text:
Shaar HaYichud
The Gate of Unity
The Holy Rabbi Dov Ber of Lubavitch
Translated and Annotated by Shimon Markel
Edited by Rabbi A. Markel
Copyright © 2004
Chapter Twenty Six
ומעתה יש להבין בירידת האור עוד בע''ס דאו''א עצמן
We must now understand the further descent of the light [as it is] within the ten sefirot of Abba and Imma (Insight and Comprehension) themselves.[1]
מבחי' פנימית המוחין דאו''א כשהן מקבלים מחו''ג דא''א
[That is, we must understand] how the inner aspect of the brains of Abba and Imma (Insight and Comprehension) receive [influence] from Chessed and Gevurah of Arich Anpin (Kindness and Sternness of Desire).[2]
ומכ''ש כשעולין לקבל ממזלות דא''א כנ''ל
Moreover, [we must] certainly [understand] as they ascend to receive from the Mazalot of Arich Anpin, as mentioned previously.
לבחי' חיצונית נה''י דאו''א שמלובשין במוחין דז''א, וכמ''ש בע''ח.
[Finally, we must understand] the external aspect of NeHi"Y[3] of Abba and Imma (The Gut emotions of Insight and Comprehension) which vest within the "brains" of Zeir Anpin (Intellect of the Emotions), as stated[4] in Etz Chaim.[5]
והענין ידוע כמו שבת ויום טוב, הן בבחי' פנימית המוחין דאו''א
Now, the [explanation of this] matter is known, that the inner aspects of the brains of Abba and Imma are likened to Shabbat and Yom Tov.[6]
כי השבת נק' קודש, בעונג דחכמה מלה בגרמיה
This is because Shabbat, which is referred to as[7] "Kodesh – Holy", is [observed] through the pleasure of "Chochmah which is a thing unto itself".[8]
והוא בחי' פנימית אור אבא (שהוא פנימית ע''י, וזה שנאמר וקראת לשבת עונג, וכמ''ש במ''א בענין ג' סעודות דשבת באריכות)
This is the aspect of the inner light of Abba-Insight (which is the innerness of Atik Yomin (Pleasure).[9] This is the reason for the statement,[10] "And you shall call the Shabbat pleasure",[11] as explained elsewhere[12] at length regarding the matter of the three meals of Shabbat.)
ויום טוב נק' מקרא קדש, בחי' שמחה, כמ''ש אם הבנים שמחה
Yom Tov, however, is referred to as,[13] "Mikra Kodesh – It is called Holy",[14] [which is] an aspect of joy, as stated,[15] "The mother of the children rejoices".[16]
שהוא בחי' מוחין דאימא שמקבל מאבא, כי השביתה דשבת הוא בחכמה ג''כ
[The "mother"] refers to the aspect of the brains of Imma [Comprehension] which receives from Abba [Insight],[17] because the cessation[18] [from work] of Shabbat is also within Chochmah.
דהיינו בפנימית אבא, בחי' כח מה
That is to say, it is the inner aspect of Abba, which is the aspect of the "Koach Mah – The Potential Power of What".[19]
אין דחכמה קודם שמתפשט ליש בהשגה דבינה
[This is] the "[intangible] nothingness" of Chochmah, before it spreads forth to become a "[tangible] something" within the comprehension of Binah.
וכן בינה בבחי' פנימית, הוא עומק נקודת המושג כו', כידוע שיש אין חכמה בבינה ובינה בחכמה
Similarly, Binah, in its inner aspect, is the depth of the comprehension (Omek HaMoosag),[20] for, as is known, there is the "nothingness" of Chochmah within Binah, and there is [the somethingness of] Binah within Chochmah.[21]
והיינו הבן בחכמה וחכם בבינה, שזהו בחי' יחוד פנימית דאו''א
This is the meaning of [the statement],[22] "Be understanding in wisdom and wise in understanding", which [refers to] the aspect of the inner unification of Abba and Imma.[23]
משא''כ בחיצונית השפע דחו''ב בחג''ת נה''י כו', כמו מדות שבחכמה שנק' בחי' ו''ק דאבא
This is not the case,[24] however, with the external flow of the influence of Chochmah and Binah, i.e. their ChaGa"T and NeHi"Y etc, such as the emotional [sefirot] of Chochmah which are called the aspect of the six directions of Abba[25].
כמו חסד שבחכמה, דהיינו כח שכל המטה כלפי חסד או כח שכל אחר שמטה כלפי דין כו'
For example [this is] the [quality of] Chessed of Chochmah (Kindness of Insight), which is the intellectual power that leans towards kindness, or the different intellectual power [of Gevurah] which leans towards judgment.
ומאירים בחו''ג דבינה
These [in turn] radiate within Chessed and Gevurah of Binah (Kindness and Sternness of Comprehension).
דהוא בא בהשגה בטוב טעם בהסבר לזכות ולחוב
That is, it comes into comprehension, with sound reasoning and explanation either for merit or liability.
ונק' מדות שבשכל המושג קודם שנולדו במהות בפ''ע (כמשי''ת)
These are called the emotions of the comprehended intellect, before they are born as actual [heartfelt emotions] in and of themselves (as will be explained).[26]
וכאשר אינו מוצא טעם בהסבר השגה, ומ''מ לא יוכל לומר בהיפוך כי שכלו מטה כך, היינו בבחי' חו''ג דאבא קודם שמאיר מאין ליש בבינה (כמו ענין שתיק רב כו')
Now, when a person cannot find a reason in a [way of] comprehendible explanation [for his position], but is, nonetheless, incapable of conceding to the opposite [position], because of his intellectual leanings, this is an aspect of Chessed and Gevurah of Abba (Kindness and Sternness of Insight), [as it is] before it radiates from the "nothingness" [of Chochmah-Insight] into the "somethingness" of Binah–Comprehension.[27] (An Example of this is the matter of [the Talmudic[28] incident in which] "Rav kept silent etc".[29])
(והשתיקה סייג לחכמה, משתוקא בתרין, מפני שעולה ביטול כח מ''ה דחכמה זה למקור המוציא כל השכלות, שנק' ח''ס כנ''ל ומוציא משם השכלה חדשה כו')
([However, the statements,[30]] "Silence is a protective fence for wisdom" or[31] "[If speech is worth one Selah[32], then] silence is worth two", refer to the sublimation of the "Koach Mah – The Potential Power of What" of Chochmah which ascends to the source from which all wisdom comes, and brings out new insights from there.[33] This [source] is called "Chochmah Stima'ah – The Hidden Wisdom", as previously explained.)
ובחי' נה''י דאבא היינו בחי' מאזני השכל והחכמה, איך שיבא הדבר חכמה לידי השפעה בבחי' כליות יועצות כו'
Now, the aspect of NeHi"Y of Chochmah (The gut emotions of Insight) is the aspect of the "scales" of intellect and insight, as to how this intellectual matter should come to be expressed. This is the aspect of "the kidneys which give counsel".[34]
(והיינו ענין התוקף שיש במוח, שנק' תקיף בדעתו
(This is the matter of the strength of the intellect, which is called, "Strong Mindedness".
כמו הרגלים שיש בהן כח להקים כל הגוף, כך בחי' נו''ה דאבא מקימין לגוף המוחין
Just as the legs have the strength to uphold the entire body, so too, the aspects of Netzach and Hod[35] of Abba uphold the "body" of the mind.
ולהיפוך כשאינו תקיף בדעתו, בקל יפול מסברתו מחוב לזכות ומטמא לטהור כו'
The reverse is true if he is not strong minded. He will easily fall [and retreat] from his logical reasoning, [and change his stance] from [judging something as being] liable to [being] meritorious, or from impure to pure etc.
וכן בנו''ה דאמא)
The same principle applies to Netzach and Hod of Imma.)[36]
ודרך כלל הרי רק מבחי' נה''י דאבא שמלובשים בנה''י דאימא משם נמצא מקור המוחין לז''א שהן בחי' המדות שלמטה מן השכל (כמשי''ת)
In general, the brains of Zeir Anpin, which are [heartfelt] emotions that are below intellect (as will be explained), come about from the enclothement of the aspect of the NeHi"Y of Abba into the NeHi"Y of Imma.[37]
וידוע פרטי עניני יחודים דאו''א
Now, the particular matters of the unifications of Abba and Imma are well known.
בין כשהוא בבחי' הפנימית לצורך עצמן, שהוא בבחי' ג''ר שבהן קודם שמתפשטים במדות עדיין כו', ובין כשמתייחדים לצורך מוחין חדשים לזו''נ, שהוא בבחי' נה''י לבד כו'
[This refers to] whether [their unification] is in their inner aspect, for their own purpose, which is the [unification] of their first three [sefirot] before they spread forth into the emotional [sefirot], or whether they unify to bring about new "brains" for Zeir Anpin and Nukvah, which is only [the external unification of] NeHi"Y.
וזהו ההפרש בין שבת לחול כו'
The [difference between these two unifications] is the [same as the] difference between Shabbat and the weekdays.[38]
(ובק''ש הכוונה בה' אלקינו היינו בפנימית דאו''א, שמשם ה' אחד, יחוד דזו''ן כשבא להם בחי' תוספת מוחין חדשים כדי שיוכלו להוליד כו'
(In the Shma recital, the [inner] intention of [the words] "Hashem Elokeinu-HaShem our G-d" is the inner [unification] of Abba and Imma (Insight and Comprehension), from which [it follows that] "Hashem is One", [which refers to] the unification of Zeir Anpin and Nukvah (Emotions and Speech [or actions]) as they receive an aspect of additional influence of new intellect so that they may be able to give birth etc.[39]
והיינו במס''נ דק''ש משא''כ בתורה ומצות בלא מס''נ, אין היחוד רק בחיצוניות דאו''א בזו''נ, כמ''ש במ''א
This is [brought about] by giving ourselves over to G-d with complete self-sacrifice during the Shma recital. In contrast, when [one studies] Torah and [performs] the commandments without self-sacrifice, then Zeir Anpin and Nukvah (Emotions and Speech [or Action]) only [receive] from an external unification of Abba and Imma (Insight and Comprehension), as explained elsewhere.[40]
וכמו בענין עשרה הרוגי מלוכה שהעלו מ''ן לאו''א בבחי' הפנימית ע''י מס''נ דוקא)
An example [of the inner unification] is the matter of the ten martyrs[41] who brought about an ascent of the "Feminine Waters-Mayim Nukvin" to the inner aspect of Abba and Imma, specifically through giving their [actual] lives over to G-d with complete self-sacrifice.[42])
(וזהו ענין יחוד או''א עילאין ויחוד או''א תתאין, שהוא יש''ס ותבונה, כמ''ש למעלה בענין בינה ותבונה באריכות
(This [also] is the matter of the unification of the "upper Abba and Imma", and the unification of the "lower Abba and Imma", which is Yisrael Saba and Tvunah, as was explained at length before in regard to the matter of Binah and Tvunah.[43]
ובחי' יש''ס הוא ו''ק דאבא ותבונה ו''ק דאימא
The aspect of Yisrael Saba is the six directions of Abba[44], and Tvunah is the six directions of Imma.[45] [46]
שנק' או''א תתאין
These [two] are called "The lower Abba and Imma".
