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11 best eco-friendly coffee capsules and pods for a guilt-free brew
There's no reason why your favourite hot drink should be bad for the environment, even if you've got a speedy machine that requires pods
Quick, convenient and downright tasty, the humble coffee capsule has revolutionised our daily cuppa (part in thanks to a rather suave George Clooney). However, it has been reported that a massive 350 million capsules are thrown away every year – and that's just in the UK alone. A pretty sobering thought.
Don't worry though, we're not about to suggest you forgo your quick caffeine fix (heaven forbid!) because thankfully there's a whole host of brands offering an eco-alternative.
Convenience is undoubtedly key – only 28 per cent of Nespresso's pods are recycled, partly due to the fact they need to be collected or taken to a collection point. It's all well and good that your pod can be recycled, but unless you actually do it, it's really pretty useless.
Of course, the contents of a capsule is just as important – when putting these pods to the test we were looking for great tasting coffee, sourced ethically with the minimal amount of middlemen in the chain to ensure the farmer gets the fairest possible price. We were also on the lookout for other eco-credentials such as charity donations.
A capsule that is Fairtrade, organic and recyclable, may sound like the company is making a push for sustainability, but in reality the Fairtrade price (a safety net that allows farmers at least this much for their produce if the market value of the coffee falls below that price) can still be quite low – and coffee can be organic because the farmer is simply too poor to buy pesticides, not because they put in place sustainable farming practises.
Of course that's not to say we should be avoiding Fairtrade (far from it!), with many thousands of farmers relying on this. However, we were happy to see some brands going above and beyond this.
So if you're keen to really make a difference, it's important to debunk the label. We've attempted to do that for you, so you can get on with drinking the good stuff.
Eco pod glossary
As the world has wizened up to the environmental impact that our time-saving habits are causing, so too have brands and are now adapting their offers. There really is no need to contribute to the single-use plastic problem with compostable, biodegradable and recyclable options all available. However, with all of this new terminology flying around it can be hard to know what's best.
Biodegradable – this simply means the pod will eventually break down to nothing by natural processes - so technically even plastic could claim to be biodegradable. However, most brands that boast of biodegradability use pods that will take less than six months to disappear. A vast improvement on the reported 500 years or so it takes a plastic pod to do the same.
Compostable – often confused with biodegradable but with a key difference. Although biodegradable products will eventually disappear, a compostable product will break down to become a pile of nutrient-rich soil. It's important to check if these can be composted at home or need industrial composting facilities. The former might seem easier but very often will take much longer to break down as conditions need to be just right to allow the process to take place. The latter isn't a disaster, it just means pods will need to be put in your food collection bin rather than chucked in your garden. The benefit to compostable capsules is that there's no need to dismantle the pod, the whole thing can be composted, contents and all. How long it takes to break down will vary but you can expect it to take anything from around four to 16 weeks.
Recyclable – pods created from aluminium are designed to be popped into your regular recycling, like an empty tin of beans! They will need rinsing first though, so aren't quite as faff free as compostable – however they're still a good option if you don't have access to a food waste disposal bin.
Plastic-free – brands should only be making this claim if there is no plastic at all within the capsule itself, as well as the packaging it comes in.
Organic – just like anything we consume, it's better if it hasn't been doused in unwanted chemicals – both for us and our planet. However, coffee can often claim to be organic simply because poorer farms can't actually afford the chemicals, so be sure to check this in conjunction with a brand's Fairtrade payment policies.
Fairtrade – which brings us nicely onto Fairtrade. It's imperative that farmers are paid a fair price for their coffee beans. This ensures we're contributing to a better life for farming families and the wider community. If possible look for brands paying above the Fairtrade minimum price.
Ultimately, the best pod for you is going to be the one that's easiest for you to dispose of properly. So if you live in a fifth-floor flat with no garden, the idea of composting your pods may be frankly ridiculous, whereas recycling may be more manageable. It's up to all of us to do what we can. All of the pods we tested were compatible with a standard Nespresso machine.
So read on for the brands offering quick, tasty coffee that doesn't cost the earth.
You can trust our independent reviews. We may earn commission from some of the retailers , but we never allow this to influence selections, which are formed from real-world testing and expert advice. This revenue helps to fund journalism across The Independent.
Roar Gill starte pack: £17.50 for a box of 40, Roar Gill
This brand takes a 360-degree approach to its eco-credentials. Not only are the farmers always paid more than the Fairtrade price (which is actually pretty low to start with) but all the coffee is organic and sourced sustainably too. The capsule production is carbon neutral and it even offsets its sea miles (which are unavoidable when moving the unroasted coffee from where it's grown). Suitable for home and commercial composting, this starter pack includes its bold, exotic and rare pods, ideal for lungos, espressos and ristretto respectively. They're all delicious but Roar Gill has created something particularly special with their rare pods – expect a silky smooth chocolatey body and zippy balanced acidity.
Toast Coffee taster box: £17.50 for 50 assorted pods, Toast Coffee
Toast Coffee were the first brand to make us realise just how delicious coffee from a pod could be. It only uses speciality grade coffee beans from individual farms (which accounts forless than 1 per cent of the world's coffee), so although you may find cheaper pods out there, they probably won't be such great quality. The taster box doubles up on the house blend in place of decaf, allowing you to try the whole caffeinated range. A huge advantage with these biodegradable pods is that there's no need to wash and rinse out, the whole pod can be composted or popped in with your garden waste. Hurrah! Not only are the pods themselves eco but the outer packaging is completely plastic-free, using recycled card sourced from sustainably managed forests.
Lost Sheep smooth journey coffee: £3.95 for 10 pods, Lost Sheep
Plastic-free and 100 per cent compostable, Lost Sheep Coffee capsules are made from wood bark. Only ever using Grade 1 single-origin coffee beans sourced from a friend's Rainforest Alliance Certified farm in Brazil, the beans are then roasted here in the UK's Garden of England, Kent. It's this close-knit, fully traceable supplier chain that ensures the farmer can be paid a fair price. Packaging is made using paper from FSC certified forests and despite the lack of plastic, pods are fully airtight so last up to 12 months. The smooth journey pods are the perfect everyday brew, with lightly nutty, milk chocolate notes. If you're looking for something a little different, the funky camper has a more fruit-forward red berry tasting profile.
Dualit aluminium capsules: £3.20 for a box of 10 or £13.80 for a pack of 60, Dualit
Suitable for both Dualit and Nespresso machines, these aluminium capsules are easier to recycle than ever, with most local authorities accepting them. However, what's inside matters too and these Fairtrade pods deliver when it comes to flavour, with all coffee roasted, ground and popped into the pods in their on-site roaster in West Sussex. There are four blends in the new range including our favourite the orange-hued ristretto, which is the strongest, with creamy chocolate notes and a buttery smooth mouthfeel. There's also a full-bodied intense (dark brown pod), a purple medium-strength lungo designed for americanos and finally a bright blue decaf version for those shunning the caffeine. Once used, the coffee grounds can be added to compost or a food waste bin, while the capsule and lid can go straight in with your regular recycling. In addition, Dualit has reduced the outer box size resulting in a more compact and space-saving design with no sachet inside, helping to further reduce the environmental impact.
Halo coffee capsule: From £7 for 10, Halo Coffee
The daterra moonlight, which happens to be Halo's cheapest coffee, is a single-origin from Brazil. It's sourced from a family-run farm – the first in the world to be awarded a Rainforest Alliance Grade A. Because the pods are made from 100 per cent compostable sugar cane and paper pulp, they can expand and get a little stuck in the machine, so we found it was best to eject straight after making your coffee for peace of mind. And to ensure you never run out of pods Halo offers a handy subscription service so you can ensure you never have to forgo your caffeine fix.
Eden Project biodegradable Costa Rican coffee capsules: £3.49 for 10, Lakeland
These biodegradable pods use organic, single-origin beans sourced from Costa Rica where the light roast allows nuanced flavours of nuts, spices and citrus for freshness. Medium-bodied and well balanced, once finished you can either compost at home or add to your food recycling bin where they'll break down within weeks. Enjoy your coffee that little bit more, knowing it's also not contributing to climate change – pods are produced using energy generated from wind, sun, hydropower and biogas.
Coffee & Kin explore coffee capsules: £4.50 for 10, Coffee & Kin
Aside from being completely plastic-free, biodegradable and compostable, each Coffee & Kin capsule also gives a little back to charity. 1p from each pod is donated to The Blurt Foundation, which helps young people and adults affected by depression in the UK. Along with the fact its speciality grade coffee is ethically sourced and farmers are paid a fair price has led the brand to claim it has the "world's kindest coffee capsule". There are three blends in the range – discover, escape and our favourite, explore which combines notes of stone fruit with chocolate raspberry brownies. You can buy pods in packs of 10 or join take out a monthly subscription for a regular supply.
Cru Kafe organic espresso: £3.30 for 10, Cru Kafe
Cru Kafe has long been organic and Fairtrade, but now it can also claim to be recyclable as well, thanks to its new aluminium pods. The only thing is you'll need to scoop out the coffee first though. The espresso version is seriously versatile, working well with milk and sugar in cappuccinos, lattes and flat white but is also delicious drunk alone. Super smooth and creamy, expect notes of milk chocolate, caramel and biscuit. Aside from this blend there are three tasty single origins in the range – a crisp nutty Columbian, a rich chocolatey one from India, and a decaf from Peru.
Novell intenso compostable coffee pods: £3.30 for 10, Novell
100 per cent organic and compostable, Novell pods come in six different varieties with varying intensities. One of our favourites is the intenso – a blend of coffee sourced from Brazil and Central America with notes of toasted barley, caramelised nuts and delicate acidity. This Spanish brand make its pods with cornstarch which should decompose within four to 12 weeks.
Blue Goose Ethiopian Yirgacheffe compostable coffee pods: £18 for 40, Amazon
Blue Goose Coffee pods are filled with speciality grade coffee, in this case sourced from Ethiopia. Made from starch and wood bark, the capsules can be placed in food waste collection where they will break down within around 12 weeks. They taste great too with well-balanced acidity and notes of floral blackcurrant. For extra eco brownie points, the compostable pods are produced using renewable energy and packaged in sustainably sourced, recyclable cardboard printed with vegetable inks. It doesn't end there, the brand makes regular charity donations to water and wildlife projects – with a particular interest in protecting the Abyssinian blue-winged goose (which is where they took their name from).
Buy now – back in stock 9 October
Moving Beans house espresso blend: £2.90 for 10 pods, Moving Beans
Created out of a clever mix of sugar cane and sugar beet plants, these compostable and biodegradable pods are completely free from plastic and aluminium, so they can be disposed of in your food waste collection bin. The house espresso is a powerful dark roast – the perfect pod to get you going in the morning.
The verdict: Eco-friendly coffee capsules and pods
Suitable for both home and commercial composting, organic, sustainable and carbon-neutral – Roar Gill coffee pods tick all of our eco credentials, and all whilst tasting great to boot.
IndyBest product reviews are unbiased, independent advice you can trust. On some occasions, we earn revenue if you click the links and buy the products, but we never allow this to bias our coverage. The reviews are compiled through a mix of expert opinion and real-world testing.


