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Need help? For some specific tribological applications bearing, gear cast PAs are still unavoidable. Nowadays, however casting has received a powerful competitor, viz. Pioneering activities on the application of anionic polymerization of lactams for AM versions started in the s. Khodabakhshi et al. The solidification half-time, linked with the productivity of this AM method, could be reduced to below one minute. The authors compared the characteristics of their ink-jetted PA-6 with those of cast PA-6s. It can be predicted that the next step in AM via the anionic polymerization of lactams will be their modification, especially with nanofillers [ 43 ].
In these processes polymerization and shaping occur at the same time net-shape processing. It is noteworthy that the related process simulations are of practical interest [ 44 ]. In these operations the polymerization takes place below the T m of the final product thereby reducing the cycle time fast demolding owing to solidification. Rusu et al. Barhoumi et al. To support the reactive rotational molding of in situ polymerized PA-6 the authors summarized the chemorheological results isothermally heated in TTT diagrams. Table 1 clearly shows the benefits of reactive rotational molding over traditional ones [ 46 ].
Processing and material parameters of specimens produced by classical and reactive rotational molding [ 46 ]. Considering the fact that the anionic polymerization of lactams is much faster than the hydrolytic one, several attempts were made to synthesize PAs through reactive extrusion.
Credit in this field should be given to the groups of Michaeli [ 47 ] and White [ 48 , 49 ]. The related works covered not only homopolymers but also other modifications. Wu et al. Interestingly, in situ foaming of anionically polymerized lactams was not yet a topic of academic research. The patent literature [ 51 ] suggests, however, that this is a feasible option.
When the polymerization is performed below T m then the decomposition temperature of chemical foaming agents should be carefully selected. A peculiar feature of the anionic polymerization of lactams is that it represents the only suitable method to produce PAs in powder form [ 1 ]. To get powder the polymerization proceeds in suitable organic liquids acting as precipitants. Oily polyisobutylenes proved to be very suitable dispersing fluids for the micronscale PA powders [ 52 ].
The major advantage of this process was that PA-6 particles in nanoscale 15—30 nm could be received. This was a big achievement as the traditional techniques resulted in particles ranging from a few to hundreds of microns [ 1 ]. Note that the applications of PA-6 powders, especially the nanoscaled ones, are manifold medical, sensoric, environmental [ 54 ].
Extensive research was dedicated to the modification of anionically polymerized PA-6 and PA through various copolymerization strategies.
The property modifications mostly aimed at reducing the crystallinity and melting temperature, enhancing the ductility and toughness, as well as improving the thermal and hydrothermal resistances. Next, we give a brief survey on various copolymerization techniques classified according to the comonomer pairs or molecular build-up. Anionic copolymerization is focused on the combination of CL and LL as industrially available lactams. Based on the topic-related summary of Roda [ 1 ], the activated anionic polymerization with NaCL initiator yielded random copolymers. Kinetic investigations confirmed that in the initial stage of polymerization PA-6 homopolymer forms, while random chain, consisting of CL and LL, appears in a later stage [ 1 , 55 ].
Ricco et al. This work was focused on changes in the thermal and structural properties thereby considering the products of side reactions. De-oligomerization by extraction affected T g , T m and the crystallinity of the samples. Nauman et al. The authors reported on the formation of a gradient copolymer because CL was incorporated into the polymer backbone preferentially in the starting phase of polymerization. It was found that the conversion, M v , and degree of crystallinity were all reduced with increasing LL content.
Parallel to that, however, the flexural modulus and water uptake decreased while the Izod impact strength increased. Vygodskii et al. The above mentioned results underline that the copolymerization of lactams is a very complex process. The relative amount of the comonomer built-in and their position along the polymer chain depend on several factors reactivity of each activated monomer, acylation of the lactam anions, possible side reactions, crystallization reactions etc.
In this case the initiation step is the acylation of lactone by the lactam anion [ 1 , 59 ]. At higher concentrations, lactone may work as activator and comonomer at the same time. The acylated lactone growth center alkoxide anion prefers the polymerization of lactone resulting in a polyester chain segment because the incorporation of lactams is much slower. Therefore, one would expect the formation of a block copolymer. Nevertheless, lactam—lactone block copolymers can be synthesized when the copolymerization is kinetically controlled. The block length in this poly amid-block-ester could be controlled by the feeding ratio of each monomer during extrusion.
Fang et al. In this study only initiator was used, namely LiCL produced in situ from lithium-tri-tert-butoxyaluminohydride. The structure of these copolymers was random and their T g could be well predicted by the Fox equation. The preparation of copolymers di-, triblock with blocks composed of lactam or non-lactam chains requires the incorporation of suitable prepolymers in the molten, anionically polymerizable lactam.
Such prepolymers should be soluble in the lactam melt and, in addition, bear reactive end groups, such as hydroxyl —OH and amine —NH 2. The most important step of the block copolymerization is to convert the end groups of the polymer to N -acyllactam or N -carbamoyllactam moieties. Afterward, they function as non-ionic growth centers, i. The converting precursors are polyisocyanates N -carbamoyllactam or bis-acyllactams undergoing exchange reactions alcoholysis, aminolysis [ 1 ].
The related block copolymers are often referred to as nylon block copolymers NBC and another widely used name is nylon reaction injection molded RIM. This nylon reaction injection molded Nylon RIM, NBC block copolymer is obtained in the activated anionic polymerization of CL in the presence of polyols polyether- or polyester-types and bis-acyl derivatives of CL [ 65 ]. The initiators are usually NaCL or Grignard reagents e.
Although the water uptake of NBC is lower than that of PA-6, efforts were made to reduce it further and to increase its resistance to hydrothermal aging. Improvements in this relation were achieved by incorporating phenolic resin [ 66 , 67 ]. According to the related patent [ 68 ] the MW of the polyol is higher than 2 kDa. The reaction scheme of NBC preparation is given in Figure 5. In the NBC formulations mostly polyether and polyester appeared as block segments. However, their end groups were not always hydroxyls but amines. This change is well understandable considering the fact that such amines e.
The amine end groups of such polyethers were transformed to the necessary macroactivator via aminolysis with carbamoyl compounds before starting with the anionic polymerization of CL. The resulting block copolymers exhibited high MW and polydispersity which were traced to the onset of Claisen-type condensation reaction. Amines were the functional groups of the growth center generating polyether compounds of the group of Ye [ 69 , 70 ].
This group synthesized, however, the macroactivator with carbamoyl moieties by reacting the amine end groups with polyisocyanates. The block copolymers showed excellent toughness and even antistatic properties. Toughness improvement was the target of the work of Kim et al. It was found that differences in the block forming polymers and related macroctivators strongly affect the conversion, crystal structure and thermomechanical properties of the outcoming block copolymers [ 71 ].
The majority of the block forming prepolymers were polyether-types. Polyether-type diols, such as polycaprolactone PCL were also used to prepare poly amide-block-ester copolymers. Kim and White [ 72 ] end capped PCL with di-isocyanates to generate the macroactivator supporting the anionic polymerization of LL. As block segments other polymers than polyethers and polyesters may be inserted. Sobotik et al. The final product was poly amide-block-butadiene. The block soft segment may show rubbery characteristics. Note that liquid butadiene rubbers with suitable functionality, such as amine, were developed for the toughening of epoxies and they have been tried as prepolymers in the anionic polymerization of lactams, as well.
Rached et al. PDMS is water repellant and has a very low T g. Therefore, its incorporation seems to be the right selection for toughening and to reduce water sensitivity. In this work the silanol end groups of linear PDMS were reacted with diisocyanate that was converted into the macroactivator, viz. The latter activated the anionic polymerization of LL. There are some further possibilities to create block copolymers. Phenylester groups may also work as latent activators.
Phenylester groups were generated on a polyimide PI backbone by end-capping with phenylaminobenzoate in N -methylpyrrolidinone solvent [ 75 ]. The thermal stability, moisture resistance, and impact strength of the PAPI-PA-6 block and grafted—see later copolymers were markedly enhanced [ 75 ].
Copolymers are rarely formed by interfacial reactions. The anionic polymerization of lactams may open up a bright horizon, however, in this direction as outlined below. To graft PA onto a polymer, the latter has to be transformed into a macroactivator through suitable chemistry. The other aspect to be considered is whether this polymeric macroactivator is soluble only in a common solvent with lactams or in the melt of the latter which is strongly preferred. Hu et al. Recall that the target with copolymerization was to improve some disadvantageous properties of PA low T g , low toughness, high water uptake, moderate thermooxidative stability.
To reduce the moisture sensitivity of PA-6 it is often blended with polyolefins, such as PP. Zhang et al. The basic difference compared to that of Hu [ 76 , 77 ] was that PS itself was a copolymer containing styrene and an isocyanate group bearing styrene derivative. The strategy was similar to the above one in the work of Liu [ 79 ] who synthesized a copolymer composed of styrene and an allyl monomer having a carbamated caprolactam moiety.
The above examples underline that copolymerization is a versatile route to incorporate a monomer with suitable groups i. A further example in this direction can be taken from the work of Xu et al. These authors copolymerized styrene with N -phenyl- and N - 4-hydroxyphenyl - maleimides yielding poly styrene- co -maleimide copolymers. The other —NCO group was reacted with the lactam resulting in the macroactivator for the anionic polymerization of CL.
Macroactivation with pendant phenylester groups may work for CL polymerization as shown by Pay [ 75 ]. Latent CO 2 -protected N -heterocycle carbene based initiators were also applied for the anionic copolymerization of CL with LL [ 81 ]. Recall that this is a single initiator that is incorporated into the lactam or lactam blends directly.
The M v values of the copolymers were at about 30 kDa along with a polydispersity close to 2. Bouchekif et al. Tunc et al. This copolymer exhibited enhanced T g , higher resistance to thermo-oxidative degradation but reduced T m compared to PA The presence of the fluorinated groups rendered this copolymer hydrophobic. Volkova et al. It was quoted that through selection of PI chemical build-up, amounts the mechanical and tribological properties of the resulting copolymers can be controlled.
The work of Hou et al. The reason why this approach is reported here and not in the following blend section is, that the authors proposed the onset of a copolymerization reaction. According to their polymerization pathway TPU undergoes thermal dissociation in the alkaline CL melt. The authors found that with increasing content of TPU up to 10 phr the stiffness and strength dropped and the notched impact strength prominently increased. Bakkali-Hassani et al. The preparation method of the copolymers is identical—both in laboratory and industrial scales—with those repeated for PA homopolymers.
Copolyamides were produced by casting [ 87 , 88 ], melt spinning [ 87 ], reactive extrusion [ 89 ], centrifugal [ 45 ] and rotational molding [ 90 ]. Several reports [ 89 , 91 ] have dealt with the effects of processing parameters on the thermomechanical behavior of the copolyamides. Literature data support the fact that reactive extrusion may be the most efficient industrial technology when granulated, pelletized copolyamides for further processing, are the target materials.
Blending of immiscible polymers envisages creation of blends with superior properties to those of the blend components. Preparation of the blends depends prominently on their morphology and adhesion between the phases of the blend. To improve the adhesion between the blend, constituent compatibilizers, compatible with both phases, are used.
Blending of polymers combined with the in situ AROP of lactams is a very promising route, because the morphology development may be kinetically controlled and copolymerization, supporting the formation of a strong interphase, may be triggered at the same time. With respect to morphology development attention should be paid to some similarities with the toughening of thermosets.
Tougheners, reactive or non-reactive with the actual thermosetting resin, are first dissolved in the resin or its hardener. The final morphology is given by reaction-induced phase separation RISP since the solubility of the toughening agent becomes less and less with the advanced curing of the resin [ 92 ]. When the modifier has co-reactive groups with those of the resin the separated phase may well be coupled to the matrix.
Blending of polymers by simultaneous anionic polymerization of lactams is similar. The polymer modifier, as blend component, is dissolved in the lactam melt prior to the start of the anionic activated ROP of the latter. Even the compatibilization can be achieved in one-shot making use of the various copolymerization options introduced above. As a consequence, blending may involve copolymerization and vice versa. Therefore, it is not always a simple task to differentiate between blending and copolymerization when AROP of lactams is adapted.
