text:
Eciton burchellii
|Eciton burchellii
|Scientific classification
|E. burchellii
|Binomial name
|Eciton burchellii
(Westwood, 1842)
The iconic New World army ant. A large colony size, coupled with their daytime above-ground raids, have led to this noticeable ant also being one of the best studied army ant species.
|Evolutionary Relationships
|Based on Winston et al., 2016. The species Eciton jansoni, Eciton quadriglume, Eciton setigaster and Eciton uncinatum were not included in this study.
- 1 Identification
- 2 Distribution
- 3 Biology
- 4 Castes
- 5 Nomenclature
- 6 References
Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists
Neotropical Region: Bolivia, Brazil (type locality), Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela.
Distribution based on AntMaps
Distribution based on AntWeb specimens
Check data from AntWeb
Holldöbler and Wilson (1990): Eciton burchelli is one of the best understood of the army ants. This big, conspicuous species is abundant in humid lowland forests from Brazil and Peru north to southern Mexico (Borgmeier, 1955). Its marauding workers, together with those of other species of Eciton, are well known to native peoples by such local names as padicours, tuocas, tepeguas, and soldados. In English they are called army ants, as well as foraging ants, legionary ants, soldier ants, and visiting ants. These insects have understandably been a prime target for study by naturalists for a long time, from Lund (1831) through Bates, Belt, von Ihering, Müller, and Sumichrast in the last century to Beebe, Wheeler, and many others in more recent times. But it was T. C. Schneirla (1933-1971) who, by conducting patient studies over virtually his entire career, first unraveled the complex behavior and life cycle of this and other species of Eciton. His results were confirmed and greatly extended in rich studies conducted by C. W. Rettenmeyer (1963a).
A day in the life of an Eciton burchelli colony seen through the eyes of Schneirla and Rettenmeyer begins at dawn, as the first light suffuses the heavily shaded forest floor. At this moment the colony is in "bivouac," meaning that it is temporarily camped in a more or less exposed position. The sites most favored for bivouacs are the spaces between the buttresses of forest trees and beneath fallen tree trunks (see Figure 16-1 and Plate 20) or any sheltered spot along the trunks and main branches of standing trees to a height of twenty meters or more above the ground. Most of the shelter for the queen and immature forms is provided by the bodies of the workers themselves. As they gather to form the bivouac, they link their legs and bodies together with their strong tarsal claws, forming chains and nets of their own bodies that accumulate layer upon interlocking layer until finally the entire worker force comprises a solid cylindrical or ellipsoidal mass up to a meter across. For this reason Schneirla and others have spoken of the ant swarm itself as the "bivouac." Between 150,000 and 700,000 workers are present. Toward the center of the mass are found thousands of immature forms, a single mother queen, and, for a brief interval in the dry season, a thousand or so males and several virgin queens. The entire dark-brown conglomerate exudes a musky, somewhat fetid odor.
When the light level around the ants exceeds about 0.5 lux, the bivouac begins to dissolve. The chains and clusters break up and tumble down into a churning mass on the ground. As the pressure builds, the mass flows outward in all directions. Then a raiding column emerges along the path of least resistance and grows away from the bivouac at a rate of up to 20 m an hour. No leaders take command of the raiding column. Instead, workers finding themselves in the van press forward for a few centimeters and then wheel back into the throng behind them, to be supplanted immediately by others who extend the march a little farther. As the workers run on to new ground, they lay down small quantities of chemical trail substances from the tips of their abdomens, originating in the hindgut and probably also in the pygidial gland (Hölldobler and Engel, 1978), guiding others forward. Workers encountering prey lay extra recruitment trails that draw nestmates differentially in that direction (Chadab and Rettenmeyer, 1975). A loose organization emerges in the columns, based on behavioral differences among the castes. The smaller and medium-sized workers race along the chemical trails and extend it at the point, while the larger, clumsier soldiers, unable to keep a secure footing among their nestmates, travel for the most part on either side. The location of the Eciton soldiers misled early observers into concluding that they are the leaders. As Thomas Belt put it, "Here and there one of the light-colored officers moves backwards and forwards directing the columns." Actually the soldiers, with their large heads and exceptionally long, sickle-shaped mandibles, have relatively little control over their nestmates and serve instead almost exclusively as a defense force. The minimas and medias, bearing shorter, clamp-shaped mandibles, are the generalists. They capture and transport the prey, choose the bivouac sites, and care for the brood and queen. Workers often work in teams, with large medias serving as porters. These specialists initiate the transport of large prey items and are joined by workers of equal or smaller size. The teams accomplish their task with greater energetic efficiency than if they cut the prey into small pieces and carried them individually (Franks, 1986).
E. burchelli has an unusual mode of hunting even for an army ant. It is a "swarm raider," which means that the foraging workers spread out into a fan-shaped swarm with a broad front. Most other army ant species are "column raiders," pressing outward along narrow dendritic odor trails in the pattern exemplified in Figure 16-3. Schneirla (1956b) has described a typical raid as follows:
For an Eciton burchelli raid nearing the height of its development in swarming, picture a rectangular body of 15 meters or more in width and 1 to 2 meters in depth, made up of many tens of thousands of scurrying reddish-black individuals, which as a mass manages to move broadside ahead in a fairly direct path. When it starts to develop at dawn, the foray at first has no particular direction, but in the course of time one section acquires a direction through a more rapid advance of its members and soon drains in the other radial expansions. Thereafter this growing mass holds its initial direction in an approximate manner through the pressure of ants arriving in rear columns from the direction of the bivouac. The steady advance in a principal direction, usually with not more than 15° deviation to either side, indicates a considerable degree of internal organization, notwithstanding the chaos and confusion that seem to prevail within the advancing mass. But organization does exist, indicated not only by the maintenance of a general direction but also by the occurrence of flanking movements of limited scope, alternately to right and left, at intervals of 5 to 20 minutes depending on the size of the swarm.
The huge sorties of burchelli in particular bring disaster to practically all animal life that lies in their path and fails to escape. Their normal bag includes tarantulas, scorpions, beetles, roaches, grasshoppers, and the adults and broods of other ants and many forest insects; few evade the dragnet. I have seen snakes, lizards, and nestling birds killed on various occasions; undoubtedly a larger vertebrate which, because of injury or for some other reason, could not run off, would be killed by stinging or asphyxiation. But lacking a cutting or shearing edge on their mandibles, unlike their African relatives the "driver ants," these tropical American swarmers cannot tear down their occasional vertebrate victims. Arthropods, such as ticks, escape through their excitatory secretions, stick insects through repellent chemicals, as tests show, as well as through tonic immobility. The swarmers react to movement in particular as well as to the scent of their booty, and a motionless insect has some chance of escaping them. Common exceptions, which may enjoy almost a community invulnerability in many cases, include termites and Azteca ants in their bulb nests in trees, army ants of their own and other species both on raiding parties and in their bivouacs, and leaf-cutter ants in the larger mound communities; in various ways these often manage to fight off or somehow repel the swarmers.
The approach of the massive burchelli attack is heralded by three types of sound effect from very different sources. There is a kind of foundation noise from the rattling and rustling of leaves and vegetation as the ants seethe along and a screen of agitated small life is flushed out. This fuses with related sounds such as an irregular staccato produced in the random movements of jumping insects knocking against leaves and wood. This noise, more or less continuous, beats on the ears of an observer until it acquires a distinctive meaning almost as the collective death rattle of the countless victims. When this composite sound is muffled after a rain, as the swarm moves through soaked and heavily dripping vegetation, there is an uncanny effect of inappropriate silence.
Another characteristic accompaniment of the swarm raid is the loud and variable buzzing of the scattered crowd of flies of various species, some types hovering, circling, or darting just ahead of the advancing fringe of the swarm, others over the swarm itself or over the fan of columns behind. To the general hum are added irregular short notes of higher pitch as individuals or small groups of flies swoop down suddenly here or there upon some probable victim of the ants which has suddenly burst into view . . . No part of the prosaic clatter, but impressive solo effects, are the occasional calls of antbirds. One first catches from a distance the beautiful crescendo of the bicolored antbird, then closer to the scene of action the characteristic low twittering notes of the antwren and other common frequenters of the raid.
If you wish to find a colony of swarm raiders in Central or South America, the quickest way is to walk quietly through a tropical forest in the middle of the morning, listening. For long intervals the only birds you might hear are in the distance and mostly in the canopy. Then, as Johnson (1954) has expressed it, comes a "chirring, twittering, and piping" of antbirds close to the ground. Mingled in is the murmur or hissing caused by the frantic movements of countless insects trying to escape the raiders, and the buzzing of parasitic flies. Very soon you will see the ants themselves marching in a broad front, hundreds of thousands streaming forward as though drawn toward some goal just out of sight in the forest shadows. Also present may be ithomiine butterflies, which fly over the leading edge of the swarm. First noticed by Drummond (1976), the butterflies are now known to feed on the droppings of the antbirds (Ray and Andrews, 1980; Andrews, 1983).
On Barro Colorado Island, Panama, where Schneirla conducted most of his studies, the antbirds normally follow only the raids of Eciton burchelli and those of another common swarm-raider, Labidus praedator. They pay no attention to the less conspicuous forays of Eciton hamatum, Eciton dulcium, Eciton vagans, and other column-raiding army ants. There are at least ten species of antbirds on Barro Colorado Island, all members of the family Formicariidae. They feed principally on the insects and other arthropods flushed by the approaching burchelli swarms (Johnson, 1954; Willis, 1967). Although a specimen of Neomorphus geoffroyi has been recorded with its stomach stuffed with burchelli workers, most species appear to avoid the ants completely or at most consume them by accident while swallowing other food.
As one might anticipate from these accounts, the burchelli colonies and their efficient camp followers have a profound effect on the faunas of those particular parts of the forest over which the swarms pass. E. C. Williams (1941), for example, noted a sharp depletion of the arthropods at spots on the forest floor where a swarm had struck the previous day. On Barro Colorado Island, which has an area of approximately 17 km2, there exist only about 50 burchelli colonies at any one time. Since each colony travels at most 100 to 200 m every day (and not at all on about half the days), the collective population of burchelli colonies raids only a minute fraction of the island's surface in the course of one day, or even in the course of one week. But the strikes are probably frequent enough during the course of months to have a significant effect on the composition and age structure of the colonies of ants and social wasps.
The food supply is quickly and drastically reduced in the immediate vicinity of each colony. Early writers, especially Müller (1886) and Vosseler (1905), jumped to the reasonable conclusion that army ant colonies change their bivouac sites whenever the surrounding food supply is exhausted. At an early stage of his work, however, Schneirla (1933b, 1938) discovered that the emigrations are subject to an endogenous, precisely rhythmic control unconnected to the immediate food supply. He proceeded to demonstrate that each Eciton colony alternates between a statary phase, in which it remains at the same bivouac site for as long as two to three weeks, and a nomadic phase, in which it moves to a new bivouac site at the close of each day, also for a period of two to three weeks. (The nomadic phase is better called the migratory phase, since army ants are migratory hunters rather than nomads in the strict sense. That is, they move periodically to areas of fresh prey, rather than guide herds to fresh pastures in the manner of true nomads. True nomadism is known among ants only in certain Malaysian species of Hypoclinea). The key feature of the basic Eciton cycle is the correlation between the reproductive cycle, in which broods of workers are reared in periodic batches, and the behavior cycle, consisting of the alternation of the statary and migratory phases. The single most important feature of Eciton biology to bear in mind in trying to grasp this rather complex relation is the remarkable degree to which development is synchronized within each successive brood. The ovaries of the queen begin developing rapidly when the colony enters the statary phase, and within a week her abdomen is greatly swollen by 55,000 to 66,000 eggs (Figure 16-5). Then, in a burst of prodigious labor lasting for several days in the middle of the statary period, the queen lays from 100,000 to 300,000 eggs. By the end of the third and final week of the statary period, larvae hatch, again all within a few days of each other. A few days later the "callow" workers (so called because they are at first weak and lightly pigmented) emerge from the cocoons. The sudden appearance of tens of thousands of new adult workers has a galvanic effect on their older sisters. The general level of activity increases, the size and intensity of the swarm raids grow, and the colony starts emigrating at the end of each day's marauding. In short, the colony enters the migratory phase. The migratory phase itself continues as long as the brood initiated during the previous statary period remains in the larval stage. As soon as the larvae pupate, however, the intensity of the raids diminishes, the emigrations cease, and the colony (by definition) passes into the next statary phase.
The emigration is a dramatic event requiring sudden complex behavioral changes on the part of all adult members of the Eciton colony. At dusk or slightly before workers stop carrying food into the old bivouac and start carrying it, along with their own larvae, in an outward direction to some new bivouac site along the pheromone-impregnated trails (Figure 16-6). Eventually, usually after most of the larvae have been transported to the site, the queen herself makes the journey. This event usually transpires between 8:00 and 10:00 p.m., well after nightfall. Just before the queen emerges from the bivouac, the workers on the trail nearby become distinctly more excited, and the column of running workers thickens beyond its usual width of 2 to 3 cm, soon widening to as much as 15 cm. Suddenly the queen appears in the thickest part. As she runs along she is crowded in by the "retinue," a shifting mob consisting of an unusual number of soldiers and darkly colored, unladen smaller workers. The members of the retinue jostle her, press in underfoot, climb up on her back, and at times literally envelop her body in a solid mass. But, even with this encumbrance, the queen moves along easily to the new bivouac site. She is guided by the odor trail and can follow it all by herself even if the surrounding workers are taken away. After passage the emigration tapers off, and it is usually finished by midnight. If the column is disturbed near the queen, she stops and is swiftly covered by a blanket of protecting workers. All New World army ants employ retinues during emigrations ready to react this way. The largest are formed by Eciton burchelli and other species that travel aboveground and hence are most exposed to predators (Rettenmeyer et al., 1978).
The activity cycle of Eciton colonies is truly endogenous. It is not linked to any known astronomical rhythm or weather event. It continues at an even tempo month after month, in both wet and dry seasons throughout the entire year. Propelled by the daily emigrations of the migratory phase, the colony drifts perpetually back and forth over the forest floor (Figure 16-7). The results of experiments performed by Schneirla indicate that the phases of the activity cycle are determined by the stages of development of the brood and their effect on worker behavior. When he deprived Eciton colonies in the early migratory phase of their callow workers, they lapsed into the relatively lethargic state characteristic of the statary phase, and emigrations ceased. Migratory behavior was not resumed until the larvae present at the start of the experiments had grown much larger and more active. In order to test further the role of larvae in the activation of the workers, Schneirla divided colony fragments into two parts of equal size, one part with larvae and the other without. Those workers left with larvae showed much greater continuous activity.
