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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING BACHELOR IF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING And ZINC SUBMITTED BY: DE GUZMAN, JOHN RHEY DELA ROSA, JASHPER PORTOS, JOHN BRENT LOYOLA, LEX JIMLAR VILARRENTE, JEREMY BSME-3B COPPER - is a chemical element with the symbol Cu (from Latin: cuprum). - Atomic number 29. - It is a ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. -It is used as a conductor of heat and electricity, a building material, and a constituent of various metal alloys. - The metal and its alloys have been used for thousands of years. In the Roman era, copper was principally mined on Cyprus, hence the origin of the name of the metal as yprium (metal of Cyprus), later shortened to cuprum. Its compounds are commonly encountered as copper (II) salts, which often impart blue or green colors to minerals such as azurite and turquoise and have been widely used historically as pigments. 1. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Physical properties Phase solid Density(near r.t.) 8.96 gcm3 Liquid density atm.p. 8.02 gcm3 Melting point 1357.77 K1984.32 F 1084.62 C, , Boiling point 4643 F 2562 C, 2835 K, Heat of fusion 13.26 kJmol1 Heat of vaporization 300.4 kJmol1 Molar heat capacity 24.440 Jmol1K1 History and Uses: Archaeological evidence suggests that people have been using copper for at least 11,000 years. Relatively easy to mine and refine, people discovered methods for extracting copper from its ores at least 7,000 years ago. The Roman Empire obtained most of its copper from the island of Cyprus, which is where copper's name originated. Today, copper is primarily obtained from the ores cuprite (CuO2), tenorite (CuO), malachite (CuO3Cu(OH)2), chalcocite (Cu2S), covellite (CuS) and bornite (Cu6FeS4). Large deposits of copper ore are located in the United States, Chile, Zambia, Zaire, Peru and Canada. Used in large amounts by the electrical industry in the form of wire, copper is second only to silver in electrical conductance. Since it resists corrosion from the air, moisture and seawater, copper has been widely used in coins. Although once made nearly entirely from copper, American pennies are now made from zinc that has been coated with copper. Copper is also used to make water pipes and jewelry, as well as and other items. Pure copper is usually too soft for most uses. People first learned about 5,000 years ago that copper can be strengthened if it is mixed with other metals. The two most familiar alloys of copper are bronze and brass. Bronze, the first alloy created by people, is a mix of copper that contains as much as 25% tin. Early people used bronze to make tools, weaponry, containers and ornamental items. Brass, a mix of copper that contains between 5% and 45% zinc, was first used about 2,500 years ago. The Romans were the first to make extensive use of brass, using it to make such things as coins, kettles and ornamental objects. Today, brass is also used in some musical instruments, screws and other hardware that must resist corrosion. Hydrated copper sulfate (CuSO4H2O), also known as blue vitrol, is the best known copper compound. It is used as an agricultural poison, as an algicide in water purification and as a blue pigment for inks. Cuperic chloride (CuCl2), another copper compound, is used to fix dyes to fabrics. Cuprous chloride (CuCl) is a poisonous white powder that is chiefly used to absorb carbon dioxide (CO2). Copper cyanide (CuCN) is commonly used in electroplating. 2. FACTS ABOUT COPPER: *New Device Could Charge Your Smartphone As You Walk - Power cords and batteries are the bane of every gadget: You either carry around the necessary cords and cables, or you hope the battery lasts. But now, researchers want to change that, by building a charger powered by the motion of your body as you walk. The device built by Georgia Tech researchers, led by Zhong Lin Wang consists of four discs layered on top of one another. The first disc is made of copper, and rotates. The next is a polymer and remains stationary, and the third is a gold layer that is divided into sectors, with alternating sections cut out, to make something that looks like a bicycle wheel. The last layer is made of acrylic. When the copper disc rotates, positive charges in the copper move past the negative charges in the polymer. That causes an imbalance of charges in the gold layer, with each "spoke" of gold having either more positive or more negative charges. This imbalance means that when a wire is connected between sectors, current flows. Wang said the device can generate power as long as something causes the copper disc to rotate. For example, he demonstrated that flowing water could work, in the lab. He has also experimented with wearable versions. "This is even more general," he told Live Science. "You could attach it to your leg, or in the folds of a jacket." The device works on the same principle as static electricity. For example, when you walk on a rug in wool socks, electrons build up in the socks (and in you), and when you touch a metal doorknob, they jump from your finger, making a spark. There's a lot of voltage in the spark enough to make the jump through the air but not much current, which is why the shock doesn't kill you. "The phenomenon has been known for 1,000 years," Wang said. "But it's rarely been utilized for power." Wang said that his device is more efficient than a traditional generator, at least for its size. A generator works by moving either a wire through a magnetic field or a magnetic field over a stationary wire. Either one requires a certain number of turns of wire to make a certain voltage, plus a strong magnet. Those components take up space, which is why generators tend to be rather bulky even a small one that could power a phone would be the size of a brick, and it would need a power source to boot. But the device the researchers created can be made thin and flat; the one Wang demonstrated is about 4 inches (10 centimeters) across, and swinging it in the hand generated enough electricity to power a small array of lights, or about 5 volts, which is enough to charge an iPhone. Wang said the device is 50 times more efficient than a traditional generator of the same size. *Why Does Copper Turn Green? For the same reason that iron rusts. Just as iron that is left unprotected in open air will corrode and form a flaky orange-red outer layer, copper that is exposed to the elements undergoes a series of chemical reactions that give the shiny metal a pale green outer layer called a patina. The patina actually protects the copper below the surface from further corrosion, making it a good water-proofing material for roofs (which is why the roofs of so many old buildings are bright green). *Why Spiders Dont Do the Twist A new study reveals that dragline silk, the stuff spiders use to rappel, has a molecular structure that makes it resilient to twisting. Researchers attached a small object that weighed about the same as an Araneau diadematus spider to three types of thread and gave it a spin. They twisted the weight though several 90-degree rotations and recorded how long it took for the thread material to return to its original position. First up, Kevlar thread. Although this stuff is used in bullet-proof vests, it doesn't make for very good spider silk because it does little to dampen the effects of twisting. Next, researchers tested soft metallic copper thread. Copper dampened the twisting the best as the rod barely oscillated. But the copper became brittle after just a few twist cycles. The winner: spider silk. Silk drawn from an A. diadematus spider did not dampen twisting as well as copper, but it proved highly resilient. Examination at the microscopic scale revealed that dragline silk's molecular configuration gives it shape "memory," which means it totally recovers its initial form and reduces twisting. This is good news for spiders, since twisting can lead to swinging, not good when you're trying to sneak up on prey or avoid predators. "A spider should not swing since a (descending) spider is potentially attractive for predators," study coauthor Olivier Emile of the Universite de Rennes in France told LiveScience. *What's a Penny Made Of? A penny is not what you think. Indeed, from 1783 to 1837, a cent was pure copper. But newer pennies are made mostly of zinc. Here's the history, according to the U.S. Mint: From 1837 to 1857, the cent was made of bronze (95 percent copper, and five percent tin and zinc). From 1857, the cent was 88 percent copper and 12 percent nickel, giving the coin a whitish appearance. The cent was again bronze (95 percent copper, and five percent tin and zinc) from 1864 to 1962, except: In 1943, the coin's composition was changed to zinc-coated steel. This change was only for the year 1943 and was due to the critical use of copper for the war effort. However, a limited number of copper pennies were minted that year. In 1962, the cent's tin content, which was quite small, was removed. That made the metal composition of the cent 95 percent copper and 5 percent zinc. The alloy remained 95 percent copper and 5 percent zinc until 1982, when the composition was changed to 97.5 percent zinc and 2.5 percent copper (copper-plated zinc). Cents of both compositions appeared in that year.The penny's original design was suggested by Ben Franklin. The word "penny" comes from the British "pence." More than 300 billion pennies have been minted, according to pennies.org. See, you shoulda saved them! Here's a neat fact. The faces on all coins currently in circulation face left, except for Abe Lincoln on the penny. Lincoln's likeness is an adaptation of a plaque done by sculptor Victor David Brenner. The direction that Lincoln faces on the cent was not mandated but was simply the choice of the designer. *Earth's Limited Supply of Metals Raises Concern If all nations were to use the same services enjoyed in developed nations, even the full extraction of metals from the Earth's crust and extensive recycling may not be enough to meet metal demands in the future, according to a new study. To investigate the environmental and social consequences of metal depletion, researchers looked at metal stocks thought to exist in the Earth, metal in use by people today, and how much is lost in landfills. Using copper stocks in North America as a starting point, the researchers tracked the evolution of copper mining, use and loss during the 20th century. They then combined this information with other data to estimate what the global demand for copper and other metals would be if all nations were fully developed and using modern technologies. According to the study, all of the copper in ore, plus all of the copper currently in use, would be required to bring the world to the level of the developed nations for power transmission, construction and other services and products that depend on the metal. The study, led by Thomas Graedel of Yale University, was detailed in the Jan. 17 issue of the journal for the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. For the entire globe, the researchers estimate that 26 percent of extractable copper in the Earth's crust is now lost in non-recycled wastes. For zinc, that number is 19 percent. These metals are not at risk of immediate depletion, however, because supplies are still large enough to meet demands and mines have become more efficient at extracting these ores. But scarce metals, such as platinum, face depletion risks this century because of the lack of suitable substitutes in such devices as catalytic converters and hydrogen fuel cells. The researchers also found that for many metals, the average rate of usage per person continues to rise. As a result, the report says, even the more plentiful metals may face similar depletion risks in the future. *Can Copper Reduce E. Coli Outbreaks? While the source of the deadly E. coli outbreak in Germany remains uncertain, the use of surfaces made of copper to handle food could reduce the risk of such outbreaks in the future, researchers say. Furnishing workstations in meat processing factories with copper surfaces rather than stainless steel ones could reduce bacteria on these surfaces, researchers say. A copper surface can rapidly kill bacteria and viruses upon contact. While copper surfaces can't completely stem outbreaks such as the current one, they could be an extra weapon against food-borne illness. "There is no substitute for good hygiene," and hand washing and surface cleaning will still be necessary, said Bill Keevil, a microbiologist at the University of Southampton in the United Kingdom. "What we're saying is, adding a copper alloy surface is an extra defense barrieran extra arrow in the quiver to control these pathogens," said Keevil , whose work is funded by the copper industry. In a 2006 study, Keevil and his colleagues placed 10 million cells of E. coli O157, an infamous food-borne bacteria strain, on a copper surface. All the bacteria died in about an hour. More recently, the researchers found a copper surface can kill other strains of E. coli bacteria in about 10 minutes. While the researchers did not test the strain of E. coli responsible for the Germany outbreak, Keevil predicted that copper would kill that strain as well. Copper kills germs Copper is a proven antimicrobial material. In 2008, the Environmental Protection Agency said copper alloy products containing more than 60 percent copper could claim to be antimicrobial. Copper is already being used in hospitals on door handles, bed rails and light switches to combat the spread of infections. Recent studies have shown installing copper surfaces in hospital wards leads to a 90 percent reduction in the number of microorganisms on surfaces, Keevil said. Is it toxic? The metal kills bacteria in part by releasing ions that destroy DNA and punch holes in the bacteria cell membrane, Keevil said. But while it's toxic to microorganisms, it poses little health threat to people, Keevil said. Copper is an essential nutrient for people, and if we take in too much, the body has mechanisms of getting rid of it, he said. You should still avoid taking in too much of any metal, said Christopher Rensing, an associate professor in the department of soil, water, and environmental science at the University of Arizona. But while people who work with copper might want to be careful about over-exposure, as a surface material, it's unlikely to be toxic to humans, Rensing said. Studies have also shown raw meat takes up very little copper, Keevil said. Other researchers are looking to combat contamination by dipping food directly into solutions containing copper. Salam Ibrahim, a research professor of food sciences at North Carolina A & T State University, and his colleagues conducted a study last year that found very low concentrations of copper can be combined with lactic acid to kill E. coli O157 on the surface of lettuces and tomatoes. Low concentrations are favorable because at higher concentrations, it might affect the taste of the food, Ibrahim said. Without the lactic acid, low concentrations of copper had little effect on the bacteria, he said. Ibrahim and colleagues hope to make their solution into a product available for commercial use in the food industry. 