text:
I Busted A Wedding Yelling Out The Bride's Secret
Hi everyone, I'm Jane and I'm 16 years old. I was at a fancy wedding recently. It was like an English lord marrying a king`s
daughter. But then I messed it up when I yelled out
one short sentence. Worst of all, I'll have to pay for it. But to understand this, I need to start from
the beginning. My mom had a wedding business. She was involved in the planning of weddings
from the search for a venue and decor, to working as an administrator at the event. Unfortunately, we didn't have many clients,
so my mother made very little money, and life was pretty hard. Plus, our family was just mom and me, and
we didn't have a father figure around to help us. But this only made my relationship with my
mother better. Since childhood, I helped my mom with decor,
invitations, and other little stuff. And I've always loved doing it. When I grew up, I became more involved in
the organization process, and I just fell in love with this profession. Of course, I was constantly in contact with
happy and loving people who charged me up with positive vibes. And recently, we had had clients who we just
loved working with but they also paid us a huge amount of money. They were a lovely couple, Dan and Joan.They
were young, passionate, and they came from very wealthy families. At our first meeting, they described their
vision, and we realized that it would be the wedding of the century. Oh my God, they wanted to rent a luxury hotel,
expensive limousines, and they wanted Lana Del Rey for music. By the way, hit like if you love her too. In addition, the food would be prepared by
a chef from a Michelin-starred restaurant, and a huge film crew would shoot the whole
wedding. In short, it was madness! I mean, in a good way. These people loved each other so much that
they didn`t spare any expense. To be honest, I was a little jealous of the
bride, because she was very lucky to be with Dan. I wish I had a boyfriend like that… Okay, I got distracted for a second. So my mother and I got to work. The two of us worked as if we were a whole
office of employees. Calls, correspondence, emails, meetings. We didn't have enough hands to do so many
things at the same time! But my mother and I knew exactly what we were
working for. On our fee, just from this wedding, we could
live comfortably for a whole year! Plus, the planning of this type of wedding
would be a great addition to our portfolio, and it could give a new life to my mother's
business. So it was worth it. But in the process, I accidentally witnessed
a very strange scene. I was on my way to Joan's house to give her
a box of special wedding invitations. As far as I knew, they were for very important
people who were going to be invited in person. So I was driving through this super expensive
neighborhood, and I was headed to her house. Security let me in through the gate, and I
saw Joan in the distance. But she was not alone. When I got closer, I saw that she was passionately
kissing some guy near his car. And it wasn't her fiance. My eyes were like bowling balls from surprise,
and as I approached them, Joan noticed me and realized I'd seen everything. There was a very awkward pause. A second later, this guy got into his car
and quickly drove away. I started to mumble something about the box
and the invitations, but Joan cut me off abruptly. I swear to you, she turned into the devil
himself for a second. She grabbed my arm hard and looked me straight
in the eyes. Wow, she basically looked into my soul. Then she ordered me to keep my mouth shut,
and to not dare tell anyone what I had just seen, or she would do something terrible to
me. At that moment I almost cried with fear. I just handed her the box and left. A cocktail of thoughts about what the hell
had just happened were bubbling in my head. And with these thoughts, I went back home. It was obvious that Joan was cheating on her
fiance. That's why she yelled at me and ordered me
to keep it a secret. But I am an honest person, and I couldn't
tolerate infidelity, even if it didn`t concern me. The fact is that mom and dad divorced for
this very reason. I remembered how much pain and suffering my
dad's betrayal of our family caused. So, despite Joan's threats, I decided to tell
my mother everything. Unfortunately, she didn`t share my views on
this situation. She said it wasn't our business, and that
they should sort out their relationship themselves. Besides, the fee for arranging their wedding
would be enough to finally pay off the loan for our house. So in fact, my mother told me to keep my mouth
shut too, only with other words. So I had to force myself to keep working. Oh my gosh, it was very awkward. Time after time, Dan and Joan came to our
meetings, we talked to them, discussed something. And every time I looked into Joan's eyes,
and I knew what kind of person she really was. And she looked into mine, and she knew that
I knew everything. But after the next incident, I changed my
mind and decided to reveal the whole truth about her, no matter what. Dan made another appointment, but this time,
he was alone. As he said, it was a matter of special importance,
and it had to be kept secret. Another secret, that's just great. That's exactly what I needed. Dan asked us to arrange a gift for his future
wife. It's a honeymoon. Even though it wasn't our main job, my mother
agreed to help arrange the trip. And not just a trip, but a two-month tour! First the Paradise Islands in Indonesia, then
a ski resort in the Alps, and the final destination was on the azure coast in Nice. It was just a dream! And the worst of it was that Dan was going
to give this gift to a girl who was cheating on him! He was willing to pay tens of thousands of
dollars to please this scoundrel! I almost exploded with anger and wanted to
tell him everything right away, but my mother understood my intentions and kicked me out
of the office. Of course, she did it for the money. She would get a fat wad of money again for
arranging this honeymoon. After that, I had a big fight with her. Mom told me to put aside my stupid principles
and to just do my job because we were doing it for the good of our family, and she would
never be able to forgive me if I screw it up. Hell, everyone was against me. And then I decided to drop everything, end
this damn wedding, and forget it like a bad dream. So the wedding day came. Everything was ready. Tables were set in the hall, waiters everywhere
with refreshments, and guests in tuxedos walked around the room and talked to each other. I swear to you, I recognized one of the guests
from his billboard that was asking people to vote for him in the last election. Some big shot. I worked as a hostess, and welcomed the arriving
guests. Soon the limousine pulled up, and the guests
began to warmly greet the people that everyone had gathered together for. The applause was too loud while Dan and Joan
walked into the hall. But then the groomsmen and bridesmaids started
coming out, and then I just froze in surprise, because one of the groomsmen was the guy who
was kissing the bride when I came to her house. Worst of all, it was Dan`s brother. Brother! My God, what was wrong with these people?! That was the last straw of my patience, so
I quickly walked over to Dan and said we needed to talk urgently. We went into the staff room and I blurted
out the truth about his fiancee and his brother. He started to calm me down and tell me that
that was impossible, and that I should forget about it and focus on the wedding. Then he left me alone. But I couldn't let those horrible people fool
him, so a second later, I came out of the room and shouted at the top of my lungs that
Joan had cheated on her fiance with his brother And then there was that pause. In ringing silence, all the guests processed
the information. Then they looked at the couple, and the bridegroom's
brother began to blush and deny everything. But Joanna's reaction was clear. Everyone who was present understood that this
was true. Perhaps, some even guessed it. Then the chaos began. Someone shouted at them, some swore terrible
words, others tried to calm them down, but this only added fuel to the fire. At this point, my mother quickly took me away
and began to just destroy me. I've never seen her so angry. And I could understand it, because I'd just
messed up a lot of work, and robbed us of a lot of money. But I had a sense of justice, because I did
all this at the call of my heart. And as it turned out, I shouldn't have done
it after all. A few days later, Dan came to our office. He looked very sad. But he didn't care that Joan was cheating
on him. As it turned out, he was well aware of this. The thing is, this whole marriage and this
wedding was just a sham. Their parents had agreed to this years ago. This event was supposed to create an alliance
of two large and wealthy families. Literally, as if they were in the middle ages. Dan and Joan didn't love each other, and they
never had a real relationship, but they had no choice. So he didn't mind his brother dating his fiancee. Moreover, Dan had a mistress, and the trip
that my mother and I had arranged was for her. But now everything was ruined, and both their
families found out about the deception. It was a huge blow to their reputation because
all this drama happened in front of them. But the moral damage was only half the puzzle. A huge pile of money was invested in this
wedding. And since it was our fault that it was destroyed,
we had to make amends. The thing I decided to blurt out just ruined
my mother`s and my life. I don't know how many years we'll have to
work to recover such a large amount of money. And I don't know if my relationship with my
mom will ever be the same. She had told me how to behave from the beginning… Do not interfere in other people's relationships,
guys. This could turn out very badly for you. Well, that's it for me. Thanks for your attention. I could use a few words of encouragement right
now. Feel free to express your opinion in the comments. And be sure to subscribe to the channel so
you don't miss more interesting stories.


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· Denmark proper
· Greenland*
· Netherlands proper
New Zealand:
· New Zealand proper
South Africa
United Kingdom:
· England and Wales
· Scotland
· Pitcairn Islands
United States:
· United States proper
· some tribal jurisdictions
Czech Republic
· various jurisdictions
· Setagaya*
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* Not yet in effect
A California domestic partnership is a legal relationship available to all same-sex couples, and to those opposite-sex couples where at least one party is age 62 or older. It affords the couple "the same rights, protections, and benefits, and... the same responsibilities, obligations, and duties under law..." as married spouses.[1]
Enacted in 1999, the domestic partnership registry was the first of its kind in the United States created by a legislature without court intervention. Initially, domestic partnerships enjoyed very few privileges—principally just hospital-visitation rights and the right to be claimed as a next of kin of the estate of a deceased partner. The legislature has since expanded the scope of California domestic partnerships to include all of the rights and responsibilities common to marriage. As such, California domestic partnerships are functionally equivalent to civil unions offered in several other states.
Filing an invalid California Declaration of Domestic Partnership is a serious offense and considered a misdemeanor.