These results, while provocative, are not decisive and at best solve only half the problem. For if the activity cycle is controlled by the reproductive cycle, what controls the reproductive cycle? The logical place to look would seem to be the queen. By her astonishing capacity to lay all of her eggs in one brief burst, she creates the synchronization of brood development, which is the essential feature for the colonial control of the activity cycle. At first Schneirla (1944) concluded that this reproductive effort by the queen is the "pace-maker," thus implying that the queen herself is the seat of an endogenous rhythm. Later, however, Schneirla (1949b, 1956b) modified his hypothesis by viewing the queen and her colony as reciprocally donating elements in an oscillating system:
When each successive brood approaches larval maturity, the social-stimulative effect upon workers nears its peak. The workers thus energize and carry out some of the greatest raids in the nomadic phase, with their by-product larger and larger quantities of booty in the bivouac. But our histological studies show that, at the same time, more and more of the larvae (the largest first of all) soon reduce their feeding to zero as they begin to spin their cocoons. Thus in the last few days of each nomadic phase a food surplus inevitably arises. At this time the queen apparently begins to feed voraciously. It is probable that the queen does not overfeed automatically in the presence of plenty, but that she is started and maintained in the process by an augmented stimulation from the greatly enlivened worker population. Within the last few days of each nomadic phase, the queen's gaster begins to swell increasingly, first of all from a recrudescence of the fat bodies, then from an accelerating maturation of eggs. The overfeeding evidently continues into the statary phase, when, with colony food consumption greatly reduced after enclosure of the brood, smaller raids evidently bring in sufficient food to support the processes until the queen becomes maximally physogastric. These occurrences, which are regular and precise events in every Eciton colony, are adequate to prepare the queen for the massive egg-laying operation which begins about one week after the nomadic phase has ended.
While this interpretation makes a pretty story, it is constructed with fragments of very circumstantial evidence. The crucial question is unanswered as to whether the queen really is stimulated to feed in excess by the greater abundance of food or at least by the higher intensity of worker activity associated with the food, as Schneirla posited, or whether her increased feeding is timed by some other, undetermined physiological event. Since work on Eciton physiology is still virtually nonexistent, and experimental evidence of any kind very sparse, one can do no more than reflect on these possibilities as competing hypotheses.
Another question of considerable interest, added to the inducement of queen oogenesis, is the stimulus that triggers the onset of the migratory phase. According to Schneirla's theory of brood stimulation (actually a hypothesis), the migratory phase is initiated when workers become excited by the near-simultaneous eclosion of new, callow workers from the pupae. Migration is sustained thereafter by stimulation from the growing larvae. As illustrated in Figure 16-4, the mass eclosion at the start of the migratory phase coincides with the hatching of the egg mass. We may then ask which event, adult eclosion from the pupa or egg hatching, triggers the migratory phase? In an ingenious experiment conducted on Neivamyrmex nigrescens, Topoff et al. (1980) removed the larval brood of an early migratory colony and replaced it with the pupal brood of an early statary colony. As a result, the pupae eclosed well before the next batch of eggs laid by the host colony hatched, with the result that for several days the host colony was occupied by newly eclosed, callow workers but no larvae. It commenced its next migratory phase nonetheless, demonstrating that newly emerged adults are sufficient by themselves to drive this segment of the army-ant cycle.
Very little is known concerning the actual communicative stimuli that mediate the activity cycles. In his voluminous theoretical writings on the subject, Schneirla often spoke of "trophallaxis" as the driving force of the cycles of army ants, but it is clear that he meant this term to be virtually synonymous with "communication" in the broadest sense. Apparently he had no clear ideas about the nature of the signals utilized. In earlier articles he attributed much of the stimulative effect of the larvae to their "squirming"; later he stressed the probable existence of pheromones as well. But these speculations were based almost entirely on observations of the more obvious outward signs of communication, a level of study usually inadequate to distinguish even the sensory modalities employed in communication with insect colonies and unlikely to identify the signals employed. Lappano (1958) discovered that the labial glands of 'burchelli larvae become fully functional on the eighth or ninth migratory day, about the time raiding activity reaches its peak. She concluded that the labial glands are "probably" producing a pheromone that excites the worker. But again, the only evidence available is the stated coincidence in time of the two events. Our lack of knowledge of the semiotic basis of the Eciton cycle is due simply to the lack of any serious attempt to obtain it. This interesting subject does not seem likely to resist sustained experimental study; any such effort in the future is likely to yield exceptionally interesting results.
In his classic writings Schneirla was inadvertently misled by his failure to distinguish consistently between the ultimate causation and the proximate causation of the army-ant cycle. It is possible and even likely that the adaptive value, hence the ultimate causation, is the additional food made available to the colony when it emigrates frequently. However, biological systems often evolve so as to rely on endogenous rhythms to make the needed changes, rather than on a close reading of the environment from day to day. Put another way, the flush of callow workers becomes the token signal to the workers to initiate daily emigrations. They are the proximate cause of the emigrations, but the ultimate cause--the advantage emigrations give to emigration-prone genotypes in the ant population--remains the improved food supply. Although Schneirla occasionally mentioned that food availability might have been an important factor in the evolution of emigrations (1944, 1957b), the idea played no important role in his theoretical interpretation. After he had demonstrated the endogenous nature of the cycle, and its control by synchronous brood development, he dismissed the role of food depletion. The emigrations, he repeatedly asserted, are caused by the appearance of callow workers and the older larvae; they are not caused by food shortage. He meant only that food shortages are not the proximate cause. In his culminating synthesis, however, Schneirla (1971) provided a more balanced view of evolution and physiological mechanisms. Toward the end of his life, he also learned that food shortages are in fact among the proximate controls, at least to a minor degree in some army ant species. In his last field study, on the small Asian army ant Aenictus, he discovered that short-term variation in colony activity depends on the "alimentary condition prevalent in the brood" (Schneirla and Reyes, 1969). To be specific, the ants appear to emigrate more often when their food supply runs low. Topoff and Mirenda (1980a,b) later tested the impact of food supply on emigrations in Neivamyrmex nigrescens by a series of experiments. This was made possible by their feat of culturing army ant colonies in the laboratory long enough to follow the brood cycle under controlled conditions. Two colonies overfed with prey emigrated on only 28 percent of the days during the migratory phase of the cycle, while two underfed colonies emigrated on 62 percent of the migratory days. It is now clear that although Neivamyrmex colonies follow an endogenous cycle of roughly the Eciton type (see Table 16-2), the tempo of their migratory phase is strongly affected by the amount of food they harvest. The complex interactions mediating raiding and emigrations in ecitonine army ants have been reviewed by Topoff (1984). To summarize very briefly to this point, the colonies of Eciton and at least some other army ant species follow an endogenous cycle as Schneirla described it. The migratory phase is triggered at least in part by the emergence of new, callow adult workers. It is quite possible that the cycle was put in place genetically and is kept there through natural selection by the advantage it gives in overcoming food shortages. The frequency of raids is also fine-tuned in at least one species (Neivamyrmex nigrescens) by the day-to-day availability of food.
Colony multiplication in Eciton, first elucidated by Schneirla and R. Z. Brown (1950, 1952), is a highly specialized and ponderous operation. Through most of the year the mother queen is the paramount center of attraction for the workers, even when she is in competition with the mature worker larvae toward the close of each migratory phase. By serving as the focal point of the aggregating workers, she literally holds the colony together. The situation changes drastically, however, when the annual sexual brood is produced early in the dry season. This kind of brood contains no workers, but, in E. hamatum at least, it consists of about 1,500 males and 6 new queens. Even when the sexual larvae are still very young, a large fraction of the worker force becomes affiliated with the brood as opposed to the mother queen. By the time the larvae are nearly mature, the bivouac can be found to consist of two approximately equal zones: a brood-free zone containing the queen and her affiliated workers, and a zone in which the rest of the workers hold the sexual brood. The colony has not yet split in any overt manner, but important behavioral differences between the two sections do exist. For example, if the queen is removed for a few hours at a time, she is readily accepted back into the brood-free zone from which she originated, but she is rejected by workers belonging to the other zone. Also, there is evidence that workers from the queen zone cannibalize brood from the other zone when they contact them. The young queens are the first members of the sexual brood to emerge from the cocoons. The workers cluster excitedly over them, paying closest attention to the first one or two to appear (see Figure 16-8). Several days later the new adult males emerge from their cocoons. This event energizes the colony, sets off a maximum raid followed by emigration, and at last splits the bivouac. Raids are conducted along two radial trails from the old bivouac site. As they intensify during the day, the young queens and their nuclei of workers move out along one of the trails, while the old queen with her nucleus moves out along the other. When the derivative swarm begins to cluster at the new bivouac site, only one of the virgin queens is able to make the journey to it. The others are held back by the clinging and clustering of small groups of workers. They are, to use Schneirla's expression, "sealed off" from the rest of the daughter colony. Eventually they are abandoned and left to die. Now there exist two colonies: one containing the old queen; the other, the successful virgin, daughter queen. In a minority of cases the old queen is also superseded. That is, the old queen herself falls victim to the sealing-off operation, leaving both of the two daughter colonies with new virgin queens. This presumably happens most often when the health and attractive power of the old queen begin to fail prior to colony fission. The maximum age of the Eciton queen is not known, but is believed to be relatively great for an insect; a marked queen of E. burchelli, for example, was recovered by Rettenmeyer after a period of four and a half years. The males, in contrast, enjoy only one to three weeks of adult existence. Shortly after their emergence they depart on flights away from the home bivouac in search of other colonies. Their bodies are heavily laden with exocrine glands resembling those of the queens. The new queens are fecundated within a few days of their emergence, and almost all of the males disappear within three weeks after that. Rettenmeyer (1963a) has described an actual mating, and he has presented evidence that a queen sometimes mates more than once in her lifetime and may even mate annually. Two other matings were observed by Schneirla (1971) after the ants had been removed for laboratory observation. The copulations lasted two and ten hours respectively.
Interactions with other organisms
- Knowlton and Kamath (2018) - Many organisms use chemicals to deter enemies. Some spiders can modify the composition of their silk to deter predators from climbing onto their webs. The Malaysian golden orb-weaver Nephila antipodiana (Walckenaer) produces silk containing an alkaloid (2-pyrrolidinone) that functions as a defense against ant invasion. Ants avoid silk containing this chemical. In the present study, we test the generality of ants' silk avoidance behavior in the field. We introduced three ant species to the orb webs of Nephila clavipes (Linnaeus) in the tropical rainforest of La Selva, Costa Rica. We found that predatory army ants (Eciton burchellii) as well as non-predatory leaf-cutting ants (Atta cephalotes and Acromyrmex volcanus) avoided adult N. clavipes silk, suggesting that an additional species within genus Nephila may possess ant-deterring silk. Our field assay also suggests that silk avoidance behavior is found in multiple ant species.
- This species is a host for the diapriid wasp Doliopria collegii (a parasite) in Argentina (Loiacono, 2013; Gonzalez et al., 2016).
- This species is a host for the eucharitid wasp Isomerala azteca (a parasite) (Universal Chalcidoidea Database) (associate).
- This species is a host for the nematode Agamomermis ecitoni (a parasite) (Poinar et al., 2006).
Life History Traits
- Mean colony size: 425,000 (Schneirla, 1957; Beckers et al., 1989)
- Foraging behaviour: group hunter (Schneirla, 1957; Beckers et al., 1989)
X-ray micro-CT scan 3D model of Eciton burchellii (major worker) prepared by the Economo lab at OIST.
The largest soldiers of this species have tusk like mandibles, that are a specialised defence against larger predators. See on Sketchfab. See list of 3D images.
The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's New General Catalogue, a catalogue of the world's ants.
- burchellii. Labidus burchellii Westwood, 1842: 74, pl. 20, fig. 1 (m.) BRAZIL. Emery, 1896g: 39 (s.w.); Wheeler, W.M. 1921d: 304 (q.); Emery, 1899c: 6 (l.). Combination in Eciton: Emery, 1890b: 39. Current subspecies: nominal plus cupiens, foreli, parvispinum, urichi. See also: Borgmeier, 1939: 404; Borgmeier, 1955: 178; Wheeler, G.C. 1943: 328; Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1974c: 169; Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1984: 270.
- Beckers R., Goss, S., Deneubourg, J.L., Pasteels, J.M. 1989. Colony size, communication and ant foraging Strategy. Psyche 96: 239-256 (doi:10.1155/1989/94279).
- Billen, J. 2000. A novel exocrine gland in the antennal scape of the army ant Eciton burchelli. Belgian Journal of Zoology
- Borgmeier, T. 1939. Nova contribuiça~o para o conhecimento das formigas neotropicas (Hym. Formicidae). Rev. Entomol. (Rio J.) 10: 403-428 (page 404, see also)
- Borgmeier, T. 1955. Die Wanderameisen der neotropischen Region. Stud. Entomol. 3: 1-720 (page 178, see also)
- Dejean, A., Corbara, B., Roux, O. & Orivel, J. 2013. The antipredatory behaviours of Neotropical ants towards army ant raids (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecological News 19, 17-24.
- Emery, C. 1890c. Studii sulle formiche della fauna neotropica. Bull. Soc. Entomol. Ital. 22: 38-80 (page 39, Combination in Eciton)
- Emery, C. 1896g. Studi sulle formiche della fauna neotropica. XVII-XXV. Bull. Soc. Entomol. Ital. 28: 33-107 (page 39, soldier, worker described)
- Emery, C. 1899g. Intorno alle larve di alcune formiche. Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Ist. Bologna (5) 8: 3-10 (page 6, larva described)
- Gonzalez, C., Wcislo, W., Cambra, R., Wheeler, T., Fernandez-Marın, H. 2016. A new ectoparasitoid species of Pseudogaurax Malloch, 1915 (Diptera: Chloropidae), attacking the fungus-growing ant, Apterostigma dentigerum Wheeler, 1925 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 109(4): 639–645 (doi:10.1093/aesa/saw023).
- Hölldobler, B. and Wilson, E. O. 1990. The Ants. Cambridge, Mass. Harvard University Press.
- Knowlton, E. D. and A. Kamath. 2018. Ants Do Not Traverse the Silk of Adult Female Nephila clavipes (Linnaeus) Webs. Neotropical Entomology. 47:780-785. doi:10.1007/s13744-018-0631-6
- Loiacono, M.S., Margarıa, C.B., Aquino, D.A. 2013. Diapriinae wasps (Hymenoptera: Diaprioidea: Diapriidae) associated with ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Argentina. Psyche 2013: Article 320590 (doi:10.1155/2013/320590).
- Poinar, G., Lachaud, J.P., Castillo, A., Infante, F. 2006. Recent and fossil nematode parasites (Nematoda: Mermithidae) of Neotropical ants. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 91, 19–26.
- Westwood, J. O. 1842. Monograph of the hymenopterous group, Dorylides. Pp. 73-80 in: Westwood, J. O. Arcana entomologica; or illustrations of new, rare, and interesting insects. Volume 1, No. 5. London: W. Smith, pp. 65-80, pl. 17-20. (page 74, pl. 20, fig. 1 male described)
- Wheeler, G. C. 1943. The larvae of the army ants. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 36: 319-332 (page 328, see also)
- Wheeler, G. C.; Wheeler, J. 1974c. Ant larvae of the subfamily Dorylinae: second supplement (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 47: 166-172 (page 169, see also)
- Wheeler, G. C.; Wheeler, J. 1984a. The larvae of the army ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): a revision. J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 57: 263-275 (page 270, see also)
- Wheeler, W. M. 1921d. Observations on army ants in British Guiana. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci. 56: 291-328 (page 304, queen described)
- Winston, M.E., Kronauer, D.J.C. & Moreau, C.S. 2016. Early and dynamic colonization of Central America drives speciation in Neotropical army ants. Molecular Ecology (doi: 10.1111/mec.13846).