3. MINING AND REFINING OF COPPER Copper ore is mined both underground and on the surface. Large excavations formed by surface mining are called open-pit mines. Most of the copper ores mined today are oxide or sulfide ores. From the mines, copper ore is taken to mills, where it is crushed and finely ground in preparation for refining. The method of refining varies with the type of ore. In the case of copper-oxide ores, the copper is usually leached (dissolved) from the ore with a solution of sulfuric acid. The copper can be recovered from the leaching solution through electrolysis. In this process, a direct electric current is set up between positive and negative electrodes placed in the solution. The negative electrodes, called cathodes, are usually made of thin sheets of pure copper and the positive electrodes, called anodes, are usually made of lead. The electric current causes the copper in the solution to be deposited on the cathodes as a coating of pure copper. Another method is to pass the solution over scrap iron; a chemical reaction causes the copper to be deposited on the iron. The copper is separated from the iron by methods used to refine copper-sulfide ores (many of which also contain iron). Copper-sulfide ores are first treated by a process called flotation. In this process, bubbles are produced in a mixture of ground copper ore, water, and chemical reagents. The particles of copper-bearing minerals in the ore stick to the bubbles and float to the top of the mixture, where they can be skimmed off. The copper-bearing minerals are roasted to drive off a part of the sulfur. The resulting product is smelted, yielding a molten combination of copper sulfate and iron sulfide called matte. Some light impurities in the matte combine to form slag, which is removed. The matte is then poured into a converter, where air is forced through it to burn out the remaining sulfur and to oxidize the iron. At this stage, most of the remaining impurities, including the oxidized iron, float to the top of the matte to form more slag, which is poured off. The metallic copper that is left at the bottom of the converter is known as blister copper. It is very pure, but further refining is necessary to remove impurities consisting of small amounts of gold, silver, and other precious metals. This refining is done electrochemically, using a process similar to the one used with oxide ores. In this case, however, the anode is molded from blister copper and decomposes during electrolysis. The direct electric current that flows between the electrodes placed in an electrolytic tank transfers the copper of the blister copper anode onto the cathode. The precious-metal impurities collect at the bottom of the tank. A significant portion of the copper produced today is refined from copper scrap. Copper produced from scrap is called secondary copper. 4. HYDROMETALLURGICAL EXTRACTION Sulfide ores Secondary sulfides those formed by supergene secondary enrichment are resistant (refractory) to sulfuric leaching. These ores are a mixture of copper carbonate, sulfate, phosphate, and oxide minerals and secondary sulfide minerals, dominantly chalcocite but other minerals such as digenite can be important in some deposits. Supergene ores rich in sulfides may be concentrated using froth flotation. A typical concentrate of chalcocite can grade between 37% and 40% copper in sulfide, making them relatively cheap to smelt compared to chalcopyrite concentrates. Some supergene sulfide deposits can be leached using a bacterial oxidation heap leach process to oxidize the sulfides to sulfuric acid, which also allows for simultaneous leaching with sulfuric acid to produce a copper sulfate solution. As with oxide ores, solvent extraction and electrowinning technologies are used to recover the copper from the pregnant leach solution. Supergene sulfide ores rich in native copper minerals are refractory to treatment with sulfuric acid leaching on all practicable time scales, and the dense metal particles do not react with froth flotation media. Typically, if native copper is a minor part of a supergene profile it will not be recovered and will report to the tailings. When rich enough, native copper ore bodies may be treated to recover the contained copper via a gravity separation circuit where the density of the metal is used to liberate it from the lighter silicate minerals. Often, the nature of the gangue is important, as clay-rich native copper ores prove difficult to liberate. Oxide ores Oxidised copper ore bodies may be treated via several processes, with hydrometallurgical processes used to treat oxide ores dominated by copper carbonate minerals such as azurite and malachite, and other soluble minerals such as silicates like chrysocolla, or sulfates such as atacamite and so on. Such oxide ores are usually leached by sulfuric acid, usually in a heap leaching or dump leaching process to liberate the copper minerals into a solution of sulfuric acid laden with copper sulfate in solution. The copper sulfate solution (the pregnant leach solution) is then stripped of copper via a solvent extraction and electrowinning (SX-EW) plant, with the barred (denuded) sulfuric acid recycled back on to the heaps. Alternatively, the copper can be precipitated out of the pregnant solution by contacting it with scrap iron; a process called cementation. Cement copper is normally less pure than SX-EW copper. Commonly sulfuric acid is used as a leachant for copper oxide, although it is possible to use water, particularly for ores rich in ultra-soluble sulfate minerals.[citation needed] In general, froth flotation is not used to concentrate copper oxide ores, as oxide minerals are not responsive to the froth flotation chemicals or process (i.e.; they do not bind to the kerosene-based chemicals). Copper oxide ores have occasionally been treated via froth flotation via sulfidation of the oxide minerals with certain chemicals which react with the oxide mineral particles to produce a thin rime of sulfide (usually chalcocite), which can then be activated by the froth flotation plant. 5. COPPER EXTRACTION Copper extraction techniques refer to the methods for obtaining copper from its ores. The conversion of copper consists of a series of chemical, physical, and electrochemical processes. Methods have evolved and vary with country depending on the ore source, local environmental regulations, and other factors. As in all mining operations, the ore must usually be beneficiated (concentrated). To do this, the ore is crushed. Then it must be roasted to convert sulfides to oxides, which are smelted to produce matte. Finally, it undergoes various refining processes, the final one being electrolysis. For economic and environmental reasons, many of the byproducts of extraction are reclaimed. Sulfur dioxide gas, for example, is captured and turned into sulfuric which is then used in the extraction process. Concentration Most copper ores contain only a small percentage of copper metal bound up within valuable ore minerals, with the remainder of the ore being unwanted rock or gangue minerals, typically silicate minerals or oxide minerals for which there is often no value. The average grade of copper ores in the 21st century is below 0.6% copper, with a proportion of economic ore minerals (including copper) being less than 2% of the total volume of the ore rock. A key objective in the metallurgical treatment of any ore is the separation of ore minerals from gangue minerals within the rock. The first stage of any process within a metallurgical treatment circuit is accurate grinding or comminution, where the rock is crushed to produce small particles (<100 m) consisting of individual mineral phases. These particles are then separated to remove gangue, thereafter followed by a process of physical liberation of the ore minerals from the rock. The process of liberation of copper ores depends upon whether they are oxide or sulfide ores.[3] Subsequent steps depend on the nature of the ore containing the copper. For oxide ores, a hydrometallurgical liberation process is normally undertaken, which uses the soluble nature of the ore minerals to the advantage of the metallurgical treatment plant. For sulfide ores, both secondary (supergene) and primary (unweathered), froth flotation is used to physically separate ore from gangue. For special native copper bearing ore bodies or sections of ore bodies rich in supergen native copper, this mineral can be recovered by a simple gravity circuit. 6. USES OF COPPER Copper is widely used in electrical wiring and household plumbing. All U.S. coins are copper alloys, and gun metals also contain copper. Copper is also used to create brass or bronze alloys. Brass, a mixture of copper and zinc, is used in a wide variety of applications including cookware and musical instruments, and in practical products such as zippers or screws. Bronze, typically an alloy of copper and tin, is an ancient material used in tools, weapons, building materials and statuary. Copper is also mixed into the paint used on the underside of ships to prevent seaweed, algae and barnacles from sticking to the vessel. Copper is commonly used as an algaecide and agricultural poison. Fehling's solution, a compound of copper, is often used in analytical chemistry as a test for sugar. Copper Trivia: Copper has been used since ancient times. Historians even call the period of time between the Neolithic and Bronze Ages the Copper Age. Copper(I) burns blue in a flame test. Copper(II) burns green in a flame test. Copper's atomic symbol Cu is derived from the Latin term 'cuprum' meaning 'metal of Cyprus'. Copper sulfate compounds are used to prevent fungus and algae growth in standing water supplies such as ponds and fountains. Copper is a red-orange metal that darkens to a brown color as it is exposed to air. If it is exposed to air and water, it will form verdigris of blue-green. Copper has an abundance of 80 parts per million in the Earth's crust. Copper has an abundance of 2.5 x 10-4 mg/L in sea water. Copper sheets were added to the bottom of ships to prevent 'biofouling' where seaweed, assorted other greenery and barnacles would cling to ships and slow them down. Today, copper is mixed into the paint used to paint the underside of ships. EXAMPLE IMAGES OF COPPER: Copper - A Metal Used Through The Ages Copper was one of the first metals ever extracted and used by humans, and it has made vital contributions to sustaining and improving society since the dawn of civilization. Copper was first used in coins and ornaments starting about 8000 B.C., and at about 5500 B.C., copper tools helped civilization emerge from the Stone Age. The discovery that copper alloyed with tin produces bronze marked the beginning of the Bronze Age at about 3000 B.C. Copper is easily stretched, molded, and shaped; is resistant to corrosion; and conducts heat and electricity efficiently. As a result, copper was important to early humans and continues to be a material of choice for a variety of domestic, industrial, and high-technology applications today. How Do We Use Copper Today? Presently, copper is used in building construction, power generation and transmission, electronic product manufacturing, and the production of industrial machinery and transportation vehicles. Copper wiring and plumbing are integral to the appliances, heating and cooling systems, and telecommunications links used every day in homes and businesses. Copper is an essential component in the motors, wiring, radiators, connectors, brakes, and bearings used in cars and trucks. The average car contains 1.5 kilometers (0.9 mile) of copper wire, and the total amount of copper ranges from 20 kilograms (44 pounds) in small cars to 45 kilograms (99 pounds) in luxury and hybrid vehicles. Ancient Uses of Copper As in ancient times, copper