ויש עוד יש''ס למעלה גם מאו''א עילאין
[However], there is another Yisrael Saba which is even higher than the "upper Abba and Imma".
שהוא ו''ק דח''ס דא''א ותבונה ו''ק דבינה דא''א
This is the six directions of the "Hidden Chochmah" of Arich Anpin and [the higher] Tvunah is the six directions of Binah of Arich Anpin.[47]
שמשם נמשך שורש יחוד או''א עלאין בבחי' ג''ר שבהן כו')
The source for the inner unification of the "upper Abba and Imma", involving their first three [sefirot, as explained above], is drawn from the [unification of the higher Yisrael Saba and Tvunah of Arich Anpin].[48])
והנה כאשר נמשך מאו''א מוחין לזו''נ בשביל תולדות הנשמות, צריך להיות היחוד באו''א בפנימית המוחין, בשרשם בב' מזלות דא''א
Now, when intellect is drawn down from Abba and Imma to Zeir Anpin and Nukvah in order to give birth to souls, it is then necessary for the unification of Abba and Imma to be in the inner intellect, in their root within the two Mazalot of Arich Anpin.[49]
(והיינו בני כו' במזלא תליה כו')
(This, then, is the meaning of [the statement[50]], "Children, [health, and livelihood] are dependant upon Mazal").[51]
כמ''ש במ''א שזהו ענין אל עליון, עליית אור פנימית אבא כשמקבל ממזל ונוצר כו'
This is as explained elsewhere, that this is the [inner] meaning of [the prayer,[52] "The Supernal G-d, who bestows good kindnesses, the possessor of all, who remembers the kindnesses of the fathers and brings a redeemer to their children's children etc."] The "Supernal G-d" refers to the ascent of the inner light of Abba (Insight) as it receives from the Mazal of "Notzer"[53].
אז גומל חסדים טובים, בבחי' יסוד שנק' קונה הכל, להוליד תולדות בזו''נ
Then, [the result of this is that] "He bestows good kindnesses" through the aspect of Yesod,[54] which is called "The Possessor of all",[55] to give birth to offspring through [the resulting unification of] Zeir Anpin and Nukvah.[56]
וזהו וזוכר חסדי אבות ומביא גואל לבני בניהם כו'
This, then, is the meaning of the continuation of the verse, "He remembers the kindnesses of the fathers and brings the redeemer to their children's children".[57]
והמשל בזה ידוע, כמו איש שהוא חכם מופלג ביותר, כאשר יודע לעומק השכל ממקור חוצבו דוקא, אז יכול להיות משפיע לנמוך ביותר, גם לתינוק קטן
The analogy for this is well known. It is similar a person who is particularly outstanding in his [deep] insight [and wisdom]. Since he knows the concept to its depth, specifically to the very source of its inception, he is therefore capable of [bringing out] influence from it to someone who is of a much lesser [intellectual capacity than himself], even to a small child.
לעשות צירופים חדשים באופן השכלת השכל ההוא לא כהוויתו דוקא
[This is to say that] he can make new combinations [to explain] how to conceptualize this concept, specifically not merely [explaining it] as it [already] is [in his own mind].
וכן ביכולתו לחדש שכל אחר, להוליד מחדש מחמת זה השכל
Furthermore, he is capable of formulating and giving rise to entirely new and different concepts, through this concept.[58]
משא''כ מי שאינו חכם מופלג ואינו תופס רק החכמה והשכל דברים כהוויתן לבד
However, such is not the case in regard to one who is not so exceptionally wise and who grasps the concept and wisdom merely as it is.[59]
די להפקיע להשיגו לעצמו בלבד
It is [difficult] enough for him to make the "break through" and grasp it himself.
אבל לא יוכל להוליד חדשות ממנו כלל
However, he will be incapable of "giving birth" to new insights from it, altogether.
וכ''ש שלא יוכל להוליד ולהשפיל הסבר השכל להבינו לתינוק כו'
Certainly, he will be incapable of lowering it and "bringing down" the explanation of the concept so that [even] a child could understand it.[60]
ונמצא שבחי' נה''י דחכמה, שהוא בחי' יסוד, הכח המשפיע למקבל, תלוי בכח המשכיל, מקור חוצב השכל מאין ליש דוקא כו'
[From all the above] we find that the aspect of NeHi"Y of Chochmah (The gut emotions of Insight), which is the aspect of Yesod, i.e. the power to influence a recipient, is specifically dependant upon the potential power to conceptualize (Ko'ach HaMaskeel), which is the source from which all concepts are "hewn" from "nothing" to "something".[61]
וכך הוא בענין תולדות הנשמות מבחי' נה''י
This is likewise so in regard to the birth of souls from the aspect of NeHi"Y.
שאינו מוליד כי אם בתוספת כח במקור המוחין שלו מלמעלה מעלה מן השכל כו'
[The aspect of NeHi"Y] cannot give birth [to new souls] unless there is additional [influence of] strength in the source of its intellect, from a much higher level than intellect.
והוא הטעם שבשביל תולדות נשמות ע''י יחוד או''א, צריך להיות מלמעלה ממקור המוחין דאו''א
This is the reason that for there to be a birth of souls through the unification of Abba and Imma, there must be [influence] from higher than the source of the intellect of Abba and Imma.
שזהו מבחי' מזלות דח''ס שהוא למעלה גם מחכמה ובינה דא''א עצמו כנ''ל
This is the aspect of the Mazalot of the "Hidden Wisdom" (Chochmah Steema'a) which is even higher than Chochmah and Binah of Arich Anpin itself, as previously explained.[62]
והיינו טעם ליחוד פנימית דאו''א בליל שבת קודש
This is also the reason for the inner unification of Abba and Imma during the night of the "Holy Shabbat (Shabbat Kodesh)".
מפני שהוא בשביל להוליד נשמות
This is because [this unification] is to give birth to souls.
שלכך אז דוקא זמן זיווגא דחכימין
This is, therefore, specifically the time for the "marital relations of the Sages".[63]
שהן תלמידי חכמים שנק' קודש, ושבת שרשו בקודש העליון, בחי' פנימית אור אבא כנ''ל וד''ל:
This is because they are Torah Scholars who are called "Kodesh – Holy" and the source of Shabbat is in the "upper Kodesh –Holiness", which is the inner aspect of the light of Abba, as previously explained. This will suffice for those of understanding.
End of Chapter Twenty Six
[1] As previously explained, Abba and Imma correspond to the Partzufim (Statures) of the intellectual qualities of Chochmah and Binah (Insight and Comprehension) of the world of Atzilut. In this chapter the Rebbe will explain how the intellectual sefirot of Atzilut function according to the various ways that influence is received from Arich Anpin (Desire). (The three general ways that the intellectual Partzufim of Abba and Imma receive their influence from Arich Anpin was explained at length in the previous chapter. Also, as mentioned at the beginning of the previous chapter, it is assumed that the reader has a fine grasp of everything that has been explained up to this point, specifically the first few chapters of the book which explained the workings of the intellect.)
[2] In the previous chapter, Chessed and Gevurah of Arich Anpin were referred to as the "Arms" of Arich Anpin which vest within Abba and Imma etc.
[3] This is an acronym for the sefirot of Netzach, Hod and Yesod.
[4] See Etz Chaim (Shaar Drushei HaNekudot) Shaar 8 Chapter 2. See also Shaar 16 (Shaar Holadat Av"I V'Zu"N) Chapter 7.
[5] This is to say that we must understand how the intellect influences the emotions and actions which follow from the intellect and are below it. (These are called Zeir Anpin and Nukvah).
[6] Shabbat refers to the seventh day of rest, the Sabbath, while Yom Tov refers to the Jewish Holidays in which work it prohibited, such as Passover, Shavuot, Sukkot and Rosh HaShana. Nonetheless certain types of labor are permitted on these holidays, even though they are forbidden on Shabbat, such as cooking and carrying in a public domain. From this we understand that the holiness of a Yom Tov is an intermediate level, between the holiness of Shabbat and a regular week day.
[7] See Exodus 31:14, 15. See Zohar Emor 95a. See also Pri Etz Chaim (Shaar Mikra Kodesh) Shaar 20, Chapter 1.
[8] As mentioned in chapter 6, Shabbat is called Kodesh, which means "Holy" and "Separate". That is, just like the quality of Chochmah, it is a thing unto itself, and is removed from the mundane. On Shabbat one does not interact with the world, but rather, it is a day for interaction with G-d. Furthermore, it says in regard to Shabbat, "You shall call Shabbat pleasure". This is to say that the inner light of Shabbat is the pleasure (Atik) into G-dliness. Likewise, as explained in the previous chapter, the inner light of the faculty of Chochmah – Insight, is the hidden pleasure and sublimation which one derives from understanding the subject of one's pursuit. As explained in the previous chapter, it is specifically the pleasure and sublimation to the subject, which is the source of insight into it. If this pleasure and sublimation is lacking, there can be no Chochmah - Insight. This, then, is the relationship between the sublimation and pleasure of Shabbat and that of Chochmah, as will soon be further explained. (In contrast, in regard to Yom Tov – the Holidays, it states, "You shall be joyful on your holidays". Furthermore, on Yom Tov one is permitted to do various types of labor and interaction with the world, such as cooking etc. We therefore understand the relationship between Binah, which (as explained in chapter 6) is the aspect of Joy, and Yom Tov.)