text:
Last Updated Oct 12, 2017 11:00 AM EDT
UNITED NATIONS — The Trump administration announced Thursday that the U.S. was pulling out of the U.N.'s economic and cultural agency.
"This decision was not taken lightly, and reflects U.S. concerns with mounting arrears at UNESCO, the need for fundamental reform in the organization, and continuing anti-Israel bias at UNESCO," State Department spokeswoman Heather Nauert said in a statement.
The decision doesn't take effect until Dec. 31, 2018.
It comes as the Paris-based agency known for designating cultural sites was in the process of electing a new director-general after its current chief, Irina Bokova of Bulgaria, chose not to run for another term.
President Trump is not the first American leader to withdraw from UNESCO. In the 1980s President Ronald Reagan pulled the U.S. out over the Soviet tilt of the organization, and the U.S. rejoined under President George W. Bush. President Obama supported the organization but was bound by U.S. law to cut much of its funding.
The U.S. stopped funding UNESCO in 2011, when the organization voted to grant full membership to the Palestinian Authority, which, at the time, was not considered a "state" by the U.N. Cheers went up in the voting hall in Paris after delegates voted to approve the membership. One shouted "Long Live Palestine!" in French.
U.S. law prohibits funding to any U.N. organization that grants membership to the Palestine Liberation Organization or any group that does not have "internationally recognized attributes of statehood."
The membership decision was not the only reason for U.S. antagonism: UNESCO passes resolutions condemning Israel and refers to it as an occupying power. This past summer, UNESCO nominated the old city in the West Bank town of Hebron to be a Palestinian world heritage site, a decision that angered Israeli officials.
The U.S. decision to withdraw Thursday was first revealed by Foreign…