The distinction is, however, simple when the compatibilizer is introduced separately, being a previously synthesized polymer. The blend components in the in situ anionic polymerization of lactams are almost exclusively thermoplastics, though trials were made also with the combination of thermosets, such as epoxy resin [ 93 ]. A large body of work was done with the in situ blending of lactams with many different thermoplastics. Some of them were even produced in situ in the lactam melt before the AROP of the latter, others were premade and usually dissolved in the molten lactam.
The related achievements are briefly summarized below. Fang and Yang [ 94 ] investigated the structure-property relationship of low density polyethylene LDPE and in situ polymerized PA-6 in the presence and absence of a compatibilizer. The M v values of PA in the blends were between 11 and 22 kDa as a function of blend preparation batch mixing or reactive extrusion.
The crystallization of both the high MW polyethylene oxide and the PA-6 formed was influenced mutually. The particles of polyethylene oxide, well dispersed in the PA-6 matrix, supported the toughening via the enhanced ability of PA-6 for crazing and shear yielding. The work of Teng et al. As compatibilizer, PP- g -MA was selected. For its action, imide formation between the MA group and primary amine of the PA-6 was supposed which is likely incorrect. Pei et al. In the former case styrene was polymerized in the CL melt, whereas in the latter work a premade PS was dissolved in LL melt.
Above this threshold phase inversion PA-6 and PA became the disperse phase took place. Since the morphology is governed by the kinetics of phase separation, it is unstable and changes upon annealing, i. This is a common feature of blends prepared by AROP of lactams. Omonov et al. It was introduced into the CL melt with and without a previously prepared triblock copolymer PAblock-ethylene-butylene-block-PA This triblock copolymer was synthesized by the above introduced macroactivator route. Yan et al. The Izod impact strength was improved along with a slight loss in stiffness and strength.
This unusual behavior was traced to the peculiar formation of the dispersed domains in PA These core-shell droplets were dispersed in submicron range. PA-6 blends with styrene-acrylonitrile SAN and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene ABS copolymers have been developed and commercialized to reduce the moisture sensitivity, to improve the toughness and to reduce the shrinkage and warpage of PAs [ ].
Therefore, trials were made to incorporate these polymers into PA-6 via in situ anionic polymerization of the latter. In order to improve the phase coupling, additional styrene-maleic anhydride SMA was introduced which was converted into a macroactivator. For comparison, purpose blends were produced by classical melt blending.
The dispersed particles in the PA-6 matrix were smaller than those obtained by classical melt blending. The phase change formation of bicontinuous morphology and phase inversion was strongly affected by the relative amount of the micro- isocyanate compound and macro-activator SMA-based growth center. The dispersion of SAN was much finer than in classical melt blending. Wu and Yang [ ] incorporated a polymethacrylic ionomers in 0.
These ionomers, capable to compete with the H-bonding between the PA chains, strongly decelerated the crystallization of the resulting PA Parallel to that also the thermo-oxidative stability of the blends was reduced. Polyphenylene oxide polyphenylene ether, PPE is a traditional modifier of PS being miscible with it [ ]. PPE was transformed into a macroactivator first by solution grafting with 4-methoxyphenyl acrylate followed by the reaction with NaCL in CL melt.
Irrespective of the fact that CL was the major phase, the blends slowed an inverse morphology, i. Ahmadi et al. Since in the etched cryofractured surface of the samples no voids could be revealed, the authors concluded the formation of a single phase structure, i. This conclusion was supported by dynamic-mechanical analysis DMA. Interchange reactions, such as transamidation between PAs [ ], may be useful tools to improve their compatibility.
This strategy was adopted by Wang et al. The crystallized spherulites became finer by this modification. This resulted in improved toughness at the cost of stiffness and strength of these copolyamides. The processing techniques of the blends are similar to those listed to copolymers.
It is noteworthy that research works have started also with the extrusion of different blends [ ]. Different definitions exist for polymer nanocomposites which are also referred to as nanostructured and organic-inorganic hybrid composites. It is, however, generally accepted that the phase separated units, domains, and particles should be on nanoscale, at least in one space direction. Okada and Usuki [ ] quoted that the term nanocomposite appeared from the s. Interestingly, the first matrix of the related nanocomposite was hydrolytically polymerized also in situ PA The vast majority of polymer nanocomposites contain different fillers of inorganic origin.
Their common feature is the high specific surface area. The nanofillers are usually grouped into quasi spherical, acicular or needle-like, and flaky or platelet-like types. These groups are frequently termed as 0 direction 0D , 1D, and 2D nanofillers, respectively. For their incorporation into polymers different methods may be adopted. From the viewpoint of technological applications in situ polymerization, melt compounding, and suspension-assisted techniques seem to be most suited. Since many nanofillers are of polar character and bear polar functional groups, such as —OH, —COOH, their surface should be rendered organophilic.
Besides the traditional surface modification, AROP of lactams offers further possibilities. For example, the hydroxyl groups can be transformed into isocyanate which may form with the lactam an N- acetyl or N -carbamoyl group thereby generating an activator, growth center for the AROP. It is noteworthy that most of the related works synthesized the nanocomposites in casting and other melting techniques rotational and extrusion molding. An important exception is given by the microcapsule technique shown in Figure 7.
Morphology development of the nanocomposite during in situ solvent-assisted microcapsulation top and the related chemistry bottom. Notes: when different fillers were used all of them are mentioned at the related reference. Relevant works using micron-scale fillers are also included. Due to the preferred applications of cast polyamides tribological use some microcomposites are also covered. It should be born in mind that the targets with the incorporation of nanofillers reinforcements are besides the improvements in structural properties stiffness, strength, toughness also the creation of functional ones e.
Therefore, the present summary is likely the most exhaustive one in this field.
Due to a very low viscosity of cyclic lactams and superior mechanical properties of polymers obtained from them, these materials have a great potential for application in different liquid composite molding LCM techniques. It is not surprising that within the last 20 years vast academic research has been conducted to investigate possible industrial applications of anionically polymerized thermoplastic composites TPC reinforced with glass, carbon, aramid, or natural fibers.
The first shots to produce such composites dated back to the s and are related to the easiest LCM technique—casting. Further development resulted in more advanced technologies and some of them can be treated as new ones. Subsequently, nowadays a number of techniques are available for the production of anionically polymerized TPC parts. It is important to mention that huge progress has also been achieved in the development of machineries and materials [ ].
Next we summarize the progress in different LCM techniques for the production of discontinuous fiber, continuous fiber Table 3 , and textile fabric Table 4 , reinforced anionically polymerized TPCs. The possibility of engineering the composite impact failure behaviors by using rubber-toughened matrices to achieve a higher toughness is illustrated. A processing window has been defined in terms of pultrusion line speed and mold temperature. Initial T mold has a great effect on the X C and crystal size. The IS of Nyrim parts decreased as filler was added while the flexural properties are improved.
Caprolactone was selected as activator best compromise between void content, reaction rate and polymer quality. Benzyl acetate and benzyl benzonate produced very slow reaction, though without voids. Tert-butyl acetate caused rapid reaction and a very tough polymer, but with many voids. Phenyl acetate worked for fast reaction yielding good polymer product, but it can terminate the reaction if used in excess.
Casting is probably the earliest manufacturing technique used for the in situ polymerized composites Figure 9. The main advantage of this manufacturing resides in simplicity and low capital costs. This process can be successfully used for the production of large parts. One of the very first attempts to produce PA-6 reinforced with carbon fibers CF by casting was implemented by Litt and Brinkmann [ ] in The more detailed description of the results is presented in Table 3. The study dealing with the incorporation of short glass fibers GF into NBC matrix produced by casting was introduced by the Monsanto company in [ ].
The purpose of the reinforcement application was improvement of mechanical and thermal properties of the resulting material. The authors used polyesteramide prepolymer with the acyllactam end groups acting as macroactivator for CL for the matrix and different types of reinforcement materials 1. Another positive effect of GF incorporation was the increased resistance to expansion from moisture absorption. Horsky et al. To polymerize CL, the authors utilized two initiators: sodium dihydrido-bis 2-methoxyethoxo aluminate and sodium tetra 6-caprolactamo aluminate , while the cyclic trimer of phenyl isocyanate PIC was used as an activator.
When the alternative system was used the polymerization rate was somewhat higher. The poor adhesion between fibers and matrix when using GF without sizing was also noted in the paper. Engelmann et al. The authors also noted that the processability of the reinforced PA-6 was limited by the viscosity of the fiber containing monomer melt. Rotational molding Figure 10 is a polymer processing technique that has been widely used for the production of different tubes, wheels, pulleys, etc.
The most commonly utilized materials for this process are dry powders. However, liquid resins have also been successfully used, thus enabling shorter cycle time and better properties of the resulting product. In that respect anionically polymerized lactams have high potential [ 45 ]. Incorporation of the fibers gives them the certain pros and cons of reinforced thermoplastics.
However, proper processing parameters of the rotary molded reinforced PA-6 are an issue of great importance. Thus, Harkin-Jones and Crawford [ 90 ] investigated the influence of the initial mold temperature on the crystallinity degree and crystal size of rotationally molded Nyrim parts reinforced with GF. The authors mentioned that the incorporation of 5 mm length GF enabled improvement of the flexural properties, but with a decrease in impact strength. Thermoplastic reaction injection pultrusion TRI-pultrusion Figure 11 has become an issue of particular interest only at the present time.
The interest is fueled by recent advances in material and equipment developments, as well as by the high commercial potential of this technique [ , ]. Their use allows us to almost double the pultrusion speed. Several successful development projects in this field prove the feasibility of its industrial application. Nonetheless, no commercial TRI-pultrusion is available at present. Note that 0. This front crash beam contains unidirectional GF in anionically polymerized PA-6 matrix [ ].
Apart from certain commercial benefits, the TRI-pultrusion allows unlimited length composite product with superior properties to be obtained, determined by the thermoplastic matrix and reinforcement. For example, transmission line conductor, traditionally consisting of steel, is subject to sag and failure because of the steel creep and hard operational conditions such as high temperature gradients, icing, storms, etc.
Composite conductor made of anionically polymerized lactams or their copolymers and high modulus and strength long fibers can solve the described problems [ ]. Nevertheless, the technological process development and process parameters optimization are essential issues and require comprehensive research activities. The development covered the fabrication of a mixing and injection unit, reinforcement pre-heating oven design, and evaluation of various die geometries, as well as determination of the processing window.
Optimization of the process was aimed at maximizing the line speed, while achieving well impregnated TPC profiles. For detailed information, see Table 3. In Rijswijk et al. The scheme of processing set-up is shown in Figure Rijswijk stated that it is possible to produce huge parts with anionically polymerized PA6 matrices if the concentration of the activating system [ ] and process parameters [ ] are properly defined and controlled to reach the highest DOC, crystallinity, and mechanical properties [ , ].
It was proved that siloxyl groups on GF have an inhibiting effect and affect the interlaminar shear strength ILSS negatively. Therefore, proper aminosilane based sizing must be applied. It was also found that melt degassing has a crucial influence on the final void content. This issue has been investigated in depth already in the in situ polymerization of LL by Zingraff et al. This is due to high risks imposed by the matrix system sensitivity to moisture and UV irradiation , sophisticated tooling achieving fast heating and cooling rates , and joining techniques for the blade halves as stated by Prabhakaran [ ].
The work of Yan et al. As long as the reduction of the production cycle time is the crucial parameter for the industry then two approaches are usually followed. Although the second approach shows a possibility for cycle time reduction, it has a much shorter processing window which can lead to a not fully impregnated preform. There are also some results with natural fiber reinforcements. Kan et al. The main challenge was related to the inhibition of the system due to the byproducts generated by the peeling reaction of cellulose in highly alkaline environment.