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And like that, it's the end of January. It feels like only a minute ago it was New Years Eve, looking at the dawn of a new year and a new decade. And now, we're one month in. How have you found this month? It's been a busy one for me, most of my weekends… Continue reading An Emotional Connection (January Update)
Tag: author life
July Blog – Liminal Space
There is some part of me that does not quite believe it's the end of July. It feels an almost surreal month, one which merges with June because it's both a "J" month in my head (and June and July look so similar it's easy to get them muddled – thanks dyslexia!) July is a… Continue reading July Blog – Liminal Space
What I love and hate about social media (and my advice on using it)
Social Media is great, but it can get overwhelming at times. Here's my thoughts on using it, and some advice on what might help you using it too.
That's Just Life (June Update)
Life sometimes means you don't have time to write. And you know what? That's okay.
Why I Write (May Update)
Why write at all? I suppose there are many things that can take up my time in the evening. TV. Reading a book. Playing computer games. There are loads of things I can do; and in the evening, I find I have 1 hour of time to do whatever I want with. It's amazing, really,… Continue reading Why I Write (May Update)
February Update – Redefining Success
This month's blog is written whilst looking out on a grey and dreary February morning. It's before work starts, before the world wakes up, and the only sound outside is the sound of the birds welcoming in the day, punctuated by the occasional car driving too fast down our road. February has been somewhat of… Continue reading February Update – Redefining Success
January Update – 30,000
This month's update comes from the bowls of late night writing, having just remembered it is, in fact, 31st January (somehow). And that another month has come and gone in the blink of an eye (I swear it was NYE yesterday…). This month has been a productive one. I've managed to post some more teacup… Continue reading January Update – 30,000


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Analyst Ratings For BP plc (LON:BP)
Today, Macquarie reiterated its Neutral rating on BP plc (LON:BP) with a price target of GBX 440.
There are 12 hold ratings, 12 buy ratings on the stock.
The current consensus rating on BP plc (LON:BP) is Buy (Score: 2.50) with a consensus target price of GBX 509.23 per share, a potential .
Some recent analyst ratings include
- 2/24/2017-Macquarie Reiterated Rating of Neutral.
- 2/21/2017-Barclays PLC Reiterated Rating of Overweight.
- 2/21/2017-Citigroup Inc. Reiterated Rating of Buy.
- 2/9/2017-Sanford C. Bernstein Reiterated Rating of Outperform.
- 2/9/2017-Deutsche Bank AG Reiterated Rating of Hold.
About BP plc (LON:BP)
BP p.l.c. is an integrated oil and gas company. The Company owns an interest in OJSC Oil Company Rosneft (Rosneft), an oil and gas company. The Company's segments include Upstream, Downstream, Rosneft, and Other businesses and corporate. The Upstream segment is engaged in oil and natural gas exploration, field development and production, as well as midstream transportation, storage and processing. The Downstream segment has global manufacturing and marketing operations. The Rosneft segment has a resource base of hydrocarbons onshore and offshore. The Other businesses and corporate segment comprises the biofuels and wind businesses, shipping and treasury functions, and corporate activities around the world. The Company provides its customers with fuel for transportation, energy for heat and light, lubricants to keep engines moving and the petrochemicals products used to make everyday items as diverse as paints, clothes and packaging.
Recent Trading Activity for BP plc (LON:BP)
Shares of BP plc closed the previous trading session at 447.95 down -2.45 -0.54% with 27,722,219 shares trading hands.


