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- Citric Acid-Sodium Citrate
- Uses & Benefits
- Use of tri-sodium citrate in hemodialysis
- Cook's Illustrated Explains: Sodium Citrate
- General information
- What Is Citric Acid, and Is It Safe?
- Health benefits of citric acid:
- Side effects of citric acid:
- Natural food sources
- Is it bad for you?
- Citric Acid
- Role in Food Industry
- In Skin Care Products and Detergents
Citric Acid-Sodium Citrate
Citric acid and sodium citrate are both alkalinizing agents that make the urine less acidic.
The combination of citric acid and sodium citrate is used to prevent gout or kidney stones, or metabolic acidosis in people with kidney problems.
Citric acid and sodium citrate may also be used for other purposes not listed in this medication guide.
You should not use this medication if you have kidney failure, severe heart damage (such as from a prior heart attack), Addison's disease (an adrenal gland disorder), high levels of potassium in your blood (hyperkalemia), or if you are severely dehydrated or have heat cramps.
Before you take citric acid and sodium citrate, tell your doctor about all your medical conditions, especially kidney disease, heart disease, high blood pressure, a history of heart attack, urinary problems, swelling (edema), or chronic diarrhea (such as ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease).
Also tell your doctor about all other medications you use, including over-the-counter medications and household remedies.
Citric acid and sodium citrate should be taken after meals to help prevent stomach or intestinal side effects.
The liquid medicine should be mixed with water or juice. Drink plenty of liquids while you are taking citric acid and sodium citrate.
Your treatment may include a special diet. You should become very familiar with the list of foods you should eat or avoid to help control your condition.
Avoid using antacids without your doctor's advice, including household baking soda (sodium bicarbonate). Antacids that contain aluminum or sodium can interact with citric acid and sodium citrate, causing a serious electrolyte imbalance or aluminum toxicity.
Avoid eating foods that are high in salt, or using extra table salt on your meals.
To be sure citric acid and sodium citrate is helping your condition, your blood and urine may need to be tested often. Follow your doctor's instructions carefully and do not miss any scheduled appointments.
Serious side effects of citric acid and sodium citrate include muscle twitching or cramps, swelling or weight gain, weakness, mood changes, rapid and shallow breathing, fast heart rate, restless feeling, black or bloody stools, severe diarrhea, or seizure (convulsions).
You should not use this medication if you are allergic to it, or if you have:
- kidney failure;
- severe heart damage (such as from a prior heart attack);
- Addison's disease (an adrenal gland disorder);
- high levels of potassium in your blood (hyperkalemia); or
- if you are severely dehydrated or have heat cramps.
If you have certain conditions, you may need a dose adjustment or special tests to safely take this medication. Before you take citric acid and sodium citrate, tell your doctor if you have:
- kidney disease;
- congestive heart failure, enlarged heart, or history of heart attack;
- other heart disease or high blood pressure;
- low levels of calcium in your blood (hypocalcemia);
- a urinary tract infection;
- toxemia of pregnancy;
- urination problems (or if you are unable to urinate);
- swelling of your hands or feet, or in your lungs (pulmonary edema); or
- chronic diarrhea (such as ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease).
It is not known whether this medication is harmful to an unborn baby. Before taking citric acid and sodium citrate, Tell your doctor if you are pregnant or plan to become pregnant during treatment.
It is not known whether citric acid and sodium citrate passes into breast milk or if it could harm a nursing baby. Do not use this medication without telling your doctor if you are breast-feeding a baby.
Uses & Benefits
Commonly used as a food additive as a natural flavoring and a preservative, citric acid is also used in cosmetics, for medical purposes, as an antioxidant and in cleaning products.
Food flavoring and preservative
Citric acid can be added to processed and packaged foods and drinks such as ice cream, sorbets, sodas, wine and canned and jarred foods, as a preservative, an emulsifying agent and as a sour flavoring. Citric acid is added to many canned and jarred foods to help prevent botulism.
Cosmetics and personal care products
As an ingredient in personal care products, citric acid can help to brighten skin, correct dark spots and minimize fine lines. Products containing citric acid can be formulated for use near the eyes, lips, mouth and nasal passages, as well as for safe application to babies' skin. Citric acid and its salts may also be used in hairsprays, and deodorant and body sprays. Sodium citrate, a salt of citric acid, is used in lipstick, soap, and in detergent. Citric acid and its salts can be used to preserve cosmetics and personal care products, and to help adjust their pH level.
Medical uses
Citric acid is used to help kill harmful bacteria, as well as infections on the surface of the skin that can be common in people with diabetes, the elderly and people who smoke. Citric acid also can be combined with sodium citrate and potassium citrate to lower acid levels in the urine to help prevent gout attacks.
Antioxidants, which are derived from citric acid, can help keep food edible over a longer period of time. For example, sprinkling lemon juice, which contains citric acid, over apples or bananas can help prevent them from turning brown. Ascorbic acid, better known as Vitamin C, is also found in citric acid and is often used to help protect and preserve soft drinks and meats.
Cleaning products
Citric acid may be added to commercial cleaning products, as it can help remove hard water build-up on dishes and glassware. It also can be used to remove coffee and tea stains, yellowing/browning discolorations and water and urine stains. Some commercial products that contain citric acid are water-based and can cause corrosion on metals. To minimize and prevent rust, dry the metal after cleaning it.
Use of tri-sodium citrate in hemodialysis
Although there are differences in detail, all protocols for tri-sodium citrate anticoagulation during RRT involve continuous infusion of a tri-sodium citrate solution to the prefilter line – either as a separate solution or combined with predilution replacement fluid – the object being to maintain the prefilter blood citrate concentration at a level (~ 4-5 mmol/L) that ensures plasma ionized calcium concentration of blood flowing through the extracorporeal circuit is reduced to
The major advantage of citrate anticoagulation over conventional heparin anticoagulation is that it does not result in systemic anticoagulation. Blood is only anticoagulated for the duration of its passage through the extracorporeal circuit.
This so-called "regional anticoagulation" is achieved because most (50-60 %) of the tri-sodium citrate-calcium chelate diffuses across the membrane and is thereby removed from blood . Any remaining tri-sodium citrate present in blood passing from the filter is diluted in the systemic circulation and converted to citric acid by reaction with carbonic acid (with generation of bicarbonate).
Citric acid is then rapidly metabolized to carbon dioxide and water by the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria of tissue cells (predominantly liver and skeletal muscle cells ). Half-life of citrate in plasma is just 5 minutes , far shorter than that of heparin.
The hypocalcemia, induced by citrate infusion that ensures anticoagulation within the extracorporeal circuit, is corrected postfilter by continuous infusion of a calcium-containing solution (calcium chloride or calcium gluconate).
Theoretically, so long as tri-sodium citrate is infused at a point close to where blood exits from the patient, and replacement calcium infused at a point close to where blood re-enters the patient (or via a separate venous line directly to systemic circulation), the whole of the extracorporeal circuit is well anticoagulated, but there is no systemic hypocalcemia or hypercitratemia, and therefore no systemic anticoagulation.
The patient thus remains at no greater risk of bleeding as a result of exposure to the dialysis treatment.
The first attempt to exploit tri-sodium citrate as an anticoagulant for dialysis was by Morita and colleagues at Wayne State University in Detroit in 1961 . Although this demonstrated proof of principle and the potential for associated metabolic derangement (to be discussed later), no further progress was made over the following 2 decades.
Current protocols for tri-sodium citrate anticoagulation have their origins in the first successful trial conducted in Kansas in the early 1980s . For this trial, four critically ill patients with acute renal failure complicated by active bleeding received IHD anticoagulated with tri-sodium citrate.
A total of 15 dialysis sessions of 4 hours duration were delivered to these four patients. (At this time continuous RRT was yet to be introduced to critical care.) Additionally, the same novel citrate anticoagulation protocol was used on six occasions for the dialysis of four CKD patients receiving regular long-term IHD.
For the anticoagulation protocol, an iso-osmotic solution of tri-sodium citrate (102 mM) was infused at a rate of 5-10 mL/minute into the line directing blood from the patient. With an arbitrarily set blood flow rate of 200 mL/minute, this rate of infusion ensured a final blood citrate concentration of 2.5-5.0 mM within the dialysis circuit.
Previous in vitro experiments for this trial had demonstrated that this would extend whole-blood clotting time (within the circuit) of all patients to > 20 minutes. Blood was dialyzed against a specially prepared calcium-free dialysis fluid flowing at a rate of 500 mL/minute. A calculated 7 mg of calcium (chelated to citrate) was lost every minute from blood to this calcium-free dialysate.
This was replaced by infusion of a 5 % calcium chloride solution into the line returning blood to the patient. The rate of calcium chloride infusion (0.5 mL/minute) ensured delivery of 7 mg of calcium/minute to blood.
In all cases dialysis was completed successfully, with no evidence of systemic anticoagulation (clotting time and APPT, measured predialysis and at hourly intervals during dialysis, remained unchanged or reduced in all patients throughout dialysis).
The clearance of urea and creatinine from blood was equivalent to that obtained with dialysis using conventional heparin anticoagulation, and no clotting was noted in the bloodlines or dialyzer during any of the 4-hour-long procedures. The extra fluid load (300-600 mL/hour) resulting from citrate infusion proved not to be a problem for the "high-efficiency" dialyzer used. None of the potential metabolic adverse effects identified by Morita et al occurred.
Since this first trial, regional citrate anticoagulation protocols (not in principle different from the first) have been validated for all forms of extracorporeal RRT, including routine intermittent hemodialysis for those with CKD and continuous modalities now used in critical care: continuous venous-venous hemodialysis (CVVHD) , continuous venous-venous hemofiltration (CVVHF) and continuous venous-venous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF) .
The detail and significance of differences between citrate anticoagulation protocols for continuous RRT are discussed in a recent review .
Although the main impetus for the development of citrate anticoagulation was to identify a reliable alternative to heparin for a small subset of high-bleeding-risk patients, recent randomized trials now suggest that tri-sodium citrate anticoagulation is superior to heparin anticoagulation in terms of efficacy and safety, not only for those at high risk of bleeding and those with HIT-II, but for all critically ill patients requiring continuous RRT.
Efficacy of anticoagulation in these studies is based largely on the length of time filters survive before there is evidence of clotting and they have to be replaced. Safety is based predominantly on relative bleeding risk (e.g. transfusion requirements).
In the round these studies suggest that filters anticoagulated with citrate survive longer than those anticoagulated with heparin (in one study 124 hours compared with 38 hours), and heparin anticoagulation is associated with significantly higher risk of bleeding episodes and the necessity for red-cell transfusion than citrate anticoagulation, for all critically ill patients.
The results of the largest and most recent of these suggest that citrate anticoagulation is actually associated with greater chance of surviving critical illness compared with heparin anticoagulation, and that this survival benefit is not entirely explained by the reduced risk of bleeding.
In discussion of this finding the principal investigator has very recently proposed additional reasons for the observed survival benefit associated with use of citrate, but these remain speculative at this time .
With all these positive revelations an increasing number of intensive care units are adopting tri-sodium citrate as the standard method of anticoagulation for their patients requiring continuous RRT . However, best available evidence, from a worldwide survey conducted 5 years ago , suggests that despite the ascendancy of tri-sodium citrate anticoagulation, unfractionated heparin remains, for the time being at least, the more frequently prescribed.
At the time of the survey 64 % of patients receiving anticoagulated continuous RRT were anticoagulated with unfractionated heparin, and 15 % were anticoagulated with tri-sodium citrate.
An obstacle to more widespread adoption of tri-sodium citrate may be the increased level of patient monitoring required to avoid the potential metabolic disturbances associated with its use .
Anticoagulation with tri-sodium citrate can be associated with disturbance of acid-base balance (usually metabolic alkalosis, but also metabolic acidosis), disturbance of blood calcium concentration (usually hypocalcemia but also hypercalcemia) and disturbance of blood sodium concentration (hypernatremia) .
These disturbances can arise for a number of reasons but accumulation of citrate in the peripheral circulation is central in most instances. There are three main reasons why citrate may accumulate.
Firstly, the patient may be unable to metabolize (remove) citrate as efficiently as normal; citrate metabolism is diminished in those with advanced liver disease, e.g. cirrhosis, liver failure; and those with any condition associated with poor tissue perfusion (shock) .
Secondly, as dialysis progresses, membrane patency may be reduced and consequently less citrate-calcium complex is cleared from blood to the filtrate .
Finally, operational errors can lead to accidental overinfusion of tri-sodium citrate. Since citrate is the anticoagulant used to preserve blood for transfusion, multiple transfusions during continuous RRT can contribute significantly to citrate accumulation.
Irrespective of the cause, accumulation of citrate in the peripheral circulation results in citrate chelation of circulating ionized calcium, with consequent reduced plasma ionized calcium concentration (ionized hypocalcemia). If sufficiently severe (ionized calcium
Although plasma ionized calcium is reduced during citrate accumulation (toxicity), total calcium remains normal or maybe increased because the calcium bound to citrate is included in measured total calcium .
An increase in the ratio of total to ionized calcium to > 2.25-2.5:1 (normally around 2.0:1) has been found to be the most reliable signal of citrate accumulation (toxicity) ; the ratio is both more sensitive and specific for citrate toxicity than plasma ionized calcium concentration alone.
Hypo- and hypercalcemia can also occur independently of any effect of citrate if postfilter calcium infusion rate is not well matched to the calcium loss during blood flow through the filter. In this instance there is no effect on calcium ratio; both total and ionized calcium are reduced (or increased) to the same degree.
If tri-sodium citrate is accumulating in a patient who has the capacity to metabolize it, then metabolic alkalosis can ensue . This is because bicarbonate is generated during citrate metabolism; for every mole of tri-sodium citrate metabolized, 3 moles of bicarbonate are generated .
The excessive bicarbonate load that causes blood pH to rise merely reflects increased citrate metabolism. Of all metabolic disturbances associated with tri-sodium citrate anticoagulation, metabolic alkalosis is probably the most common, occurring in 50 % of patients in one study .
Failure to metabolize citrate with resulting accumulation of citric acid is the cause of metabolic acidosis that can occur in patients receiving citrate anticoagulation and is therefore usually confined to those with advanced liver disease and/or inadequate tissue perfusion . Pre-existing lactic acidosis in these patients is a likely contributory factor to development of metabolic acidosis.
The risk of increased plasma sodium (hypernatremia) associated with tri-sodium citrate anticoagulation is simply due to its high sodium content; the 4 % solution of tri-sodium citrate that has been commonly used contains 420 mmol/L of sodium and is thus itself hypernatremic (cf normal plasma sodium 140 mmol/L).
In practice, the use of hyponatremic dialysis/replacement fluids usually compensates for addition of tri-sodium citrate. An alternative strategy is to use lower strength (2 %) tri-sodium citrate . Hypernatremia is thus a potential, but by all accounts, rare complication of tri-sodium citrate anticoagulation.
Given the attendant metabolic risks, anticoagulation with tri-sodium citrate requires careful monitoring of acid-base and plasma electrolyte balance. A minimum recommended monitoring protocol demands measurement of arterial blood gases, plasma ionized calcium, sodium, potassium and chloride every 6 hours. Additionally plasma total calcium should be measured daily for determination of total calcium: ionized calcium ratio (target
More frequent monitoring may be required for patients at high risk of citrate toxicity (e.g. those with liver disease, transfusion recipients) or following changes to the dialysis prescription (e.g. blood/fluid flow rates). Although not necessary for daily practice some centers measure the post-filter plasma ionized calcium level to confirm effective anticoagulation within the circuit (target 0.25-0.35 mmol/L).
Systemically, plasma ionized calcium is often targeted to a value slightly below the normal reference range (1.15-1.30 mmol/L) on the grounds that most critically ill patients have a reduced ionized calcium that is thought to be protective; the suggested target value for plasma ionized calcium is 0.9-1.0 mmol/L .