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Your Shopping Bag is Empty
Tipperary Crystal Rosemount Bowl 11 inch Clear
Tipperary Crystal Rosemount Bowl 11 inch Clear
Additional Information
The precious crystal products make a lovely gift. The Rosemount bowl adds a regal elegance to the dining table.
- Size: 11"
- Presented in a gift box
Standard Delivery €4.00
In response to the latest government measures to the COVID19 crisis, we have suspended our online offering to a time when we can safely process your orders.
Return policy
Changed your mind? No problem we offer a 14 day returns policy. Some exclusions apply.
Read full Refunds and Returns details
- Click and Collect is currently unavailable
- Not available for International Delivery
Click & Collect allows you to place an order online and collect in-store free of charge.
Choose "free in-store collection" as a delivery method and proceed to checkout as normal. You will be sent a Ready to Collect email to confirm your order is ready for collection.
Bring this email, as well as photographic ID, or the payment card you used for the purchase, into the store, and collect from the Lower Basement Level.
For more details, please refer to our Click & Collect policy.


text:
Is it feasible to locate a mail order bride online?
Certainly it is actually. The most effective mail order bride websites exist for many years actually. They began arising in the 00s, however acquired much even more interest recently.
Therefore, the fact reveals, that there end 2700 mail order marital relationship organizations all over the world. Besides, yearly there are actually around 40 many thousand global married couples developed in the United States. Annually there are actually about 5000 mail order wives that involve the UNITED STATES to find their hubbies. The best well-liked are actually Oriental brides, which are actually observed through Latin brides and also Russian brides.
Various present day dating internet sites are actually making use of the most recent technical protocols as well as spend huge interest to the concept and also user interface to boost the effective matching for the participants. As well as the pointed out varieties represent on their own, therefore there is actually no question that it is actually positively achievable to locate the wife online.
What are actually the conveniences of weding mail order brides?
Basically somewhat individuals recognize the objectives of mail order wives to look for international spouses coming from Europe or even UNITED STATES. Nevertheless, a great deal of individuals are actually still questioning, why carry out males wish to get married to the brides coming from various portion of the planet.
The response to this inquiry could sprice of mail order bride up apparent— males intend to wed females along with standard market values. In industrialized nations, females would like to acquire an education and learning initially as well as begin a profession. They are actually commonly paid attention to self-development, while males only would like to wed a lady, that will come to be a wonderful homemaker. Consequently, they count on repugnant wives, for whom such sex tasks recognize.
Yet another impressive benefit of dating along with brides by means of particular solutions is actually that you match along with brides corresponding to your desires as well as demands. Therefore, you are actually probably to comply with a gal that discusses passions as well as worldviews along with you.
Finally, mail order bride websites use customers to understand one another just before appointment. In this way you may truly fall for the character. You may know, whether the bride fits you if you possess sensations in the direction of her. Such connections on proximity provide you room and also opportunity to find out if what you obtained is really what you find.
How to entice finest brides on the websites
To begin with, your initial steps on any type of courting place will be actually to finish the sign up as well as end up being a participant. For that objective you need to have to satisfy the relevant information in to the deadpan industries you will definitely view on the major web page of the web site.
You will certainly must offer the complying with details:
- Complete title
- That you are actually looking for
- Day of childbirth
- Email and also code
The following action, the moment you are actually enrolled, would certainly be actually to incorporate some particulars right into your account. To start with, do not overlook to affix a great picture of all yours to the account photo. Next off, state the bottom lines concerning your own self: birthplace, education and learning, job, passions. You are going to belong to go into a quick explanation of your own self as well as likewise your requirements in the direction of the fiancée. Do not fear to uncover as much relevant information as feasible, considering that it is going to aid you match along with brides.
To entice brides on the web the best necessary factor you ought to perform is actually to produce a premium profile page and also carry out be actually considerate along with brides while conversing. Be on your own and also do not conceal your correct goals, social queerness, and so on. In this way you possess higher possibilities of discovering the best bride.
How to pick the very best mail order bride site?
As a result of the enormous need for mail order bride internet sites, there are actually bunches of internet companies you may locate on-line. A number of all of them possess a popular title as well as an online reputation that promotes on their own. Others are actually more affordable being used, yet are actually unsung. Nonetheless, it does not suggest that they are actually mediocre.
Whatever web site you decide on, devote time as well as accomplish the complying with measures before you start. They are going to avoid you coming from an incorrect selection as well as obtain you to fulfill the greatest brides of all.
What to observe when choosing going out with web site?
Opting for the correct mail order wife web site is actually a significant tromp the method to the effective partnerships as well as pleased relationship. For that reason you need to devote time on little investigation to ensure that you decided on the most effective possibility.
Today you may be pondering why to place a lot attempt when you can easily merely enroll on the best preferred location and also appreciate its own components. Yes, you correct somewhat. Nevertheless, you must locate the place that fulfills your demands specifically. Thereby, identify what is actually critical for you when dating online: the amount of brides online, a mobile phone application, an interpretation choice, interaction resources, rate, protection plan, and so on. Listed below is actually how to find the supply of the attributes.
Discover professionals' assessments
A specialist assessment coming from a specialist are going to provide you a total feeling of the solution without utilizing it. You are going to know how the location operates, what it delivers to the consumers, what are its own benefits and drawbacks. Checking out testimonials conserves your opportunity and also assists you to create a well balanced choice.
Often evaluations discover all the centerpieces of the site briefly. They are actually usually cited screenshots coming from the web site to ensure you can easily observe the user interface and also layout of the location. Typically communicating, assesses bring bunches of helpful relevant information that are going to happen helpful, particularly if you are actually brand-new to internet dating.
Discover consumers' point of views
Individuals adore to discuss their excellent and also disappointment, for that reason invest a long time and also make an effort searching for the individuals' responses on numerous places. There you will certainly discover the perks as well as downsides of the company, complications, that took place during the course of using the place as well as most importantly— you are actually very likely to figure out results as well as breakdown tales.
All the compiled details will certainly assist you analyze the web site as well as compose your thoughts seriously. Thus do not miss out on the odds to learn some thrilling information regarding using the location.
Check out the internet site free of charge
Many of the mail order bride locations use a totally free full week or even month test for the novices. Utilize this option to check out the internet site as well as recognize if it matches you. Observe the pictures, the amount of brides internet and also on the location as a whole, looking and also conversing functions.
Test variations enable you to spend for the item you currently recognize. Thus utilize this possibility to figure out as long as feasible regarding the internet site of your selection.
Visit brides' accounts
The majority of males that find severe connections along with overseas brides do not understand what they are really searching for. For that reason it will be actually a great concept to think of an ideal look as well as personality of your bride initially, and afterwards look into the brochure of mail order elegances to observe if they fulfill your assumptions.
Individuals are actually the primary trait in mail order bride sites, so it is crucial that you can easily locate eye-catching ladies at a glimpse also during the course of a test variation of the place.
How to be sure the web site is actually actual?
Once you understand how to pick the web site and also bring in females there certainly, yet another essential concern is actually how to differentiate the true going out with solution coming from a phony. Regrettably, the scenarios of fraudulence by means of mail order bride websites prevail, however it does not indicate that there are actually no trusted places in the Internet.
There are actually lots of suitable as well as reliable solutions that match males along with international brides coming from throughout the globe. Likewise, some pointers may mention that the website is actually genuine.
The web site possesses a confirmation technique
The majority of people do not would like to devote a great deal of opportunity on sign up. They prefer to delve into the brand-new adventure along with a handful of clicks on. Having said that, the confirmation treatment, that may take a while prior to you can easily make use of the place, mentions that the web site is actually credible.
When you enroll an account as well as must expect time for it to become accepted, it implies that the admins of the solution respect the surveillance on their place and also attempt to develop a risk-free setting. For you to ensure that you are actually speaking to genuine brides, mail order web sites might inquire you for your I.D. or even a minimum of examine the information you went into as well as deliver you an account activation e-mail. If you discover such a method, you may rely on the company.
It possesses a practical user interface
Naturally, focusing on the concept of the site just is actually certainly not deal with. Nonetheless, the user interface may mention a great deal regarding the company. In a contemporary planet, consumers are actually pickier and also asking for comfort when making use of dating systems. Consequently, the web site that loves its own consumers observes its own layout as well as is actually always kept upgraded.
Besides the user interface, you ought to additionally visit whether the web site possesses a mobile phone application or even at the very least a mobile phone model. Those websites that place initiative in to the growth of their solutions are actually probably to become sincere and also dependable.
Brides do not function
When you end up being an entrant of the outdating company, attempt to notice how brides on the system act. Perform they deliver you loads of notifications quickly? Perform you receive an increasing number of content coming from arbitrary ladies, pointing out that they desire to satisfy you actually? Because situation, it is actually far better to leave behind the place permanently— these brides could be merely robots.
It generally takes individuals time to select the one they as if on the web as well as message all of them. Therefore, when you go into the internet site, you should not count on various information to drop on you. If you observe any sort of dubious practices as well as the client assistance does not clarify your concern, it is actually far better certainly not to rely on the internet site.
To summarize
Mail order bride dating may totally alter the technique you take a look at affection and also lifestyle. That recognizes, where your serendipity may be? Perhaps, your suitable bride is actually awaiting you on some of the internet sites? Do not squander valuable opportunity presuming, whether you can easily obtain effectiveness in internet going out with or otherwise. Merely go all out as well as find the end results— ensure that you will not be actually let down.