Although the program enjoys broad support in California,[2] it has been the source of some controversy. Groups opposed to the recognition of same-sex families have challenged the expansion of domestic partnerships in court. Conversely, advocates of same-sex marriage contend that anything less than full marriage rights extended to same-sex partners is analogous to the "separate but equal" racial laws of the Jim Crow era.
California has expanded the scope or modified some of the processes in domestic partnerships in every legislative session since the legislature first created the registry. Consult the California Secretary of State for the most current information.[3]
As of 2012, California affords domestic partnerships the same rights and responsibilities as marriages under state law. Among these:
While domestic partners receive all of the benefits of marriage under California state law, federal law does not recognize domestic partnerships. In addition, some countries that recognize same-sex marriages performed in California as valid in their own country, (e.g., Israel [5]), do not recognize same-sex domestic partnerships contracted in California.
Many supporters of same-sex marriage also argue that the use of the word marriage itself constitutes a significant social difference, and in the majority opinion of In Re Marriage Cases, the California Supreme Court agreed,[6] suggesting an analogy with a hypothetical that branded interracial marriages "transracial unions".[7]
A 2010 UCLA study published in the journal Health Affairs suggests various inequities (including "Inequities in marriage laws") might have "implications for who bears the burden of health care costs." That study finds that men in same-sex domestic partnerships in California are only 42% as likely to receive dependent coverage for their partners as their married peers, and that women in same-sex domestic partnerships in California are only 28% as likely to receive that coverage.[8][9]
Beginning January 1, 2012, domestic partnership eligibility requirements were significantly revised. Currently, a couple wishing to register must meet the following requirements:[10]
If a couple wishes to establish a confidential domestic partnership, both partners are required to share a common residence. There is no longer a common residence requirement for couples wishing to establish a standard (non-confidential) domestic partnership.
On June 28, 2013, same-sex marriage resumed in California. A law enacted on July 7, 2014 ensures that same-sex marriages lawfully concluded out-of-state after November 4, 2008 are designated as such.[12]
Domestic partner registration is an uncomplicated process, more simple and less costly than entering into a marriage. Both parties must sign a declaration listing their names and address.[13] Both signatures must be notarized. The declaration must then be transmitted to the Secretary of State along with a $10 filing fee (plus an additional $23 fee for same-sex couples to help fund LGBT-specific domestic violence training and services).[14] In this regard it is not like a marriage or civil union. Those unions require a ceremony, solemnized by either religious clergy or civil officials, to be deemed valid.[15]
In most cases, a domestic partnership must be dissolved through filing a court action identical[16] to an action for dissolution of marriage. In limited circumstances, however, a filing with the Secretary of State may suffice. This procedure is available when the domestic partnership has not been in force for more than five years. The couple must also meet many other requirements that the dissolution be both simple and uncontested: no children (or current pregnancy) within the relationship, no real estate (including certain leases), and little joint property or debt. The parties must also review materials prepared by the Secretary of State, execute an agreement dividing assets and liability, and waive claims to domestic partner support. Where all the requirements are met, the partnership will terminate six months after the filing, unless either party revokes consent.
On September 28, 2012, the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court ruled in that "Because the parties to California [registered domestic partnerships] have rights and responsibilities identical to those of marriage", it is proper to treat such relationships "as equivalent to marriage" in Massachusetts. The context was a child custody dispute between two women in a California domestic partnership.[17]
States which have civil unions or domestic partnership registries affording substantially similar legal protections generally recognize California domestic partnerships.
The term "domestic partnership" was allegedly coined by Berkeley municipal employee Tom Brougham in an August 1979 letter, and both he and his partner put forward a proposal for creating this lower tier of legal relationship recognition for employee benefits to the Berkeley City Council and University of California, Berkeley. Their proposal would be adopted by San Francisco Supervisor Harry Britt.
In 1982, the San Francisco Board of Supervisors passed Britt's measure to extend health insurance coverage to domestic partners of public employees, largely because of the to the early days of AIDS, but did not provide for a registry available to the general public. Mayor Dianne Feinstein vetoed the measure.[18] Eventually San Francisco and other communities, such as Berkeley, and some local agencies enacted a similar measure.
In December 1984, Berkeley was the first city to pass a domestic partner policy for city and school district employees after a year of work by the Domestic Partner Task Force chaired by Leland Traiman. Working with the Task Force was Tom Brougham, a Berkeley city employee who coined the term "domestic partner" and created the concept. All other domestic partner policies are patterned after Berkeley's.
In 1985, West Hollywood became the first US city to enact a domestic partnership registry open to all citizens. Eventually other cities, such as San Francisco, Berkeley, and Santa Cruz, followed suit.[19]
Despite successes in a handful of localities, supporters of legal recognition same-sex couples could not overcome the limited geographical scope and relatively modest range of programs administered at the county and city level. In the 1990s, they turned their attention to the state legislature.
Mirroring the experience of California's local efforts, the state legislature did not initially succeed in providing health insurance coverage for domestic partners or creating a domestic partner registry for the general public.
Simultaneously with the Domestic Partnership Act of 1999, Assemblymember Carole Migden introduced Assembly Bill 26 of 1999. As originally drafted, it covered all adult couples, like its unsuccessful senate counterpart. Before bringing the bill to the Assembly floor, however, Migden narrowed its scope. Based on objections from Governor Gray Davis, who did not want a competing alternative to marriage for opposite-sex couples, Migden eliminated coverage for opposite-sex couples where either participant was less than 62 years of age. The bill passed, and Davis approved it on October 2, 1999. It provided for a public registry, hospital visitation rights, and authorized health insurance coverage for domestic partners of public employees.[24] While modest in scope, Assembly Bill 26 marked the first time a state legislature created a domestic partnership statute without the intervention of the courts. (Hawaii's legislature enacted a more expansive reciprocal beneficiaries scheme in 1997 in response to an unfavorable lower court ruling; Vermont enacted a sweeping civil union bill in 2000 at the direction of its state Supreme Court.)
In the first successful expansion of the domestic partnership act, Assemblymembers Carole Migden and Robert Hertzberg, joined by state Senator Sheila Kuehl, introduced a bill that added 18 new rights to the domestic partnership scheme. It also relaxed the requirements for opposite-sex couples, requiring only one of the participants to be over 62 years of age. The expanded rights included standing to sue (for emotional distress or wrongful death), stepparent adoption, a variety of conservatorship rights, the right to make health care decisions for an incapacitated partner, certain rights regarding distribution of a deceased partner's estate, limited taxpayer rights, sick leave to care for partners, and unemployment and disability insurance benefits. Governor Gray Davis signed the bill into law on October 22, 2001.[25]
During the 2001–2002 session, California enacted five more bills making minor changes:
The introduction of The California Domestic Partner Rights and Responsibilities Act of 2003 (or Assembly Bill 205 of 2003) marked a major shift in the legislature's approach to domestic partnerships. Earlier efforts afforded domestic partners only certain enumerated rights, which the legislature expanded in piecemeal fashion. This bill, introduced by Assemblymembers Jackie Goldberg, Christine Kehoe, Paul Koretz, John Laird, and Mark Leno, created the presumption that domestic partners were to have all of the rights and responsibilities afforded spouses under state law. The bill did carve out certain exceptions to this premise, principally involving the creation and dissolution of domestic partnerships and certain tax issues. It also, for the first time, recognized similar relationships, such as civil unions, created in other states. Because the legislation dramatically changed the circumstances of existing domestic partnerships, the legislature directed the Secretary of State to inform all previously registered domestic partnerships of the changes and delayed the effect of the law for an additional year, until January 1, 2005. Governor Gray Davis signed the bill into law on September 19, 2003.[31]
Since enacting The California Domestic Partner Rights and Responsibilities Act of 2003, the legislature has passed several bills aimed at clarifying how certain spousal provisions should be treated in the context of domestic partnerships and made some modest changes. This subsequent legislation includes:
California public opinion has long supported legal protections for same-sex couples. In early 1997, two and half years before any statewide recognition occurred, polls showed two-thirds of Californians supported the limited provisions in unsuccessful bills debated in the legislature at the time. There was also strong support (59 percent) for broader provisions (pension, health, leave and survivor benefits) that weren't enacted until more than four years later.[41]
Polls consistently show a marked contrast between support for domestic partnerships and same-sex marriage. In 1997, roughly 38 percent of Californians supported same-sex marriage. More polls show an increase in support for same-sex marriage, but few polls suggest that there is any more support for same-sex marriage than a statistical tie with opponents.[42] On November 4, 2008, Californians voted, 52.2% to 47.8%, to eliminate the right of same sex couples to marry.[43] However, a recent 2012 poll showed vast increase in support of same sex marriage with 59% of Californians supporting same sex marriage and 80% supporting legal recognition of same sex couples. The 2012 poll found for the first time a majority support for same-sex marriage when non-marriage domestic partnerships were presented as an option.[44]
Despite broad support, California's domestic partnership program has engendered opposition.