The management of disturbances detected by this monitoring depends on the nature of the disturbance, the mode of continuous RRT employed, and detail of the citrate anticoagulation protocol, but may include any of the following: halting or reducing the rate of citrate/calcium infusion; adjusting blood flow rate; or adjusting dialysis/replacement flow rate. The principles underlying these management options are discussed in a recent review .
Cook's Illustrated Explains: Sodium Citrate
When you melt a nice young Monterey Jack cheese, it softens and oozes and stretches smoothly. In that simple act, there's a lot going on. The fat and moisture that make up the bulk of the cheese are an emulsion, with particles of fat aswim in a watery medium. They are held together by proteins that act as emulsifiers. And the proteins cling to each other, with the help of calcium, forming a mesh throughout the cheese.
As the fat warms up, it turns from solid to liquid, which starts the oozing process. At the same time, heat makes the proteins loosen their gentle hold on each other, easing into a slouchy matrix that stretches along with the now-runny emulsion. The water in the cheese stays juicily mingled with the fat. Perfect.
Alas, not all cheese melts as graciously as Jack. A sharp, long-aged Gruyère, for instance, will tend to separate into a lumpy, chewy blob of protein sitting in a pool of liquid fat. Not perfect.
The reason? Over the months that the Gruyère was aging, much of its water evaporated. That concentrated the cheese's wonderful flavor—one reason we love aged cheeses—and bumped up its relative fat content. An emulsion is a delicate thing, and with less water present to hold up its side of the arrangement, the fat is much more likely to break out of its emulsified state and puddle up when melted. Moreover, aging also causes the cheese's proteins to clump in little compact groups. Those tightly clustered tangles of aged proteins are too wrapped up in each other to emulsify well, and because they're so intertwined, they don't come apart nearly as easily when heated. Instead, they stay put while the fat melts and drips out around them.
The creators of smooth processed cheeses like Velveeta or American cheese have a solution: a salt solution. Sodium citrate is the best known of a few different ingredients known as melting salts, which facilitate the melting of old or stubborn cheeses. It's a white powder with a salty-sour taste, but in cheese, its taste isn't noticeable. The tight-knit proteins that hinder smooth melting are bonded to each other with the help of calcium ions. When you warm up a mixture of cheese with the addition of liquid and a small amount of sodium citrate, the sodium substitutes itself for some of the calcium that's helping the proteins cling. As the cheese is heated, the proteins separate from each other and again act as emulsifiers, strengthening the emulsion by holding fat and water together.
The result is a stable, smooth melt with no lumps and no leaks—perfect for fondues and cheese sauces. The chemical formula for sodium citrate even spells out "nacho". Behold:
General information
Monosodium citrate is a monobasic salt of citric acid. It is produced by partial neutralisation of citric acid with a high purity sodium source and subsequent crystallization or spray drying. Monosodium citrate is supplied as anhydrous material.
The properties of this partial neutralised salt are based on its intermediate position between citric acid and the neutral or weakly alkaline trisodium citrate. Therefore monosodium citrate is used if a buffering effect is required or if citric acid is considered to be too aggressive for the formulation. Monosodium citrate is also less hygroscopic than citric acid, thus less prone to caking and preferred in critical formulations such as dry blends, instant preparations or tablets.
Monosodium citrate is a white, odourless, fine or crystalline granular powder with slightly acidic taste. It is easily soluble in water and practically insoluble in ethanol.
It is used whenever a buffering effect compared to the pure acid is required (e.g. acid sensitive ingredients are present).
For preparations which are sensitive to water (e.g. sodium bicarbonate in effervescent tablets) the anhydrous monosodium citrate can replace water containing ingredients. Due to its high decomposition temperature (>200°C) and low water content (<0.4%), it is also the preferred acid source in baking powder or blowing agents in order to prevent premature reaction between acid and alkaline source.
When used as endothermic blowing agent in the plastics industry, it is the preferred food grade, non-toxic alternative to exothermic blowing agents such as azo compounds (e.g. azodicarbonamide), hydrazine derivatives or semicarbazides. Monosodium citrate D is specifically used in this application due to its approx. 10°C lower decomposition temperature compared to monosodium citrate F3500 and is also recommended for other applications where a quicker dissociation is required. Furthermore monosodium citrate D can be used to reduce the acrylamide content in heat treated, starch containing food products by up to 80%.
By using monosodium citrate the safety and quality of snacks, cereals, bakery products and potato products such as French Fries can be optimised without influencing the production process.
What Is Citric Acid, and Is It Safe?
Citric acid is found naturally in citrus fruits like lemons and limes. Verdina Anna/Getty Images
Citric acid is something that we all consume or come in contact with, but many people are in the dark about what it actually is. Plus, with the word "acid" tacked onto the end, it can seem a little scary. So is it actually worthy of those fears, or is it an unavoidable part of everyday life?
The first thing to know about citric acid is that there are two types. The first is derived from — you guessed it — citrus fruits, like oranges, lemons and limes. It's also present to a lesser degree in tomatoes and berries. "This type of citric acid is naturally made and good for you. It is high in antioxidants," says personal trainer and nutritionist James Hickey in an email.
There's not a whole lot of controversy about fruit-related citric acid, fortunately. "Consuming foods with natural citric acid in them is completely healthy and should be part of your nutrition plan," Hickey says. "The only negative side effects that can happen is if you were to eat citric fruits in excess it can decrease the enamel on your teeth and cause heartburn." Fortunately, he says that these problems can be eliminated simply by drinking water when enjoying citric foods.
How Citric Acid Is Made
It's the non-naturally occurring citric acid that gets some people's knickers in a twist, which is not too surprising given that it's actually grown on black mold — the same type you might find in your bathroom. Even more daunting, this version of citric acid accounts for the vast majority out there in the world.
"Today, 99 percent of citric acid is made via microbial fermentation. Only 1 percent is naturally derived from citrus fruit," says registered dietitian Erica Julson in an email interview.
The manufactured version of citric acid usually looks like a white powder.
To manufacture mass quantities of citric acid, which is used in a dizzying array of products (more on that in a minute), a mold called Aspergillus niger (A. niger) is grown in pans using a carbohydrate substance like sugar or molasses to help the fermentation process along. Other inorganic ingredients, like potassium phosphate and magnesium sulfate are then added, and once the ideal pH balance is achieved the sterile pans are introduced to the A. niger spores, which then germinate and eventually cover the liquid. The resulting product is a mat of mold. Several days later, the citric acid starts being produced until most of the sugar is consumed.
Naturally, the idea of consuming anything that's been involved with a "mat of mold" has people feeling some kind of way, especially since this particular type of mold under other circumstances is a major contributor to food spoilage and can even cause some types of pneumonia!
So far, popular medical opinion indicates that there's nothing too grave to be concerned about, however. "Medical experts have responded to these black mold concerns and have said that it is so refined that there isn't any reason to be concerned," Hickey says. "I still don't feel very comfortable about it though, especially for people that may have a mold allergy."
Indeed, some people might need to be a little more mindful than others. "Citric acid is 'generally recognized as safe' (GRAS) by the USDA, but there have been reports of citric acid causing canker sores, atopic dermatitis, inflammatory reactions, and stomach upset in some people," Julson says. "People who are extremely mold or yeast sensitive or allergic/sensitive to corn, beet, or cane sugar/starches may want to avoid citric acid since these items are used in the production of citric acid."
Benefits of Citric Acid
That said, citric acid has been credited with some pretty impressive feats, such as protecting the brain thanks to its antibiotic and anti-inflammatory properties. It's also linked to improved nutrient absorption, and has been tied to improved bone health, as well.
Some of the properties that make citric acid body-beneficial are also why they're used in other products. "Citric acid is used as an additive because of its antibiotic properties. In some canned foods, it is used to protect against botulism," says certified fitness instructor and Anabolic Bodies CEO Eddie Johnson via email.
Indeed, its preservative powers make it a natural for inclusion in everyday staples like ice cream, canned goods, wine, jams, applesauce, fish and shellfish because it keeps the product's pH balanced and prolongs its shelf life, according to Julson. Plus citric acid "adds a pleasant tart taste to fruit-flavored products, especially candy and beverages," she says.
Even if you're fastidious about non-naturally occurring citric acid consumption, there's still a pretty good chance that you'll come into contact with it, as it's a common component of makeup, chemical peels, bath bombs, detergents, cleaning supplies and even supplements. Citric acid stabilizes active ingredients in medications and improves their taste. Its antibacterial properties make it an effective disinfectant, which is why it's added to cleaning products.
"I swear by the amazing benefits of citric acid for the skin," says Alisha Lawson, a product development expert who specializes in beauty products for cosmetics company Shiny Leaf. "It treats several skin problems like mild acne, dark spots, clogged pores, and wrinkles," she says, adding that certain formulations are known to help brighten complexion and even out skin tone.
Fortunately, this doesn't seem like an ingredient we need to worry too much about. "Most studies have found citric acid to be safe, and some have even found it to be neuroprotective , " says dietician Julson. "Consuming large quantities can certainly damage teeth or irritate the intestines, but for most healthy individuals in small doses, it is relatively benign."
Citric acid is what makes fruit have that sour taste, and it was first derived from lemon juice in 1784 by a Swedish researcher. Some examples of these fruits include grapefruits, lemons, tangerines, oranges, and tomatoes. All the ones that make your mouth pucker when you eat them. Citric acid is predominately used as a flavoring and preserving agent for food and drinks. It can also be used to preserve medicines to protect them from viruses and bacteria.
Did you know these sour-tasting foods have significant benefits for your immune system? Let's take a look at some of the health benefits this compound provides.
Health benefits of citric acid:
Antioxidants are what help protect your body from free radicals. They are a defense system that your body uses to maintain healthy cells. If you want all of the benefits from this fruit, try zesting the peels into your yogurt or smoothie. That's right; the peel is the best part! Citrus peels are packed with immune-boosting vitamin C, bone-building calcium and anti-inflammatory, antioxidant bioflavonoids. They also provide potassium, which helps keep blood pressure in check, and limonene, a phytochemical that may have anti-cancer effects. Impress your friends by adding a little zest to their drinks.
Citric acid is also known to have anti-inflammatory characteristics, and one way to ward off disease is to keep the inflammation low in your body. Generally, this benefit is found within vitamin C and the same citrus fruits we mention further in this article. By adding fruits like oranges and grapefruit to your diet, you can increase your daily intake of vitamins to fight pain and inflammation.
May prevent kidney stones
Another pro is preventing kidney stones. We can't think of a better reason than to potentially keep kidney stones at bay. They are painful, and if you can avoid them by eating fruit, it would be a huge benefit to your health. Citric acid protects against this illness by making your urine less favorable for stones and also breaks apart those already formed.
Improves skin health
Good for your skin? That's correct, eat this fruit, and you'll be practically glowing. Citric acid is an excellent supplement for treating skin conditions like acne, pigmentation, clogged pores, wrinkles, and dark spots. Because of its known skin healing properties, you will often find this ingredient in beauty products like scrubs, masks, and peels. Vitamin c is a well-known aid in skin health and anti-aging, which is why you will see it in most ingredient lists for natural beauty supplements and creams. Our premium hair, skin, and nails supplement AgelessHAIR contains 300% of the daily value to create younger and healthier skin.
With pros, there are always a few cons to all things.
Side effects of citric acid:
- Side effects from consuming too much (joint pain, stomach pain, sore mouth)
- Can wear off enamel on teeth
- Manufactured citric is found in most foods you buy, and this can have adverse effects
There aren't too many cons to citric acid. The side effects of eating to much fruit could result in stomach pains. Also, the citric acid in large amounts can start to erode your tooth enamel over time. Companies usually put manufactured citric acid in our food to add taste to allow for longer shelf life. Citric acid naturally exists in fruits and vegetables. However, it is not the naturally occurring citric acid, but the manufactured citric acid (MCA) that is used extensively as a food and beverage additive. Approximately 99% of the world's production of MCA is carried out using the fungus Aspergillus niger since 1919.
Natural food sources
You can find large amounts of citric acid in most popular citrus fruits such as:
- limes
- lemons
- oranges
- grapefruits
- tangerines
Or fruits with fewer amounts such as:
- pineapple
- strawberries
- tomatoes
- cherries
- cranberries
Citric acid is often manufactured and added to a lot of items you will find in the grocery store, but we always recommend natural methods of getting your dosage. Fresh fruit should always be a part of your nutrition, so why not choose some of the fruit above and include it into your diet?
Is it bad for you?
The answer is no; it isn't. If you are allergic to the manufactured citric acid, then you might get some uncomfortable side effects such as digestive issues and stomach pains.
Tooth enamel erosion over time is also a possible side effect of citric acid. It would make sense to use mouthwash or brush after eating fruit with citric acid. It is generally deemed safe by the FDA. Improve your health by consuming sour fruits and zest away.
Citric Acid
Citric acid is a naturally occurring acid which is found in large quantities in fruits – notably citrus fruits such as oranges, lemons and certain berries. It is a relatively weak acid and has a distinct, sour taste. It is an integral part of the Krebs cycle and therefore plays an essential role in the metabolism of all living things. The acid was first produced from citrus fruits but this technique was inefficient and only produced small quantities. Today, specific strains of the mold Aspergillus niger are used in the industrial production of the citric acid via a fermentation process. The acid can be found in both liquid and powder (anhydrous) form and is readily available online or in food stores.
Role in Food Industry
It is widely used in the food industry as an additive because of its low price and its ease of production. The acid is declared safe to consume by all major government food regulatory bodies. When added to food products or beverages, the acid provides a sharp, sour taste which increases appetite and enhances flavor. Certain companies use it to give their food products, such as sweets and soft drinks, an authentic "fruity" flavor. It is most prevalent in sour candies and gummy bears in the form of a fine white powder, also known as "sour salt". Some people specifically add it to their food to alter taste. Besides its use as an additive, the citric acid is also commonly used as a natural food preservative. By increasing acidity, the low pH conditions produced prevent bacterial and fungal growth, therefore prolonging the life of the food or drink. It also helps preserve flavor and maintains pH at a suitable level to prevent food degradation, especially canned food. The acid is also heavily used in the preparation and production of Vitamin C as a flavoring. Note that citric acid and vitamin C (ascorbic acid) are two completely different substances.
In Skin Care Products and Detergents
This acid is also commonly found in various natural skin products. It is added to adjust the pH level of creams, lotions and gels to coincide with our natural skin pH level. When topically applied to the skin, it acts as an antioxidant, which helps conceal signs of aging. The acid also exfoliates the skin by removing dead skin cells from the top layer of the skin, thus encouraging new cell growth. Since it is a naturally occurring substance, it rarely causes an allergic reaction and is suitable for most skin types. In detergents, shampoos and soap, it is added so that foam is more easily produced. It also increases the efficiency of these products as it helps dissolve stains more quickly. This acid is favored over other additives because it is environmentally friendly, biodegradable and is relatively harmless.
Possible Side Effects
While it is generally safe, side effects do occur if an excess of the acid was used or consumed. Some of these side effects include stomach cramps, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting. People with sensitive skin should avoid using creams containing citric acid as it may cause irritation or a rash to form. The acid is also believed to erode the tooth enamel when consumed frequently, which leads to an increased susceptibility of tooth decay, infections and other various complications. If you experience any adverse effects after coming into contact with citric acid, immediately consult a medical professional.


