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On Rafale vs F-22 BFM
Posted by picard578 on December 21, 2013
First, I will note this comment:
"During an official press conference the commanding officer of the French Rafale detachment at Al Dhafra, Colonel Fabrice Glandclaudron, claimed that in six within-visual-range 'dogfight' engagements with the F-22A, only one resulted in the virtual destruction of a Rafale. He said the other four engagements were 'inconclusive', or terminated due to a lack of fuel, or approaching the pre-determined height limit."
What does it tell? There were six WVR engagements, gun-only; one resulted in a destruction of Rafale while other four were draws. What this means is that one engagement remains unaccounted for, and it must be Rafale's victory since both F-22 victory and draws have been accounted for. So score is: 1 F-22 victory, 1 Rafale victory, 4 draws.
It should also be noted that while F-22 is almost exclusively air superiority fighter, Rafale is a multirole fighter and AdlA pilots train far more than F-22 pilots in air-to-ground role. Majority of 1/7 pilots (a squadron that did BFM with F-22s) came from Jaguars and Mirage 2000 D/N, and were air-to-ground specialists previously (engagements with F-22s may have been scheduled precisely for that reason).
Second comes this capture:
This is a capture of an OSF camera showing proximity warning. As it is video camera and not an IRST, it means that Rafale must have had its nose pointed in general direction of the F-22, diving on it while F-22 is climbing using its afterburner. It obviously did not result in a kill, though it may have resulted in one in an actual combat, depending on wether F-22 was within engagement envelope of MICA IR, and wether the missile hit. In fact, French have stated that, had they been able to simulate use of MICA IRs, it would have resulted in several F-22 kills.
Lastly, here is a youtube video of one of engagements:
Actual video begins at 2:15. Rafale's speed at beginning is 360 knots, and it is turning at cca 6 g. It continues turning, with a bit of rolling, at 4-6 g, entire time keeping the speed above 300 knots and even getting it up to 500 before executing a semi-vertical turn and achieving over 8 g at 2:46. At 2:49, F-22 flies into the view from right, and Rafale rolls, pulling up and gaining altitude afterwards, loosing F-22 at 2:54. Afterwards, Rafale turns around, pointing nose towards the F-22 flying below it at 3:04 and achieving a lock-on and a missile launch at 3:07. Rafale's speed at time of missile launch was 157 kts. At 3:10, gun targeting outline appears. At 3:23, F-22 is again in view, though it does not result in either gun or missile kill, and Rafale pilot does not roll to follow the F-22. Rafale continues turning until nose is pointed upwards at 3:35, after which it turns towards the ground. At 3:59, it again has nose pointed mostly upwards, and turns sideways towards the ground. At 4:10, F-22 is again in sight, and Rafale turns inside the F-22. At 4:20 lock-on is achieved but Rafale pilot does not call a missile kill, with low speed warning appearing at 4:26 (speed cca 120 kts) and disappearing at 4:28, to reappear at 4:29; low fuel warning appears at 4:26. At 4:29, Rafale rolls, with speed at 4:31 being 91 knots, staying below 100 knots for next few seconds, causing low speed warning to blip. At 4:35, Rafale is turing towards the ground and speed has gone above 100 knots again. Rafale gets F-22, which has regained the energy, in its view at 4:40; F-22 is turning hard for next few seconds, and at 4:50, Rafale is directily behind the F-22 and has achieved the missile lock. At 4:50 and 4:52 gun piper comes across F-22 twice in a row but Rafale pilot does not call a kill. At 4:54, F-22 flies out of view and Rafale makes no attempt to follow; at 5:00, Rafale has returned to level flight, and at 5:23 Rafale pilot is heard requesting termination of engagement.
As exercise was guns-only, missile kills were not counted. It is still clear that French statement about Rafale achieving several missile kills against the F-22 is correct. At around 4:40, Rafale pilot has missed an opportunity for another gun kill, but is otherwise mostly in control of the fight, with F-22 never gaining the initiative. Video does show that Rafale has good low-speed maneuvering performance and is capable of regaining lost energy at adequate rate.
142 Responses to "On Rafale vs F-22 BFM"
December 23, 2013 at 3:34 am
My previous post was an answer to picard578 about french pilot mistakes.
(Don't understand why my post came to the wrong place, sorry for that.)
December 23, 2013 at 10:30 pm
Chris, the submarine critique that you make is not what gossipers makes it seem. These convectional submarines are quietest when they are not moving and therefore one of their favorite tricks is to lay still in ambush at a location where ships are expected to pass. But that requires some cooperation from the prey.
Conventional submarines have many drawbacks including low endurance and even lower speed. Also, their boosters fail to publicize the full range of shortcomings that stem from their lack of energy to run its sonar and sensors if active or run the computer if passive. If the conventional submarine is actively doing anything that drains the batteries they will soon become ineffective.
Similarly if a conventional submarine has to operate in open waters which is where the carrier is likely to be then it would be exhausted very soon.
Also military exercises are not always designed to be fair. Many are design to be un-fair as a mean to learn and train. A naval task force with 4 destroyers would posses 380 heavy missiles that can be shot at the enemy's airports. So if you tell the admiral that he can't use those then you level the playing field some. If you order the destroyers to turn off their Aegis systems then you level it a little more. Goes on and on.
In the Falklands the Argentinian aircrafts went in with out fighter escorts and where reaped by the Harriers. If they had flown unarmed with anti-ship missiles but well armed with air-to-air missiles then they would have performed well in dog fights but not sank any ships. The ideal vs. the real.
I do not want to minimize the results of some of these reports that you cite but rather place them in perspective so their validity and usefulness can be understood.
December 24, 2013 at 2:57 am
Actually interestingly enough, many of the exercises handicap the abilities of diesel submarines. One exercise for example wanted diesel submarines constantly running (and therefore noisy). The Americans actually complained when the target did not follow their rules and managed to get a "kill".
"Conventional submarines have many drawbacks including low endurance and even lower speed. Also, their boosters fail to publicize the full range of shortcomings that stem from their lack of energy to run its sonar and sensors if active or run the computer if passive. If the conventional submarine is actively doing anything that drains the batteries they will soon become ineffective."
True, but if they stay passive for a few days, they are very quiet. That's their advantage. True, you do have to recharge every now and then, but at the same time, for the most part they are quiet, and they only need to listen.
"Similarly if a conventional submarine has to operate in open waters which is where the carrier is likely to be then it would be exhausted very soon."
Do you not see what you are saying?
Conventional submarines are at their best in littoral waters. They are a sea denial weapon in that regard.
Out in the blue water, yes, nuclear has it's advantages too, but for smaller navies, it gives them a sea denial ability. Combine this with the fact that the F-18 Super Hornet and the F-35 are not particularly long ranged fighters and well, you have severely limited the effectiveness of a carrier.
"I do not want to minimize the results of some of these reports that you cite but rather place them in perspective so their validity and usefulness can be understood."
Interestingly enough the US found the results alarming enough to lease an SSK from Sweden. A good move on their part.
December 24, 2013 at 4:37 am
Chris, everyone that has conventional would like to have nuclear powered submarines. Something that is not given enough publicity is that sensors and computers dedicated to the sonar consume significant amounts of energy. It is simply not true that these conventional submarines can cavalierly move around searching for a fast moving carrier group in open waters.
The carriers themselves are defenseless with out their on-board weapons and escorts. The USA main airborne sub-hunter is the land based P-8 Poseidon and the carrier borne one are its helicopters as well as the helicopters of its escorts. So when you talk about an exercise where a carrier was sunk one would need to know what assets where involved on the side of the carrier.
As a side bar the used to have a dedicated sub hunter called the Viking. These specialized aircrafts who share the same power plant with the A-10 used to be the carrier's primary sub hunters. They have been mothballed. We still have about 80 of them in some base in the middle of the Southwest. There has been talks of modernizing them and bringing them back for South Korea to use. In the meantime the carrier is dependent on helicopters.