California law provides for referendums, petition drives that would place any legislative enactment on the ballot for review. Following the passage of The California Domestic Partner Rights and Responsibilities Act of 2003, state senator William "Pete" Knight (author of the successful Proposition 22 initiative) and Assemblymember Ray Haynes sought to put the new legislation to a popular vote. The referendum failed to qualify for the ballot.[45]
Opponents of legal recognition for same-sex couples filed two lawsuits in the Superior Court of California. In the first case, state senator William "Pete" Knight sued Governor Gray Davis (later substituting Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger) on the grounds that A.B. 205 impermissibly amended Proposition 22, which Knight authored. Randy Thomasson (an opponent of gay rights and head of the Campaign for California Families) filed a similar lawsuit, which challenged both A.B. 205 and the earlier domestic-partner expansion in A.B. 25. Both lawsuits, consolidated into a single action, failed at the trial and appellate courts. In the wake of those decisions, opponents of legal recognition for LGBT families launched at least two recall efforts against Judge Loren McMaster, who presided over the trial-court hearings. The recall efforts also failed.[46]
Along similar legal lines, defendants in a wrongful-death action brought by the survivor of a domestic partnership mounted a defense based partly on the ground that the legislative enactments giving a domestic partner standing to sue for wrongful death ran afoul of Proposition 22 (among other defenses). That defense failed on appeal.[47]
Proponents of same-sex marriage, including the City and County of San Francisco, have challenged the state's opposite-sex marriage requirements on constitutional grounds. In pursuing these claims, the plaintiffs argue that even the broad protections of California's domestic partnership scheme constitute a "separate but unequal" discriminatory framework. In May 2008, the Supreme Court of California ruled in their favor in In re Marriage Cases, overruling Proposition 22 and effectively legalizing same-sex marriage in California.
Immediately following the passage of The California Domestic Partner Rights and Responsibilities Act of 2003, a petition drive began to amend the California Constitution to forbid any recognition—including domestic partnerships—of LBGT relationships.[48] The measure failed to qualify for the ballot.
For a month in early 2004, San Francisco issued marriage licenses to same-sex couples. The Supreme Court of California halted that process and later declared the marriages void. Regardless, four separate groups began petition drives to amend the California Constitution to prevent same-sex marriage and repeal domestic-partnership rights.[49] The renewed efforts peaked in 2005,[50] but have continued since. These groups have filed a total of 20 petitions, but none of the proposed amendments has qualified for the ballot.[51]
In 2008, two of these groups moved[52] to qualify ballot initiatives to amend the California Constitution on the November 2008 ballot. One qualified as Proposition 8. The amendment eliminates the right of same-sex couples to marry, but does not repeal any rights granted to domestic partnerships and registration for domestic partnerships remains legal in California.[53] In late 2008, Proposition 8 was passed by the voters, in 2009, the legality of Proposition 8 was upheld by the California Supreme Court in Strauss v. Horton holding that same-sex couples have all the rights of heterosexual couples, except the right to the "designation" of marriage and that such a holding does not violate California's privacy, equal protection, or due process laws; the In Re Marriage Cases still apply.[54] Proposition 8 then was challenged in federal court on August 4, 2010 in the Perry v. Schwarzenegger trial, as it was found to have violated the Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses of the 14th Amendment of the Federal Constitution.
In late May 2010, the Internal Revenue Service reversed a 2006 ruling, and declared that, with respect to community property, domestic partners in California must be treated the same as heterosexual couples due to a change to the California community property tax law in 2007.[55] The IRS ruled the approximately 58,000 couples who are registered as domestic partners in California must combine their income for federal tax purposes, and then each report half of the total income and half of the total withholdings on their separate tax returns. If one of the partners makes significantly more than the other, the net result is a lower tax obligation for the couple.[56] In December 2010, the Internal Revenue Service issued a revised edition of its Publication 555, Community Property, explicitly applying this ruling to registered domestic partners in Nevada as well, the other community property states with such registries, as well as, in California, both registered domestic partners and same-sex couples recognized by the state as married.
Transgender, Sexual orientation, LGBT history, Gay, LGBT symbols
California State Assembly, San Francisco, New York City, Mark Leno, United States
Arnold Schwarzenegger, Stanford University, History, California State Assembly, New York City
Same-sex marriage in Brazil, Same-sex marriage in Mexico, Same-sex marriage in Canada, Same-sex marriage in South Africa, Same-sex marriage in the United States
Domestic partnership in California, Same-sex marriage in New Hampshire, California, Same-sex marriage in the United States, Michigan
Same-sex marriage in the United States, California, Same-sex marriage in Mexico, In Re Marriage Cases, California Proposition 8 (2008)
Arnold Schwarzenegger, California Proposition 8 (2008), California, Defense of Marriage Act, Same-sex marriage in the United States
Standing (law), Barack Obama, California Supreme Court, Equal protection clause, In re Marriage Cases
California, Lgbt, San Francisco, United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, San Diego

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The Snug, Cambridge Central, Cambridge
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Mark Davey left this review about The Snug
An odd place, not really a pub, although they do have a bar selling beer. We needed to kill an hour before going to the cinema just round the corner and popped in for a pint and some food. Ordered a pint of Conkers which was mediocre. despite our best attempts, everything on the menue seemed to be off, so we gave up and left. This place is obviously set up as a student eating spot, but at the prices they are charging, they must be pretty rich students. Won't be going back.
On 13th May 2014
- rating: 4
[User has posted 292 recommendations about 276 pubs]
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- Hot Food : Yes last updated 28 September 2013 by hondo .
- Real Ale : Yes last updated 28 September 2013 by hondo .


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This just in: The International Dota 2 Championships will not be held in American soil. Instead, it will be held north of the American border in its neighboring country, Canada. This is the first time this will happen since the very first The International.
Valve made the announcement earlier today, just hours after the release of the latest Dota 2 update, patch 7.11.
The International Dota 2 Championships 2018
There were already rumors earlier this year that Valve would choose to change the venue for Dota 2's biggest annual tournament. This mostly stemmed from the planned rennovations of the Key Arena in Seattle, the home of TI since The International 2014. However, few ever imagined that it would happen as soon as later this year.
But then again, the move does make sense logistically. Vancouver isn't that far away from Seattle. In fact, it is the closest major city to it. Not only that, but with the move, we might see fewer of the travel visa issues that plagued the previous incarnations of TI.
The International 2018.
Rogers Arena – Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
August 20-25, 2018
Tickets: March 23, 2018https://t.co/9QAsdblkjL#Dota2 #TI8 pic.twitter.com/ieteBsxje3
— Wykrhm Reddy (@wykrhm) March 16, 2018
The schedule also changed along with the new venue. Instead of occuring near the start of August, The International 8 will take place near the end, from the 20th to the 25th.
Compared to Seattle's Key Arena, the Rogers Arena in Vancouver is slightly larger. The indoor sports arena has an official capacity of 18,910 as opposed to Key Arena's 15,354.
The only other time Valve held The International Dota 2 Championships outside of the United States was in 2011 when they unveiled the game during Gamescom 2011 in Cologne, Germany.
What do you think of the change in venue of The International Dota 2 Championships? Do you think we'll see fewer talents and teams having travel visa issues this time around? Be sure to let us know your thoughts in the comments down below.
Don't forget to follow us on Twitter and Facebook for the latest on your favourite Esports titles.


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The strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) is a highly perishable product in natura on the market and requires the use of appropriate technology for better conservation and reduction of post-harvest losses. Sanitation methods are used as part of the production chain to conserve and sanitize the product until it reached the consumer. Chlorine and its by-products are currently the most used products for the cleaning of vegetables and fruits. Brazilian legislation has accepted the use of chlorine for food sanitization in the post-harvest stage, but in some European countries, the use of chlorinated products in fresh food has been banned. Chlorinated compounds have some disadvantages for the treatment of water and food because they can lead to the formation of organochlorine, trihalomethane and haloacetic acid compounds, which are mutagenic, toxic and carcinogenic (Lazarova; Savoye; Janex, 1999; Silva et al., 2011).
Studying alternatives to chlorine that efficiently inactivate microorganisms, do not affect physicochemical qualities and do not pose a risk to consumers is important. Ozonation has been proposed as an alternative for the post-harvest treatment of plant products. Ozone gas, i.e., the triatomic molecular form of oxygen, has been recognized as a safe substance since 1982, and the use of this gas as a direct additive to foods was permitted by the FDA a few years later. This allowed for its use as an antimicrobial agent and food sanitizer in the treatment and processing stages, and research on this gas has been increasingly emphasized (Graham, 1997; Kim; Yousef; Dave, 1999; Güzel-Seydim; Greene; Seydim, 2004; FDA, 2013).
The efficiency of ozone gas as a sanitizer is well established, and its role as a potent oxidizer for water treatment has been known since the beginning of the 20th century. However, due to their abundance and low price, the use of chlorinated products dominates throughout the world (Khadre; Yousef; Kim, 2001). However, in recent years, ozone has regained importance as sustainability and technologies with less impact on the environment and human health have become priorities. The sustainable use of water is a prime example, and because of the characteristics of ozone, e.g., high oxidative power, no residues and a wide spectrum of antimicrobial action, it is a great solution for the rational use of water (Chiattone; Torres; Zambiazi, 2008).