Therefore, the less alkaline CLMgBr initiator was used and proved to be most suitable. The investment into equipment is a key issue for any composite parts manufacturer. Clamping units and dosing systems for T-RTM technology are high-end machines and can be very expensive.
The more lines belonging to the dosing system the more expensive is the related unit more sophisticated mixing control system and mixing head design. Thus Barfknecht et al. However, an extremely low DOC in the middle of the TPC plate was found as the result of the wash out effect generated by the monomer flow. Successful industrial production of TPCs with textile-reinforced in situ polymerized CL was demonstrated by some companies, including KraussMaffei [ , ]. The roadster project involved not only an injection but also a compression step, when excess amount of polymerizable CL was injected into the mold after the fiber impregnation was finished.
It was foreseen to reduce shrinkage and void content, hence improving the surface quality. Such an approach was also followed in by Wakeman et al. Another equipment producer, Engel St. Valentin, Austria successfully demonstrated its own developed CL dosing system with a unique in-mold mixing unit [ ]. In their demonstration process also an overmolding step was implemented to enhance parts functionality [ ]. For impregnation only 0. The latter are more cost efficient because of cheaper pumps and smaller clamping units. The compression molding phase is relevant for surface quality, especially when automotive parts are targeted e.
Many research works have dealt with different testing methods to investigate mechanical properties, and especially the fracture and failure behaviors of TPC composites produced via AROP of lactams. In this respect non-destructive techniques such as acoustic emission and infrared thermography were used for detailed failure sequence analyses [ , , ].
In single-polymer or self-reinforced composite SPCs both the reinforcing and matrix phases are given by the same polymer one constituent , or by polymers belonging to the same family two constituents. SPCs are lightweight the density of polymers is usually below that of traditional reinforcement composites with ultimate recyclability via remelting.
In respect of LCM the AROP of lactams features two major benefits: i the melt viscosity of the polymerizable lactam is very low, and ii the polymerization can be performed below the T m of the resulting PA. Low viscosity is helpful to wet-out and impregnate the reinforcing structures. This large temperature difference is of great importance because the reinforcement otherwise loses its stiffness and strength with increasing temperature and dwelling time the closer the polymerization temperature is to the melting of the reinforcement.
Last but not least, the fact that polymerization below T m is accompanied by crystallization, allowing a faster demolding, is the guarantee for high productivity. Gong et al. This was attributed to the following effects: i impeded movement of CL toward the growth center within the reinforcing textile, and ii presence of H 2 O and —COOH groups on the PA-6 reinforcement surface which consumes —NCO groups of the activator used. Dencheva et al. To study the effect of sizing, they were removed by washing with acetone.
Based on detailed WAXS studies the authors confirmed the appearance of a transcrystalline layer interphase between the matrix and reinforcement. Transcrystallinity is caused by laterally impeded spherulitic growth on closely spaced nuclei on a heterogeneous substrate here the PA-6 or PA-6,6 reinforcements. Generally, the presence of a transcrystalline layer is considered to be a controlling factor of the stress transfer from the matrix to the reinforcement [ , ].
Interestingly, the thickness of this layer became smaller when the sizing was removed. The ultimate tensile strength and strain were enhanced with increasing reinforcement content, while only small changes were found for the stiffness. This was expected due to the low amount of the reinforcement and to the rather long dwelling time at the polymerization temperature.
The E -modulus stiffness and strength of the reinforcing PA-6 and PA-6,6 diminished with increasing temperature and holding time. This is often accompanied by considerable shrinkage that can be limited by processing under pressure when applicable see below. In the recent paper Dencheva et al. Note that the compression molding temperature was below the T m of the PA-6,6 reinforcement.
The beauty of this technique is that the MMT particles are well and uniformly dispersed. By contrast, direct impregnation of the reinforcement with a polymerizable CL melt containing MMT may result in a filtering-off of the particles owing to the dense mesh structure of the fabric layers. In this way an MMT-rich surface layer may appear which is undesirable. At higher PA-6,6 fabric content the tensile mechanical properties dropped owing to poor impregnation. Unexpectedly, this had only a marginal effect on the toughness.
Solvent-borne, liquid initiators and activators may likely be preferred. The copolymerization strategy will further focus on the toughness improvement of the related PAbased block copolymers. Besides the traditional block segments polyether- and polyester-based diols others, like polycaprolactone, polylactic acid etc.
The in situ blending via AROP will hardly achieve industrial breakthrough. This development will target the production of new tribological compounds, containing novel carbonaceous nanofillers, which will be most likely produced still by casting. The toughness of such nanocomposites will be a key factor and thus the related works will be supported by extensive modeling [ ].
According to our view, novel and adapted manufacturing methods will be the real future drivers of the development of thermoplastic composites with AROP-produced matrix. Additive manufacturing via ink jetting should be mentioned among the emerging novel techniques. This claim is based not only on the straightforward recyclability of the related composite parts, but also on other beneficial design- and post-processing-related features, such as part integration, overmolding with and without additional reinforcements , surface coating and finishing, and welding.
The related research and developments works will run parallel with extensive modeling especially via finite element codes studies. The potential of PAbased single-polymer self-reinforced composites has been strongly underestimated, therefore in this field interesting developments may be expected. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U.
Journal List Polymers Basel v. Polymers Basel. Published online Mar Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Received Feb 26; Accepted Mar Abstract This paper presents a comprehensive overview of polymers and related nano composites produced via anionic ring opening polymerization AROP of lactams. Introduction Polyamides PAs belong to the engineering thermoplastics with a broad range of applications.
Homopolymers 2. Chemistry The polymerization capability of cyclic monomers depends on both thermodynamic relative stability of the monomer and the resulting linear polymer and kinetic initiation, propagation, termination reactions factors. Open in a separate window. Figure 1. Figure 2. Properties The anionic polymerization of lactams can be performed in two temperature ranges: below or above the melting temperature T m of the resulting polylactams. Figure 3. Manufacturing PA-6 and PA homopolymer products in forms of plaques, pipes, rods, and various half-fabricates for further machining, are produced by casting see the related scheme in Section 6.
Figure 4. Table 1 Processing and material parameters of specimens produced by classical and reactive rotational molding [ 46 ].
ykoketomel.ml: Chemorheology of Polymers: From Fundamental Principles to Reactive Processing (): Peter J. Halley, Graeme A. George: Books. Halley, Peter & George, Graeme () Chemorheology of polymers: From fundamental principles to reactive processing. Cambridge.
Copolymers Extensive research was dedicated to the modification of anionically polymerized PA-6 and PA through various copolymerization strategies. Chemical and Structural Aspects 3. Block Copolymers The preparation of copolymers di-, triblock with blocks composed of lactam or non-lactam chains requires the incorporation of suitable prepolymers in the molten, anionically polymerizable lactam. Figure 5. Graft Copolymers Copolymers are rarely formed by interfacial reactions.
Manufacturing The preparation method of the copolymers is identical—both in laboratory and industrial scales—with those repeated for PA homopolymers. Blends Blending of immiscible polymers envisages creation of blends with superior properties to those of the blend components. Nanocomposites Different definitions exist for polymer nanocomposites which are also referred to as nanostructured and organic-inorganic hybrid composites. Figure 6. Figure 7. PA-6 nanocomposites exhibited enhanced E -modulus and tensile strength.
No electric percolation observed. Potential for energy storage deduced. Nucleation and crystallization affected by the silica presence. The latter surface treatment improved the strength. Mechanical and dielectrical properties tailored upon amount, type and combination of the additives. At high macroactivator content polymerization rate and yield are influenced by the filler B 4 C and graphite.
AROP performed better than the hydrolytic route. Capsules filtered and dried prior to compression molding Optical microscopy, viscosimetry M v DSC, TGA, synchrotron WAXS electrical, dielectrical behavior All fillers enhanced the stiffness and reduced the deformation at break with increasing content. The volume resistivity above 0. Volume resistivity decreased with 6 order of magnitudes at a fullerene content of 0.
The coefficient of friction was halved in presence of fullerenes. Crystallinity slightly reduced. Effect of the dose of electron beam irradiation was moderate for nanoscaled CB. Graphite worked as heterogeneous nucleant during crystallization. Notched Charpy IS improved only at 0. Polyether-urethane as macroactivator yielded high MW with crosslinking. All nanocomposites showed increased tensile modulus and strength compared to neat PA Fibers produced at different stretching ratios. MWCNT worked as nucleating agent and also improved the thermal stability. Tensile modulus and strength were markedly improved at cost of the elongation at break.
DOC was simulated. M v values between 10 and 41 kDa along with polydispersity in the range of 1. MWCNT delayed the polymerization. M v data scattered between 54 and 59 kDa. Initiator added in N 2 atmosphere. The zero shear viscosity was prominently higher in CNC presence compared to the neat PA-6, suggesting the onset of a percolated structure that was prone for breaking upon shear. Samples produced by extrusion. For comparison purpose classical melt blending served.
Tensile stiffness and strength strongly improved at cost of elongation at break. Melt elasticity and strength enhanced by CNC reinforcement. OMMT introduced directly or in acetone—assisted dispersion. M n and M w values were at about 20 and 50 kDa respectively. Above this intercalation took place. The thermal stability was prominently improved by NaMMT.
Clay added differently. The intercalation was reduced with increasing LL content. In the block-type copolymer the intercalation of clay remained the same with increasing LL content. Crystallinity strongly reduced by LL content. Then initiator and activator added. Micronscale OMMT agglomerates also revealed. OMMT then decreased. OMMT intercalation was supported by the polymerization in solvent.
Nanocomponents displayed higher thermooxidative stability than PA The formed poly ester amid was random type. GO acted as nucleating and reinforcing additive. E -modulus increased while impact strength decreased with increasing GO content. Composites Due to a very low viscosity of cyclic lactams and superior mechanical properties of polymers obtained from them, these materials have a great potential for application in different liquid composite molding LCM techniques. In both cases a special aminosilane sizing was used. Melt degassing in a buffer vessel. An organosilane activator was deposited on the GF surface N -[5- trimethoxysilyl azaoxopentyl]caprolactam , and different isocyanate-based activators used.
Increasing of the crosshead speed resulted in increased Kc that is untypical. IS went through a maximum as a function of temperature. Failure sequence analysis was performed using AE and optical microscopy simultaneously. Tensile strength and stiffness of epoxy based and PA12 based laminates were compared; Testing in ILSS demonstrated plastic deformation instead of failure.
ILSS could not be assessed due to plastic deformation of specimens. At the equilibrium 1. To minimize the VC the N 2 content in the melt should be minimized and an optimal capillary number set for infusion. Bleeding was used to reduce the VC in parts with degassed matrix. Reconsolidation of the composites after preheating remained incomplete.
Recycling and overinjection molding strategies presented. Discontinuous Fiber Reinforced 6. Casting Casting is probably the earliest manufacturing technique used for the in situ polymerized composites Figure 9. Figure 9. Rotation Molding Rotational molding Figure 10 is a polymer processing technique that has been widely used for the production of different tubes, wheels, pulleys, etc. Figure Continuous Fiber Reinforced. Pultrusion Thermoplastic reaction injection pultrusion TRI-pultrusion Figure 11 has become an issue of particular interest only at the present time.
Scheme of pultrusion exploiting the in situ AROP of lactams. Single-Polyamide Comosites In single-polymer or self-reinforced composite SPCs both the reinforcing and matrix phases are given by the same polymer one constituent , or by polymers belonging to the same family two constituents. Outlook and Future Trends Based on this review the following conclusions can be deduced: -. Figure 8. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. References 1. Roda J. Handbook of Ring-Opening Polymerization. KGaA; Weinheim, Germany: Polyamides; pp.
Joyce R. Process for Making Polymeric Materials. Principles of Polymer Design and Synthesis. Springer; Berlin, Heidelberg: Ring-opening polymerization; pp. Lactam polymerization. Reimschuessel H. Nylon 6. Chemistry and mechanisms. Endo T.


