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Supplement Forms/Alternate Names
- Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA)
- Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA)
- Omega-3 Fatty Acids
- Omega-3 Oil(s)
Principal Proposed Uses
Other Proposed Uses
- Allergies
- Alzheimer's Disease
- Angina
- Ankylosing Spondylitis
- Anxiety
- Asthma
- Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
- Bipolar Disorder (Manic-Depressive Illness)
- Borderline Personality Disorder
- Cardiac Arrhythmia
- Cancer Treatment Support
- Canker Sores
- Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
- Congestive Heart Failure
- Crohn's Disease
- Depression
- Diabetic Neuropathy
- Dysmenorrhea (Menstrual Pain)
- Eczema (Prevention)
- Enhancing Memory and Mental Function
- Epilepsy
- Gout
- HIV Support
- Hypertension
- Kidney Stones
- Liver Disease
- Lupus
- Macular Degeneration
- Male Infertility
- Migraine Headaches
- Multiple Sclerosis
- Osteoporosis
- Pregnancy Support (including postpartum depression)
- Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)
- Prevention of Premature Birth
- Prostate Cancer Prevention
- Psoriasis
- Raynaud's Phenomenon
- Retinitis Pigmentosa
- Schizophrenia
- Sickle-cell Anemia
- Strokes (Prevention)
- Surgery Support
- Ulcerative Colitis
- Undesired Weight Loss Caused by Cancer
Fish oil contains omega-3 fatty acids, one of the two main classes of essential fatty acids. ( Omega-6 fatty acids are the other main type.) Essential fatty acids are special fats that the body needs for optimum health.
Interest in the potential therapeutic benefits of omega-3 fatty acids began when studies of the Inuit (Eskimo) people found that, although their diets contain an enormous amount of fat from fish, seals, and whales, they seldom suffer heart attacks. This is presumably because those sources of fat are very high in omega-3 fatty acids.
Subsequent investigation found that the omega-3 fatty acids found in fish oil have various effects that tend to reduce risk of heart disease and strokes. However, research into whether use of fish oil actually prevents these diseases remains incomplete and somewhat inconsistent. In recognition of this, the FDA has allowed supplements containing fish oil or its constituents to carry a label that states: "Supportive but not conclusive research shows that consumption of EPA and DHA omega-3 fatty acids may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease."
In addition, a slightly modified form of fish oil (ethyl-omega-3 fatty acids) has been approved by the FDA as a treatment for high triglyceride levels . 237 This specially processed product, sold under the brand name Omacor (Lovaza), is widely advertised as more effective than ordinary fish oil.
Fish oil has also shown promise as an anti-inflammatory treatment for conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, menstrual pain, and lupus. In addition, it may be helpful for various psychiatric conditions.
There is no daily requirement for fish oil. However, a healthy diet should provide at least 5 g of essential fatty acids daily.
Many grains, fruits, vegetables, sea vegetables, and vegetable oils contain significant amounts of essential omega-6 and/or omega-3 fatty acids, but oil from cold-water fish is the richest natural source of omega-3 fats. It is commonly stated that people require a certain optimum ratio of omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acids in the diet; however, there is no real evidence that this is true, and some evidence that it is false. 231
Therapeutic Dosages
Typical dosages of fish oil are 3 g to 9 g daily, but this is not the upper limit. In one study, participants ingested 60 g daily.
The most important omega-3 fatty acids found in fish oil are called eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). In order to match the dosage used in several major studies, you should take enough fish oil to supply about 2 g to 3 g of EPA (2,000 mg to 3,500 mg) and about 1.0 g to 2.5 g of DHA daily (1,000 mg to 2,500 mg). Far higher doses have been used in some studies; conversely, one study found blood-pressure lowering effects with a very low daily dosage of DHA—0.7 g. 238
DHA and EPA are not identical and might not have identical effects. Some evidence hints that DHA may be more effective than EPA for thinning the blood 176 and reducing blood pressure. 105 The reverse may be true for reducing triglyceride levels, but study results are conflicting. 160-165, 235
Some manufacturers add vitamin E to fish oil capsules to keep the oil from becoming rancid. Another method is to remove all the oxygen from the capsule.
If possible, purchase fish oil products certified as free of significant levels of mercury, toxic organochlorines, and PCBs (see Safety Issues).
Flaxseed oil also contains omega-3 fatty acids, although of a different kind. It has been suggested as a less smelly substitute for fish oil. However, it is far from clear whether flaxseed oil is therapeutically equivalent to fish oil. 1,200
Therapeutic Uses
Consumption of fish oil alters the body's production of certain substances in the class of chemicals called prostaglandins. Some prostaglandins increase inflammation while others decrease it. The prostaglandins whose production is enhanced by fish oil fall into the anti-inflammatory category. Based on this, fish oil has been tried as a treatment for early stages of rheumatoid arthritis , with positive results. It is thought to significantly reduce symptoms without causing side effects and may magnify the benefits of standard arthritis drugs. 37,38,179 However, while some standard medications can slow the progression of the disease, there is no evidence that fish oil can do this. Much weaker evidence hints that fish oil might be helpful for the related disease ankylosing spondylitis. 232
Fish oil's apparent anti-inflammatory properties are the likely explanation for its apparent benefit in dysmenorrhea (menstrual pain), as seen in two studies. 39,40 Similarly, fish oil may be helpful for the autoimmune disease lupus . 137,191 (However, two studies failed to find fish oil helpful for kidney disease caused by lupus. 138,139 ) Evidence has been mixed regarding whether fish oil is beneficial for Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis , conditions in which parts of the digestive tract are highly inflamed. 49-51,61-68, 159,201 More recently, however, two well-designed trials enrolling a total of 738 patients convincingly failed to find any benefit for omega-3 fatty acid supplementations in the prevention of Crohn's disease relapse. 254
Incomplete evidence hints but does not prove that fish or fish oil might help prevent death caused by heart disease . 152,202 This effect seems to result from several separate actions. The best documented involves reducing high triglyceride levels ; studies enrolling more than 2,000 people have substantiated this use. 1 In addition, fish oil might raise HDL ("good") cholesterol levels, "thin" the blood, lower levels of homocysteine , prevent dangerous heart arrhythmias, slow heart rate, improve blood vessel tone, and decrease blood pressure . 14,15,51,90-94,96-105,151,160-165,174,177,189,190,203-204,238 These effects also support findings that fish oil may help prevent strokes . 20,178 However, results are conflicting on whether people with angina should take fish oil or increase intake of fatty fish; one large study actually found that fish oil increased risk of sudden death. 206