The effect of ozone on several groups of microorganisms, such as fungi of the genera Aspergillus, Fusarium, Geotrichum, Myrothecium, Alternaria, Penicillium, Botrytis and Mucor, viruses and bacteria, is already known (Kim; Yousef; Dave, 1999; Khadre; Yousef, 2001; Raila et al., 2006; Wu; Doan; Cuenca, 2006; Zotti et al., 2008; Oskan; Smilanick; Karabulut, 2011; Alencar et al., 2013; Alexopoulos et al., 2013). However, the use of ozonated water for the sanitization of fruits and vegetables is still less evident when compared to the applications of ozone in its gaseous form. There are many uses for ozonated water in the strawberry post-harvest process and for other fruits and vegetables, and these include treatments to control pathogen infections and plant propagules, water sanitation in washing systems, discharge tanks or channels, sanitation of equipment surfaces and packaging, and alternatives to chlorinated products (Di Bernardo; Dantas, 2005; Silva et al., 2011).
The ozonation of water depends on several factors, including the ozone decomposition kinetics in an aqueous medium, the organic matter content in water, the water temperature and the pH of the medium. When there is a significant variation in the pH of the medium, the changes in the efficiency during the disinfection process are related to the changes in the ozone decomposition rate (Kim; Yousef; Khadre, 2003). In view of the above, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of pH on the efficacy of ozonated water to control microorganisms in the strawberry sanitization process and to evaluate possible changes in the quality of the product during storage.
Strawberries of the cultivar "Portola" were cultivated in the city of Brazlândia, DF, Brazil. The cultivation area is located at an elevation of 1,200 m, and the geographic coordinates are 15°65'25" S latitude and 48°10'92" W longitude. The fruits were harvested by hand at their commercial ripening point and properly selected, and fruits with lesions were discarded. The fruits were then taken to the Laboratory of Pre-Processing and Storage of Vegetable Products at the University of Brasília - DF in August of 2016.
Ozone gas was obtained via an ozone generator (Model 0&L 5.0 RM) based on the Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) - corona effect method. In the ozone generation process, oxygen (O2) was used as the input with a purity of approximately 90%, was free of moisture, and was obtained from an oxygen concentrator coupled to the ozone generator.
Distilled water was used at three different pH levels: pH 3.0 with citric acid (p.a.), pH 6.5, and pH 8.7 with sodium bicarbonate (p.a.). The pH measurements were performed using a Digimed Mod. DM21 potentiometer. To obtain ozonated water at different pH levels, the gas was bubbled for 15 min at a concentration of 21 mg L-1 with a 1.0 L min-1 flow at 25 °C in glass containers with a capacity of 1.5 L using a porous plate.
The fruits were divided into six batches, and each batch corresponded to one treatment. For three treatments, ozonized distilled water was used, and for the other three treatments, non-ozonized distilled water was used. The treatments were at the different pH levels. The quantification of the ozone dissolved in the water was carried out using a SAM CHEMetrics photometer, Model I-2019, with a measurement range of 0.01 to 5.0 mg L-1. The fruits were packed in 3.0 L glass containers and immersed in ozonated or non-ozonated distilled water at the different pH levels. The immersion time was 5 min for all the treatments. After this period, the water was drained, and the fruits were packaged in rectangular, transparent polyethylene packages (18 cm x 12 cm) and identified according to each treatment. Each treatment had 3 replicates. Each of the packages had approximately 100 g of strawberries. They were stored in a climatic B.O.D. chamber at a temperature of 5 ± 1 ºC.
Microbiological and physicochemical analyses were carried out immediately before and after immersion of the fruits in the ozonated or non-ozonated distilled water and every two days for a total of six days of storage. The microbiological analyses of the fruits were carried out before immersion in the ozonated or non-ozonated distilled water. Each sample (25 g) was aseptically transferred to sterile plastic bags and homogenized in 225 mL of sterile peptone water. Serial decimal dilutions of each sample were made in the peptone water. Dilutions of 10-1, 10-2, 10-3 and 10-4 were used.
The Petrifilm™ system (3M Company, St. Paul, MN, USA) was used according to the manufacturer's guidelines to count the yeasts and molds (YM), aerobic mesophiles (AC), total coliforms and Escherichia coli (EC 6404). This technique was tested on fresh strawberries by Jordano et al. (1995) for these microorganisms, and satisfactory results were obtained. The results are expressed on a log basis (CFU g-1). For the assessment of Salmonella spp., the protocol utilized was that reported by the Normative Instruction number 62 from the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture (Brasil, 2003).
For the quality evaluation of the strawberries, the variables assessed were the fresh weight loss, pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids (°Brix), soluble solids to titratable acidity ratio (SS/TA) and color. The fresh mass loss was determined as the difference between the initial mass and the final mass using a digital scale and was expressed as a percentage of the initial mass. The pH was determined using a Digimed Mod. Potentiometer DM21. Approximately 10 g of the crushed and homogenized samples was used in 100 mL of distilled water for the titratable acidity analysis, and the analysis was performed according to the standards described by the Instituto Adolfo Lutz (2008). Titrations with a standardized 0.1 N sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH) were performed to the turning point equivalent of pH 8.2 using the Digimed Mod. DM21 potentiometer. The results were expressed as the citric acid percentage. The soluble solids were determined using an Atago digital refractometer (Model 1T), and the results are expressed as °Brix according to the AOAC (2002). Using the values obtained for the soluble solids (SS) and the titratable acidity (TA), the SS/TA (ratio) was obtained.
The color of the strawberries was evaluated using the ColorQuest® XE colorimeter from HunterLab. The equipment was duly calibrated, and the values were taken from the pulp of the fruits. Two sample readings were performed for each repetition. Using the values of the coordinates L, a and b, it was possible to obtain the parameters related to the chroma or color saturation (C) (Equation 1), the hue angle (hº) (Equation 2), and the color difference (ΔE) (Equation 3) (Mclellan; Lind; Kime, 1995; Maskan, 2001).
h = the hue angle
C = chroma or color saturation
∆E = color difference
L = measurable in terms of intensity from white to black
a = measurable in terms of the red and green intensity
b = measurable in terms of the yellow and blue intensity
L 0 , a 0 and b 0 are the values obtained at time zero.
A completely randomized design was used in a 6x4 factorial scheme, i.e., six treatments and four storage periods (0, 2, 4 and 6 days) with three replicates. Initially, an analysis of variance was performed and was followed by the Tukey mean test. ASSISTAT 7.7 was used in the analysis of variance, and the software SigmaPlot v. 10 was used to obtain the equations and plot the graphs.
Before immersing the strawberries in ozonated distilled water, the residual ozone was quantified, and values of 0.11 mg L-1, 0.08 mg L-1 and 0.04 mg L-1 were obtained for the pH levels of 3.0, 6.5 and 8.7, respectively. According to Kim, Yousef and Khadre (2003), aqueous media with higher pH values cause rapid decomposition of ozone and the formation of hydroxyl radicals (OH). Therefore, when the pH of the medium changes, the changes in the efficacy of ozone during the sanitization process are related to changes in the ozone decomposition rate (Kim; Yousef; Khadre, 2003; Di Bernando; Dantas, 2005). The stability of ozone in water decreases as the pH of the medium increases, and when the pH is higher than 8.0, nearly half of the introduced ozone decomposes into several intermediate oxygen forms within 10 min (Kim; Yousef; Dave, 1999; Wysok; Uradziñski; Gomóka-Pawlichka, 2006).
The decomposition of ozone in aqueous media is characterized by a rapid decrease in the initial concentration and a later phase in which the ozone concentration decreases via a first order kinetic rate with hydroxyl radicals (OH) are the main decomposition products (Kim; Yousef; Khadre, 2003; Almeida et al., 2004). Ozone can react with organic compounds in aqueous solutions via a direct reaction. Molecular ozone participates in reactions, and indirect reactions that involve the hydroxyl radicals (OH) formed from the decomposition of ozone in aqueous media can also occur. These indirect reactions are not selective because hydroxyl radicals are capable of promoting an attack on organic compounds that is 106-109 times faster than some oxidizing agents, such as H2O2 and molecular ozone (Kim; Yousef; Dave, 1999; Almeida et al., 2004; Di Bernardo; Dantas, 2005). The solubility of ozone gas in the aqueous medium also depends on the organic matter content in the medium because a lower organic matter concentration results in a longer ozone half-life in water. Most disinfection processes occur via a molecular ozone (O3) direct route. However, oxidation processes predominantly occur via the hydroxyl radical indirect pathways (Khadre; Yousef; Kim, 2001; Silva et al., 2011).
Regarding the microbiological quality of the strawberries prior to immersion in the ozonated or non-ozonated distilled water, counts equivalent to 6.70 ± 0.10 and 5.20 ± 0.20 log CFU g-1 were obtained for the aerobic mesophiles and molds and yeasts, respectively. The estimated value of E. coli in the strawberries was <1.00 log CFU g-1. There was no evidence of Salmonella spp. for the 10-1 dilution. The total coliform count did not allow for the capacity of the ozonated water to control the microorganisms of this group to be determined under the different conditions.