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The disturbed members of Borokov from Antwerp Borokov won international attention during their debut for the Berlin Boiler Room on Ampere Open Air. Which resulted in, among other things, shows at CTM in Berlin.
They make a mix of different genres within the wide spectrum of Electronics, Absurdist, experimental and danceable electronics with their typical Flemish singing. Four strong, with analog electronics in front of you. A sympathetic mindfuck for body and soul, so you are warned.
Borokov Borokov live
David Vunk | moustache records | NL
Opium Hum | boiler room | CTM | DE
David Vunk owner of Moustache Records, DJ & Producer for labels as Moustache Records, OMNIDISC, Bordello a Parigi, Electronic Emergencies, Creme Organization, Lunar Disko and many more.
David Vunk is the true beast of the harbor city and the main man behind the ever-playful Moustache Records. On this fine imprint, he drops his own ace tracks and collabs besides a wicked list of West-Coast honchos and synth freaks.
Known for his wide collection and graceful skills he's been rocking records since the early 90's all over Europe. and he might end up on your gig as well.
Check his weekly radio show 'Life is Live' on Intergalactic FM, each Wednesday night.


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011111100010 wrote:Well, judging by your picture I'm sure your wife was not worried about some other girl trying to snatch you up.
Mycroft Holmes wrote:
I hate jewellery and have never worn any in my life, plastic or not!
Dave Kreskowiak wrote:power tools
Dave Kreskowiak wrote:instead of the ring tearing your finger off
V. wrote:she can throw away sell when you get divorced
011111100010 wrote:I live in the southeast of the US
General News Suggestion Question Bug Answer Joke Praise Rant Admin
Use Ctrl+Left/Right to switch messages, Ctrl+Up/Down to switch threads, Ctrl+Shift+Left/Right to switch pages.


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Karachi, December 29, 2015 (PPI-OT): JCR-VIS Credit Rating Company Limited (JCR-VIS) has reaffirmed the Fund Stability Rating (FSR) of PICIC Cash Fund (PCF) at 'AA (f)' (Double A (f)). The previous rating action was announced on December 22, 2014.
PCF is structured as a money market fund; in line with its mandate, the fund's exposure to various sources of risks has been maintained at low end of the risk spectrum. As per the fund's investment policy, at least 40% of net assets have to be maintained in treasury bills while the remaining exposures are subject to a minimum credit rating of 'AA' (Double A). Weighted Average Maturity (WAM) of the fund's assets is capped at 90 days.
During FY15, average month-end allocation to government securities was recorded at over 60% while remaining exposures were maintained with highly rated counterparties, in line with the investment policy. Given both the policy limitations and actual asset allocation, credit risk exposure of the fund has remained low.
WAM of the fund's assets has varied over the last year, while remaining within maximum policy limit. Investment by retail investors increased on a year-on-year basis. There is nevertheless significant room for improvement in investor profile. Ability of the fund to meet redemptions in a timely manner is considered sound as majority of net assets are deployed in avenues having strong liquidity profile.
For more information, contact:
Ms. Sobia Maqbool
JCR-VIS Credit Rating Company Limited
VIS House, 128/C,
25th Lane off Khayaban-e-Ittehad,
Phase VII, DHA, Karachi
Tel: +92-21-35311861-72
Fax: +92-21-35311873
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com


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5 Tech Trends That Will Shape the 2020s
I love new starts, and 2020 is a new decade full of potential and opportunities in which technology will certainly play the starring role. My certainty comes from the fact that the world needs technology (and always has) to evolve. From the invention of the wheel and axle to the SpaceX rockets of today, we depend on technology to propel humanity forward. As a global community we rely on technology to keep us informed, connected, and safe. Right now, the global spread of the coronavirus is being identified, mapped, measured, forecast, and fought through the latest in AI, data analytics, and vaccine development—technologies the world couldn't have conceived of even 100 years ago when the Spanish Flu outbreak killed hundreds of millions worldwide.
From quantum computing and servant robots to space elevators, we are a world rich in prodigious expectations for what technology can do. While innovators and futurists are tackling the big leaps, where should the strategic business focus be? What technology opportunities and advances are most important for business leaders to pay attention to in the 2020s? Here are my predictions:
AI: Get Smarter, Faster
Our thirst for data cannot be quenched. But the more data we have, the harder it is for us, mere humans, to use it to learn and act. AI, however, has answers. The vast processing power of AI allows us to build systems that can learn from vast amounts of data. Over the next decade, businesses will not only want but need to tap into that powerful learning capability to understand the marketplace, the customers and their opportunities. In my opinion, we are living in an enlightenment period and it's a topic I cover often here on CIO.com.
South America: An Innovative Tech Force to Leverage
South America has been a growing IT outsourcing destination for years, but only in a few technology functions. While help desk and support centers have seen strong growth and performance across the continent, security concerns and political unrest have kept a large majority of businesses from outsourcing software development and more sophisticated innovation work to South America.
With several Latin American nations making high appearances on the Global Innovation Index (Mexico, Colombia, and Brazil in 2019), businesses are taking note of strong economies and innovative institutions across the region. As countries that have been longtime centers of innovation, such as Japan, face the challenge of declining populations, the young and growing workforce of South America offers opportunities to businesses. In the decade ahead, I believe more and more businesses will look to South America for support of their software development and strategic innovation work.
Amazon: Setting the Pace, Disrupting Plenty
Remember when Amazon, the company that just hit a $1 trillion market cap, was simply a modest online bookseller? Wow, times have changed and so has Amazon's business strategy. Now the dominant force in the American retail industry and growing force in media and technology, Amazon will leverage its innovation prowess to continue to redefine our lives—and not simply our shopping lives. From payment processes and systems—Amazon is pioneering the 100% cashier-free department store—to delivery with its own fleet of trucks and drones, the company will be reshaping and disrupting plenty of industries along the way.
In the decade ahead, Amazon will be the market's bellwether of innovation and economic health. Business leaders would be wise to pay attention to its strategies and how it is reshaping the numerous industries it touches.
Healthcare: The Data to Help & Heal
The healthcare industry will make giant leaps in patient and disease understanding and healing. Data science and AI now allows for greater and faster understanding of the diseases, genetics and environmental factors that shape our health. With the power to crunch data faster than ever, the 2020s will be an unprecedented era of discovery and understanding in the healthcare field. In this moment of opportunity and increasing knowledge for the industry, numerous businesses will also have the opportunity to support and innovate alongside healthcare, pharmaceutical, and medical device firms, building the systems and the tools that make health and healing possible.
Diversity: This Is the Decade
The prior decade put the entire technology industry on notice. The imbalances in the workforce and in leadership no longer make sense. And, the lack of diversity is a detriment to innovation, we learned. In the 2020s, the lessons learned in years prior will be put to work as forward-thinking businesses look to build the most diverse teams the industry has ever seen. Businesses that ignore pay gaps and creative hiring approaches, avoid more progress and have only innovation to lose.
The decade is already off and running and full of tech promise. It will be defined by AI and learning, boosted by South America's innovation force, shaped by Amazon, invigorated by medical data, and driven by diversity. Now that's a new beginning worth embracing.


text: On Fri, Dec 31, 2004 at 11:31:24PM +0200, Igor Bozhko wrote: > Adding support of this method would be very nice. WPA does not really support IBSS networks.. Yes, a simple mechanism with hardcoded keys is described, but it is not really supported or tested for interoperability. Because of the security limitations, I do not consider this to be a very good operation mode. Anyway, yes, it probably could be implemented from the technical view point. It might even work by just configuring the hardcoded TKIP/CCMP keys (hostap_crypt_conf), but there would be some issues with the sequence numbers and replay protection. Full IEEE 802.11i support for IBSS networks would be somewhat better, but it would require quite a bit more work and it is unclear whether anyone will really start supporting this.. It would require some support from the driver to generate events about new connection and quite a bit more code for wpa_supplicant to handle authenticator part of WPA negotiation (i.e., parts from hostapd functionality). -- Jouni Malinen PGP id EFC895FA


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On Thursday 11th April 2019, another marvellous evening of entertainment was held at St Lawrence College. The hall was packed with children from Year 3 all the way up to our most senior pupils, along with their families and friends.
The children took us on a musical journey like you've never been on before with a wide range of classical and modern pieces sung and played by our exceptionally talented pupils. There was everything from Bach to original compositions as well as Musical greats like Never Enough from The Showman and a Queen compilation from the Senior Show Club!
Greek dancing created a celebratory atmosphere, the choir warmed our hearts and the performance poetry of our youngest participants brought a smile to every face. What an amazing way to bring recognition to all our hard working children and their very dedicated teachers. Bravo to all!