[9] As explained at length in the previous chapter (and in the previous footnote), the inner light of Chochmah – Insight, is the "hidden pleasure", wherein one is so invested into the concept that he loses all awareness of himself. This is to say that the inner light and source of insight is specifically the pleasure, which is Atik Yomin, to which Chochmah is sublimated. This, then, is the meaning of the statement that "the inner light of Abba (Insight) is the innerness of Atik Yomin (pleasure)."
[10] Isaiah 58:13
[11] This is to say that although Shabbat (or Chochmah) is not the actual "delight" and "pleasure" of Atik Yomin itself, nonetheless, since Atik Yomin is it's inner light to which it is sublimated, it is called after it.
[12] See commentary in the Siddur by Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi (The Alter Rebbe), Seder Seudah Shelishit, page 204c.
[13] Exodus 12:16; Leviticus 23:4
[14] In other words, just as Chochmah is only called "pleasure" because it receives and is sublimated to the "pleasure" of Atik Yomin, so too, Binah (Yom Tov) is only called "Holy", because it receives and is sublimated to the "Holiness" of Chochmah (Shabbat).
[15] Psalms 113:9
[16] That is, as opposed to the pleasure of Chochmah which is an inner bliss and sublimation that is not tangibly felt, Binah is the spreading forth of this pleasure in a way of a felt and expressed joy. As explained in chapter 6 at length, this joy comes about as a result of the comprehension of Binah.
[17] The inner aspect of Binah is the depth of the comprehension (Omek HaMoosag). This is the intangible flash of inspiration and insight which flashes from Chochmah into the comprehending mind of Binah. The grasp of this essential point and depth of the comprehension is the sublimation of the mind of Binah – Comprehension, to the intangible point and flash from the mind of Chochmah – Insight. It is here, in the depth of the comprehending mind of Binah, where the "somethingness" of Binah becomes sublimated to the "nothingness" of Chochmah. This means that the aspect of the "sublimation" (Koach Mah) of Chochmah is also found in Binah. This is because in order for the comprehending mind of Binah to be able to receive insight, it must be sublimated to the mind of Chochmah. (This sublimation is called, "the sublimation of the "somethingness" to the "nothingness".) Now, it is specifically the "cessation from work" of the day of Shabbat (Chochmah) which makes it "Holy" by separating it and removing it from the "days of the week". This cessation is the aspect of the sublimation of Chochmah to that which is above it (i.e. the pleasure of Atik Yomin). Likewise, because the inner aspect of Binah (which is the depth and point of the comprehension) is sublimated to Chochmah, which is above it, therefore Yom Tov (i.e. Binah) is also called "Kodesh - Holy", even though the actual holiness itself is in Chochmah (Shabbat).
[18] As explained in the previous footnote, the cessation from work on Shabbat represents the aspect of the sublimation (Bitul) of Chochmah to Atik Yomin.
[19] As mentioned previously, the "Koach Mah – The Potential Power of What" is a rearrangement of the letters of the word Chochmah. This Koach Mah represents the aspect of sublimation (Bitul), as in Moshe's statement, "V'Nachnoo Mah-and what are we?"
[20] That is to say, just as the inner aspect of Chochmah is the aspect of the sublimation to "the potential power to conceptualize" (Koach HaMaskeel) and the "hidden pleasure", so too the inner aspect of Binah is the "Omek HaMoosag – the intangible depth of comprehension" which is the sublimation to Chochmah – Insight.
[21] In other words, Chochmah is termed "nothing" while Binah is termed "something". However, Chochmah also possesses the aspect of "something", and similarly, Binah also possesses the aspect of "nothing". It is the "something of the nothing" of Chochmah which flashes into Binah to become the "nothing of the something". In other words, it is the tangible aspect of Chochmah which becomes the depth and the intangible point of Binah comprehension. This is the flash of insight from the "something of the nothing" to become the "nothing of the something" where the two intellectual powers of Chochmah and Binah meet, and become united. (This inner unification is caused specifically through Hitbonenut – contemplation and analysis, for this is the only way to reach the Omek HaMoosag- "The intangible depth of the comprehension", as explained at length in chapter one. It should also be noted that the process of Hitbonenut – Contemplation, which is analysis with the desire to understand, is termed "Ha'ala'at Mayim Nukvin – The rising of the feminine waters". That is, it is an arousal from below, which brings about an arousal and spreading forth of influence from above, which is termed, "Hamshachat Mayim D'churin – The drawing down of the masculine waters".)
[22] Sefer Yetzirah chapter one, mishnah 4.
[23] In other words, through Hitbonenut-Contemplation a person causes a unification of the "something of the nothing" with the "nothing of the something". This is to say that he causes a unification of the "tangible of the intangible" with the "intangible of the tangible". This is the innermost unification of the faculties of Chochmah and Binah (Insight and Comprehension), and their sublimation to that which is above them, to the very essence (i.e. the inner aspect of Atik Yomin – the pleasure). Similarly, when this inner unification of Abba and Imma of Atzilut takes place, all the worlds, both the upper worlds and the lower worlds, become completely sublimated to and one with the very essence of Atik Yomin, which, in turn, is literally bound up with the Essence of G-d (Atzmoot Ohr Ein Sof), as previously explained.
[24] All of the above was an explanation regarding the inner unification of Chochmah and Binah, which is caused through the act of trying to understand the essential truth of G-d and his relationship to His world. That is, he has a great desire to comprehend "what it is" and "how it is" etc. For example, in the inner unification of Abba and Imma, one is simply trying to understand the nature of the "Truth of reality". This is not the case, however, in regard to the external unification of Abba and Imma, i.e. in their lower emotional sefirot. There, in the external level, one is not investigating the simple "Truth of reality", but rather, he accepts certain "truths" as being axiomatic and takes them for granted. Rather, his contemplation is only into "how to feel" or "how to act" in accordance to his preconceived notions of "reality". The external unifications of the emotional sefirot of Chochmah and Binah will now be discussed at greater length.
[25] The six directions of Abba (Vav Kitzvin D'Abba) refers to the three emotions, Chesed, Gevurah and Tiferet and the three gut emotions, Netzach, Hod Yesod, of Insight.
[26] As will be explained in a moment, the emotions of Chessed and Gevurah of Chochmah are the emotional leanings towards either kindness or sternness before they have spread forth into the comprehension and reasoning of Binah. That is, he cannot yet explain why this is his leaning and opinion, but, nonetheless, this is how he sees things. These emotions of Chessed and Gevurah of Chochmah then radiate into the emotional sefirot of Chessed and Gevurah of Binah, which produces the tangible reasoning and explanations for why this is his intellectual position. However, all of the above is still totally within the intellect, and is not at all a heartfelt arousal of emotion. This level of the intellect, relative to the previous level, may be compared to the difference between the intellectual debates of the Talmud (i.e. positive and negative intellectual positions in regard to what the emotional leaning should be towards any given issue), as opposed to the teachings of Kabbalah and Chassidut, which are called, Chochmat HaEmet- "The Wisdom of True Reality". In Kabbalah and Chassidut the intellect is involved in understanding the true nature of reality, as opposed to how to act or how to feel about it.
[27] That is, he has an intellectual Chochmah leaning towards kindness or sternness, but as of yet, it is still higher than the comprehending mind of Binah. He can therefore not explain his reasoning for this position. Rather, he intuitively "sees" or "senses" that it is this way. (It is clear that as opposed to the previous inner level of the intellect which receives influence from the Mazalot of Arich Anpin (and higher), this level of intellect receives its influence from the "Arms", i.e. Chessed and Gevurah of Arich Anpin.)
[28] See Tractate Betza 6a.
[29] This refers to a Talmudic incident in which Rav was challenged on the logic of his position and remained silent. He did not concede to the opposing position, but neither did he argue against it. Instead he remained silent. This is because he intuitively "knew" that he was correct in a way of Chochmah rather than in a way of Binah. On the level of Chochmah – Insight, he "sensed" that his position was correct, but he hadn't yet brought it down to a comprehendible explanation on the Binah level.
[30] See Avot, Chapter 3, Mishnah 13.
[31] See Tractate Megilla 18a.
[32] A Selah was an ancient monetary currency used during Talmudic times.
[33] In this parenthesis, the Rebbe is pointing out the difference between the inner silence and sublimation that relates to the inner unification of Chochmah and Binah, as opposed to the "silence of Rav" which was mentioned immediately before this parenthesis. The silence referred to here may be understood as follows: When a person is involved in the contemplation of a subject, in trying to understand it clearly to its very depth, obviously there is something which he does not yet understand. This is specifically why he is contemplating and analyzing the matter. When he contemplates it deeply, until he literally reaches the "ceiling" of his intellect, then immediately before any flash of insight comes into his mind, there is an inner "silence" in his mind. This "silence" is the same sublimation (Bitul) and "hidden pleasure" of the inner aspect of Chochmah and Binah which was explained previously. It is this "silence of the mind" which precedes any flash of insight or intuition into the subject. However, the inner silence of the mind mentioned here is different than the silence mentioned in the previous example of Rav being silent. In that example, that was only an external silence, which stemmed from the intellectual leaning of the emotional sefirot of Chochmah, as opposed to the inner sublimation of the Koach Mah-The Potential Power of What. He was silent simply because he did not know how to respond to the challenge rather that because of trying to understand the inner truth of the matter. This is because he had already determined his position on the matter.
[34] The matter of the "kidneys which council" has already been mentioned in chapter 21. Also see next footnote.
[35] Netzach and Hod have two general functions. In their function of deciding whether the influence will come out positively or negatively, Netzach and Hod are referred to as the kidneys and in their function of upholding that decision through strong mindedness, they are referred to as the legs (or thighs).