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Rocky V
The moving picture Rocky V was released in the year 1990 and it is a part of the category drama and sport. You can enjoy the 104 minutes of it here on Putlockers in HD and with all available subtitles online. Watch Rocky V 1990 online Putlocker.

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Today, it is rare to find someone without a child. You may have a child yourself. Well, you have to tread a new relationship carefully once you have a child. Everyone you meet may not like children and may not know how to treat children well. Here are a few tips to help you guide through a relationship with someone who has a child/children.
(1) Child/Children Always Comes First: This is the number one rule in a relationship with someone who has a child/children. Do not get angry/upset if your plans fall through. The needs of the child/children always trumps yours. If anything, you should be able to understand your girlfriend/boyfriend's responsiblity. Being selfish by trying to take all your girlfriend/boyfriend's time, will make him/her see you in a different light. It will make him/her think twice about his/her relationship with you.
(2) Don't Be Too Pushy To Meet Child/Children: Someone's child is precious to them and he/she will do anything to protect his/her child. Most people would want to date you, get to know you better, and make sure you are person they feel their child would be safe around. If you are too pushy to meet someone's child/children, the person you are dating might think you have alternative motives. Just chill and let things flow.
(3) Be Repectful to the Child/Children: Make sure you always respect someone's child/children. If you are going to date someone with a child/children, you have to treat the child/children as if the child/children are your very own. Always be patient with the child/children. It takes a child/children time to warm up to people, especially to a person who isn't their mom or dad.
(4) Be Respectful to the Other Parent: The person you are dating may have drama with the person from a previous relationship, that resulted with a child/children. Do not add fuel to the fire. First off, you have only heard one side of the story. Remember there is always two sides to a story. Secondly, you really don't know what actually caused the drama. Lastly, make sure you always acknowledge the other parent. Even though the other parent may not show you respect, show class because in the long run the other parent will have no other choice but to respect you.
(5) Be Supportive: No matter what drama, emergency with kids or just daily baby mama/baby daddy drama, be there for your boyfriend/girlfriend. It is hard having to raise a child/children all by yourself without support. When someone gets the support he/she was never given in the previous relationship, he/she starts to see who is really for him/her. Make sure you incorporate some of your dates with spending time with the child/children. Your boyfriend/girlfriend will be very grateful for the support and time. Your bond/relationship will become stronger day by day.
I hope these tips have helped you. Dating someone with a child/children is not easy. If you can conquer dating someone with a child/children, you are a very rare and special commodity. If you do not like children, then find someone who doesn't have a child/children. Until next time.


