examples cover using serial I/O, I2C, analog, and more. For a low overhead system, it seems pretty robust.
Are you using an operating system for small projects or just programming to the metal? If you aren't, how long do you think you can hold out?


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The pain can be achy or sharp in nature. It is usually localized in the low back and can be associated with difficulty doing everyday tasks. Stress on the muscles and ligaments that support the spine produce strain on tissues causing the back pain. There can be other, more serious causes.
If the sciatic or other nerve is irritated, the pain may extend into the buttock or leg on the affected side, and weakness or numbness may be present.
Other symptoms may include burning, tingling, or a shooting pain down the back of one leg. This is often called sciatica. However, the nerve involved is usually a spinal nerve, and only occasionally the sciatic nerve. Sciatica is known by many other medical terms, such as lumbosacral radicular pain or radiculopathy.
More serious symptoms associated with back pain that may require immediate medical attention include:
- Pain that does not subside or worsens with rest
- Pain that is worse when you are reclined
- Pain that is sudden, severe, or that has gotten dramatically worse
- Progressive weakness or numbness in a leg or foot
- Difficulty walking, standing, or moving
- Numbness in the genital or rectal area
- Loss of bowel or bladder control
- Burning or difficulty with urination
- Fever, unexplained weight loss, or other signs of illness
- If there has been any trauma, fall, or impact
- If you have a history of cancer, back pain should be evaluated
Revision Information
- Reviewer: EBSCO Medical Review Board Michael Woods, MD, FAAP
- Review Date: 11/2018 -
- Update Date: 12/20/2014 -


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The purpose of screening is early diagnosis and treatment. Screening tests are administered to people without current symptoms, but who may be at high risk for certain diseases or conditions.
Screening Guidelines
There are no standard tests or current guidelines for Hodgkin lymphoma screening.
Revision Information
- Reviewer: EBSCO Medical Review Board Mohei Abouzied, MD, FACP
- Review Date: 03/2018 -
- Update Date: 02/26/2016 -


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Andrea's Poems
Here you can enjoy reading lots of Andrea's poems, from poems about school and space, to poems with a decidedly bloodthirsty feel. In fact, a surprising number of Andrea's poems feature somebody being eaten, squashed, stung, strangled, starved, cut, choked, poisoned, nibbled, baked, grilled, decapitated or otherwise dispatched. Although not all at once!