text:
BEDOG Distribution
BEDOG Distribution is a family company. We are proud to be the exclusive distributor of the HUNTER products in Belgium and Luxembourg.
The HUNTER company is a traditional family-owned enterprise in the 2nd generation, which has specialized in manufacturing high-quality accessories for dogs and cats since its foundation in 1980.
The entirety of the HUNTER product range currently includes around 5,500 items. The products range from collars, harnesses and leashes for dogs and cats made from different materials, to functional and fashionable dog clothing and beds, as well as care and hygiene items, innovative toys and snacks. A large number of products are produced in Germany, offering that « Made in Germany » quality with conviction.
In the development of new products, the key aspect is always the motivation to bring pleasure and comfort to animals and their owners, and to provide the best possible functionality. The HUNTER & HUNTER SMART brands are enjoying increasing popularity worldwide. The extensive product range is now exported beyond the borders of Europe.
One thing has been certain for over 30 years: anyone looking for exclusive and innovative products for dogs and cats will be sure to find what they are looking for at HUNTER. The ultimate manufacturing quality, innovative development ideas and top service for satisfied customers – this is what HUNTER has stood for ever since it was founded in 1980.


text:
Hello Everyone
Posted: Sat Jul 28, 2018 12:08 pm
I'm new to the hobby and I'm very excited to build and battle. I've always been a fan of the Real Robot genre and MF0 is super exciting to me!
Discussion and Resources for the Mobile Frame Zero: Rapid Attack Game


text:
Motorbike Prize Draw
Enter our Prize Draw for the opportunity to win a brand new 1200cc Triumph Bobber, which is being kindly part-sponsored by Shirlaws of Aberdeen.
Proceeds from the fundraiser will help Teen Challenge North East Scotland to support men and women break free from drug and alcohol addictions. The draw will be made at Shirlaws' showroom on Aberdeen's Crown Street at 12pm on Friday, December 21, 2018.
Ticket price: £5
TERMS & CONDITIONS: The Triumph Bobber presented to the winner will be the demo bike used to promote the Draw. The bike will have approximately 100 miles on the clock.
All entries into the Draw are non-refundable. The Prize is non-negotiable and non-refundable. Should the Prize Winner require delivery outwith Aberdeen City or Shire, the winner will cover all delivery and shipping costs.
Permit No: LOTT/N197 | Approximately 10,000 tickets will be sold | Winner will be notified immediately by telephone.
Organised by Freedom Challenge Trust (Charity No: SC033414). Promoter: K Ross, Sunnybrae, Woodhead, Fyvie, AB53 8LS.
Shirlaws Motorcycles Aberdeen
Crown Street , Aberdeen , AB11 6HJ
This event is currently closed and no contact details are available


text:
Content Count11
Last visited
Community Reputation0 Neutral
About emann
Profile Information
Not Telling
Recent Profile Visitors
The recent visitors block is disabled and is not being shown to other users.
Thanks Thomas for the advise...I will proceed to look this up and go for a replacement.
yes...same issue...the cross hair jumps from centre position to edge of calibration box without any smooth movement in between....will check again with my technician on this and then see what step to take...getting the potentiometer from abroad is going to cost about €120...whilst a new saitek yoke is €159...so not sure if repair is worth it at this stage. thanks for everything.
thanks Thomas, edited the line and resending the files again...hope it can give you some insight. FSUIPC4.ini FSUIPC4.log
I should have done everything correctly now and thank you for your patience. FSUIPC4.ini FSUIPC4.log
hello, so still in same situation...even after uninstalling and rebooting, did calibration but same motion from elevator control. So I hope I still have a string attached...sending you the .ini and .log file. Thanks a lot. FSUIPC4.ini FSUIPC4.log
ok thanks...uninstalled and rebooted and device manager is showing it as HID compliant game controller..next step is calibrate through windows or check results in FSX pls?
thanks a lot for the reply...pete dowson himself?! in the windows 7 device manager I have HID-Compliant Game Controller...presumably this is the yoke? as the other hardware all have names that I can easily recognise like proflight rudder pedals and throttle...so not sure this is the one that requires to be uninstalled please. great if you can confirm. thanks.
Hello, back again here for some other assistance hopefully. In consideration of the cost of the potentiometer and the fact that the yoke is end of life, I asked a local technician to check the yoke. The reply is that the potentiometer is working fine and also the fact that the yoke is recognising by all PCs we tried and it calibrates, seems that its electronics board is working fine too. The technician is directing me to drivers or cable...cable I changed but drivers I have no clue...this has always been plug and play, calibrate and we are off. I am attaching a link below to understand what is happening showing results of FSUIPC axis assignment page. Not sure if this can give you any insight to what is happening...I also am showing aileron control so that one can understand the difference. https://photos.app.goo.gl/VERkHreMgp3v4SSr5 Hope for some ideas! Thanks to all.
I was in contact with PFC who are helping me out with some tests to confirm its a problem with the potentiomenter...so for now I will stop here. thanks to all.
Hi Thomas, thank you so much for your reply. I will check for the update of FSUIPC later on and install when on the simulator computer....how do I access the log file please and then will submit this with the ini file as well. In Axis tab the input of elevator back is jerky as well. I mainly get three readings of 4067, 11000 and 16383 and cannot set the delta either. Look forward for any assistance. Emann.
emann started following FSX elevator control jerky
FSX elevator control jerky
emann posted a topic in FSUIPC Support Pete Dowson ModulesHello, my assistance here...user of FSX and FSUIPC 4.971 on Win 7 system. I just returned back from my 3 month overseas roaster and fired up FSX for a routine flight...only to note quite a stiff yoke (PFC VMax Flight System)...tried a takeoff but had no elevator control whatsoever...rest of controls and push buttons work fine. I need assistance in determining if it is a hardware issue and the yoke needs repair or some setting that has gone wrong while not using FSX for the past months. I tried calibration under windows game controller settings and can note that the cross hair only travels to half way down the calibration box. I then re calibrated in FSUIPC for elevator only and get -16383 for elevator down with a smooth delta (256) but then on elevator up I get 3 readings of 4067, 11000 and 16383. In FSX I note the aircraft elevator having a slight up movement and then it bangs its way fully up with no transition in between. I tried another simple joystick, calibrated through FSUIPC and all was working normal. Any assistance or trouble shooting would be greatly appreciated...this yoke had cost me a fortune and would really like to continue using it. Look forward for any help. Regards, Emann


text:
Whether working for the buyer or seller, we always maintain a professional approach to stucco and EIFS inspection in Springfield, MO. Over the years, we have developed a process that eliminates oversights and mistakes. We begin by identifying the system, sometimes even the manufacturer, if one exists. The fiberglass reinforcing mesh color is the most readily available indication of the manufacturer. This can be deceiving, however, due to the practices of some installers. Stucco and EIFS systems are constantly changing and so the approximate year the system was installed provides a great deal of information that can be useful to a buyer. Because materials and installation practices have evolved, people in the trade with years of experience have an advantage over home inspectors and people unfamiliar with these changes. We include recent and current weather conditions as well as other site specific information that we feel aids the client. We measure the walls to establish the square footage of the system because this is how we base our fee but it is also handy information to include within the report should repairs be necessary.
The visual inspection will note any deficiencies pertaining to the installation as well as undesirable conditions therein. All major EIFS manufacturers have installation specifications but many have joined together to form EIMA. EIMA stands for EIFS Industry Members Associations and is an organization that works to ensure that contractors have the knowledge necessary for proper installations. The EIMA guidelines have been a great resource for years and is what we currently use for our inspection protocol. Details that don't comply with these guidelines are clearly documented in the report with photos and recommendations should any problems be discovered.
Water intrusion can be a detrimental occurrence in construction. Prolonged moisture buildup can cause damage to wood sheathing, framing and other materials subject to microbial growth or corrosion. Experience has shown that damage often occurs at areas of transition between EIFS and other materials such as window frames, door sills and roof flashing. Extensive structural damage can occur when water intrusion is large or is small in volume, frequent and undetected. The moisture analysis is performed using two types of moisture meters. The first is a Tramex Wet Wall Detector, a scanning device that indicates relative moisture percentages. The entire wall surface is scanned with this instrument. The second is an intrusive moisture probe, the Delmhorst J-2000. Probe testing is conducted only in areas that show an elevated relative moisture reading. The readings are recorded and holes were are filled with an approved sealant. Areas probed are indicated on the photos with a red number which is the actual moisture content in that area at the time of inspection.
Not all of our clients are interested in all the details but one thing they all want to know is "How much will it cost to fix?" Because of our years of experience in all corners of the trade, we can offer a very accurate budget estimate of repairs. Our Cost To Cure is offered as a starting number and not a proposal. You should never hire the inspector to perform the repairs. After the report is delivered, we continue to work with the client and any repairmen, agents, buyers or other interested parties to offer solutions and suggestions to help with the transaction.


text:
Sanding Metal Railing
Stockphoto ID: 897886
File name: 1787_sanding_railing_500pix.jpg
Format: digital, 3000+ pixels longest side
Property release: yes Model release: yes
Source: photographer Based in: United States
Description: sanding metal railing
Click to show/hide Tags
This image is copyright protected. There is a fee for any use. This website is not a source of free images.