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10 leveled books for Guided Reading Q and DRA 40 (#Q4)
$ 40.00 $ 24.99
Ideal for kids in third grade and fourth grade!
10 books for just $24.99! That's almost 40% off off the listed retail price for 'early reader' books at this level!
This set includes the following used books:
(all written at Guided Reading Level Q and DRA Level 40 ):
The Original Adventures of Hank the Cowdog by John Erickson
- Kitty Corner: Otis by Ellen Miles
- Kitty Corner: Duchess by Ellen Miles
- Winter According to Humphrey by Betty Birney
- Voyage to the Volcano (Magic School Bus Chapter Books) by Judith Stamper
- Encyclopedia Brown: Super Sleuth by Donald Sobol
- Encyclopedia Brown: Cracks the Case by Donald Sobol
- Clementine: Friend of the Week by Sara Pennypacker
- Ghosthunters and the Totally Moldy Baroness! by Cornelia Funke
- Nancy Drew: Secret of the Spa by Carolyn Keene
All 10 books are Guided Reading Level Q / DRA Level 40. We've added a label to each book indicating the reading level.
Condition: These books are used but in good condition, showing light use. Occasionally there's a small amount of writing on the inside cover (previous owner's name/inscription).
Don't Wait! There's just ONE of this exact set. If you like it, buy it now. It may be gone tomorrow!


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- Home
- About Us
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Posts by ariana.dorado:
Learn how dental implants can help you restore your smile after tooth loss
At New Smiles Dental, patients in the area of Sherwood, OR can obtain a wide range of services under one roof. Implant dentistry is just part of the restorative treatments that can be used for patients who need to replace missing teeth. Dental implants are the gold standard in tooth replacement, providing a lifelong restoration […]
- Posted on: Mar 15 2019
How digital x-rays improve upon traditional means of visualizing one's oral health and wellness
At New Smiles Dental, we are dedicated to helping patients achieve better oral health and wellness, and to do so, we continually reinvest into our practice to better serve our patients. Drs. Nathan Doyel, Ben Aanderud, and Ashley Bennett of Sherwood, Oregon are pleased to offer advanced diagnostic solutions including digital x-rays. X-rays are used […]
- Posted on: Feb 15 2019
Oral surgery treatments such as gum grafting can enhance the smile's appearance
At New Smiles Dental, Sherwood, OR area patients have access to a variety of general, cosmetic, and restorative dental procedures to enhance their smile and address problems such as periodontal disease and tooth decay. When patients have had severe periodontitis, they often experience the loss of natural gum tissue. This can leave the roots of […]
- Posted on: Dec 30 2018
Wisdom Tooth Extraction Services Provided by New Smiles Dental
At New Smiles Dental, patients in the community of Sherwood, OR can access quality dental care with our team of professionals. This includes wisdom tooth extraction services with Drs. Nathan Doyel, Ben Aanderud, and Ashley Bennett. What are wisdom teeth? Wisdom teeth, also known as the "third molars," are the last teeth to develop within […]
- Posted on: Dec 15 2018
Restoring the Appearance of the Smile with Composite Resin Bonding Materials
At New Smiles Dental, Drs. Nathan Doyel, Ben Aanderud, and Ashley Bennet are pleased to offer patients in the Sherwood, OR community and beyond a variety of options for enhancing the smile. This includes cosmetic procedures such as composite resin bonding. Understanding composite resin bonding Composite resin bonding, sometimes referred to as dental bonding, is […]
- Posted on: Nov 30 2018
Dental Implants for Replacing One or More Missing Teeth in a Permanent Manner
At the practice of New Smiles Dental, patients in and around the area who are seeking tooth replacement options are often ready to discuss with their team of professionals about the choices available to them. Sherwood, OR area patients can work with Drs. Nathan Doyel, Ben Aanderud, and Ashley Bennett to determine if solutions such […]
- Posted on: Nov 15 2018
Find out the Three Secrets to Keeping the Teeth Clean and Healthy
At New Smiles Dental, we often have patients come into our practice with oral health concerns. However, many of the conditions that develop on the smile are completely preventable. Our team, including Drs. Nathan Doyel, Ben Aanderud, and Ashley Bennett are dedicated to helping individuals in achieving healthy smiles while giving them the knowledge they […]
- Posted on: Oct 30 2018
Gum Grafting Procedures Available at New Smiles Dental
When periodontal disease has affected the smile's appearance, it can be a concern for patients who are self-conscious about the way they look. Periodontal disease can cause the gum tissue to shrink, which in turn can cause the natural teeth to look longer and unbalanced within the smile. Patients in the area of Sherwood, OR […]
- Posted on: Oct 15 2018
Methods of Wisdom Teeth Removal
Wisdom teeth. We've heard about the problems that these third molars can cause, and it is important for patients to stay aware of the positioning of their wisdom teeth and whether or not they have erupted into the dental arch. What Are Wisdom Teeth? There are four wisdom teeth in the smile, one in each […]
- Posted on: Sep 30 2018
Understanding Root Canal Therapy and How it Works
At New Smiles Dental, our family of dentists treat patients like family as well. We know how uneasy patients can be about having particular dental procedures performed, which is why we educate patients on the process so they know what to expect. Additionally, we provide local anesthetics and sedation so patients are comfortable from start […]
- Posted on: Sep 15 2018
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Get Directions 17680 SW Handley, Sherwood, OR 97140
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According to the executive order by Governor Brown, our office is temporarily only seeing emergency patients until June 15th. We will be contacting patients to reschedule any non-essential appointments. If you are in need of emergency assistance, our office can be reached at 503.925.9595.