[36] As explained in previous chapters, the aspect of Netzach, Hod and Yesod is the intellectual scale, which measures how the predetermined influence of Chessed and Gevurah (and above) should be brought out, either to the recipient or to the heartfelt emotions which are below the intellect etc. Since these are the intellectual sefirot of NeHi"Y, this can be seen as the intellectual determination of how one should act in any given situation based upon the predetermined intellectual leanings of Chessed and Gevurah of the intellect. That is to say, when one encounters any circumstance, it is not necessary for him to go through the entire logic of his position each time the matter comes up. Rather, he has already determined his position on the subject, and all he must do now is adapt it to this particular situation. Netzach and Hod are sometimes also referred to as the "two legs" (see Patach Eliyahu). Likewise, the aspects of Netzach and Hod of the intellect are the "legs" which uphold the "body" of the intellect. In other words, this is the strength of mind in one's intellectual position. We find that there are two aspects in the aspect of NeHi"Y of the intellect. There is the matter of the spreading forth of the influence below, and there is the matter of the strength of mind in one's intellectual position. Now, these two explanations of the aspect of Netzach and Hod are not in conflict, but rather, they are interdependent. It is because of his strength of mind in his position that he will be able to bring this influence forth, into heartfelt emotions, action, or to a recipient. For example, if he does not have a strong position in a certain matter, it is certain that his emotions will not become aroused towards an opposing opinion. On the contrary, his position will falter and he will retreat in the face of any opposition. From this we see that these two matters are interdependent, and are part and parcel of the same faculty. (This will be understood even more clearly from the next paragraph of the text, and its explanation.)
[37] In other words, usually, one's emotions become aroused only by the most external level of his intellect, which is the unification NeHi"Y of Abba and Imma. Moreover, even one's actions are generally only from this most external level of the intellect. Most of the time a person is not contemplating the "Truth of Reality" or attempting to understand what is really going on, i.e. how or why we are here etc. Rather, he already holds strong opinions which he feels are self evident (NeHi"Y of Abba and Imma) regarding the nature of his existence (which usually did not originate with him, but are rather learned opinions which he accepted from others), and he conducts himself accordingly. However, because the influence to the emotions and actions comes about only from the most external level of the intellect, it therefore lacks the vitality of the pleasure, sublimation, and complete self-investment which do take place when he invests the inner levels of the intellect (as explained above). Because of this lack of sublimation and self-investment, most people go through life by rote. It is as if they are just "going through the motions", completely on automatic, with almost no inner life and vitality. Because man below usually conducts himself in this fashion, even when studying Torah or fulfilling the commandments of G-d, so too, G-d responds in kind, and therefore, generally, all the worlds, both the upper and the lower worlds, are created only through this type of influence, from a unification of the externality of NeHi"Y of Abba and Imma. This is to say that there is a constant unification the NeHi"Y of Abba with the NeHi"Y of Imma, which gives vitality to the world, but only in an external way, like a person who does something by rote, but whose mind and self is really invested elsewhere. (This explains the statement that Abba and Imma (Insight and Comprehension) are "Two lovers who never separate". On this external level they are constantly unified, for otherwise all the worlds would not continue to exist. At least this level of unification of Chochmah and Binah is necessary to maintain the existence of the world. However, this is a most external issuance of vitality, as explained above. In the inner levels of Abba and Imma, however, it is possible for them to be separated. This type of external unification and influence is referred to as "Chol – the weekday", in contrast to the inner unification and influence of Shabbat and Yom Tov, as explained above.) The above will now be further explained.
[38] The difference between these two types of unification, the inner and the external, was explained in the previous footnote, and may be further understood as follows: The inner unification of Chochmah with Binah is considered to be a unification "for themselves", because, here the desire is solely to understand the "Truth of Reality", which is the reality of G-d. As explained before, this unification is brought about specifically through Hitbonenut – Contemplation and Analysis, and even more specifically, this is the study and intellectual toil of Chassidut and Kabbalah. Now, this analysis and contemplation is what causes a unification of Chochmah and Binah, thus instigating a flash of insight into "Reality", and a glimpse into the truth of G-d's existence. As mentioned previously (in chapter 5), this "vision" with the mind's eye is what is called, L'Eestakla B'Yeekra D'Malka - "Gazing at the preciousness of the King". The only way this intellectual seeing may be attained is through Hitbonenut - Contemplation of Torah, (since Torah is the Divine body of knowledge), and specifically through Hitbonenut – Contemplation into the inner aspect of the Torah (which is Kabbalah and Chassidut). However, the actual source and cause of this flash of insight into the reality of G-d, is specifically the "hidden pleasure" and the complete sublimation and investment of himself, to the point where he is not even aware of himself. The reason he is not aware of himself is because he is so completely invested into his perception and awareness of G-d, and although he will have a powerful arousal of emotions of love and awe of G-d, he will, nonetheless, be totally unaware of it. This is because his emotions are totally bound up with, and completely sublimated to the flash of insight into reality and awareness of G-d. Moreover, because of his awareness of the reality of G-d's presence, he will be greatly motivated with great enthusiasm and vitality to fulfill G-d's commandments (The Mitzvot) . This level of unification with G-d is called Shabbat. This is because Shabbat is a day which is "Holy" and separated from all mundane matters, as explained above, and is totally bound up to G-d. Now, when man, below, activates this inner unification and sublimation of Chochmah and Binah through Hitbonenut- contemplation, this causes an inner unification of Abba and Imma of Atzilut, the sublimation to G-d and the awareness of His presence in all the worlds, both the upper worlds and the lower worlds. The ultimate realization of this will take place with the revelation of Moshiach and finally, in HaOlam HaBah - "The World to Come", which is called, Yom SheKoolo Shabbat - "A day which is all Shabbat". This will come about in the seventh millennium. The above explains the inner unification of Abba and Imma, in their upper three sefirot. In contrast, the external unification of Abba and Imma is only in the aspect of NeHi"Y. Here, the person is not contemplating the truth of reality, and is not necessarily contemplating anything at all. Rather, he has certain preconceived notions of reality (which he did not necessarily arrive at through his own contemplation and understanding), and he conducts his life according to these preconceived notions. Although these notions may also include "G-d" in them, nonetheless, since there is no sublimation to G-d or self-investment and "hidden pleasure" into Him, all of which come about through Hitbonenut - contemplation, the person therefore conducts himself in an external fashion, with very little vitality or true enthusiasm, even when he is serving G-d. This is because he has no "insight" or "perception" of G-d's presence or the truth of G-d's reality. He will therefore have little to no sublimation to G-d, and if he does have any, it will only be external. Because of this, even if he does perform G-d's commandments, he will lack the self-investment and sublimation to G-d, and therefore, he will be entirely aware of himself, and will certainly not be bound up with G-d or aware of His absolute singularity. (Even if he "hypes" himself up in order to induce an arousal of emotions toward G-d, this will actually only create a more heightened awareness of himself. This is because, as explained in chapter 5, if there is a lacking in the contemplation and comprehension, then there certainly will be a lacking in the sublimation, as well.) It follows, that when man below conducts himself in this fashion, with only an external unification of Chochmah and Binah, then likewise above, the worlds will be conducted and created by G-d in a similar fashion, measure for measure. In other words, there will only be an external unification of NeHi"Y of Abba and Imma of Atzilut, just to maintain the existence of the world. However, because the sublimation of all the worlds to the Essence of G-d (Atzmoot Ein Sof) is lacking, and G-d only investments Himself into all the worlds in an external fashion, therefore, the worlds and all the entities therein, perceive themselves as separate entities, separate and apart from G-d. This type of reality is referred to as "Chol – the weekday". (These are the six millennia of the world, which precede the aforementioned seventh millennium of Shabbat and are also called HaOlam HaZeh – This World.)
[39] In the Shema recital, the words "Havayah Elokeinu – HaShem our G-d" refers to the unification of Chochmah and Binah, i.e. the inner contemplation of the reality of G-d's existence. If one contemplates this in a manner in which he gives himself over to G-d with complete self-sacrifice and self investment, then he will grasp its inner depth and point. As previously explained, this grasp is called, L'Eestakla B'Yeekra D'Malka - "Gazing at the preciousness of the King". As explained in the beginning chapters of the book, the automatic outcome of this is that his entire being, including his emotions and actions, become sublimated and included in the Oneness of G-d. (This refers to the various levels of love of G-d and awe of G-d which are aroused through Hitbonenut – Contemplation into G-d's unity.) This, then, is the meaning of the continuation of the verse, "Havayah Echad – HaShem is One". That is, his entire being (and the being all of the worlds) becomes bound up and sublimated to G-d's Essential singularity and unity. This also is the meaning of the statement said in our prayers, "For the sake of unifying the Yud-Heh (of G-d's name) with the Vav-Heh (of His name) etc." On a more general level, as explained in previous footnotes, this contemplation causes the presence of G-d to be revealed in all worlds, both the upper worlds and the lower worlds, thereby bringing about the complete sublimation of all the worlds to G-d. Also, the Rebbe points out here that this is specifically due to giving ourselves over to G-d with complete self-sacrifice, i.e. the complete self-investment into the comprehension of G-d's unity. Without this self-investment, which is the "hidden pleasure" in G-d, with great desire, to the point that one's entire being is involved in it, there can be no insight into this reality. It is therefore specifically due to complete self-sacrifice and self-investment that one can attain a true realization and awareness of the unity of G-d. (The emotions of "You shall love HaShem etc.", which is the verse which immediately follows, come about as an automatic result of the above contemplation and realization.)
[40] This has already been explained at length in footnotes 37 and 38 of this chapter.
[41] This refers to the ten great Sages who were cruelly tortured and murdered at the hands of the Romans because they continued to teach Torah even after the Romans had outlawed it.