remains a component of coinage used in many countries, but many new uses have been identified. One of copper's more recent applications includes its use in frequently touched surfaces (such as brass doorknobs), where copper's antimicrobial properties reduce the transfer of germs and disease. Semiconductor manufacturers have also begun using copper for circuitry in silicon chips, which enables microprocessors to operate faster and use less energy. Copper rotors have also recently been found to increase the efficiency of electric motors, which are a major consumer of electric power. What Properties Make Copper Useful? The excellent alloying properties of copper have made it invaluable when combined with other metals, such as zinc (to form brass), tin (to form bronze), or nickel. These alloys have desirable characteristics and, depending on their composition, are developed for highly specialized applications. For example, copper-nickel alloy is applied to the hulls of ships because it does not corrode in seawater and reduces the adhesion of marine life, such as barnacles, thereby reducing drag and increasing fuel efficiency. Brass is more malleable and has better acoustic properties than pure copper or zinc; consequently, it is used in a variety of musical instruments, including trumpets, trombones, bells, and cymbals. Types of Copper Deposits Copper occurs in many forms, but the circumstances that control how, when, and where it is deposited are highly variable. As a result, copper occurs in many different minerals. Chalcopyrite is the most abundant and economically significant of the copper minerals. Research designed to better understand the geologic processes that produce mineral deposits, including copper deposits, is an important component of the USGS Mineral Resources Program. Copper deposits are broadly classified on the basis of how the deposits formed. Porphyry copper deposits, which are associated with igneousintrusions, yield about two-thirds of the world's copper and are therefore the world's most important type of copper deposit. Large copper deposits of this type are found in mountainous regions of western North and South America. Another important type of copper deposit-the type contained in sedimentary-accounts for approximately one-fourth of the world's identified copper resources. These deposits occur in such areas as the central African copper belt and the Zechstein basin of Eastern Europe. Individual copper deposits may contain hundreds of millions of tons of copper-bearing rock and commonly are developed by using open-pit mining methods. Mining operations, which usually follow ore discovery by many years, often last for decades. Although many historic mining operations were not required to conduct their mining activities in ways that would reduce their impact on the environment, current Federal and State regulations do require that mining operations use environmentally sound practices to minimize the effects of mineral development on human and ecosystem health. USGS mineral environmental research helps characterize the natural and human interactions between copper deposits and the surrounding aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Research helps define the natural baseline conditions before mining begins and after mine closure. USGS scientists are investigating climatic, geologic, and hydrologic variables to better understand the resource-environment interactions. Copper Supply, Demand and Recycling The world's production (supply) and consumption (demand) of copper have increased dramatically in the past 25 years. As large developing countries have entered the global market, demand for mineral commodities, including copper, has increased. In the past 20 years, the Andean region of South America has emerged as the world's most productive copper region. In 2007, about 45 percent of the world's copper was produced from the Andes Mountains; the United States produced 8 percent. Virtually all copper produced in the United States comes from, in decreasing order of production, Arizona, Utah, New Mexico, Nevada, or Montana. The risk of disruption to the global copper supply is considered to be low because copper production is globally dispersed and is not limited to a single country or region. Because of its importance in construction and power transmission, however, the impact of any copper supply disruption would be high. Copper is one of the most widely recycled of all metals; approximately one-third of all copper consumed worldwide is recycled. Recycled copper and its alloys can be remelted and used directly or further reprocessed to refined copper without losing any of the metal's chemical or physical properties. How Do We Ensure Adequate Supplies of Copper for the Future? To help predict where future copper resources might be located, USGS scientists study how and where known copper resources are concentrated in the Earth's crust and use that knowledge to assess the potential for undiscovered copper resources. Techniques to assess mineral resource potential have been developed and refined by the USGS to support the stewardship of Federal lands and to better evaluate mineral resource availability in a global context. In the 1990s, the USGS conducted an assessment of U.S. copper resources and concluded that nearly as much copper remained to be found as had already been discovered. Specifically, the USGS found that about 350 million tons of copper had been discovered and estimated that about 290 million tons of copper remained undiscovered in the United States. Global Copper Resource Assessment The USGS assessed undiscovered copper in two deposit types that account for about 80 percent of the world's copper supply. Porphyry copper deposits account for about 60 percent of the world's copper. In porphyry copper deposits, copper ore minerals are disseminated in igneous intrusions. Sediment-hosted strata bound copper deposits, in which copper is concentrated in layers in sedimentary rocks, account for about 20 percent of the world's identified copper resources. Globally, mines in these two deposit types produce about 12 million tons of copper per year. This study considered potential for exposed and concealed deposits within 1 kilometer of the surface for porphyry deposits and up to 2.5 kilometers of the surface for sediment-hosted stratabound deposits. For porphyry deposits, 175 tracts were delineated; 114 tracts contain 1 or more identified deposits. Fifty tracts were delineated for sediment-hosted stratabound copper deposits; 27 contain 1 or more identified deposits. Results of the assessment are provided by deposit type for 11 regions (table 1). The mean total undiscovered resource for porphyry deposits is 3,100 million tons, and the mean total undiscovered resource for sediment-hosted deposits is 400 million tons, for a global total of 3,500 million tons of copper. The ranges of resource estimates (between the 90th and 10th percentiles) reflect the geologic uncertainty in the assessment process. Approximately 50 percent of the global total occurs in South America, South Central Asia and Indochina, and North America combined. South America has the largest identified and undiscovered copper resources (about 20 percent of the total undiscovered amount). The world's largest porphyry deposits are mined in this region. Central America and the Caribbean host two undeveloped giant (>2 million ton copper) porphyry copper deposits in Panama. Most of the undiscovered resources are in a belt that extends from Panama to southwestern Mexico. North America hosts highly mineralized porphyry copper tracts that include supergiant (>25 million tons copper) porphyry deposits in northern Mexico, the western United States, and Alaska, as well as giant deposits in western Canada. The estimated undiscovered porphyry copper resources are approximately equal to the identified resources. In the United States, undiscovered sediment-hosted strata bound copper deposits in Michigan, Montana, and Texas are estimated to contain about three times as much copper as has been identified. Two giant deposits are known, in Michigan and Montana. Northeast Asia is relatively underexplored, with modest identified porphyry copper resources and only one identified giant porphyry copper deposit. However, the mean undiscovered resources are estimated to be quite large. This region has the largest ratio of undiscovered to identified resources in the study. North Central Asia has 35 porphyry copper deposits, including a supergiant deposit in Mongolia and a giant deposit in Kazakhstan. The tract area is estimated to contain about three times the amount of identified porphyry copper resource. This region also hosts three giant sediment-hosted strata bound copper deposits, in Kazakhstan and Russia. The USGS estimates that as much sediment-hosted strata bound copper as has already been discovered may be present. South Central Asia and Indochina are less thoroughly explored than many other parts of the world; however, four giant porphyry copper deposits have been identified to date in the Tibetan Plateau. Undiscovered porphyry copper deposits may contain eight times the identified amount of copper. Southeast Asia Archipelagos host world-class, gold-rich porphyry copper deposits such as a supergiant in Indonesia and about 16 giant deposits in Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and the Philippines. Although parts of the region are well explored, undiscovered porphyry resources are likely to exceed identified resources. Eastern Australia has one giant porphyry copper deposit and several small porphyry deposits. Modest undiscovered resources are expected under cover. Eastern Europe and Southwestern Asia have been mined for copper since ancient times, and giant porphyry copper deposits have recently been identified. Undiscovered copper is predicted to be about twice the identified resources, both for porphyry deposits along a belt from Romania through Turkey and Iran and for sediment-hosted strata bound deposits in Afghanistan. Western Europe has the largest sediment-hosted strata bound copper deposit in the world, in Poland. Undiscovered sediment-hosted strata bound copper resources in southwestern Poland are estimated to exceed identified resources by about 30 percent. Africa and the Middle East have the world's largest accumulation of sediment-hosted stratabound copper deposits, with 19 giant deposits in the Central African Copper belt in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Zambia. Significant undiscovered copper resources remain to be discovered. ZINC Zinc, in commerce also spelter, is a metallic chemical element; it has the symbol Zn and atomic number 30. It is the first element of group 12 of theperiodic table. In some respects zinc is chemically similar to magnesium: its ionis of similar size and its only common oxidation state is +2. Zinc is the 24th most abundant element in the Earth's crust and has five stable isotopes. The most common zinc ore is sphalerite (zinc blende), a zinc sulfide mineral. The largest mineable amounts are found in Australia, Asia, and the United States. Zinc production includes froth flotation of the ore, roasting, and final extractionusing electricity (electrowinning). Discovery: Zinc has been used for thousands of years to make brass products. Evidence of zinc alloys were found in prehistoric ruins in Transylvania. It was first produced as a metal in 13th century India by reducing zinc carbonate (smithsonite) or zinc silicate (calamine) with organic substances like wool. Zinc was rediscovered in Europe in 1746 by Andreas Sigismund Marggraf, who obtained zinc by reducing calamine with charcoal. Physical properties Phase solid Density (near r.t.) 7.14 gcm3 Liquid density atm.p. 6.57 gcm3 Melting point 692.68 K787.15 F 419.53 C, , Boiling point 1665 F 907 C, 1180 K, Heat of fusion 7.32 kJmol1 Heat of vaporization 115 kJmol1 Molar heat capacity 25.470 Jmol1K1 History and Uses: Although zinc compounds have been used for at least 2,500 years in the production of brass, zinc wasn't recognized as a distinct element until much later. Metallic zinc was first produced in India sometime in the 1400s by heating the mineral calamine (ZnCO3) with wool. Zinc was rediscovered by Andreas Sigismund Marggraf in 1746 by heating calamine with charcoal. Today, most zinc is produced through the electrolysis of aqueous zinc sulfate (ZnSO4). Roughly one third of all metallic zinc produced today is used in a process known as galvanization. During galvanization, an object that is subject to corrosion, such as an iron nail, is given a protective coating of zinc. The zinc can be applied to an object by dipping it in a pool of molten zinc, but it is most often applied through an electroplating process. Sacrificial zinc anodes are used in cathodic protection systems to protect exposed iron from corrosion. Metallic zinc is also used to make dry cell batteries, roof cladding and die castings. Zinc is used to make many useful alloys. Brass, an alloy of zinc that contains between 55% and 95% copper, is probably the best known zinc alloy. Brass was first used about 2,500 years ago and was widely used by the ancient Romans, who used it to make such things as coins, kettles and decorative items. Brass is still used today, particularly in musical instruments, screws and other hardware that must resist corrosion. Zinc is alloyed with lead and tin to make solder, a metal with a relatively low melting point used to join electrical components, pipes and other metallic items. Prestal