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It's been a long time since the Battle of the Bands, and a lot has changed for Aria. One of the bigger changes has been Sunset Shimmer. The two of them were never supposed to happen, but they somehow still did.
Not that it matters. Nothing good ever lasts, not for Aria Blaze.
Note about content warning: Despite the suicide/ self-harm tag, no one dies or self-harms; the tag is for thoughts of those topics.
Written for Sunset Shipping Contest: Journeys
A huge thanks to ArchAngelsWings, Wendy Gowak, Deathscar, and Char-Char-Chan for prereading, especially on such short notice
An additional thanks to Char Char Chan for the fantastic cover art, also on far too short of notice

subset: commoncrawl


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"The Oil Coup" This is likely completely backwards. Kerry probably went to see King Abdullah to try to talk him out of this crazy scheme, part of the ongoing manic-depressive influence of Prince Bandar, but the Saudis, furious with the Americans over the failure to remove Assad and the negotiations with Iran, want to pressure the Americans to follow a more Zionist line. Noticing this is noticing American Empire vulnerability, so we can't go there. Of course, we could even travel a stage higher in questioning the idea that the Saudis, as we're constantly told the 'swing producer' (despite the fact that numerous new sources of hydrocarbons have come on line in the last 20 years), actually have that much power at all. The collapse of oil prices is actually due to a collapse in world demand for oil caused by the complete collapse of the world economy caused by the predations of the 1% and neoliberalism, but we're really not supposed to notice this, so we need an alternative fairy tale.
"Blowback from Oil Price War: Sovereign Wealth Funds Selling Investments" Note the likelihood that American shale oil producers are lying to their lenders by lowering their claimed break-even costs, lying which has now made it into academic analysis and news reports. Of course, the lenders would be destroyed by the truth (the truth would no doubt trigger automatic loan defaults of loans with worthless collateral), and need to be bailed out by the American government, so they play along.
"The Impact of Falling Oil On The U.S. Economy – John Mauldin" Note what will happen to the American employment situation and GDP without the hydrocarbon boom.
Of course, if the fall in oil prices is not caused by the Saudis, but by a long-term collapse in demand caused by a world recession, there is no easy step that can be taken to correct it.
do russia today find it difficult to spell the six-letter word MOSSAD? - Berlin senator corrects story of Pindostan 'snatching' Germany-bound masks RT.com, Apr 5 2020 A Berlin senator who accused Pindostan of "piracy" by diverti...
1 hour ago