Yes, the swedes have leased the USA a conventional submarine for practice. It is not the first time. And the USA also practices with unwilling Chinese subs all the time which is why we know they are noisy and easy to track. And since the Chinese subs are copies of Russian subs they are also prone to accidents. We map the ocean floor in the areas around China and record sonar noises for analysis and future reference.
But the carrier's best defense are open waters and speed.
December 24, 2013 at 4:11 pm
"Chris, everyone that has conventional would like to have nuclear powered submarines."
"Something that is not given enough publicity is that sensors and computers dedicated to the sonar consume significant amounts of energy. It is simply not true that these conventional submarines can cavalierly move around searching for a fast moving carrier group in open waters. "
They aren't meant to "chase" carriers. See my reply to Andrei.
"As a side bar the used to have a dedicated sub hunter called the Viking."
They've been put out of active service. That's a huge problem. If a war broke out, you cannot simply assume that they will be available. It's not the equipment that makes the difference, it is the quality of your ASW crews as well.
I gotta admit I disagree with the way the Navy has been going about with making everything so F-18 Centric.
One issue with helicopters is that they often have a high maintenance to flight time spent ratio. That's a problem in war. They also don't have the range and performance of fixed wing craft.
"But the carrier's best defense are open waters and speed."
It's not that simple. For a carrier to be effective it's gotta be able to launch it's planes. Otherwise it's going to be only useful to tie down a proportion of an enemy fleet (like the Tirpitz did in WWII).
But the fact that you say this "open waters", means that in places where diesels are suspected to operate, carrier operations will be somewhat restricted. In essence, the diesel is operating in what can be called a "sea denial" strategy.
To do this, it has to be able to launch the aircraft close enough to make a difference in war, but the carrier has to be far enough from shore to stay away from shore based threats (like anti ship missiles, which will continue to grow more sophisticated with each generation).
The issue is that the neither the F-18 Super Hornet nor the F35C are very long ranged fighters. That could in my opinion be a huge problem in a war. What other options are there? Become a drone launching platform? Drones still have their limitations.
December 24, 2013 at 5:29 pm
The Vikings where taken out of service because there where not enough Soviet Subs to chase and land based aircrafts where doing a good job. But we now have the Chinese and few bases near them and maybe we need a Viking type aircraft back.
The carrier is really a fleet weapon. It is conceived to fight other ships and ideally could be positioned places like the the Indian Ocean to disrupt vital Chinese communications with their sources of energy. In decades back when you saw the carrier being used for attacking land targets or the Soviet Union what you where looking at was a political battle for relevance… with ballistic missiles in silos and subs and an hegemonic adversary like the Soviet the carrier was thought to be irrelevant. That has changed… now it is seen as several acres of sovereign USA territory that can go anywhere there is enough water.
When ever there is passionate criticism in a political organization like the military there are interest behind it. Some are industry but others are simply factions with in the services. The surface fleet is seeing the decommissioning of Frigates and that has the community on the about 90 or so very large ships who have large crews and many heavy missiles worried. What they are seeing getting built instead are LCS, forward deployed bases and the possibility of small stealth ships coming in the future. So they are complaining and finding all kind of flaws on what is changing.
Aircrafts is a big reason why the Navies are smaller. England needs fewer ships today because a substantial part of their sea borne security is derived from aircrafts around the Island. We need fewer ships because the ones we have are more lethal. But Navies that are designed to protect long distance commerce can easily develop gaps in competencies when it comes to coastal waters that Nations that depend on small bodies of waters like the Baltic or the Mediterranean such as the Swedes or the Italians can help fill. There is nothing wrong with that. You are learning from your friends.
- December 24, 2013 at 5:29 pm
- December 24, 2013 at 4:37 am
- December 24, 2013 at 2:57 am
December 24, 2013 at 5:13 am
Andrei, yes, the rules handicap the carrier. Just from simple logic the submarine needs to snorkel and run engines from time to time as well as avoid dashes to keep its battery from being depleted so in these exercises the carrier comes to the submarine like if it is trying to break into. And the exercise is in coastal waters. Many restrictions.
December 24, 2013 at 4:04 pm
Diesel submarines are not meant to "chase" carriers in a sense. They wait for the carrier group to come to them. It's not hard. You simply analyze the likely locations that a carrier is going. You then send a submarine there and wait. Sure every say, 10-15 days the battery has to be recharged, but at the same time, the submarine hardly has to move. You already know a carrier's approximate destinations. In fact, the arrival of a carrier is often publicly announced.
You would use nuclear submarines to chase. The noise of a carrier can hide the more noisy nuclear submarine (especially if the submarine hides in its wake). The Soviet Union did this several times during the Cold War.
December 24, 2013 at 5:02 pm
Chris, I just saw your post about sending a submarine "there" to wait. Where precisely is "there"?
So many times that people say that a submarine was waiting for and sank a carrier it happen on gaps from one body of water to another body of water like from the North Atlantic to the Norwegian Sea, etc. These locations are themselves dangerous to submarines because are constantly patrolled by sub-hunting aircraft who have sensors galore. In many of these exercises the sub hunting aircrafts are not allowed to patrol at all until the exercise starts. This is clearly not normal and designed to give the submarines an edge.
But the most important thing is that in a real war the carrier will not be there. Sub hunters will.
And let us not get started with Soviet or Chinese seamanship. This is a nation famous for having a submarine get "lost" and trapped in a Norwegian fiord… had be towed out. Or had another surface in front of a carrier and was rammed by it; the sonar has a blind spot to the back and the soviet captain "forgot" to check with his periscope before surfacing. A Chinese sub was lost because they forgot to turn off the diesel motor when submerging killing the entire crew in a matter of minutes. And fires, accidental sinking, etc. Ask the Indians about loosing a Kilo while in port doing repairs; there was an unexplained fire. The Soviets had a way of making big wonderful things that look impressive and dangerously messing up small things that are equally important. I think the Chinese imitators can be even worst.
Right now the USA is studying how best to fight in littoral waters and island chains. It is not a done deal. They are still experimenting.
- December 24, 2013 at 5:02 pm
- December 24, 2013 at 4:04 pm
December 27, 2013 at 11:05 am
Hello sir , I am an Indian and a regular reader of your blog. I find your blog very informative.
I was wondering if you could provide a detailed analysis of HAL Tejas . It would be very kind of you.
Thanks ,
December 29, 2013 at 11:53 am
Hi picard.
Don't know if you have this link, so, in case of…
The armaswiss report about Rafale/Typhon/Gripen.
Swiss are known to be precise and neutral:
December 29, 2013 at 10:25 pm
Was this the report where the Rafale won, but they ended choosing the Gripen due to cost?
I think Brazil was the other case of this happening.
December 30, 2013 at 1:25 am
It's not only a cost problem.
Rafale was "over kill"for both these countries.
- December 30, 2013 at 1:25 am
- December 29, 2013 at 10:25 pm
January 10, 2014 at 5:20 pm
"Upper reaches of government in Canada are immensely corrupt." – It is surprising to me for how little you can purchase a USA congressman or Senator. Bribing has been legalized in the form of political contributions and junkets by lobbyist but sometimes the politicos get greedier, careless or arrogant which ever way you prefer and they end up in jail… but those are just a fraction of the whole body of politicians that is sold here in the USA for a remarkably low price.
The USA has comparable IR technology and getting better. The F-35 load in an non-stealth environment is higher than that of an F-16. As a matter of fact the F-35's performance at 50% fuel looks a lot like the F-16's. Is not that bad.
And how many Rafale will survive the radar guided defenses? I mean, that statement you made to Chris takes for granted that he does not have to worry about that and that this will take place in a space that is sanitazed. The USA just thinks that it should worry about radar.