There was a significant difference (p<0.01) in the count of the aerobic mesophiles and the yeasts and molds due to the treatment interactions and storage periods of the strawberries immersed for 5 min in ozonated or non-ozonated distilled water at different pH levels. A lower aerobic mesophiles count was observed in the strawberries immersed in ozonated distilled water (ODW), except for the fruits immersed in ozonated distilled water at pH 8.7 relative to the fruits immersed in non-ozonated distilled water (NODW) at the same pH (Table 1). The greatest difference estimated on the sixth day of storage was verified by comparing the aerobic mesophiles count in fruits immersed in ODW at pH 3.0 (3.67 log CFU g-1) with the results from the fruits immersed in NODW at pH 6.5 (6.33 log CFU g-1), resulting in a significative difference (p<0.01) of 2.66 log CFU g-1. It should be noted that all the treatments resulted in aerobic mesophile counts lower (p<0.01) than that obtained for the fruits prior to immersion in ODW and NODW, which was equivalent to 6.70 log (CFU g-1).
|Time (days)
|Aerobic mesophiles
|NODW - pH 3.0
|4.81 ± 0.46 aA
|4.15 ± 0.46 aA
|4.94 ± 0.46 aA
|5.08 ± 0.46 bA
|NODW - pH 6.5
|4.80 ± 1.24 aB
|4.64 ± 1.24 aBC
|3.61 ± 1.24 bC
|6.33 ± 1.24 aA
|NODW - pH 8.7
|4.50 ± 0.37 aA
|4.57 ± 0.37 aA
|5.28 ± 0.37 aA
|4.82 ± 0.37 bcA
|ODW - pH 3.0
|4.16 ± 0.39 aA
|3.91 ± 0.39 aA
|4.15 ± 0.39 abA
|3.67 ± 0.39 cA
|ODW - pH 6.5
|3.88 ± 0.60 aA
|3.56 ± 0.60 aA
|3.61 ± 0.60 bA
|4.58 ± 0.60 bcA
|ODW - pH 8.7
|4.30 ± 0.52 aA
|4.42 ± 0.70 aA
|4.35 ± 0.70 abA
|5.26 ± 0.70 abA
|Molds and yeasts
|NODW - pH 3.0
|3.71 ± 0.92 aB
|5.40 ± 0.92 aA
|5.65 ± 0.92 abA
|5.00 ± 0.92 abA
|NODW - pH 6.5
|3.38 ± 0.95 aB
|4.99 ± 0.95 abA
|4.87 ± 0.95 bcA
|5.74 ± 0.95 aA
|NODW - pH 8.7
|3.33 ± 1.10 aC
|5.01 ± 1.10 abB
|5.98 ± 1.10 aA
|5.80 ± 1.10 aAB
|ODW - pH 3.0
|3.87 ± 0.42 aA
|3.94 ± 0.42 cA
|4.20 ± 0.42 cA
|4.47 ± 0.42 bA
|ODW - pH 6.5
|3.37 ± 0.53 aB
|4.39 ± 0.53 bcA
|4.16 ± 0.53 cAB
|4.25 ± 0.53 bA
|ODW - pH 8.7
|3.35 ± 0.70 aB
|4.73 ± 0.70 abcA
|4.43 ± 0.70 cA
|4.82 ± 0.70 abA
Means followed by the same lower-case letters in a column and capital letters on the lines do not differ significantly based on the Tukey test (p<0.05).
According to the results, ODW at different pH levels resulted in lower increases in the counts of molds and yeasts in the fruits during storage, as shown in Table 1. When ODW at pH 6.5 was used, a count of the molds and yeasts of 4.25 log CFU g-1 was obtained on the sixth day of storage, whereas the count was 5.74 log CFU g-1 for the NODW sample at this pH, which indicated a difference of 1.49 log CFU g-1. It is important to note that immersion in NODW or ODW reduced the counts of the molds and yeasts at the beginning of storage. A count equivalent to 5.20 log CFU g-1 was obtained for the untreated strawberries, while those immersed in NODW or ODW had counts below 3.90 log CFU g-1. The difference obtained when comparing the counts of the molds and yeasts in the non-ozonated samples and those immersed in NODW or ODW was significant (p<0.05).
There are several studies in the literature that have evaluated the efficacy of gaseous ozone dissolved in water to control microorganisms. Pang and Hung (2016) demonstrated that a combination of UV radiation and ozonated water can achieve a reduction of 5 log cycles in the E. coli O157:H7 count in romaine and iceberg lettuces, whereas the treatment with UV radiation only obtained a reduction of 2.1 log cycles and treatment with a chlorine solution a reduction of 2.5 log cycles. Aguayo et al. (2013) reported that ozonated water with a concentration of 0.4 mg L-1 and three immersion times of 1, 3 and 5 min could effectively reduce the concentration of mesophilic bacteria in tomato fruits. On the 5th and 14th day of storage, the immersion time of 3 min was more effective than that of 1 and 5 min. Martínez, García and Sánchez (2002) demonstrated that using ozonated water at a concentration of 2.2 mg L-1 and a 15 min immersion time was able to significantly inhibit the germination of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Fusarium oxysporum and, to a lesser extent, Lasiodiplodia theobromae in mangos of the Haden cultivar. Alencar et al. (2014) ozonated pears with ozone gas at a concentration of 100 ppm for 60 min and did not observe a significant increase in the counts of the molds and yeasts for up to 13 days of storage. However, the authors obtained counts equivalent to 3.0 log CFU g-1 after 13 days of storage in fruits that were not subjected to ozonation.
There was no significant difference for the variable pH (p>0.05), and the pH values during the storage period remained between 3.50 and 3.20. There was a significant difference between the treatments (p<0.01), independent of the storage period, for the variable fresh mass loss (Figure 1). The mean values of the fresh mass loss do not include the initial time. The percent mass loss in the fruits immersed in NODW at pH 3.0 and pH 8.7 statistically differed from the treatments with the ODW. The lower loss of the fresh mass in the ozonated fruits may be associated with a reduction in the respiratory rate and the lower microorganism count. Nadas, Olmo and García (2003) observed a lower percentage of fresh mass loss in strawberries treated with ozone gas and stored at 2 °C for three days than those not submitted to ozonation. According to these authors, ozone reduced the loss of fresh mass due to a decrease in the fruit respiration rate. Zhang et al. (2011) observed a significant decrease in the strawberry mass loss over 20 days of storage. The authors obtained lower values for the fresh mass loss and respiratory rate in strawberries when a concentration of 4 ppm of ozone was used. Liu et al. (2016) observed that when using ozonated water at a concentration of 1.4 mg L-1 and a contact time of 5 and 10 min, there was a reduction in the fresh mass loss and microorganism count in apples after two days of storage.
Significant variations (p<0.01) were obtained for the soluble solids (SS; ºBrix), titratable acidity (TA, %) and SS/TA ratio. In the case of the fruits immersed in ODW at different pH levels, the soluble solids contents ranged between 6.38 and 7.12 ºBrix on the sixth day of storage, while for those immersed in NODW at pH 3.0, the value was 4.70 ºBrix, as shown in Table 2. Higher titratable acidity variation was observed in fruits immersed in NODW at pH 8.7. However, the values of the titratable acidity remained higher than 0.75% in all the treatments (Table 2). A more pronounced SS/TA reduction trend was observed in the fruits immersed in NODW at pH 3.0, and the values were lower than 4.85 on the sixth day of storage. However, for the fruits immersed in ozonated water at different pH levels, the SS/TTA values on the sixth day were greater than 6.80 (Table 2).
|Time (days)
|SS (°Brix)
|NODW - pH 3.0
|7.08 ± 1.07 abA
|7.10 ± 1.07 aA
|6.70 ± 1.07 aA
|4.70 ± 1.07 cB
|NODW - pH 6.5
|6.52 ± 0.31 abA
|6.90 ± 0.31 aA
|6.77 ± 0.31 aA
|6.55 ± 0.31 abA
|NODW - pH 8.7
|7.01 ± 0.81 abA
|7.30 ± 0.81 aA
|6.95 ± 0.81 aAB
|6.10 ± 0.81 bB
|ODW - pH 3.0
|7.25 ± 0.35 aA
|6.75 ± 0.35 aA
|6.63 ± 0.35 aA
|7.02 ± 0.35 abA
|ODW - pH 6.5
|7.10 ± 0.28 abA
|6.75 ± 0.28 aA
|7.05 ± 0.28 aA
|7.12 ± 0.28 aA
|ODW - pH 8.7
|6.15 ± 0.49 bB
|7.20 ± 0.49 aA
|6.83 ± 0.49 aAB
|6.38 ± 0.49 abAB
|NODW - pH 3.0
|0.99 ± 0.03 aA
|1.01 ± 0.03 aA
|1.04 ± 0.03 aA
|0.98 ± 0.03 aA
|NODW - pH 6.5
|0.93 ± 0.07 aA
|0.90 ± 0.07 abA
|0.96 ± 0.07 aA
|1.00 ± 0.07 aA
|NODW - pH 8.7
|0.93 ± 0.11 aA
|0.80 ± 0.11 bB
|0.94 ± 0.11 aA
|1.03 ± 0.11 aA
|ODW - pH 3.0
|0.95 ± 0.06 aAB
|0.91 ± 0.06 abB
|1.05 ± 0.06 aA
|0.96 ± 0.06 aAB
|ODW - pH 6.5
|0.99 ± 0.05 aA
|0.93 ± 0.05 aA
|1.03 ± 0.05 aA
|0.99 ± 0.05 aA
|ODW - pH 8.7
|0.93 ± 0.05 aA
|0.97 ± 0.05 aA
|1.01 ± 0.05 aA
|0.93 ± 0.05 aA
|NODW - pH 3.0
|7.18 ± 1.01 aA
|7.03 ± 1.01 bA
|6.43 ± 1.01 aA
|4.81 ± 1.01 cB
|NODW - pH 6.5
|7.03 ± 0.77 aA
|7.71 ± 0.77 bA
|7.12 ± 0.77 aAB
|6.53 ± 0.77 abB
|NODW - pH 8.7
|7.26 ± 1.33 aA
|9.12 ± 1.33 aA
|7.37 ± 1.33 aB
|5.93 ± 1.33 bcC
|ODW - pH 3.0
|7.64 ± 0.64 aA
|7.41 ± 0.64 bAB
|6.31 ± 0.64 aB
|7.33 ± 0.64 aAB
|ODW - pH 6.5
|7.21 ± 0.45 aAB
|7.29 ± 0.45 bA
|6.85 ± 0.45 aA
|7.17 ± 0.45 abA
|ODW - pH 8.7
|6.62 ± 0.49 aB
|7.42 ± 0.49 bA
|6.72 ± 0.49 aA
|6.82 ± 0.49 abA
Means followed by the same lower-case letters in a column and capital letters on the lines do not differ significantly based on the Tukey test (p<0.05).