[42] As mentioned in chapter 15, the feminine waters – Mayim Nukvin, represent an arousal and flow of influence from below to above, from the recipient to the Giver of Divine influence. As noted in footnote 20, the process of Hitbonenut – Contemplation, which is analysis with a great desire to understand, is termed "Ha'ala'at Mayim Nukvin – The rising up of the feminine waters". In other words, this is an arousal from below, which causes an arousal and spreading forth of influence from G-d above, which is called, "Hamshachat Mayim D'churin –The drawing down of the masculine waters". However, as explained, this "arousal from below" must be done with complete self-investment and "hidden pleasure" in order for the reciprocal influence from above to below to come about. All the above is true not only in the contemplative sense, but in the practical sense as well, in regard to the complete self-investment and self-sacrifice in the fulfillment of the G-d's commandments. It is explained in Kabbalah and Chassidut that through giving themselves over to G-d with complete self-sacrifice, to the point of death, these ten Martyrs caused enough influence to be drawn down into the world to sustain it until the time of the final redemption, with the coming of Moshiach, may it be speedily in our days, Amen.
[43] This has been explained at length in chapter two (and three).
[44] This is referring to the three emotions (Chessed, Gevurah, Tiferet) and the three gut emotions (Netzach, Hod, Yesod) of the insight-Chochmah.
[45] This is referring to the three emotions (Chessed, Gevurah, Tiferet) and the three gut emotions (Netzach, Hod, Yesod) of the comprehension-Binah.
[46] Tvunah is the spreading forth of the light of Binah, while Yisrael Saba is the spreading forth of the light of Chochmah, in order to bring out the depth of the light of the intellect to that which is below the intellect, either to the heartfelt emotions, or into practical application.
[47] See HaGahot Tzemach on Etz Chaim, (Drush Igullim V'Yosher) Shaar 1, Anaf 5. This will also be discussed later in chapter 34.
[48] This refers to the spreading forth of the light of the Mazalot of Arich Anpin, which was previously explained. The upper Yisrael Saba is the spreading forth of the light of Chochmah of Arich Anpin, while the upper Tvunah is the spreading forth of the light of Binah of Arich Anpin. As explained in the previous chapter, the inner unification of Abba and Imma is caused by the unification of the two Mazalot in their source.
[49] In other words, new souls are brought forth into the worlds through the unification of Abba and Imma of Atzilut. However, in order to bring forth a new soul, it is necessary that there be an inner unification of Abba and Imma, with the sublimation and pleasure of Arich Anpin and Atik Yomin. This is because the souls are a "Chelek Eloka MeeMa'al Mamash – Literally a Part of G-d from above", and are literally from the Essence of G-d Himself. They must therefore issue forth from the Essence (Atzmoot). As explained in chapter twenty four, it is the pleasure (Atik Yomin) which draws out the Essence of the Infinite Light (Atzmoot Ohr Ein Sof). Therefore, in order for there to be an issuance of influence from the Essence, it is necessary for there to be additional influence of pleasure and desire, as explained previously. This may be clearly understood from the conception of a new human being in this world. In order for a child (i.e. a new soul) to be born, it is necessary for there to be an inner unification of Abba (Father) and Imma (Mother). Moreover, in order for the seminal drop to issue forth, the essential self of the person must be invested into it. This is drawn out through the great pleasure. This, then, is the meaning of the above statement that in order to give birth to souls, it is necessary for there to be a unification of Abba and Imma in the inner intellect, in their root within the two Mazalot of Arich Anpin. (Another way that this may be understood is that in order for there to be "Soul" in one's Divine service, or in order to bring forth and reveal deeper levels of one's soul in an inner way, there must be an inner unification of Abba and Imma (Insight and Comprehension), which is brought about through Hitbonenut – Contemplation.) From all of the above it is apparent that although the actual influence and birth of souls in the world comes about through the aspects of Netzach, Hod and specifically Yesod, nonetheless the real source of this influence is actually from a higher level. Its real source is from the inner unification of Abba and Imma, which draws out influence from the very Essence of G-d Himself (Atzmoot Ein Sof).
[50] See Tractate Moed Katan 28a.
[51] That is, they are dependant upon the inner unification of Abba and Imma as they receive from their source in the Mazalot of Arich Anpin – the desire, (and even higher, in Atik Yomin – the pleasure).
[52] See beginning of Amidah prayer. See also Pri Etz Chaim (Shaar Ha'Amidah), Shaar 9, Chapter 3.
[53] The name E-L is an appellation for Chochmah. Therefore E-L Elyon (The Supernal G-d) refers to the inner light of Chochmah-Insight as it ascends to receive from the Mazal of Notzer of Arich-Desire.
[54] As mentioned in the previous chapter, and as will be explained later, Yesod is called "good" and is an aspect of kindness, since it is the aspect of the bestowal of influence to the recipient.
[55] As will be explained later, Yesod is also called "Kol – All", since everything (i.e. all the preceding lights) gather in Yesod in order to spread forth as influence to the recipient.
[56] That is to say, the birth of souls physically (and spiritually in one's Divine service) must be spawned through the inner unification of the intellectual sefirot of Chochmah and Binah, and their sublimation to their source, which are the Mazalot of Arich Anpin. This is the perceptual awareness and revelation of the presence of the "Supernal G-d". It is only then that this essential light may be drawn forth through the influence of Yesod, to bring out new G-dly light into the created worlds.
[57] The "Fathers" refers to Abba (Chochmah) and to its sublimation and perception of the inner light of the Essence of the "Supernal G-d", (i.e. the Mazalot of Arich Anpin (desire) and Atik Yomin (pleasure) within which Atmoot Ohr Ein Sof – The Essence of the Infinite Light of G-d is vested. It is only through this level of self-sacrifice (i.e. self-investment) and pleasure into the Divine service that there can be awareness of the "Supernal G-d". It is specifically through the toil of Hitbonenut - contemplation (in Chassidus and Kabbalah) that this inner sublimation to G-d is aroused, thereby eliciting an arousal from above, which brings about a flash of insightful revelation of G-d's presence in the world. This, then, is the meaning of the continuation of the prayer, "and brings the redeemer to their children's children". In other words, the redemption is entirely dependant on everything that was explained above. This is because the entire matter of the redemption is specifically the revelation of G-d within the world, and, as explained, this revelation is dependant upon the toil of Hitbonenut- contemplation in Chassidus and Kabbalah.
[58] As explained in chapter two, all of the above is only possible because of his firm grasp and "sight" into the intangible essential truth of the concept (Omek Hamoosag), and his sublimation to it. It is because he grasps the essential depth and the Heyulie point of it, that he is capable of drawing out all manner of different explanations and insights from this depth. Similarly, when one has a good grasp and "sight" of the essential G-dliness of the concepts of Chassidut and Kabbalah in his mind, he will be capable of bringing it out into his emotions, his actions, and into the world at large. That is, he will be a man of Tvunah who is capable of drawing out the very depths themselves into revelation, as explained in chapter two. (As mentioned previously, this sublimation to the essential G-dliness in the Divine body of knowledge is called the "Choosh HaChassidut – The Sense of the Chassidut", i.e. the perceptual sight of the intangible essence of G-d.)
[59] In other words, he does not grasp the depth and essential point of the concept, but only the external explanations of it, rather than its inner light. He will therefore only be capable of repeating the explanations as he received them, but he will not be capable of drawing out new light from the Heyulie depth of the concept. Moreover, as explained in chapters two and three, because he does not have this inner sublimation and perception of the intangible essence, his emotions will not become aroused in his Divine Service, and he will be incapable of bringing the concepts out into revelation. (On the contrary, as mentioned previously, he will question the need of this type of study altogether etc, because it all remains completely abstract to him.)
[60] Refer back to chapters two and three.
[61] This is to say that in order to draw out an entirely new issuance of influence to the recipient (or into the worlds), it is necessary for there to be an inner unification of Abba and Imma, in which the intellect becomes bound up to the potential power of conceptualize of Arich Anpin itself. In other words, it is necessary for there to be a flash of insight and perception of the essential Heyulie depth of the concept. This only happens when there is sublimation and complete self-investment, in the way of a "hidden pleasure" into the subject. Without this, it is impossible to draw out new insights or explanations. Similarly, above in G-dliness, for there to be an entirely new influence, which is the perception and revelation of G-dliness in the worlds, there must be an inner unification of Abba and Imma, wherein the worlds become sublimated and bound to the essential G-dliness which continuously creates and vitalizes them, and although this influence is actually revealed through the lower aspect of Yesod, nonetheless, its source is from a much higher level, within the very essence of Arich Anpin and Atik Yomin, and ultimately within the very Essence of the Infinite Light itself.
[62] All of this has already been explained in the previous footnotes of this chapter.
[63] See Introduction of Zohar 14a. Also see Zohar Terumah 136a, and Vayakhel 204b.


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subset: commoncrawl


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This page aims to help you remove the Nightmare Email Scam. Our removal instructions work for every version of Windows.
One of the most widespread categories of computer malware is the Trojan Horse malware family. It's most recent representative, a malicious program named Nightmare email, will be the focus of the next lines. The goal of the current article is to give you information about the abilities, the characteristics, the distribution methods, and the ways to remove Nightmare email. If you are a victim of this nasty Trojan Horse, know that the present article contains information that may aid you in the removal of the insidious malware program.
The Nightmare Email Scam.
The abilities of Trojans like Nightmare email tend to be quite versatile, making this particular category of computer threats one of the most widespread, and most commonly used by hackers. The exact end-goal of Nightmare email remains unknown for the time being, but what we can tell you is that this infection may potentially be used in a number of ways.
It may be employed as an espionage tool, and used to gather sensitive info about you such as credit and debit card numbers, online passwords, personal conversations, and more. This info could then be used to blackmail you, to harass you, or to secretly drain your banking accounts without your knowledge.
Another possible use of Nightmare email is to take over your whole system and force the infected computer to carry out tasks beneficial to the hackers. Such tasks could be cryptocurrency mining, DDOS attacks, spam e-mail distribution, etc. In such cases, it is likely that most, if not all of the CPU, and RAM of your machine would get used up to fulfil the Trojan's task.
Trojans such as Nightmare email may also be employed as backdoor tools, in which case the malware would be able to insert other dangerous threats inside your already infected computer. A common example of a malware category that gets distributed with the help of Trojans are the Ransomware cryptoviruses – these infections oftentimes travel alongside Trojan Horse.
Those were only three examples out of the many possible ways in which a Trojan may cause its harm.
