text: A Comparative Study of Satisfaction Evaluation between Residents of Mid-Rise and High-Rise Housings Saba Amini M.A. Student of Housing Trends, School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran. author Seyed Bagher Hosseini Associate Professor of Architectural Engineering, School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran. author Saeed NorouzianMaleki Faculty of Engineering Department of Architecture, University of Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training, Tehran, Iran. author text article 2014 per Providing houses for people is considered as one of the key issues in urban construction and development. In Iran, along with the growing urbanization, increasing population and the lack of suitable land for construction, construction of residential complexes is one of the activities in order to meet the growing need for housing. Because of spatial considerations, housing development has been transformed from low to medium density and horizontal spread to high density and vertical stretch. The problems of high-rise housing have been concerned issues of many architects and environmental designers. The majority of the residents of high-rise complexes are not satisfied with their living environments in the metropolitan area. The relation between people and their residential environment is a significant topic in environmental psychology, possibly because home environments are one of the most salient environments in human experience. Housing satisfaction, which refers to residents' overall evaluation of their housing, for a long time, has been a major research subject in sociology, planning, and related disciplines. Research suggests that it has a complex and multidimensional basis relating to both the actual and perceived environment. Many studies have deaed with housing satisfaction in the fields such as sociology, psychology, or urban planning. Some of those researches have focused on socio-demographic factors such as age, gender, or economic resources, while others have dealed with the physical characteristics of the housing that influence residential satisfaction. A broad literature review suggests that housings aesthetics such as wellmaintained homes and good air quality are important bases for residents' environmental and general satisfaction. Safety may be particularly salient to residents. Indeed, housing safety is an important predictor of satisfaction for the residents perhaps because of their vulnerability to crime and traffic dangers as well as their greater awareness of these dangers. Access to green areas such as parks and natural areas is often found to be related to residents' satisfaction. Residential satisfaction has been positively related to proximity to green areas. In terms of the physical environment, we draw on research that considers multiple features of the physical environment, including urban design, architectural features, safety from traffic and crime, air quality and pollution, cleanliness as well as green areas, such as parks and natural areas. The aim of this paper is to examine residential satisfaction of residential complexe in Tehran. Consistent with previous researches, the present project examines residents satisfaction from their housings, their residential complexes, and their relations with neighbors. In contrast to some previous researches which have used a single index of combined residential and neighborhood satisfaction, we measure residents' satisfaction through different environmental domains. The present research method is a combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches (mixed methods). In the first step, design criteria for residential complexes were studied and previous studies conducted in this area were reviewed. This research has analyzed some of these criteria in two selected samples between middle-rise and high-rise residential complexes. Comparing these criteria is done through a review of existing documents, field studies, questionnaires and interviews Questionnaire forms were equally distributed between residents of "ShahidMahallati" and "Sobhan" residential complexex. Random sampling is done among five residential blocks in each complex. Residents assessed perceived attributes of complexes by indicating their satisfaction from different categories. Participants were asked to evaluate their local area by responding to statements concerning various environmental attributes. The response format was a five point scale ranging from "strongly agree" (score +2) to "strongly disagree'' (score -2). Finally, the obtained data was analyzed by various computer software programs. At last, the resident's satisfaction was determined by comparing the scores of each of these criteria between two samples. The finding show that although in comparing two samples with only some of the criteria, Sobhan residential complex was ranked higher, but generally Shahid Mahallati residential complex was more successful in meeting resident's satisfaction. Differences arise from the physical dimensions of housing.Among the physical characteristics, landscape is an important feature which is related to visible amenities and to esthetic preferences. Excessive building density, nonparticipation in social activities, low access to public services, and inconsistency with the surrounding parts are considered as weaknesses of high-rise residential complexes, while in the low density, the high level of social relationship between residents and consistency with the surrounding environment, are considered as the most important features of middle-rise residential complexes. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar 2008-5079 6 v. 11 no. 2014 1 13 http://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_33461_12207566c300b1e7383359cbeed014b6.pdf A Comparative Study of the Architectural Features' Designs: Masjid- Madreseh of Qajar and Safavid School Mohamad Reza Bemanian Professor of Architecture, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran author Kourosh Momeni Assistant Professor of Architecture, Faculty of Urban and Architecture, Jundishapur University of Technology, Dezfol, Iran. author Hosein Soltanzadeh Associate Professor of Architecture, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Central Tehran branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. author text article 2014 per One of the major monuments of Islamic architecture is religious schools which have appeared at Seljuk period in Nazmyeh and have continued to be at Qajar with ups and downs. The peak of Masjid- Madreseh construction is in the early Qajar period which led to establish Dar-al-fonoun school at the short time. Integration and combination of two functions of mosque and school in these spaces made an innovation in architecture of these buildings which is not observed even in magnificent Safavid. Mosque-schools as the most important architectural monuments which are compared with the other schools have been less studied and analyzed. Few books and articles, written regarding to the architecture of Mosque - schools are just a description of the history, printing maps and some remained pictures This paper is intended to present the physical characteristics in architectural design of the mosque-school by choosing ten samples and to compare them with ten segments of Safavid schools. Obviously, disability to deal with all aspects of architecture in these samples is the limitation of this article. This article's innovation is the investigation of the overall scheme of mosque-schools in Safavid dynasty using comparing method to compare schools regarding to the features such as dimensions, hierarchies, area, climate, structures, facilities, and decorations. What seems significant to achieve stylistic features, is to check all the necessary items that may not be possible to use in these spaces. Also, in order to facilitate the analysis of findings, the results are presented in the tables. This descriptive – analytical study has applied both library and field research methods, to assess and evaluate innovations and changes in overall schemes of Qajar mosque - schools compared with the schools in Safavid period. Moreover, regarding to the ten segments, each of two selected schools and their features have been analyzed. In library method, required data are extracted and collected from various sources. These resources include information in National Library, University Library, Documents of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism, a number of major websites such as Wikipedia, and other sources which are archives of photos, cultural monuments of cultural heritage sites, documents and information about various parts of heritage cities and provinces such as Isfahan, Kashan, Tehran, Shiraz, and Mashhad. The selection of the mosque - schools and schools in Safavid dynasty, conducted by researchers, used to judge about the importance of the plan and architectural monuments of each period. To increase the validity of results, this study tried to select proper samples spread all over each period from the beginning to the end. Therefore, the mosque - schools of New Sepahsalar (Shahid Motahari), old Sepahsalar (Shahid Beheshti), Philosophodole, Haj Ganbar Ali Khan, Moshyralsaltaneh (aghsa), Memar bashi, Sardar anad salehiye of Qazvin, Seyed of Isfahan, Agha Bozorgh of Kashan in Qajar period and Large Jaddah, Jalaliye, Chahar bagh, Kasegaran, Mullo Abdullo, Nimavard of Isfahan, Khan and Hakim of shiraz, and Kheirat khan and Navab of Mashhad in Safavid were selected. The findings show that Masjid-Madresehs of Qajar do not follow a specific architectural pattern, while schools of Safavid have an architectural pattern of the two porches. The architecture of Masjid– Madreseh spaces in Qajar era is more complex and various than Safavid schools, So there are some chamber, teacher, library and entrance vestibules, different areas, such as the dome, nave, forty pillars, minarets, finial and Abrizgah, water storage, pool house, bathroom, sick house, kitchen and tomb formed in mosque – schools during Qajar period. There are reduced numbers of rooms in Qajar schools while there are Mahtabi spaces, four Gonbadkhaneh directions, and a cross-shaped plan in Safavid schools which have been caused the Masjid– Madreseh's courtyard has become an open and light space. In addition, the Clock Tower in the Masjid– Madreseh of Qajar era is symptom of West and western renewal. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar 2008-5079 6 v. 11 no. 2014 15 34 http://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_33462_125cbf837d609393536568da8e983bb1.pdf Spatial Organization of Public Space in Hilly Settlements, Case Study: Sanandaj Hills Bakhtiar Bahrami Assistant Professor of Architecture, University of Kurdistan, Kurdistan, Iran. author Seyyed Hossein Bahrainy Professor of Planning & Urban Design, University College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. author Darab Diba Professor of Architecture, University College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. author text article 2014 per This paper tries to explain the role of hills in the spatial organization of hilly cities and further explain the spatial & natural capacities of these elements as public places in Sanandaj city. In this study, a phenomenological and qualify research method is used to focus on hills and processes affecting the sociability of the spatial domains including hilltop, hillside and hill depth. In this paper, data collection is done through theoretical and historical literature review and field observation. The results along with The interpretation, logical and graphical analysis, deal with the meaning and the public performance of the hills in Sanandaj. The theoretical frame work of the paper proceeds in four parts: the first part deals with the different aspects and various functions of public spaces; accordingly, a great and attractive public place is a framework for the display of public power and social interaction. It contains at least the three features of public access, public property and public functions. In the second part, the effective processes in reinforcing or reducing the public function and common meaning of hills are considered. It is concluded that different processes like the narratives, structural, developmental and political - economic processes should reach a determined level of compatibility to benefit the social processes(common cultural norms, human interactions, and sociability). The third section has reviewed the historical function of the hills in three models of the city (cosmological, mechanical and the organic model) and showed that the spatial organization of the hills is often influenced by the cosmic and the mechanical model over history. This resulted in their privatization by power institutions such as government, religion and market. Hence, hills can answer a wider range of people's beliefs, needs and behaviors when to handle the central idea of the organic model, which is the protection of environment, history and culture. In the fourth section of the theoretical frameworks, with the help of phenomenological interpretations, at least three other necessities are explained. First, the inherent character that separates hills from other spatial elements is their public character, which means it is necessary for these natural elements. It should be always present in arguments and concerns of the public sphere. Second, due to the height of hills compared to other places, the people's visual and intellectual occupation of the entire city or some of its parts is always possible, so these perspectives make it to become a public possibility and common engagement. Third, the spatial perception of people in hilly settlements is fundamentally different from the plain settlements. This issue can explain the relationship between the inside and outside as the main different and especial urban dialogue for hills, in hilly cities. Having outlined the theoretical frame work, the three process which define and reinforce the public meaning and the common functioning of the Sanandaj hills are investigated. History and field studies indicate that much of spatial actions have reduced or eliminated the public function of hills over the development history of Sanandaj. Therefore it is necessary to strengthen the social processes (religious and nonreligious narratives attributed to the hills) and the political- economic processes (occupation of top of hills by the institutions of power) on the one hand and to control development processes (large-scale excavation and leveling hills and private construction on top of them) on the other hand. The applied methods of hills in Sanandaj imply that the cosmological models and the mechanical models dominating the spatial organization and their functions are not often compatible with the organic model. This study analyses show that hills are considered as special characters and capital of Sanandaj and any decision regarding their spatial organization should be made based on their public use. Due to the natural capacities, meanings, relevant narratives, and physical and mental meanings of these places, findings can define and strengthen publics functions in order to remove private functions and control the effective processes within the top and the upper range of hills to respond to the public needs in Sanandaj. It can be predicted that organization of hills as sociable public spaces can promote economic dimensions (property values surrounding hills), human health (physical and mental), social - spatial dimensions (social integration, local values environment), environmental dimensions (natural environment and away from the bustle of city) and visual - perception dimensions (attractive and beautiful sights with various landscapes) in part of public domain of Sanandaj. Therefore, it is suggested that urban design and landscape design projects of hills under the name of "The Project for Sanandaj Public Hills", can be the agenda for an institution with a cooperative framework and an interface between the government and the people.Therefore it can be concluded that "the hills are connected with the past, the nature, and the social life of people in Sanandaj" and "the privatization of the top of the hill by the institutions of power should be stopped". Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar 2008-5079 6 v. 11 no. 2014 35 48 http://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_33463_804f859c78a3e4a868dd7a4468bf5f6e.pdf Investigation of Effective Factors of Iranian Contemporary Architecture (1961-1978) Naser Sabatsani 1. Assistant Professor of Architecture, Faculty of Art, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran. author text article 2014 per Architecture in the vast territories of Iran has always followed a continuous particular process in the past, along with the logical relations to its previous and next times. But this trend does not exist in the present period anymore. Considering the fact that many changes began due to highly industrialized world and the inevitable development of modernism, we come to the conclusion that Iranian architecture at different periods has encountered with many changes and developments, especially appropriate interaction with elements of modern architecture to gain optimum conditions. For example, wide changes exist in modern architecture with gradual growth. The roots of these changes back to the ends of Qajar period. Constitutional revolution in Iran caused enormous changes in Iranian life styles. The formation seen in Qajar period is emerging western forms along with the Iranian forms which most of the contemporary intellectuals call it "hybridity". Changes in relations and spatial structures of new buildings such as: plan, combining elements of European architecture with native architecture, and using building materials with newly emerged western technology were the main features of Iranian architecture during 1961- 1978. Construction of new public buildings in capital city of Iran, considered as the main requirement of that period, has transformed Iranian architecture. Factors affecting the architecture in this period made an innovation in Iran, and by the help of governments officials, were spread widely. Now the question is what kinds of factors had impact on contemporary Iranian architecture and how these effects could change Iranian architecture during 1961-1978.Although this paper is unable to study all the affecting factors, but it has tried to survey the impacts of these factors. The overlap of architectural and political periods is an inevitable compliance. So the aim of this study is to identify factors influencing architectural ideas and the intellectual formats of the architects which have changed the architecture during the second Pahlavi period. So influencing factors that will be studied in this paper are as follows: 1- political social, economic and cultural activities in the years of 1961-1978. 2- Foreign architects who worked in Iran such as Andre Godard, Maxime Siroux and Roland Marcel Dubrulle on these yeras. 3- Schools of architecture in Iran - Tehran during these years, such as University of Tehran, Bahshty (Mail) University. 4- Iranian architects who graduated from western schools of architecture during this period such as Vartan Hvansyan, Taherzadeh Behzad, Ali Ghelich Baghlyan, Markar Galstyan, Mohsen Foroughi. 