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Looking for a book review? You're in the right spot. Here's an ever-growing list of the books I've reviewed so far, alphabetized by book title.
A Study in Charlotte by Brittany Cavallaro
All Fall Down by Ally Carter
Aristotle and Dante Discover the Secrets of the Universe by Benjamin Alire Sáenz
Bad Bachelor by Stefanie London
Beautiful Darkness by Kami Garcia and Margaret Stohl
The Belles by Dhonielle Clayton
The Black Key by Amy Ewing
Born Wicked by Jessica Spotswood
break your glass slippers by Amanda Lovelace… coming soon!
Captain Guinevere by Clara Bennet
Caraval by Stephanie Garber
China Rich Girlfriend by Kevin Kwan
The Circle by Dave Eggers
City of Ashes by Cassandra Clare
City of Fallen Angels by Cassandra Clare
City of Glass by Cassandra Clare
Crazy Rich Asians by Kevin Kwan
The Disreputable History of Frankie Landau-Banks by E. Lockhart
Eleanor & Park by Rainbow Rowell
Emergency Contact by Mary H. K. Choi
Everything, Everything by Nicola Yoon
From Twinkle, With Love by Sandhya Menon
Geekerella by Ashley Poston
The Gentleman's Guide to Vice and Virtue by Mackenzi Lee
Girl, Wash Your Face by Rachel Hollis
Glass Sword by Victoria Aveyard
The Handmaid's Tale by Margaret Atwood
The Hawkweed Legacy by Irena Brignull
The Hawkweed Prophecy by Irena Brignull
Heartless by Marissa Meyer
Hex Hall by Rachel Hawkins
It's Not Summer Without You by Jenny Han
Legendary by Stephanie Garber
The Longest Ride by Nicholas Sparks
Lorna versus Laura by Cynthia Hilston
The Magnolia Story by Chip and Joanna Gaines
Me Before You by Jojo Moyes
My British Bear by Dawn Dagger
My Lady Jane by Cynthia Hand, Brodi Ashton, and Jodi Meadows
Out of Sight, Out of Time by Ally Carter
Pandemonium by Lauren Oliver
Persepolis by Marjane Satrapi
Piecing Me Together by Renée Watson
The Program by Suzanne Young
Red Queen by Victoria Aveyard
Red, White, and Royal Blue by Casey McQuiston
Requiem by Lauren Oliver
Romanov by Nadine Brandes
Rosemarked by Livia Blackburne
The Royal We by Heather Cocks and Jessica Morgan
The Rule of One by Ashley Saunders and Leslie Saunders
The Rule of Many by Ashley Saunders and Leslie Saunders
See How They Run by Ally Carter
The Serpent King by Jeff Zentner
Stalking Jack the Ripper by Kerri Maniscalco
Stay Sexy & Don't Get Murdered by Karen Kilgariff and Georgia Hardstark
Sublime Karma by Peyton Garver
The Summer I Turned Pretty by Jenny Han
The Sun and Her Flowers by Rupi Kaur
Take the Key and Lock Her Up by Ally Carter
The Thousandth Floor by Katharine McGee
To All the Boys I've Loved Before by Jenny Han
To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee
Turtles All the Way Down by John Green
The Unhoneymooners by Christina Lauren
What the Other Three Don't Know by Spencer Hyde
When Dimple Met Rishi by Sandhya Menon
Where the Crawdads Sing by Delia Owens
The White Rose by Amy Ewing
Want to know what other books I'm totally digging? You can check out what I'm currently reading on Goodreads.
Click here to see my Top 10 favorite books!
Interested in sending me a request for review? Head over to my review policy.
Happy reading!


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Release name: Crystal.Cave.Lost.Treasures.v1.0-TE Size: 20.76 MB
Here is one new very interesting, funny and easy to play game released by TE. Enjoy and have fun guys..Description: Go on a quest for long-lost treasures buried in the temples of ancient civilizations in Crystal Cave: Lost Treasures. Huge gemstones were sheltered from the sunshine for eons of time waiting for explorers brave enough to unearth them. You – as an intrepid treasure hunter – will need all your ingenuity to pass the traps and dangers of the underground and collect the treasure in this fun Puzzle game!Features: * Explore lost tombs * Tons of riddles * Explore the Crystal Cave!
Murder, She Wrote (Portable) Genre: Hidden Object | Legacy Interactive Size :285MB
Captain Space Bunny v188.8.131.52-TE Size: 67MB
Description: Help Captain Space Bunny explore space and find Corrotin Beta, the planet where all bunnies came from, in this exciting Time Management game. Travel from planet to planet constructing futuristic cities for the inhabitants in exchange for clues. Keep the residents happy with gorgeous houses, purchase different materials, construct fun entertainment buildings, and keep the enemies at bay in Captain Space.
Download : http://hotfile.com/dl/36442456/124f081/Captain.Space.Bunny.v188.8.131.52-TE.rar.html
Sacraboar-TiNYiSO Size: 549.82 MB
Portable RC Toy Machines | 28.4 MB
RC Toy Machines, Little Vehicles.. Big Fun! Put your radio Control Car Driving skills to the ultimate test! Race through make shift trakcs, set up in the real world!Set in dramatic and treacherous post-apocalytic environments. the race has only one rule- get to the finishing line alive before anyone else and you are the winner. Features -8 Challenging makeshift tracks! -Multiple unique real worlds environments! -6 Vehicles to Choose from! -Race against 5 other CPU opponents and Nitro your way to victory! -Be the best and unlock features in a tournament! -Challenge the best lap times! -Realistic vehicle physics! System Requirements -Windows 98 / XP / Me / 2000 -500 MhzCPU -128MBRAM -3DVideoCard


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Gilbert Lake State Park's lake and three ponds lie in wooded, hilly terrain in the foothills of the Catskills. In addition to cabins and campsites, the park has more than 12 miles of interconnecting trails for hikers, skiers, snowmobilers and snowshoers. Playgrounds and a disc golf course, as well as swimming, boat rentals, boating (car top/hard bottom boats) and fishing are also featured. - See more at: http://nysparks.com/parks/19/details.aspx
Price: Free
Vendor: New York State Parks
Primary Category: Recreation
Secondary Categorization: Parks
Published: 5/2014
Language: English
Size: 9.3 MB
See all maps by New York State Parks
Maps purchased here can only be viewed in the Avenza Maps app on iOS and Android.
Avenza Systems Inc. © 2020. All Rights Reserved. Avenza Maps™ is a trademark of Avenza Systems Inc. Legal Privacy and Cookie Policy
Get the app. Get the map. ®


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Lots And Land
- $54,900 price
- 757978 mls id
- Lot Size: 0.21 acres
- Status: Active
Build your dream home in Historic Brownsville! View lot with 180 degree views as far as the eye can see and located on a hilltop in area of custom homes. Minutes to Eugene, Albany, or Corvallis for commuters.
- Site Link
- Property SubType Other
Related Listings
Lots And Land
19 Pictures
Looking for an affordable lot with a view to die for? On the edge of town with a private feel, this beautiful land in Brownsville is ready for you! Nice size lot in a quiet, friendly town. Placed in a central location with easy access to I5! Gorgeous views of the valleys and farms with enough space...
Listing Agent: LAURA GILLOTT
Courtesy of: KELLER WILLIAMS REALTY MID-WILLAMETTE - GILLOTT TEAM
Courtesy of: RE/MAX INTEGRITY ALBANY BRANCH
Office Phone: (541) 791-2000
Listing Agent: MICHAEL KOSMICKI
Updated: 5th April, 2020 12:49 PM.
801 Northpoint Lp Brownsville, OR


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This cougar lesbian and badly tattooed is in need of sex and she is having a sex party with an immature guy. She has made an online date and has set the boy up for a real date. The guy goes there with boiling kidney punches and doesn't hesitate to bring some punches afterwards, he gives himself to be straddled by this slut until he finally bursts out. Here are our Sexgangsters porn movies, afterwards he slides his cock into this slut's very boiling anus before coming on his body ! Then, taking off his shoes, he smashes this slut in her workplace in every possible posture and doesn't fail to fuck her in every direction. And this very well disturbing mistress raises the temperature by sucking the guy's penis. Then she gets spoon-fucked, a position that this slut loves ; she'll end up succumbing to the pleasure and gush like a good whore in heat. A gullible brunette and glamorous chick shows up in a hot outfit and sits down on a table waiting for the boy to take the initiative. She's so glamorous and very good that the guy won't be able to resist sticking her in, which he does on the table. While the guy starts this game with a two-mouth pump, he gets his balls eaten, which makes him mega hot.
Pornstars : Gabbie Carter, Nancy A


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Internet entrepreneur Simon Hackett was the first in Australia to get one of the original Tesla Roadster sports cars. And he followed it up by getting several Model S EVs, when that high performing luxury sedan came onto market, and also bought the Model X electric SUV.
Now, he's among the first to put his hand up for the new $US250,000 electric Roadster, the surprise package of the Tesla Truck launch last week that promises to be the fastest production car ever built.
"Yes, I've ordered one of the new Roadsters," Hackett, also the director and largest shareholder in flow battery manufacturer Redflow, told RenewEconomy in an email.
Giles Parkinson is founder and editor of Renew Economy, and is also the founder of One Step Off The Grid and founder/editor of The Driven. Giles has been a journalist for 35 years and is a former business and deputy editor of the Australian Financial Review.