In relation to the pulp color of fruits immersed in NODW or ODW at different pH levels, a significant difference (p<0.05) was obtained for the variable hue angles and color differences as a result of the interaction between the treatment and the storage period. The color saturation did not present a significant difference (p>0.05). Regarding the hue angle, on the sixth day of storage, the pulps obtained from the fruits immersed in NODW at pH 3.0 and 8.7 had values of 26.96 and 27.70, respectively, while those obtained from the fruits immersed in ODW were greater than 30.20, as shown in Table 3. It is important to mention that this difference was significant at a 5% probability. Nadas, Olmo and García (2003) obtained lower color saturation and hue angles in ozone-treated strawberries at a concentration of 1.5 μL L-1 and stored at 2 °C compared to non-ozonated fruits. Barth et al. (1995) found a significantly lower hue angle in blackberries treated with ozone after 5 days of storage at 2 °C.
|Time (days)
|Hue angle (°h)
|NODW - pH 3.0
|30.13 ± 1.65 aA
|29.04 ± 1.65 bAB
|30.64 ± 1.65 aA
|26.96 ± 1.65 bB
|NODW - pH 6.5
|29.30 ± 1.67 aB
|31.63 ± 1.67 aA
|31.53 ± 1.67 aA
|28.31 ± 1.67 abB
|NODW - pH 8.7
|29.74 ± 1.05 aA
|29.71 ± 1.05 abA
|29.19 ± 1.05 aA
|27.70 ± 1.05 bA
|ODW - pH 3.0
|29.05 ± 1.12 aA
|30.87 ± 1.12 abAB
|31.35 ± 1.12 aA
|30.23 ± 1.12 aAB
|ODW - pH 6.5
|28.91 ± 1.16 aB
|30.11 ± 1.16 abA
|30.10 ± 1.16 aA
|28.29 ± 1.16 abA
|ODW - pH 8.7
|29.51 ± 1.76 aA
|30.50 ± 1.76 abAB
|31.59 ± 1.76 aA
|30.28 ± 1.76 aAB
|Color difference
|NODW - pH 3.0
|0.0 ± 2.18 aC
|2.62 ± 2.18 bB
|6.22 ± 2.18 aA
|5.20 ± 2.18 abA
|NODW - pH 6.5
|0.0 ± 1.01 aB
|5.09 ± 1.01 abA
|6.41 ± 1.01 aA
|6.33 ± 1.01 abA
|NODW - pH 8.7
|0.0 ± 2.38 aC
|2.57 ± 2.38 bB
|6.71 ± 2.38 aA
|6.61 ± 2.38 abA
|ODW - pH 3.0
|0.0 ± 1.22 aB
|4.19 ± 1.22 abA
|6.53 ± 1.22 aA
|7.13 ± 1.22 abA
|ODW - pH 6.5
|0.0 ± 2.41 aC
|3.47 ± 2.41 abB
|6.52 ± 2.41 aA
|7.48 ± 2.41 aA
|ODW - pH 8.7
|0.0 ± 0.87 aB
|4.91 ± 0.87 aA
|5.45 ± 0.87 aA
|4.43 ± 0.87 bA
Means followed by the same lower-case letters in a column and capital letters on the lines do not differ significantly based on the Tukey test (p<0.05).
Regarding the color difference in the fruit pulp, a tendency to increase that was independent of the ozonation was obtained throughout the storage. It is noteworthy that only the pulp of the fruits immersed in ozonated water at pH 8.7 showed a color difference of less than 4.50 after six days of storage (Table 3). Changes in the color of food have been explained by the degradation of pigments by ozone. Ozone has a high oxidative potential and can degrade several types of organic compounds, including pigments (Güzel-Seydim; Greene; Seydim, 2004; Tiwari et al., 2009). Alencar et al. (2011) and Sanchez et al. (2016) explained the change in peanut color as depigmentation of the skin, i.e., the reddish color, by ozone gas. In the present research, the observed differences in the strawberry color are associated with the capacity of ozone to retard the deterioration process.
The use of ozonated water at different pH levels can be an important alternative to maintain the post-harvest quality of strawberries. The pH influenced the efficiency of the ozonated water to control undesirable microorganisms in strawberries during storage. With regards to the strawberry quality during storage, ozonated water was able to retard the loss of the fresh mass and maintain the pH, soluble solids, titratable acidity, SS/TA ratio and color variables.


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Home is the best place all in the world. We always to like to Make our Home beautiful and make the home like a heaven. So today we are talking about one of the best things to decorate our home from lighting. Let's talk today about the Best tripod table lamps in the year 2020. you can order these tripods tables lamps in Amazon. Talking about these tripod table lamps I consider the price, production and also the review to these tripod table lamps. First, all I need to say that these are real review after analyzing the whole websites.
Tripod lamps are one of the best lighting equipment to have in any room. We can buy various type of tripod lamps in the market nowadays. It is the top ranking in everywhere for home decorations. So lets we talk about the Top best tripod table lamps you can buy with good price.
Last Updated on
Editor's Picks: Best Tripod Table Lamps in 2020
Alexandria Black Table Lamp ( Alexa include)
Cinema Searchlight Tripod Floor Lamp
Kira Mini Tripod Table Lamp
1. Vintage Industrial Style Wood Tripod Table Lamp
Classic never die. This tripod table lamp Come with Wood and high-quality aluminium. Also, It has an awesome Classic Tripod look just like a ship searchlight. It makes with the teak woods and tripod can adjustable. And, Also this classic boy made from the Thor Instruments co. which in top brand name in the world. And also this kind of table lamps saving your electricity bill with a LED bulb.
let's talk specification About this Classic Tripod wood lamps. This Wood Tripod lamp is just 5.41 pounds (2.45 KG). It Finishes with Antique Brass with colour Gold. And 2way switching with 60-watt Bulb. I highly recommend this wood tripod lamp for People who love the classics.
2. Ashley Signature – Leolyn Tripod Wood Table Lamp
Look that Image. This tripod wood table lamp is so wonderfull. This one is fit for anything. I highly recommend this baby for an Office. It's a very modern style for an office desk. Leon Tripod Wood Table Lamp is born in Ashley furniture which is the top furniture manufacturers in the USA. Let's talk about this wood tripod lamp specifications.
First, it has a clear view. Tripod create with metal and wood. And, Also it has an adjustable height. Ashley Signature has good lighting with one bulb. If you think if you need a CFL bulb you can change it so easily. This wood table lamp Height is just 18.5 inches. Leolyn tripod creators are made this tripod lamp as a stylish and good for your budgets. Buy an Ashley Signature – Leolyn Tripod Wood Table Lamp for your office.
3. Versanora VN-L00008 Tripod Table Lamps
When we come to bed we need to calm down. So, Versona tripod lamp is a good table lamp for your bedroom. Not only your bed it fit for everywhere. This Tripod lamp comes with a cylinder shape. It's a very unique tripod design and has a very relaxing look. Also, this tripod lamp was listed in UL( Underwriters Laboratories ), an organization which has been testing and approving products for consumer safety.
This table lamp made with Iron. plastic and fabric. But, she looks like a wood table lamp. It just 3.09 pounds (1.5KG). Yes, It lights. It requires 100w bulb and if it is in the bedroom and uses 60w or 40w bulb. with this fabulous tripod table lamp, we can make our bedroom more beautiful.
4. Silk Sheer Shade Tripod Table Lamp
Yes, It's a new and fashionable tripod table lamp with nickel tripod base and a silk fabric sheer shade. It's good for any kind of rooms, office. I recommended especially good for your visiting room because This tripod lamp bit bigger than other products.
This tripod lamp comes with white colour. The unique thing is it has a Pleated silk band sheer beautiful fabric shade. Also, it has a Ul certificate. The lamp was big but it light. it's just 1.5 pounds (0.5KG). Also, this fashionable lamp Height is 19.7 inches. Make beauty, your visiting room with a Silk Sheer Shade Tripod Table Lamp.
5. Alexandria Black Table Lamp ( Alexa include)
"Black is always elegant. It is the most complete colour in the whole world, made of all the colours in the palette." – Ricardo Tisci
Black is the most complete colour for this High-quality metal tripod table lamp. Just things light come from the black shades. It's the most fantastic idea I ever saw. think about it. It can use everywhere. when you and your lover in dinner this stylish black tripod table lamp will be beside you.