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Accredited, high quality Ayres' SI Therapy courses
SI Modular Pathway Entry Conditions
Entry requirements1. Applicants will have gained an Honours or non-Honours degree from a University. Occupational therapists, physiotherapists and speech and language therapists who have a diploma may now be eligible to enter the programme on condition that the applicant provides evidence of recent, relevant continuing professional development to the Course Director, Dr Greg Kelly. The Course Director's decision will be final.
2. In order to take SI Module 2 onward, all applicants must be a qualified Occupational Therapist, Speech and Language Therapist or Physiotherapist. Applicants from other backgrounds are eligible to take SI Module 1 only.
3. If applicants have already started on the SI Modular Pathway, they must have successfully passed the previous module with Ulster University (from 2011) in order to start the next module. In addition, each stage of the programme – Postgraduate Certificate or Diploma – must also be completed within 5 years if returning after exiting at each stage and the Masters must be completed within one year. If an applicant wishes to progress through the whole programme without exiting at any stage to return to complete later, they must complete the whole programme in 5 years.
4. All applicants must have competence in written and spoken English
(GCSE grade C or Academic IELTS 7.0 with no band score less than 6.5)
Our accredited SI Modular Pathway courses are designed for qualified occupational therapists, physiotherapists and speech & language therapists to develop the skills required to practice Sensory Integration Therapy in the context of their particular professional background. This is advanced training which builds upon their existing knowledge, so it is not a beginner's course.
Teaching and learning assessment
Technology requirements