For a number of theoretical reasons, it has been suggested that fish oil and its constituents (especially a slightly modified form of EPA called ethyl-EPA) might have positive effects on various psychiatric disorders, most notably depression . However, there is no convincing evidence that low levels of omega-3 fatty acids in the bloodstream leads to even mild depression. 259 Moreover, larger trials have generally failed to demonstrate a beneficial effect of fish oil-related products in depressed patients. 154,168,188,192,193,207,228,234,241,242,244, 197 Some evidence hints that high doses of fish oil may produce benefits in bipolar disorder , reducing risk of relapse and improving emotional state. 41,205,242,284 Other preliminary, and again not altogether consistent, evidence hints that fish oil might enhance the effectiveness of standard drugs (such as phenothiazines ) for schizophrenia. 48,148,169,170,193,247 One trial of 81 adolescents and young adults (considered at very high risk) found that daily omega-3 fatty acid supplements for 12 weeks delayed transition to a first full-blown psychotic episode (e.g., shcizophrenia) within one year. 276 Fish oil has also shown a bit of promise for borderline personality disorder. 180 In one study, DHA failed to augment the effectiveness of standard therapy for attention deficit disorder (ADD). 89 However, two studies that evaluated the potential benefits of fish oil combined with omega-6 fatty acids found some evidence of benefit for this condition. 88,194 Finally, one small trial found evidence that use of fish oil might decrease anger and aggressiveness in people with a history of aggressive behaviors, substance abuse, and problems with the law. 243
Small studies also suggest that fish oil may be helpful in Raynaud's phenomenon (a condition in which a person's hands and feet show abnormal sensitivity to cold temperatures), 42,43sickle-cell anemia , 45 and a form of kidney disease called IgA nephropathy. 47
According to some, but not all studies, fish oil may help treat the undesired weight loss often experienced by people with cancer. 181-182 In addition, highly preliminary evidence hints that DHA might enhance the effects of the cancer chemotherapy drug doxorubicin 157 and decrease side effects of the chemotherapy drug irinotecan. 158
Use of fish oil by pregnant women might help prevent premature birth, 184-185,208,236 although evidence is somewhat inconsistent. In addition, use of fish oil by pregnant women may support healthy brain function 183 and help prevent eczema and allergies in offspring. 195
Intriguing, but not yet at all reliable, evidence hints that fish oil, or its constituents, might be helpful for treating kidney stones or alleviating the symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome , and reducing the risk of prostate cancer . 54,56,58,59 Results are inconsistent regarding whether the use of fish oil can decrease seizure frequency in people with epilepsy . 209,246,294
One study found that insulin metabolism in 278 young, overweight subjects improved on a calorie-restricted diet rich in fish oil from seafood or supplements compared to those on a diet low in fish oil, suggesting that fish oil may help delay the onset of diabetes in susceptible individuals. 258 Fish oil has also been proposed as a treatment for many other conditions, including diabetic neuropathy , 60allergies , and gout , but there has been little real scientific investigation of these uses.
Some, but not all, studies suggest that fish oil combined with omega-6 essential fatty acids may augment the effectiveness of calcium in the treatment of osteoporosis . 86,87 One promising, but highly preliminary, double-blind, placebo-controlled study suggests that the same combination therapy may improve symptoms of the severe neurological illness called Huntington's disease. 155
Use of a fish oil product as part of a total parenteral nutrition regimen (intravenous feeding) may help speed recovery after major abdominal surgery . 233
For several other conditions, the current balance of the evidence suggests that fish oil is not effective.
For example, despite widely publicized claims that fish oil helps asthma , most preliminary studies have failed to provide evidence that it is effective, and one study found that fish oil can actually worsen aspirin-related asthma. 69-77,171,271 However, there is some evidence that use of fish oil could help prevent exercise-induced asthma in athletes. 196,212
An interesting randomized, controlled trial with long-term follow-up, mothers who take fish-oil during late pregnancy reduced the risk of asthma in their children up to 16 years later. 263 Similar results were found in a randomized trial with 736 pregnant women. Mothers took either fish oil or placebo during pregnancy. Those who took fish oil reduced the risk of persistent wheeze or asthma in their children during the first 5 years of life. Although results are promising, few women took supplement as directed during the trial. So some women who were classified in fish oil group may have taken very few supplements.295
At least two studies, including a systematic review of 4 trials, have not found evidence to support the use of fish oil for improving lung function in people with cystic fibrosis. 251,281
A 16-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 167 individuals with recurrent migraine headaches found that fish oil did not significantly reduce headache frequency or severity. 149 Conflicting results have been seen in other, much smaller trials of fish oil for migraines. 172,173
One study found weak evidence that use of fish oil might decrease aggressive behavior in young girls (but, in this study, not in young boys). 213 Another study found benefit in developmental coordination disorder (a condition in which children suffer from lack of physical coordination as well as problems with learning and behavior). 214
Fish oil is also sometimes recommended for enhancing immunity in HIV infection. However, one 6-month, double-blind study found that a combination of the omega-3 fatty acids in fish oil plus the amino acid arginine was no more effective than placebo in improving immune function in people with HIV. 78 Fish oil, however, might help individuals with HIV gain weight. 79
In one large, randomized, controlled trial, diets rich in fish and omega-3 fatty acids from fish were associated with a significant reduction in the risk of developing colorectal cancer among men over a 22-year period. 255 Another study provides preliminary evidence for the benefits of fish oil in reducing the risk of prostate cancer. 57 On balance, however, there is still relatively little evidence that the consumption of fish oil reduces cancer risk . 215
Preliminary studies have suggested that fish oil could help symptoms of multiple sclerosis ; however, the largest double-blind study on the subject found no difference between people taking fish oil and those taking olive oil (used as a placebo). 80-84,216 In a larger review of 3 studies, fish oil combined with a low-fat diet was found to be ineffective when it was evaluated for reducing relapses, disability, and improving quality of life. 291
Although one study found fish oil somewhat helpful in psoriasis , 133 a much larger study found no benefit. 134
DHA has been evaluated as a possible treatment for male infertility , but a double-blind trial of 28 men with impaired sperm activity found no benefit. 85
Combination therapy with GLA and fish oil has failed to prove effective for cyclic breast pain . 186
One study failed to find fish oil more effective than placebo for treating stress . 217
DHA has also been tried for slowing the progression of retinitis pigmentosa (a condition in which the retina gradually degenerates), but without much success. 210-211
In observational studies, people who happen to consume a diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids seem to lower their risk of age-related macular degeneration (the most common cause of blindness in the elderly). 260 However, a review of 2 randomized trials with 2,343 patients found that omega-3 fatty acid supplements, taken for periods of up to 5 years, were not effective in preventing or delaying the progression of macular degeneration. 292
Studies of fish oil have failed to find it helpful for Alzheimer's disease , whether for slowing its progression or improving symptoms. 230,240 In addition, two randomized trials have failed to find any benefit of fish oil for enhancing memory and mental function in older adults without dementia. 265,280
Use of essential fatty acids in the omega-3 family has also shown some promise for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver. 245,270
A 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial involving 68 healthy medical students without anxiety disorders found that taking fish oil supplements may reduce anxiety (ie, stress related to test taking). 282
What Is the Scientific Evidence for Fish Oil?