Distribution of Trojans
Techniques commonly used to spread Trojans include the use of spam messages, misleading ads from sketchy sites, fake request for software updates, and more. A very commonly encountered technique of Trojan Horse distribution is the use of pirated content. Since many users go to illegal sites that distribute pirated software, and due to the lack of serious control on such sites, many hackers upload their Trojans there, disguising them as the installers of popular games and programs, or as the files of different movies. Once the malicious file gets downloaded and executed on the user's computer, the Trojan gets released and is now free to carry out its nefarious task. In many cases, there wouldn't be any visible symptoms of the ongoing infection, and if the Trojan is a new one (like Nightmare email), even the antivirus program may fail to spot the offending malware. Hopefully, if you have noticed the Trojan on time, the guide below will allow you to eliminate it before any serious damage has been caused.
|Nightmare email
|Danger Level
|High (Trojans are often used as a backdoor for Ransomware)
|Though Trojans may oftentimes show no symptoms, in some cases they may trigger system crashes, software errors, sudden freezes, slow-downs, and other similar disturbances.
|Distribution Method
|Pirated games, and other illegally distributed software, are oftentimes used to spread threats like the one from this article.
|Detection Tool
parasite may reinstall itself multiple times if you don't delete its core files. We recommend downloading SpyHunter to scan for malicious programs. This may save you hours and cut down your time to about 15 minutes.
Download SpyHunter Anti-Malware
More information on SpyHunter, steps to uninstall, EULA, Threat Assessment Criteria, and Privacy Policy.
Nightmare Email Scam Removal
If you have a Windows virus, continue with the guide below.
If you have a Mac virus, please use our How to remove Ads on Mac guide.
If you have an Android virus, please use our Android Malware Removal guide.
If you have an iPhone virus, please use our iPhone Virus Removal guide
Some of the steps will likely require you to exit the page. Bookmark it for later reference.
Reboot in Safe Mode (use this guide if you don't know how to do it).
Press CTRL + SHIFT + ESC at the same time and go to the Processes Tab. Try to determine which processes are dangerous.
Right click on each of them and select Open File Location. Then scan the files with our free online virus scanner:
This scanner is free and will always remain free for our website's users. You can find its full-page version at: https://howtoremove.guide/online-virus-scanner/
Scan Results
Virus Scanner
This scanner is free and will always remain free for our website's users. You can find its full-page version at: https://howtoremove.guide/online-virus-scanner/
After you open their folder, end the processes that are infected, then delete their folders.
Note: If you are sure something is part of the infection – delete it, even if the scanner doesn't flag it. No anti-virus program can detect all infections.
Hold together the Start Key and R. Type appwiz.cpl –> OK.
You are now in the Control Panel. Look for suspicious entries. Uninstall it/them. If you see a screen like this when you click Uninstall, choose NO:
Type msconfig in the search field and hit enter. A window will pop-up:
Startup —> Uncheck entries that have "Unknown" as Manufacturer or otherwise look suspicious.
- Remember this step – if you have reason to believe a bigger threat (like ransomware) is on your PC, check everything here.
Hold the Start Key and R – copy + paste the following and click OK:
notepad %windir%/system32/Drivers/etc/hosts
A new file will open. If you are hacked, there will be a bunch of other IPs connected to you at the bottom. Look at the image below:
If there are suspicious IPs below "Localhost" – write to us in the comments.
Type Regedit in the windows search field and press Enter.
Once inside, press CTRL and F together and type the virus's Name. Right click and delete any entries you find with a similar name. If they don't show up this way, go manually to these directories and delete/uninstall them:
- HKEY_CURRENT_USER—-Software—–Random Directory. It could be any one of them – ask us if you can't discern which ones are malicious.
HKEY_CURRENT_USER—-Software—Microsoft—-Windows—CurrentVersion—Run– Random
HKEY_CURRENT_USER—-Software—Microsoft—Internet Explorer—-Main—- Random
If the guide doesn't help, download the anti-virus program we recommended or try our free online virus scanner. Also, you can always ask us in the comments for help!


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Legal Newsline
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Wednesday, April 8, 2020
By Jenie Mallari-Torres |
Dec 7, 2016
NEW YORK (Legal Newsline) — A New York City man is suing liquor manufacturers, alleging breach of warranty, fraud, negligent misrepresentation and unjust enrichment.
SAN FRANCISCO (Legal Newsline) — A California man is suing a food company, alleging false advertising.
By Louie Torres |
Dec 7, 2016
DETROIT (Legal Newsline) — Three consumers are suing a California fitness company, alleging fraud and negligent misrepresentation.
MOBILE, Ala. (Legal Newsline) — Three Alabama consumers are suing an Alabama health facility, alleging breach of contract, tortious interference and unjust enrichment.
LOS ANGELES (Legal Newsline) — The U.S. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau is suing a California business, alleging breach of contract and violation of federal law.
NEW YORK (Legal Newsline) — A New York woman is suing L'Oreal, alleging fraud and negligent misrepresentation.
By Jessica Karmasek |
Dec 7, 2016
Forward Financing LLC filed its lawsuit in a Massachusetts federal court last month, alleging Protection Legal Group LLC and Corporate Bailout LLC are scamming businesses and keeping payments from its company.
By Robert Lawson |
Dec 7, 2016
AUSTIN (Legal Newsline) — Attorney General Ken Paxton has announced a lawsuit against the city of Austin over firefighters who allegedly engaged in union activities at taxpayer expense, but a law professor from the University of Texas in Austin is skeptical of the allegation.
By Mark Iandolo |
Dec 8, 2016
GULFPORT, Miss. (Legal Newsline) – The U.S. Department of Justice announced Dec. 5 that a group of development companies responsible for six multi-family housing complexes in southern Mississippi will pay $350,000 after allegations of violating the Fair Housing Act and the Americans with Disabilities Act.
WASHINGTON (Legal Newsline) – The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) announced Dec. 5 that it has filed insider trading charges against Jonathan Ly, an Expedia employee, for allegations of hacking senior executives in order to trade on company secrets.
WASHINGTON (Legal Newsline) – The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) announced Dec. 2 that United Airlines' parent company will pay $2.4 million to resolve allegations that shareholders had to foot the bill for a public official securing convenient flights.
By Robert Lawson |
Dec 8, 2016
BROOKLYN, N.Y. (Legal Newsline) — What is natural? The courts are constantly looking at how to resolve this very issue, according to a Minnesota attorney, as is the case with another food ingredient labeling lawsuit, this time against spice maker McCormick & Company.
By Jessica Karmasek |
Dec 8, 2016
"The Limits of Federal Criminal Law," a panel discussion held at the National Press Club in Washington, D.C. Thursday, included Leslie Caldwell, assistant attorney general for the U.S. Department of Justice's Criminal Division, and attorneys Cristina Arguedas, Ben Hatch, John Richter and Joseph Savage.
By Mark Iandolo |
Dec 9, 2016
WASHINGTON (Legal Newsline) — The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced Dec. 1 that Slawson Exploration Company Inc. will settle allegations of violating the Clean Air Act during its oil and gas production activities in North Dakota.
NEW YORK (Legal Newsline) — New York Attorney General Eric T. Schneiderman announced Dec. 2 that MedRite Care LLC (MedRite) has agreed to settle for $100,000 after allegations it paid for positive reviews on consumer-review websites.
By Jenie Mallari-Torres |
Dec 9, 2016
MIAMI (Legal Newsline) — An Alabama man is suing cell phone manufacturers, alleging violations of the Wiretap Act, the Electronic Communications Privacy Act and the Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act, as well as invasion of privacy and trespass to chattels.
CHARLOTTE, N.C. (Legal Newsline) — A medical clinician is suing a South Carolina corporation, alleging retaliation.
WASHINGTON (Legal Newsline) — The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced Dec. 2 that it will take action to protect U.S. taxpayers by proposing financial responsibility requirements for the hardrock mining industry.
TALLAHASSEE, Fla. (Legal Newsline) — Florida Attorney General Pam Bondi announced Dec. 1 that Grand Incentives, a Sarasota-based corporation doing business as Coast to Coast Giveaways, Take Two Nights and Jose L. Martinez, has agreed to settle allegations of unfair and deceptive business practices.
PROVIDENCE, R.I. (Legal Newsline) — Rhode Island Attorney General Peter F. Kilmartin announced Dec. 2 that The Compass School has agreed to settle and pay a $1,000 fine after allegations of violating the state's Access to Public Records Act (APRA).