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Yuka & The Forest, 2018
Emery's second book and continuation to Rie introduces us to the Chinju No Mori, The Sacred Forest. Within the book we embark on a journey of reflection that leads us through a remote village high into the midst of a vast landscape. We are prompted to contemplate nature's profound serenity and as the last pages fall also of its demise at the hand of our own.
"A carpet of rising pines lies tranquil atop the rolling hills. I step over an uprooted sugi and softly whisper: 'Old pine', pressing my cheek firmly onto its moss-covered trunk, 'may you have had a long journey of life and may the kodama continue to live on in all that is around you…"
— From the Artist's Introduction
After having travelled to Tokyo for the first time in 1999, over a decade passed before Emery discovered the Japanese countryside and its incredible forest landscape. Since 2015 she has returned every year.
Published by Art Paper Editions, Ghent. Ltd edition of 500 copies incl. print. Print size is approx. 30cm x 250cm. Contains a short story by the artist. Designed by Lena C Emery & 6'56". The book includes a photographic color print: YELLOW, RED, OR GREEN.
Printed on 100% recycled paper stock. 30% of profits go to the The World Wide Fund for Nature working in the field of wilderness preservation and the reduction of human impact on the environment.
Signed copies available via Iroko Studio


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EJ Body Fit As one of our newest advertisers, I wanted to find out a bit more about Ella and her business. Ella's work is mobile so I invited her to come to my house so that I could find out more. Ella arrived and her energy was infectious …Read More »
Get Ski Holiday Ready at New Peak Performance Guildford Workshops
GUILDFORD BUISINESSES TEAM UP FOR EVENING EVENTS ON 23 & 30 JANUARY 2020 January 2020. The UK's only Peak Performance store – the independently owned Peak Performance Guildford – is launching instore evening events to help skiers prepare for their upcoming ski holiday. On 23 and 30 January 2020, a …Read More »
Blue Monday Football with Surrey FA
VantagePoint supported Surrey FA Blue Monday football session on Monday 20th. The session held at the Surrey FA's Meadowbank Football Ground, Dorking was aimed at raising awareness of Blue Monday, the saddest day of the year. Prior to games commencing, Operations Manager Andrew Dickinson welcomed the 30+ people who turned …Read More »
Peak Performance Sports Fashion Pop-Up is back in Guildford
UK's only pop-up store – now open November 2019. Sports fashion label Peak Performance has opened an exclusive UK pop-up store in Guildford, Surrey. The space provides a unique opportunity for UK fans of the brand to visit a dedicated Peak Performance store with all ranges under one roof. The …Read More »
Women's Recreational Football Festival
16th November, Woking Leisure Centre, 12-3pm Surrey FA are holding a Women's Recreational festival. With the popularity of women's football increasing, this is a great opportunity for local women's recreational teams to come together and compete in an fun and social environment. Women's recreational teams are targeted at ages 16+ …Read More »
Have you heard of Floorball? It's a sport Farnham is very successful in…
Floorball is a sport you may never have heard of. Compared to other sports in Farnham, it is a minority one, though one in which Farnham is actually very successful and has competed at regional, national and even international levels. Floorball is a form of indoor hockey played between two …Read More »
Golfers club together to fight Motor Neurone Disease!
On Friday 23rd August 2019, over eighty keen golfers took part in Leatherhead Rotary Club's 28th Annual Charity Golf Day at Effingham Golf Club in aid of the Motor Neurone Disease Association. Teeing off with a sandwich lunch, the 21 teams of four then headed out on to the course …Read More »
Farnham Roller Hockey Girl selected to represent England in the Euro Cup this December
Farnham Roller Hockey Club are thrilled to announce that Hannah Sollars, has earned a place in the England Ladies U17 squad for the Euro Cup tournament in Matera, Italy in December. Hannah started playing roller hockey for Farnham seven years ago at the age of eight, and has steadily progressed …Read More »
'Ride London Surrey 100' cycle event
What a wonderful friendly carnival atmosphere in Dorking on Sunday for the annual 'Ride London Surrey 100' cycle event. With fabulous weather conditions, Sunday saw over 25,000 amateur and elite riders take part in this year's event – and part of the stretch through Surrey sees riders head through the …Read More »
Broadwater Park Staycation Run
Our own running enthusiast Sarah, took part in the Waverley Harriers 'Staycation' fun run on Saturday morning at Broadwater Park. The total number of runners was 104. A split of 53 male runners and 51 female inc 14 children. Waverley Harriers https://waverleyharriers.co.uk/ had organised the fun run, supported by Waverley …Read More »
Hardassnails run review by Sarah Bishop!
Hardassnails was true to it's name and another great race by AAT Events https://aat-events.com/. A testing undulating trail course, starting at The Chantries and weaving though the beautiful Surrey Hills around the foot of Newlands Corner and back up St Martha's to return. There were 5, 10 or 15k routes …Read More »
Beginner's Day at Farnham Roller Hockey Club
Farnham Roller Hockey Club hosted a Beginner's Day at Farnham Leisure Centre for juniors in their first season of roller hockey. Seven teams of U13 and U11 players took part in a training session and then a series of matches as an introduction to the basics of match play. The …Read More »
Charterhouse hosts the annual Flight Centre Schools Triathlon for the first time. On Sunday 12 May almost 800 children took part in the triathlon event at Charterhouse School in Godalming, raising £85,000 for Restless Development and other charities. Dr Alex Peterken, Headmaster of Charterhouse, said: "We are delighted to welcome …Read More »
Leatherhead Rotary Club 10k Bluebell Run
Leatherhead Rotary Club 10k Bluebell Run Sunday 5th May – Headley Heath, Headley The weather held for the annual Leatherhead Rotary Bluebell 10k run on Sunday 5th May. Although slightly cool it provided ideal running conditions for around 200 runners who turned up. The route is a delightful trail route …Read More »
Maldivian memories made
It has become a way of life now. We spend hours a day scrolling through social media and looking at the most amazing destinations in the world. Looking longingly at these images and thinking, how amazing it would be to go and visit them and experience the beauty in person. …Read More »