Heart Disease Prevention
Studies on fish or fish oil for preventing cardiovascular disease, slowing the progression of cardiovascular disease , and preventing heart-related death have returned somewhat contradictory results. 106-125,150,156 A major review published in 2004 failed to find trustworthy evidence of benefit, 218 and a subsequent study actually found that use of fish oil increases risk of sudden death in people with stable heart disease. 219 A 2008 systematic review found that fish oil was associated with modestly reduced cardiac mortality, but not sudden cardiac death, in 11 studies totally over 32,000 patients. The reliability of these results, however, is limited by the inclusion of mostly low-to-moderate quality trials. 272 A 2009 review pooled data from 8 trials examining the effect of omega-3 fatty acids on prevention of cardiac death in almost 21,000 patients with coronary heart disease. 274 This review separated patients into two general groups (those with previous myocardial infarction versus those with angina history) and found that omega-3 supplementation reduced risk of sudden cardiac death in patients with previous myocardial infarction, but increased risk in patients with angina. Though compelling, this finding may be limited since it was derived from a retrospective analysis of original data reorganized into subgroups. Finally, a 2012 review of 14 randomized, controlled trials involving over 20,000 people further questions the supplement's value in patients with cardiovascular disease. 286 Researchers concluded that omega-3 fatty acids (ranging from 0.4-4.8 g/day) were no better than placebo at reducing rates of cardiovascular events or cardiovascular-related death.
A gigantic study (over 18,000 participants) published in 2007 was widely described in the media as finally proving beyond a shadow of a doubt that fish oil helps prevent heart problems. 239 Unfortunately, this study lacked a placebo group, and therefore failed to provide reliable evidence.
As noted earlier, fish oil is hypothesized to exert several separate effects that act together to help protect the heart. The most important action of fish oil may be its apparent ability to reduce high triglyceride levels . Like cholesterol, triglycerides are a type of fat in the blood that tends to damage the arteries, leading to heart disease. According to most, though not all studies, fish oil supplements can reduce triglycerides by as much as 25%-30%. 90-93,151,256 In a detailed review of 47 randomized trials, researchers concluded that fish oil is capable of significantly reducing triglyceride levels with no change in total cholesterol levels and only slight increases in HDL ("good") cholesterol and LDL ("bad") cholesterol. 268 However, in some studies, use of fish oil has markedly raised LDL cholesterol, which might offset some of the benefit. A 2009 review of 30 trials involving about 1,500 patients with type 2 diabetes demonstrated that marine-derived omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (mean dose 2.4 g per day) lowered triglyceride levels about 15 mg/dL but increased LDL cholesterol by about 3 mg/dL after an average 24 weeks of treatment. 275
Fish oil has been specifically studied for reducing triglyceride levels in people with diabetes (a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease), and it appears to do so safely and effectively. 3,262 In one large trial, however, Omacor (the specially-processed, FDA-approved omega-3 product) was not found to benefit people with diabetes or prediabetes. 287 Over 12,000 such patients were randomized to receive Omacor (1 g) or placebo. All of the study participants had cardiovascular disease or had risk factors for the disease. Six years later at the follow-up, researchers found that there were no differences between the two groups in regards to cardiovascular-related death, heart attacks, strokes, or heart-related hospitalizations and surgeries. The only bright spot was that Omacor did help to reduce high triglyceride levels.
Stanols and sterols (or phytosterols) are naturally occurring substances found in various plants that can help to lower cholesterol in individuals with normal or mildly to moderately elevated levels. A study investigating the possible benefit of combining a phytosterol with fish oil found that together they significantly lowered total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides, and raised HDL ("good") cholesterol in subjects with undesirable cholesterol profiles. 257
It also seems to remain effective in individuals who are already using statin drugs to control lipid levels (both people with and without diabetes). 14,15,293 However, one study found that the standard drug gemfibrozil is more effective than fish oil for reducing triglycerides. 94 Some but not all studies suggest that fish, fish oil, or EPA or DHA separately may additionally raise the level of HDL ("good") cholesterol and possibly improve other aspects of cholesterol profile as well. 96,97,151,164,165,197 This too should help prevent heart disease.
Additionally, fish oil may help the heart by "thinning" the blood and by reducing blood levels of homocysteine , 98,176,190 although not all studies have found a positive effect. 198
Studies contradict one another on whether fish oil can lower blood pressure , 99-104,177,264 but on balance the supplement does seem to exert a modest positive effect. 174 A 6-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 59 overweight men suggests that the DHA in fish oil, but not the EPA, is responsible for this benefit. 105
A large Italian trial involving almost 7,000 subjects found that fish oilmay modestly reduce the risk of death or admission to the hospital for cardiovascular reasons in patients suffering from congestive heart failure . 266 And, a smaller study involving 138 patients showed similarly beneficial results. 279
Evidence is conflicting on whether fish oil helps prevent arrhythmias . 220-224,248,285 In a 2010 study involving 663 people with intermittent atrial fibrillation (the most common cause of arrhythmia), fish oil was no more effective than placebo at reducing the number symptomatic episodes over a 24-week period. 278
Fish oil may slightly reduce heart rate . 225 This effect could contribute to preventing heart attacks and other heart problems.
Rheumatoid Arthritis
The results of numerous small double-blind trials indicate that omega-3 fatty acids in fish oil can help reduce the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis . 126,127,179,187 At least one small study suggests that it may help rheumatoid arthritis patients lower their dose of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication (eg, ibuprofen). 253 The benefits of the fish oil effect may be enhanced by a vegetarian diet. 187 Simultaneous supplementation with olive oil (about two teaspoons daily) may further increase the benefits. 226 However, unlike some conventional treatments, fish oil probably does not slow the progression of rheumatoid arthritis.
Menstrual Pain
Regular use of fish oil may reduce the pain of menstrual cramps .
In a 4-month study of 42 young women aged 15 to 18, half the participants received a daily dose of 6 g of fish oil, providing 1,080 mg of EPA and 720 mg of DHA daily. 128 After 2 months, they were switched to placebo for another 2 months. The other group received the same treatments in reverse order. The results showed that these young women experienced significantly less menstrual pain while they were taking fish oil.
Another double-blind study followed 78 women, who received either fish oil, seal oil, fish oil with vitamin B 12 (7.5 mcg daily), or placebo for three full menstrual periods. 129 Significant improvements were seen in all treatment groups, but the fish oil plus vitamin B 12 proved most effective, and its benefits continued for the longest time after treatment was stopped (3 months). The researchers offered no explanation why vitamin B 12 should be helpful.
Premenstrual Syndrome
Many women experience a variety of unpleasant symptoms in the week or two before menstruating but some can have more severe symptoms that affect day to day living. These symptoms are affected by hormonal changes of the menstrual cycle but, medical researchers do not know why only some women have premenstrual syndrome (PMS) or how to best treat it.