text:
Each year, fashion designers arrive with various designer shoes, handbags and clothes depending on the season. The design and production of the products happens throughout the year so people right now are discovering the spring and summer collection.
Among the items that doesn't change much are designer shoes. Possibly since it is hard to come up with designs for this reason many focus on clothes but you can find improvements causing shoppers consistently coming back for more.
Designer Shoes Are Expensive.
The majority of these fetch for $500 or more and people who can't afford it may merely see it anytime through the store window until a promotional bargain or the end of season sale is available to get it at half the price.
One such brands is Coach as well as some online retailers can slash as much as a $100 of the current price and sell it to whoever wants to bring it home. This is usually paid using credit card then delivered to the doorstep in just a few days.
Designer Shoes Prices Vary
Another place to get discounted designer shoes for less are outlet stores that have broken sizes of these items. A pair of shoes from Cesare Paciotti that used to sell for $695 will now be worth $550. The price of these designer shoes will really vary depending on the brand.
The customer may find something here for less than $200 so the customer has to patiently look around to be able to find a good bargain.
Aside from online and outlet stores that sell these at lower prices, there are also auction sites. The individual will just have to make the highest bid in order to win.
The only thing needed is a computer and an Internet connection so this can be monitored and another bid can be made should someone offer something higher.
The person won't be able to fit the item so it is best to get something similar elsewhere to make sure the bid was worth it instead of just getting the item and in the end, not being able to use it.
There will always be discount designer shoes at on sale prices. Companies have to get rid of the old stock so there is space in the shelves for the new arrivals just like other people who want to discard this by selling it over the web to make some money and get something better.


text:
Achievement Unlocked: Geek Dad Cred
I took the kids to Captain America: The Winter Soldier this past Sunday. You know it's going to be a blockbuster when the theater is 75% filled at a 9:30 a.m. showing on a Sunday morning. I usually like to take the kids to the early showing as the theater is almost empty on Sunday mornings. Warning: Minor Spoiler Two thirds of the way through the movie, Natasha Romanova (Black Widow), played by Scarlett Johansson, and Steve Rogers (Captain America), played by Chris Evans, enter an abandoned military base with an ancient mainframe computer system.
All Things Blade Runner
Over thirty years later, Blade Runner still remains one of my favorite films ( as I've previously blogged about ). It was only six weeks ago that I sat down and watched it again – it is easily one of the movies I can watch over and over and still enjoy with a sense of wonder. I'm not the only one who shares a passion for Blade Runner, as fans have paid tribute to the classic film in a few ways in 2013:
Audi's latest commercial features a hilarious take on Old Spock vs. New Spock
I have to hand it to Audi – this is the funniest commercial I've seen in some time, especially outside of the Super Bowl. This commercial has it all – and the best part is some of the in-jokes for Star Trek fans. I don't want to spoil it for you, so go spend 2 minutes of your life and watch it. [http://www.youtube.com/embed/WPkByAkAdZs] ( via io9 )
Who was REALLY behind the destruction of the Death Star?
You decide. [http://www.youtube.com/embed/2dvv-Yib1Xg]
Cutting the Cable, Part 2
A few weeks ago I blogged about buying the hardware to set up a MythTV PC to record off air high def TV and integrate it with Boxee . The hardware arrived and I've been working on on the setup off and on over the last few weeks. Some random thoughts: The HD Homerun tuner is pretty cool. Fedora has the HD Homerun configuration tool in their repos. Installing that through PackageKit and yum made it easy to test out that it was working and had a good signal.
Cutting the cable
I'm an entertainment junkie. I own hundreds of music CD's, books, movies and am an early adopter of Blu-Ray. My usual routine once my two youngest children are in bed at 8 pm is to plop down on my couch, put my notebook on my lap and use that while watching my pretty 60″ TV. I've received my TV content from DirecTV for the last ten years since we built this house – primarily because I'm a huge (American) football fan, and my team, the Green Bay Packers, are out of market where I live and DirecTV has a monopoly on the NFL package to be able to watch my team .
eBook Readers & the Publishing Industry
I've been wanting an eReader for a while. When the Kindle first launched, I was in awe. I quickly sat down and calculated the number of books I buy in a year and compared that against the cost of a Kindle and the savings of buying an e-book for $10 vs. the hardcover price. Let's just say there wasn't much of a savings. I finally got to touch a Kindle at GUADEC this summer, and my mind was made up that I had to have an eReader in the near future.
After a two year break, I signed up for Netflix again. Towards the end of my last subscription, I was paying $15 / month to hang on to two or three DVDs I never got around to watching. I'm the type of customer Netflix loves – really active, then a couple months of inactivity. To curb my habit of buying Blu-Ray movies (they're so pretty in HD!), I signed up again yesterday.
Blu-Ray goes for the knockout blow
The news is everywhere : Warner, the last remaining major studio to support both high def video formats in HD-DVD and Blu-Ray has announced that as of May they will support Blu-Ray exclusively. Toshiba, owner of the HD-DVD patent? Suprised . And even better, Warner, unlike Universal when they went HD-DVD exclusive, didn't take a dime . Even though both formats are burdened with DRM, I have to say I love my Blu-Ray player – it's amazing the difference in HD.
Bladerunner: The Final Cut
I headed to downtown Minneapolis Friday afternoon, and caught a screening of Bladerunner: The Final Cut . It's been 48 hours since I saw the film, and it touches me in a way few films do – I sit here and still struggle to put in to words the emotions Bladerunner evokes for me. From the themes of consumerism and humanism to the grim picture the film paints of the future, few science fiction films hold up as well as Bladerunner does after twenty-five years.


text:
Do you know what you want to study? Do you know which academic or professional path is best for you? Are you making the best choices to help support your goals?
Are you overwhelmed by the application process?
If you need guidance on finding your path, then academic advising is for you!
Academic and career advising helps high school, college and clients at any stage of their academic or professional life to:
Identify which academic and/or professional path is best suited for them
Have guidance support throughout the planning and application process (college or graduate school)
You will receive an individualized plan to enhance and support your goals
Using academic records as a foundation, I assess current activities and identify supplementary opportunities to enhance a client's overall academic involvement that will support their course of study and enhance their academic portfolio.
This process guides clients in making well-informed decisions regarding their education while also teaching techniques for academic success.


text:
May 25, 2017 · Feldspar is the most important rock mineral in nature, feldspar grinding mill powder production line is professional application in the field of feldspar mineral processing, with the gradual improvement of scientific and technological level, feldspar milling technology increase daily, Fengli production of feldspar milling equipment is widely used in the field of feldspar powder making,Get Price
feldspar processing pdf . Feldspar Processing EPA. 11.27 Feldspar Processing. 11.27.1 General. 1. Feldspar consists essentially of aluminum silies combined with varying percentages of potassium, sodium, and calcium, and it is the most abundant mineral of the igneous rocks.Get Price
Kaolin Grinding mill is also called kaolinite Grinding mill because of the name of this material. In the kaolin beneficiation process, grinding is the important stage. Online Talking Grinding Of Kaolinite processing pdf sgsproducts. separation of kaolin and quartz pdf Rock Crusher MillRock Crusher Equipment. separation of kaolin and .Get Price
Feldspar Electric Motor Grinding Mill lag-claus-surrein.ch. Feldspar Mill (Raymond Mill) is ideal grinding machine to grind and process feldspar, and the fine powder size can be 40 mesh to 325 mesh for industry usage. The powder output size of feldspar mill can be adjusted continuously according to the customers' demand.Get Price
Feldspar grinding plant is also called feldspar grinding machine Feldspar grinding is the required process when size reduction of below 5-20 mm is needed Feldspar grinding is a powdering or pulverizing process supplies the right feldspar grinding solution to every method and applicationGet Price
ball mill grinding process pdf standwithstan Ball mill Wikipedia. A ball mill, a type of grinder, is a cylindrical device used in grinding (or mixing) materials like ores, chemicals, ceramic raw materials and paints.Ball mills rotate around a horizontal axis, partially filled with the material to be ground plus the grinding medium.Get Price
Feldspar Beneficiation Plant Flow Diagrams feldspar mining process diagram industriart iron ore process flow diagram Feldspar iron ore process flow diagram iron ore process flow diagram XSM excellent mining crushing machinery products or production line design, the company is committed to building the Chinese brand mine crushing and .Get Price
Feldspar Powder Grinding Equipment Feldspar crushing equipment recommended. In you feldspar crushing process, you can always choose a jaw crusher as the primary feldspar crushing equipment. Cone crusher is the most common fine crusher, and usually used as final crushing machine.Get Price
Malaysian Feldspar Evaluation and Processing of Selected Deposits feldspars and to sustain the demand for this mineral in domestic industries, local grinding process (ball mill machine) to further liberate the feldspar minerals from . Journal of Engineering Science, Vol. 7, 2736, 2011 29Get Price
Apr 13, 2013 · FELDSPAR AND NEPHELINE SYENITE Mineral Resources Program The value of total feldspar sold or used in table 4 is higher than the feldspar production value work focused on process flowsheet design and transportation studies.Get Price
Gold Grinding feldspar crushing process flow diagram. dry grind process flow sheet . Chrome Ore Mining Process Xinhai. Gold CIL (Carbon in Leach) Process is an efficient design of extracting and recovering gold from its ore. By cyaniding and carbon leaching crushed gold ore slurry simultaneously, CIL process lower the gold mining operationGet Price
Surface grinding Surface grinders are used to produce flat, angular and irregular surfaces. In the surface grinding process, the grinding wheel revolves on a spindle; and the workpiece, mounted on either a reciprocating or a rotary table, is brought into contact with the grinding wheel.Get Price
The grinding action is induced by relative motion between the particles of media the rods, balls or pebbles. This motion can be characterized as collision with breakage induced primarily by impact or as rolling with breakage induced primarily by crushing and attrition. In autogenous grinding machines fracture of the mediaGet Price
Grinding Process Grinding is a surface finishing operation where very thin layer of material is removed in the form of dust particles. Thickness of material removed is in range of 0.25 to 0.50 mm. Tool used is a abrasive wheel Grinding machine is a power operated machine tool where, the work piece is fedGet Price
The materials are to be grinding more quickly from high of these values. According to this approach it was emerged feldspar was ground faster than quartz. In the grinding studies depend on Bond grindability and kinetic model, it was showed that grinding of feldsparGet Price
Jun 25, 2019 · On the basis of ensuring the high quality of feldspar products, how to realizing high efficiency grinding process and continuous production is an important subject in the research of feldspar beneficiation and purification. 2. Ore washing and deslimingGet Price
CORRELATION BETWEEN BOND WORK INDEX AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOME SAUDI ORES Gamal S. Abdel Haffez KAU, Jeddah, KSA feldspar and quartz were tested for hardness, abrasion, the grinding process in a ball mill isGet Price
Feldspar stone processing plant Grinding Mill China. Feldspar is the most common ore in the earth crust and it even appears on the moon and in the aerolite. In some parts of the earth crust, 15km under the earth's surface, feldspar accounts for 60%.Get Price
Grinding Feldspar Used quartz grinding machine is the mining machinery used in quartz powder grinding process for galss, ceramics .feldspar quartz grinding unit o mm led Used Feldspar Crusher Grinder Mill In grinding process, ball mill, Raymond mill, ultrafine mill is the most widely used feldspar .Get Price
RESEARCH Open Access The effect of feldspar and kaolin on mechanical performance of SBR/LDPE composites Ahmad Mousa Abstract Background Feldspar and kaolin was ball milled at 320 rpm for hours with the aid of a dry grinding agent.Get Price
Feldspar crusher is a important machine in mining feldspar During feldspar crushing and grinding process, our feldspar crushing, Read more . Chat; Feldspar Cone Crush Equipment Design. Feldspar Crusher xsm production stone crusher is essential equipment in mining mining crushing machinery products or production line design, feldspar coneGet Price
Consist of feldspar and clays Strong, stiff, porous, and resistant to oils acids, and water Resinoid or Synthetic resin Bonding materials are thermosetting resins These are more flexible than vitrified wheels Shellac Less used bond in grinding wheels Used for getting very high finishGet Price
cement manufacturing process ppt india is manufactured from Shanghai Xuanshi,It (cement manufacturing process ppt india) is the main mineral processing solutions. XSM stone crushing machine project-cement manufacturing process ppt indiaGet Price
In tableware, feldspar gives a good fusibility for a product without defects.In sanitaryware, the use of feldspar within vitreous ceramic bodies is used to facilitate the optimization process. Basically, the two properties which make feldspars useful for downstream industries are their alkali and alumina content.Get Price
high efficiency and low cost graphite grinding mill. Bhd.. process of grinding the clinker pdf, Trapezium Mill-Industrial Grinding Mill-Henan.. feldspar calcite gypsum limestone dolomite graphite fluoriteGet Price
Full-Text MDPI. May 15, 2017 was adapted for the grinding process in a ceramic mill under wet grinding minerals associated with feldspar such as mica and other More info. Structural change of alkali feldspar by ball milling J-STAGE Journals China Feldspar Powder Grinding Ball Mill, Find details about China Feldspar BallGet Price
Flotation process for separating silica from feldspar to form a feed material for making glass feldspar, and metal impurities, including at least one of mica, iron .. primarily of potassium feldspar, with small amounts of soda feldspar .. for scavenging iron from tailings produced by flotation beneficiationGet Price
Advantages of feldspar grinding ceramic ball mill 1. It is modular designed. You can fix or change the broken parts. 2. Low investment, fine products, energy saving. 3. Circuit board part is well designed. It can protect circuit board from the dust. 4. According to the different process, the suitable model ofGet Price
Abrasive grain manufacturers produce materials for use by the other abrasives manufacturers to make abrasive products. Bonded abrasives manufacturing is very diversified and includes the production of grinding stones and wheels, cutoff saws for masonry and metals, and other products.Get Price
The invention discloses a method for decomposing potassium feldspar to extract soluble potassium, comprising the following steps of crushing and grinding potassium feldspar used as a raw material; mixing with the ground potassium feldspar, calcium chloride and sodium chloride which are used as a combined assistant, and fully stirring, wherein the ratio by mass part of the potassium feldsparGet Price