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Seewald Solutions. We begin where others give up.Best Moves -...
We begin where others give up.
How to contact
What inspires us?
Who trusts us?
What we can do for you
What we can do for you
Innovative products
Magic Mirror - Augmented Reality for trade fairs and shopping windows
deFlicker for Ultramotion and Highspeed Cameras
Universal Remote - Kinect for Windows
Webbased Applications
Billy Shopping Platform
Reference management tool
Staff utilization planning
Fire Alarm Administration System
Project cockpit
Electronic Site Diary
Online questionnaire system
Legacy system data transfer
Alfresco WCMS to Drupal 7 upgrade
Customer data import for CRM
Guarantee management
Apps for Android/iPhone
Money Maker 10 EUR
Wooden Easter Ratchet
Color Blindness Correction and Simulator
Poor Man's Gold Pocket Watch
Best Moves - Dancing Guide
Characteristics of users
Workplace Optimization
License tool for AutoCAD and Auer Success
Clipboard Dialer
PDF Integration
Automated selection of customer data for mailings
Contract research
Recognition of magazine pages
Eye tracking using low-cost USB and mobile phone cameras
Deflickering for high-speed HDTV video in realtime (deFlicker)
Automated Score Tuning for SpamAssassin
All demo videos
Who trusts us?
Awards & Patents
Keynote "Methods for Minimizing and Understanding E-Commerce Returns" at the ASAPI 2019 conference
Excellent supervision at Talente Internships for pupils 2018
Best Poster at the third Retreat of the Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology of the Medical University of Vienna
Meta structures in tissue - Austrian Patent AT 510329 (A1)
Theodor-Körner Award 2012
Best Poster at the second Retreat of the Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology of the Medical University of Vienna
Best Poster (Session 17), PhD symposia of the Young Scientist Association of the Medical University Vienna, 2011
Science2business 3rd place / recognition award, 2011
Nomination for the Dr. Wolfgang Houska Award 2011
One of the most downloaded articles in Q4/2009
Prof. Dr. Werner Dilger Award
ELIN, Austria
Bacon Gebäudetechnik GmbH & Co KG, Austria
sib Ingenieure GmbH, Germany
EBG GmbH & Co KG, Austria
Danube University Krems, Austria
ELIN quadrat GmbH, Austria
e-value GmbH, Austria
Attribui GmbH, Graz, Austria
JG INGENIEROS, Spain
Grüne Erde GmbH, Scharnstein, Austria
yVerkehrsplanung GmbH, Graz, Austria
Austrian National Bank (Österreichische Nationalbank, ÖNB), Austria
Castolin GmbH, Austria
NIKKEN SEKKEI LTD, Spain
Welios Betriebs-GmbH, Austria
Welios Betriebs-GmbH, Austria
Oberbank Wels, Austria
MasterCard Europe, Austria
IGO Immobilien GmbH, Austria
spiessberger-partner gmbh, Austria
Habilitás Kft., KERKOM Divízió, Hungary
netzfrequenz software GmbH, Austria
Q-Free ASA, Norway
E&F Computerservice / IT-DATA24, Germany
LeisureWorkGroup GmbH, Germany
RIKE Solutions, United States of America
Center Congressi Srl, Italy
AREA-NET GmbH, Germany
fAm Kommunikation, Austria
Tangent 90 Ltd, United Kingdom
Department of Computer Integrated Design, Technical University Darmstadt, Germany
it's YOU, Austria
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCR), Basic Sciences - Brent Lab
Jürgen Sleegers, Germany
Live Motion Concept, Germany
MdS Network, Austria
Erste Group Bank (Strategic Risk Management Group), Austria
Pro.Karriere / epiqo, Austria
MEDIA24 - New Media Services, Austria
eye square, Germany
GE Money Bank, Austria
Tissue Gnostics, Austria
VIA3 Communications, Austria
Deloitte & Touche, Austria
Radio Krejcik, Austria
Out There Media, Austria and Greece
Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado at Boulder, Colorado, USA
Austrian Research Institute for Artificial Intelligence
What inspires us?
ToyCollect - A mobile robot which collects toys from unaccessible places
Control software (compatible with all ToyCollect robots)
ToyCollect V1.21 (R2X) robot - Building instructions
ToyCollect V1.1, V1.3 (K3D) robot - Building instructions
ToyCollect V1.0 robot - Building instructions and software
Augmented Reality (AR)
Intelligent Go Board
Software Autofocus for UVC cameras under Linux
OCZ Neural Impulse Actuator - Linux Driver
Handwritten Digit Recognition
How to bluetooth-enable your remote car
Mobile Robot Toy Cat
Simpson's Paradox
Think!First - Online ordering system to force sustainable goods mobility via user-centric approach
Analyzing C. elegans GFP images
Holistic Pattern Recognition
Early-Warning System for Botnets
Text Mining in biological research literature (BioMinT)
Future Media (2019/07/14-15)
Future Media (2018/07/11-12)
Future Media (2018/04/07-08)
Future Media (2018/03/28-29)
Keynote speech "Artificial Intelligence"
Future Media (2017/07/19-20)
Future Media (2017/04/21-22)
Future Media (2017/04/12-13)
Toy Collect: An Open Source Robotic Platform for Education
Future Media (2016/07/13-14)
Future Media (2016/03/23-24)
Four day seminar on development for Android & iPhone
Image Data Analysis in H. Sapiens and C. Elegans
Automated Characterization of Osteoclasts via Image Processing Methods
Digital imaging techniques to support medical research and cell diagnostics
Image analysis and high-content screening
Image Data Analysis in H.sapiens and C.elegans
Image Data Analysis in H.sapiens and C.elegans
Artificial Intelligence Crash Course
ScienceDabei 2011 Talk and Video
Image Acquisition using Microscopes
Image Data Analysis in H.sapiens and C.elegans
Open Source Application examples in research and applications
Intelligent Biomedical Data Analysis
Computer Vision Workshop using OpenCV
Computer Vision Crash-Course
Open Source Data Mining with WEKA
Innovative Applications of Open Source
Open Source Data Mining with WEKA/Pentaho
Detection and Identification of BotNets
Challenges for Machine Learning and Data Mining in Predictive Behavioral Targeting
Open Source Data Mining mit WEKA
Success Stories in Intelligent Biomedical Data Analysis
Artificial Intelligence Basics (09.05.2007)
Artificial Intelligence and Image Processing
Intelligent Go Board project - Idea Generation Workshop
Internship Support Lecture (Winter term 2005)
Artificial Intelligence Basics (14.06.2004)
Artificial Intelligence in Industrial Applications
Artificial Intelligence Methods of Data Analysis (Summer term 2004)
Artificial Intelligence Basics (09.12.2003)
Functional Programming in LISP (Winter term 2004)
Machine Learning and Data Mining (Winter term 2004)
Computer Go and Ensembles
Functional Programming in LISP (Winter term 2002)
Tutor for Prolog and logic-oriented programming (Winter term 1997)
Revisiting End-to-End Deep Learning for Obstacle Avoidance: Replication and Open Issues
Methods for Minimizing and Understanding E-Commerce Returns
Towards Minimizing e-Commerce Returns for Clothing
Minimizing returns through gamification, persuasive design principles & machine learning
Quantitative Image Analysis of Epithelial and Stromal Area in Histological Sections of Colorectal Cancer: An Emerging Diagnostic Tool
Automated REcognition of tissue-associated erythrocytes (ARETE)—a new tool in tissue cytometry
Towards automated detection of erythrocytes in tissue to reduce autofluorescence
Automated REcognition of Tissue-associated Erythrocytes (ARETE) - a new tool in tissue-cytometry
Automated REcognition of Tissue-associated Erythrocytes (ARETE) - a new tool in tissue-cytometry
A Novel Nucleus-Based Classifier for Discrimination of Osteoclasts and Mesenchymal Precursor Cells in Mouse Bone Marrow Cultures
Automatic analysis of tumor budding in colorectal cancer specimens
Expression Level of the Receptor for Advanced Glycated End Products (RAGE) in the Syncytiotrophoblast correlates with the Severity of Per-Eclampsia as demonstrated by a novel Method for automated in-situ Quantifications of Proteins
On the Brittleness of Handwritten Digit Recognition Models
Automated quantitative analysis of epithelial and stromal area in colorectal cancer: putative application for the prognosis of cancer progression
Towards the automated detection and characterization of osteoclasts in microscopic images
Is Intra-tumoral Budding Correlated With Liver Metastasis In Patients With Grade 2 Colorectal Cancer? A Pilot Study
Automated Detection And Quantification Of Osteoclasts In Culture By A Novel Image Analysis System - A Pilot Study On The Influence Of The Hormone Melatonin On Osteoclast Formation
Epithelium/Stroma Ratio In Colorectal Cancer: Automated Area Detection and Quantitative Analysis
A versatile Automated Detection System for Erythrocytes in Human Tissue Sections
Automated Nuclei-based In Silico Discrimination of Murine Osteoclasts and their Precursor Cells
The neonatal IgG Fc-receptor (FcRn) is expressed in the syncytiotrophoblast, fetal endothelial cells and Hofbauer cells of human term placental chorionic villi
The neonatal IgG Fc-receptor (FcRn) is expressed in the syncytiotrophoblast, fetal endothelial cells and Hofbauer cells of human term placental chorionic villi
The relation between epithelial and stromal area is important for colorectal cancer diagnosis and therapeutic considerations
Automated detection, quantification and characterization of osteoclasts in cultures using a combined image-processing and machine learning strategy
Influences of melatonin on murine osteoclast formation in culture - automated detection and quantification by a novel image analysis system
A novel method for automated quantification of osteoclasts in culture - Advantages, workflow and application
Influences on murine osteoclast formation and their automated detection by a novel image analysis software
Towards an automated evaluation system of osteoclasts in cultures using a combine Image-processing and machine-learning strategy
Towards an Automated Detection of Osteoclasts in Cultures Using a Combined Image-processing and Machine-learning Strategy
A New Approach for Outlier Detection in Near Real Time
Towards a Versatile Automated Cell-Detection System for Science and Diagnostics
Automated detection and analysis of fluorescent biomarkers in human placental chorionic tissue
Automatic Extraction of Go Game Positions from Still Images: A Multi-Strategical Approach to Constrained Multi-Object Recognition
Characterization and quantification of macrophages in colorectal cancer by an automated cell system
Towards a Versatile Automated Cell-Detection System for Science and Diagnostics exemplified through receptor for advanced glycated end-products (RAGE) quantification in placental chorionic villi
Automated evaluation of Tumor-Associated Macrophage (TAM) local density in Colorectal Cancer by an Automated Cell Detection System
Quantifying Phenotypic Variation in Isogenic Caenorhabditis elegans Expressing Phsp-16
On the Detection and Identification of Botnets
Automated cell-detection technologies for science and diagnostics
Automated cell-detection technologies for science and diagnostics
On the Brittleness of Handwritten Digit Recognition Models
Towards Automating Malware Classification and Characterization
An Approximation of the String Subsequence Kernel for Practical SVM Classification and Redundancy Clustering
Present and Future of Spam
Improving the Effectiveness of Mailings by Building a Response Model for Inactive Customers
An Evaluation of Naive Bayes Variants in Content-Based Learning for Spam Filtering
Evaluation of Term Utility Functions for Very Short Multi-Document Summaries
BioMinT: the Research Assistant for Biological Text Mining
GPSDB: a new database for synonyms expansion of gene and protein names
An Evaluation of Naive Bayes Variants in Content-Based Learning for Spam Filtering
Lambda Pruning - An Approximation of the String Subsequence Kernel
Digits - A Dataset for Handwritten Digit Recognition
A Close Look at Current Approaches in Spam Filtering
Ranking for Medical Annotation: Investigating Performance, Local Search and Homonymy Recognition
Combining Bayesian and Rule Score Learning: Automated Tuning for SpamAssassin
Recognizing Domain and Species from MEDLINE Proteomics Publications
Evaluating Protein Name Recognition: An Automatic Approach
Towards a Theoretical Framework for Ensemble Classification
Towards Understanding Stacking
The Intelligent Go Board project
Exploring the Parameter State Space of Stacking
Meta-Learning for Stacked Classification
How to Make Stacking Better and Faster While Also Taking Care of an Unknown Weakness
Offline Evaluation of Term Utility Functions
An Evaluation of Grading Classifiers
Entertainment Robots - Myth Or Reality
Hybrid Decision Tree Learners with Alternative Leaf Classifiers: An Empirical Study
CoIL Challenge 2000 - Submitted Solution
A Mobile Robot Toy Cat Controlled by Vision And Motivation
Open Scientific Internship (Information only in German)
How to contact
About Seewald Solutions
Legal disclosure
Information declaration obligation / Privacy policy
Electronic Site Diary. The documentation of large building projects becomes ever more important. Only a complete documentation enables you to fight unauthorized demands or enforce your own justified demands - and avoid legal issues. The site diary plays an important role here. Our electronic site diary offers a standardised documentation which corresponds to the state-of-the-art as to what is necessary for site diaries. It is fast and easy to...
How to bluetooth-enable your remote car. This is a step-by-step instruction on how to switch any common RC car to bluetooth control - i.e. creating a bluetooth-controlled car - like the one on the right, which was donated by my dear brother after years of collecting dust on his shelf. Although the steps seem quite simple and straight-forward to me, experience has dictated that the human capacity for miscomprehension is boundless - if in doubt,...
Holistic Pattern Recognition. Within this three-year FFG Bridge7 project we developed and researched intelligent image processing algorithms to analyse human tissue (placenta, colon and bone) using computer-supported slide-based microscopy. Partners in this project are Medical University of Vienna and TissueGnostics GmbH.
Text Mining in biological research literature (BioMinT). I was involved in the BioMinT EU-funded research project (2003-2005), which was concerned with text mining in biological research literature and online databases. I was directly responsible for: Implementation of a parser for fourteen online databases, transitive closure on the link graph, output as name pairs (synonyms) - 12 million pairs in all Research and development in biological...
Guarantee management. We imported the full main data of guarantees at expense from the Siemens IT-System GREAT II V1.9 and developed our own modern webbased guarantee management system. The system was designed to support the same processes as GREAT, however we introduced many improvments in efficiency, reporting and user friendliness. The customer was so satisfied that we had to adapt the application to be used as a guarantee in favor...
Fire Alarm Administration System. The fire alarm administration system generates the necessary documentation for a fire alarm system (operator group directory, StGV 1 and 2, TRVB forms) directly from the operational configuration files of the fire detection center. The used alarm must be configured once. Planner numbers can be stored per detector and special detectors can be directly added or modified. Minor changes can also be made directly...
Deflickering for high-speed HDTV video in realtime (deFlicker). We have built a prototype which removes flicker from high-speed HDTV camera recordings in real-time for the German company LiveMotionConcept. This complex flicker pattern is caused by brightness fluctuations in one type of widely used lighting sources. Ours is the first and only solution to this problem which does not involve replacing every single lighting source with properly...
MixDroid. Let your children search for the fitting vehicle, ship or animal parts. If all three parts are at the correct place, the entire name is marked green. Additionally a confirmation sound is played. So your child recognizes whether its choice is correct.Children LOVE to create new vehicles, ships or animals. Or do you know a ICE-MIX-MOBILE or a CONCRETE-SCHOOL-MACHINE? To take the mixed vehicle parts and arrange them in correct order...
Billy Shopping Platform. In the course of the conversion from SAP to ProAlpha at our customer, the previously used SPNAeasy shopping platform by Siemens was also replaced. We were awarded the contract to re-implement the functionality of SPNAeasy in a more comfortable, more modern and more powerful form. Billy allows to create baskets from articles which were originally provided via Datanorm, Excel template, linked webshops or directly as a...
Project cockpit. The project cockpit is the second part to the electronic site diary: after the collection reporting and controlling! It offers a concise traffic light representation of current project's state with direct access to operational tickets, actual vs. planned time reporting (e.g. for subcontractor bills), actual state project plans and much more besides. Do you want to use our project cockpit and electronic site diary for your own...
Handwritten Digit Recognition. To have full control over preprocessing, we have created our own dataset for handwritten digit recognition. The full preprocessing is described in technical report TR-2005-27 (citation see below), and the digits were contributed by Austrian university students as part of our 2005 lecture AI Methods for Data Analysis, sadly discontinued. We scanned one page per student and automatically extracted the image data...
Photodocumentation. Integrated system for site documentation and defect management, available since 2011, continuously improved. Available in German, English, Spanish and Catalan. Currently projects are managed by users who have recorded photos, videos and audio notes Test your project now! It's free! For general contractors: The photo documentation allows the general contractor to maintain an overview and take immediate...
Legal disclosure
Information declaration obligation / Privacy policy
Copyright © Dr. Alexander K. Seewald <
>, Seewald Solutions, 1996-2020