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World War Two
Bill Brandt/Henry Moore, The Hepworth Wakefield review - a matter of perceptionTuesday, 03 March 2020
Bill Brandt's photographs and Henry Moore's studies of people sheltering underground during the Blitz (September 1940 to May 1941) offer glimpses of a world that is, thankfully, lost to us. A year and a half after the end of the bombing...Read more...
'You're Jewish. With a name like Neumann, you have to be'Monday, 24 February 2020
It was during my first week at Tufts University in America, when I was 17, that I was told by a stranger that I was Jewish. As I left one of the orientation talks, I was approached by a slight young man with short brown hair and intense eyes. He...Read more...
Leopoldstadt, Wyndham's Theatre review - Stoppard at once personal and accessibleFriday, 14 February 2020
It's not uncommon for playwrights to begin their careers by writing what they know, to co-opt a frequently quoted precept about authorial inspiration. So it's among the many fascinations of Leopoldstadt that Tom Stoppard, at the age of 82, should...Read more...
Francesca Wade: Square Haunting - Bloomsbury retoldThursday, 06 February 2020
These days, Bloomsbury rests in a state of elegant somnolence. The ghosts of Virginia Woolf and Vanessa Bell linger on in the shabby gentility of Russell Square and its environs, the bookish institutions that are the bones of the place conferring...Read more...
Blomfield, Philharmonia, Salonen, RFH review - sounds of a troubled truceTuesday, 21 January 2020
Concert programmes that set out to tell us a story can prove a mixed blessing. Yes, it's valuable and stimulating to find ideas, and narratives, embodied in the musical flow. But great pieces, well-performed, have a habit of cutting loose from the...Read more...
A Hidden Life review - Nazism stoically refusedSaturday, 18 January 2020
Terrence Malick returns to his former greatness following three features of unscripted, all-star poesy, with this sombre biopic of sainted Austrian conscientious objector Franz Jägerstätter (August Diehl). A farmer who refused to swear the Hitler...Read more...
The Wind of Heaven, Finborough Theatre review - a welcome, if strange, Emlyn Williams rediscoverySaturday, 30 November 2019
This is the third Emlyn Williams piece to be presented here in a decade: The Druid's Rest in 2009 was followed by the enormous success of Accolade, directed by Blanche McIntyre, two years later.If it's a truism that neglected plays may well have...Read more...
White Christmas, Dominion Theatre review - breezy but blandThursday, 28 November 2019
Nostalgia for things that probably never were is an animating theme in politics these days. Much the same feeling displaced to the realm of showbiz, lends a vaguely dampening air to White Christmas, this latest stage retread of the 1954 Bing...Read more...
World on Fire, BBC One, series finale review - may this fine war drama fight onMonday, 11 November 2019
A bit like all those people on the home front in 1940 (but only a little bit), we sit and nervously wait for news. Is World on Fire (BBC One) still listed among the living? Or even now is someone typing up the letter and sticking it in a brown...Read more...
Caroline Moorehead: A House in the Mountains review – the women's war against FascismSunday, 10 November 2019
In September 1944, a heavily pregnant Resistance activist in the north of German-occupied Italy was arrested on a visit to Milan. Lisetta Giua, a law student and fiancée of the Jewish anti-Fascist chief Vittorio Foa, worked as one of hundreds of...Read more...
Midway review - gung-ho heroes battle moribund scriptFriday, 08 November 2019
Director Roland Emmerich has been trying to make this movie since the 1990s, and battled hard to raise its $100m budget from individual investors. But why? The result is an old-fashioned war film in praise of the heroic American servicemen who...Read more...
Werewolf review - post-Holocaust horrorsSunday, 06 October 2019
There used to be this myth that we knew nothing about the concentration camps until the victors opened their gates in 1945, and that the survivors were then nursed back to health. The Russians put out newsreels filmed weeks later of nurses tending...Read more...
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VicBream Classic GF – Gippsland 2015
As the 2015 year comes to a speedy end, the last event on the calendar was the VicBream Classic Grand Final. A total of 49 teams including 5 from Tasmania were ready to battle not only each other but the Gippsland Lakes' bream in an attempt to take victory and hold the Champions Teams trophy a loft.
I think the key to our weekend was our prefish day, over the past couple of years I have refined my prefishing strategy and the confidence I get out of cracking a pattern has been paramount to getting 5 quality fish in the boat each day. On prefish we were able to identify a couple of fish holding areas and were confident that a light weight plastic and hardbody approach would work well. The lure technique was very standard for us, a camo nemesis on a 1/32 jighead and a puppydog worked with a twitch and pause technique. But the key piece to the puzzle was that the fish seemed to be holding on sunken timber, however each log only seem to have one fish on it. Knowing this meant that casts needed to be perfect, within centimetres of the structure, anything outside of this range was off target and not going to produce the fish.
Day 1 – It was a frustrating start with the first few bites being missed and then when I finally hooked a solid fish, it had me wrapped around a pylon within seconds, I flicked the reel into free spool and after some crafty teamwork we had the line free but the hook had fallen out. Luckily within the next few casts we had a solid 900g fish on board which eased the pain of losing the first fish a little. We were throwing the 3' Nemesis which has fast become a tournament favourite lure of ours. As we moved between the jetties and moored boats we picked up a couple of barely legal fish and then pushed deeper in the system. As we began to work the shallow banks we changed lures from plastics to hardbodies, mainly the Berkley 3B puppydog. The approach was to slowly and accurately work the timber structure and as we did we slowly but consistently fill our bag and began upgrading. Just before 12pm Dad landed a fish that was pushing a kilo and after this upgrade we decided that managing our fish for day 2 was probably more important than trying too hard for more upgrades. As we weighed in I was pretty annoyed with our decision as our bag was a fair bit lighter than we thought and we were 1.1kg behind the top 2 teams, leaving a huge amount of work to do on day 2. Our bag weighed 4.43kg and we were in equal 7th position.
Day 2 – The great thing about day 2 is that you can fish hard and work every piece of structure with no thought of managing fish, there no point in holding back and big fish were definitely needed. Time passed extremely quickly in the morning and before I knew it, it was 8:30am and we only had 1 fish at 32cm in the well. I made a comment to dad that if we had this fish at the end of the day we would be in trouble, thinking that we would fall out of the top 10. With big fish on our minds we continue to comb the structure, bites came consistently and the next 4 fish were boated. Our 5 fish bag would have weighed a dismal 2.2kg and that first fish of the day was our biggest, things were not looking good. We made a move into a small bay which in the end, set up our victory. We boated 4 upgrades with each fish being between 900g and 1kg. But we still had that 32cm fish and I was pretty keen to upgrade him. After working a fallen tree over with a puppydog for no result I grabbed the 3' nemesis and worked through the branches, this change in technique worked and I hooked a solid fish that I thought was every bit of a kilo, I had wrestled him into open water only to have the hook fall out just metres from the boat. Time was running out but as luck would have it a quick stop just before it was time to leave produced the last upgrade that we were looking for. Feeling as though we had another solid bag we left hoping to make the top 5. As we carried our weigh bag to the bump tub it was becoming apparent that it had been a difficult day for most and all of the top 5 teams had failed to bring in 5 fish. Our bag weighed 4.68kg and we jumped into first place and secured our second VicBream Classic Grand Final Champions trophy.
Gear used
Rods: Berkley Emotion 6"10, 2-4kg, Abu Garcia Salty Stage light casting 6"10, 1-3kg.
Reels: Abu Garcia Revo S20.
Line: Berkley Nanofil 6lb and Sensei Leader 4lb
Lures: Berkley 3' Nemesis in Camo rigged on a Nitro jighead 1/32, 3B Puppydog