Regular use of fish oil may help improve symptoms in women who have PMS. In a randomized trial of 139 women, 2 g of fish oil per day for 3 months reduced depression, lack of concentration, anxiety, and bloating severity when compared to placebo. Fish oil was also associated in reduced duration time of the same symptoms, in addition to headache and breast tenderness. 290
Bipolar Disorder
A 4-month, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 30 individuals suggests that fish oil can enhance the effects of standard treatments for bipolar disorder , reducing risk of relapse and improving emotional state. 130 Eleven of the 14 individuals who took fish oil improved or remained well during the course of the study, while only 6 out of the 16 given placebo responded similarly. In addition, a systematic review of 6 randomized trials involving 320 people found that those who took omega-3 fatty acids had an improvement in their bipolar depression symptoms. 284 A small study also found that ethyl-EPA (a modified form of EPA) is helpful for the depressive phase of bipolar disease. 227 A review of 6 small trials found conflicting but generally beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acids on depressive symptoms in adults with bipolar disorder. The review was based on mostly small trials. 288
A 4-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial evaluated the potential benefits of fish oil in 20 individuals with depression . 154 All but one participant were also taking standard antidepressants and had been taking them for at least 3 months. By week 3, the level of depression had improved to a significantly greater extent in the fish oil group than in placebo group. Six of 10 participants given fish oil, but only one of 10 given placebo, showed at least a 50% reduction in depression scores by the end of the trial. (A reduction of this magnitude is considered a "cure.")
A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 70 people who were still depressed despite standard therapy (such as SSRIs ) found that additional treatment with ethyl-EPA (a modified form of EPA) improved symptoms. 175 Similar add-on benefits were also seen in other double-blind studies of ethyl-EPA or mixed essential fatty acids. 192-193,228,250 However, one study failed to find benefit with fish-oil as an add-on treatment. 229 Another double-blind study failed to find DHA alone helpful for depression. 188 A third relatively large placebo-controlled study found no benefit for fish oil in improving "mental well-being" among 320 older adults without a diagnosis of depression. 267
The effectiveness of fish oil supplementation in treating or preventing perinatal (including postpartum) depression is, as of yet, unclear. A small preliminary study of women found that fish oil was significantly more effective than placebo at alleviating postpartum depression. 252 However, another small, placebo-controlled study was unable to show a benefit in women suffering from depression whether before or after delivery. 249 In addition, a 2009 trial of 182 pregnant women with suspected low intake of DHA found that daily DHA supplementation (with or without arachidonic acid) did not reduce risk of postpartum depression compared to placebo. 273 And, inanother much larger study involving 2,399 women, researchers found that fish oil capsules (a combination of DHA 800 mg/day and EPA 100 mg/day) did not prevent postpartum depression. Interesting, it also did not improve the cognitive and language development in their children up to four years after their birth. 277
The effectiveness of fish oil supplementation in treating or preventing perinatal (including postpartum) depression is, as of yet, unclear. A small preliminary study of women found that fish oil was significantly more effective than placebo at alleviating postpartum depression. 252 However, another small, placebo-controlled study was unable to show a benefit in women suffering from depression whether before or after delivery. 249 In addition, a 2009 trial of 182 pregnant women with suspected low intake of DHA found that daily DHA supplementation (with or without arachidonic acid) did not reduce risk of postpartum depression compared to placebo. 273 And, inanother much larger study involving 2,399 women, researchers found that fish oil capsules (a combination of DHA 800 mg/day and EPA 100 mg/day) did not prevent postpartum depression. Interesting, it also did not improve the cognitive and language development in their children up to four years after their birth. 277
Raynaud's Phenomenon
In small, double-blind studies, fish oil has been found to reduce the severe finger and toe responses to cold temperatures that occur in Raynaud's phenomenon . 131,132 However, these studies suggest that a higher than usual dosage must be used to get results, perhaps 12 g daily.
There is some evidence that essential fatty acids may enhance the effectiveness of calcium in osteoporosis . In one study, 65 postmenopausal women were given calcium along with either placebo or a combination of omega-6 fatty acids (from evening primrose oil) and omega-3 fatty acids (from fish oil) for a period of 18 months. At the end of the study period, the group receiving essential fatty acids had higher bone density and fewer fractures than the placebo group. 135
However, a 12-month, double-blind trial of 42 postmenopausal women found no benefit. 136
The explanation for the discrepancy may lie in the differences between the women studied. The first study involved women living in nursing homes, while the second studied healthier women living on their own. The latter group of women may have been better nourished and already received enough essential fatty acids in their diet.
Lupus is a serious autoimmune disease that can cause numerous problems, including fatigue, joint pain, and kidney disease. One small, 34-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study compared placebo against daily doses of EPA (20 g) from fish oil. 137 A total of 17 individuals completed the trial. Of these, 14 showed improvement when taking EPA, while only 4 did so when treated with placebo. Another small study found similar benefits with fish oil over a 24-week period. 191 However, two small studies failed to find fish oil helpful for lupus nephritis (kidney damage caused by lupus). 138,139
Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Based on evidence that essential fatty acids are necessary for the proper development of brain function in growing children, EFAs have been tried for the treatment of ADHD and related conditions. The results has been mixed. A preliminary double-blind, placebo-controlled trial found some evidence that a supplement containing fish oil and evening primrose oil might improve ADHD symptoms. 140 However, a high drop-out rate makes the results of this trial unreliable. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of children already using stimulant therapy, addition of DHA for 4 months failed to further improve symptoms. 141 A systematic review produced slightly more promising results, though. In the review, 10 randomized trials involving 699 children with ADHD found that those who took omega-3 fatty acids experienced a modest improvement in certain symptoms like inattentiveness and hyperactivity. 283 Another small study examined fish oil in children with ADHD who had thirst and skin problems. Benefits were seen with fish oil, but they also occurred with placebo and to about the same extent. 194
Canker Sores
In a small randomized trial with 50 people with recurrent canker sores, omega-3 fatty acids (1 gram, 3 times per day for 6 months) was associated with improvement in the number of ulcers, pain level of ulcers, and healing time of ulcers by up to 3 months when compared to placebo. 289
Safety Issues
Fish oil appears to be generally safe. The most common problem is fishy burps. However, there are some safety concerns to consider.
For example, it has been suggested that some fish oil products contain excessive levels of toxic substances such as organochlorines and PCBs. 166 If possible, try to purchase fish oil products certified not to contain significant levels of these contaminants. Note: Various types of fish contain mercury, but this has not been a problem with fish oil supplements, according to reports on Consumerlab.com.
Fish oil has a mild blood-thinning effect; 269 in one case report, it increased the effect of the blood-thinning medication warfarin (Coumadin). 199 Fish oil does not seem to cause bleeding problems when it is taken by itself 142 or with aspirin. 143 Nonetheless, people who are at risk of bleeding complications for any reason should consult a physician before taking fish oil.
Fish oil does not appear to raise blood sugar levels in people with diabetes. 144,145 Nonetheless, if you have diabetes, you should not take any supplement except on the advice of a physician.