text:
Hi. all!
I think I installed virtual box correctly but I could not start using it ... I configure a virtual machine and when I am trying to start it it shows this massage:
do someone have an idea what should I do to fix the problem ?
Did you add yourself to the vboxusers group?
Forum Rules


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Your footwear indicates a major part of your personality, your style and your choice. If you are a shoe lover then you have come to the right place as we provide an array of beautiful colors, varieties, textures, motifs etc. just for you. When it comes to ladies juttis then some of you might be aware of its origin that is Punjab, hence they are also known as Punjabi juttis by many.
Punjabi Juttis have been through a lot of transformation, from traditional hand embroidered juttis to the boho look juttis and many more in the coming future. If you are someone who loves to make a style statement with bold choices then I would definitely recommend you to check out our Punjabi jutti's from the ladies jutti collection. Flaunting designs and crafts from around the world you can find a shoe for every occasion.
I personally believe that every women's footwear collection must include designs which are unique and reserved especially for an occasion.
- TRADITIONAL LOOK- Well if you are going for a traditional look then I would definitely recommend you to check-out our Reshami-Kadam and Kadam collection of Punjabi juttis. These ladies juttis are perfect for a traditional get together or a big fat wedding. These juttis are very closely inspired from the Punjabi juttis and what makes them perfect for your traditional look is the intricate golden and silver zari work on them also the ornamental zardozi work and shining pearls not just makes a person go in aww but also makes a bold style statement.
- ETHNIC LOOK- If you are thinking to opt for an ethnic look then I would suggest you to check out our Funkaar collection of ladies juttis. Each piece of this collection is a new twist in the Punjabi jutti with the evergreen gorgeous dupion silk beauties. The chevron pattern and the resham embroidery not just enhances its look but also gives you a traditional look along with modern touch thus making it perfect for an ethnic look.
- CLASSICS- As the name itself suggests, something that never fades away and is evergreen. The sole to soul collection from the ladies jutti collection showcases the classic original Punjabi jutti which are crafted with expertise in cruelty free leather for a premium finish. The best part about them is that these ladies juttis come with a red velvet insole for a luxurious feel and maximum comfort.
Tjori provides you a wonderful multitude of Ladies juttis, despite all the other classic footwear options, these are much loved by today's women as they stand upright with ethnic and western both.