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How can I get more traffic volume per day?
By Lukas Coinverti
updated 3 months ago
The best way to increase your traffic volumes is to increase your bid, as this opens up to more eyes per satoshi spent.
Once you have done that, we recommend expanding your geotargeting efforts so that more crypto-heads around the globe can engage with your ad - this is especially important if your campaign isn't about something that is location-specific.


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Support Food Shelf
System Transformation
Donations to FFEN are stewarded carefully for meaningful and lasting impact. Dollars help update food shelf operations
so the benefit continues into the future.
Your generous contributions support a strong and stable food shelf for all Minnesota communities. Our powerful approach is to invest in local food shelf equipment and space improvements while providing a FFEN volunteer consultant to support implementation of business and service best practices.
We need donors like you to help us expand food shelf capacity and increase sustainability.
Donate online today
Our online donations are handled securely through PayPal. Please click the button below to make a payment on our PayPal page. If you need help, please do not hesitate to call!
Donations can also be mailed by check, made out to Foundation for Essential Needs, and mailed to:
Foundation for Essential Needs
701 N. 3rd Street, Suite 203
Minneapolis, MN 55401
Foundation for Essential Needs is a tax-exempt 501c3 non-profit organization. Your donation is tax-deductible to the extent allowed by law.
Our family believes it is our obligation to give back to support our community. FFEN has a unique mission and place in the delivery of food to those in need in Minnesota, and we support FFEN because they provide critical and much needed technical and economic resources to community food shelves — improving their efficiency and long-term stability. We believe this is where FFEN makes a true difference."
Hema and Jon Nealon


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China has always adhered to the principle of non-interference, and expects other countries to do the same, Chinese State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi said in the United Nations on Wednesday in response to U.S. allegations of China "attempting to interfere in" the 2018 midterm elections.
Non-interference in the internal affairs of other countries is a tradition of China's foreign policy, which has won widespread praise from the international community, Wang said.
"We did not, do not and will not interfere in the internal affairs of any country, and we don't accept any groundless accusations made against China," he said.
"We also urge other countries to follow the principles of the United Nations Charter, which forbids interference in any nation's internal affairs," he said.


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Home › Hand Tools › Screwdriver Sets › Crescent Quick Convert T-Handle Multi-Bit Driver
The Crescent Quick Convert Multi Driver replaces the need to carry multiple fastening tools. Three of the most common sizes of nut drivers, 1/4, 5/16 and 7/16in, are integrated into the corrosion resistant, polished chrome shaft. The screwdriver quickly converts to a T-handle position for increased torque. To convert just pull the shaft, rotate the handle and push to lock it in place.
The built-in universal pin socket conforms to any fastener's shape from 1/4 to 1/2in for a secure fit that won't slip. This feature alone replaces around 40 different types of fastener. Fitted with a dual material cushion handle that provides a non-slip grip and resists oil and grease.
Supplied with 2 double-ended premium S2 bits, for increased durability and less wear. Bit sizes: PH1, PH2, 5mm & 7mm.
The Milwaukee multibay 6 dock battery charger is brand new out. It can charge the M18 Milwaukee batteries 1.5Ah, 2.0Ah, 3.0Ah and 4.0Ah. This battery charger also features a by-pass mode to choose the battery bay that gets charged first. It also has a carry handle so that it can be easily transported. 240v. No Box.
Can be used to charge 6 M18 batteries.
No Box.
Carry handle.
Charges M18 1.5Ah batteries in 30 minutes, 2.0Ah batteries in 40 minutes, 3.0Ah batteries in 60 minutes and 4.0Ah batteries in 80 minutes.
Features a by-pass mode to choose the battery bay that gets charged first.
We aim to supply all products marked "in Stock" over £25 on a one to two working day basis provided the order is placed by 3.00pm. Free Two Day Delivery on orders over £75.00 including vat to UK Mainland. Under £75.00, a carriage charge of £5.95 will be charged dependent on weight.
No deliveries will be made on Bank Holidays.
Please note all orders placed after 3pm on a Friday will not be dispatched until Monday
Christmas deliveries orders placed on the 22nd should be delivered on or before the 24th but can not be guarenteed. orders placed on or after the 24th will be delivered on or after the 30th December. Orders placed the 30th will be delivered on or after the 4th January.
Deliveries will be made by either APC or Ukmail
Please note there maybe extra charges to the follow postcodes KW,IV, AB, PH, PS, DD, BT, HS, PA.
Please also allow extra delivery time for these areas as there not next day guaranteed.
Hopefully you won't need to return an item of your order, if you do, we're here to help. Firstly let us know. E-mail email@example.com, Telephone 01623 622439, Fax 01623 420134. Please have your invoice number to hand so we can deal with your request.