January 10, 2014 at 6:57 pm
excellent publish, very informative. I wonder why the other experts of this sector do not
understand this. You should continue your writing. I'm sure,
you have a huge readers' base already!
January 17, 2014 at 2:48 pm
Picard, the new post about stealth is no showing up.


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Fate Therapeutics Inc (NASDAQ:FATE) Shares Sold by Point72 Asset Management L.P.
Point72 Asset Management L.P. reduced its position in shares of Fate Therapeutics Inc (NASDAQ:FATE) by 33.7% during the 4th quarter, according to the company in its most recent filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The institutional investor owned 782,783 shares of the biopharmaceutical company's stock after selling 397,306 shares during the period. Point72 Asset Management L.P. owned about 1.04% of Fate Therapeutics worth $15,319,000 at the end of the most recent reporting period.
Other institutional investors and hedge funds have also recently made changes to their positions in the company. Lindbrook Capital LLC bought a new stake in Fate Therapeutics during the fourth quarter valued at $39,000. Meeder Asset Management Inc. boosted its holdings in shares of Fate Therapeutics by 46.1% in the 4th quarter. Meeder Asset Management Inc. now owns 2,029 shares of the biopharmaceutical company's stock valued at $39,000 after buying an additional 640 shares during the period. Quantbot Technologies LP boosted its holdings in shares of Fate Therapeutics by 1,133.3% in the 4th quarter. Quantbot Technologies LP now owns 3,700 shares of the biopharmaceutical company's stock valued at $72,000 after buying an additional 3,400 shares during the period. Great West Life Assurance Co. Can bought a new stake in shares of Fate Therapeutics during the 4th quarter valued at about $83,000. Finally, Bank of Montreal Can grew its position in shares of Fate Therapeutics by 66.8% during the 4th quarter. Bank of Montreal Can now owns 7,656 shares of the biopharmaceutical company's stock valued at $150,000 after buying an additional 3,067 shares during the last quarter. Hedge funds and other institutional investors own 95.07% of the company's stock.
In other Fate Therapeutics news, CEO J Scott Wolchko sold 25,000 shares of the company's stock in a transaction that occurred on Thursday, January 30th. The stock was sold at an average price of $25.45, for a total value of $636,250.00. Following the completion of the sale, the chief executive officer now directly owns 444,969 shares in the company, valued at $11,324,461.05. The transaction was disclosed in a legal filing with the Securities & Exchange Commission, which is accessible through the SEC website. Also, insider Bahram Valamehr sold 5,700 shares of the company's stock in a transaction that occurred on Wednesday, January 8th. The stock was sold at an average price of $20.69, for a total value of $117,933.00. Following the completion of the sale, the insider now owns 91,758 shares of the company's stock, valued at $1,898,473.02. The disclosure for this sale can be found here. Corporate insiders own 23.19% of the company's stock.
FATE traded down $0.09 during trading hours on Thursday, hitting $23.31. The company's stock had a trading volume of 861,900 shares, compared to its average volume of 1,120,458. The company has a 50-day simple moving average of $26.72 and a 200 day simple moving average of $20.11. The company has a current ratio of 8.17, a quick ratio of 8.17 and a debt-to-equity ratio of 0.10. The firm has a market capitalization of $1.81 billion, a PE ratio of -16.30 and a beta of 1.71. Fate Therapeutics Inc has a fifty-two week low of $12.59 and a fifty-two week high of $32.39.
Fate Therapeutics (NASDAQ:FATE) last released its quarterly earnings results on Monday, March 2nd. The biopharmaceutical company reported ($0.37) earnings per share (EPS) for the quarter, topping the Thomson Reuters' consensus estimate of ($0.39) by $0.02. Fate Therapeutics had a negative return on equity of 49.94% and a negative net margin of 919.00%. The company had revenue of $2.80 million during the quarter, compared to analysts' expectations of $1.70 million. During the same quarter in the prior year, the business posted ($0.25) earnings per share. The company's revenue for the quarter was up 68.7% compared to the same quarter last year. Research analysts expect that Fate Therapeutics Inc will post -1.63 earnings per share for the current fiscal year.
Fate Therapeutics Company Profile
Fate Therapeutics, Inc operates as a biopharmaceutical company dedicated to the development of programmed cellular immunotherapies for cancer and immune disorder. The firm programme cellular therapeutics for the treatment of life threatening diseases, hematologic malignancies, genetic disorders and diseases resulting from the dysregulation of the immune system.
Further Reading: What is the operating income formula?
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text: Hey Dude ! How are yah? If we meet in my kitchen today it's because we're gonna talk gardening Planting trees, nature, environment, global warming, You get it, right? You know what? Let's go in my garden, seems more appropriate. Alright follow me, follow me ! You followin' ? 😀 Here we are Damn it Damn it ! Alright then, let's get out of here In the end we meet in my room because it's apparently impossible to film quietly something in one's garden The neighbours' kid is… … screaming to death because he doesn't like the color of the leaves I really don't know why he's shouting like that "Have kids !", they say. Bro, my son won't scream like that for sure He won't be allowed, it'll be SCHLAK Big slap in his face And we can move on Right? That's how you'll raise your kids as well, right? ^^ Aaalright, nutrition for Street Workout Well, here we are finally So we were actually gonna talk food, okay? Small intro on myself : I started Street Workout summer 2016 So that's a bit over a year ago now but before that, I did a bit of wieght training I therefore have a few notions about training biceps and meal prep Bro hang on to your seat, I'm gonna suprise you When you're doing Street Workout your body's working exactly the same as when you're into bodybuilding, you're running marathons, or when you wanna become the news darts world champion. So the way you influence your body by eating follows the same rules But your goals regarding mass, endurance and strength might not be the same. I you wanna have a say in what happens to you, you're gonna have to eat accordingly to your objectives espicially if you wish to facilitate gaining muscle or losing fat You can also completely wing it ! who can tell really, you might still lose 20 pounds ! Personnaly, I like to control what's happening That's why I prepared you this video in order to introduce nutritions' basics for Street Workout actually, nutritions' basics for a human being We're gonna have an overview on everything you're eating that contains calories meaning macronutrients In English, they say "Macros" Anybody wanna translate? 😉 So, During your life, you'll eat 4 different macronutrients So I'm gonna officially introduce each one of them ! Let's start with the one you're most interested in : PROTEIN WHAT'S IT FOR ? It's primal use is to help build muscle when eating enough and to help maintain it when eating less WHERE DO I FIND IT ? You'll find some in lean meats, in powders, in lean fish, in eggs, in powders, in diary products, and of course, in protein powder ! HOW MUCH DO I NEED ? It mostly depends on the amount of muscle and fat you're carrying around right now It can easily go from 1 to 3 grams per KG of bodyweight per day Just know that if you're really overweight, you have to take your lean mass To help you understand, I'll take myself as an example Right now, I'm in my pre-winter period, so I still have hopes to save about one out of two abs I'm therefore in my softening phase See? Wait I'll show you And I'm weighing it at about 85 KGs / 187 lbs now Regarding my current state of Super Athlete I clearly need at least 2g of protein/kg/day I'm the best at maths bro, 2 times 85=170g of protein per day That0s what I'm personnaly aiming for DIETARY FAT WHAT'S IT FOR ? Dietary fat, or just "fat", is something you need to survive. If you don't any well… you die 🙂 It'll be used to absorb vitamins, regulate your hormones, oil your brains' functions and a lot of other cool things like that ! WHERE DO I FIND IT ? You'll find some in fatty meats, fatty fish, nuts, butter, oil, in basically everything that tastes good and make you feel guilty afterwards ! 🙂 HOW MUCH DO I NEED ? It depends again on the same parameters as for protein but it'll generally be between 15 and 45% of your total daily calorie intake which then depends on your goal intake otherwise, 0.8-1.5g per KG of lean body mass you built will generally be sufficient and optimal Aaaand now CARBS ! WHAT'S IT FOR ? You see, for protein and fat, you'll generally get absolute numbers that will relatively not change so much regarding your goals For carbs, it's the exact opposite ! 