subset: commoncrawl


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Bipolar Disorders Treatment Market Revenue Growth Predicted by 2026embed
Bipolar disorder is related to mental health and can be characterized as drastic changes in mood, energy levels, and ability to perform daily tasks. The mood typically shows two types of episodes – manic and depression.
Bipolar Disorders Treatment Market Anlysis with Inputs from Industry Experts 2018 to 2026 Bipolar Disorders Treatment Market, By Drug Class (Mood Stabilizer (Lithium), Antipsychotics (Aripiprazole, Olanzapine, Quetiapine, and Paliperidone), Antidepressants (Citalopram, Escitalopram, Fluoxetine, Paroxetine, and Sertraline), Anticonvulsant (Valproate, Carbamazepine, and Lamotrigine), and Others), by Route of Administration (Oral, Intramuscular, and Intravenous), by Distribution Channel (Retail Pharmacies, Hospital Pharmacies, and Online Pharmacies), and by Region (North America, Europe, Latin America, Asia Pacific, Middle East, and Africa) - Size, Share, Outlook, and Opportunity Analysis, 2018 - 2026 Bipolar disorder is related to mental health and can be characterized as drastic changes in mood, energy levels, and ability to perform daily tasks. The mood typically shows two types of episodes – manic and depression. There are four types of bipolar disorders: Bipolar I, Bipolar II, Cyclothymic, and other specified and non-specified bipolar and related disorders. All these types show similar symptoms but the severity varies. Bipolar disorder can be treated with treatments such as mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, antidepressants, and anticonvulsants. Click To Read More On Bipolar Disorders Treatment Market. Global Bipolar Disorders Treatment Market Drivers Key players in the global bipolar disorder treatment market are focusing on research and development of novel drugs that aid in the treatment of bipolar disorders. This in turn is expected to drive the global bipolar disorder market growth. For instance, in February 2019, Otsuka Holdings Co. Ltd. reported Phase III clinical trial evaluation of brexpiprazole for the treatment of manic attacks in bipolar disorder I. The study was conducted to confirm the effectiveness of brexpiprazole for a duration of 2-3 weeks, in double-blind and placebo-controlled trials. It was found that the drug was well tolerated by the patients. Ask For Sample Copy Of This Business Research Report : https://www.coherentmarketinsights.com/insight/request-sample/2605 Furthermore, in July 2018, a team of researchers from Novartis International AG studied on digital measurement tools for bipolar disorders so that accurate drug can be given for an effective treatment. Until now, these disorders are identified by conventional methods and no definitive tool is available, which tests the spinal fluid present in the brain. According to the researchers, these digital measurement tools may help in diagnosis of bipolar disorder and will increase the efficacy of drugs. Moreover, intervention of medical adherence tools (such as electronic adherence monitoring devices) to increase treatment adherence in patients with bipolar disorders may improve outcomes in the treatment of bipolar disorder patients. It ensures that medication is properly taken and it is done so by ways such as psychoeducational and family communication interventions, cognitive behavior therapy, manipulating the packaging of the drugs, simplifying a dosage regimen with pill boxes, medication organizers, blister packaging, or coordinating dosage times with the daily activities of patients. Global Bipolar Disorders Treatment Market Key Players Some of the major players operating in the global bipolar disorder treatment market include, Pfizer Inc., Eli Lilly and Co, Apotex Technology Inc., AbbVie Inc., Novartis AG, Otsuka holdings co. Ltd., GlaxoSmithKline LLC, AstraZeneca, Allergan plc., and Janssen Pharmaceuticals Inc. Global Bipolar Disorders Treatment Market Regional Analysis North America is expected to hold dominant position in the global bipolar disorder treatment market. Presence of leading manufacturers such as Eli Lilly and Co., Pfizer Inc., and AbbVie Inc in the region has supported North America bipolar disorders treatment market. Moreover, ongoing research and development in bipolar disorder treatments by companies such as Sage Therapeutics is expected to support North America bipolar disorders treatment market growth over the forecast period. For instance, Sage Therapeutics is working on Sage-217 drug for major depressive episode of bipolar disorder. The drug has completed phase-II of clinical trials in March 2019. Such key developments are expected to boost the global bipolar disorder treatment market growth. Furthermore, key players from other markets have also received approvals for their novel products in the U.S. For instance, Allergan (Ireland-based company) received Supplemental New Drug Application (sNDA) expansion on Varylar in 2017, which aids in the treatment of bipolar disorders. Moreover, increasing initiatives from various governments and organizations to spread awareness regarding mental health also supports the global bipolar disorders treatment market growth. For instance, Mental Health America celebrates the month of May as the Mental Awareness Month. The organization offers various other organizations a toolkit designed for the patients with chronic conditions. These factors are expected to support global bipolar disorders treatment market growth over the forecast period. About Coherent Market Insights: Coherent Market Insights is a prominent market research and consulting firm offering action-ready syndicated research reports, custom market analysis, consulting services, and competitive analysis through various recommendations related to emerging market trends, technologies, and potential absolute dollar opportunity. Contact Us: Mr. Shah Coherent Market Insights 1001 4th Ave, #3200 Seattle, WA 98154 Tel: +1–206–701–6702 Email: [email protected]


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"So in Love" Cake
Bouquet of flowers? How about a Bouquet of Cake? With four (4) layers of moist cake stacked with three (3) layers of decadent fillings, our valentine cake is covered with our signature light buttercream frosting that will celebrate your loved ones appropriately.
The cake is then topped with fresh flowers; paying an homage to the tradition of giving flowers on valentines. Handmade to perfection, this cake will sprinkle your loved ones with the sweetness s/he do deserves!
Note: Contain traces of nuts and allergy ingredient.
- While the design of this cake is fixed, please be informed that no two cakes are the same. Please also be advised that the fresh flowers are seasonal.
Size of the Box: Height x Diameter = 5.5 Inch x 5 Inch
Cake size:
- 5 Inch can feed up to 8 pax (size as most of the Image on display)
Cake & Fillings (All cakes filled with buttercream cheese flavour of your choice)
- Boston Pie Cake
- Victoria Sandwich
- Chocolate Hangover
- Chocolate Cake with Choc. Peanut Butter
- Coconut Mango Sago
- Delightful Lemon Blueberry
- Raspberry Swirl
- Red Velvet with Browned Butter Cream Cheese Frosting
Care Instruction
Our cake tastes best at room temperature (20*C-23*C).
If you plan to serve the cake on the day you receive it, you can choose to refrigerate it or keep it in an air-conditioning area (at 16*C-19*C) and keep out of direct sunlight.
If you choose to refrigerate your cake, please let it sit at room temperature (approximately 30 minutes before serving) to ensure your cake is soft and you'll get creamy cream cheese frosting.
Hydrangeas: Please note that hydrangeas dehydrated quickly