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The Scottish Crofters
The following is The Scottish Crofters by David Bennett King (published in Lippincott's Magazine, August, 1885):
It is hard to dispel the halo which poetry and romance have thrown about the Scottish Highlander and see him simply as he appears in every-day life. And indeed, all fiction aside, there is in his history and character much that is most admirable and noble. On many a terrible battle-field his courage has been unsurpassed. His brave and tireless struggle for existence where both climate and soil are unfriendly is equally worthy of respect. Then, too, his sterling honesty and independence in speech and action and his high moral and religious qualities combine to make him a valuable citizen.
Such considerations account in part for the interest which has been excited in England by the claims of the Scottish crofters. There are, however, other reasons why so much attention has of late been given to their complaints. Their poverty and hardships have long been known in England. The reports made by the Emigration Commissioners in 1841 and by Sir John McNeil a few years later contain accounts of miserably small and unproductive holdings, of wretched hovels for dwellings, of lack of enterprise and interest in making improvements, of curtailment of pasture, of high rents and insecurity of tenure, very similar to those found on the pages of the report of the late Royal Commission. While in this interval the condition of the crofters has but slightly, if at all, improved, there has been a very considerable improvement in the condition of the middle and lower classes of the people in other parts of Scotland and in England. The masses of the people have better houses, better food and clothing, while with the development of the school system and the newspaper press general intelligence has greatly increased. The accounts of the poverty and wretchedness of the crofters now reach the public much more quickly and make a much deeper impression on all classes than they did forty years ago. While these small farmers are not numerous,--there are probably not more than four thousand families in need of relief,--many of their kinsmen elsewhere have acquired wealth and influence and have been able to plead their cause with good effect. In this country "The Scottish Land League" has issued in "The Cry of the Crofter" an eloquent plea for help to carry on the agitation to a successful issue.
Another reason for the increased attention that has lately been given to these claims is found in the rapidly-growing tendency to concede to the landlord fewer and fewer and to the tenant more and more rights in the land. The recent extension of the suffrage, giving votes to nearly two millions of agricultural and other laborers, leads politicians to go as far as possible in favoring new legislation in the interest of tenants and laborers. The crofters' case has therefore come to be of special interest as a part of the general land question which has of late received so much attention from the English press and Parliament, and which is pretty certain to be prominent for several years to come.
Those who are familiar only with the relations existing between landlord and tenant in this country are naturally surprised to find the crofter demanding that his landlord shall (1) give him the use of more land, (2) reduce his rent, (3) pay him on leaving his holding for all his improvements, and (4) not accept in his stead another tenant, even though the latter may be anxious to take the holding at a higher figure or turn him out for any other reason. In addition to all this, the crofters demand that the government shall advance them money to enable them to build suitable houses and improve and stock their farms. An American tenant who should make such demands would be considered insane. No such view of the crofters' claims, however, is taken in England and Scotland.
What, then, are the grounds upon which these extensive claims are based? Why should the crofter claim a right to have his holding enlarged and to have the land at a lower rent than some one else may be willing to pay? The reasons are to be found partly in his history, traditions, and circumstances, and partly in the present tendency of the legislation and discussions relating to the ownership and occupation of land.
Under the old clan system, to which the crofter is accustomed to trace his claims, the land was owned by the chief and clansmen in common, and allotments and reallotments were made from time to time to individual clansmen, each of whom had a right to some portion of the land, while the commons were very extensive. Rent or service was paid to the chief, who had more or less control over the clan lands and often possessed an estate in severalty, with many personal dependants. In many cases the power of the chief was great and tyrannical, and many of the clansmen were in a somewhat servile condition; but the more influential clansmen seem sometimes to have retained permanent possession of their allotments. Long ago sub-letting became common, and hard services were often exacted of the sub-tenants, whose lot was frequently a most unhappy one. The modern cottar, as well as the squatter, had his representative in the dependant of the chief, or clansman, or in the outlaw or vagrant member of another clan who came to build his rude cabin wherever he could find a sheltered and unoccupied spot. No doubt many of the sub-tenants, even where they held originally by base and uncertain services and at the will of their superior, came in time, like the English copyholder, to have a generally-recognized right to the permanent possession of their holdings, while custom tended to fix the character and quantity of their services. The population was not numerous, and it was probably not difficult for every man to secure a plot of land of some sort.
The crofters of to-day have lost for the most part the traditions of the drawbacks and hardships of this ancient system, with its oppressive services, to which many of their ancestors were subject, and have commonly retained only the tradition of the right which every clansman had to some portion of the clan lands. In 1745 the clan organizations were abolished and the chiefs transformed into landlords and invested
with the fee-simple of the land. But, while changes were gradually made on some estates in the direction of conformity to the English system, most of the old customary rights of the people continued to be recognized. The tenant was commonly allowed to occupy his holding from year to year without interruption. Money rent gradually took the place of service or rent in kind, but the amount exacted does not seem to have been often increased arbitrarily. The rights of common, which were often of great value, were respected.
The descendants and successors, however, of the old Scotch lairds did not always display the same regard for prescriptive rights and usages. In some cases the extravagance and bankruptcy of the old owners caused the titles to pass to Englishmen, while in others the inheritors of the estates were more and more inclined to insist upon their legal rights and to introduce in the management of their property rules similar to those in use in England. Early in the present century sheep-farming was found to be profitable, and many large areas of glen and mountain were cleared of the greater part of their population and converted into sheep-farms. Many of the mountainous parts of Scotland are of little use for agricultural purposes. Formerly the crofters used large tracts as summer pastures for their small herds of inferior stock. By and by the proprietors found that large droves of better breeds of sheep could be kept on these mountain-pastures. The crofters were too poor to undertake the management of the large sheep-farms into which it was apparently most profitable to divide these mountain-lands, and sheep-farmers from the south became the tenants. By introducing sheep-farming on a large scale the landlords were able, they claimed, to use hundreds of thousands of acres which before were of comparatively little value. The
large flocks of sheep could not, however, be kept without having the lower slopes of the mountains on which to winter. It was these slopes that the crofters commonly used for pasture, below which, in the straths and glens, were their holdings and dwellings. The ruins of cottages, or patches of green here and there where cottages stood, mark the sites of many little holdings from which the crofters and their families were turned out many years ago in order to make room for sheep-farms. The proprietors sometimes recognized the rights of these native tenants, and gave them new holdings in exchange for the old ones. The new crofts were often nearer the sea, where the land was less favorable for grazing and where the rights of common were less valuable, but the occupants had better opportunities for supplementing their incomes from the land by fishing and by gathering sea-weed for kelp, from which iodine was made. There were, however, great numbers who were not supplied with new
crofts, but turned away from their old homes and left to shift for themselves. Some of these, too poor to go elsewhere, built rude huts wherever they could find a convenient spot, and thus increased the ranks of the squatters. Others were allowed to share the already too small holdings of their more fortunate brethren, while others, again, found their way to the lowlands and cities of the south or to America. The traditions of the hardships and sufferings endured by some of these evicted crofters are still kept alive in the prosperous homes of their children and grandchildren on this side of the Atlantic. The process of clearing off the crofters went on for many years. In 1849 Hugh Miller, in trying to arouse public sentiment against it, declared that, "while the law is banishing its tens for terms of seven and fourteen years,--the penalty of deep-dyed crimes,--irresponsible and infatuated power is banishing its thousands for no crime whatever."
Lately, owing to foreign competition and the deterioration of the land that has been used for many years as sheep-pastures, sheep-farming has become much less profitable than formerly, and many large tenants have in consequence given up their farms. The enthusiasm for deer-hunting has, however, increased with the increase of wealth and leisure among Englishmen, and immense tracts, amounting altogether to nearly two millions of acres, have been turned into deer-forests, yielding, as a rule, a slightly higher rent than was paid by the crofters and sheep-farmers. Much of this land is either unfit for agricultural purposes or could not at present be cultivated with profit. Some of it, however, is fertile, or well suited for grazing, and greatly coveted by the crofters. The deer and other game often destroy or injure the crops of the adjoining holdings, and thus add to the troubles of the occupants and increase their indignation at the land's being used to raise sheep and "vermin" instead of men. Most Americans have had intimations of this feeling through the accounts of the hostility that has been shown to our countryman, Mr. Winans, whose deer-forest is said to cover two hundred square miles. While evictions are much less common than they were two or three generations ago, there has all along been a disposition on the part of the proprietors to enclose in their sheep-farms and deer-forests lands that were formerly tilled or used as commons by the crofters and cottars. In comparison with the crofter of to-day the sub-tenant of a hundred years ago had, as a rule, more land for tillage, a far wider range of pasture for his stock, and "greater freedom in regard to the natural produce of the river and moor."