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9 thoughts on "Why Not Buy Canadian?"
I'm all for supporting the Alberta & Canadian oil, gas & related products industry here in Alberta. However, is there a way to know that if I buy oil, gas, diesel, ect. here in Alberta, that it is a product of Alberta or Canada? (Much like at the grocery store choosing to buy items that are labeled product of Canada. You would think that in Alberta it would be, but you never see Fas Gas, Shell, Esso, ect. advertise saying "selling Canadian gas to Canadians "? Is there someone in this group /site that has info about this?
Great Comment, Diane Fair
I've been asking myself the same question over the past couple of years. We should be supporting the branding of our Alberta / Canadian products at the retail pumps.
What if everything that comes out of Alberta is owned by Texans, Communist Chinese, French and Norwegians?
We should be applying pressure to Quebec and the Eastern provinces to buy Canadian oil. Transfer payments and Canadian jobs for all provinces and people, seems like a no brainer. Rather than Importing oil from other nations with brutal regimes and no regard for the environment or reclamation practices. Schools, Hospitals, parks and playgrounds and places like the Philip J. Currie Dinosaur Museum just to name a few, all benefit. I do not think the rest of the country truly understand how much oil companies return to communities that are a betterment for us all. Everybody wins!….. keep up the good work oil respect. Buy Canadian means more than just local farmers.
No wonder the QUEBEC economy is free falling – Just can't imagine how could a rational human accept importing oil in a country that is ranked Third on proven reserves ???
I was calculating how much Canada is spending (Extra C$) on imported Oil … See below
Imports 700,000 bbl/day X 365 days X US$ 15.00 price differential X 1.40 Currency exchange rate = MORE THAN 5 BILLION C$!
When the Mr. Morneau is saying that Canada is struggling with 18 Billions of 2017 Budget deficit :
Shouldn't he consider an easy 5 Billions of those !
When Mr. Trudeau promises spending on Infrastructure to boost the economy " Aren't pipe lines a very important infra structure?" Note that over the past 5 years USA extended its internal pipelines network by ~ 20,000 kilometers WOW.
Every one is missing the big business reason that Alberta oil is not wanted, Question, who owns the big shipping company,s bringing in the oil, who owns the rain systems, it the big corporations pushing back through the federal government. And being that these big corps always feed back to federal government party's that are in power at the time. Will be a hard sell !! Just Say'n
needless to say the most likly reason quebec imports oil instead of using domestic is that a politician sold canada down the river for a short term personal gain. how we find ourselves in a position of importing oil when we are fairly awash in it, as a country, is a never ending source of amazment for me. how many thousands of people would still be gainfully employed right now if we had, in the "fat" times, invested in pipelines and refinerys. as far as big business calling the shots and the feds not being masters of our destiny i think this is just a cop out by politicians who are either on the take or cowards. when are canadians going to stand up for themselves. while our prime minister jet sets around the world playing statesman our economy goes to hell in a hand cart, not that he or his set will have to worry about such mundane things as paying the mortgage or bill……he wont get laid off. too bad!
The oil and gas industry in Canada has done a very poor job over the years of show casing the value that this very important industry contributes to the whole nation. There is a huge amount of ignorance east of Sask regarding this value and the leading edge in technology and environmental stewardship that the industry has undertaken during production of the product. 1000's of multiples of any country in the world including the U.S. How is it that the oil and gas industry also leads in aboriginal engagement compared to any other industry in the country, and no one speaks of this, including aboriginal companies? I am extremely happy that Oil Respect has been launched.
Oh how the proud have fallen! Alberta sold its oil to the highest bid, a great capitalist moment and why not make as much money as possible.
$100 a barrel oil= Canadian dollar at par with the USA dollar= manufacturing costs in Ontario increasing = unemployment in Ontario.yes this is a simplified statement…book to follow.
That said, I still agree that we need an oil east pipeline. I agree that we should buy Canadian first always! I believe this to the tune of being willing to pay more at the pumps if it was Canadian. I live in Ontario but I also live in Canada. Work together to get through tough times!


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8/23/2019 - Discover Litchfield Hills


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Active Belfast Nutrition
Eating a well balanced diet is an essential part of a healthy lifestyle. Combining good nutrition with physical activity can help keep us in good health and prevent a range of diet related illnesses such as diabetes, heart disease and some cancers.
Active Belfast dietitians provide a dietetic and nutrition health promotion service to the community through Active Belfast. They are registered dietitians employed by Belfast Health and Social Care Trust and provide nutrition expertise to Belfast Strategic Partnership. The dietitians are based in the Belfast Health Development Unit and work collaboratively with community, voluntary and statutory sector organisations.
They provide support and nutrition expertise to:
- Assist community and voluntary organisations to develop, implement and evaluate nutrition health promotion activity through the Active Belfast Grants
- Support the Healthwise Physical activity referral scheme
- Assist in the preparation of nutrition resource materials
- Give talks/lectures to various groups on nutrition related subjects
- Provide up-to-date nutrition education and advice to professional and non-professional groups.
Please dial 028 9050 2073 to speak with our Active Belfast Dietitians, Gráinne McMacken or Laura Kennedy.
Recent News
Nutrition Links
Healthy Eating
BHSCT Dietitics-Nutrition Training Brochure 2019
Safe food | Get the Folic Facts
Healthy Food Ideas
NHS Change4Life | Healthier Lunchboxes
Safe food "How to" videos | Cooking skills and techniques
Safe food | 5 Top tips for quick meals


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Chinotimba sues Chinese firm over $65 000 debt
By Panashe Machakaire
Buhera South legislator Joseph Chinotimba is suing a Chinese company for $65 755 at the High Court in a dispute over the sale of macadamia nuts.
Chinotimba supplied tonnes of macadamia nuts worth $220 000 to Sunny Zimbabwe International Private Limited, but was only paid $154 245.
The Chinese-owned firm has failed or refused to pay the outstanding $65 755, a development that prompted the politician to take up the case at the High Court.
In the summons filed at the High Court on Tuesday, Chinotimba is claiming the principal debt plus interest.
He is also seeking an order for costs against the business entity.
Sunny Zimbabwe International Private (Pvt) Limited whose address was stated as Lot 1 of Laughing Water, Chipinge, entered into an oral agreement for the sale and delivery of the macadamia nuts for $220 000.
Chinotimba supplied the nuts, but Sunny Zimbabwe International (Pvt) Ltd allegedly violated the agreement and defaulted on full payment.
Despite demand, the company has failed to settle the debt. Chinotimba's lawyer Mr Jonathan Samukange of Samukange & Venturas legal Practitioners filed the lawsuit against the foreign-owned firm.
Sunny Zimbabwe International (Pvt) Ltd is yet to respond to the lawsuit. The Herald


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Comment are off
What Does SEO Stand For and is it Important to Your Website?
What does SEO stand for? What does it mean, and why does every single online marketing team on the internet tell you that it's all-important? Most people that are new to online marketing quickly become incredibly tired of the constant acronyms. But bear with us — if you've come here today looking for answers, you'll get them! We're here to lay down the basics in record time.... Read More →


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We are now in the first stage of the Mandatory Discount Period. During Stage 1 20% of all acquired coins will be released.
We would like to kindly remind you that you have to provide your username to firstname.lastname@example.com to obtain your ONEs On July 8, 2019 starts Stage 2 of the Mandatory Discount Period, during which 30% of the coins will be released. You will receive all new information accordingly.


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Enter at your own risk
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e-mail DougM:
Looking at the left side of the pictures, somethings come to mind. First, when it comes to pomp and whatnot, the our Brit cousins have it all over us. Nancy and her congressional play-date kids look so drab.
Second, I remember hearing for the past couple weeks that as part of protocol, the Articles were to be placed in a "cherry wood or mahogany" box to be carried to the senate. So what happened?
Finally, that picture on the left needs something, maybe a coffin. Yeah, a coffin! They could get a mahogany one, put the Articles in it, and label it "Democrat Future."
The pomp is inadequate, and the circumstances pathetic.
For this occasion. I think Elgar would have come up with something like this.
The blonde at the end of the procession kinda reminds me of the janitor at the end of the Mr. Peabody's Fractured History Parade. Anybody else remember?
It's nice to see Nadler the Hutt not leading with his chin.


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Posts by WIB Radio Team
Keto and Intermittent Fasting Diets Demystified with Karen Roberts Weight Loss Expert
About The Show We did have fun in the studio today, Karen Roberts is a good laugh who whilst she certainly knows her stuff about the Keto Diet and Intermittent Fasting, doesn't take herself or the regime too seriously. Having spent 20 years as a fitness expert, Karen decided to give up the 20 fitness…Read More
It Takes Longer Than You Think – This Being In Business!
About The Show In the studio today, we have Fashion Designer, Anthi G, Tech Product Designer Jacqui Seager, special co-host Nina Kristofferson, Co-host Laura Lawrence and our host Sian Murphy. Together we explore how long it takes to get your product, design and business off the ground and some of the pitfalls along the way.…Read More
The Start Up Show 2020
About The Show In today's show, we hear from two businesswomen who are very early on in their start-up business stories. Amy Harding is a hairstylist who has found an unusual angle for her craft, and one which let her combine two of her great passions. Sarah Cooke is a mum who started an online…Read More
Instagram For Business
About The Show Live in the studio today are three very different, dynamic businesswomen who are using Instagram to grow their businesses. Rebecca Middleton is an interior designer from Rebecca Middleton Refined luxe, Louise Cartright the Money Mindset and Certified High-Performance Coach and Rebecca Smith, CEO of GOLDIE media, Editor GOLDIE magazine and Author of…Read More
How To Turn Your Hobby Into A Business
About The Show How To Turn Your Hobby Into A Business? Tune to hear a lively discussion between women in business from the US and UK talking through how do you know when it's time to leap from your job. Plus, what's the difference between an Accountability Partner, a Mentor and a Business Coach and…Read More
Networking Do's and Don'ts
About The Show Are you thinking of going networking to help grow your business, but you don't know where to start, don't know what to do when you get there and are just dreading it? This is the show for you! Today we were joined in the studio by Grace Kelly, Chair of the Women…Read More
Have You Got Imposter Syndrome? And How To Tackle It If You Do…
About The Show There are some definite and potentially serious impacts on your business and career if you have Imposter Syndrome. If you feel as though your forward momentum isn't what you want, need or deserve, then the solution could rest in this show. So, pop in your headphones, maybe grab a coffee and join…Read More
Are You Making This Costly Mistake Taking On Freelancers? And, Do This BEFORE Go Into Partnership!
About The Show Does the thought of contracts leave you in a heap on the floor? Then this show is for you! It's also for you if you're thinking of using a freelancer to avoid the problems of taking on a new member of staff. If you're aiming to avoid expenses like sick pay, maternity…Read More
Turning Your Creative Passion Into A Business
About The Show Tune in to this 50-minute show where we hear from the MD of Etsy UK, Annette Picardo, Author and Coach Dolores Andrew-Gavin, who helps businesswomen find their voice, and Rebecca Smith, Deputy CEO of Social Enterprise Kent, who helps CIC's and Charities to grow. Along the way, we find out about the…Read More
Are You Living Or Existing and Getting The Right Your Business Numbers
About The Show We're joined in the Studio by Business Coach Claire Harvey and Life Coach Dione Lockyer on the phone from Spain. Along the way, we find clues to if you're living your life, or just existing. Do you need to make a radical and change and how do you do that? Plus, what…Read More