😀 I keep them for the end, because for any diet that isn't based on the advice of a clown, they's ll be here to fill the gaps, which means the rest of daily calories you have left after eating your protein and fat It's gonna be your body's primal source of energy to allow you to.. .. move your butt around all day long, as well as to do every necessary action for your survival They'll be stored in the liver, brain, blood and muscle as glycogen, in order to be used when needed WHERE DO I FIND IT ? You'll find some in fruits, vegetables, grains, cereals, and in all the processed food you can find around, and in all the sugary sodas HOW MUCH DO I NEED ? You can survive without, but there's absolutely no fun in that. Also know that some high level athletes will easily eat up to 700g per day, which leaves you with a pretty useless range Between 1-4g/kg/day should be enough for most goals But as you surely know, it will depend on your body composition when you wake up, and what you're gonna be doing with your day. So, you thought it was over? Bro, no. Let me introduce the 4th macronutrient that you need to take into account. This one, certain people know and consume more than others I'll let you judge yourself It's my pleasure, please meet Alcohol ! Alcohol, Bro Bro, Alcohol Well, no hugs or kisses ? We do 3 ! (kisses in Switzerland) Well, I won't discriminate then ! So ALCOHOL WHAT'S IT FOR ? It'll surely make super cool, very funny, and way more sociable… Oooor it can get you to reach new levels of agressivity, decibel, and attempts to grab butts It'll also have quite random effects on your sexual performance, your mental state, your love for others, and on your energy levels WHERE DO I FIND IT ? Hmm Well you'll mostly find it in liquids like the one you use to wash your mouth, the one to get your barbecue started, or also the one you put on your hands when you train Here you go ! HOW MUCH DO I NEED ? I'm not sure I wanna give recommandations here, but you might wanna aim for a quantity that seems reasonnable in order to forget all your problems, be able to talk to bros and chicks at the party or in the morning, or also to make you brave enough to attempt a human flag on the club's poledance bar I'll let you decide ! We arrive at the end of this 1st video on macros I'll summarize all of this for you Calories are found in macros, which are proteins, fats, carbs and alcohol, which each have their own amount of kcal/grams Chances are you still have questions about all of that We haven't dived so deep into the subject yet and that's why I keep the rest for my next video about nutrition You can also ask questions in the comments section and I'll answer them in furture videos But if you have a very urgent question and cannot wait, take your smartphone out, look me up on Instagram, send me a short video : "Hey Eric I was watching your Youtube video it's really awesome, but I have a question" And I'll answer you with a video of my own alright ? We do it this way? Thanks so much for watching, I'm really grateful that you take some of your time for this Subscribe if you liked it enough Wow, feels good to speak normally again ^^ Bro, see you soon, Thanks again and… Alright bye !


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Lowering the barriers to innovation in Africa
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People often argue about the short-term economic benefits of free software but the most important benefit to education and development in Africa is not the price. Any cost savin...
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Lowering the barriers to innovation in Africa
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People often argue about the short-term economic benefits of free software but the most important benefit to education and development in Africa is not the price. Any cost savings are merely useful side benefits. To illustrate the true benefits of free software I will use tertiary education as an example but the principles that I raise are equally true in school-level education as well as in business.
In his book
The Future of Ideas
Lawrence Lessig shows how the existence of an innovation commons has fostered innovation on the Internet. According to Lessig the Internet's very design built a neutral platform upon which a wide range of creative people could experiment without needing to obtain permission or pay license fees. Free software is like that, it allows anyone to experiment and innovate, it allows people who live in different countries, with different backgrounds, who speak different languages to come together virtually and express their creative talent in an unfettered manner.
Many of them create businesses out of their creativity that, like all creativity, is built upon the creativity of others.
Tertiary institutions are meant to be places where innovation thrives and a key benefits of free software is that it lowers the barriers to innovation in three critical areas.
Firstly, free software reduces the cost of participation in innovation. To break into the world of proprietary software development is a costly exercise, although many companies make their products available at no or low-cost under restrictive licenses to universities. However, with free software, the only cost is the computer hardware. Everything else can be done with no cost and no need to ask anyone for permission for anything.
Cost is important. But it is not the only barrier to innovation. The main barrier to innovation is the fact that source code for proprietary software is not available, or if it is available it is only available under terms that effectively mean that nothing useful can be done with it. It is only by doing useful things with software source code that a young developer really learns from what has been done before. Free software, on the other hand, is available with all
its source code, not only for study, but also for manipulation. If something innovative is produced from it, that innovation can be incorporated into the code and becomes available immediately to anyone using the software. Nothing is more empowering to a young developer than seeing her source code incorporated into applications used all over the world.
I have first hand experience of this benefit. Last year I went on a long journey to Kiev in the Ukraine. I decided that it would be a good opportunity to learn to write software in PHP, a common language used to build web applications. I took a book, the downloaded PHP documentation and several freely available tutorials.
More importantly, however, I also took numerous free software applications built with PHP, all of which I copied onto my laptop. By the time my plane landed back in Cape Town I was already able to write PHP at a pretty decent level of proficiency. The book and the tutorial helped, but having a virtually unlimited number of professionally written applications to study was the main factor that enabled me to move out of the sandbox quickly.
As another example, I am interested in how web application technology can allow the cross linking of information, even information and conversations that happen on different sites in different parts of the world. The educational potential of this kind of linking is tremendous. I decided to build an application using two common technologies -- RSS and Trackback, -- about which I knew nothing when I started. However, a wealth of open specifications, free tutorial materials, and most importantly source code from free software applications made it very easy for me to learn the necessary techniques. I was able to write the code on an aeroplane during a trip to Finland, and our educational application can now use these techniques to crosslink many different kinds of information. Without free software source code to study, the barriers to that small innovation would have been much higher.
The third factor lowering the barrier to innovation is the wealth of existing free software that can be used as the basis with which to build new innovations. It is not necessary to start from nothing in order to create an innovative new application or to build something in response to a business need. A small entrepreneur can develop a business without having to invest in a huge staff of software developers and maintainers. Indeed, there are many who have started small businesses entirely on their own using free software as a resource and expanding on it to create products that their customers need.
This is another area where I can share some experience. In the Free Software Innovation Centre at the University of the Western Cape we are building and application framework and then using it to create what we call the next generation e-learning system. There are many things that we need to do within the framework, such as connecting to databases, reading and writing XML files, creating webservices, etc. There are well established free software collections of code to perform some of those functions, so there was no need for us to spend months writing that code. We could start off a higher starting base and achieve our objectives much earlier than we could without free software. In one case, we needed to improve the code slightly to cater for multilingualization and that was contributed back to the application that we modified.
Innovation is not something that benefits only education. Most of the businesses that have sprung up or evolved around the Internet were able to develop because of the Intenet's innovation commons. In the business world, a clever mind can create innovative new products without having to invest in expensive proprietary software and software development tools.
Furthermore, the minds of some of the best programmers in the world are open for picking through the free software source code that is abundantly available on the Internet.
Free software allowed a clever South African entrepreneur named Mark Shuttleworth to build a multi-billion Rand company. Without free software, he would probably not have done it; the barriers to innovation would have been too high.