This Dissent Boy made with Metal and fabric. The mainly important thing is this tripod table lamp Works with Alexa, Google Home Assistant, or Apple HomeKit. But, it requires a smart outlet and it sold separately. After that, you can Plug this black boy into any smart plug and turn your lamp into Smart Lamp. It 1.72 pounds weight and height is just 8 inches.
6. Nightstand Wooden Tripod Table Lamp
When someone chooses something to decorate his house it always dependent it looks. This Nightstand Wooden Tripod Table Lamp has a beautiful unique look. Also, this tripod made from natural wooden. But, it's very light. Yes, this girl good for every room in your home or office. But, I recommended it for your office.
Nightstand Wooden Tripod Table Lamp Made with Natural wooden and linen for the shade. Also, the cylindrical shade gives a clean unique and a beautiful look. This tripod wood table lamp weight 1.65 pounds (0.7KG) and Its Height is 15 inches. You can plug any standard wall outlet with an electrical cord in this wood table lamp. This boy needs 40watt or LED blub. The manufactures of this table lamp said that Nightstand Wooden Tripod Table Lamp is the perfect balance between contemporary style and rustic charm.
7. Sagebrook Home Wood Tripod Table Lamp
Sagebrook Home Wood tripod Table lamp is a very beautiful and classic table lamp. look that image No need to explain anything. you can buy it for just its looks. because it looks so awesome. This Tripod table lamp good for home decoration. We can put any area in our home. But, I think it good to decorate your visiting room. Because it has a remarkable look.
It made with Wood and it has a wood base colour. The shade was linen. This table lamp has a 6.3 inches cord and we can plug it any standard wall socket. Sagebrook Home Wood tripod Table lamp weight just 2.65 and height is 14 inches. So, Don't think a lot of things just buy it and decorate your visiting room with a luxury look.
8. Cinema Searchlight Tripod Floor Lamp
Yes, I know it. This Tripod Floor Lamp for industrial uses. But, it also classic with a Nice look. This tripod lamp good for to especially for Youtuber studios or photographers studios to decorate their places. But, It also so good for your shops and visiting rooms in your offices.
This classic lamp can easily adjustable height and angle. so, we can save more space in our place. Also, it has a 1.8 long wire. So, we can handle it very easy with these features. So, here the best solution which who thinking to decorate there workplaces like classics.
9. Kira Mini Tripod Table Lamp
The last item I 'm going to introduce you is Kira mini tripod table lamp. When we have small spaces in our home we need to be more mini Items. Because the main things in the small house are space. This Mini table lamp has a glorious look. It fit for every place and it has unique tripod legs. I think this beautiful mini table lamp good for your office table.
Kira mini tripod table lamp is UL listed item and no need to worry your protections. It included 60W bulb and we can also change it to the LED bulb. This mini tripod table lamp weight is 1 pound (0.45KG) and its height 7.5 inches. Also, it has a 6 feet cord to plug it to wall switcher.
10. Marsha Tripod Table Lamp
Here the best luxury Tripod table lamp you ever saw. It called Masha Tripod lamp. It has a rich look with a unique luxury look. This New-look Table lamp has a 1970's style. Its very good in your living room. This Tripod lamp got beautiful charming tripod sticks. Oh, Yes Masha tripod lamp has dual lights. And, also It available in two colours which black and white.
This tripod lamp hight 27 inches and its weight 2.2 kg. It has Mid-century modern charm look with two 60 watt lights. It's Come with well designing and best technologies use for a table tripod lamp. Masha tripod table lamp got two pull chains to turn on lamps. with this pull chain, it became more attractive table tripod lamp anyone ever saw.
So, guys, these are the best tripod table lamp you can buy in 2020. These Tripod lamps Have a unique awesome look with quality products. I chose these products after analyzing hundreds of tripod table lamp and I think you can shop for these products with good confidence. Make your home or working place beauty with these tripod table lamps. Shop with confidence good luck.


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Habibi & Hawara
Meaning "friend" in German and Arabic, Austria's only refugee-run restaurant aims to connect locals with newcomers over fusion food. Habibi & Hawara serves a mix of Austrian and Middle Eastern cuisine and is well known for its extensive, vegetarian-friendly lunch buffet and its so-called "family dinners" (up to 15 dishes served tapas style). Most of the staff come from Syria and Afghanistan and fled the war zones in 2015.
- +43 1 5350675
- Go to Website
Polish entrepreneur Franciszek Trześniewski brought the open sandwich culture to Vienna by opening his first joint in 1902. The tiny rye bread sandwiches come with a huge variety of toppings including egg, lentil and tuna and make a perfect snack any time of the day. The locals often enjoy them together with a "Pfiff" (a small beer) but to honour the founder, Polish shots are available as well (and soft-drinks, too!).
- +43 1 5123291
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The LaLa
Vegan sisters Cecilia and Susanna landed a major hit with their fully plant-based ice-cream parlour Veganista (which has nine shops in Vienna to date) before opening their own, Californian-inspired bistro in 2019. Start your day with a colourful muesli bowl and avocado on toast or enjoy healthy bowls, salads, smoothies and guilt-free brownies before exploring the cool neighbourhood.
- +43 660 7506800
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Zur Herknerin
For traditional Austrian food in a contemporary setting, Zur Herknerin is a must-visit. Owner Stefanie Herkner spoils her guests with hearty dishes such as schnitzel and dumplings best enjoyed together with her favourite martini. The menu changes weekly and always includes options for vegetarians. Stefanie also runs cooking classes for everyone interested in mastering the art of preparing dumplings.
- +43 699 15220522
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Motto am Fluss
Located right at the Danube canal, where the boats leave for nearby Bratislava, this trendy hotspot is popular with the local in-crowd, visitors and day trippers alike. Motto am Fluss is an elegant restaurant and a hip bar both in one, its biggest selling point being the huge terrace with picture-perfect views over the water.
- +43 1 2525510
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Swing Kitchen
This trendy fast-food restaurant proves that beef is overrated. Swing Kitchen serves huge meat-free burgers, wraps and nuggets so delicious you don't have to be vegan to fall in love with them at the first bite. Karl and Irene Schillinger, the duo behind the foodie hotspot, have expanded to five restaurants in Vienna but the original one in Schottenfeldgasse is still the most popular. Celebs such as Pamela Anderson and Bryan Adams are fans.
The Instagram-worthy restaurant just opposite the University of Vienna is heaven on earth for vegans and vegetarians (and anyone on a meat-free day). Guests can choose between à la carte brunch and lunch and a huge, fresh buffet which is paid by weight. Dishes are a mix of international and Austrian cuisine made of local and mainly organic ingredients.
- +43 1 5320544
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Café Liebling
The shabby-chic hang-out in Zollergasse is a brunch, lunch and after work hotspot all in one, with a small patio for the warmer months. It gets especially busy on weekends with the local crowd mastering the art of brunching (which can pretty much go on all day). Come early and look for the "Bar" sign outside (there is nothing that says "Liebling"). We recommend the organic lemonade.
- +43 1 9905877
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Am Brillantengrund
Am Brillantengrund is technically a hotel but its restaurant (with a cute courtyard patio) is equally popular with Viennese foodies. Born in the Philippines, owner Mama Mangalino prepares traditional dishes from her home country such as Filipino steak and stir-fries, using regional and seasonal ingredients. Almost everything can be ordered as vegetarian or vegan (including the steak). Leave some room for "Mama's cheesecake".
- +43 1 5233662
- Go to Website
Marks is a three-story café, restaurant and bar in the heart of Neubau beloved for its laid-back atmosphere. There's a large patio for summer and a cosy open fireplace for colder days. Breakfast is served all day but there are changing lunch specials and dinner options as well. This is the sort of place where you can spend a whole day snacking through the menu, reading free magazines and getting some work done, too (if you really have to).
- +43 1 5223290
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Café Prückel
Café Prückel is all pink drapings and chandeliers. Opposite the beautiful MAK museum (worth a visit if you're interested in applied arts), this is a great spot to meet friends and experience Viennese coffeehouse culture. With coffee specialties, stacks of newspapers and homemade pastries, this spot is perfect for whiling away a few hours.
- +43 1 512 61 15
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Café Frauenhuber
As the oldest coffee house in Vienna, Café Frauenhuber is pretty popular. Located at the old Fleischmarkt (meat market) in the first district, it makes a convenient centrepoint for a taste of Viennese nostalgia.
- +43 1 512 53 53
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Kleines Café
This tiny coffee shop lives up its name which translates as "little café". But that's its charm. Drink in the bohemian atmosphere (and maybe a hot chocolate too). If seating is an issue, the outdoor cobbled square offers an equally appealing setting (weather permitting) for a coffee break.
At Hollerei the menu changes weekly. Surrounds compliment the restaurant's wholesome fare with dark wood parquet floors and benches big enough for two. While here, check out the Hollerei gallery, which promotes emerging artists and facilitates entry-level collectors. Check its website for information about exclusive art dinners and events hosted in the exhibition rooms. Cooking workshops are also bookable online.
- +43 1 892 33 56
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Base yourself in this lantern-filled courtyard for an afternoon of conversation with friends. Sample a mixture of Viennese and international cuisine – opting for a mix of fettuccine with wild garlic, and local sausage with potato salad. The small menu has a seasonal focus, and vegetarian, vegan and organic dishes are available in limited supply.