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I2NSF C. Basile Internet-Draft PoliTo Intended status: Experimental D. Lopez Expires: January 9, 2017 TID July 8, 2016 A Model of Security Capabilities for Network Security Functions draft-baspez-baspez-capabilities-00 Abstract This document presents a model of Security Capabilities. Security Capabilities are intended to describe the potentiality that Network Security Functions (NSFs) have for security policy enforcement purposes. Therefore, Security Capabilities are represented as abstract functionalities that a NSF owns in terms of enforcement actions, conditions that can apply in order to determine to which packet or traffic enforce the actions, and other mechanisms that NSF use to determine the actions to enforce. The proposed capability model defines without ambiguities the operations a function can do in term of security policy enforcement. Status of this Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on January 9, 2017. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2016 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of Basile & Lopez Expires January 9, 2017 [Page 1]
Internet-Draft A Capabilities Model for I2NSF July 2016 publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3. Policy model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3.1. Geometric model of policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3.2. Condition types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 4. Capability Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 4.1. Algebra of capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 5. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 5.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 5.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Basile & Lopez Expires January 9, 2017 [Page 2]
Internet-Draft A Capabilities Model for I2NSF July 2016 1. Introduction Security Capabilities are intended to describe the potentiality that Network Security Functions (NSFs) have for security policy enforcement purposes. Security Capabilities are abstract concepts that are independent of the actual security control that will implement them. However, every NSF will be associated to the capabilities it owns. Security Capabilities are required to allow interoperability among network functions. It would be a market enabler having a way to substitute a NSF with an equivalent one (i.e., having the same functionality). Moreover, Security Capabilities are very useful to reason about generic functions, which may be needed at design time. That is, it is not needed to refer to a specific product when designing the network, rather the functions characterized by their capabilities are considered. Therefore, we have developed another model where Security Capabilities determine what a security control can do in terms of conditions, actions, resolution strategies, external data, if it supports default action, etc. That is, the Security Capabilities model defines without any ambiguity the things a function can do in term of security policy enforcement. The Security Capability model is built on a predefined general policy model. The type of policies that a NSF can enforce are obtained by customizing the general policy model with the Security Capability information. The Capability Model has been designed to support at least capability matching, i.e., to identify the NSFs in a catalog that can perform the operations required to enforce a high-level policy. Moreover, the Capability Model has been preliminarily validated by verifying that is allows the correct description of several existing security controls. 2. Requirements Language The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119]. In this document, these words will appear with that interpretation only when in ALL CAPS. Lower case uses of these words are not to be interpreted as carrying RFC-2119 significance. Basile & Lopez Expires January 9, 2017 [Page 3]
Internet-Draft A Capabilities Model for I2NSF July 2016 3. Policy model The starting point of the design of our capability model is a simple observation. As human beings, we all understand immediately each other when we refer to security controls by just naming their category. For instance, experts agree on what is a NAT, a filtering control, or a VPN concentrator. Network security experts unequivocally refer to ``packet filters'' as stateless devices able to allow or deny packets forwarding based on conditions on source and destination IP addresses, source and destination ports, and IP protocol type fields [Alshaer]. Moreover, it is known that packet filter rules are prioritized and it is possible to specify a default action. More precisely, packet filters implement the First Matching Rule (FMR) or Last Matching Rule (LMR) resolution strategies. However, we feel the need for more information in case of other devices, like stateful firewalls or application layer filters. These devices filter packets or communications, but there are differences among products in the packets and communications that they can categorize and the states they maintain. Analogous considerations can be applied for channel protection protocols, where we all understand that they will protect packets by means of symmetric algorithms whose keys could have been negotiated with asymmetric cryptography, but they may work at different layers and support different algorithms and protocols. To ensure protection, these protocols apply integrity, optionally confidentiality, apply anti- reply protections, and authenticate peers. 3.1. Geometric model of policies We refer in this paper to the policy model defined in [Bas12] as geometric model, which is summarized here. Policies are specified by means of a set of rules in the ``if condition then action'' format [RFC3198]. Rules are formed by a condition clause and an action clause. All the actions available to the security function are well known and organized in an action set A. For filtering controls, the enforceable actions are Allow and Deny, thus A={Allow,Deny}. For channel protection controls, they may be informally written as ``enforce confidentiality'', ``enforce data authentication and integrity'', and ``enforce confidentiality and data authentication and integrity''. However, these actions need to be instantiated to the technology used, for instance AH-transport mode and ESP-transport mode (and combinations thereof) are a more precise and univocal definition of channel protection actions. Conditions are typed predicates concerning a given selector. A selector describes the values that a protocol field may take, e.g., Basile & Lopez Expires January 9, 2017 [Page 4]
Internet-Draft A Capabilities Model for I2NSF July 2016 the IP source selector is the set of all possible IP addresses, and it may also refer to the part of the packet where the values come from, e.g., the IP source selector refers to the IP source field in the IP header. Geometrically, a condition is the subset of its selector for which it evaluates to true. A condition on a given selector matches a packet if the value of the field referred to by the selector belongs to the condition. For instance, in Figure Figure 1 the conditions are s1 [ S1 (read as s1 subset of S1) and s2 [ S2 (s1 subset of S2), both s1 and s2 match the packet x1, while only s2 matches x2. S2 ^ Destination port | | | x2 +........o | . | . --+..................+------------------------------------+ | | . | | s | . | | e | . | (rectangle) | g | . | condition clause (c) | m | . | here the action a is applied | e | . | | n | . | x1=point=packet | t +..................|.............o | | | . | . | --+..................+------------------------------------+ | . . . . | . . . . | . . . . | . . . . | . . . . | . . . . +--------------+---------+-------------+----------------------+------> | |---- segment = condition in S1 -----| S1 + IP source Figure 1: Geometric representation of a rule r=(c,a) that matches x1 but does not match x2. To consider conditions in different selectors, the decision space is extended using the Cartesian product because distinct selectors refer to different fields, possibly from different protocol headers. Hence, given a policy-enabled element that allows the definition of conditions on the selectors S1, S2,..., Sm (where m is the number of Basile & Lopez Expires January 9, 2017 [Page 5]
Internet-Draft A Capabilities Model for I2NSF July 2016 selectors available at the security control we want to model), its selection space is: S=S1 X S2 X ... X Sm To consider conditions in different selectors, the decision space is extended using the Cartesian product because distinct selectors refer to different fields, possibly from different protocol headers. Accordingly, the condition clause c is a subset of S: c = s1 X s2 X ... X sm [ S1 \times S1 X S2 X ... X Sm = S S represents the totality of the packets that are individually selectable by the security control to model when we use it to enforce a policy. Unfortunately, not all its subsets are valid condition clauses: only hyper-rectangles or union of hyper-rectangles (as they are Cartesian product of conditions) are valid. This is an intrinsic constraint of the policy languages as they specify rules by defining a condition for each selector. Languages that allow specification of conditions as relations over more fields are modelled by the geometric model as more complex geometric shapes determined by the equations. However, the algorithms to compute intersections are much more sophisticated than intersection hyper-rectangles. Figure Figure 1 graphically represents a condition clause c in a two- dimensional selection space. In the geometric model, a rule is expressed as r=(c,a), where c [ S (the condition clause is a subset of the selection space), and the action a belongs to A. A condition clause of a rule matches a packet, or briefly a rule matches a packet, if all the conditions forming the clause match the packet: in Figure Figure 1, the rule with condition clause c matches the packet x1 but not x2. The rule set R is composed of n rules ri=(ci,ai). The decision criteria for the action to apply when a packet matches two or more rules is abstracted by means of the resolution strategy RS: Pow(R) -> A, where Pow(R) is the power set of rules in R. Formally, given a set of rules, the resolution strategy maps all the possible subsets of rules to an action a in A. When no rule matches a packet, the security controls may select the default action d in A, if they support one. Resolution strategies may use, besides intrinsic rule data (i.e., condition clause and action clause), also ``external data'' associated to each rule, such as priority, identity of the creator, Basile & Lopez Expires January 9, 2017 [Page 6]
Internet-Draft A Capabilities Model for I2NSF July 2016 and creation time. Formally, every rule ri is associated by means of the function e(.) to: e(ri) = (ri,f1(ri),f2(ri),...) where $E={fj:R -> Xj}j$ is the set that includes all the functions that map rules to external attributes in Xj. However, E, e, and all the Xj are determined by the resolution strategy used. A policy is thus a function p: S -> A that connects each point of the selection space to an action taken from the action set A according to the rules in R. By also assuming RS(0)=d (where 0 is the empty-set) and RS(ri)=ai, the policy p can be described with this formula p(x)=RS(match{R(x)}). Therefore, in the geometric model, a policy is completely defined by the 4-tuple (R,RS,E,d): the rule set R, the resolution function RS, the set E of mappings to the external attributes, and the default action d. Note that, the geometric model also supports ECA paradigms by simply modelling events like an additional selector. 3.2. Condition types After having analysed the literature and the existing security controls, we have categorized the types of selectors in exact match, range-based, regex-based, and custom-match [Bas15][Lunt]. Exact match selectors are (unstructured) sets: elements can only be checked for equality, as no order is defined on them. As an example, the protocol type field of the IP header is a unordered set of integer values associated to protocols. Range-based selectors are ordered sets where it is possible to naturally specify ranges as they can be easily mapped to integers. As an example, the ports in the TCP protocol are well represented using a range-based selector (e.g., 1024-65535). We include in the range-based selectors all the category of selectors that have been defined by Al-Shaer et al. as prefix match [Alshaer]. These selectors allow the specification of ranges of values by means of simple regular expressions. The typical case is the IP address selector (e.g., 10.10.1.*). There is no need to distinguish between prefix match and range-based selectors as 10.10.1.* easily maps to [10.10.1.0, 10.10.1.255]. Another category of selector types includes the regex-based selectors, where the matching is performed by using regular Basile & Lopez Expires January 9, 2017 [Page 7]