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Home / Hostess Gift Collection / Horse Round Coaster Set of 4
Rock Flower Paper
Horse Round Coaster Set of 4
$ 12.95
Horse Round Coasters are the must-have home decor piece for any lover of horses and animals. Watercolor art in brown, grey, and off-white deftly captures the horse's movement and strength. Whether you're boots-deep in the equestrian life or you simply love beautiful art, our Horse tray is a bold and modern accessory for your home.
- cork backed
- set of four in a gift box
- heat and moisture resistant
- 4 inch diameter
More in this Collection
Château Life
$ 85.00
Flour Sack Towel
$ 11.99


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Prodigious Airplane Lamp
This write-up will supply you a number of the ways you need to use to choose a Prodigious airplane lamp which is most suitable for you. Your Lamp prodigious airplane..
Battery Operated Table Lamps
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Daylight Floor Lamp
The second part of a Daylight floor lamp seat is it can act as a shoe rack. You have the ability to directly place your sneakers where daylight floor lamp..
Crystal Floor Lamp Overstock
Have you been needing of Crystal floor lamp overstock to beautify your own Lamp? Well, in the event that you are, then, you may keep reading this article as it..
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The federal government sets the nationwide standard for privacy of school records in the Family Educational Records Protection Act, or FERPA. The primary purpose of FERPA is to guarantee parents access to school records of their minor children and to prohibit access in many other cases without parental consent. Although some states have passed laws that expand the FERPA protections, California has not. The state statutes reiterate
Privacy of School Records
Most students spend at least 13 years in school, starting in kindergarten. During that time, the school generates grades, test scores and other related records. But academic performance records are not the only student data generated during a child's passage through the school system. If a child gets into trouble for his behavior, he might have records of discipline. There might be therapy and counseling records,
All of this information
Family Educational Records Protection Act
What are a parent's rights under FERPA? While the child is under 18, a parent or guardian has the right to:
- Review the student's school files.
- Ask for correction of inaccurate information.
- Give or withhold consent for release of the records to others.
Children hold these rights with their parents and guardians while they are under 18 years old. When they turn 18,
School Responsibilities Under the Act
The Department of Education can withhold federal funding from schools that do not grant access to a student's parents or guardians. But granting access is not the school's only responsibility. Schools must also notify parents and students of these rights and the procedures to review and correct records.
The schools must also tell parents and students that
- Transcripts when a student changes schools.
- Some information anonymously to researchers studying educational techniques.
- Relevant information to government officials auditing public
programs. assistance
- Some information in
normal business. the course of
California School Privacy Law Right to Access
The federal law applies to all schools nationwide, but the state of California has also passed laws that reiterate these rights.
California School Privacy Law: Other Provisions
Additional statutes set out the procedures for schools to provide access. The California law allows the parent or guardian to make a written request to correct or remove any information recorded in the written records concerning his child if the information is:
- Not accurate.
- An unsubstantiated personal conclusion.
- A conclusion outside of the observer's area of competence.
- Not based on the personal observation of a named person.
- Misleading.
- In violation of the privacy or other rights of the pupil.
The parent may also
Under California law, the public can get directory information about a student, unless the parent or guardian objects to its release. This information includes data like the student's name, address, telephone number, date and place of birth, and major field of study.
- Justia: 2018 California Code CH. 6.5 - Pupil Records
- U.S. Department of Education: Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)
- U.S. Department of Education: Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act FAQs
- California Department of Education: Data Privacy
- FindLaw: Details on State Privacy of School Records
- Orange County Department of Education: Student Records


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Available now!
The book based on 50 Things I Learned From My Father is available now! Thing My Dad Taught Me
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Tag Archives: dating
The Day I Knew
I will never forget the first day I saw the girl who eventually became my wife. I won't forget because that moment is fixed in my memory and I consider it often, lest any of the details fade too much. … Continue reading
Posted in Stories Tagged dating, postaweek2011, relationships 1 Comment
I Saw Her Smile
You might want to read what essentially became part one and part two first. Before my alarm went off, I woke without opening my eyes. I stretched and grinned like an idiot. I let out a deep, contented sigh. I … Continue reading
Posted in Stories Tagged dates, dating, Happiness, just write, postaweek2011, relationships, smiles, smiling 2 Comments
One Perfect Date
Even though I was never any good at asking women out, I still went on dates. I always wanted one of those dates you see in movies where everything just kind of comes together naturally and provides an amazing time … Continue reading
Posted in Stories Tagged dates, dating, just write, postaweek2011, Question, relationships 13 Comments
A Rose on the Table
I was never good at asking women out. No matter how smooth I sounded when I practiced (yes, I practiced – don't judge me), I never managed a level above not quite painfully awkward. Even though I eventually accepted I … Continue reading
Posted in Stories Tagged dates, dating, postaweek2011, relationships, Rose, Servers, Space Battleship Yamato, waitress 4 Comments
This is Going to Hurt
When I was a sophomore in high school, there was a girl (isn't there always?), and I was quite taken with her.We were both in band so I spent most of the summer between my freshman and senior year working … Continue reading
Posted in Stories Tagged band, band trips, dating, holding hands, just write, life lessons, postaweek2011, relationships Leave a comment
Keep Away From My Daughter
Shortly after we discovered our first child would be a girl, I received sage advice from a co-worker. "Just remember," he said, "little girls are God's curse on men for being teenagers." I laughed because I though he was joking. … Continue reading
Posted in Stories Tagged dads and daughters, dating, daughters, Father, fatherhood, fathers, fathers and daughters, just write, postaweek2011, relationships 4 Comments
The Prom Procession
The Spring of 1991 was supposed to be the time of my life (or something). I had a few easy coast courses (which oddly netted me the Honors Diploma that advanced math wouldn't) and enjoyed if not full acceptance by … Continue reading
Posted in Stories Tagged dating, funny stories, high school, postaeek2011, Prom, relationships, senior year 2 Comments


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Keep it all in one place with this custom promotional holder. Perfect for tradeshow giveaways.
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Make a sophisticated first impression with personalized business card holders from Myron. From aluminum card cases to high-end leather business card albums, these elegant professional items are ideal gifts for employees and clients alike. Design your own business card holders below—and don't miss our business card magnets and other high-visibility promotional office supplies!
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Admiral Digby Museum
Digby, Nova Scotia
Thumbnail Gallery
Contact Us
Digby County: A Journey Through Time
Maud Lewis
Maud Lewis
Marshalltown, Digby County, Nova Scotia
Maud (1903 - 1970)
Maud Dowley was born March 7, 1903 in South Ohio, Yarmouth County. She suffered birth defects leaving her with stooped shoulders. After her parents death Maud moved to Digby to reside with her aunt. Maud married Everette Lewis January 16, 1938. Everette, a fish peddler, owned a small one room house on the Marshalltown Road.
Maud was introduced to art by her mother, who instructed her in the making of watercolour Christmas Cards. She continued painting during her years with Everette, and despite her crippling rheumatoid arthrites painted many scenes during this time. Maud surrounded herself with art, painting her windows, doors and even her stove. Physically suffering and living in impoverished conditions, her paintings were always bright and joyful. Maud died in 1970.
Everett and Maud Lewis
Marshalltown, Digby County, Nova Scotia
Everett and Maude (Dowley) Lewis in the 1960's.
Everett was born December 16, 1894, North Range, Digby County and died January 1, 1979.
Maud Lewis House
Marshalltown, Digby County, Nova Scotia
Located in Marshalltown this one room house, without power, or running water, was the home of Maude and Everett (Dowley) Lewis.
Local newspaper, the Digby Mirror - November 19, 1980, stated that the house is in very poor condition. It was acquired last month by the Maude Lewis Painted House Society. Purchase price for the house and copyrights was $11,000, of which $5,000 was provided by the Nova Scotia Department of Culture, Recreation and Fitness. During the winter the house was covered by a protective wooden cover which actually caused a lot of damage because it allowed moisture to remain inside.
The Maude Lewis house was purchased and relocated by the province in 1984 tothe Art Gallery of Nova Scotia, where it can still be seen today (2004).
Maud Lewis painted stove
Marshalltown, Digby County, Nova Scotia
The stove in this picture is one example of Maud's talent as a folk artist. Maud decorated just about everything in her small home.
Important Notices
© 2020 All Rights Reserved