text:
A company that illegally sold on personal information and plagued members of the public with more than 46m automated nuisance calls relating to Payment Protection Insurance (PPI) mis-selling claims has received a record £350,000 fine.
The Information Commissioner's Office (ICO), the government's data protection regulator, handed out the largest fine in its history to Prodial, singling it out as the worst case of illegal cold calling it had ever seen.
Records indicated the marketing campaign could have produced a turnover of nearly £1m. Despite the sums of money involved the company, which traded from a residential property in Brighton, has been placed into voluntary liquidation by one of its directors. The ICO's enforcement team is working with insolvency experts to recover the fine.
The information commissioner Christopher Graham said it was "one of the worst cases of cold calling we have ever come across. The volume of calls made in just a few months was staggering."
More than 1,000 people complained to the ICO about the automated calls that played recorded messages relating toPPI claims.
Complainants said they were called repeatedly and that often there was no opt-out facility. One person said they felt helpless that they could do nothing to stop the calls, which were very intrusive at all times of day or night. A doctor complained the constant spam calls were interfering with his work as all calls had to be answered in case of emergency.
Companies can use internet phone lines to make enormous numbers of recorded marketing calls cheaply. The law states that companies can only make calls to people who have specifically consented to being contacted in this way. But the ICO investigation found Prodial had no such consent.
Evidence from the ICO's investigation showed the information from these calls was used to sell people's personal details on to claims management companies.
Graham said: "This was a company that knew it was breaking the law. A company director admitted that once the ICO became involved, the company shut down.
"That stopped the calls, but we want to send a clear message to other firms that this type of lawbreaking will not pay. That is why we have handed out our highest ever fine. No matter what companies do to try to avoid the law, we will find a way to act."
The ICO, which has the power to impose a penalty of up to £500,000, imposed more than £1.1m worth of penalties for nuisance calls and text messages in 2015 – up from £330,000 in 2014 – with the same total in the pipeline for 2016.
It has also ordered three Manchester-based companies to stop making unsolicited nuisance calls. Enforcement notices have been issued to a network of companies in the town of Sale, which are responsible for millions of automated nuisance calls that covered mis-sold pensions, PPI and debt management.


text: Everynight Charley's Manhattan Beat: La Luz, The Delta Saints, The J. Geils Band and More Everynight Charley Crespo September 23, 2015 Columns The Delta Saints/Mercury Lounge/August 25, 2015 The blues-rocking Delta Saints formed in 2007 when several college students started jamming in Nashville, Tennessee. Louisiana-born singer/lyricist Benjamin Ringel co-founded the band with Kansas native bassist David Supica. Soon after, they were joined by Tennessee-bred guitarist Dylan Fitch and Kentucky keyboardist Nate Kremer. The band's second studio album, Bones, was released on August 7, 2015. At the Mercury Lounge, The Delta Saints brought a whole lot of Bayou to their blues rock. The weaving of Ringel's soulful singing and finger-picking on a resonator guitar, Fitch's slide guitar, Kremer's rolling organ and Supica's funk-infused basslines gave the set its swampy sound. It brushed with genuine Southern twang, but there was more Delta blues than backwoods honky-tonk etched in its brow. While the roots of the music were a throwback to traditional American sounds, the band members gave the set a contemporary pulse with singer-songwriter sensitivities at one end and barroom bombast at the other. It will be fascinating to see where the modern road will lead the hybrid Delta Saints. The J. Geils Band/Beacon Theatre/August 26, 2015 While attending college in the mid 1960s in Worcester, Massachusetts, vocalist/guitarist John Geils led an acoustic blues trio with bassist Danny "Dr. Funk" Klein and harmonica player Richard "Magic Dick" Salwitz. In 1967, the trio recruited drummer Stephen Jo Bladd and Bronx-born singer Peter Blankenfeld, known professionally as Peter Wolf. They became the rocking J. Geils Blues Band, later dropping the word "Blues" from the band name. The following year, keyboardist Seth Justman joined The J. Geils Band. Since its initial breakup in 1985, The J. Geils Band several times has reunited briefly, beginning in 1999, but has not recorded new songs. The band presently consists of Wolf, Dick, Justman and Klein, with additional hired musicians for live shows. Headlining a New York concert for the first time in more than 30 years, The J. Geils Band stormed the Beacon Theatre with its 1970s rhythm & blues, pop and rock blend. The band opened its 90-minute set with a revue-styled instrumental, highlighting Dick on the harmonica as a lead instrument. Wolf then came onstage and both started and later ended with songs from the band's 1970 debut album. Drawing from seven of the band's 12 studio albums, Wolf and the nine-piece band performed familiar originals and obscure blues and soul songs. Even as the 69-year-old Wolf seemed to grow a bit winded, the quick-moving and hyper-jiving frontman still poured more octane into his performance. The high-energy set was very much like the shows The J. Geils Band performed some 35 years ago, and even without Geils and Bladd in the current lineup, the show retreaded 22 timeless treasures to great effect. Bodeans/City Winery/August 27, 2015 Kurt Neumann and Sam Llanas met in 1977 while in high school in Waukesha, Wisconsin. They wrote songs together until Llanas entered college, but soon after Neumann persuaded him to pursue music with him. They began to sing and play guitar under the name Da BoDeans in 1980. By 1983, Da BoDeans were playing Milwaukee's music scene with a hired drummer and bass player. They shortened the band's name prior to the release of a debut album in 1986, and Bodeans achieved moderate success over the years. Bodeans' 12th studio album, I Cant Stop, spelled without an apostrophe, was released on April 21, 2015. Bodeans is still recovering from the departure of Llanas in 2011, but Neumann continued to lead the band in stride. At City Winery, Bodeans played it safe. Much of the set was comprised of songs from when Llanas was a Bodean, but now with Neumann as the sole frontman. The band that in its early years straddled between country rock and pop settled into a comfortable middle ground. The problem with the middle ground was that the performance also was very much middle of the road. Neumann sang well, the backup musicians were polished, the arrangements were sweet, and the accordion was a very nice touch, but there was little bravado or ingenuity to propel the music beyond passive car-radio likeability. Today's Bodeans is a quintet that sits comfortably in its history, and the concert was pleasant enough, but the performance would have been more compelling if it had been less predictable. Nicki Bluhm & The Gramblers/Bowery Ballroom/August 28, 2015 Tim Bluhm, guitarist/vocalist of The Mother Hips, based out of San Francisco, California, was at a New Year's Eve party when he heard a woman from nearby Lafayette sing. The woman was not a professional singer; she had teaching credentials and lived on a ranch in San Diego, caring for horses. He persuaded her to pursue a singing career—with him as her mentor. In short time, he also persuaded her to become Mrs. Nicki Bluhm. He co-wrote his bride's first two solo albums, recorded a duet album with her, and now plays in her band, Nicki Bluhm & The Gramblers, along with guitarists Deren Ney and Dave Mulligan, bassist Steve Adams and drummer Mike Curry. Nicki Bluhm & The Gramblers' second album, Loved Wild Lost, was released on April 21, 2015. Nicki Bluhm & The Gramblers performed at the Bowery Ballroom without guitarist Tim, who was touring with his primary band, The Mother Hips. Nevertheless, The Gramblers successfully presented a country-kissed rock set highlighting the soulful singing of Mrs. Bluhm. The band claimed its calling immediately with the countrified leanings of "Heart Gets Tough" from the current album. The 18-song set largely showcased the band's two albums, with just three songs from Bluhm's solo albums. Recognizing that The Gramblers first became known through internet-posted zero-budget videos of cover songs sung in a van while touring, the set tonight included impressive takes on surprising covers. Singing from the gut, Bluhm sang a credible version of Jefferson Airplane's "Somebody To Love" early in the set. Later, the musicians gathered around a single microphone for a remarkably clever country-meets-funk acoustic take on Funkadelic's "Can You Get To That" and a cover of the Grateful Dead's "Deal." Opening act Andrew Combs and his band then joined The Gramblers to jam on Gram Parsons' rousing "Ooh Las Vegas." Still later, guitarist Andy Falco of The Infamous Stringdusters joined The Gramblers for an extended, guitar-driven "Jetplane." Nicki Bluhm & The Gramblers' concert gravitated increasingly from record promotion to stage party, and that made the band's performance all the more engaging. La Luz/Bowery Ballroom/August 29, 2015 A native of Kalamazoo, Michigan, Shana Cleveland relocated to Los Angeles, California, where she developed the intricate finger-picking guitar style she would employ in 2009 with the indie-folk Shana Cleveland & The Sandcastles. After recording two albums in The Curious Mystery, the vocalist/guitarist formed the all-woman quartet La Luz in 2012 in Seattle, Washington. La Luz's second album, Weirdo Shrine, was released on August 7, 2015. La Luz presently consists of Cleveland, keyboardist Alice Sandahl, bassist Lena Simon, and drummer Marian Li-Pino, with all four sharing vocals. At the Bowery Ballroom, La Luz performed rock music that uniquely sourced girl-group harmonies, surf guitar and garage rhythms. While La Luz's attempt at eloping the sounds was sometimes fractured, it was consistently intriguing. A listener may have desired less sugar-sweetened vocals or more guitar reverb, but the band was finding its way to make the marriage work. Cleveland sometimes heightened the fuzz on her guitar twangs for a captivating "surf noir" sound. Sandahl followed with poppy keyboard leads. At times the fusion was vibrantly spellbinding; at other times it was trance inducing. Halfway through the set, La Luz added to the lively spirit of the music by requesting an audience "surf train," similar to a Soul Train dance lineup but for crowdsurfers. The center lane of the crowd moved more than a dozen bodies, mostly female, over their heads from the back of the room to the stage. La Luz stood out as a highly original band. Leave a Reply Cancel Reply Your email address will not be published.CommentName* Email* Website Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.