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Partner Perspectives · April 25, 2018
Our goal is to support founders that are driven to deliver value to shareholders and society.
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Product Leadership · April 12, 2018
Product leaders discuss the four fundamental principles to developing innovative tech products.
Podcasts · March 31, 2018
The first season of Product Decoded launched recently. The podcast shares advice and best practices on how to build and scale great products from the world's top product experts.
Podcasts · March 22, 2018
Deb discusses what it takes to become a successful product leader.
Partner Perspectives · March 22, 2018
Today I'm proud to introduce a new kind of venture capital firm: Spero Ventures, a $100 million fund investing in founders who are building a future that belongs to everyone.
Partner Perspectives · March 21, 2018
The $100 M fund counts Pierre Omidyar as its sole limited partner.
Partner Perspectives · January 25, 2018
At the NYC Product Leader Summit, Ha Nguyen spoke on the power of purpose and the impact it has on individuals and companies.
Partner Perspectives · December 20, 2017
In my current role, I advise startups on the best path to achieving product-market fit and building the next rocket ship. The key really is this: Build a product that people will love.
Partner Perspectives · November 29, 2017
Last week, I made the requisite trip to the local grocery store to procure the ingredients for our Thanksgiving feast, including onions, celery, potatoes...
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VC's investing in incredible founders, despite gender...
Podcasts · November 12, 2017
Andy shares lessons on pivoting and hiring, and passes along his favorite advice when it comes to dealmaking.
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Advice for managing headcount, running successful meetings, and ditching the email to-do list.
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How well-defined corporate values can guide hiring and business evolution.
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As an investor and entrepreneur, Reid views a startup's approach to product-market fit through the lens of an investment thesis.
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Ha Nguyen, Product Partner at Omidyar Network, shares a 3 step process for building great teams and great products.


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Pinky Up - Chai Latte Loose Leaf Tea
Mmmm the spicy sweet aroma of a cup of steaming chai? If only it didn't come with extra calories from sugar. Wait! This one isn't! Enjoy it with some milk or just steep in water. It comes with enough flavor to stand on its own!


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You are here
Featured Resource
This Plan is intended to outline plans for preparing for emergencies and for immediate response and short-term recovery efforts in an emergency.
Mulches provide many benefits for trees and shrubs.
This project offers a blueprint for the ideal level of maintenance needed to keep this area of the garden aesthetically pleasing and well -kept into the future.


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Take a deep breath of cool air, and enjoy a tour of Whispering Hills our mountainside retreat just outside of Berkeley Springs, WV. The cabin is a one bedroom full bath property with a full service kitchen, open dining area, and a cozy living room with a gas fireplace! The master bedroom has a full bed and a additional sleeper sofa is in the living room. the front covered porch has a grill while the detached building near the cabin has a game room with a pool table, a laundry area, and a screen porch with a hot tub! Relax in the hot tub, star gaze, or roast s'mores around the camp fire ring. Listen to the whispering of the surrounding pine trees and chirping birds.
Full List of Amenities: 1) Master Bedroom w/ Full Bed, Additional Sleeper Sofa in Living room) 2) Full Bathroom 3) Gas Burning Fireplace 4) Wireless Internet Service 5) Satellite TV Programing 6) Full Kitchen 7) Dining Area w/ Table that Seats Four 8) Cozy Living Room w/ Gas Fireplace and TV w/ DVD player and Programing 9) Charcoal Grill 10) Detached Screen Porch Area with Hot Tub 11) Detached Game Room Area with Pool Table 12) Laundry Area w/ Full Size Washer and Dryer
Rustic and Charming 1BR Cabin with Hot Tub
Sleeps: 4
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WiFi: Yes


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PM Nawaz to return to Pakistan on July 10
LONDON (92 News) – Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif will return to Pakistan on July 10.
Prime Minister Nawz Sharif is in London where had had undergone open-heart surgery. The prime minister is recovering speedily and will undergo a medical checkup in London after Eidul Fitr.
Nawaz Sharif is also conducting important meetings via video link from London.
The prime minister along with his wife Kalsoom Nawaz visited a shopping mall ahead of Eidul Fitr.
Previously, Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif had undergone first medical checkup at Harley Street Clinic in London on June 20. Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif visited Harley Street Clinic in London for the first time after his successful surgery.
The doctors had expressed satisfaction with his speedily improving health but instructed him not to travel. The prime minister will have to undergo medical checkup again after a week, while the doctors are likely to advise the prime minister on whether he should travel or not during his next medical check-up.


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K5 Led Dental Ultrasonic Scaler Piezo Fiber Optic Led Handpiece + 6 Scaling Tips
Features of Dental Ultrasonic Scaler Piezo Fiber Optic Handpiece Scaling Tips K5 LED. Scaling , Periodontic, Endodontic function meets various treatment demands.
Precise setting of 10 power levels. Detachable handpiece with LED light.
Regular model without LED handpiece still available. 6 tips attached: G1-S x 2 , G2-S, G4-S, P1-S, E1-S. Power Supply ----------100V-240V 50Hz/60Hz 1.2A (MAX). Main unit input-----------30VDC 1.2A. Water Supply Pressure---------0.01 MPa-0.5 MPa. Dimensions(with bottle) ------------330mm X 100mm X 280mm.
We commited ourselfs to your 100% satisfaction both with our goods and services. Please message me immediately before leave us neutral feedback or negtive feedback, We will try our best to resolve any problem for you untill you are satisfied.
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- Bundle Listing: Yes
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Dosage and directions
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We provide only general information about medications which does not cover all directions, possible drug integrations, or precautions. Information at the site cannot be used for self-treatment and self-diagnosis. Any specific instructions for a particular patient should be agreed with your health care adviser or doctor in charge of the case. We disclaim reliability of this information and mistakes it could contain. We are not responsible for any direct, indirect, special or other indirect damage as a result of any use of the information on this site and also for consequences of self-treatment.
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Four charged with Spitalfields Co-op robbery conspiracy
PUBLISHED: 11:57 04 April 2017 | UPDATED: 12:15 04 April 2017
Four men have been charged in connection with a robbery of the Petticoat Lane Co-op store in London's East End, Scotland Yard has confirmed today.
It follows investigations into a series of 27 'commercial thefts' in the Spitalfields and Stepney areas since October. These include burglaries, robberies and thefts from various stores such as the Co-Op in Middlesex Street, near Aldgate, on December 9 when £1,500 of alcohol and cigarettes were taken.
The four charged with conspiracy to commit robbery are Guled Jama, 27, Alinur Rahman, 35, Syed Meah, 33, and Abdul Hannan, 35, none of whom have fixed addresses.
Three are being detained in custody, Jama, Meah and Hannan, while Rahman has been given police bail.
All four appear at Snaresbrook Crown Court on Thursday next week, April 13.


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Fusion energy
Thermonuclear reactions are the main source of energy in the stars and play a very important role in astrophysical processes. In the nucleus of the stars the temperature and density of matter are so high that a large number of fusion reactions occurs. The main constituent of stellar matter, hydrogen (H), is converted into helium (He), in a process releasing a huge amount of thermal energy, electromagnetic radiation, particle flow (solar wind) and neutrinos.
The chain of reactions leading to a helium nucleus 4He (or α-particle, consisting of 2 protons and 2 neutrons) starting from two hydrogen nuclei through the formation of deuterium (2H = D, hydrogen isotope) and 3He, isotope of helium) is called proton-proton chain (pp). The total energy released to form a 4He nucleus is 26.72 MeV (1 keV = 11.6106 K). In large-scale stars whose core reaches about 16 million K, the carbon-nitrogen-oxygen chain (CNO) is the dominant process where four protons fuse, using carbon, nitrogen and oxygen isotopes as catalysts, to produce one α-particle, two positrons and two electron neutrinos. The energy released in this cycle of reactions is 27.07 MeV.
In the sun and stars, fusion reactions are favored by gravitational forces and extremely high temperatures that allow the formation of an energetic plasma.
In order to be able to replicate on Earth, a different approach is needed, relying on the use of two hydrogen isotopes - the deuterium (D, nucleus formed by a proton and 1 neutron) obtainable from water and tritium (T, nucleus formed by 1 proton and 2 neutrons). The following figure illustrates the concept of isotopes applied to the hydrogen case, which have the same chemical properties (due to the same atomic number Z) but different physical properties (due to the different mass number A).
The D-T reaction (shown in the figure below) 2H + 3H → 4He + n is the one that requires a lower temperature to occur and has higher cross-section and reactivity (average number of reactions per unit of time and volume) at laboratory temperatures. Therefore, this reaction is the one chosen in the first generation of fusion reactors. It provides 17.6 MeV in the form of kinetic energy of the resulting products (14.1 MeV carried by the neutron and 3.2 MeV by the α-particle).
Physics of nuclear fusion
The fundamental principle of fusion is the collision of energetic atomic nuclei: two nuclei positively charged (for example deuterium and tritium) must overcome the electrostatic repulsion existing between charges with the same sign in order to "fuse" each other.
This can be efficiently accomplished only by exploiting the thermal motion in a high temperature gas, or plasma. In the fusion process of light atoms, an amount of energy associated to the overall mass defect of the reaction products is released according to the relation ΔE = Δm c2.
In order to have a sufficiently large number of fusion reactions to occur in a reactor, a significant amount of energy must be introduced into the confined plasma in order to increase its average energy, i.e. the temperature, up to 10-100 keV. The process of producing energy is convenient from the point of view of the overall balance if the power produced by the fusion reactions is greater than the power injected into the system to achieve the required plasma conditions. The gain factor Q is the ratio between the output power PFUS coming from fusion reactions and that input power PIN, Q = PFUS / PIN. The condition to be satisfied is therefore Q> 1 (Q = 1 is called break-even condition).
Another important parameter to quantify the efficiency of a nuclear reaction is the triple product n T τE where n is the plasma density, T is its temperature and τE the time of energy confinement (defined by the ratio of plasma energy over the additional power supplied).
When the triple product is greater than a given threshold (the threshold being a function of the temperature), the ignition is obtained, a condition in which the heat produced by the fusion reactions self-sustains the burning plasma.
Fusion technology
In the stars, the plasma is confined by the intense gravitational field generated by its mass. This is not possible in a laboratory, but the need of a confined plasma is essential to have the nuclear reactions sustaining the melting process. The confinement structure must be maintained at reasonably low temperatures, unlike plasma, which must be heated up to temperatures of hundreds of millions of degrees; in such conditions, any contact would lead to a cooling down of the plasma itself and the walls of the container would be damaged.
For this purpose, the two most promising options are magnetic confinement and inertial confinement.
Magnetic confinement uses strong magnetic fields that can constrain the motion of plasma charged particles to be confined to a limited region.
In magnetic confinement machines, the field is generated by electric currents flowing into coils placed around the plasma confinement zone and the chamber that contains it. An advantageous solution to limit leakage due to particle dynamics utilizes a toroidal shape that does not have open ends: within it, the field lines are closed rings. Actually charged particles in a non-uniform field are subject to transverse drift motions that cause the loss of their confinement. To overcome this problem, magnetic field lines of additional magnetic field are used, which are not simple circumferences but wind up on toroidal surfaces. Examples of this configuration are the tokamak and the stellarator.
In the inertial confinement scheme, a mixture of liquid deuterium-tritum contained in a hollow sphere of several millimeters diameter is bombarded with high power laser beams (hundreds of terawatts per tens nanoseconds) or energy particle bundles uniformly and simultaneously from different directions distributed over the solid angle, producing a rapidly expanding plasma on the surface of the target. By reaction, the internal region of the DT fuel-containing sphere is subjected to a strong compression force directed towards the center, until its density reaches very high values for a very short time (about 1000-10000 times the solid matter density for a few nanoseconds) and the temperature the ignition condition (about 100 million K).