Coming back to tertiary education, universities in Africa spend a significant amount of money procuring software, none of it going into real innovation within the continent, and rarely are those institutions happy with the results of their procurement. Most of the price goes into multinational corporations, which is not necessarily bad, but it does not lead to the fostering of local innovation. There is therefore enormous scope for African tertiary education to partner with one another, as well as some of the more forward-thinking software development companies, as the University of the Western Cape is doing at present, to create new and innovative software that is designed to do what we wish it to do in our
With a few exceptions, universities throughout Africa are under-resourced and often under-staffed and lack internal critical masses of skills and expertise. Despite this situation, if one takes a scale that cuts across institutional and national boundaries, there are many opportunities to achieve critical mass through collaboration. In the area of application software, many universities struggle to meet the endlessly recurring license fees of proprietary software. Some have developed small, internal applications that they struggle to maintain and support. Often these applications are developed by graduate students, and support falls away when the student completes the degree and leaves the university. Such an approach is not sustainable, and is not a cost effective way to meet the challenges of providing business-level applications in the face of the high cost of proprietary software.
The challenge to tertiary education in Africa is to move beyond being simple consumers, to a point where they can support free software creation, and lead in the process of innovation. A free software collaborative approach involving many African tertiary institutions can create critical mass of free software, as well as creating a built-in mechanism to ensure future proofing and the creation of an ongoing community of support. Indeed, there may well be business opportunities for the SMME sector in
to support universities in their development and implementation of free software tools created in such a collaborative effort, thus creating value-added products that have export and revenue-earning potential. This is meeting the challenge to innovate, to find new ways of putting
to work to make an impact on growth and development in a sustainable manner for Africa, and it is possible because free software lowers the barriers that stand it the way of innovation.
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Dropped by to this location during the Trollface Tour 2014, we didn't have many details about the location bar the coordinates and that there were abandoned trains here.. and that's exactly what there was, but I didn't assume we'd see any with such well preserved details. That being said, I am unsure about the history of any of the carriages we checked out but they're certainly from well before my time. :-)
First we checked out Baasrode Noorde Station and the vehicles laying on the adjacent tracks, the station closed in 1980 and only the platform and twin tracks remain.
One track remained clear for traffic, the one adjacent contained two engines and several carriages, we didn't manage to get into any of the carriages on this part but 1 and 1/2 of the engines were accessible, printed instructions were left on the dashboard but it doesn't look like it's seen action in some time.
Heading down to the partially open South Station, we managed to find an open door to one of the carriages, with the outside in a sorry state I didn't expect much of the interior.
The two carriages accessible were pretty much identical except for the different colour scheme, the chairs and space available in both of them are luxury compared to anything you'd see on the railways today. Great condition overall although some of the chair seats had been over turned and repair work was left unfinished, possibly a side project for the Steam Train group based nearby.
At least one seat had this insignia (bottom left) above the chair, would be really curious to know if anyone knows what this signifies. For some reason there were loads of Duvel signs in one carriage, but no abandoned Duvel. :c
We'd spent much longer than originally anticipated in that train and had to head off to another location, spotted this seemingly ancient steam engine just as I was heading towards the car so had to run up to it and take a few pictures quickly. Plenty of carriages behind but they all seemed to be freight based.
Potentially a lot more to see here, there were certainly many more trains than the 3 we had a look at. Part of this area is occupied as some sort of Steam Train museum/organisation and the warehouse building is in use so it's best to be respectful of this if visiting. The platform side track is still active.
Thanks for looking.
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4139 Quarry Court, North Vancouver, BC V7K 3C3$2,388,000
Braemar, North Vancouver - MLS® Home listing
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998 Dempsey Road, North Vancouver, BC V7K 3C5$3,298,000
Braemar, North Vancouver - MLS® Home listing
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Attenuated Salmonella engineered to produce human cytokine LIGHT inhibit tumor growth
Edited by Thierry Boon, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium, and approved June 18, 2007 (received for review March 2, 2007)
Intravenously administered bacteria reportedly accumulate in tumors. Furthermore, systemic administration of attenuated Salmonella typhimurium has little or no significant side-effects in humans. Consequently, we engineered such bacteria to improve their oncolytic activity by stably inserting a gene encoding LIGHT, a cytokine known to promote tumor rejection. Unlike control bacteria, attenuated S. typhimurium expressing LIGHT inhibited growth of primary tumors, as well as the dissemination of pulmonary metastases, in various mouse tumor models employing murine carcinoma cell lines in immunocompetent mice. Antitumor activity was achieved without significant toxicity and was associated with infiltration of inflammatory cells and dependent on the LIGHT receptors, herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM), and lymphotoxin-β receptor (LTβR). These findings provide evidence that nonvirulent bacteria can be exploited as targeting vehicles for local generation of therapeutic proteins in tumors.
Although reports of using bacteria to treat tumors in humans date as far back as to 1893 (1), thus far, microbial-based approaches to cancer immunotherapy are limited to use of bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) for superficial bladder carcinomas (2, 3). It has been reported that bacteria administered by i.v. injection accumulate in solid tumors. In mouse studies, for example, Salmonella typhimurium (a facultative anaerobe) accumulate within tumors to concentrations as high as 109 colony-forming units (cfu) per gram of tumor tissue (4, 5). Various explanations have been proposed for the preferential growth of bacteria in tumors, including superior nutrient availability from materials released by necrotic cells in hypoxic regions, impaired bactericidal activity of macrophages and neutrophil granulocytes in low oxygen environments found in solid tumors, suppression of the immune system by tumor-derived factors such as TGF-β, and reduced exposure to antibodies and complement-factors because of irregular vasculature and positive pressure within tumors. We hypothesized therefore that bacteria might effectively home to tumors in vivo, creating opportunities for direct stimulation of inflammatory responses within tumors and for local production of immunostimulatory cytokines produced by genetically engineered microbes.
Recently, a lipid A-negative strain of S. typhimurium was used for phase I human clinical trials and was found to be safe at doses up to 109 cfu per m2 body surface area, but without evidence of antitumor activity (6, 7). Humans are not a natural host for S. typhimurium, and the elimination of lipid A prevents production of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide), making these microorganisms nonvirulent. Because they have an acceptable safety profile (5, 8) and are able to synthesize recombinant cytokines at high levels (9), we chose these bacteria for our studies, with a goal to explore the preclinical antitumor activity of S. typhimurium engineered to secrete cytokines. With the ability to grow anaerobically, we reasoned that S. typhimurium could grow even in hypoxic areas of tumors, which tend to be resistant to radiation or chemotherapy. Also, bacteria have an advantage over recombinant viruses used for cancer gene therapy, in that it is possible to immediately terminate treatment by using antibiotics. Furthermore, unlike viruses, no foreign genetic material is inserted into the host genome, thus avoiding the risk of treatment-induced malignancy, recently observed with retrovirus-based gene therapy (10).
We chose for our studies the cytokine LIGHT (also known as TNFSF14 or HVEM-L), which is homologous to lymphotoxin, a TNF-family cytokine. LIGHT binds both the lymphotoxin-β receptor (LTβR), which is expressed on many epithelial cancers, and herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM), a receptor expressed by T lymphocytes (11). LIGHT has recently been recognized as a growth factor for dendritic cells (DCs) (12, 13), cells involved in antigen presentation and immune response initiation. Also, the LIGHT receptor, LTβR, transduces signals inducing expression of chemokines, such as CCL21, which stimulates emigration of DCs (14), T and B cells (15), and natural killer (NK) cells (16), as well as possibly having direct antiangiogenic effects through chemokine receptors CXCL9 and CXL10 (11, 17–19). We report that attenuated S. typhimurium engineered to express LIGHT demonstrate promising antitumor activity in immunocompetent mice harboring syngeneic tumors, with little evidence of systemic toxicity.
Protein Expression and Intratumoral Accumulation of Attenuated Salmonella.
To engineer the attenuated S. typhimurium strain purI−/msbB− for expressing LIGHT, we used the plasmid pGEN206, in which a human LIGHT cDNA was expressed with an N-terminal appended leader sequence that directs protein secretion under control of an ompC promoter. The engineered bacteria were grown in culture and recovered by centrifugation, and the resulting cell-containing pellet and cleared culture supernatant were tested for LIGHT protein by immunoblotting, revealing the presence of LIGHT in both cells and supernatant (Fig. 1 A). Control Salmonella (transformed with empty plasmid) and their culture supernatants did not contain LIGHT protein.