Fish oil may modestly increase weight and lower total cholesterol and HDL ("good") cholesterol levels. 269 It may also raise the level of LDL ("bad") cholesterol; however, this effect may be short-lived. 146,147
If you decide to use cod liver oil as your fish oil supplement, make sure you do not exceed the safe maximum intake of vitamin A and vitamin D . These vitamins are fat soluble, which means that excess amounts tend to build up in your body, possibly reaching toxic levels. The official maximum daily intake of vitamin A is 3,000 mcg for pregnant women as well as other adults. Look at the bottle label to determine how much vitamin A you are receiving. (It is less likely that you will get enough vitamin D to produce toxic effects.)
Interactions You Should Know About
If you are taking warfarin (Coumadin) or heparin , do not take fish oil except on the advice of a physician.
Revision Information
- Reviewer: EBSCO CAM Review Board
- Review Date: 12/2015 -
- Update Date: 02/21/2017 -


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Target of Opportunity Activation
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Scheduling ToO Observations
Gemini North and South are accepting triggers for approved "Target of Opportunity" or ToO programs as described in the Call for Proposals. We recognize that many ToO programs require follow-up observations on various timescales. Every effort will be made to complete these observations but due to schedule (and weather) constraints this cannot be guaranteed.
Time Charging for ToO Programs
From Semester 2017A, Gemini is not carrying out detailed time balancing, per partner, from semester to semester. Observations executed on a ToO program are "charged" to the program in order to determine whether the program has remaining time, but any unused time at the end of the semester is lost.
ToO Trigger Types:
- "Standard" triggers: observations that, once triggered, can be executed more than 24 hours in the future. This is essentially identical to the normal queue mode except that the targets are not known in advance. Thus, observations will be placed in the queue based on science rank and observing conditions constraints. If you want a triggered observation to be considered under this mode, you must complete the timing constraints in the Observing Conditions OT component. The PI will be notified if the telescope is not available within that time frame, and will be given the option to change his/her trigger.
- "Rapid response" triggers: observations that need to be done within the next 24 hours. The minimum response time is about 20 minutes and these triggers can interrupt ongoing observations, both classical and queue. Each semester only a few programs are allocated "Rapid Response" status by the ITAC. Details of this mechanism are given below. The Gemini North and South schedules show the science and engineering blocks available; the schedule is subject to change at short or no notice. Daily information about instrument availabilities and configuration can also be found on the North and South configuration pages. Please contact your program's Contact Scientist or the Instrument Scientist if you need more detailed information on the availability of the telescope during a specific period.
All types of ToO observations can be prepared and submitted using the standard sync operations of the Observing Tool (OT). It is also possible to trigger observations by sending a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) with all the observation information to secure web sockets on the observing database machines. Template observations in the programs are copied, populated with the target and guide star information, and then triggered.
Phase II Preparation
The basics of ToO Phase II preparation are the same as for regular queue programs. However, in this case the PI needs to define template observations that will be used once the targets are known. For programs with standard triggers that require a limited set of instrument modes, PIs should prepare templates similar to normal Phase II preparation. Programs that observe more transient objects (e.g. SNe, GRBs) often use many instrument modes so have to have more triggering options. For these programs the contact scientist will often copy a set of standard templates into the program. Please ask your contact scientist for additional instructions.
The template observations must be prepared by the regular Phase II deadline before each semester so that they can be properly checked.
Template observations should be made for each instrument configuration that will be needed and should be stored in a folder called Templates. This template observations should include:
- Science target acquistion (with matching PA and FPU-long slit or IFU-for the Science observation)
- ToO type (only possible for programs with Rapid ToO status, see below)
- Science target (dummy) <-- can leave as (0,0)
- Guide star (dummy) <-- also could be left as (0,0)
- Complete instrument configuration
- Offset or instrument sequences as needed
- Observes
- interspersed GCAL flats and arcs as necessary
After being checked by NGO and Gemini staff, trigger template observations will have their status set to "On Hold" and the priorities set to the usual High, Medium, or Low. PIs should sync their programs and wait for the triggering event.
Each program has a ToO status based on the option ("None", "Standard", or "Rapid") approved during Phase I. The status is given at the main program level.
The TOO status is also shown at the observation level for programs that are allowed to trigger TOO observations. Programs with Standard TOO status can only trigger Standard TOOs while programs with Rapid TOO status can trigger either kind.
Standard TOO program
Rapid TOO program
Only one unique template for each configuration should be defined even if more than one observation with a given configuration may be triggered on a given night. If the URL-based triggering mechanism described below is not going to be used then an Observing Tool "Note" should be used to ask the Gemini contact scientist to make a number of copies of each template and leave them all at On Hold.
Triggering an Observation
Prepare observation
In most cases these steps are carried out using the Observing Tool. If URL-triggering is used then much of the preparation is done in software external to the OT that formats a URL string with all the required information. Scripts for automatically finding guide stars, formatting the URL, and submitting it are under development and the PIs for TOO programs can obtain them by contacting Bryan Miller (bmillergemini.edu).
- Prepare a finding chart
- Check Gemini North and South configuration web pages for available instruments and configurations
- Sync program if not using the URL-based rapid response triggering
- Select observation template(s)
- The template(s) must have status "On hold"
- If not using URL triggering
- Copy the template(s) to a new folder. The new observations will have status "On hold".
- Edit the new observations according to the guidelines below.
- Update target component
- Fill in target name and coordinates
- Select guide star
- Update instrument component
- Exposure time
- Central wavelength (if appropriate)
- Position angle (if needed)
- Update timing constraints if necessary. If no constraints are entered then Rapid ToOs will be given a 24 hour timing window.
- Prepare note with extra details of the observation. For Rapid Response triggers the notes should include:
- Time of slew (UT), either
- Slew immediately
- Slew when convenient within the next M minutes
- Slew as close to HH:MM UT as possible
- Slew within T hours after obsid [N] complete
- Slew before time (UT) up until when the observation should be active
- Designated contact information
- Name of contact person
- Phone number
- Video IP (if available)
- e-mail address
- Acquisition information
- URL of finding chart if not submitted as a File Attachment
- Weather caveats and other information
- Time of slew (UT), either
Submit observation
- OT triggering
- Upload finding charts using the File Attachment facility.
- Change the status of the observations to be triggered from "On hold" to "Prepared."
- Sync the program to the Gemini database.
- URL triggering
- The PI software sends the URL string to the appropriate web
- The PI software sends the URL string to the appropriate web socket.
Data Collection and Packaging
For Standard triggers the observations will be scheduled at the appropriate time in the queue. For Rapid Response triggers, the observers are notified of the triggers immediately and respond according to the timing instructions given. If the observers have any questions about the observtion then they may get clarification from the PI contact given in the note. If the observation cannot be done then the reasons will be added to the note.
Raw data files usually arrive at the Gemini Observatory Archive within a few minutes of being taken and are accessible by the PIs. For Rapid Response programs the observer will send an e-mail to the PI contact announcing that data is available.