- +43 1 526 16 60
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At these rustic wine taverns, food is simple and drinks flow freely. Found on the outskirts of Vienna – as well as in Austria's winegrowing regions – they're particularly nice to visit in summer and autumn. Stroll through the taverns' gardens, glass of red in hand, before tucking into a selection of cured meats, breads and pickled vegetables. Strudel for dessert is near obligatory.
Oswald & Kalb
Positioned in the Old University Quarter, not far from St Stephen's Cathedral, Oswald & Kalb is the place to grab a table in a cosy vault and peruse the traditional menu. Treat yourself to some typical Viennese cuisine (although the deboned fried chicken is also very good) and select Austrian wines.
- +43 1 512 13 71
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Glacis Beisl
Sample some contemporary Austrian food a stone's throw from the crowded Museumsquartier. Hidden sub-terra along Breite Gasse, Glacis Beisl is a surprisingly spacious spot for lunch. Enjoy authentic goulash and scrumptious wiener schnitzel beneath the walnut trees in the sun-drenched courtyard. Post lunch resume to your cultural afternoon at the nearby Leopold Museum.
- +43 1 526 56 60
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Superfood Deli
Vienna's food scene extends far beyond schnitzel. For the best acai bowls in town head to the Superfood Deli on the Mariahilfer Strasse. Its motto, "raw, fresh, local, vegan, natural, organic, handmade and sustainable" tells you all you need to know. After devouring your particularly tasty lunch, order a fresh juice or homemade almond-milk latte to go.
- +43 676 595 2924
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Honu Tiki Bowls
Honu Tiki Bowls brings a little Hawaii to Vienna. A hip spot in the city centre, it's the perfect place for a pit stop when exploring. Mix your base of rice or zoodles with fresh ingredients to refuel before heading out shopping or sightseeing.
- +43 680 320 9797
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Zum Schwarzen Kameel
If Wes Anderson opened a sandwich joint, this would probably be the place. At Zum Schwarzen Kameel you'll dine on open sandwiches and neatly cut, pastel-hued pastries. Suffice to say, this charming establishment should be on every visitor's list – locals love it. In winter, cosy up in the open-air gastgarten under heaters and layered blankets with a wiener melange – a viennese take on a cappuccino.
- +43 1 533 8125
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Mochi Ramen Bar
Stop here after a visit to Vienna's Prater amusement park. The eatery is on the smaller side and operates on a first come, first served basis. Reservations are not possible (so don't waste your time cosying up to the front of house). The wait is worth it with a lengthy menu of ramen variations. Our advice: don't skimp on the toppings.
The trademark pink and brown interior of this Viennese bakery, which has many locations across the city, has remained untouched over the decades. Locals rely on Aida's simple, no-frills approach to coffee, cakes, snacks and ice cream, which are prepared to perfection by ladies in candy-pink pinafores.
- +43 1 8908 988 210
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As an ode to the full-board guesthouses scattered around Vienna, this cosy café puts baking in the capable hands of omas (grandmothers) who bake tarts, cakes and pastries using local produce and generations-old family recipes. The room is decked out like the living room of your sassiest great aunt, with scrubby brick walls, camelback sofas and formica tables.
- +43 1 585 0464
- Go to Website
Jars of pickles and fermented goods line the walls of this sleek inner-city restaurant that serves traditional dishes with contemporary flair. All of the ingredients are fetched from local farms or the restaurant's garden, which is lined with fruit trees and beehives, and regularly hosts concerts by contemporary musicians.
- +43 1 8900590
- Go to Website
Blue Mustard
Don't miss this newbie on the restaurant circuit, located right in the heart of Vienna's first district. By day their airstream caravan serves up street food and coffee, then the glimmering dining room opens in the evenings. Washed with coppers and golds, this spot serves food inspired by Italy, Japan, Scotland, Austria and beyond in the form of carefully constructed dishes with explosive flavours.
- +43 1 934 6705
- Go to Website
Dedicated to sourcing the best produce from local suppliers to create inventive slow food, this casual fine-dining spot is furnished with Ercol chairs, natural wood and copper. The menu is seasonal – stem cabbage with pork neck and brown hollandaise, smoked trout with almonds and pancetta, organic chicken with local mushrooms. Breakfast is served on Saturdays, and is all about good bread, good butter, homemade granola and scrambled eggs.
- +43 1 236 2122
- Go to Website
The Breakfast Club
Locals fill their boots with contemporary brunch dishes including poached eggs and French toast, or jazzed-up Austrian classics such as bread, honey and fruit at this all-day breakfast joint in the heart of the lively fourth district.
Nestled in the heart of Naschmarkt, Neni serves up Israeli food inspired by the cafés of Jerusalem and the market bars of Tel Aviv. Breakfast includes bubbling baked eggs, yoghurt with candied nuts and Yiddish sweet bread, while lunch or dinner calls for feasts of oven-baked aubergine with tahini, almond chicken, lamb shawarma, perfect pitta bread and the best hummus in the city.
- +43 1 585 2020
- Go to Website
Join the fashion pack at this new bar/restaurant surrounded by the artisan stores and boutique galleries of the Freihausviertel. The food is bright, modern and comforting with a concise brunch, lunch and dinner menu of seasonal dishes. The bar even hosts concerts in the loos, with a crammed programme of local DJs and musicians.
- +43 1 945 9386
- Go to Website
Aida Café
Blue Mustard
The Breakfast Club
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text:
February 7-9, 2020 OHIO EXPO CENTER
Become an Exhibitor
Thank you for your interest in becoming an exhibitor at the 2020 Columbus Fishing Expo! The Expo has quickly established itself at the premier fishing event in the Midwest. With visitors traveling from Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan,
Pennsylvania and West Virginia.
Now accepting applications for the 2020 expo!
Use the forms below to reserve your booth space.
2020 Exhibitor Information Kit
Exhibitors will receive specific instructions regarding unloading, registration and setting up their booth prior to the event.
Exhibitor Layout
To see the 2020 floor plan and available space please visit the link below.
Click here to view the floorplan


text:
Der Mensch
January 04, 2020
University of Tennessee Knoxville (January 27-February 21, 2020).
Pigment prints
Le Corbuffet
October 01, 2019
Brooklyn, New York
Artist's Book, Social Sculpture, Chromogenic prints
Sustainability's Image Problem
September 24, 2019
Library Stack for Oslo Architecture Triennale
4470 words
August 19, 2019
Video, Single channel projection. Color. Sound. 8:40 min. 2019
Nature Morte
August 01, 2019
Chromogenic prints
June 19, 2019
New Orleans, LA
Chromogenic print
Changes of State
November 28, 2018
A/D/O New York
Performance, Installation
Against the Architectural Imagination: Sustainability's Image Problem
March 21, 2018
Cranbrook Academy of Art
Le Corbuffet for City Harvest
December 16, 2017
Brooklyn, New York
Social sculpture
You're Not the Boss of Me Now
November 03, 2017
Amica Dall, Joseph Halligan
Architecture Is All Over
October 01, 2017
Columbia Books on Architecture and the City
288pp. 6.5 × 9.25" 2017
Second Lives
June 24, 2017
Reaper: Richard Hamilton, Sigfried Giedion
4987 words
Insides and Outsides: The Other Architect
May 17, 2017
The Journal of Architectural Education
2082 words
Free Radicals Symposium: "Reimagining Radicalism"
October 09, 2016
Cranbrook Art Musem
30 minutes
A Conversation with MOS Architects
August 18, 2016
PIN UP Magazine
Hilary Sample, Michael Meredith
Atmospheres of Institutional Critique: Haus-Rucker-Co's Pneumatic Temporality
November 24, 2015
Hippie Modernism: The Struggle for Utopia. Edited by Andrew Blauvelt
6449 words
Sociable Realism
November 01, 2015
1341 words
Art Post-Internet: A Questionnaire
March 03, 2014
Art Post-Internet
912 words
April 14, 2011
Private Collection
Pigment print
Airtight: A Conversation with Philippe Rahm
September 30, 2010
Architecture At the Edge of Everything Else
Philippe Rahm
Architecture At the Edge of Everything Else
September 30, 2010
MIT Press
218 pp., 6.75 x 9.375 in
New Brutalism
August 30, 2010
Radiator Gallery, Long Island, NY; Camera Club of New York, New York, NY; Angell Gallery, Toronto, ON
Chromogenic prints
March 04, 2008
Digital c-print on satin, cotton insert with polyester filling
Sketches and Drawings of Equivalent Systems
May 04, 2007
Espace 528, Montreal, QC, Canada
Pigment prints
Continuous Structures
May 01, 2007
Espace 528, Montreal, QC, Canada
Video installation
Equivalents (Parallel Lines)
October 01, 2006
Leonard and Bina Ellen Gallery, Montreal, QC; Elektra Festival International Arts Numériques, Montreal, QC
Two-channel video installation
Second Skin
June 04, 2006
Galerie Thérèse Dion, Montréal, QC; FOFA Gallery, Concordia University, Montréal, QC
Chromogenic print
April 03, 2006
Bourget Gallery, Montreal, QC, Canada
Two-channel video installation
Study for The White Maze
April 04, 2005
Harvard Graduate School of Design, Cambridge, MA; Galerie Thérèse Dion, Montréal, QC; Private collection
Photographic Installation, Chromogenic print, Models