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(such as white and red oak, cherry and walnut) can be ebonized by brushing on an acidic solution of iron and water. Depending on the species, the black color that results is likely to contain shades of brown, red or green. The coloring is usually uniform and consistent, without the blotching that sometimes occurs with oil-based wood stains. On oak and other woods that have large pores, the effect is particularly striking because the pores usually remain light in color.
In a glass container, immerse a pad of steel wool (steel is mostly iron) in white vinegar from the grocery store. Screw on the lid and allow the steel wool and vinegar to react for at least a day. Shake the solution occasionally.
Finish-sand the piece you want to treat to 180 grit. The iron and vinegar solution contains lots of water, so it's a good idea to preemptively raise the grain. Dampen the sanded piece with water, let it dry and then sand lightly with 180 grit to remove the raised fibers.
Apply the solution with a cloth. There's no need to saturate the wood; a good dampening of the surface will
Bleached Finish j
BLEACHING OFTEN MAKES WOOD LOOK LIFELESS, but I
find its effect on walnut to be striking. I bleach walnut until it's nearly white and then lightly sand the surface to bring back the ghost of the original color.
Two-part wood bleach from the paint or hardware store works the best. The two components are hydrogen peroxide and sodium hydroxide (lye), so be careful. Wear rubber gloves and eye protection and strictly follow the instructions.
Finish-sand the piece you want to bleach to 180 grit Bleaching solutions contain lots of water, so it's a good idea to preemptively raise the grain. Dampen the sanded piece with water, let it dry and then sand lightly with 180 grit to remove the raised fibers.
Don your protective gear and follow the manufacturer's directions to apply the bleach. Some tell you to apply Part A, wait a few minutes, and then apply Part B; others tell you to mix the two parts together and apply the mixture. Wipe on a light coat of the solution (Photo 1). There's no need to saturate the wood; just dampen the surface. Let the piece dry. Then repeat the process—it usually takes seven or eight applications to bleach walnut white. When you're satisfied with the white color, wipe the piece with a damp cloth to remove any bleach residue. Then let it dry.
Sand lightly with 320 to 400 grit to gently ghost back the walnut color (Photo 2). Then apply lacquer, wax or a clear water-based finish to preserve the bleached look.
Sand lightly to ghost back the walnut color. Then apply lacquer, wax or a clear water-based finish.
Remove the wood's natural color with two-part wood bleach. Several applications may be necessary.
do. On tannin-rich woods, the reaction can be instantaneous (Photo at right). Let the piece dry and then repeat the process. If the surface starts to feel rough, lightly sand between applications. Eventually the color will become uniformly dark; you can stop whenever you like, though. Sometimes a lighter shade of black looks great, so you may want to call it quits after one or two applications. When you're satisfied with the color, wipe down the wood with a damp cloth to remove any residue from the solution. Let the wood dry before applying a finish. Oil finishes, wiping varnishes and oil/varnish finishes enhance this coloring process.
Wiping a solution created by immersing steel wool in household vinegar onto woods that contain high amounts of tannic acid causes a chemical reaction that turns the wood black.
Charred Finish
EBONIZED WOOD OFTEN ISN'T PURE BLACK. Depending on the method used, the color usually includes shades of brown, red, purple or blue. A rich, deep, pure black is hard to achieve—unless you char the wood with a torch. This method works on any wood, although the results will look distinctively different from one species to another, depending on the character of the wood. Also, a uniform appearance is easier to achieve on face and edge grain than on end grain.
This finish is tricky because it's fairly easy to overheat the wood and cause it to crack or ignite. End grain surfaces and thin pieces (less than 3/8" thick) are especially vulnerable. It's a good idea to develop your charring technique by practicing on pieces that aren't "keepers."
Finish-sand the piece you intend to char the same as for a clear finish—charring doesn't cover sanding marks or torn grain as well as you might think. Work in an area free of combustible materials. Wear a heavy protective glove to hold the piece while charring its surface, and use a propane torch with an adjustable flame so you can control the heat level.
The best approach is to char the wood to a uniform appearance in stages, stopping to brush off the burned debris between applications of heat. Start by lightly skimming the wood's surface with the flame (Photo 1). Make slightly overlapping passes and move the torch continuously. If the wood ignites, simply blow out the flame and let the wood cool before resuming.
After lightly charring the entire surface, let the piece cool, and then go over it with a soft metal brush to remove the ash and other completely burned debris (Photo 2). Brushing often accentuates the latewood, which is usually harder and more resistant to the flame than the earlywood. Torch and brush the entire surface a second time to make the charred color as uniform as possible.
The last step really brings out the rich, carbon-black color. After the piece has cooled, apply a coat of oil finish. I usually use boiled linseed oil or pure tung oil (both thinned by one-third with mineral spirits). Rags soaked with boiled linseed oil are flammable, so dispose of them properly.
Brush off the loose debris with a soft bristle brush. Repeat the process, if necessary, to create a consistent black color. Then apply an oil finish to intensify the black.
Blended Finish
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Collected amount
Remaining days 54 days
Hi guys!
My name is Andrey! I am 31 years old. I'm an ordinary office clerk from a small town in the outback of Ukraine.
4 years ago, I visited the island of Madeira in the Atlantic Ocean and for the first time I became a surf there.
After a trip to Madeira, I decided to combine my hobby and my dream! I have been dreaming to surf in fabulous Bali.
I learned about Bali from my friends. For a long time I dreamed of visiting this heavenly place! Therefore, this summer I want to fly to Bali, see the island and, of course, surf.
Unfortunately, I don't have the necessary funds to buy a ticket yet
So here I am asking your support for a ticket to the island for $840 USD.
If everything works out in July, I will surf on the waves of Kuta, see the sunsets and meet the sunrises on the other side of the globe!
I understand that there are people here with much more important goals than mine, but why not try it?!
So I will be grateful for your contribution to my dream. Peace for everyone!
my instaram: @molodist_
I would be happy if you could use the [Help by sharing] button to share about my project!
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MAN of the match Dan Lydiate accepted Wales were the beneficiaries of Scotland's indiscipline as they recorded a 27-13 RBS 6 Nations win at the Millennium Stadium.
Leigh Halfpenny scored 22 points and Alex Cuthbert scored his first international try as Wales made it two wins from two to start the tournament.
Halfpenny's first try arrived with Scotland's Nick De Luca in the sin-bin for hauling down Jonathan Davies without the ball, and his second – along with a penalty – after Rory Lamont had also been yellow-carded.
And flanker Lydiate, a key figure in a fine display by the Welsh pack, said: "Yellow cards are always crucial, you've got to be squeaky-clean in this day and age and everybody's got to work on their discipline."
Greig Laidlaw's try cut the deficit and Wales had to hang on a man short in the closing moments after prop Gethin Jenkins was also sin-binned.
"Scotland came back into it and it was touch and go, at the end we were under the cosh," added Lydiate.


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Manufacturing production shrinks for third month in August
The sector has been under pressure from weak consumer demand and uncertain export growth prospects as a result of the US-China trade war
Manufacturing production recorded its third consecutive contraction in August, although activity declined less than expected.
Manufacturing production decreased 1.8% in August, less than the Bloomberg consensus of a contraction of 2.5%.
The sector has been under pressure from weak consumer demand and uncertain export growth prospects as a result of the US-China trade war.
The biggest drags were a 7% drop in basic iron and steel, non-ferrous metal products, metal products and machinery' and a 4.1% fall in petroleum, chemical products, rubber and plastic products.
Wood and wood products, paper, publishing and printing contracted 7.3%.
The largest positive contribution came from motor vehicles, parts, accessories and other transport equipment, which rose 8.3%.
The monthly changes in factory output measured by Statistics SA usually tend to be foreshadowed by the Absa-sponsored purchasing managers' index (PMI), which is published on the first business day of each month.
The PMI, which gauges activity in the manufacturing industry, points to further pressure in the sector in September, when it declined to 41.6 index points from 45.7 in the previous month.


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Get Easy-to-Install Parts. No Hassle.
The roads can be detrimental to your vehicle especially your front end, which is why it is important that you stay protected at all times. A bull bar like the DeeZee Black Steel Bull Bar will protect your front end from harmful road elements.
- Made from 3" diameter mandrel-bent steel tubing
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Protection & Style
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It may look difficult to install but the DeeZee Black Steel Bull Bar doesn't require any drilling or a complicated process to have it mounted to your vehicle.
Cadillac (2007-2015)
Escalade, Escalade ESV, Escalade EXT
Chevrolet (1999-2018)
Avalanche, Colorado, Silverado 1500, Silverado 2500, Silverado 2500 HD, Silverado 3500 HD, Suburban 1500, Suburban 2500, Tahoe
Dodge (2002-2010)
Ram 1500, Ram 2500, Ram 3500
Ford (1999-2018)
Expedition, F-150, F-150 Heritage, F-250, F-250 Super Duty, F-350 Super Duty
Canyon, Sierra 1500, Sierra 2500 HD, Sierra 3500 HD, Yukon, Yukon XL, Yukon XL 1500
Nissan (2004-2018)
Armada, Pathfinder Armada, Titan, Titan XD
Ram (2011-2018)
1500, 2500, 3500
Toyota (2005-2018)
Sequoia, Tacoma, Tundra


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My jaybird x4 won't turn on
My Jaybird X4s are not even 5 months old. Today I tried, but they won't turn on at all.
If connected to the charger, the green LED lights up immediately but when disconnected from the charger the middle button doesn't do anything (nor do any of the other buttons).
It's impossible to turn them on. I've seen a lot of posts with the same issue, I'm from Brazil and there's no official sellers here so I'm really concerned.
1 comment
Official comment
Hi Lucas,
Thank you for reaching out. This definitely shouldn't be happening, let me help you.
I've sent you an email with details on how we will proceed with this one.
The easiest way to contact us from here on will be via the email I sent, if you do not get the email, please give us a call on 866.244.3399.
Jaybird Customer Experience
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Take 2 to 4 tablets daily, swallowed with a sufficient amount of water, divided into two doses. The last dose 2 hours before bedtime.
60 tablets of 350 mg.
Food supplements should not be used as a substitutes for a varied and balanced diet. Do not exceed the stated recommended daily dose. Keep out of reach of young children. Not recommended during pregnancy, lactation and children under 3 years. Do not take if you have to drive vehicles. Store in a cool, dry place away from sunlight.
Additional information