subset: commoncrawl


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text:
A Custom Dining Room Hutch & Pretty Little Pantry: Our DIY BloggerHouse Projects Revealed!
93 comments:
I LOVE everything...from the hutch, pantry and Jen's desk. You guys did an outstanding job!!!! What a fun project to work on....Congratulations!ReplyDelete
WOW!! I'm in LOVE! Great job....love you and Cason's areas. I must order some labels from you ~ too cute.ReplyDelete
Where'd the dining room light fixture come from ~ that's really kewel.
Beautiful Shelley! You did an amazing job with the built-in in the dining room and that itty bitty pantry is amazing! Give yourself a big pat on the back for a job well done! Angie xoReplyDelete
Wow Shelley! I LOVE what you guys did! The vinyl on the back of the built ins is amazing. I need to figure out how to do something like that it my house! Love the pantry too. Great job!ReplyDelete
This is super cool. I've been hearing about the Blog house at Daybreak. I went to the Garden party at Conservation Garden..if you know what I'm talking about. It's time..I'll go see your house and I want to see the landscaping.... is that the water wise garden? It's fun to talk to some one local, too. I just signed off comments from Puerto Rico, New Hampshire and now SL valley.. hahhahahhahaReplyDelete
That is incredible - love your pantry and your hutch!ReplyDelete
Your spaces came out so awesome! That built-in china cabinet is perfect and I love that wall treatment. I may need to copy that somewhere in my house!ReplyDelete
WOW! What a beautiful home you have all created. Amazing. Love love love what you did with the dining room. Stunning work (as always!)ReplyDelete
Whoa, it is all pure gorgeousness! What an amazing house. I love the room you did...the eye candy never ends.ReplyDelete
If I had a million dollars, know what I would buy???? THIS HOUSE!!!!! I'm in love with everything about it... Good job ladies and gentleman!ReplyDelete
Beautiful! I love the pantry! Do you know what color paint was used on the walls throughout the house? Also, the name of the granite?ReplyDelete
AMAZING!!!!! I'm obsessed with this!!!! I cannot even wait to see it this weekend!!!! AYAYAYAYYAYAReplyDelete
Wow! I can't wait to hear the details! Like the paint color of the kitchen and other areas:). Great job everyone!!ReplyDelete
Shelley... This house is Amazing!!!! Wow... I'm completely inspired!!! What color grey is on the walls? I'm in love!!ReplyDelete
Gorgeous! I love the rug in the dining room! Where did you find it?ReplyDelete
Okay, that is amazing! I loved what you did with the hutch. I didn't even realize that you put a vinyl pattern in the back...thought it was the doors! lol Great job to both of you. :) I wonder.......is that house up for sale or is it just a model home? Love the tiny pantry too. I'm thinking I need to find a space like that in my house.......;)ReplyDelete
Its nice I have seen your designs its amazing, basically your dining table model and Spice Jars cases.If you have any other designs related to inlay wood,please send me.
Love the pantry. That is so sweet and genius to put a light in there. the trim on top really tops it off and the vinyls = Perfect. You [and Cason] have done an amazing job. Do you know the name of the wood flooring used in this house?ReplyDelete
wow, it all looks so fabulous...that IS a super small pantry, you made it look great! The built in is fabulou, and that WALL is pretty rockin'.ReplyDelete
This is such a fantastic space! Love it all! Do you have any information on the light fixture in the dining room? Please -- someone point me to where I can buy or make that awesome chandelier!ReplyDelete
Wow! It turned out great! I absolutely love pretty much EVERYTHING about this space! Nicely done!ReplyDelete
Loved how much the space you did looked like you! I was all so pretty! Way to go!ReplyDelete
This turned out better than I imagined! What beautiful designs you did. I loved the hutch in the dining room with the wooden tray with silverware already inside. An easy quick way to serve if you have unexpected guests! Thanks for all your clever ideas!ReplyDelete
OH MY WORD!!!!! CAN I PIN EVERY STINKING PICTURE AND FILE IT UNDER "FUTURE HOME"?!?!! Or can you just come to Nashville and help me pick out stuff?!?!!?! This is amazing. The wood walls... the tiny pantry, the wood crate, the dining room table, the dining room light....OH MY WORD!!!! What a fantastic job!!!!!ReplyDelete
everything looks absoluetly amazing!! job well done girls!!ReplyDelete
Looks great! I can't wait to see the DIY projects for those wooden crates the one with the knob is so cute!ReplyDelete
So when can I move in? Hahaha! Great job!!! I would seriously love to live here, as I'm sure would anyone!!! They should bring back Extreme Makeover: Home Edition just for you talented people!!ReplyDelete
Can you please come do my pantry :) you are a master organizer and designer.ReplyDelete
It may be as stupid question buut what/who is the Blogger house for?
Gorgeous job. Love everything.ReplyDelete
OMGosh Shelley, AMAZING!!! LOVE the hutch such a great space :) It's so crazy to think of where and how far you've gone since I first started reading your blog!! Truly amazing. LOL about the sister wives joke :)ReplyDelete
So what happens with the house now? Did I miss that somewhere?
Wow Shelley! I am totally loving that tiny pantry you did --- it is amazing how much stuff you got into a small space without it looking crammed in there! And love how you painted & added vinyl to the back - makes it feel like a piece of furniture and not just some hole in the wall.ReplyDelete
Your projects are all amazing and done in fab colors - I can see why you're a little sad to say good-bye! {BTW - that plank styled wall is to die for ... I want! LOL}
Love it, and will have to order me the vinyl to put in my new basement entertainment built-ins. Do you know where the chairs came from that are at the table ends? Cant wait to see this!ReplyDelete
Your dining room is absolutely amazing! I love your vinyl accents in the hutch and the colors are amazing! Great job! Can't wait to see the rest of the house!ReplyDelete
Beautiful job!!!! I adore that itty bitty pantry!!!ReplyDelete
LOVE how this turned out!!! The mini-pantry is so cool and the hutch makes me wish I'd saved my old one and painted it up with vinyl. You've all out-done yourselves! When you're ready to make a trip to Iowa add my house to your list of things to do:)ReplyDelete
your spaces were just lovely and i enjoyed talking to you last night! you are a sweetheart and a talented, talented girl.:DReplyDelete
everything looks amazing!!! Would you happen to know what the exterior colors used were? I'm in love with the teal blue/yellow and would love to replicate it on my house-which is in desperate need of some fresh paint! :)ReplyDelete
Beautiful! I love everything about it. Can't wait to see it in person! Where did you get the rug in the dining room?ReplyDelete
Gorgeous! thanks for all the inspiration! Dying to know where the table and chairs are from?? I'm redoing my kitchen and am desperately trying to find chairs just like that! Thanks!ReplyDelete
It's so beautiful! I love what you did with the back of the hutch...it's sparked a lot of ideas for the hutch in our dining room! Where did you get the rug? It's lovely!ReplyDelete
What a lovely dining room with some great ideas! Looking forward to seeing more.ReplyDelete
I love the little pantry!!! Great use of space! And the hutch is just beautiful! The whole house looks AMAZING!!!ReplyDelete
So absolutely gorgeous!! Love everything you did. And I'm digging the dining room with mdf boards...I feel a trip to home depot is in order!! GREAT JOB!!ReplyDelete
I love your little pantry! What a cute space. We just purchased our "dream home" and it's my first time getting to decorate everything just how I want. I love the dining room table (one of the first projects on my list is the dining room!) and it says it's from Down East Home, but I couldn't find it anywhere online. I couldn't even find that they sell tables...could you help me out? Thanks! Keep up the great design work!ReplyDelete
May I ask the name of that granite? Darling home! I'm willing to move right in!! A few stranges popping in and out...I wouldn't even mind!!ReplyDelete
I love how your projects turned out. Where did the table runner on the dining room table come from?ReplyDelete
WOW Shelley! Your area of the house turned out PERFECTLY! I love the lil nook and the pantry.. EVERYTHING! I would be really jealous/sad to leave it too! I wish I could have been there to see it in person, but I caught a horrible cold... hopefully sometime I will though.ReplyDelete
Also I was going to call you today, because I was wondering where you got that cute THANK YOU sign your daughter is holding in your instagram photo. We are getting ready to put our adoption profile together and I would like to put a cute sign in our photographs {that we should have had taken a month ago!} that says "we are waiting for you" Any ideas? As if you aren't overwhelmed with enough!