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Anxiety, anxiety, anxiety!
The anxiety prior to a job interview is inexplicable. No amount of those abc-prams can assuage the anxiety of not being prepared for an interview that can either get you the job of your dreams or send you back home with the infamous, "we will let you know."
You'll find yourself contemplating a myriad of thoughts; and one of them will be: HOW TO DRESS FOR A JOB INTERVIEW. And not overdo it, of course.
According to Jobvite 2017 Recruiting Funnel Benchmark Report, only one in six short-listed candidates land first interviews.
FHM will walk you through the process and get you interview ready in no time.
Don't digress: focus on getting the job
This is pivotal to preparing for an interview. Please don't deviate from it. Don't let the jitters of the prospective interview distract you from getting the job that you're, in effect, interviewing for.
You'll instantly feel more upbeat when you reiterate the fact that you are focusing on getting the job, not getting done with the interview. Bob Proctor, author of You Were Born Rich, quotes, "the only limits in our life are those we impose on ourselves."
Once you've ascertained that getting the job is your actual goal, it is crucial that you stay positive. Fearing a negative outcome or experience can jeopardize your chances of getting the job and even preparing for your interview.
Research, research!
This is where your research on the company will pay off. The first thing you ought to understand is that every industry and even more so, every company has a different working culture. You need to determine what kind of a company you're going to be stepping into. It is better to do exhaustive research on this one, if you feel you haven't carried it out in this context, before even thinking of rummaging your closet.
Interview Tip: Make use of social media networking handles like Facebook and Instagram to try and find pictures from company events that will give you a good idea of the dressing code.
Now that you've determined or at least understood the dressing culture, discern whether it is strictly corporate formal OR business casual.
Corporate Formal
Dress: It is advisable, for men and women, to wear a crisp and well-fitted suit in a solid color such as black, grey or navy blue. Women can wear a button down shirt with formal pants or a kameez with cigarette pants. Stay away from shalwar or wide-legged pants, prints and bright colors.
Shoes: Men should wear the conservative and classic Oxford to eschew a 'corporate fashion faux pas' and women should stick to their classic black or nude pumps and formal-esque sandals.
Accessories: You can accessorize with a basic watch, in a neutral color, on your left wrist but that's about the only accessory you should be carrying apart from your briefcase. This applies to men and women.
Briefcase/bag: Carrying a briefcase is your best bet, however, women can carry a plain messenger bag with western business formal. If they choose to wear eastern, any bag in a basic color would do, as long as there are no embellishments on it.
Business Casual
A business casual attire will completely depend on your findings as every company has its own set of norms. Men should stick to polo shirts and loafers and steer clear from sandals or accessorizing. Women should follow the same rule about accessorizing and will find it in their best interest to stay away from denim.
You should bear in mind that even after exhaustive preparations, sometimes things don't go as planned.. Make sure you don't let small and temporary glitches ruin your potential job offer.


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The small group ministry at First Baptist, now called Home Groups, exemplifies our core values.
These groups exist to glorify God in being a church of home groups that are centered on and motivated by the Gospel of Jesus Christ while being disciples committed to making disciples.
We desire to foster groups of disciples that form in homes across Bonner County that are:
Each group meets weekly for Bible study, prayer, support and friendship, and many share a meal together. Home Groups meet at various homes throughout the area including Sagle, Sandpoint, and north Bonner County. We have groups for all ages; some that are primarily empty nesters, other for young families or singles.


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Kaiser surgeries... Anyone?
on 11/26/14 10:31 am
Hi all! Wanted to know if there's anyone out there that has had surgery (wls) with any kaiser doctors. And how do you feel they rank overall as far as experience with those that are maybe high risk?
Kaiser Mid-Atlantic, at least in the DC/MD/VA area doesn't have it's own bariatric surgeons. Currently, they've contracted with the bariatric program at Holy Cross Hospital in Silver Spring, MD. Their surgeons are Dr. Cantor and Dr. McArthur. Dr. Cantor has more experience, as he's been in practice longer than Dr. McArthur. There is a facebook forum "Holy Cross WLS" where you can ask questions from pre and post-op patients. I'm pre-op, so can't give any personal experience with either surgeon yet.
on 1/1/15 8:01 am
Thank you so much for the info Muse76. I am looking into getting surgery. I will be talking to a Dr. soon hopefully when I can get an appointment. When I had Kaiser a few years ago, the Dr. said that Kaiser doesn't like to refer their patients to surgery so she dropped that subject quick. But now I aim to go back and try and talk to a Dr. about this. I can't continue this rollercoaster I am on. Can you keep me posted on how the Drs. are with you and how the surgery went? When do you go for the actual surgery? I hope all is well, and goes well.
Best wishes


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The Forez Mount's Ecomuseum
Quartier St Joseph
Place Alex Folléas
42550 Usson-en-Forez
In the heart of a contemporary museography, little ones and grown-ups can come and learn about the traditions, the know-how of Haut-Forez and also, the current heritages.
The cottage garden invites you to the contemplation and the discovery of plant species.
We offer a range of activities and resources for schools and educational groups : a qualified staff, resources wich can be helpful to prepare your journey. The museums and collections provide exciting opportunities to learn about local History. The building is 80% accessible to visitors with disabilities.More
Good deals
Come and explore the Museum's attic with a game for 3/12 year olds.
Game map partner "Investigate".
Workshops and treasure hunts during the holidays.
Period of opening
All year round, every Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday and Sunday between 2 pm and 6 pm.
- Adult : 4€
Child (from 8 to 16 yo) :1,50€
- Group rate available for >n 20 people.
Adult group: 2,50 € (15.50€ for a guided tour, 1 free + driver from 50 people)
Children's group (8-16 years old): 2 €
- Annual ticket: €6.50: for one year, from the date of purchase, you can come as often as you like to the eco-museum.
- Pass Card for 4 museums: 12€: gives access to 1 entrance for 2 adults and 4 children maximum (- 16 years old) in each of the 4 partner museums (Ecomusée des monts du Forez in Usson-en-Forez, Musée d'histoire du 20ème siècle in Estivareilles, Musée des civilisations in St-Just-St-Rambert and the Musée d'Allard in Montbrison.)
Methods of payment
- Bank/credit card
- Cheque
- Chèques Vacances
- Cash
- Chèques Culture
- Picnic area
- Lift
- Covered picnic area
- Toilets
- Exhibition space
- Car park
- Parking
- Coach parking
- Pets welcome
- Educational visits
- Coach access
- Shop
- Tourist brochures
- Tourist information
- Guided tours
Adapted tourism
- Accessible for wheelchairs with assistance
- Accessible for self-propelled wheelchairs
- Even flooring with no obstacles
- Minimum aisle width of 90 cm
- Lift (80 x 130 cm) and door >= 77 cm
- WC + grab handle + adequate space to move
- Site, building partially accessible
- Possibility of drop-off in front of the site


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Tag Archives: Brown Headed Parrot
Meet Zuma
Zuma, playing it coy. Zuma is a 18 year old Brown Headed Parrot who came to me in May 2010. He was in pretty bad shape when I picked him up: so hypocalcaemic that he had a neurological twitch and … Continue reading
Posted in Birds, Pet of the Month Tagged Brown Headed Parrot, My Family, Parrot, Zuma Leave a comment
My recipe for chop'n'freeze
At the request of some folks on Facebook, I'm posting my recipe for chop'n'freeze. It varies based on seasonal availability and, to some extent, my whim. However, there is a method to the madness and a certain amount of infrastructure. … Continue reading
Posted in Birds, Education, Enrichment, Health, Nutrition, Wellness Tagged Bronze Winged Pionus, Brown Headed Parrot, chop, chop'n'freeze, Eclectus, Education, enrichment, food, foraging, Hawkheaded Parrot, herbs, nutrition, parrots, Red Bellied Parrot 21 Comments
Three of the birds foraging on their playgym.
I have way to much to be doing today to justify farting around on the internet, but these guys were being so cute on their playgyms that I couldn't resist shooting a few minutes of video and posting it. So … Continue reading
Posted in Birds, Enrichment, My crew Tagged Bronze Winged Pionus, Brown Headed Parrot, enrichment, Ernie, foraging, just for fun, parrots, playgyms, Red Bellied Parrot, video, Yodit, Zuma 1 Comment


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description prices location information of locality
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property description
It is impossible to find a better place! This complex, called "Torres del Sol", is located in an absolutely top zone, next to the most beautiful beach in Los Cristianos: Playa las Vistas and almost directly at the promenade along the beach. In this complex, we also have studios for 2 people. You will find it here.You will find more information about the beach and the locality in the local guide. You could have only more "beach-feeling" if you sleep in a tent on the beach. It is about 400 m to the main boulevard of Los Cristianos and Las Americas. You can just walk along the car free promenade all day long.
Beach zone! There are several apartments in this complex which only differ from one to another in small details. These apartments have gotten a fully equipped American kitchen area with 2-plate cooker, fridge-freeze, coffee express machine, microwave oven. A separate bedroom is provided with one twin or 2 single beds, which can be set together. If needed, a sleeping sofa can be prepared for 3rd and 4th person. The bathroom has a shower, bidet, wash basin and WC. For long term holidays, we offer a washing machine in the bathroom. Please, it is important to ask for the washing machine in your booking enquiry. Also, keep in mind that the apartments furniture can be a little bit different from the one of the photos. These apartments are basically equipped the same way but with some differences in details. The apartments have a balcony.
details concerning calculation of booking costs
restaurants and shops within walking distance
Restaurants and shops are within walking distance. There is a supermarket in the complex open even on Sundays as well as a snack bar.
beach in vicinity
holidays with friends
If you are thinking to spend your holidays with friends, we can offer you another property in this complex:
Studio in Los Cristianos
2 persons
32 m²
Studio mit Pool
2 persons
32 m²
detailed information concerning price:
no hidden costs - total transparency
All prices are calculated inclusive with final cleaning, additional costs and taxes
per week from 449,00€ inclusive final cleaning and additional costs
special features
The property satisfies the following criteria:
Copyright © InselURLAUB GmbH 2014
Please be patient.


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Pacific Investments proudly presents a luxury studio hotel apartment for sale in Damac Hills, near Trump Estates and Trump Golf Club.
With delightful views of the Golf Course and plenty of greenery around the area, it will be the ideal retreat for a quiet peaceful living in a very popular area, minutes from SZR, Motor City and Reemram Community.
Once completed, this property will be fully furnished to the highest standards, as listed images show.
With a high solid ROI and flexible Payment Plan, it will be a good investment long term.
Studio is bright and decent size, with open kitchen and bathroom.
High tech gym
Large pool
24hour Security
1Parking allotted
Kids Play Area
Call our agent today to book a viewing and for any additional information:
Since 1992, Pacific Investments focuses on property management, investment, development, brokerage and consultation. We are 100% local company, we own and manage over 1400 properties in Dubai and across UAE.