5- The impact of new technologies and materials in Architecture in these years. 6- International congresses of Architecture during this period. 7- Accessibility to Iranian and international journal of Architecture like: Architectural Review, Japanese Architecture and L'Architecture D'Aujourd'hul. Architecture of this period, not only can be distinguished through official and residential buildings, but also through the cumulative effects of cinema buildings like City Theatre of Tehran. They all made Tehran experience the transition to modern world. The point is that in most western and Iranian high-circulation magazines dealt with Architecture can be a model for change in the platform of architecture in this period. Methodology and the nature of this paper are qualitative and conceptual. This kind of surveys aims to examine the phenomena in the past time while they are qualitative and they cannot be evaluated with statistical or quantitative equipment. Therefore final target of this paper is to introduce contemporary scientists' thoughts in architecture by special books, articles, papers and interviewing with architects who have worked in 1961-1978. This paper hopefully tries to indicate real alignment between architecture and economical and political periods. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar 2008-5079 6 v. 11 no. 2014 49 60 http://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_33464_a920ae2894bff49fa2e1158608b925cf.pdf Formation and Features of Tehran Urban Parks during the Reign of First Pahlavi Period, Case Study: Tehran National Garden (Baq-EMelli) Farah Habib Associate Professor, Department of Art and Architecture, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. author Iraj Etesam Professor of Architecture, Department of Art and Architecture, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. author Seyed Hadi Ghoddusifar PhD Candidate, Department of Art and Architecture, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. author text article 2014 per Urban Parks, as one of the main component of urban green spaces, have an important role in urban social life and cultural exchanges. Their importance in the process of sustainable development causes that they are considered as one of the most important indicators of community development. Although, green spaces in the shape of "garden" have an old history in Iranian culture since Achaemenian period, the modern concept of by the gardening styles of Europe and some gardens in Tehran were built according to these styles. Subsequently, construction of public green spaces in Iran cities at the reign of First Pahlavi, were emerged by some causes which led to change Iranian architecture and urbanism since the middle of Qajar dynasty (during the reign of Naser al-Din Shah-e Qajar). Interactions between Iran and European countries in this period, changed the concept and form of Garden in Iran and caused some gardens in Tehran to form according to the Western gardening styles. Since this period the word of "Park" was used for some of the private gardens which were designed according to the western gardening styles such as "Park-E Amino dole", "Park-e Atabak" and "Park-e Zel ol Soltan". However, the concept of urban parks in Iran had not been considered until the reign of First Pahlavi. The National Garden of Tehran (Baq-e-Melli), built in 1928, which is considered as therefore, for recognizing methods and styles of landscape architecture at the reign of First Pahlavi, it is important to identify the structure and features of this park as a tool to recognize methods and styles of landscape architecture at that time. The present paper focuses on visualizing the similarities between the properties of the National Garden of Tehran (Baq-e-Melli) and several different garden design styles. Main questions of this paper are as following: • What were the main factors in shaping the urban parks in the reign of First Pahlavi? • What were the main features of the National Garden of Tehran (Baq-e-Melli)? • Which styles of the landscape design did affect National Garden of Tehran (Baqe-Melli?) To gain these purposes, this paper studied external and internal factors which ultimately contribute to change gardening style in Iran at Qajar Period, such as changing of the concept and structure of "city", increasing in public interest to public green spaces, and traveling of Iranians to European countries. Then, it studied the first parks which ware created in this period, including National Garden and Ferdowsi Garden of Tehran. This paper used historic documents for recognition the feathers of National Garden of Tehran. This paper used historic documents for recognition the feathers of National Garden of Tehran. At last, the study compared the style of National Garden with different gardening styles. This research is a case study as well as a qualitative one. It is based on the Grounded Theory method. The information gathering is based on Library Research method. The results of this study show that the National Garden of Tehran was more influenced by the Baroque garden than other styles. Several properties of National Garden of Tehran, such as geometry and axes, decoration, order, and nature and its elements are close to the Baroque garden style. This shows that the National Garden of Tehran has the greatest similarity to the Industrial Revolution public park regarding to the function and relationship with the city and environment. In addition, considering the architectural and artistic elements, the National Garden (Baq-e-Melli) of Tehran is quite similar to the Persian garden and the Baroque Garden. This park, as the first park of Iran, is desined according to western gardening styles rather than Iranian traditional gardening style. Also, the primitive urban park in Tehran and Iran were influenced by Western styles of landscape architecture. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar 2008-5079 6 v. 11 no. 2014 61 73 http://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_33465_ff0dd7f4b59c650f9bb11b8f4f8d44aa.pdf Examine the Interaction of Traditional Iranian Architecture Principles in Terms of Form, Orientation and Symmetry to the Solar Energy, Case study: Abbasiyan house in Kashan Mahdi Soheili Fard B.A. Student of Architecture, Architecture College, University of Qom. Qom, Iran. author Hamid Akhtarkavan M.A. Student of Architecture, Architecture College, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. author Salva Falahi 3. M.A. Student of Architecture, School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran. author Mahdi AkhtarKavan Assistant Professor of Architecture, Architecture and Art College, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran. author Asghar Mohammad Moradi Professor of Architecture, School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran. author text article 2014 per Since human life has commenced, sun has proved his role in human life and comfort. Presence of the major source of energy has been proposed as an endless grace in human settlements and clearly the effect of sun could be seen in architecture of buildings in different styles. So, there are many principles underlie an environment in interaction with Sun. Human as a natural heir, has continued this interaction to provide the conditions that guarantee his comfort. Civilizations have tried to gain maximum use of this radiation to provide comfort living condition. Studying climate behavior of buildings requires a holistic point of view of different elements and observation of the ability to impress. Each other. Iranian house should be considered as a functional system and complete collection of related elements, because all of the existing details in various parts such as courtyard, belvedere, walls, portico, and openings have effective roles in behavioral ordering to the climate and energy. This essay attempts to find principles of sustainability in traditional Iranian architecture and dominant legal system over Iranian house. The fine manifestation of attention to climate issues and optimal uses of solar energy is going to be simulated by building energy simulation software; and the results are going to be expressed in graphic language. Analysis includes three different parts from interactions between form, symmetry and orientation. Iranian house, first emphasizes on geometric capabilities by using erected form on rectangular. On this basis, the house spaces can be divided into two parts of summery space (southern) and a winter space (northern) by semi-open filter introduced as courtyard. Symmerty as a second principle is driven from emphasis on unity and centrality like constellation which is bright in its centrality and also it has a balance. The last part of analysis is about orientation. As different seasons distinguish from each other because of changing of the earth axis toward the sun, building orientation is affected by amount of radiated solar energy to its walls in different hours. In this research, the process baded on weather data files is produced by using Sandia method, held by Dr. Abdolsalam Ebrahimpour. Amount of solar intake of different but elements is analyzed and then, performance at traditional Iranian architecture has been investigated in order to find out how to create interaction between form and orientation and symmetry with the sun. The connection procedure between what is propound as amodel and the tools which are selected in accordance which significant output, requires comprehensive study around existing tools, because the harmony between model and significant kind of analysis has a direct relationship which reliable and validity of study. The process in this research is based upon software tools such as Ecotect, Weather tools and solar tools. In order of this, thermal zoning is in Revit and the base modeling is done in Sketchup. The sun radiation calculation is also done in Ecotect. The results show that elements of Iranian house perform proportionally with human lifestyle over the whole year. Based on the performance of spaces displacement in North and South, East and West, they receive a balance amount of distributed heat. Therefore the Iranian house can be introduced as a coordinated system with the sun path. Tangible thermal comfort in Iranian house is because of special elegances of design with climate, form and orientation which are the instruments for human domination to control this vast energy resource. This process exists in all of elements of house as formation of a whole which include portico, belvedere, courtyard and other Iranian architecture details in a systematically part as a house to form appropriate feedback. Therefore it seems that thermal system of Iranian house is defined from such principles which actually not only set an integrated harmony in traditional architecture, but also have the order and harmony based on human comfort. Interactions of Iranian architecture principles with energy have an efficient manner for house. In conclusion, energy efficient system of Iranian house driven from principles not only caves in creating harmonious system in Iranian traditional architecture structure,but also defines the way that Iranian building proves its harmonious with environment in order to human comfort. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar 2008-5079 6 v. 11 no. 2014 75 90 http://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_33466_41fc9c49ec168c17b93d65ab188bbca3.pdf Investigation of Phenomenology in Architecture and Built Environments Mohammad Reza Shirazi Senior Researcher and Lecturer, Departent of Architecture, TU Berlin, Berlin, Germany. author text article 2014 per As Spiegelberg argues, not only refering to "phenomenology" as a system or school Is difficult but also it is difficult to give an exact answer to the question of " what is phenomenology?" He came to the conclusion that "There are as many phenomenologists as there are phenomenologies" (Spiegelberg, 1982, p. xxvii). Putting this argument in the context of architecture and the built environment may raise some essential question: Is this formulation valid in the case of architecture? Are architectural phenomenologists as various as philosophical phenomenologists? Can we call the phenomenological approach in architecture a "movement", like modern architecture which is referred to as "modern movement"? Are there some common "themes" and "concerns" in architectural Phenomenology? This article tries to briefly review these central questions. Although there is no consensus on the meaning of phenomenology in philosophy, it has been adapted by architectural phenomenologists in both theory and practice. On the one hand, it is believed that phenomenological understanding of architecture is able to catch the essence of the built environment, and hence some scholars have tried to develop a kind of phenomenological theory of architecture and have set up a set of criteria by which the quality of the built environment can be evaluated (like the case of Norberg-Schulz). Other scholars, like Juhani Pallasmaa, Karsten Haries, Eduard Führ, Perez-Gomez, and David Seamon, have made an essential contribution to the theory of architectural phenomenology. From another perspective, some architects see phenomenology as a secure and productive departure point for their architectural praxis. They believe that phenomenology brings them close to the "things" and let them discover the essences. For example Steven Holl (1996, p. 11) states that: "Phenomenology concerns the study of essences; architecture has the potential to put essences back into existence. By weaving form, space, and light, architecture can elevate the experience of daily life through the various phenomena that emerges from specific sites, programs, and architectures." Back to the central question of this article: What is the state of phenomenology in architecture? Is it a "school", a "circle", a "movement", an "approach", or something else? It is hard to argue that phenomenology in architecture can be called a "school", since there is no systematic body of knowledge, developed by a group of scholars and professionals, to which we can refer to as a "school". It is not also reasonable to call phenomenology in architecture a "circle", since we cant find a group of specialists in this discipline who work on common concerns. In general, those who work on phenomenology in architecture are independent bodies may share, in some cases, similar concerns, but they are not working systematically on shared concerns. Some production, like the book Questions of Perception, Phenomenology of Architecture (1994), are in fact the result of independent investigations and efforts. Calling the status of architectural phenomenology as a "movement" seems to be controversial as well. Movements are normally referred to a dominant discourse which is considered as mainstream, like the "modern movement" in architecture which was for a period dominant and decisive. Architectural phenomenology, by contrast, has not been, and still is not, a mainstream in the field. In this context, it seems better to call the status of phenomenology in architecture a "discourse"; an ongoing discourse supported and developed by a series of scholars and professionals who share some common concerns, but present different understandings, interpretations, and approaches. In this sense, phenomenological discourse in architecture appears as a process, not a product; it is an ongoing, growing discourse which might be developed to the level of "movement", "circle", or "school". In general, it can be argued that phenomenological discourse in architecture has been influenced by two major philosophers: Martin Heidegger and Maurice Marleau-Pony. Norberg-Schultz is obviously Heideggerean who confirms that " the philosophy of Heidegger has been the catalyst" (Norberg-Schulz, 2000, p. 5). Juhani Pallasmaa has been intensively influenced by Merleau-Potean regarding to the concepts such as body, perception, senses, and movement. Frampton has been inluenced by Heidegger's ideas about place and space. For Steven Holl, Merleau-Ponty is the departure point. Karsten Harries is deeply indebted to Heidegger. As a geographer, David Seamon refers more to Merleau-Ponty where he talks about body-subject and movement. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar 2008-5079 6 v. 11 no. 2014 91 99 http://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_33467_27238e51b4d1988ae8fa730b790910ca.pdf Investigation the Effect of Built Environments on Psychological Health Maryam Tabatabaian Assistant Professor of Architecture, Faculty of Art & Architecture, Art University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. author Mina Tamannaee Lecturer of Architecture, Faculty of Art & Architecture, South Tehran branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. author text article 2014 per Psychological understanding of human behavior in relation to physical environment Has been extensively studied with in the field of environmental psychology. In fact, the focus of environmental psychology has been on how human's behavior, emotions and sense of health are affected by physical environment. Environmental psychologists directly and indirectly and from different points of view have studied the impacts of physical environment on human behavior and his sense of health. While researchers have made progress in elucidating the effects of open spaces on mental health, there are few studies about the role of built environments in mental health. Some researchers believe that the sensory and emotional quality of environment are the main factors of determining the mood and also the memories associated with a situation are the most crucial part of the relationship between humans and their environment which can affect the individual's health. According to literature review, the amount of information the environment can provide is described as the "environmental load". So, an environment with a high load is the one that provides us with a lot of sensory information. Three factors are associated with the environmental load: intensity, novelty, and complexity. One of the well noted studies underlines the fact that four factors determine our reactions to the environment which are: coherence, legibility, complexity and mystery. In another research five groups of environmental design factors including stimulation. Coherence, affordance, control, and mental reconstruction are mentioned that any nonconformity in the balance of their variables would lead to reduction or multiplication of psychological pressure. Another study examines the direct and indirect impacts of built environmental factors on mental health and concludes that the features of built environment that directly affect mental health are crowding, sound pollution, air quality, and light. In addition to the direct impacts, alterations in the mental-social process with proven psychological consequences, can also indirectly affect human mental health. Considering the fact that the main assumption of this study, the indoor design can affect human physical and mental health by stress reduction or stress increase, much effort has been made to examine and recognize the most important and effective variables in this case. So, with regard to the span of the subject, first, stress will be defined and then the related factors and the relevant theories will be discussed. The research method of this study is based on the content analysis of theoretical research and examination of the new findings in the context of environmental psychology and architectural design. In this study the framework of Evans and McCoy has been used which mentions five effective factors of stress reduction or stress increase in built environments as followings: Mental reconstruction and restoration, Stimulation, Coherence, Affordance, and Control. One of the best known theories in the field of mental reconstruction and restoration is the "attention restorative theory". According to this theory, optional focused attention creates fatigue or mental exhaustion in human beings. However, mental exhaustion can be recovered when there are the following four features in the environments: being away from the concentration ring, expanding the extent of sight, fascination and attraction, and compatibility of environment with individual's desires. Stimulation happens when the amount of information in an environment goes beyond a person's capacity of acceptance and perception. Related research shows that extreme stimulation causes dysfunction; lack of stimulation and enough motivation could also deprive "a person's functional organism" from being successfully adapted to environment challenges. The term of coherence refers to clarity and comprehensibility of forms, elements, parts and components of a building and the relationships among them. In this area, Gestalt psychologists have also paid attention to how sensory intakes are organized, or how a whole is formed and pulled together out of the parts. Researchers believe that Environment is a set of organized capabilities or "affordances". Environment capabilities or affordances are its physical features that make it usable for a particular creature. In other words, affordances are those properties that make an environment function to supply human or animal needs. Studies show that when people have the ability to change their environment and adjust to it, they are able to manage the environment. The following concepts are closely interconnected with the concept of control: spatial limits, flexibility of spatial arrangement and configuration, privacy, territory, proper perspective, depth, open space around the building site, the vision, responsiveness, climate control and the light. The main conclusion of this article is that if the existing theories in environmental psychology and environment design are applied and considered by designers, they would enhance human physical and mental health. It is noteworthy that more precise results would likely be attained through further research. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar 2008-5079 6 v. 11 no. 2014 101 109 http://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_33468_c4df6d1f3beb340aef756f51ed482586.pdf Following of Human Residences Positioning and Form from Ecological and Climatic Concepts Despite of Cultural Connections (Comparative examination of Meymand Village of Kerman and Mesa Verde Village of Colorado) Mohammadreza Ataei Hamedani PhD Student in Architecture, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. author Amir Niknafs M.A. in Architecture, School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science & Technology, Tehran, Iran. author Seyyed Majid Mofidi Shemirani Assistant Professor of Architecture, School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science & Technology, Tehran, Iran. author text article 2014 per By compatibility with different environmental factors, architecture and urbanization meet human's needs and ease hard conditions through making human-made factors. Because human being is a social creature, he satisfies part of his needs through relation with fellowmen and other communities. Naturally, this relation results in similarities of architectural and artistic key forms and elements. This research attempts to study the amount of climate factors' effects on similarity of architectural shapes and characteristics of regions which are the same in terms of climate and endemic factors but lack any cultural relations. For this purpose, Meymad village in Kerman-Iran and Mesa Verde Village in Colorado-USA have been selected as samples. These two regions are the same in terms of climate and local factors, while they have no cultural relationships. The hypothesis of this research is studying the direct effects of environmental factors such as earth's shape, altitude, precipitation, and etc. on architectural forms. Methodology of the present research is a case study in which the positioning and architecture of Meymand and Mesa Verde villages have been compared. The other methodology is correlation in which the independent variables are climate and local factors such as earth's shape, precipitation, altitude, average of annual maximum and minimum temperatures and Coupon climate zoning. Dependent variables are positioning of village contexture, type of materials, external for of building and nature of internal applications positioning. Solutions were applied to gather these information include literature review and documentary studies in both regions, climate calculation of 10-year weather factors and drawing related diagrams, analyzing the content of diagrams, closing data to architectural basics and finally, comparative studies of both regions" architecture and examining their similarities and differences in a reflective analysis. Meymad's latitude is 30° 15" and its longitude is 55° 25", also its altitude is 2240m. What made forming a hole in the mount with no landslide and collapse possible in Meymand Village was a cooled resistant layer of volcanic lavas of "Mazadoun" mount. It makes possible to drill the lower layers of the mount with no danger. This thick layer is generally used in upper parts of buildings and roof of upstairs. Another type of residence is seen in pastures and farms which covers temporary and seasonal needs of Meymand's locals. Of these kinds of houses, we can imply to sheds, hedge and Kombeh which are constructed with light and available materials such as trees' branches and leaves. The boughs are used in shed and Kombeh as main material and conveyor, whereas hedge is a shelter which is constructed by drilling a hole and wooden cover. Many Pueblo people or Indians of southwestern America, made houses in the wide openings of caves; the most splendid is Mesa Verde Rock Castle Complex in Colorado-USA. In this region, architecture is a response to natural views and function of existing geographic order. Architecture of this region is consisted from a united collection of small and pierced residential fundamental units fenced with wall. Mesa Verdi residential complex has been retreated from natural gutta line of upper rock and thus all houses are located under southern horizontal sunshade and the interior air has been adjusted by controlling radiation attraction. Stone materials used in southern walls have 1 to 1.5 meters width and like northern natural wall, the complex benefits from high temperature mass. In Mesa Verde, living is based on agriculture and poultry (Charls F, 1996:110). Most of agriculture in Mesa Verde region has been done through dry farming method. Another type of temporary residences built by light materials is used in farms which are constructed from boughs and covered by leaves of trees; such as Choctaw, Sweet Lodge and Hogan. Sweet lodge is a kind of temporary residence which is constructed by drilling a rounded hole in the earth and covered by leaves and uses earth temperature balance (Floyd, 1999:110). According to an especial division, we can divide human residences into fertile and barren regions climates. A barren climate is caused by industrial activities in human's territory. In architecture climate, human-made spaces are constructed in barren climate and what are seen in fertile climate are pristine nature, agricultural territory and poultry pastures. Human-made spaces in fertile climates are constructed for preserving nature's territory and local architecture makes least interfere in this territory. Architectural solutions used in one region are different from that of another. Even in most similar sites, we can't see same architectural approaches, because other factors of climate and earth's shape are effective in architecture of a region. Although, considering the similarity of natural environment wich has climatic, position and ecological factors in cases under study, we should be more accurate about human-made spaces therein. Generally, we can consider the following cases as most important characteristics of Meymand and Mesa Verde Villages: • incorporating human-made and natural sites, • using light materials with least needed processes, • utilizing heavy materials for construction of building in human eco and establishing permanent residences, • And, using light materials for construction of shelter in agricultural eco and establishing temporary residences. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar 2008-5079 6 v. 11 no. 2014 111 126 http://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_33469_9a250dd65c0f41825923ed64b3505984.pdf Bionic Architectural Design, Case Study the Design of Architectural Shells with the Inspiration of Abalon Pearl Fatemeh Gharooni M.A. Student in Architecture, North Tehran Branch, Azad University, Tehran, Iran. author Ali Omrani Pour Assistant Professor of Architecture, School of Architecture and Art, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran. author Mohammad Yazdi M.A. in Architectural Technology, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. author text article 2014 per Physical structures in developing systems are designed to response the new needs of human beings and societies. After millions of years, the principles learned from nature are identified and they can be used to solve engineering problems as a proper design method. So, the quality and the process of inspiration from nature to achieve a product are very important. In engineering and architectural approach, these techniques and patterns are matched together, in order to achieve the optimum function and aesthetic form. Each natural structure can be used as a case study having new lessons for engineers in quality of coordinating form with structure. The bionic science, as an interdisciplinary science between metallurgy and biology, is an engineering discipline based on the lessons learned from nature. Bio-structures are studied and the relation between structures and properties are identified in bionic discipline in order to develop the process, methods and designing micro-structures for new materials. Bionic researchers identify the parameters according to the similarities between natural systems and engineering systems. The limitations of inspiration are depended on structural and mechanical differences. The objective of the biomimetics as a biological process science is to produce engineering systems which have properties and similarities to live systems or to produce engineering systems that are subordinate of live systems and also to make a rational and real balance between man and nature. So, the balance inspired from the nature, can support the human needs as well as respect the health of nature in relation with ecological systems. In this article, first, the theory of bionic science is described according to the studies and scientific experiments of the authors. Then according to the study of bionic designs which have been developed, a design process for bionic design is proposed which has six stages. To achieve a successful bionic design, the cooperation between biologists and engineers is necessary. So, the required data should be obtained from the biologists through some steps and then these data have to be adjusted to the engineering science. It looks that the bionic design is not an individual design based on the ability of designer, but it is a team work design depended on the cooperation of different disciplines. Shells are the structures with sustainable forms. They achieve the sustainability and resistance by forming according to the forces that they must bear. These curved sheets transit structural loads by tension, pressure and cutting. They are very thin structures having very low flexure lines. The crust of an egg, the crust of seeds, the brainpan of animals, a water bubble, the marine pearls, are the common shells identified in nature. The pearls are good samples for the usage of shells in nature. They have simple mathematic functions. Gastropods are a group of pearls which have a spiral form in their shell. The curved form of these pearls is the logarithmic golden spiral curve. The abalone pearl as one of numerated pearls has the spiral form in shell with a horizontal plan. Abalon pearl has some apertures on the lateral edge of the shell. The size of these apertures gets smaller across the spiral with an algorithmic pattern. In the second part of this article, according to the proposed process for bionic design, the structure and form of abalone pearl is studied. Then the algorithm of the shell of abalone pearl is derived by grasshopper software, as the parametric software which is based on mathematical relationship which prepares the ability of using primary parameters and the algorithm for identifying form. Then the optimized form of the shell structure in order to cover large spans is studied. Using the shell pattern of abalone pearl in form making of open shells can result a variety in the forms based on the spiral. Conclusion of this paper prepares a scientific base for future studies on resistant and sustainable natural forms and their usage in architecture and building industry. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar 2008-5079 6 v. 11 no. 2014 127 140 http://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_33470_a8be44b8a49107fa9767b115a4be97e5.pdf Extracting Optimized Detail of Green Roof for Decreasing Building Energy Consumption Mahnaz Mahmoudi Zarandi Assistant Professor of Architecture, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Qazvin Azad University, Qazvin, Iran. author Nada Pakari M.A. in Architecture, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Islamic Azad University of Qazvin, Qazvin, Iran. author text article 2014 per A green roof which is created with purpose of converting dead roof spaces into a dynamic environment, are considered as private spaces. Green roof is a roof that covers much or all of the space with vegetation and soil or covered by vegetative medium. Limitations of energy resources, growing trend of energy consumption and adverse effects and irreparable damages to the natural environment are important concerns of urban. One way to reduce energy consumption of buildings is Garden Roof. If garden roof or green roof would be correctly designed, implemented by considering climate issues, it can help to reduce energy consumption. Also the growing trend of energy consumption is one of the major concerns for cities. Green roof has a significant role in urban ecological efficiency and quality of urban life. Green roofs have significant influences on the city scale. Plants because of their biological functions such as photosynthesis, sweating, breathing and evaporation beside a layer of soil, affect the environmental factors and improve the quality and quantity the surrounding ecosystem. Chlorophyll creation has a positive impact on the space of city while regional climate and indoor air of building have high impacts on it and its role in air cooling through preventing solar radiation. This air cooling made by reducing thermal fluctuations on the outdoor roof and increasing heat capacity of the roof will take place under the roof space in summer and increase heating rate in winter. However its effects are not significant in summer, plants positively will have effects on heat performance of roof in summer as they always keep amount of air around their roots and stems which act as a thermal insulation layer. Green roof includes the original layers of vegetation, growing media, Insulation layer, Drainage layer, Protection layer, Root barrier, Waterproof membrane that will vary regarding to the types of used materials, compositions of different layers, and quality impacts on thermal performance. In green roof, vegetation and growing media play main role in heating transfer and other layers, depending on their used materials, influence differently on total heat transfer of roof while the number of layers cannot effectively influences on heating ratio. Noting Vegetation type and thickness of the growing media basically are important in thermal performance of the green roof. Plants regarding to their biological functions (photosynthesis, sweating, breathing and evaporation), create a thermal layer due to air storage through the plant's foliages and roots and producig carbohydrates, lead to reduce heat transfer and follow temperature control of structure. In addition, according to the vegetation, expanded thicknesses of growing media can double the thermal effect of green roof. Studies show that the used materials in green roof systems and its implementation in European, American, Asian, and etc. due to the various potential and ecological benefits of green roofs, are defferent. The inappropriate use of fossil energies and non- standard construction of buildings which lead to thermal energy lost; by emphasis on thermal performance of green roofs, makes it more important for Iran. For this purpose to minimize heat transfer from inside to outdoor and contrariwise performance in winter and summer, suitable details are defined. In this survey after explaining green roof, the heat transfer component for green roof is analyzed with the hypothesis that mentions "we can design an optimized detail for green roof and add a layer to it to increase its thermal performance". The optimum detail of green roofs to reduce heat transfer is compared with conventional green roofs. It is observed that defined defined detail, respect to conventional green roofs has desired effect on reduction of heat transfer between the roof and its underlying layers. The number of layers in optimized green roof decrease to three main layers of vegetation, growing media, and designed layer while using materials with low heat transfer coefficient or almost insulated ones. In addition its main factors include: speed and easiness in implementing, reducing loads on the building structure, reduction of layers numbers, low cost of implementation and more important than all, positive effect of designed detail on heat transfer reduction. In this article, research method in investigation advantages, standards, and thermal performance was qualitative, but the survey for extracting detail of green roof was quantitative. Methodology for investigating benefits of green roof was descriptive and qualitative while in parts related to software analyses, the quantitative approach and analytical methodology were used. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar 2008-5079 6 v. 11 no. 2014 141 151 http://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_33471_c0f5860509d3a81d55ec11d3ca9e819c.pdf Principle Patterns for Designing" Near Home Area" As a Compensation of Minimal Housing Ramin Madani Assistant of professor of Architecture, Art University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran. author Minoo Shafaei Assistant of professor of Architecture, Art University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran. author text article 2014 per There are many factors that influence on dwelling. Some of these factors are: climate conditions, materials, technology, sight situation, social factors, economic, religion and etc. In this paper, the meaning of dwelling is more than residential complex. It's also, more than apartments, residential units, houses or different spaces of a house. The meaning of dwelling is residence eco-system which consists of many sub-parts. The interaction between these parts makes eco-system continue living. If any parts of this eco-system change, it's necessary to change other parts in order to make ecosystem alive. Human and environment are the two important parts of the residence eco-system. The environment has 3 main parts concludes: 1-private area, 2- semi-private semi-public area and 3- public area. Human as a vital part of this eco-system, is different with other parts. Human is an active complicated phenomena that have physical and also psychological needs. Also, humans try to search the potentials of their environment and control on it to increase their freedom of choice. In last decades, in Iran, economic and social crisis like population growth, rapid reparation of war damages, inflation, the villagers, migration to the cities and etc. have made programmers and government follow minimal housing. However there are so many researches in the field of residence and housing but, the problem has not studied in area of residence ecology. Now, these questions can be studied: What is the consequence of minimizing private area (houses) in residence eco-system? How can the problem of minimal housing be compensated in residence eco-system areas (semi-private semi-public area or public area)? Although, today's minimal housing is a solution to residence problem, it's accompanied with some problems because of its incorrect design. In accordance with lately researches, during the process of minimizing of houses, the surfaces of families' areas (as sitting room or living room) are decreased. So, family members' interactions may be limited. Decreasing private area in residence eco-system may cause human psycho-damages. As social interactions are one of the important human needs, it should be considered. Here, compensation of minimized houses in private area can be happened in other areas: public or semi-public one. In this paper, the importance of semi-private semi-public area that called "near home area" causes to discuss the compensation of "near home area". Near home area is important because it is an area with so many potentials for social interactions. Because this area is very close to private area, different groups of residents can interact there. In this paper, observing residents' behaviors in two residential complexes show that children play in near home area. Teenagers study, play in groups and have conversation with friends in the same age. Adults, also visit neighbors, go shopping and even study in suitable places. The place of social interaction of the olds is also near home area. Physical disabilities of older people and the importance of safety for kids limit these groups of residents to use public area as easy as near home area. So, near home area is more sufficient than public area for residents to attend in. The conclusion of this research is principle patterns for designing near home area as a solution for minimal housing. The research is used qualitative- quantitative method based on scientific reasoning method. Statistical Society is 200 resident families in two big residential complexes. The samples behaviors were submitted by questionnaires and observation. Results consist of design principles for increasing social interactions as a solution of minimal housing in dwelling eco-system. These principles are: Designing the symmetrical structure in near home area; Designing hierarchical structure of open spaces as yards in near home area; Designing Non-distributive structure in near home area; Designing active behavioral zones like playing areas, sport spaces, walking zone and passive behavioral zones as sitting areas; Designing "pre-house space" – pish khane- for every dwelling unit; Designing "kids playing zone" - eyvan e bazi- for every 3 stores of dwelling blocks; Design of these spaces in residential complexes, enhances the surface of near home areas that is shared among all residents and can't be sold. So, programming is necessary to support from investors of these residential complexes. Also, maintenance and control of these spaces needs management to decrease extra costs as monthly charging for dwellers. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar 2008-5079 6 v. 11 no. 2014 153 165 http://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_33472_7f7cb8895569b98daf5a71dbf9607733.pdf The Healing Potential of Garden Landscapes at Qajar Era's Reihaneh Nili M.A. in Architecture, Faculty of Architecture & Urbanism, Qazvin Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran. author Rana Nili PhD Candidate of Architecture, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Art & Architecture, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. author Behnaz Aminzadeh Associate Professor of Urbanism, Faculty of Urbanism, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. author text article 2014 per A review of the studies conducted by researchers on the mutual effect of human being and environment shows that not only the environmental changes does not lead human being into mental equilibrium and recovery, but also they foment this crisis over and over. This survey emphasizes on the effects of a natural landscape on human physical and mental health. Considering that the landscape is a healing element which reduces the tension and helps to return the human physical and mental health, the aim of this survey is to identify the effects healing level of Iranian garden at the Qajar dynasty on human health. Iranian garden art moves the human closer to the nature and prepares the ground for him to get rid of daily stress and pressure. The principal of healing role of a landscape is to create a natural and healthy environment which helps people to overcome their physical difficulties, calms down in bad conditions, increases their cheerfulness, and generally accelerates their health and soundness. Qajarian garden art, which is the touchstone for todays park designing , can be opportunity to reflect effective components of on citizens' health in a contemporary urban landscaping. Our methodology has included librarian study and survey, observation, and registration of data related to the statistical population and their testing by questionnaires. Preferences of the visitors of three Qajarian gardens were gathered by a questionnaire concerning to the effects of four garden components (plant, water, artificial elements, and landform) on human health. The questionnaires were analyzed using Access software in four criteria of feeling, physiology, cognition, and behavior healing. Analysis of the criteria demonstrates that there is a close relationship between landscape and human heath, in a way that the human being is more inclined to return to the natural than artificial environment. While there were not many different preferences between the three types of garden, each of these gardens can be considered as a healing landscape, according to experimental results of the survey. In describing the specification of the healing and medical landscapes, the recognition of the medical and healing features was evaluated by an empirical experiment. Due to lack of studies and researches for the empirical evidences to recognition of the healing values, in the present study we try to evaluate and study 4 criteria of Haan Theory to measure effective factors of the Garden on Human Health. Han in his theory has categorized the criteria in one level, but the finding of present study reveal that the criteria affecting the health of the visitors are emotional, behavioral, cognitive and physiologic, respectively. Because the features of the emotional criteria are tangible (Happy - Depressed, Energetic Tired, good tempered – bad tempered, self-confident –hesitant and uncertain, Calm- anxious) so they will be placed at first priority and in the next step the behavioral criterion which represents the tendency of a person in relation to the environment will be placed. The cognitive criterion which results in absorbing the visitors will be placed in the third position and finally the effects on the physiologic treatment and healing will be possible. Therefore it seems that among the constituent factors of Garden, the plant has the most powerful effects on the people health and will be the most obvious on the emotional criterion. Moving water in the Garden, results in a beautiful sound will induce the freshness feeling in the mind and soul of people. Only water can have these significant effects on treatment and healing of the people, which leads to more tendencies of visitors to stay in Garden. The synthetic elements which result in the spatial diversity in Iranian Garden, despite creating a calm environment, can provide a social environment and also an opportunity for the visitors to have new experiences; therefore, the most effective one among the emotional healing criteria is this factor. The discipline resulted from Garden Paths is the main feature of the visual leading for the visitors, increases the mental safety for the visitors; and this safety will be represented in positive response of people to their emotional criteria. As it was mentioned, the constituent factors of Qajar Garden result in forming a social environment in the Garden. They also have positive effects on the human health. In order to make the finding of the present study more applicable in designing the parks and Civil Landscapes, the extent effects of landscape factors related to the treatment and healing criteria are presented at the end of this study. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar 2008-5079 6 v. 11 no. 2014 167 180 http://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_33473_e94f20294e019729cc860f9927302f39.pdf Finding Main Effective Factors of Creating and Transition of Collective Memory in Urban Public Spaces, Case Study: Tehran: Tajrish Square, Baharestan Square, and Plaza City Theater Sahar Esmaeilian M.A. in Urban Design, Faculty of Art & Architecture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. author Ehsan Ranjbar Assistant Professor of Urban Design, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. author text article 2014 per Urban public spaces are the context of creation the urban public life. In these spaces the face to face relations, political demonstrations, ceremonies and festivals can be held. Also through these social interactions some aspects of cultural and historical heritage of society can be transferred. Transmission of space to place and place making is one of the main goals of urban public spaces design. There are different and effective factors which are responsible for the transmission of space to place and place making. One of them is the ability of places to create the memories. Social relationships and human interactions give this ability to a space and connect it with their past and future experiences; therefore through this circumstance an especial phenomenon will create which is called collective memory. These collective memories, during the time, will remain in the citizens' minds and will be converted as a part of common social identity. In spite of effective role of collective memory in quality improvement of urban places and richness of urban public spaces experiences in historic cities of Iran, there is no organized research in this subject. The main purpose of this article is defining the effective factors of formation and transmission of collective memories in public spaces through scrutinizing and analyzing the concept of collective memory in three public spaces as a case study. It should be considered that these urban spaces have different identities. In this process according to the propinquity between the meaning of place and collective memory, the main research method of this paper is to define the theoretical framework as an analytical description on the basis of phenomenology of place framework .Also the results of the theoretical framework is presented in the shape of arranged table as a model for assessing effective factors on collective memory. Also the questionnaires have been written according to that table. Tajrish Square, Baharestan Square and City Theater Plaza have considered as case studies for the context analyze method through questionnaires and observation. People who have taken part in this research as a statistic group are 50 in two types of male and female in equal ratio for each place. Moreover they contain different age groups and have been chosen from various groups of spaces' users such as traders, district dwellers and public users. Statistical analysis of the result of questionnaires will define the scale of the effective factors which play main roles in making collective memory in each specific urban space.The result of this reserch can be argued regarding to 2 points: first, identification of the main factors as physical setting of place, meaning of place, activity and events of place are key attributes of creating collective memory. Second, identification about the importance rate of each attributes in designing will help to renovate spaces to prepare an appropriate context to create the permanent urban public life and remain that in collective mind of city dwellers. According to the tables and presented analysis of case studies, it can be discussed that the existence of three factors such as physical context, activity and events of place, and identity and meaning of place are the key attributes in creating the collective memories which can convert the places to important aspect of the national culture. In Tajrish square case study, the existence of three attributes (physical context, activity and meaning of place) is the main factor of creating the memory but in Baharestan square we can observe the existence of just two attributes (activity and meaning of place). Compared to Tajrish and Baharestan square the Plaza City Theater has less choices to absorb the users and the main factor which is effective in creating collective memory is the activity and the events of place because the group of people who come and visit that place is mostly limited to students. The result of surveys and statistical analysis show that activities and events of a place as the common attributes have had more effects in creating collective memory in each place. Therefore it is clear that the difference in factors which shape these key attributes, has led to distinctiveness between collective memories of urban public spaces. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar 2008-5079 6 v. 11 no. 2014 181 194 http://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_33474_6e88e6e37ee8af8ee591b29d88d70e3e.pdf A Query in Determining the Urban Design Criteria in Order to the Culture of the Turkmen People Mohammadreza Pourjafar 1. Professor of Urban Design, Faculty of Art & Architecture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. author Farkhondeh Johari M.A. in Urban Design, Faculty of Art & Architecture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. author text article 2014 per Nowadays we observe that regional and cultural characteristics of the environment are ignored in urban and city designs which increasingly lead to decline the quality of the environment identity. Considering that issue, the attention to the cultural and environmental factors of the region on one hand and their evaluation on the other hand can have valuable results concerning to standard designs in city facade, center of the neighborhoods, prominent constructions and etc. So we have tried to present an example of an urban design based on Torkaman identity and culture. Paying attention to the old buildings and their rhythm, style, and architecture aligned with the study of music, dance, clothing and colors in the similar culture in order to extract common factors of culture, helps us to come to a conclusion that there are certain cultural principles with overlapping with each other for designing an urban facade or urban space. The Torkaman region is situated in the far eastern part of Mazendaran and some northern part of Khorasan. It is bound by country of Torkamansatan to the north, Bojnord to the east, Caspian Sea to the west and Alborz mountains to the south. Some important cultural factors which are evaluated in this paper are as follows: traditional architecture, music, dancing with dragger, clothing, carpet–weaving and jewelries. For example considering Torkman womens jewelries, we can find out that what their key framework and shapes are: square, quadratic, triangular and polygons or a combination of those shapes. The easiest and inseparable element concerns one's visual relation in this matter is jewelry, in other word one can say Torkaman's beauties decreases or fade away without these elements. The main characteristic of Torkaman jewelries are opal and crystal with colored stones. Majority of these precious stones are made from oval or diamond used on the surface of these symmetric jewelries. Usually there is a bigger stone at the center of these jewelries. As we know the converged diagonals center of a figure has the most attractive visual force, so when the eyes move around opal points, finally are focused at the center. Also, In polychrome, the Torkamans pay more attention to red, green ,yellow and blue ones and sometimes they use the darker ones but the background of the most Torkaman carpets are usually red. Since most of the characteristics and standards presented in Torkaman culture can also be used in city layer with urban identity, considering the forms of Torkaman clothing designs, jewelries, carpets and the harmonic rhythm in their motions, music and special architectures in their traditional trellis is important. The summarization of all these important characteristics and standards in each of those factors for city designs will be presented as follows: - Use of repetition and rhythm in Torkaman clothing designs, music in frame or Pause points of facade designs. - Use of center-oriented jewelries and harmonic Torkaman dagger dancing in the presented fix body centers. - Use of symmetric designs in carpet and clothing in the presented frame. - Use of red color as the main background color for carpets in the offered view with use of supplemented colors used in Torkman culture in green colors of trees in the facades . - Use of diamond designs as the main form used in Torkaman carpet design in the presented body. -Use of Torkaman trellis design in fix points in the presented frame. What is more considerable in the presented frame is the unity and harmonic center – oriented Torkman art observed in: jewelries, dance, and the standard of indoors rhythm and motion, windows and facades designs which are tangible and more important. The factor of color in all Torkaman arts has almost made red and green colors one of the main and key colors in Torkamn carpet. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar 2008-5079 6 v. 11 no. 2014 195 208 http://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_33475_a1256286f9907fb40f335b22a209baa1.pdf Using Quality Function Deployment (QFD) to Reflect the Wishes and Aspirations of People in Urban Spaces, Case Study: Mahdi Park, in the City of Qom Zohre Davoudpour Assistant Professor of Urban Planning, School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Islamic Azad University of Qazvin, Qazvin, Iran. author Mehdi Kalhor PhD of Urban Planning, Faculty of Urbanism, Islamic Azad University of Marand, Marand, Iran and Lecturer in City of Applied Science University of Qom, Qom, Iran. author text article 2014 per Urban spaces have always been one of the most important city parts with various functions. Various functions of urban spaces, have introduced these spaces as complex entities. Different operations of urban spaces and effective factors upon them lead to use a systematic approach toward them. Systematic view defines urban spaces as complicated systems, which have many sub systems. They relate various parts and follow the goals which are increasing and suiting the quality of public lives. Considering urban spaces as the critical elements of public life quality, a comprehensive study is needed to identify the relationship between the effective factors of public lives and the quality of urban spaces. Not many studies have attended these relationships and the most inflective factors are not determined, precisely. As it is clear, people use urban spaces. Logically, the adoptions of urban spaces with the public demand have great influence on their role in life quality improving. This matter has been noticed from ancient time. Ancient spaces such as Persian forums are designed exactly based on the demands of their users, which were related to their culture, economy, policy and society. The mutual relationship analysis between public space quality and public demands is so hard. So a systematic method is needed to recognize this relation. As this relation is influenced by many other extra factors, the need of a systematic method which will be flexible to handle various factors and their effects upon each other, is cleared. The mentioned technique not only should consider establishing a connection between space quality and public life wellness, but also should regard the other effective factors upon each side. Public demand discovering is one of the most important concerns of the scientific fields andscientists who are in connection with the social phenomenon. Totally, public demand discovering is one of the public participation chapters to improve public related programs or projects. Various methods are scrutinized to promote public demands discovering. Questionnaires and deep reports are some of the most common techniques. As public demands move in a large variety of different ideas and believes, it seems that the mathematical concepts can play effective role in improving the methods of discovering public demands. On the other hand, all the programs, which are related to meet public requests, have some restrictions. These restrictions are immerged because of limited capacity, time, resource, etc. These limitations state the request of an analytical method to arrange the discovered public demands, their importance and the methods to meet these requests, optimally, when the programming and planning limitations are observed. This paper tries to prepare a method, which discovers public demands, their importance and the responsive methods, which can meet public desires optimally in urban planning and designing. In order to prepare this method, the used techniques in other fields such as industry are regarded and Quality Function Deployment (QFD) is chosen to be adopted with urban planning situation. QFD is a technique for discovering customer demands for a product and translating it in different steps of a product creation. As there is a great competition in business, a company which meets more customer requests, will have a bigger market share. The bigger market share means more benefit. QFD is created because of more benefit. This technique must be used in various steps of production; therefore, it consists of various steps to be used in each production level. This method uses matrices to relate public demands with product specifications. QFD is made of various matrices to reflect customer demands in each step of production. This article adopts QFD for urban space planning and designing with two matrices. It Tries to collect and reflect public aspiration in urban spaces. Generally QFD is structured method for translating customer needs to appropriate technical requirement at every stage of product designing and development. Mahdi Park, which is located in Qom, has analyzed using QFD After calibration of this technique. QFD has been used to collect and evaluate public demands and to survey technical solutions, which optimally meet listed demands. Results show that health issues of animal cages, preventing park edge blocking with parked motorcycles and safe skateboarding in park space are the most important public needs among 12 public discovered demands. Based on QFD technique, installation billboards with educational contents, development of public education through local media and creation of quite spaces around the park for skating are optimally the most important solutions to meet listed demands. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar 2008-5079 6 v. 11 no. 2014 209 222 http://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_33476_c4001d7fe433f90e95afe018b9401e1d.pdf Evaluating Criteria of Desirable Design of Urban Spaces for Children, Case Study: Nezamieh Neighborhood of Tehran Khashayar Kashani Jou Assistant Professor of Urbanism, Department of Architecture and Urban Studies, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. author Sara Harzandi M.A. in Urban Design, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. author Ilnaz Fathololoomi M.A. in Architecture, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran. author text article 2014 per Urban spaces or public areas are the main place of citizens' social life. In urban public areas, the most contacts, relations, and interactions happen among people. These spaces include the whole parts of urban area that people have physical or visual access to them. Therefore, these places include streets, parks, junctions, and surrounding buildings. Moreover, the public sense of space, public openness, and performance of social interactions are three main indicators of urban spaces.These spaces find their meaning through presence of human activities. Nowadays, the quality and quantity of urban spaces are considered as the most important indicators of development and livability in cities. Urban spaces indicate life dynamism in cities and they are base of urban design. Urban public spaces are more important because of their role in creating social interactions among the citizens rather than their physical role. Therefore they have to provide context for participation of all society members, especially weaker groups like children. As many children of the world live in urban areas, they should be able to declare their viewpoints in related issues. They should be able to nurture their potentials by participation in creating social life. Meanwhile, there are few researches related to the investigation of children's viewpoints about designing urban spaces. Furthermore, considering the needs of children in designing public areas is significant because their ages put them in the most impressionable groups of the society. Evaluating desirability criteria of urban public spaces from viewpoints of children and also investigating the importance and the methods of participating children in the process of designing urban spaces are the purpose of this research. 7-11 year- old- Children have been considered as the target group Because children in these ages, according to their physical and mental abilities, have the capacity of learning citizen's rights and life skills regarding to the social and cultural issues. Nezamieh neighborhood which is in district no. 6 of region no. 12 in Tehran was considered as the case study and 50 children including 25 boys and 25 girls has been selected as the sample case by accidental categorized method. Then, it was requested from this sample group to declare desirable factors in urban spaces of their living areas by painting. The method is documentary through the most valid resources and local investigation by a compound approach. Then several paintings have been registered and some unofficial interviews and observations have been done. For this purpose, after explaining the concept, indicators of urban spaces, characteristics and children capabilities in different ages, the importance manners of children participation in designing urban spaces have been summarized based on different theorists' viewpoints. Then by using improvisation method, different childrens opinions in unofficial interview and also their paintings have been analyzed. The main reason of using improvisation method is completely free explanation of internal sense by children because if the child knows the opinions of the tester, he will hide his ideas. These data have been evaluated by an experienced expert of learning psychology from two aspects; framework including lines, space, color which are indicators of general personality of the child and context including declaration of the child's viewpoint by adjusting the distance of elements (house, tree, alley, sky, ground, car,…), the position and size of the subject in the paper. Findings show that providing children's favorites in designing, changing planning focus and participating of children in their related issues are some of the most important reasons for engaging children in planning process. Also, creating social infrastructures, participatory design projects, painting and preparing map, interview and observation are the most important methods of this participation. Moreover, the results indicate that desirability factors of urban public spaces that professionals have presented are confirmed for children. In the other words, children have pointed to factors such as security, green spaces, clean air and livability as the most important criteria of desirable urban spaces. This means that children have emphasized on connection between nature and human-orientation in urban spaces. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar 2008-5079 6 v. 11 no. 2014 239 249 http://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_33477_24d34c77ef0b43c967584d70899bcc0d.pdf The Significance of "Identity" in Urban Planning Tahereh Nasr PhD Candidate, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. author Hamid Majedi Associate Professor of Urbanism, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. author text article 2014 per Identity is one of the focal concepts and ideas for human beings. Any kind of activity done by human is an attempt to gain the identity which his weltanschauung-oriented ideal determine it for him. Contemplating the significance and inner nature of objects and actions can perform as one of the most important creators of individual society, and the city identity. Identity is the connecting chain of ideas and beliefs: an individual's identity signifies his past and present. Identity can also be viewed in the image of the city. Only when the city achieves liveliness, sense of place, proportion, appropriate access and right functioning, it can attain appropriate shape and identity. Among these elements, sense of place contains a closer relationship with the issue of identity. Important elements in urban design include paying attention to the image of the city, spatial organization, urban symbols, human relations and social interactions. In Iranian traditional cities, suitable attention had been paid to all these elements. Unfortunately, such attentions are pale in Iranian contemporary urban planning. Recognition of the shaping principles of Iranian urban spaces, the needs of human societies and their cultural values can provide a way for sustainable planning system in contemporary cities. Architecture is a language which context is city. Therefore, it should be taken into consideration what makes the identity of a city is not its buildings or their combinations, but the city itself. Iranian contemporary cities have left behind their traditional values, as they haven't caught up with the modern world yet. The modernism means finding the right answer to the question of time and place, to cultural values, to make use of ideas and experiences of people in the past and finally to promote them satisfactorily. However, the contemporary urban planning of Iran is more focused on physical appearance than the content. Iranian urban space possesses a certain identity and it should be manifested in culture, environment, urban shape and sense of place. Different definitions of identity have been presented. However, only the concept of urban identity and in fact, the concept of identity in urban planning is examined in this research. Then, Causes of the distinction between Iranian traditional city image and Iranian contemporary city image are elaborated from this point of view. The main purpose of the present paper is to explain the role of "identity" in 20th century Iranian urban form. The results show that there are important elements in definition of urban form. Image of the city, spatial organization, symbols and signs of municipal human relations and social interaction are very significant. Lack of communication or poor communication causes disparity between the individual and the space which, in a long period, will cause an event called, "identity crisis". The first consequence of identity crisis in the fact that one finds himself rootless. Unfortunately the wholeness of the Town has been ignored in urban design in 20th century. Our new towns are compound and collection of different architectural forms. The 5000 years urban history shows that the complex texture of alleys and squares has been required for linking the districts and ultimately forming urban identity centers. Today, cities faces a crisis due to a lack of spaces in their current performance, combining incompatible land uses, lack of uniformity and the dynamics of urban spaces. So the cities which have the same aspect of urban texture, appearance, form, space and means of implementation, lack of attention to the form and meaning regarding to the culture, obviously cannot make the sense. Therefore, spaces should be designed in a way which people can actually understand their surroundings, understanding and use of the urban environment. Urban areas should have an access to the actual daily activities, recall the experience of urban spaces and associate symbolic cultural and historical meaning to experience. Identifying the shape of an Iranian urban space and understanding the needs of society and cultural values of contemporary society can be led to the planning a sustainable system. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar 2008-5079 6 v. 11 no. 2014 269 277 http://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_33478_7b66327b089be51fd845937c05165563.pdf The Analysis of the Impacts of Physical Structure of Urban Environment on the Tourists' Security, Case Study: Samenzone of Mashhad Simin Tavalaei PhD Student in Geography, Faculty of Geography, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. author Seyed Dana Alizadeh Professor of Geography, Faculty of Geography, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. author Parastoo Alizadeh M.A. in Demography, Faculty of Social Sciences and Communications, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran author text article 2014 per Accordingly, creation of security within Samen Municipality, in Mashhad city, requires basic efforts and special studies. Therefore, regarding to particular conditions of this area, the first and most important strategy in order to provide security for tourists is distribution of tourists which is done in specific tourism services. In addition, following suggestions can be expressed for security improvement in case study: • The first and most important suggestion that can be affected others, is prevention of excessive accumulation of pilgrims in some areas of this region and distribution of pilgrims in whole of city and all regions. • Change of proper land use within available land use in Samen region, that actually is a part of old and worn texture, can be helpful to prevent and reduce crime in urban areas; and throughout continuous and useful communication of planners and urban designers and town security forces, it will be achieved in relation with urban spaces. • Development educational, sanitary and sporty-recreational areas for social – economic achievements and keeping the population. It can be suggested that identification and abandon dilapidated buildings and changing their land use to health and educational facilities, sports and recreation areas should be done. • Through optimal location, distribution and urban security bases can reduce the probability of crime occurrence. • Although crime and insecurity have fundamental economic and social roots but role of space in reducing or exacerbating insecurity should not be neglected. Some of these cases include: compatible land uses mixing, creating proportion between forms and functions, achieve readability, orientation in space and time, existence sense of belonging to the social and geographical space, and paying attention to spatial gender design. • The relationship between social indicators and social security and building density should be reviewed and provided for Samen region. • Creating organizational and organic relationship between Samen region and adjacent areas through improved urban spaces, creating parks, mending and renovation of buildings and creating jobs in that ecosystem. • Perform policing strategies in Samen region such as strategy of rapid response to emergency calls, strategy of randomly patrol and strategy of employing guided patrols based on local patterns. • Providing spatial secure within residential neighborhoods with an emphasis on space, determining land use of lost and abandoned spaces. • Attention to security issues in urban renewed design of spaces particular pedestrian spaces can reduce some of no defense spaces through planning and principled design • Attention to security in urbanization and urban design of spaces, including special attention to proper lighting and optimal location lighting resource in regions. • Amplification of continuous presence of residents and tourists in spaces of this region (continuous and permanent presence of residents and tourists) is caused by social security. In general, urban designers of non checkered design, proper definitions of land uses, eliminating blind spots, organizing and creating neighborhood can raise coefficient of urban security and prevention of crime. It is also considered that inside urban designers, architects, municipalities and other non-security institutions should implement actions such as lighting, correction of passages, creating special facilities, eliminating ruined and haunted places, and organizing high density spaces for creation of security and prevention of crime. While issues of security and prevention of crime in city are multifaceted issue that wouldn't only supply an organization and institution, some factors such as citizen participation, effective presence of municipalities and other institutions should be considered. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar 2008-5079 6 v. 11 no. 2014 279 292 http://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_33479_fcc554c9e332aade8750bc7f8c945346.pdf Analysis of Urban Instability and Vulnerability in Old Texture by Using GIS & AHP, Case Study: Sanandaj City Kyoumars Habibi Assistant Professor, Department of Urban Planning, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran. author Komar Javanmardi M.A. Student in Urban Planning, University of Tehran, College of Fine Arts, Tehran, Iran. author text article 2014 per Urban vulnerability is a widespread and multidimensional phenomenon that covers all the factors of the city which is rapidly increasing due to the factors' interdependencies. Therefore, urban earthquake vulnerability has been studied from different perspectives and this research has tried to examine all the factors affecting vulnerability. It also has been tried to provide a model based on spatial analysis to investigate the earthquake vulnerability level, using GIS spatial analysis functions that can be considered as a criterion to determine the earthquake vulnerability level in Sanandaj downtown. Earthquake danger width map is made in three steps. The main maps that are effective in the destruction resulting from earthquakes, are ranked and rated based on their importance in the first step. These maps, in the second step, are turned into Fuzzy ones using Fuzzy functions. In the third step, these Fuzzy maps are merged according to each map's score based on hierarchy analysis method. It should be mentioned that maps related to the distance between users, open spaces and clinics are made using pathway axes and network analysis extensions. In this way, the real distance between any given places and neighboring usages can be calculated. Finally, main vulnerability factors and variables are analyzed statistically. According to the statistical analysis using SPSS software, it becomes evident that there is a meaningful correlation (R= 0.926, n= 1711) between the overall vulnerability of the being studied contexture and its physical vulnerability and also there is a direct and average relationship between overall vulnerability and access vulnerability. The relation between overall vulnerability and socio-economical vulnerability and the relation between physical vulnerability and access are direct and weak. The next table contains plural R values that measure the variability ratio of the dependent variable and also R square (determining coefficient) which is the value of dependent variable that is determined by the independent variables. For instance, according to the value of 0.861 for the determining coefficient physical vulnerability, this variable determines 86.1 percent of the changes of dependent variable (overall vulnerability). The results show that 90 percent of the contexture has average or over-average earthquake vulnerability, 42 percent of the pieces in the being studied district are high earthquake vulnerable and only 10 percent of the contexture of the being studied district are low earthquake vulnerable to. Parts with high earthquake vulnerable are not, generally, in a good condition from the viewpoint of all factors. In fact, high population density, high structure density, the pieced small narrow pathways and blind alleys, lack of access to open spaces and clinics, old buildings, low earthquake resistance structures, and high level of earthquake vulnerable for people are among some characteristics of these areas. Statistical analysis of the vulnerability maps and variables shows that the main factor of earthquake vulnerability of Sanandaj downtown is a physical factor. The main vulnerability factors including structures' quality and skeleton, show the necessity of the paying more attention to the reforming of physical indexes of the Sanandaj contexture. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar 2008-5079 6 v. 11 no. 2014 293 305 http://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_33480_87d0ded5f319efc426f59a3cf05caa22.pdf Evaluation of Physical Dimensions of Housing with Sustainable Urban Development Approach, Case Study: Region No. 8, Karaj City Valiollah Rabieifar M.A. in Urban Planning, Faculty of Art & Architecture, Art University of Tehran, Iran. author Gholamreza Haghighat Naeini Assistant Professor of Urbanism, Faculty of Art & Architecture, Art University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. author Fariba Gharaei Assistant Professor of Urbanism, Faculty of Art & Architecture, Art University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. author text article 2014 per Today's cities have been confronted by advent of the industrial revolution, the rise in living standards, innovation and technology and transportation vehicles, excessive growth of cities after World War and the subsequently environmental problems, pollution, traffic, poverty and so on. In the other hand, the rapid growth of world population which were concentrated in cities, lead to rise up the concept of sustainable urban development as an essential component influencing human societies landscape. Expansion of Excessive urban is more significant in the last few decades because of its different challenges in physical, social, economic and environmental areas. Actually issue of housing in major cities is the most fundamental problem for sustaining them. Regarding to this, the city of Karaj become a metropolis in a too short period, has been harmed by these changes and various studies show that this city is facing with many problems especially in the housing sector. Generally, in this study, Due to the broad nature of the subject, the lack of accurate data, Lack of time and to avoid surface Housing only after the body has been studied. In this connection, the main purpose of this study, Physical aspects of housing Using Indexes and physical standards for housing Approach to sustainable urban development in the study area. In the present study Efforts have been Topics and issues discussed be arranged in four sections. The first part consisted of question, Aims and background research. The second part is devoted to theoretical research where concepts and theories related Sustainable urban development and housing are described. The third part of the study area include And analysis of where sustainability Physical measures of housing area Using AHP Are reviewed and analyzed. Finally, Section IV, Summary and Conclusions research. Generally, the present paper Physical dimensions housing District 8 City of Karaj Using AHP model In GIS from the perspective of sustainable urban development Analyze and evaluate Placed. Research methods, Descriptive-analytic study. And research applications And its approach, Is both quantitatively and qualitatively. Data collection Research the required through a library of And use of documents, also field studies the study area And the use of the area detailed design is. Sustainability Assessment Criteria and indicators Physical Housing District 8City Branch Using AHP model and software the subset Including EC, EXT_AHP Applications in GIS the four stages the hierarchy has been: 1-Determine the criteria and sub criteria the physical stability of the housing; Firstly, the criteria and the foll o wing criteria Physical dimensions of sustainable housing District 8 City Branch has been introduced. 2-coefficient priority (importance ( Criteria fo the stability of the housing body, At this stage, the priority and importance each of the other criteria, the purpose of (the stability of housing) Binary comparison method, Ratings have been. For weighting the Expert opinions is used. The application of EC The final score for each the criteria are specified. 3-Coefficient of Determination The following significance criteria Stability analysis Physical standards for housing; At the present stage, for weight Importance of each the sub criteria the stability of weight of saatikamyati 9 of is used. Points are given Represents the steady state the following criteria are considered. More According to the same weight Allocated the following criteria each map the main criteria In terms of the stability Using GISIs provided. 4- The final analysis Physical stability of the housing: In the final analysis, physical standards for housing Through a combination of methods The investment on raster layers Together Using software EXT_AHP In GIS (GIS)The rating is applied to each criterion, Finally, the map Physical stability of housing Region 8 city of Karaj extracted . Research findings show the region 8 City of Karaj Sector housing body with issues such as Adjacencya variety of activities incompatible with residential users, Located in steep areas, the low quality of the buildings, the use of ephemeral materials and like it has. Actually The results Physical indicators of poor housing conditions Based on the principles of sustainable urban development in this area and show That (55.32) percent the total land area of Region 8Physical in the indicators,As the region Residential are unstable. Necessity Comprehensive plan on various aspects of housing In order to avoid of unsustainable development and move towards sustainable urban development it is very impressive. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar 2008-5079 6 v. 11 no. 2014 307 321 http://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_33481_18618c2dcdadc3904471f0eccf3eff66.pdf The Quality Assessment of Public Spaces in the Urban Landscape Ali Akbar Heidari Faculty Membership of Engineering of Department, Faculty of Engineering, Yasuj University, Yasuj, Iran. author Elham Amirhajlou 2. PhD Student Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Geography, Kharazmi University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. author Masome Karkhaneh M.A. Student in Communication Sciences, Central Tehran branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. author Narges Ahmadifard PhD Student Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Geography, Kharazmi University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. author text article 2014 per Public spaces are one of the major spaces in metropolitan areas which civic life flows in. Also super aspect of public relations is reflected in public spaces. There was social correlations sites and spaces with different scales in traditional era of Iranian cities, but because of the transformation of urban spatial in the modern period these spaces were stripped of their social burden. In hence, regardless of the role they can play, structure of the city with these spaces led to illegible and non-recognizable context of the city. "Urban Public Spaces" should be a place for "social interaction" and "social life". Public spaces have a mission to increase "social capital" in communities, in the context of social interactions and connections which can be admitted for the development and formation of "individuality" and "social' identity. The urban landscape can be examined with the aspects of functional, identical and aesthetic. Urban landscape with the three dimensions of emotional, cultural and ecological identity is a new type of fluid identity that directly relates to the perception of citizens. Attention to the landscape as a basic and necessary ( but not sufficient) factor for the qualification of urban spaces has a special significance. Quality of urban space as a product of the interaction between human, activity and physic of the city is dependent on the quality of its visual components. Visual components of urban space due to the nature of concrete are human perceived senses; providing background of perception, cognition and environmental assessment of citizens. The role of public spaces in the urban landscape is summarized in three major components: functional role of environment, the aesthetic (visual) role and identity role. Paying attention to the roles and improving the situation of urban public spaces, this paper attempted to assess the effectiveness, the role of public spaces in urban identity and quality of region no.1 of Tehran. The statistic population of this study is the inhabitants of Shemiranat (Tajrish) city center which is located in region no.1 of municipality of Tehran and according to the population census of 1385; there were 7,840 persons and 2863 households. Sample population were selected by those who had answered the questionnaires, Finally, the extracted information from the questionnaires were examined by some methods of analysis and using SPSS statistical software. In order to analyze public spaces as well as the quality and identity, SWOT analysis matrix was used. Categories of subjective and objective factors such as perception, reading, visual aspects and functional capabilities of public spaces for region no.1 as well as effective factors in role-creating, persistence in addressed mind, create and reinforce memories and perspectives play role in qualification of urban spaces. Public spaces of the urban landscape due to favorable factors have played a significant role in the life and vitality of urban space. Existences of the natural environment in conceptual and historical aspects, and recreation of natural and cultural perspective are effective factors to promote a sense of community and place. On the other hand, often the existing public spaces have such characteristics that are not suitable for a public space. Thus, there are obstacles in the way of successful function of spaces which can be divided into two main groups: 1) physical problem (in terms of perceived quality), 2) lack of planning and management problems (in terms of intangible quality). Nowadays, with the physical problems that often are important for performance, trade and providing services, these places will become the centers of chaos and confusion due to problems caused by lack of a plan for monitoring and managing these spaces. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar 2008-5079 6 v. 11 no. 2014 323 335 http://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_33482_82c9329c0bf7443c79b364403447f49a.pdf Comparative Evaluation of Changes in Structural and Functional Integrity of Yazd Incorporated Villages, Case Study: Kheyrabad and Ayshabad Villages Mohammad Hossein Saraei Associate Professor of Geography and Urban Planning, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran. author Saeedeh Moayedfar PhD Student in Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Geography and Environmental Planning, Isfahan University, Isfahan, Iran. author Maryam Bayranvandzadeh PhD Student in Geography & Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. author text article 2014 per In all over the history of settlement, the city and its surrounding areas such as its villages have been always connected together in an organic way. It will not be found in any historical sources that the city and its surrounding areas are mentioned independently (Rezvani, 1382: 2). Since increased rural migration to cities, the quantity and population growth of cities, emerging new cities from large villages and developing industrial activities face the country with different issues of urban construction. In response to these issues, different approaches were proposed. One of these approaches emphasizes on the use of combination of city and its area, city and its villages in order to urban development. This approach considers villages as primary and small nuclei which will be merged to cities or spending the early stages of urbanization. Thus, while the range of needs and demands of rural and urban areas are emphasized separately, responding to the diverse range of demands, and placement and provision of each demand in spatial field is designed and performed. This approach is as rational as being the most natural way of dealing with urban and rural development. Yazd is an ancient city at the central of Iran plateau and adjacent to the central desert of Iran with people who lived there centuries before Islam. Causes of expansion of this city can be listed as winds, being at the center, water and Business Economics. This city includes 3 urban areas and 9 urban regions. The city has 45 neighborhoods in which the old and traditional ones have been faced with the physical changes (tall and town building) which led to structurally different viewpoints from the past. According to the physical criteria, we can consider all surrounding rural - urban areas as neighborhoods' of Yazd and recognize the urban set which is called "Yazd urban area" (Yazd Regional Comprehensive Plan , 1381 : 220 ). This comparative study aims to evaluate the functional and structural changes due to the annexation and cohesion of rural areas of Yazd. This study used descriptive and analytical methods. Under studied Geographic region are Eish Abad and Kheir Abad villages, in Zone 3 of Yazd, with 750 hectares spaces and population density of 17.04 people per square. Required information of this study has been prepared through documents and theories, using statistical sources including the results of Population and Housing Census of 1385. To study the impacts of annexation to Yazd on these two villages, functional and structural changes through well-known models of population growth index, Holdern and Shannon entropy have been used. The results show that by joining these villages to Yazd, some structural and functional changes have emerged which have caused in widespread development, destruction of agricultural lands and allocating surrounding lands to different land uses. Evaluating the comparative land use table of these two villages in 1365 and 1385 Shows that the annexation phenomenon have not strongly influenced on changing land uses and some public land uses such as health care, green space, sport and religious places face with shortage. The results of analyses prove the effect of population growth in Eish Abad and Kheir Abad on the level of physical development of Yazd is low although it can influence on increasing residential land use. Although the annexation of these villages to Yazd is a natural and inevitable occurrence in urban development of Yazd which can cause trends of new jobs and welfare, this urban development should be based on sustainable development in order to decrease environmental damages and bring many benefits. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar 2008-5079 6 v. 11 no. 2014 337 347 http://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_33483_cf77fcf64536f3c2769e70fe749995b8.pdf Measuring the Desirability of Living in Urban Infill Development with Emphasis on Fuzzy Logic, Case Study: District No. 19 of Tehran Municipality Elham Sangi M.A. in Urban Planning, School of Art and Architecture, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. author Mojtaba Rafieian Associate Professor of Urban Planning, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran. author text article 2014 per Increasing urban population and uncontrolled immigration to metropolitans on the one hand and lack of effective urban planning on the other hand, not only resulted in increasing constructing in peripheral areas of cities, but also excessive and unplanned exploiting of resources and degradation of agricultural lands. In the meantime, because of established infrastructures and urban facilities; inter-city lands considered as a valuable opportunity, hence, there is no need to dedicate huge investments and use of resources to convert raw land to urban land. In other words, infill development could be a serious solution with the aim of the optimum use of inter-city lands and replication to citizen's demand in offering different services. This research has been conducted the basis of measuring the residential desirables according to infill development indicators in the distinct no.19 of Tehran municipality. This kind of development focuses on the construction of residential units and business centers within cities which can be considered in different types such as construction in the interior parts, re-use of land and Brown fields, renovation, rehabilitation, and development of existing sites. It is worth nothing that in the most of fulfilled studies, the advantages and barriers of implementing the infill development and its outcomes have been discussed, and some of the decision making models such as SWOT analysis and GIS software are applied. In this study a new synthetic methodology has been used utilizing LISREL software and Fuzzy multi attributive decision making (MADM) model on the basis of urban infill development in district no.19 of Tehran municipality. Fuzzy logic decision making model is applied to choose optimum sub-district for infill development implementation because of complex urban problems. In order to decision making and choose the optimum sub-district, more effective indices of number 19 are determined in five main categories as: physical-space, infrastructures, economic, social, and environmental. In order to scrutinize indicators, Spss and Lisrel software is used to gain Data analysis of questionnaires. Utility determining of the indices is done using utility function and fuzzy ranking of utility values. Bonison weighting method (trapezoidal number method) is used to convert qualitative factors to Fuzzy quantitative factors ( Fuzzification step). Finally, Yager methods is applied to convert fuzzy numbers to non-fuzzy numbers (de-fuzzification step). Based on the fuzzy logic decision making model, utility values of triple sub-districts was determined which de-fuzzier correspond values are as following, respectively: 21.56, 15.16 and 13.22. The following relationship is established between them: Therefore, sub-district one is selected as optimum one for infill development implementation. Access to services, urban infrastructures and the amount of urban facilities, investment status, participation of investors, housing market are indices which very important weighting has been allocated to them. Because of including mentioned indices in sub-district one; it was selected as optimum zone for infill development. It is worth nothing that the portions of prone land for infill development implementation in triple sub-districts are 25%, 37% and 72%. As such, indicators related with the supply of urban infrastructures and services in Infill development are considered as important and limiting factors and according to the findings of the present study it can be imagined that in spite of the existence of developable vacant, barren, and abandoned lands, due to lack of urban infrastructures and services, it is not possible to increase the population. According to the results, identifying and redevelopment of brown field and vacant lands or under-used parceles are not sufficient to rectify the over-populatin and housing demands problems. Besides the above mentioned capacities, it is necessary to implement proceeding in order to identify and utilize the other capacities of infill development such as residential segregation, redevelopment of residential areas and parking. It should also be kept in mind that the factors such as lack of regulations and executive instructions, subsidiary rules of local governments and lack of local institution from infill development can strongly limit infill development implementation. But, creating legal tendency, support of civil society, and codification of community and local participation strategies can play effective role in its achievement. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar 2008-5079 6 v. 11 no. 2014 349 361 http://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_33484_6be22e514c425f7841b63a6c9fc6bf7e.pdf Comparison of Social Sustainability in Motahari Street and Bahman 22nd Street of Rasht City Pooyan Shahabian Assistant Professor, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. author Milad Pirayegar M.A. of Urban Planning, School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science Technology, Tehran, Iran. author text article 2014 per Sustainable development has been defined in many ways, but the most frequently quoted definition is from "Our Common Future", also known as the Brundtland Report: "Sustainable development is a development that meets the needs of present generations without compromising the ability of future generations, to meet their own needs. It contains two key concepts: • The concept of needs: in particular the essential needs of the world's needy, to which overriding priority should be given; and • The idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environment's ability to meet present and future needs". Sustainable development constantly seeks to achieve social and economic progress in ways that will not exhaust the earths finite natural resources. The needs of the todays world are real and immediate, although it's necessary to meet these needs in ways which do not disregard the future. The capacity of our ecosystem is not limitless which means that future generations may not be able to meet their needs the same as us. Establishing the principles of sustainable development seems necessary in every society. One of these important principles is social aspects. When it comes to city and urban planning, establishing social principles of sustainable development becomes more significant. Utilizing principles of sustainable development, in every kinds of planning, requires indexes which are localized and appropriate for target especial society. These indexes are extracted from theoretical principles, scientific documents and also background of the issue in Iran and the world which are combined with local samples and also their weak and strong points. Absence of positive interactions in cities, struggle between citizens, and unwillingness to participation are some of the reasons that influence negatively on sustainability in cities. Sustainable social development has been studied in different researches and also several domestic and international articles. Despite of it, there are some points which differentiate this article from other similar works. Since social sustainability is a new concept and in Iran and there are not enough background and rich experience about it, therefore, the present article theoretically have presented this issue and in general, have tried to explain it, rather than expanding and developing its dimensions and indexes. The goal of this article is explaining indexes of social sustainability and assessing it through studied samples. Due to the focus on social aspect of sustainable development, urban streets were chosen as study samples. These samples are Motahari Street and Bahman 22nd Street, both situated in central zone on Rasht, Iran. Both of these two streets are parts of main routes of the city and according to the fieled studies and reports in comprehensive plan of Rasht, they are among the second type of arterial streets. The main reason for selecting these two streets as study sample is their multi-functionality and also being all-inclusive. In addition, their physical, economic and social features are similar which make them comparable. In the process of assessing social sustainability among samples of this study, questionnaires designed by Likert Scale and also multi-functional regression were used to determine the selected indexes. In addition, Goeller matrix was applies to compare scores for social sustainability in these two samples with every social sustainability indexes. Results gathered by multi-functional regression analysis show that three indexes including Reducing poverty and social gap, preventing from different pollutions and climate-specific design in each area are not related to dependent variable regarding to the significant level, since it must be less than 0.05 to prove the relation. Meanwhile, Person coefficient shows the amount of dependency of each dependent variable to other variables. It indicates that promoting the health and hygienic condition of citizens is the most effective factor while paying attention to children and their activities is the least effective factor in establishing social sustainability in the society. Resulted figures show that Bahman 22nd Street has preceded the other street based on the social indexes of sustainable development. However, in other indexes, Motahari Street was superior. This result can be traced to different issues including differences between them in attracting population. Motahari Street, with its mixture of traditional and modern structure attracts different groups of people with different requirements. Therefore, it can be concluded that its structural deficiencies are hidden by visual and practical attractions in this street. In addition, among different indexes of social sustainability, health and hygienic condition of citizens and easy access to urban services for all citizens gained the highest score in Bahman 22nd Street. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar 2008-5079 6 v. 11 no. 2014 363 372 http://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_33485_805bec3ce0774684a5ef56ed17a0830b.pdf The Impact of Highway on Social Structure of Neighborhood, Case Study: Kerman and Fadak Neighborhoods Esmaeil Shieh Professor of Urbanism, School of Architecture & Envirnmental Design, Iran University of Science & Technology, Tehran, Iran. author Samaneh Jalili Sadrabad Ph.D Candidate of urbanism, School of Architecture & Envirnmental Design, Iran University of Science & Technology, Tehran, Iran. author Somayeh Jalili Sadrabad M.A. in Urban & Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture & Urban Development, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. author text article 2014 per Today, due to the growth of cities and heavy traffic, highways have a crucial role in transportation network of cities while residential neighborhoods yet retain the most important urban textures that give meaning and identity to cities. Currently, the implementation of development projects (highways and arterial roads building) disrupts social discipline and construction of urban neighborhoods. In this paper, the theory of Giddens is used in order to indicate the meaning of social structure in urban neighborhoods. To investigate the theory of social structure of neighborhood, the relations between residents of the neighborhood and also the relations between residents and councils or municipalities are considered. In order to reduce negative impacts of highways on social structure of neighborhoods, studying these impacts and presenting prepare solution is significant. Studied samples are Fadak and Kerman neighborhoods of Tehran which are located in District 8 and Imam Ali Highway passes through them. This study has used quantity method and distributed 54 questionnaires based on Cochran table. Due to the lack of numbers of neighborhoods' household, in the formula, the population of each neighborhood was entered and divided into the household. Also, the Multi-stages Sampling method was used and the software of SPSS was applied to analysis of the data through correlation coefficient and Man Whitney test. Based on the obtained data, the results show that Imam Ali Highway has weakened the social structure of Kerman and FADAK neighborhoods. To reduce the negative impact of the highway on social structure of these neighborhoods, some solutions can be applied regarding to the municipality's budget and interest of neighborhoods' residents. Today, the growth of cities and constant change of urban dimensions show that the Coherent and interconnected networks of urban roads as specified and defined hierarchy is required; a network based on the rules and regulations associated with urbanization where in all accessible roads, connections of them and Urban Highways are fully respected. In such networks, highway as the main factor of urban road network in the hierarchy (based on the definition in the regulations) is more valuable and effective in transportation and accessibility. Thus, Urban Highways should be able to move riders from one place to another and allocate the task of accessibility to arterial roads based on the hierarchical network. But the issue that neglected by road network designers is that regarding to the current state of urban road network, it should be arranged regarding to the neighborhoods' internal changes. It shouldn't be like a prescriptive map on current map of the city, it has to cause sudden changes in urban context and structure regarding to each position. Examining the process of urban spatial development shows that different neighborhoods in the past are formed based on the ethnic, religious and commercial characteristics and also has slow and organized growth. Despite of organized development and coordination of neighborhoods, implementation of development projects (construction of highways and arterial roads) regardless of social consequences, in recent decades, has disrupted the social structure of neighborhoods in various parts of the city. In the other hand, development projects form the urban spatial patterns and it is necessary to understand their influences on urban evolution. To achieve this goal, some shared points should be considered by urban makers and highway planners such as the issue of road privacy and its relationship with surrounding structures. Therefore, this article has explored the role of highway as weakening factor of social structure to suggest some solutions for joining separated neighborhoods and reconstruction of social structure. In order to achieve this goal, first, the investigation of social structure concept of neighborhoods in social structure theories is discussed. Then, with the proper perspective, the social structure of neighborhoods is defined and Fadak and Kerman neighborhoods of District 8 in Tehran are chosen as a case study to investigate the impacts of Imam Ali highway which has passed through them. This paper has used survey method via questionnaire. The unit of analysis is "individual", the unit of referring is "household" and the statistic population is residents who are 15 to 64 years old- active age group - living in neighborhoods surrounding the highway. The survey was done during the summer of 1390 in the sample neighborhoods. The randomly selected sample was 54 people who were selected through 140 blocks in Fadak and 89 blocks in Kerman with the population of 37,382 and 40,632 people. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar 2008-5079 6 v. 11 no. 2014 373 382 http://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_33486_c1355a16312bf2a6f78afe793bea57fd.pdf Investigation of a Walk-Ability Index and its Relation with built Environments, Case Study: Qourveh City Sedigheh Lotfi Associate Professor of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Humanity and Social Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran. author Asqar Shakibaei M.A. Student of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Humanity and Social Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran. author text article 2014 per There are many studies about the relation between built environments and physical Activities in the field of public health, transportation, and urban planning in the past decade. These researches emphasized on the strong relation between accessibility to parks, recreational and sport services, stores and shopping centers, residential density, and street connections. These studies applied two main approaches: objective and subjective. The literature of physical activities and its relation with the urban structure has attracted wide attention in developed countries and also in some large cities of developing countries. The present study has attempted to examine this issue in a medium sized city, Qourveh, by seeking the following aims: First, investigating the relation between qualities of built environments and walk-ability. Second, comparing the outcomes of built environments to the self-reported information extracted from elderly people of the city. There are different methods for studying built environment and walk-ability. These methods have many common points and each of them has concentrated on particular investigation with its main concern such as purpose of walking, net residential density, land use mix, street connection but there is a lack in main criteria for assessing parking space. In this research the net residential density is the ratio of residential units which are allocated for residential uses. The street intersection density covers the number of intersections in all streets in km2 and finally land use mix is allocated using the following entropy: K is the set of land uses; P is the ratio of land area in statistical blocks which belonged to a specific use. The land uses are divided into five uses of residential commercial, recreational, institutional and others. If the amount of entropy index (between zero and one) tends toward one, it indicates the higher level of mixed land use in statistical block (and vice versa). Then the value of each criterion is normalized using Z-score. This study used four criteria for measuring walk-ability: intersection density of streets, parking spaces in neighborhoods, net residential density and land use mix which were collected and illustrated with the help of GIS. The results show that the neighborhood of 2-2-3 had the highest potential for walking and the neighborhood of 2-1-1 had the lowest walk-ability. The potential of walk-ability are ranked in three categories as low, moderate and high. To analyze the level of sensitivity in each method of classification, the methods of Geometric Interval, Equal interval and Natural breaks were applied separately. The results obtained from all three classifications show that 17 percent of the people live in neighborhoods with low walk-ability. The geometric interval shows that about 57 percent of the people live in neighborhoods which have low quality of life. To make a decision for selecting the neighborhoods for validity, a comparison study between neighborhoods with highest and lowest level of quality of life and walk-ability was done. Then each neighborhood was marked regarding to its quality of life and potential of walk-ability. The classifications of the neighborhoods show that only the neighborhood of 1-4-2 place in HW/HLQ. The neighborhoods of 3-3-3, 2-2-1 and 2-2-2 show the features of HW/ LLQ. Finally none of the areas obtain the quality of (LW/LLQ) and (LW/HLQ). This study followed the researches in the context of public health, transportation and urban planning which aimed to find the impacts of built environments on physical activities by focusing on a medium sized city (Qourveh). This study used Frank and his colleagues' walk-ability indexes which consider walk-ability apart from the level of life quality (as an indicator of socio-economic status). Also, the elderly people who live in areas with higher potential for walking exercise more by walking regardless of their socio-economic status. The research reveals that using walk-ability indexes is highly depended to information availability and this issue confines different scale of the present study. Obviously a comprehensive information bank of built environment including commercial uses and quality of side-walks can provide better results. This study has some limitations such as lack of proper and valid information regarding to the detail of land uses; different concept of a neighborhood in the mind of residents and administrative definitions; selecting elderly group as the only target group due to time limitation. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar 2008-5079 6 v. 11 no. 2014 383 392 http://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_33487_7a5d0c25c16ce995a542ae7fe1f5ed7c.pdf Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of the Articles Published in the Architecture and Urbanism Journal of Armanshar (from 2008 until 2013) Mohammad Hadi Setavand The Teacher of Architecture, Department of Architecture, PNU of Jahrom, Jahrom, Iran. author Mojtaba Rusta Master of Geography & Urban Planning, department of geography, Ferdosi University of Mashhad, Iran and lecturer of Urban Planning in PNU of Jahrom, Jahrom, Iran. author text article 2014 per Nowadays the term of "science production" has found a great position in the literature of our country so that the movements of science and software production have occupied most of the politicians and academic planners in all over the country. The production of science is considered to be the most reasonable and reliable index for evaluating the scientific rank and position of countries. Different definitions of science production can be provided; in one point of view, science production means a theory, method or significant achievement which talks globally and is being published in an international and reliable journals and have been indexed in reliable intuitions such as ISI and available for all academician. Considering the journal as a system for producing science, this study is going to analyze the articles in Armanshahr Journal which have been published in this journal from its beginning of publication until now (2008-2013). The descriptive-analytical method was used and the type of research is practical. The method for collecting data is quantitative content analysis. The purpose of this study is to analyze the articles which have been published in the journal of architecture and urbanism from 2008 until 2013. The data were extracted from 143 published papers which have published in 10 volumes of the journal. Excel software is used for charting. In this study 8 parameters were investigated. These parameters are "Participation of Academic and Specialized Institutions ", "Academic Rank of Authors", "Used Methods", "Thematic share of articles", "References", "Time for Peer Review" , " Participation of Academic and Specialized groups" and "the Separation of articles based on the extracted sources". The academic ranks of 318 writers of articles were investigated in Armanshahr journal. MS writers have had the highest proportion of articles and then writers with the academic ranks of assistant professors, PHD students, associate professors, full professors, teachers and faculty members have participated in writing the articles. In all topics for writing the articles there had been a trend for team working, therefore, about 82.51 percent of articles have had more than one writer. In the qualitative analysis of research methods of the articles, it was concluded that the descriptive-analytical method have been used in most of the articles. Architecture had the highest proportion of the topics and the lowest proportion had belonged to practical arts and regional planning. The average numbers of Latin sources which had been used in the articles is about 11.96 sources and this number for Persian sources is about 8.8 in each article. The period of receiving and accepting articles has not been mentioned for 8 investigated articles among 143 ones; but in other articles, the lowest time for accepting the articles had been 17 days and highest time had been near 14 months and the average time for accepting articles had been about 4 months and 18 days. Due to the specialized nature of the journal, the participation of each scientific and specialized group in term of the numbers of articles had been low and also the specialized groups of architecture and urbanism had allocated a major portion of articles to themselves (near to 85 percent). Among 143 articles which were investigated, 29 articles (20.27 percent) had been extracted from the previous sources and presented as article. 5.6 percent of these articles have been extracted from PHD theses, 11.88 percent from MS theses and 2.8 percent from research projects. Results show that among all 143 published articles in the journal, the universities of tehran with considering the unspecified articles have allocated 104 articles about 72.72 percent (the highest amount) to itself; Iran University of Science and Technology 27.27 percent, Modares University 17.48 percent, Tehran University 16.08 percent, Beheshti University 4.89 percent and etc. The proportion of other countries have been 23.77 percent and the proportion of foreign universities (Berlin and Northern Cyprus) have been 2.98 percent. Investigations show that in all topics of articles, there had been a trend for team working, so that about 82.51 percent of articles have had more than one writer. Also among 318 writers of articles in journal, 233 were male (73.28 percent) and 85 were female (26.72). In addition, the highest proportions of the writers have had the Assistant scientific rank. In the qualitative analysis of research methods of the articles it was concluded that the descriptive-analytical method has been used in the most of the articles. Architecture had the highest proportion of the topics and the lowest proportion had belonged to practical arts and regional planning. In general, the writers had taken part in representing the articles in 13 different scientific and specialized fields but due to the specialized nature of the journal the participation of each scientific and specialized group in terms of the number of articles had been low and specialized groups of architecture and urbanism have allocated a major portion of articles to themselves. Among 143 investigated articles, 29 articles (20.27 percent) had been extracted from the previous sources and presented as article. 5.6 percent of these articles have been extracted from PHD theses, 11.88 percent from MS theses and 2.8 percent from research projects. In the studied articles, 1260 sources, near to 42.4 percent had belonged to Persian resources and 1711 sources, near to 57.6 percent had belonged to Latin resources. The average number of sources for 143 articles had been 20.77 sources for each article which is a satisfying number. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar 2008-5079 6 v. 11 no. 2014 393 405 http://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_33488_6795c5f21d7b5b91182a10a11c9e7ca7.pdf A Review of Urban Transformations during Information- Globalization Era Seyed Abdolhadi Daneshpour Assistant Professor of Urbanism, School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science & Technology, Tehran, Iran. author Mostafa Abbaszadegan Associate Professor of Urbanism, School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University Of Science & Technology, Tehran, Iran. author Hooman Ghahremani PhD Candidate in Urbanism, School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science & Technology, Tehran, Iran. author text article 2014 per The present article is examining the transformation of cities in information and globalization era. According to the experts, this transformation is as the result of globalization process in which means changing the ordinary structures and redefinition of them in globalized world. Due to the qualitative nature of the subject, an analytic research methodology is adopted using comparative method. The literature regarding to the transformation of globalized cities was reviewed in order to gather data about the characteristics of global cities and their physical and non-physical aspects. This paper considers issues such as privatization and economic transformation, transformation of transportation, immigration and movement. Nowadays, city centers are created regarding to a particular pattern and meaning in virtual social and interactive spatial context. Some cultural values such as identity have also encountered with drastic changes. Alteration in concepts of time and place is the phenomenon which could change the concepts of architecture and create a new definition for form and space. It is obvious that new order shapes our built environment which is different from that of industrial and post industrial cities. As industrialization and mechanical mode of transportation changed, the traditional forms of the cities have been shifted to a new and modern order. It can be assumed that cities in pre-electronic age would transform as a result of cyber era and we should expect to experience new townscape and forms. What happened in 1980s and 1990s was replacing space of places with space of flows that are new spatial compositions which are totally distinctive from the old ones. Global cities are the result of technological revolution and communication advancement capabilities. Global cities have appeared through international division of labor and the new economic condition as the outcomes of information technology evolution. In thesecircumstances, transferring of capital could happen in seconds and without any risk. Borderless economy is much dependent on various factors such as capital, commodities, raw materials, work forces and tourisms. Government policies are extremely important for privatization and opening local and closed economies, in order to attract multinational corporations and provide facilities for national economical institution to share and become active in global economy. International forces, specially "international urban economy" are the factors that bind future of cities to international networks. In this situation, city development is more related to global than national circumstances. In this situation, cities or city regions are not isolated islands any more, they are part of networks of cities influenced by global networks. Therefore their roles ore assigned by such networks and it is not necessarily reliant on their size. In this situation of transformation, various elements of globalization create unstable circumstances for older hierarchy of cities and then "Deconcentrated Concentration" is possibly observed. In this situation concentration of global activities can be observed in main city of metropolitan region, especially central economical activities and decentralization in this context is transferring part of urban activities to regional nodes and other city centers. Patterns of urban open spaces in global cities are too dependent on privatization and private finance and their priorities which end up in uneven development of many cities centers. This is the type of urban design which, due to the reliance of cities on private sector economy, is un-balance and piecemeal. Cities reliance on private sector economy has resulted in an un-balanced and piecemeal urban development and design. This type of urban design relies too much on markets and is so much concerned about visual aesthetic and neglects the context. International clients with global issues and agenda are one of the main reasons which make the import/export of services in global company design tremendously increased. In the other hands, the urban design tendencies have been affected by teleworking life style and wired residential communities that introduced different forms. These forms are usually mixed uses of residential development that are facilitated with cheap and high speed internet services shaping online communities; virtual cities with online shopping, electronic education, electronic libraries, and etc. These new socio – electronic phenomena and their dependent spatial forms are called Technoscapes. In this research, the new post industrial cities' orders and their design characteristics have redefined and new concepts, forms and geometry in various layers of cities have introduced. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar 2008-5079 6 v. 11 no. 2014 223 238 http://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_33489_4177c04a0d2964b71fe17828ee076ab0.pdf Quantification of the Enviromental Qualities (Research Approach: Environmental Psychology and Social Dimensions of Urban Design) Farhang Mozaffar Associate Professor of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran. author Mostafa Behzadfar Professor of Urban Design, Faculty of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran. author Mahmoud Ghalenoee Assistant Professor of Urban Design, Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, Art University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran. author Sajed Rastbin PhD Student in Historical Fabric Conservation, Art University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran. author text article 2014 per Creation of responsible places requires application of behavioral science and general analysis of urban issues in a systematic approach. For understanding universalization of urban system, it is important to find out the current patterns and relations between them. Great numbers of environmental qualities have been studied by researches in previous works. This research mainly focuses on those qualities which are in close relation with space users' behavioral needs, creating sociable urban spaces, improving social capital in urban fabrics, and enhancing walk-ability. High emphasis on speed, technology and time encourages human to move swiftly between private spaces. Dominance of vehicles on various aspects of human life prevents a dynamic social interaction in public spaces. In spaces where human and his presence are not important anymore, social interactions as the prerequisite of healthy social life are not met appropriately. Seeing and being seen as well as face to face greeting take place in urban spaces. If urban spaces have attributes such as sociability affordance and continuous presence of people, these needs are met in higher levels and they will be a cornerstone for enhancing social interactions. This enhancement will result in the sense of belonging to society and social participation. The importance of human behavioral needs and social issues in the fields of environmental psychology and urban studies are undeniable. Many theories have been presented in the area of environmental psychology, creating sociable places and necessity of social theory in urban studies. Having an overall view in most of them, the ability of people attraction in urban spaces is considered. Furthermore, earlier studies have emphasized that the final goal of urban design is improving the quality of social life by having a harmonic and simultaneous consideration towards urban structure and human indicators. Urban places such as squares and streets as social ties turn the society into a real community not an aggregate of individuals. In summary, a successful urban space is a creative and impressible environment where it has much diversity and gives citizens a set of choices. In other words, places where have maximum ties with users' behavior and also improve the sense of place for citizens, are responsible urban places. Many researchers have been and emphasized that urban designs instead of concentrating on traffic and economic issue or pure tendency toward aestheticism and urban forming should have an eye on human and his behavior. Based on the framework of researches, it is necessary to change paradigms and values in urban analysis in order to promote social interactions in urban places. Many qualitative concepts have been studied, but there is an important gap which has originated from absent of the specific tool for comparing the value of mentioned qualities. Therefore, this research tries to present a novel approach for evaluating the urban qualities based on environmental psychology. For adapting the environmental qualities with quantitative significance, the selected qualities should be quantified and rephrased in the shape of digits. This process is justified by considering dialectic relation between qualitative and quantitative concepts. Conceptually speaking, segregating quality and quantity are logical, however, in action they should not be viewed independent from each other. The steps adopted in this paper, for quantifying each environmental quality and calculating resultant of environmental qualities in urban spaces is as follows: 1. Identifying embedded sub-qualities for each environmental quality, 2. Calculating amount of each sub-quality based on urban design techniques, 3. Calculating weight of each sub-quality by using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), 4. Calculating resultant of sub-qualities for each environmental quality based on calculated weights obtained from step number (3), 5. Calculating weight of each environmental quality based on users' preferences, 6. Calculating resultant of environmental qualities based on calculated weights from step number (5). In step 3, by considering the types of the defined qualities and sub-qualitie, the AHP technique is applied to calculate the weight of each sub-quality. Because of simplicity, flexibility, and simultaneous application of qualitative and quantitative criteria, AHP has been extensively utilized in urban planning and design issues. In the AHP technique for calculating the weight of each sub-quality, pair wise comparison of sub-factors with respect to each criterion is accomplished upon expert's opinion. In step 5, calculating the weight of each environmental quality instead of expert's opinion, is done based on users' preferences. To do that, environmental qualities were explained in questionnaires and the respondents were asked to prioritize qualities according to their preferences. By evaluating collected questionnaires, final rating of urban qualities and their weights were achieved. Based on this approach, quantitative amount of each quality and final resultant of all qualities can be calculated. The mentioned approach has been applied in Jolfa district in Isfahan as a case study. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar 2008-5079 6 v. 11 no. 2014 251 268 http://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_33490_f2684f1757fd16dd8e2afdfbb2967f6c.pdf

subset: commoncrawl