Salmonella reportedly accumulate in solid tumors in vivo (4, 5, 20). To explore the tumor targeting of the attenuated purI−/msbB− strain, we transformed these bacteria with a plasmid encoding luciferase and injected them i.v. into tumor-bearing mice, using a bioluminescence whole animal imaging method to localize the bacteria. In five of five mice evaluated, strong luminescent emissions were detected specifically in s.c. tumors (see Fig. 1 B for example). We conclude therefore that the attenuated S. typhimurium strain used here retains its ability to target tumors in vivo. Furthermore, this capability remains unchanged after transformation with empty or LIGHT-bearing plasmids, respectively [supporting information (SI) Fig. 4]. In addition, for all six of the carcinoma lines tested, namely CT-26, D2F2, B16, LLC, HeLa, and PPC-1, attenuated Salmonella were able to infect the cancer cells in culture as revealed by the presence of GFP-emitting bodies in the cytosol (data not shown).
Salmonella Expressing LIGHT Inhibit Primary and Metastatic Tumor Growth.
We explored the antitumor activity of LIGHT-expressing Salmonella in immunocompetent BALB/c mice bearing s.c. syngeneic tumors, using either D2F2 breast (Fig. 2 A) or CT-26 colon (Fig. 2 B) carcinoma cells. Mice with established tumors (≈50 mm3) were injected i.v. with PBS, untransformed Salmonella, Salmonella transformed with empty plasmid, or Salmonella expressing LIGHT. Marked reduction of tumor growth was observed in mice treated with Salmonella expressing LIGHT, compared with control bacteria and PBS-treated mice (Fig. 2 A and B). Salmonella containing empty plasmid were not significantly different from PBS, indicating that bacterial targeting to tumors by itself is insufficient for antitumor activity.
To evaluate the antitumor activity of LIGHT-expressing bacteria in a more stringent model of cancer, we injected CT-26 cells i.v. to establish pulmonary metastases, and then treated mice 9, 14, and 19 days later with PBS, untransformed Salmonella, bacteria transformed with empty plasmid, or LIGHT-expressing Salmonella. Using either lung weights (Fig. 2 C) or a metastasis scoring method (Fig. 2 D and E) to evaluate effects, LIGHT-expressing bacteria markedly suppressed metastatic tumor growth, compared with control-treated animals. Again, untransformed Salmonella and Salmonella containing empty plasmid were not significantly different from PBS, indicating that bacterial targeting to tumors by itself is insufficient for antitumor activity.
During our experiments, no animals from control or treatment groups died, lost weight, or showed overt signs of disease. To more carefully determine whether LIGHT-expressing Salmonella cause toxicity, we performed histological analysis of tissues and organs of BALB/c mice bearing s.c. tumors at 34 days after i.v. injection with LIGHT-expressing Salmonella. Lungs and kidney were completely normal. Liver showed mild inflammation, as predicted by prior studies (5), presumably because of bacteria uptake by Kupffer cells. The major histopathological finding was splenomegaly [416 ± 61 mg for Salmonella, 451 ± 101 mg for Salmonella plus empty vector and 429 ± 82 mg for Salmonella plus LIGHT vector vs. 165 ± 35 mg for PBS-treated mice (n = 3)], which was characterized by expansion of both the white and the red pulp. Analysis of circulating hematopoietic cells showed slight lymphocytosis in some instances, but was otherwise normal (data not shown). Thus, treatment with LIGHT-expressing Salmonella is well tolerated, particularly for a cytokine-based cancer therapy.
Antitumor Activity of LIGHT–Expressing Bacteria Is Dependent on LIGHT Receptors.
The mechanism accounting for the antitumor activity of LIGHT-expressing Salmonella was investigated by using neutralizing soluble receptor-Ig (R-Ig) fusion proteins that target the LIGHT receptors HVEM and LTβR (21, 22). For these experiments, C57BL/6 mice were injected s.c. with Lewis lung carcinoma cells and the neutralizing HVEM-Ig or LTβR-Ig. As with the other tumor models, LIGHT-expressing Salmonella but not control Salmonella greatly inhibited tumor growth (Fig. 3 A). Anti-HVEM and anti-LTβR partially neutralized the antitumor activity of LIGHT-expressing Salmonella (P < 0.05).
Histological examination of tumors by hematoxylin/eosin (H&E) staining showed massive inflammatory cell infiltrates in tumors obtained from mice treated with LIGHT-expressing bacteria, whereas few leukocytes were seen in the tumors of PBS-treated mice, and only slight infiltrates were detected in mice treated with untransformed Salmonella or with Salmonella containing empty vector (SI Fig. 5). Flow cytometry analysis of cell suspensions prepared from resected tumors showed striking increases in B cells (CD19+) and in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (Fig. 3 B). Depleting CD4 or CD8-positive cells in vivo by using complement-fixing anti-CD4 or anti-CD8 antibodies neutralized most of the antitumor activity of LIGHT-expressing Salmonella, suggesting that both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells make contributions to the antitumor activity. Immunodepletion using an antibody targeting the NK cell antigen NK1.1 also reduced the antitumor activity of LIGHT-expressing Salmonella (data not shown), implying a role also for these immune effector cells.
Spleens from mice receiving various treatments showed an approximate doubling of DCs [336 ± 48% versus 164 ± 27% CD11c+CD205+ cells (compared with PBS control); Fig. 3 C] for mice treated with Salmonella containing LIGHT or control plasmid, respectively, versus empty plasmid (P < 0.05). Thus, consistent with the documented role of LIGHT as a DC cell growth factor (12), LIGHT-expressing Salmonella induced increases in DC cells in vivo.
The massive inflammatory cell infiltration into tumors of mice treated with LIGHT-expressing bacteria suggested involvement of chemoattractants (SI Fig. 5). LIGHT is known to induce expression of chemokine CXCL9 (23), which leads to attraction of CXCR3 chemokine receptor-expressing cells, such as T cells (24). Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), we determined that levels of intratumoral CXCL9 were approximately doubled in mice treated with LIGHT-expressing Salmonella compared with control bacteria (Fig. 3 D). Thus, the antitumor activity of LIGHT-expressing Salmonella is associated with increased expression of CXCL9.
In summary, we have provided proof of principle that attenuated bacteria can be engineered to secrete human cytokines and used as a targeted antitumor therapy with little systemic toxicity. The data shown here focus on the cytokine LIGHT, but significant antitumor activity was also obtained by using FasL or IL-18 (unpublished data), implying that the strategy illustrated here may be applicable to several cytokines. By relying on the intrinsic tendency of S. typhimurium to target to solid tumors, this strategy allows for localized production of cytokines within tumors, which would be expected to reduce systemic side effects and to focus inflammatory and immune responses at tumor sites. Using bacteria to produce cytokines in situ may be particularly advantageous for cytokines that are difficult to produce and purify by recombinant DNA methods because of protein instability or poor protein yield. Moreover, because bacteria can be propagated cost-effectively, such therapy should be relatively inexpensive to produce for clinical use. The recent demonstration that attenuated Salmonella are safe when administered to humans (6) suggests that further studies should be performed to evaluate the preclinical safety of LIGHT-expressing Salmonella for possible testing in human clinical trials.
Experimental Procedures
Animals, Bacterial Strains, Cell Lines, and Plasmid Vectors.