Anyway you are fab, talk to you soon! I hope!
This is beautiful! Need more details: Color of gray on the wall, where to get the fabulous gray weathered sunburst mirrors, where to get the beautiful rug under the dining room table. If I missed that previous post, so sorry! Can you let us know? Thanks!ReplyDelete
It was so fun to come check this place out! Everything was so beautiful and just perfect. Now I just need to buy that stinkin cute house!ReplyDelete
- AnonymousAugust 3, 2012 at 10:49 AM
everything turned out so stinkin' cute! you girls did such a great job! love the color choices too!ReplyDelete
To bad they didn't let you do the whole house ;)ReplyDelete
I love the pictures..Beautiful but sad that its so far away ( live in Sweden)ReplyDelete
It's awesome! I love using decals on almost anything, from walls to doors to containers, they just make everything better! We have a few too many door sin our house so I used graphic decals to "label" each one, a coat hanger for the closet, mason jars for the pantry, even a man and woman on the powder room door!ReplyDelete
Where did you get the white dining chairs? I ordered two like those from Overstock last year and both arrived broken and then they said it was the last TWO they had (grrr....). I need some more!ReplyDelete
Beautiful dining space, HOS!
Awesome job! I love the pretty pattern in the china cabinet you did. And the MDF on the wall! What a cool look -- could be pretty neat on a ceiling, too!ReplyDelete
-Kayla @ whateverislovely-blog.com
Hi Shelley, I saw "your" home today & it looked so great. I could certainly see your "signature" before even knowing which rooms were assigned to you. I loved the fresh colors & the sense of fun & whimsey. And thanks for sharing where you purchased all the accessories.ReplyDelete
Warmly, Michelle
PS - The Parade literature did not make it clear which house was the DIY Blogger home. You may want to add to your post that it was #12 "The Annabella". ;D
Beautiful dining room! Love the built-ins and natural light.ReplyDelete
- AnonymousAugust 4, 2012 at 2:56 PM
So pretty! Where did you find the sunburst mirrors? I don't see a source for them, but may have overlooked it.ReplyDelete
So pretty and inspiring! I love the board and batten idea, stunning!ReplyDelete
Also the pantry is beautiful, I thought my pantry was small, but I love the attention to detail. Perfect. I wish I could drive by, too!
Can't wait to check the other blogs for inspiration!
It looks great! Can you tell me where you go the table and chairs from in the dining room? Again, great job!ReplyDelete
It looks great! Can you tell me where you got the table and chairs in the dining room? Again, great job it looks awesome!ReplyDelete
LOVE IT ALL!!!ReplyDelete
The yellow door is amazing!
Looks awesome...where did those two gray mirrors come from that are on the 'board and batten' wall, love those along with everything else in the room.ReplyDelete
The Blogger house was the first one we went to on the parade. It was so fun! I must have been in too big of a hurry though, because I did not go all the way around the corner of the dining room to see the hutch! Sadness! I loved your touch though, and I also reaaaally loved the mudroom. That was a super duper small pantry. Good job.ReplyDelete
So beautiful! I'm curious, what are the wall, trim, and cabinet colors?ReplyDelete
Hi, just found your FABULOUS blog! I noticed sourcing for everything but the chandelier in the dining room. Can we get a source on that?ReplyDelete
Thanks, Leah @ http://simplehomeblessing.com
OH, my goodness. First of all. What an amazing experience. So so fun to work so hard and with such great people. The dining room is stunning. I love that you were so excited about styling the pantry. You have such skill with making spaces like that look fantastic. Love the wall treatment and that light fixture. I think I could throw a dinner party or two in that room!ReplyDelete
Where did you find the rug and light fixture in the dining room? LOVE it! Love the entire space! You did such a great job and I can't wait to come see it!!ReplyDelete
Just lovely! This is what my dream dining space would look like.ReplyDelete
Saw the house in person and loved it! I got so many great ideas and I can't wait to use them in my own home. One question though...do you know where the bench on the FRONT porch is from? The builder wasn't sure and said to ask one of you ladies!ReplyDelete
WOW! I love your built in hutch and pantry. What wonderful ideas everyone has implemented in this home. :) MeganReplyDelete
Oh boy you're getting lots of questions....and here I come with another one ;0) do you know what the MDF boards were put up with...nails, glue, or both? Did he put anything at the ends or did the board just run flush to the walls?ReplyDelete
looks SoOoOOo good! thank you for featuring my print!!! xoReplyDelete
looks SoOOooOo good Shelley!!! thanks again for featuring my print! xoReplyDelete
Where did you get the FABULOUS rug???ReplyDelete
Nice! I don't see a source for the furniture. Love the dining table and chairs.ReplyDelete
I LOVE it. So fresh, airy and light! It's a breath of fresh air. I can't get enough. I want ALL of it. Super cute.ReplyDelete
AmazeBalls!! Seriously Shell! I LOVE it! You have such a talent. So lucky to call you my friend. :)ReplyDelete
I love the lighting. Can you share where you purchased the pendants and chandelier over the table?ReplyDelete
I would also love to know where you got the light fixture from. Everything was sourced but that one. Thanks!!ReplyDelete
my fav home we saw!!! you are amazing!!!!ReplyDelete
Love, Love the china cabinet!!!!!ReplyDelete
Love love the china cabinet!!!ReplyDelete
Love the hutch x a million. Can you share the cut list/ plans for it? We just moved to a house with zilcho storage/ shelf space and have been trying to come up with exactly that, but on a larger scale; six feet on either side of our fireplace! Yipes!! We thought maybe we would have to buy pre-made cabinets and attach shelving to the cabinets, but if you're able to share the plans we could maybe work it from scratch!ReplyDelete
Just came over from Emily A. Clark's and LOVE your plank walls. Did you install the mdf over flat walls? Would you ever do it over slightly textured walls? ThanksReplyDelete
- AnonymousSeptember 25, 2012 at 5:14 PM
can you put up directions on how you built that hutch. love it!ReplyDelete
Very nice home interior !! Love your workReplyDelete
- lindseyOctober 30, 2012 at 5:27 PM
i would love to know where you got the light fixture from that's over the table. i'm looking everywhere for one like that!ReplyDelete
- AnonymousDecember 4, 2012 at 9:15 AM
I, along with others, LOVE the sunburst mirrors. Could you please share where you got them from?ReplyDelete
- AnonymousMarch 22, 2013 at 7:17 AM
Love Love Love! What a beautiful Bright Space!!!!ReplyDelete
- AnonymousMarch 22, 2013 at 7:18 AM
LOVE LOVE LOVE! The decor and Brightness of it all!ReplyDelete
What is the greige paint color on your walls beside the hutch?ReplyDelete
Where did you find the glass pantry door? We have a pantry that is the same size and I cannot find cute doors, like this, anywhere!! Thanks!ReplyDelete
Thank you for taking the time to leave your thoughts and comments. We truly love and appreciate each one!