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ContextIsrael Oppressed by Midian
1Then the sons of Israel did what was evil in the sight of the LORD; and the LORD gave them into the hands of Midian seven years. 2The power of Midian prevailed against Israel. Because of Midian the sons of Israel made for themselves the dens which were in the mountains and the caves and the strongholds. 3For it was when Israel had sown, that the Midianites would come up with the Amalekites and the sons of the east and go against them. 4So they would camp against them and destroy the produce of the earth as far as Gaza, and leave no sustenance in Israel as well as no sheep, ox, or donkey. 5For they would come up with their livestock and their tents, they would come in like locusts for number, both they and their camels were innumerable; and they came into the land to devastate it. 6So Israel was brought very low because of Midian, and the sons of Israel cried to the LORD.
7Now it came about when the sons of Israel cried to the LORD on account of Midian, 8that the LORD sent a prophet to the sons of Israel, and he said to them, Thus says the LORD, the God of Israel, It was I who brought you up from Egypt and brought you out from the house of slavery. 9I delivered you from the hands of the Egyptians and from the hands of all your oppressors, and dispossessed them before you and gave you their land, 10and I said to you, I am the LORD your God; you shall not fear the gods of the Amorites in whose land you live. But you have not obeyed Me.
Gideon Is Visited
11Then the angel of the LORD came and sat under the oak that was in Ophrah, which belonged to Joash the Abiezrite as his son Gideon was beating out wheat in the wine press in order to save it from the Midianites. 12The angel of the LORD appeared to him and said to him, The LORD is with you, O valiant warrior. 13Then Gideon said to him, O my lord, if the LORD is with us, why then has all this happened to us? And where are all His miracles which our fathers told us about, saying, Did not the LORD bring us up from Egypt? But now the LORD has abandoned us and given us into the hand of Midian. 14The LORD looked at him and said, Go in this your strength and deliver Israel from the hand of Midian. Have I not sent you? 15He said to Him, O Lord, how shall I deliver Israel? Behold, my family is the least in Manasseh, and I am the youngest in my fathers house. 16But the LORD said to him, Surely I will be with you, and you shall defeat Midian as one man. 17So Gideon said to Him, If now I have found favor in Your sight, then show me a sign that it is You who speak with me. 18Please do not depart from here, until I come back to You, and bring out my offering and lay it before You. And He said, I will remain until you return.
19Then Gideon went in and prepared a young goat and unleavened bread from an ephah of flour; he put the meat in a basket and the broth in a pot, and brought them out to him under the oak and presented them. 20The angel of God said to him, Take the meat and the unleavened bread and lay them on this rock, and pour out the broth. And he did so. 21Then the angel of the LORD put out the end of the staff that was in his hand and touched the meat and the unleavened bread; and fire sprang up from the rock and consumed the meat and the unleavened bread. Then the angel of the LORD vanished from his sight. 22When Gideon saw that he was the angel of the LORD, he said, Alas, O Lord GOD! For now I have seen the angel of the LORD face to face. 23The LORD said to him, Peace to you, do not fear; you shall not die. 24Then Gideon built an altar there to the LORD and named it The LORD is Peace. To this day it is still in Ophrah of the Abiezrites.
25Now on the same night the LORD said to him, Take your fathers bull and a second bull seven years old, and pull down the altar of Baal which belongs to your father, and cut down the Asherah that is beside it; 26and build an altar to the LORD your God on the top of this stronghold in an orderly manner, and take a second bull and offer a burnt offering with the wood of the Asherah which you shall cut down. 27Then Gideon took ten men of his servants and did as the LORD had spoken to him; and because he was too afraid of his fathers household and the men of the city to do it by day, he did it by night.
The Altar of Baal Destroyed
28When the men of the city arose early in the morning, behold, the altar of Baal was torn down, and the Asherah which was beside it was cut down, and the second bull was offered on the altar which had been built. 29They said to one another, Who did this thing? And when they searched about and inquired, they said, Gideon the son of Joash did this thing. 30Then the men of the city said to Joash, Bring out your son, that he may die, for he has torn down the altar of Baal, and indeed, he has cut down the Asherah which was beside it. 31But Joash said to all who stood against him, Will you contend for Baal, or will you deliver him? Whoever will plead for him shall be put to death by morning. If he is a god, let him contend for himself, because someone has torn down his altar. 32Therefore on that day he named him Jerubbaal, that is to say, Let Baal contend against him, because he had torn down his altar.
33Then all the Midianites and the Amalekites and the sons of the east assembled themselves; and they crossed over and camped in the valley of Jezreel. 34So the Spirit of the LORD came upon Gideon; and he blew a trumpet, and the Abiezrites were called together to follow him. 35He sent messengers throughout Manasseh, and they also were called together to follow him; and he sent messengers to Asher, Zebulun, and Naphtali, and they came up to meet them.
Sign of the Fleece
36Then Gideon said to God, If You will deliver Israel through me, as You have spoken, 37behold, I will put a fleece of wool on the threshing floor. If there is dew on the fleece only, and it is dry on all the ground, then I will know that You will deliver Israel through me, as You have spoken. 38And it was so. When he arose early the next morning and squeezed the fleece, he drained the dew from the fleece, a bowl full of water. 39Then Gideon said to God, Do not let Your anger burn against me that I may speak once more; please let me make a test once more with the fleece, let it now be dry only on the fleece, and let there be dew on all the ground. 40God did so that night; for it was dry only on the fleece, and dew was on all the ground.
Parallel VersesAmerican Standard Version
And the children of Israel did that which was evil in the sight of Jehovah: and Jehovah delivered them into the hand of Midian seven years.
Douay-Rheims Bible
And the children of Israel again did evil in the sight of the Lord: and he delivered them into the hand of Madian seven years.
Darby Bible Translation
The people of Israel did what was evil in the sight of the LORD; and the LORD gave them into the hand of Mid'ian seven years.
English Revised Version
And the children of Israel did that which was evil in the sight of the LORD: and the LORD delivered them into the hand of Midian seven years.
Webster's Bible Translation
And the children of Israel did evil in the sight of the LORD: and the LORD delivered them into the hand of Midian seven years.
World English Bible
The children of Israel did that which was evil in the sight of Yahweh: and Yahweh delivered them into the hand of Midian seven years.
Young's Literal Translation
And the sons of Israel do the evil thing in the eyes of Jehovah, and Jehovah giveth them into the hand of Midian seven years,
LibraryGideon's Altar
'Then Gideon built an altar there unto the Lord, and called it Jehovah- shalom [God is peace].'--JUDGES vi. 24. I need not tell over again, less vividly, the picturesque story in this chapter, of the simple husbandman up in the hills, engaged furtively in threshing out a little wheat in some hollow in the rock where he might hide it from the keen eyes of the oppressors; and of how the angel of the Lord, unrecognised at first, appeared to him; and gradually there dawned upon his mind the suspicion …
Alexander Maclaren—Expositions of Holy Scripture
Gideon's Fleece
Jehovam-Shalem, the Lord Send Peace. Judg 6:24
Whether it is a Sin to Tempt God?
Man Now Deprived of Freedom of Will, and Miserably Enslaved.
The Unity of the Divine Essence in Three Persons Taught, in Scripture, from the Foundation of the World.
Subterraneous Places. Mines. Caves.
Jesus Calls Four Fishermen to Follow Him.
Of the Sacraments.
The Doctrine of God
And thou, Bethlehem Ephratah, too little to be among the thousands of Judah
LinksJudges 6:1 NIV • Judges 6:1 NLT • Judges 6:1 ESV • Judges 6:1 NASB • Judges 6:1 KJV • Judges 6:1 Bible Apps • Judges 6:1 Parallel • Bible Hub