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Maintaining your machine
Useful tips
Safely store tools
Clip accessories onto the vacuum's tool holster so you've always got them to hand.
Wash the filter regularly
Rinse under a cold tap until the water runs clear – you don't need any detergents. Leave to dry fully (at least 24 hours) before refitting
Don't overfill it
To maintain suction, keep an eye on the bin and empty it as soon as debris reaches the MAX marker.
The Dyson warranty
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How often does the filter on this machine need washing?
We recommend that you clean the filter at least once every four months. You can find filter maintenance instructions in the machine's User Guide.
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James Salvo
321 Education Bldg.
Office Hours: By appointment.
- Ph.D., Communications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- B.A., English, Purdue University Calumet
James Salvo's research interests are in qualitative inquiry, ethics, and theory. He is the associate director of the International Congress of Qualitative Inquiry and the associate editor of Qualitative Inquiry. He is the managing editor of Cultural Studies ⇔ Critical Methodologies and the International Review of Qualitative Research. He co-edits a book series on Myers Education Press with Norman K. Denzin and another book series on Routledge with Jasmine B. Ulmer. His most recent book is Reading Autoethnography: Reflections on Justice & Love (Routledge, 2020), and his forthcoming book is Writing & Unrecognized Academic Labor.
- Qualitative research methodology
Area Of Expertise
- Communications
- Qualitative Inquiry
- Philosophy of Education
Courses Taught
- EER 7870: Qualitative Research 1: Introduction
- EER 8520: Qualitative Research 2: Design and Data Collection
- EER 8530: Qualitative Research 3: Data Analysis and Reporting
- EER 8560: Advanced Qualitative Inquiry: Innovations in Practice


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Philipp Kuny
Preqin's Buyout Deals Analyst shows that there have been 311 private equity-backed buyout deals in the European Union (EU) so far this year, with an aggregate value of €26.3bn. The UK, France and Germany constituted 60% of the number of deals and 52% of the total deal value overall.
The UK has historically had the most dominant private equity market within the EU and appears to remain at the forefront of EU-based private equity investments, already accounting for 100 deals so far this year with an aggregate value of €6.5bn. France and Germany account for 50 and 38 deals with an aggregate deal value of €6.1bn and €1.1bn respectively. These figures appear to be in-line with historical trends within the EU, whereby the three major players of the UK, France and Germany dominated the sector, accounting for 65% of the market in terms of the number of private equity-backed buyout deals in the EU since 2006, and 62% of the aggregate deal value.
Preqin data shows that the economically shaky countries of Southern Europe are seeing more deal activity, with Italy and Spain accounting for 8% and 5% of all EU-based private equity deals in 2015 YTD, compared with 6% and 4% in 2014. Spain even accounts for the largest EU-based private equity deal of the year so far: the announced merger of Warburg Pincus and General Atlantic-backed Santander Asset Management with Pioneer Investments. The merged group is valued at about €5.5bn.
On the other hand, the eastern part of the EU has experienced a somewhat slow start with regard to number of deals in 2015 YTD. There have been eight private equity-backed investments in the region so far this year, compared with 13 deals announced in the same time period last year. However, the aggregate value has surpassed the value of deals witnessed between January and mid-May 2014. At this time last year, aggregate value stood at €312mn, while in 2015 YTD the total value amounts to €383mn – though this is largely due to the €315mn secondary buyout of Hungary-based Partner in Pet Food by Pamplona Capital Management from Advent International.
2014 saw the highest aggregate deal value and second highest number of private equity-backed buyout deals in the EU since 2007. There were 1,019 private equity-backed buyout investments valued at an aggregate €62bn last year (Fig. 1).
The number of exits is another cause for an optimistic outlook for the private equity industry in the EU. 2014 recorded the highest number and aggregate value of private equity-backed exits in the EU on record, with 568 exits valued at an aggregate €101bn. This positive trend continued into 2015: Q1 this year accounted for a record-breaking first quarter, representing the highest number of exits (141) as well as the largest aggregate exit value (€34bn) – an increase of 17% in terms of the number and 57% in aggregate exit value on Q1 2014's figures. Such a robust exit environment means more capital distributed to LPs, who then can commit to new private equity funds, propelling the whole private equity industry cycle.


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Large studio apartment at The Belvedere in the Jackson Heights Historic District. Large entry foyer. The spacious living area is 11'7" x 19'7". The kitchen is its own separate room with a window. The 3 closets offer ample space for storage. This apartment is in need of some love! Ready and waiting for you to make it your own! Private courtyard garden for residents. Located half block to 37th Ave shopping & a few short blocks to 82nd St 7 Train.
Listing courtesy of Douglas Elliman Real Estate.
Information Copyright 2016, Multiple Listing Service of Long Island, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The source of the displayed data is either the property owner or public record provided by non-governmental third parties. It is believed to be reliable but not guaranteed. This information is provided exclusively for consumers' personal, non-commercial use. The data relating to real estate for sale on this web site comes in part from the Broker Reciprocity Program of the Multiple Listing Service of Long Island, Inc.


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Why didn't you brake the record?
The main reason was that we didn't have enough wind to take a chance to get
close to the existing record.
We had 20-30 knots using sail sizes of 5.8 & 6.2 and boards with 39 cm and 42 cm
width. The fastest average speed was 40,5 knots with a top speed on the course up to 43 knots. What we would have needed to brake the record was wind of 40 -50 knots, enabling us
to use the 5.4 and 5.0. m² sails and the boards with 36 cm width. And flat
water of course.
How would you describe the last 3 weeks ?
It was a lot of fun to go speed sailing again. Most of the days during the last 3
weeks I was on the speed strip sailing between 3-4 hours. I'm very glad to see how efficient our equipment had become. Using a 6.2 sail for example I went over 39 knots several times. With a 5.8 in choppy and wavy conditions I went over 40 knots.
So I think, with the appropriate wind, I could have gone dammed fast with a; 5.4
or 5.0 sail.
Which kind of equipment did you use?
Together with Carlos Sosa of proof we designed 8 special speed boards.
4 boards of 264 cm length with 36 cm ;and 39 cm width, all 4 boards having a light concave and a more straight rocker & outline.
4 boards of 263 cm length with 36 cm and 39 cm width, all of those
boards having more concave and a rounder rocker & outline.
The boards were produced, as all the proof boards, in Monocoque Sandwich technology. The board weights were between 4,2 and 4,6 kilos.
Sails: We used the new 2003 RS Race Sails from NeilPryde. Sizes: 6.2 , 5.8, 5.4, 5.0 m².
We also tried a foil sail, but it turned out to be too heavy and too stiff. It
was worth a try but the regular sails have been far out faster.
Will you try again?
Yes I hope to be back on the speed strip as soon as possible.
On the Canary islands next summer there is another possibility for strong winds.
But who knows - maybe I'll give it a try somewhere else before that.
Now I'm going on "The Search" again to Western Australia and than to the
next worldcup in Sylt - Germany, at the end of September.


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About Us
Let's just start out by saying that We Love Wearing T-shirts. A while back my brother and I started creating T-shirts that we thought where funny and that we could not find anywhere else. After a while we decided that maybe other people would enjoy our T-shirt designs too. Aside from the designs themselves we also believe in putting out the best product we can. We also have done extensive testing to get the best print quality, that not only last wash after wash but also provides beautiful designs. So I hope our Teez bring a chuckle your way, as well as your friends, and that you enjoy our product as much as we do.


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2012 Customized Batman / Superman Dodge Charger
I am so passionate about what I do for the children that I decided to convert my factory 2012 Dodge Charger into the Batman / Superman Dodge Charger. It has taken me several years, but now I am able to drive the Batmobile across the country on my off time from work in order to see children who have cancer. No matter where I go, children and adults want to see and take pictures with the car. I always make time for anyone that wants to see my car, because of the impact that it has on people. I also wanted to honor all the heroes that have lost their battle with cancer and other illnesses so I decided to add their names to my car. On both side of my car you will see the words "REAL HEORES" and underneath that is their names along with the date that they passed away. All of these children have had a large impact on my life and I will do everything I can to help honor their memory.
Make A Donation
Whether I am at work as a police officer or I am dressed as Batman in a children's ward, I want to inspire people. I want someone to look at me and say, because of you I didn't give up. That is why I make the kids my number one priority. I will drop what I'm doing and travel across the country for any terminally ill child that wants to see me. If you believe in the work that I am doing, I encourage you to make a donation today and help make a kid's day a little brighter!