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text:
Treasures from the Past - Last Chance!
Autumn Journey by Kansas Troubles
40Fat Quarters, each measuring 18 x 22 inches
100% cotton
Width 42"- 44" (110cm-114cm)
United Notions Moda
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If you purchase multiple items, the cost indicated for shipping may be significantly more than the actual cost. It is difficult to anticipate all possible combinations! Please be assured that we will ship at the best available price and overpayment will be refunded. I recommend that you contact us for a custom order which will advise exact postage cost.
We are very happy to provide a custom listing for you. Combine any of the fabrics available in our store to create your own bundle then just contact us for a custom listing with accurate shipping cost.
Delivery Timeframes (from posting date):
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Please allow extra time for deliveries if you live in regional areas (I am sure you already know this!), at peak times and public holidays (such as Christmas) and during significant weather events and other natural disasters.
Please contact me via an Etsy CONVO and I will follow up with the postal service(s) if your order hasn't arrived:
Within Australia - after 2 weeks
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We are unable to accept responsibility for shipments which are delayed or missing in transit but will make every effort assist you to track and locate the package with the carrier. Unfortunately, we cannot refund or offer replacements for orders lost in the mail. Please be assured that we have never had a missing shipment, just occasionally delayed.
Tracking and / or insurance may be available for your delivery destination an extra cost. Please contact us for a quote.
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International customers are responsible for any extra fees and costs incurred for customs, duties and taxes. These extra fees vary widely from country to county so we recommend that you research the policies specific to your country. Also, when customs clearance procedures are necessary, delays can be caused that will increase the time it takes to arrive. It is illegal to make a false declaration to Customs so please do not ask for this.
SHIPPING SPECIAL - While we are happy to absorb reasonable costs associated with this offer (maybe up to AUD$25 - 50), we reserve the right to select the shipping service. Therefore, orders for multiple books may be shipped by seamail.
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We endeavour to provide the best possible service to our customers, but it is inevitable that mistakes will occur from occasionally. Please contact us immediately if there is a problem with your order so that we can do what we can to fix it for you.
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text:
A risk factor is something that increases your likelihood of getting a disease or condition.
It is possible to develop gout with or without the risk factors listed below. However, the more risk factors you have, the greater your likelihood of developing gout. If you have a number of risk factors, ask your doctor what you can do to reduce your risk.
High levels of uric acid in the blood is the main risk factor for gout.
Gout is more common in men over 30 years old, and usually doesn't usually affect women until after menopause. The risk for gout is increased if other family members have gout.
Other factors that may increase your chance of gout include:
Lifestyle Factors
Lifestyle factors that increase the risk of gout include:
- Obesity—the extra tissue increases the production of uric acid, which affects blood levels
- Eating a diet high in foods with purines, such as seafood, shellfish, or red meat
- Excess intake of alcohol
- Drinking high-fructose beverages, such as sugar-sweetened sodas and orange juice
Medical Conditions
Serious illness, such as a heart attack or stroke , can trigger a gout attack. Other illnesses that may increase the risk for developing gout include:
- High blood pressure
- Vascular diseases that affect blood vessels
- Diabetes
- Hyperlipidemia
- Kidney disease
- Thyroid disorders
- Organ transplantation
Medical Treatments
Medications and vitamins that may increase the risk of gout include:
- Diuretics—often used to treat high blood pressure
- Salicylates and medications made from salicylic acid, such as aspirin
- Levodopa—used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease
- Cyclosporine—used to help control rejection of transplanted organs
- Niacin
Revision Information
- Reviewer: Michael Woods, MD, FAAP
- Review Date: 02/2017 -
- Update Date: 03/15/2015 -


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Binary options industry assesses how a certain asset performs within a certain frame of time. Those who have spent a long time in the market agree that if you analyze the charts and chalk your own strategy you can earn in auto pilot. This is exactly what Code Fibo delivers you.
Who Can Earn From Code Fibo?
There are different kinds of binary options signals apps available – but not all of them run on autopilot. Most of these are actually for the long term traders. However, Code Fibo is unique – you don't need to have a single idea about the binary options market to earn from this sophisticated software.
Anyone and everyone can start using Code Fibo Binary Options Trading system and earn respectable profits. It does not need inputs from the user at all. All you need to do is sign up with the Code Fibo broker and deposit your profits so that you can start placing your trades to earn higher profits.
Features of the Code Fibo Binary Trading Robot
Allows trading in all currency pairs
Provides live binary signals for even long term trades
Fully automated trading system
App runs on a simple interface
It is absolutely free to use
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Code Fibo Pros:
The Code Fibo software is incredibly quick to install
It is also easy to use
It requires no additional charges
Several signals are sent during the day
It trades on your behalf
Code Fibo Cons:
Only works with their affiliated Code Fibo broker
Available only in Application version
Code Fibo Conclusion:
Code Fibo is definitely a promising binary options robot. It guarantees that you can earn $19,759 in the first month itself. In fact, you might be able to even surpass any of those predictions. But it is true that you have to invest big in order to earn big. If you are a skeptic, you might start off with the minimum deposit amount and see.
The Code Fibo system is quite promising for its free services. They are already earning their referral fee for referring you to the Code Fibo broker; so it is a win-win for both the parties involved. For the binary traders, this could become the next big thing so invest in.
Is Code Fibo A Scam
Code Fibo Software is Not A Scam It's legit and Safe Binary Options Trading System. Code Fibo is Automated Binary Options Trading Signals Software .
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