Female BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice were purchased at ≈6–8 weeks of age from The Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME). All animal experiments were performed according to the National Institutes of Health Guide for Care and Use of Experimental Animals and approved by the Animal Care Committee of the Burnham Institute for Medical Research (AUF 04-152). Attenuated lipid A-negative S. typhimurium (purI-/msbB−) were generated as described (4). The D2F2 cell line was a gift from W.-Z. Wei (Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI); CT-26 and Lewis lung carcinoma cells were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA). cDNAs encoding luciferase (pGL3; Promega Corporation, Madison, WI), enhanced green fluorescent protein (pEGFP; Clontech, Mountain View, CA), or an N-terminal secretory leader sequence (MISSSSIS; described in ref. 26), followed by human LIGHT (InvivoGen, San Diego, CA), were inserted into pGEN206. This vector is a slightly modified form of pGEN222 (25) in which the parA locus has been exchanged with a parM and a parR locus. In addition, a repA locus has been introduced between the origin of replication and the multiple cloning sites. Protein expression of pGEN206-LIGHT was demonstrated by immunoblotting of 109 cfu Salmonella, bearing nothing or vector, or their respective culture supernatants with a polyclonal rabbit anti-human LIGHT antibody provided by C.F. Ware (La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA). The experiment to demonstrate infection of tumor cells via Salmonella in vitro was performed by a standard gentamycin protection assay (26).
Optical Luminescence Imaging of Mice and Image Processing.
Live animal luminescence optical imaging was performed 15 min after i.p. injection of 10 mg of luciferin per mouse by using the Xenogen system (Hopkinton, MA). Imaging parameters were selected and implemented by using the instrument's Image Pro Plus 5.1 software. Bright field and luminescence photographs were obtained and merged with the same program. The reported images are real-time unprocessed images.
Tumor Cell Challenge and Treatment with Salmonella and Antibodies.
For experiments involving primary tumors, BALB/c mice (n = 5–8 per group) were challenged s.c. with a lethal dose of either 1.25 × 105 D2F2 breast carcinoma cells or 2.5 × 105 CT-26 colon carcinoma cells, then treated with either PBS or 5 × 106 cfu of various types of Salmonella per mouse at days 9, 14, and 19, as indicated. Tumor volumes were measured by using an external caliper at various times and calculated as length/2 × width2. To establish pulmonary metastases, BALB/c mice (n = 8) were first injected i.v. with 5 × 104 D2F2 breast carcinoma cells and then treated i.v. with PBS, or indicated Salmonella (5 × 106 cfu per mouse) after 6, 13, and 20 days. After 50 days, lungs were weighed (mean ± SEM) and examined for metastases, assessing the percentage of lung surface covered by metastases as follows: 0, 0%; 1, <20%; 2, 20–50%; 3, >50%. For experiments involving antibody-mediated depletion/blocking, C57BL/6 mice (n = 5) were challenged s.c. with 4 × 105 Lewis lung carcinoma cells and treated i.v. after 7 days with PBS, Salmonella, Salmonella plus empty vector, or Salmonella plus LIGHT-bearing vector, including groups of mice that have been treated i.p. with 500 μg per mouse of antibodies against CD4+ T cells (anti-CD4 clone GK1.5; ATCC), CD8+ T cells (anti-CD8 clone 2.43; ATCC), NK cells (anti-asialo-GM; Wako Chemical, Dallas, TX), or with 100 μg per mouse of neutralizing soluble receptor-Ig (R-Ig) against HVEM (HVEM-Ig), or LTβR (LTβR-Ig, both provided by Biogen Idec, San Diego, CA) after 5 and 15 days. Animals were killed and tumor weights were measured at 22 days.
Immunohistochemistry, FACS Analysis, and ELISA of Tumors and/or Spleens.
Mice were killed with an overdose of anesthetic. For immunohistochemistry, tissues were fixed in paraformaldehyde, embedded in paraffin, and stained with H&E. For additional details, see SI Experimental Procedures . For FACS analysis, tissues from CT-26 tumor-bearing mice (n = 3) treated as outlined above were dispersed into single cell suspensions and stained according to the manufacturer's suggestions, by using individual and combinations of antibodies directly conjugated with fluorochromes (BD, Franklin Lakes, NJ), including stains for DCs (CD11c+/CD205), NK cells (DX5+), B cells (CD19+), CD4+ T cells (CD3+/CD4+), or CD8+ T cells (CD3+/CD8+). The results shown consist of comparisons of the different groups with the PBS control (= 100% ± SD). For ELISA, a portion of tumors from the same mice (n = 3) was extracted by using a 1% Nonidet P-40 solution in PBS, and analyzed by ELISA for the CXCL9 chemokine (R & D Systems, Minneapolis, MN). Data represent nanograms of cytokine per gram of total protein.
Statistical significance of data from control and treatment groups was determined by two-tailed Student's t test. The significance of metastases scores was determined by Mann–Whitney U test. Findings were regarded as significant, if P < 0.05.
We thank Dr. Wei-Zen Wei for D2F2 cells and Dr. Carl F. Ware for anti-LIGHT antibody. We acknowledge the support of National Institutes of Health Grant CA69381. M.L. received an Austrian Program for Advanced Research and Technology (APART) fellowship from the Austrian Academy of Sciences.
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: reedoffice{at}burnham.org
Author contributions: M.L. and J.C.R. contributed equally to this work; M.L., G.L., M.K., and J.C.R. designed research; M.L., G.L., and M.K. performed research; M.L., G.L., M.K., and J.C.R. analyzed data; and M.L. and J.C.R. wrote the paper.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
This article is a PNAS Direct Submission.
This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/0701959104/DC1.
- Abbreviations:
- LTβR,
- lymphotoxin-β receptor;
- herpes virus entry mediator;
- dendritic cell;
- natural killer.
- © 2007 by The National Academy of Sciences of the USA
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text:
bronchitis chest - A Common Disease - Bronchitis
A Common Disease - Bronchitis
In the winter time, the most common disease that one can develop is
. This is the result of an infection with a virus, most of the times. There is always the possibility that symptoms of bronchitis carry out for some time even after bronchitis has been cured. Another reason someone may get
is because of bacteria. This is less common, but it is almost in all cases a result of an upper infection in your respiratory system. A person can also suffer from
, but not caused by a virus or bacteria, but a case of
that is a combination of the both.
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Acute bronchitis might be due to a bacterial or viral infection. However, there're rare cases where fungal infection might also cause this type of
. You can feel if you've acute
by learning about the symptoms and signs. Here are some signs and symptoms which you might experience if you've acute
the case of
is getting severe, you might have a high fever, even if you are take antibiotics. Cough, which is the trade mark of
, is the last symptom of this disease,
, that goes away.
This stimulates the production of mucous. Normal mucous helps protect you, but too much of it can obstruct the airways. There are different causes of bronchitis. Most commonly, acute (short-term)
is caused by a viral infection.
For more resources about bronchitis or especially about
symptoms please visit http://www.bronchitis-guide.com/bronchitis-symptoms.htm
For more resources about bronchitis or especially about
bronchitis symptom
please visit http://www.bronchitis-guide.com/
-symptoms.htm About the Author:
A kind of breathing illness is named
. This illness might have negative impact over our daily life. It's also considered as 1 of the very common respiratory diseases today which many affect anyone, anytime. Although
might happen anytime, many cases occur in the winter months. Also, people who're usually affected with these kinds of respiratory illnesses are people who reside in places where there are high amounts of air pollution, found in very large cities. People having weak lungs are affected by bronchitis easily. Anyone may be infected by this kind of illness. However, all the time, children, infants, the elderly and also people who never smoke tobacco are people who're frequently affected by this disorder called bronchitis.
There are a fair number of normal viruses that can bring on acute
. They include adenovirus, rhinovirus, corona virus, Para influenza virus, influence virus, Coxsackie's virus, and respiratory syncytial virus.
Have you ever suffered from bronchitis? You must know all about the chest discomfort, the coughing, the excess mucous, and the difficulty breathing. One of the most widespread respiratory problems in America is acute bronchitis.
- Chillness - Light throat pain - Painful and Squeezing sensation around our eyes You can't determine if the bronchitis is due to viruses or by any bacteria until you consult your doctor where they might order you for going for a test. The lab test results might provide some information if your bronchitis is due to some viruses or by some bacteria.