Internet-Draft A Capabilities Model for I2NSF July 2016 expressions. This selector type is frequent at the application layer, where data are often represented as strings of text. The regex-based selector type also includes as sub-case the string-based selectors, where matching is evaluated using string matching algorithms (SMA) [Cormen] Indeed, for our purposes, string matching can be mapped to regular expressions, even if in practice SMA are much faster. For instance, Squid (http://www.squid-cache.org/), a popular Web caching proxy that offers various access control capabilities, allows the definition of conditions on URLs that can be evaluated with SMA (e.g., dstdomain) or regex matching (e.g., dstdom_regex). Finally, we introduce the idea of custom check selectors. For instance the malware analysis looks for specific patterns and returns a Boolean value is an example of custom check selector, if the logic of checking is not seen (nor really interesting) from the outside. In order to be properly used by high-level policy based processed (like reasoning systems, refinement systems) these custom check selector need at least to be described as black-boxes, that is, the list of fields that they process (inputs) in order to return the Boolean verdict (output). 4. Capability Model Our model of capabilities is based on actions and traffic classification features. Indeed, the need for enforcing one of the actions that a security control can apply to packets/flows is the main reason to use a security control. Moreover, security controls have classification features that permit the identification of the target packets/flows of the actions enforced, i.e., the selectors presented in Section 3.1. A security manager decides for a specific security control depending on the actions and classification features. If the security control can enforce the needed actions and has the classification features needed to identify the packets flows required by a policy, then the security control is capable of enforcing the policy. Our refinement model needs to know NSFs capabilities to perform its operations. However, security controls may have specific characteristics that automatic processes or administrators need to know when they have to generate configurations, like the available resolution strategies and the possibility to set default actions. We have ignored, to simplify this presentation, options to generate configurations that may have better performance, like the use of chains or ad hoc structures [Taylor]. Adding support to these forms of optimization is certainly feasible with a limited effort but it was outside the scope of this paper, that is, to show that adding security awareness to NFV Basile & Lopez Expires January 9, 2017 [Page 8]
Internet-Draft A Capabilities Model for I2NSF July 2016 management and orchestration features is possible. It is one of the task for future work. Capabilities can be used for two purposes: describing generic security functions, and describing specific products. With the term generic security function (GNSF) we denote known classes of security functions. The idea is to have generic components whose behaviour is as well understood as for the network components (i.e., a switch is a switch and we know to use it even if it may have some vendor-specific functions). These generic functions can be substituted by any product that owns the required capability at instantiation time. We have analysed several classes of NSFs to prove the validity of our approach. We found the common features and defined a set of generic NSFs, including packet filter, URL filter, HTTP filter, VPN gateway, anti-virus, anti-malware, content filter, monitoring, anonymity proxy that will be described in a data model TBD. Moreover, we have also categorized common extensions of the generic NSFs, packet filters that may decide based on time information. Moreover, some other packet filters add stateful features at ISO/OSI layer 4. The next section will introduce our algebra to compose capabilities, defined to associate NSFs to capabilities and to check whether a NSF has the capabilities needed to enforce policies. 4.1. Algebra of capabilities Our capabilities are defined by a 4-tuple: (Ac; Cc; RSc; Dc) [ (AC; CC; RSC; DC)= K where AC is the set of all the supported actions, CC is set of all the supported conditions types, RSC is the set of all the supported resolutions strategies, and Dc [ DC={F} U A, where F indicates that the default action is supported and can be freely selected by the policy editor, and explicitly indicates the default action if this cannot be explicitly configured. We defined a syntax to specify: o subsets of actions: Ac={a:action1,a:action2,...} [ AC o subset of conditions: Cc={c:cond1,c:cond2,} [ CC o subset of resolution strategies RSc={rs:res1,rs:res2,...} [ RSC Basile & Lopez Expires January 9, 2017 [Page 9]
Internet-Draft A Capabilities Model for I2NSF July 2016 Given cap1=(Ac1,Cc1,RSc1,def1) and cap2=(Ac2,Cc2,RSc2,def2), we define o capability addition: cap1+cap2 = (Ac1 U Ac2, Cc1 U Cc2, RSc1, def1) o capability subtraction: cap_1-cap_2 = ({Ac1 \ Ac2,Cc1 \ Cc2,RSc1,def1) Note that addition and subtraction do not alter the resolution strategy and the default action method, as our main intent was to model addition of modules As an example, a generic packet filter that supports the first matching rule resolution strategies, allows the explicit specification of default actions and also supports time-based conditions. The description of its capabilities is the following: o Apf = {a:Allow, a:Deny} o Cpf= {c:IPsrc,c:IPdst,c:Psrc,c:Pdst,c:protType} o Ctime = {c:timestart,c:days,c:datestart,c:datestop} o cap_pf=(Apf; Cpf; {FMR}; F) o cap_pf+time=cap_pf + Ctime By abuse of notation, we wrote cap_pf+time=cap_pf + Ctime to shorten the more correct expression cap_pf+time=cap_pf +(;Ctime;;)$. 5. References 5.1. Normative References [I-D.ietf-i2nsf-framework] firstname.lastname@example.com, e., Lopez, D., Dunbar, L., Strassner, J., Zhuang, X., Parrott, J., Krishnan, R., and S. Durbha, "Framework for Interface to Network Security Functions", draft-ietf-i2nsf-framework-02 (work in progress), July 2016. [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/ RFC2119, March 1997, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>. Basile & Lopez Expires January 9, 2017 [Page 10]
Internet-Draft A Capabilities Model for I2NSF July 2016 [RFC3198] Westerinen, A., Schnizlein, J., Strassner, J., Scherling, M., Quinn, B., Herzog, S., Huynh, A., Carlson, M., Perry, J., and S. Waldbusser, "Terminology for Policy-Based Management", RFC 3198, DOI 10.17487/RFC3198, November 2001, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3198>. 5.2. Informative References [Alshaer] Al Shaer, E. and H. Hamed, "Modeling and management of firewall policies", 2004. [Bas12] Basile, C., Cappadonia, A., and A. Lioy, "Network-Level Access Control Policy Analysis and Transformation", 2012. [Bas15] Basile, C. and A. Lioy, "Analysis of application-layer filtering policies with application to HTTP", 2015. [Cormen] Cormen, T., "Introduction to Algorithms", 2009. [Lunt] van Lunteren, J. and T. Engbersen, "Fast and scalable packet classification", 2003. [Taylor] Taylor, D. and J. Turner, "Scalable packet classification using distributed crossproducting of field labels", 2004. Authors' Addresses Cataldo Basile Politecnico di Torino Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 34 Torino, 10129 Italy Phone: +39 011 090 7173 Email: firstname.lastname@example.com Diego R. Lopez Telefonica I+D Zurbaran, 12 Madrid, 28010 Spain Phone: +34 913 129 041 Email: email@example.com Basile & Lopez Expires January 9, 2017 [Page 11]


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Web developer and Studio Lead at Deloitte Digital in Düsseldorf, Germany.
Going to have to start working on that Bangle.js "Magic Eight Ball" app this weekend.
#javascript #espruino
JavaScript powered watch? Yes please. I just backed Bangle.js: the hackable Smart Watch on @Kickstarter https://
My favorite #lodash functions are `_.difference()` and `_.intersection()` #javascript - what are yours?
Great to see that the JavaScript compilation issues in #Piwigo were resolved in the latest version 2.10.1
Blog post: https://
Release notes: https://


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Meet Our Dentists
Dr. Jennifer ReynoldsDr. Reynolds grew up in Spanaway, WA and attended Bethel High School, where she graduated within the top 10 students of her class. She did her undergraduate studies at Pacific Lutheran University in Tacoma, WA, earning a Bachelor's of Science in Biochemistry and minor in Biology. She graduated with Chemistry Department honors, and honor of Cum Laude. She went on to obtain her degree of Doctor of Dental Medicine, or DMD, from Oregon Health & Science University School of Dentistry in Portland, OR.
Family is very important to Dr. Reynolds. She enjoys spending her free time with family and friends, especially her high school sweetheart/husband, Jeffery, and their puppy, Wilbur. Her hobbies include riding ATV quads, and going four-wheeling in trucks. In fact, her family has had an annual trip to the sand dunes in Coos Bay, Oregon, every year for over 20 years.
Dr. Reynolds believes that patients should be treated like family. She strives to create a trusting relationship with each and every patient so that they are comfortable in her care. Together with each patient, she finds the treatment that is right for them. Her favorite treatment is education and motivation to provide prevention of infection and disease; thus leading to better health and quality of life for all. She is excited to be part of the wonderful family at Light Dental Studios.
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Dr. Bob GollaherDr. Bob G Gollaher is a 1977 graduate of University of the Pacific, School of Dentistry in San Francisco, California. He completed his undergraduate studies in Biochemistry / Physics / Psychology at Stanford University in Palo Alto, California. While at University of the Pacific, Dr. Gollaher served as Year Book Editor, Class President and Student Body President. Dr. Gollaher was also honored as the Outstanding Student in Clinical Studies. Plus, he was a proud member of the Omicron Kappa Upsilon National Dental Honor Society.
Dr. Gollaher proudly served as a Lt. Commander in the US Navy touring Viet Nam for forty-one months as an intelligence officer. He originally practiced in Fresno, California for 30 years and then additionally started practicing in Washington in the early 1990's. Dr. Gollaher became a continuing dental educator in 1979 where he was instrumental in organizing programs of study in orthodontics. He has headed since its inception the Academy of Straight Wire and Functional Orthodontics, an international teaching organization, and has served as the President and Director of Continuing Education. He is also a founding partner in starting the Altamash Institute of Dental Medicine, an internationally recognized dental school in Karachi, Pakistan. Dr. Gollaher serves as AIDM Vice-President and Associate Dean of Academic Affairs. He also is a visiting Associate Professor at the Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm, Sweden where he lectures in orthodontics to the undergraduate and graduate students.
Dr. Gollaher was originally from Lyon, France and moved to California in 1950 where he resided up until 2003. The grandeur and beauty of the Northwest captivated him. At which time he officially moved and became a Washington resident. Dr. Gollaher was a commercial artist for Saks Fifth Avenue in his earlier years and has continued to pursue his artistic love where he still paints, sculpts and draws. While in he was in his studies he had a successful children's cartooning program on PBS called "Uncle Bob's How To Doodle Time". He is the proud father of two daughters and two sons...plus seven grandchildren! They all unfortunately live either in California or Missouri...but...frequent visits keep him active in their lives!
Dr. Gollaher has been with Light Dental Studios in Lakewood and Lacey since 2014. He has throughout his forty year career been energetically enthused about being able to provide and deliver quality dentistry to his patients. Dr. Gollaher truly enjoys the interaction he has with his patients and their families. As a caring and concerned practitioner he has a terrific rapport with not just his patients but also staff. Because of the exceptional excellence and philosophy of his colleagues, Dr. Gollaher proudly considers Light Dental Studios his best dental experience to date!
Dr. Gollaher is an active member of
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Opening Specialists is a business in Holy Cross, IA.
|Business Name:
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|Categorized In:
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|Phone Number:
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|Contact Person:
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Opening Specialists, a stable growing company under , is being run by Thomas Roling, President Full Name Report. Since , their sales have been favorable and consistent at $2.500.000 to $4.999.999. Company location coordinates are: 42.59579,-90.99582.
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Hard At Work Episode #40: The VGA's Are a Sham!
On this week's lunch break, the guys talk about a whole assortment of things. However by far the most important is how the Horizon: Zero Dawn got robbed! Mother F#@%ing robbed!!
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A fun-filled, sidesplitting and dazzlingly glamorous sing-along! Celebrating the divas of today and yesteryear, the female and genderqueer artists we've looked up to our whole lives, the show abounds with glorious singers who gave our dreams wings. Think karaoke with glitter, feathers and fabulous singing, as the New York City Gay Men's Chorus divas come into their own onstage.
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