text:
Treatment provided by
Laurie #10 in The Micro Q
Massage and body work
Scoliosis and arthritis
Estimated Funding Date May 29, 2020
B-Well Bowenworks/Melanye Walker
Cardio Screen 30 mins
Nanaimo, BC
$44.00 of $88.00 funded
Laurie's Story
I had abdominal surgery for my cancer on the second diagnosis. I also have scoliosis and the surgery allowed scoliosis to run amok. I am stage 4 and if I can't have a better quality of life and sleep then keeping cancer at bay is pointless.
How will this treatment impact Laurie's life?
I am hoping for less pain dressing, sleeping and in my daily movement. I am so tired of pain.
There are no reviews yet.


text:
Eurostars San Lazaro Hotel
Best Rate Guaranteed
- Superb
Score from 168 Review
Why book with GalaHotels.com ?
Recommended rooms
Eurostars San Lazaro Hotel Information
General Information
This modern hotel is in Santiago de Compostela's San Lázaro District. Buses across from the hotel connect with the center of the city every 20 minutes, and the airport, 8 km away, every 30 minutes.
Eurostars San Lazaro offers direct access to the Galicia Convention and Exhibition Center. Free Wi-Fi is available in public areas, while wired internet is available in rooms.
Rooms at the San Lazaro are bright and air-conditioned. They have a TV, safe and minibar. The private bathroom comes with a hairdryer.
A buffet breakfast is served in the San Lazaro Hotel's restaurant. Guests can also enjoy drinks and snacks in the cafe-bar.
The hotel offers easy access to the AP9 Atlantic Highway, and has free on-site public parking. Private on-site parking is available for a small charge. San Lázaro Stadium and Carlo Magno Park are a short walk away.
Hotel Location
Surrounded by a beautiful garden, this modern hotel lies situated at the heart of Milan opposite the congress and exhibition palace of Galicia. The football stadium of San Lázaro and the cathedral of Santiago Apóstol are a few minutes on foot from the hotel. The city centre can be reached in 5 minutes by making use of public transport. Santiago de Compostela airport is approximately 8 km away.
Hotel Room
The tastefully furnished rooms come with an en suite bathroom with hairdryer, cosmetics mirror, a direct dial telephone, satellite/cable TV and Internet access. Guests will also find a minibar, a double bed, central as well as individually regulated heating/air conditioning in the stylish rooms. The rooms also come with an electronic door key and a hire safe.
Eurostars San Lazaro Hotel Amenities
- wifi wifi-free
- local_bar bar
- account_balance business centre
- local_bar mini bar
- card_travel luggage room
- people meeting room
- live_tv television
- room_service Room Service
- phone telephone
- local_cafe tea/coffee making facilities
- restaurant_menu restaurant
- local_laundry_service laundry
- video_call conference


text:
Fliers won't get back fleece fee as cash is earmarked for IGIA upgrade
By A.m. Jigeesh
The civil aviation ministry has once again sided with private airport developers on the issue of collecting development fee.
Turning down the consumer affairs ministry's claim to `1,481.72 crore - the amount collected by the Delhi International Airport Limited (DIAL) from fliers as development fee - the civil aviation ministry has said the money will be utilised for developing the Indira Gandhi International Airport (IGIA).
The tug-of-war between the two ministries is going on even as parliamentarians have questioned the very decision to levy the airport development fee.
Grounded: The civil aviation ministry has said the airport development fee will be used for airport upgrade
The government last year introduced the Airports Authority of India (Major Airports) Development Fees Rules, 2011, to allow the levy of development fee.
The Airport Economic Regulatory Authority (AERA) then determined the development fee to be levied at IGIA according to Section 13(1)(b) of the AERA Act, 2008, read with Section 22 A of the Airports Authority of India (AAI) Act, 1994. From December 1, 2011, the DIAL began collecting `1,413 (`1,300-plus taxes) from international travellers and `221 (`200- plus taxes) from domestic fliers.
Opposition members in the House, however, raised objections and moved amendments to the Bill. While the matter is yet to be settled, the consumer affairs ministry jumped in the debate and laid claim to the amount of `1,481.72 crore that had already been collected before the present rules were introduced.
Consumer affairs secretary Rajiv Agarwal wrote to the cabinet secretary, the Airports Economic Regulatory Authority (AERA) and the civil aviation ministry that the amount collected by the DIAL between March 2009 and June 2011 'rightfully belong to the consumers' and should be used to promote consumer welfare activities.
In his reply, civil aviation secretary Nasim Zaidi said: 'According to the provisions of the (AAI) Act, the fee is to be utilised for the purposes of funding or financing the cost of upgrade, expansion or development of the airport at which fee is collected. The development fee at the IGI airport in Delhi was levied for the said purposes.'
Expressing 'surprise' over Agarwal's suggestion, Zaidi said the consumer affairs ministry's suggestion was against the AAI and the AERA Acts.
'...Hon'ble Supreme Court has held that it is necessary to ensure that the development fee levied and collected are utilised only for the specific purposes mentioned in Section 22A of the 1994 (AAI) Act,' he added in his letter.
But CPM member of the Rajya Sabha, K.N. Balagopal, who has moved several amendments to the Airports Authority of India Development Fees Rules, in the House, raised questions over the civil aviation secretary's contention.
'Even for implementing the provisions of Section 22(A) of the AAI Act, rules have to be framed and adopted in Parliament. The AAI Development Fees Rules is yet to be discussed and adopted by Parliament. Then how can a bureaucrat say the collection of the fee is according to the law of the land?' Balagopal said.
In April 2011, the Supreme Court had said in an order that rules have to be framed in Parliament before collecting development fee.


text:
How to Live Frugally
66 Tried-and-Tested Tips For a Frugal Life
Photo 52 of 66
Check Out Misspelled Items on eBay
You can use this site to find misspelled items on eBay that no one else is bidding on. The only caveat is that sometimes sellers who misspell the names can be careless and unreliable in the transactions as well, so you may run the risk of dealing with a difficult seller.
0previous images
35more images


text:
Gift Wrapping
For many people, unpacking a gift is a moment that is at least as enjoyable as receiving the gift itself - that's why every gift purchase at GOLDBLACK is perfectly wrapped.
Our noble black with the filigrane gold lacquer logo print, which is created by gold-lacquer craftsmen in our European manufactory in a special process, surrounds every handmade gift box.
We have two different sizes to ensure that each unique gift is packaged in the best possible way.
Each gift comes with our characteristic black/gold satin ribbon - and we have perfected the art of grinding bowls so that you can leave it entirely up to us.
Take advantage of our free service and give yourself or your beloved one with a GOLDBLACK gift
Wrap as gift
If you like to have your order wrapped, please select the option "wrap as gift" in checkout process shipping.
Our packing
Lovely packed with high quality packing materials.
Your gift
With your nicely wrapped gift, you can bring joy to your nearest and dearest.