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Ready to ride at the best snow tubing in PA? Then browse our list of Poconos snow tubing facilities below at Blue Mountain Snow Tubing, Camelback Tubing, Shawnee Mountain, Jack Frost Big Boulder, Ski Big Bear, and White Lighting Tubing at Fernwood or join us at a Poconos tubing event!
We plowed through dozens of snow-covered resorts to find ones with a flurry of activities for young kids plus cool stuff for you too. and snow tubing. If you want time on the slopes solo, the Author: Karen Cicero.
Answer 1 of 5: Hi Vermont Experts, Does anyone know of a mountain offering snow tubing for adults? I know some do it on very small hills for kids but wondering if there is .
View information on the Southeast and Mid-Atlantic area ski resorts that offer snow tubing on-site and convenient snow tubing resorts nearby in the areas of North Carolina, Virginia, West .


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We have specialized expertise with the advanced labeling compliance required in the biotech, aerospace, and defense industries. Clients range from large publicly held companies to small non-profits, startups, and family owned companies.
Their clients include Thermo Fisher, Qualcomm, the Navy, Collins Aerospace, Bose, University of California San Diego, and the San Diego Food Bank.
We have another sister company, UDI Compliance Solutions, focused on FDA and EU medical device traceability requirements.
Fast facts: 28+ years in business, 15 Employees, HQ: San Diego, CA
Special connection: We launched Cannabis Inventory Control in 2019 to dedicate more attention and resources to this exciting industry. And a better domain name, lol.
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March Networks is a leading provider of IP video surveillance solutions. Some of the world's largest organizations use March Networks for advanced security, loss prevention, risk mitigation and operational efficiency. They leverage the video with integrated applications to see what's happening throughout the organization, and make informed decisions to improve performance and profitability.
Fast facts: 15+ years in business, 270+ employees, HQ in Ottawa, Canada
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With decades of industry experience, Zebra designs with front-line users and workplaces in mind, providing the best-action guidance needed to optimize in-motion operations and make business-critical decisions.
Fast facts: 51 years in business, 7400 employees, HQ in Chicago, IL ZBRA (NASDAQ)
Special connection: We have a long relationship with Zebra. As a Zebra Advanced Supplies Specialist, Premier Value-Added Reseller, and Zebra Authorized Service Provider, we offer unparalleled expertise, pricing, and technical support. In fact, we sold our label presses to Zebra over 10 years ago. Best known for their nearly indestructible barcode printers, Zebra continues to innovate with truly revolutionary products designed to increase productivity. We offer Zebra quality supplies, printers, mobile computers, rugged tablets, scanners, and more.
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Posts by Morgan Turano
The Science of the Australian Wildfires
Although wildfires in Australia have been burning for six months, there are still another three months before the fire season is over. And so far, this fire season has been particularly bad. By some estimates the fires have consumed an area of almost 100,000 square km; to put this in perspective, this is an area…Read MoreRead More
From STEM to STEAM to STREAM: Should We Be Adding More Subjects to STEM?
STEM In the late '90s and early 2000s, multiple studies showed that students in the United States were falling behind in the sciences and math, while students in other countries excelled. A 2006 study by PISA (the Programme for International Student Assessment) ranked U.S. student performance in math and science 21st out of the 30…Read MoreRead More
Plastics, Recycling, and the NGSS
Surrounded By Plastics In the last hour, how many plastic items have you touched? And of those, how many do you think will eventually be recycled? According to National Geographic, 91% of plastic items produced worldwide since 1950 have not been recycled, with un-recycled plastics either ending up in the oceans or landfills or being…Read MoreRead More
Robotics and the NGSS
It's been more than 50 years since The Jetsons came into living rooms and promised viewers things beyond their wildest dreams. Of course, not all of their predictions have come true yet, but since the show is set in 2062, science has quite a few years to catch up. Still, the world is pretty futuristic…Read MoreRead More
Five Challenges in Implementing NGSS
The Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) have brought many U.S. classrooms into the 21st century. In a world increasingly ruled by computers and robotics, this knowledge and these skills will be instrumental to the success of tomorrow's workforce. NGSS has brought something else to the classroom—inquiry-based learning. Gone are the days when a science teacher…Read MoreRead More
Impact of the NGSS
Why Do We Need the NGSS? To understand the impact of the NGSS, take a look around. What do smartphones, multivitamins, organic pesticides, self-driving cars, solar panels, and kevlar have in common? Science. Science touches everyone in the United States every day, yet the U.S. national standards for teaching K-12 science remained unchanged from 1997 until…Read MoreRead More


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RAW: Rousey Wants a Riott
Heading into this match, the RAW Women's Champion Ronda Rousey was upset with Becky Lynch for getting suspended and possibly ruining the build to their WrestleMania main event. Unfortunately for The Riott Squad, they had to deal with the physical ramifications of that anger. First up? Poor Liv Morgan.
Ronda Rousey def. Liv Morgan
The rest of Riott Squad were obviously out at ringside to support Liv Morgan, and Liv had a strategy. Her strategy? "Mind games," in the form of running out of the ring—multiple times—to immediately avoid Ronda's offense. In fact, even when finally decided to get to work and get her head in the game, she immedaitely ran out of the ring as soon as Ronda landed one strike.
After that, it was time for the typical Riott Squad strategy, with Sarah Logan coming up to the apron to distract Ronda. It was a sound strategy, and usually it would work to perfection; but instead, it only helped Liv for a few seconds before she ended up taking a barrage of punches from Ronda and then a quick armbar for the submission loss.
Immediately after her win, Ronda Rousey got on the microphone to call out anyone who wanted to boo her and do nothing about it, as well as the other Riott Squad members on the outside of the ring. "Someone do something," she demanded, and surprisingly, Sarah Logan answered the challenge…
Ronda Rousey def. Sarah Logan
Sarah Logan showed no fear in going after the frustrated champ, but that also resulted in her almost immediately tapping out to an armbar. Luckily for Logan, she was able to get to the bottom rope, and with that, her teammates were able to help grab her to safety on the outside. Logan definitely put up more of a fight in this match, but after a few more devastating punches from Ronda and another armbar, she was down for the count too.
As Michael Cole noted on commentary, Ronda Rousey was "in a mood" tonight, taking all of her frustration about the Becky Lynch situation and any negative reactions toward her out on The Riott Squad. Ruby Riott then teased coming into the ring to complete the trilogy of Ronda Rousey vs. The Riott Squad, but… Yes, only teased it. Despite getting on the apron, Ruby instead chose to go to the back with her Squad members.
Backstage, Dasha Fuentes was pretty blunt about that, asking Ruby, "Why would you essentially run away from Ronda?" But Ruby said she didn't run away, because she 100% believes that she can beat Ronda Rousey. But when she does, it'll have to be for the RAW Women's Championship. Plus, both Liv Morgan and Sarah Logan were clearly hurt and needed their friend's help.
Ruby added that Ronda an is "opportunist" that understands nothing about friendship and being there for your friends, so she couldn't possibly understand that. Ronda saw all of this on the TitanTron as it happened, and one thing was clear: That definitely didn't help her mood.


text: I think you mis-understood me; there isn't an .iso image file to burn. I do know how to burn one if such an image existed; it's generating the .iso image file in the firstplace that I'm trying to figure out... I need to download the snapshot release for the AMD64 platform, and there doesn't appear to be any ready-made ISO-IMAGES for that platform, so back to my original question... how does one take the snapshot release downloaded from snapshots.jp.freebsd.org, and generate a bootable cdrom or cdrom image file? (I know how to use mkisofs; more or less generating the boot image I can't seem to get)... Anyone? ----- Original Message ----- From: "David O'Brien" <obrien at freebsd.org> To: "Communications Machine" <ITStaff at wmptl.com> Cc: <amd64 at freebsd.org> Sent: Thursday, October 21, 2004 2:57 PM Subject: Re: How to install snapshot release? > On Thu, Oct 21, 2004 at 09:58:16AM -0400, Communications Machine wrote: > > Odd question here, but have been unable to figure this one out... > > > > Downloaded the 'current' snapshot from snapshots.jp.freebsd.org, but how do > > I create a bootable cdrom from this stuff? > > If you have SCSI or ATAPICAM: > > # cdrecord -scanbus > # cdrecord -v dev=<specification from above> foo.iso > > Or if you have pure ATA burner, 'man burncd' the exact line to use is in > the examples. > > -- > -- David (obrien at FreeBSD.org) >


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