To diagnose bronchitis, the doctor must take into consideration all the
symptoms and also has to rule out pneumonia. To get a better diagnosis, the doctor might analyze the sputum to proper
diagnose bronchitis
. Chest x-rays are also taken to see if the patient suffers or not from
- Light chest pain - Light fever - Wheezing while breathing - Shortness in breath - Persistent coughs - Vibration of chest while breathing
First, there are basically 2 types of bronchitis. First is acute bronchitis while the other is named chronic
. In the former, it'll usually last for 10 - 12 days providing that you've it diagnosed it properly with a professional and treat it properly.
Fungi infections can also be one of the causes of
. Cocciodioides immitis, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Histoplasma capsulatum, Candida albicans, and Candida tropicalis are some of the more common ones. Bronchitis triggered by fungal organisms produces effects that are more mild and less serious.
The kind of treatment you get helps you deal with the symptoms based on what caused the bronchitis. You can relieve some of your
symptoms by reducing or getting rid of the irritants in your environment. You can help open up the airways by taking cough suppressants meant for decongestion.
Pollen, dust, chemicals, smoke, pollutants, and second-hand smoke can also bring on a case of bronchitis. These causes usually trigger rather mild symptoms of bronchitis, though.
It is not very hard to distinguished the
bronchitis symptom
. In the beginnings of bronchitis, the symptoms are similar to those of a cold: sore throat, a runny nose and muscles ache. Fever can also be associated with
, but a mild one. These are the bronchitis symptoms for a few days. When cough appears, that is a sure sigh of
acute bronchitis
. When a person suffers from
bronchitis caused
by a virus, this cough can also be accompanied by mucus. The color of the mucus can also tell if besides the virus,
has also been complicated by a bacterial infection. Although in acute
fever is not very high, when
One more factor which you must consider is the hygiene. Good hygiene would help in the diagnosis of the disorder. You must always wash the hands frequently. It's also important to you take rest, eat the correct food, and drink fluids.
Chronic bronchitis might be a long term disease which needs careful diagnosis and care. The main contributor of chronic bronchitis is irritants which are inhaled, like toxic fumes and specially smoke of cigarettes. Chronic
might cause permanent damage in your breathing system where it might make it very difficult for us to live our daily life. Chronic
might last for 3 months and in some worst cases, it might last for 2 continuous years.
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can also have complications. The most common
bronchitis complication
is pneumonia. You can also develop an acute respiratory failure as a complication of bronchitis. This usually happens to people that besides
, suffer from lung problems.
There are many different respiratory diseases present. You've to consider being infected with any of the breathing diseases; it might have a bad impact in your routine activities. You won't be able to perform some tasks, you'll possess difficulty in breathing and you'll also deprive the body of the optimum amount of oxygen needed.
Chronic bronchitis is one of the long term diseases which might need special care and diagnosis such that the patient recovers from the disease and might help the bronchial tube during its healing process. You've to consider quitting smoking and should avoid very dusty places if possible. You might use the various methods for alleviating the symptoms of acute
Even more rarely,
can be brought on by an organism that possesses properties of both a bacteria and a virus. These are called mycoplasmas. When this happens, the symptoms of
are much more severe and emerge quickly. Certain mycoplasmas can even be deadly. Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella, and Chlamydia pneumoniae are some of the few mycoplasmas known to cause
The first thing to know is what is bronchitis. When the airways become swollen or irritated, you have
acute bronchitis
. This condition,
almost always causes coughing and a few other respiratory problems. People mostly refer to bronchitis as a chest cold. This condition is most frequent in the winter time. Because this season is mostly known for colds or for the flue, this is the reason why
acute bronchitis
is common in the winter.
first start when at first you have had an upper respiratory problem. Children are more at risk of developing
acute bronchitis
than adults are. The illness, either flu or the cold starts to spread from the nose and your throat to the airways, thus causing bronchitis. Acute bronchitis is not a very serious illness, unlike chronic
. The maximum period that one can have acute
is about two weeks and the minimum is as less as five days. However, short the period of time that you can have
, coughing, which is the trade mark for
For more resources about
or especially about
acute bronchitis
please visit http://www.
Although anyone can get acute
, people over the age of 50 are more prone to it. You get acute bronchitis when the bronchial tubes get inflamed.
If you are a smoke or have any problems with your lungs,
can be a lot more trouble to you than you think. These people may have more than one attacks of
. Another health problem that increases the risk of
is malnutrition. This usually happens in small children or older people. Allergies are also a friend of acute
. Some children may also have enlarged tonsils of suffer from sinus infections may also have more bronchitis episodes.
Bacterial infections can also be one of the causes of
, although viral infections more often trigger bronchitis than bacteria. Examples of bacteria that can trigger bronchitis include Branhamela catarrhalis, Bordatella pertussis, Bordatella parapertussis, Haemophilus influenza, streptococcus, and pneumonia.
If you see some early of
, immediately act upon the disease and treat it such that you prevent it from further growth. With early detection, treatment and diagnosis, you might take control of the life again and be away yourself from bronchitis.
For more resources about bronchitis or especially about acute
please visit http://www.bronchitis-guide.com/acute-
.htm About the Author:
Your child is also more at risk of developing acute
, if she/ he also suffers from other medical problems. The main problems that one can have and thus increase the risk of
are allergies, asthma, heart problems and recurring problems with tonsils. Children who are born early, premature babies also have an increased risk of developing acute
. vaccinations against germs may be a helpful way to decrease the risk of developing acute
, especially in children. Be also very careful not to smoke around the child.
can last even after the illness has been cured. The main reason that one develops acute bronchitis is because of an infection. Almost all infections that then lead to acute
are caused by a virus. Acute
can also be caused by bacteria or a fungus, but these are very rare cases of
infection. Furthermore, you can also develop acute bronchitis if you are exposed daily to chemicals that get into your body through air. Smoke, dust or vapors can also cause acute
. If you live in an area that is polluted, the risk of developing acute
is higher and you are also more at risk of recurrence of
. There is also another problem if the child or person lives around people that smoke, his/ her chances of developing
acute bronchitis
are much higher.
By learning what causes
, you'll be in a better position to find the best treatment for your condition.
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bronchitis symptoms
, asthmatic bronchitis and the most effective treatment for
Learn More about Natural Bronchitis Remedy
Know the Signs of Childhood Asthma
According to the Mayo Clinic, a well respected medical resource, and the American Family Physician, a newsletter from the American Academy of Family Physicians, childhood asthma has risen significantly in over the past few decades. The American Lung Association states that in 2004, an estimated 4 million children under 18 years old have had an asthma attack in the past 12 months, and many others...
Natural Cure in Bronchitis
Bronchitis is a disease of the lungs. It is an inflammatory disease. The pathogenic agents which determine Bronchitis are viruses, bacteria or fungi. Bronchitis is also influenced and worsen by the weather. So it is recommended to avoid wet weather and winds. A natural cure includes different oils, a well balanced diet which means fruits, vegetables and honey. One of the most...
Basics in Bronchitis Detection, Conventional Treatment
In acute bronchitis the sounds along your upper respiratory ways change so the doctor will examine you with the stethoscope and will detect easily the disease. If you have chronic bronchitis your doctor is supposed to make some specific determinations such as: X-ray of your chest and pulmonary function tests. Treatments Conventional treatment means adopting simple measures such as: stop...
Salt Therapy - Effective Alternative Way To Cure Bronchitis
Nowadays, the cost of being sick is very expensive between the cost of seeing the doctor, getting the necessary x-rays or treatment and the cost of medicine if needed. Not only is it costly but very annoying. If by chance you have a disease that requires on going treatment, it can rack up into the $1,000s. For those with no insurance and a bad illness, it s never a good scenario. Governments...
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