Many of the crofters belong to families which have lived on the same holdings for generations. It is a common experience everywhere that long-continued use begets and fosters the feeling of ownership. This is especially true when, as in the crofter's case, there is so much in the history and traditions of the people and the property that tends to establish a right of possession. Besides, the crofter, or one of his ancestors, has in most cases built the house and made other improvements: sometimes he has reclaimed the land itself and changed a barren waste into a garden. The labor and money which he and his ancestors have expended in improving the place seem to him to give him an additional right to occupy it always. It is his holding and his home, the home of his fathers and of his family. While he may be unable toresist the power of his landlord, and may have no legal security for his rights and interests, he regards the curtailment of his privileges or the increase of his rent as unjust, and eviction as a terrible outrage. "The extermination of the Highlanders," says one of their kinsmen, "has been carried on for many years as systematically and persistently as that of the North-American Indians.... Who can withhold sympathy as whole families have turned to take a last look at the heavens red with their burning homes? The poor people shed no tears, for there was in their hearts that which stifled such signs of emotion: they were absorbed in despair. They were forced away from that which was dear to their hearts, and their patriotism was treated with contemptuous mockery.... There are various ways in which the crime of murder is perpetrated. There are killings which are effected by the unjust and cruel denying of lands to our fellow-creatures to enable them to obtain food and raiment."
The feeling of the crofters in regard to increase of rent and eviction is very similar to that of the Irish tenantry. Very recently Mr. Parnell uttered sentiments which both would accept as their own. "I trust," he said, "that when any individual feels disposed to violate the divine commandment by taking, under such circumstances, that which does not belong to him, he will feel within him the promptings of patriotism and religion, and that he will turn away from the temptation. Let him remember that he is doing a great injustice to his country and his class,--that though he may perhaps benefit materially for a while, yet that ill-gotten gains will not prosper." Where crofters have been evicted, or have had their privileges curtailed or their rent raised, they and their descendants do not soon forget the grievance. Claims have recently been made for lands which the crofters have not occupied for two or three generations.
The Scotch landlords are not, as a rule, cruel or unjust. On the contrary, some of them are exceedingly kind and generous to their tenants, and have spent large sums of money in making improvements which add greatly to the prosperity and comfort of those who live on their estates. Many of them recognize the right of their tenants to occupy their holdings without interruption so long as the rent is paid regularly. The natural tendency, however, to insist upon their legal rights and to make the most they can out of their estates has led to not a few cases of hardship and injustice. A few such instances in a community are talked over for years, and often seriously interfere with the contentment and industry of many families. The traditions and recollections of the many evictions which have occurred during this century have often caused the motives of the best landlords to be suspected and their most benevolent acts to be misunderstood by their tenants. The crofter system has been an extremely bad one in many respects. There cannot be much interest in making improvements where the tenant must build the houses, fences, stables, etc., but has no guarantee that he will not be turned out of his holding or have his rent so increased as practically to compel him to leave the place. The kindness and humanity of the landlords have in many instances mitigated the worst evils of the system; but, while human nature remains as it is, no matter how just and generous individual landlords may be, general prosperity and contentment are impossible under the present arrangements. The discontent and discouragement caused by the action of the less kind and considerate landlords and agents frequently extend to crofters who have no just grounds of complaint, and troubles and hardships resulting from idleness or improvidence or other causes are often attributed to the injustice of the laws or the cruelty of the landlords.
The poverty of the crofter often renders his condition deplorable. His holding and right of common have been curtailed by the landlord, or he has sub-divided them among his sons or kinsmen, until it would beimpossible for the produce of the soil to sustain the population, even if no rent whatever were charged. Some years ago he was able to increase
his income by gathering sea-weed for kelp; but latterly, since iodine can be obtained more cheaply from other sources, the demand for this product has ceased. In some places the fishing is valuable, enabling him to supply his family with food for a part of the year, and bringing him money besides. He is, however, often too poor to provide the necessary boats and nets, while in many places the absence of good harbors and landings is a most serious drawback to the fishing industry. Sometimes he supplements his income by spending a few months of the year in the low country and obtaining work there. In most cases, however, a large part of his income must be derived from the land. If there were plenty of employment to be had, the little holding would do very well as a garden, and the stock which he could keep on the common would add greatly to his comfort. As things now are, he must look chiefly to the land both for his subsistence and his rent, and, with an unfruitful soil and an unfriendly climate, he is often on the verge of want.
Still more wretched is the condition of the cottars and squatters. The latter are in some places numerous and have taken up considerable portions of land formerly used as common, thus interfering with the rights of the crofters. They appropriate land and possess and pasture stock, but pay no rent, obey no control, and scarcely recognize any authority. The dwellings of this class and of some of the poorer crofters are wretched in the extreme. A single apartment, with walls of stone and mud, a floor of clay, a thatched roof, no windows, no chimney, one low door furnishing an entrance for the occupants and a means of ventilation and of escape for the smoke which rolls up black and thick from the peat fire, furniture of the rudest imaginable sort, the inhabitants--the human beings, the cows, the pigs, the sheep, and the poultry--all crowded together in the miserable and filthy hut, make up a picture which the most romantic and poetic associations can hardly render pleasing to one accustomed to the comforts and refinements of modern civilization. Of course many of the crofters live in greater comfort, and some of the cottages are by no means unattractive. But the Royal Commissioners say that the crofter's habitation is usually "of a character that would imply physical and moral degradation in the eyes of those who do not know how much decency, courtesy, virtue, and even refinement survive amidst the sordid surroundings of a Highland hovel." An Englishman who, on seeing these "sordid surroundings," was disposed to compare the social and moral condition of the people to "the barbarism of Egypt," was told that if he would ask one of the crofters, in Gaelic or English, "What is the chief end of man?" he would soon see the difference.
With such a history, such traditions, grievances, conditions, and hardships, it is not strange that the crofter should be ready to join an agitation that promised a remedy. Some of his grievances and claims have been so similar to those of the Irish tenant that the legislation which followed the violent agitation in Ireland has led him to hope for relief-measures similar to those enacted for the Irish tenantry. The Irish Land Act of 1870 recognized the tenant's right to the permanent possession of his holding and to his improvements, by providing that on being turned out by his landlord he should have compensation for disturbance and for his improvements. It did not, however, secure him against the landlord's so increasing his rent as practically to appropriate his improvements and even force him to leave his holding without any compensation. The Land Act of 1881 secured his interests by establishing a court which should fix a fair rent, by giving him a right to compensation for disturbance and for his improvements, and by allowing him to sell his interests for the best price he can get for them. It also enabled him to borrow from the government, at a low rate of interest, three-fourths of the money necessary to purchase his landlord's interest in the holding. This legal recognition and guarantee of the Irish tenant's interests have led the crofter to hope that his claims, based on better grounds, may also be conceded.
The changes recently made in the land laws of England and Scotland, and the activity of the advocates of further and more radical changes, have increased this hope. Progressive English statesmen have long looked with disfavor upon entails and settlements, and there have been a number of enactments providing for cutting off entails and increasing the power of limited owners. The last and most important of these, the Settled Estates Act, passed in 1882, gives the tenant for life power to sell any portion of the estate except the family mansion, and thus thoroughly undermines the principle upon which primogeniture and entails are founded. Much land which has hitherto been so tied up that the limited owners were either unable or unwilling to develop it can now be sold and improved. New measures have been proposed to increase still further the power of limited owners and to make the sale and transfer of land easier and less expensive. Many able statesmen are advocates of these measures. Mr. Goschen in a recent speech at Edinburgh urged the need of a land-register by which transfers of land might be made almost as cheaply and easily as transfers of consols. By such an arrangement, it is held, many farmers of small capital will be enabled to buy their farms, and the land of the country will thus be dispersed among a much larger number of owners. There has also been a very marked tendency to enlarge the rights and the authority of the tenant farmer. The Agricultural Holdings Act of 1883 gives the tenant a right to compensation for temporary and, on certain conditions, for permanent improvements, and permits him in most cases, where he cannot have compensation, to remove fixtures or buildings which he has erected, contrary to the old doctrine
that whatever is fixed to the soil becomes the property of the landlord. The landlord's power to distrain for rent is greatly reduced: formerly he could distrain for six years' rent, now he can distrain only for the rent of one year, and he is required to give the tenant twelve instead of six months' notice to quit. The tenant is therefore more secure than formerly in the possession of his farm and in spending money and labor in making improvements that will render it more productive. Other changes are proposed, which will give him still more rights, greater freedom in the management of the farm, and additional encouragement to adopt the best methods of farming and invest his labor and money in improvements. Many of the land reformers advocate the adoption of measures similar to those that have been enacted for Ireland. It has for some time been one of the declared purposes of the Farmers' Alliance to secure a system of judicial rents for the tenant farmers of England. An important conference lately held at Aberdeen and participated in by
representatives of both the English and Scottish Farmers' Alliances adopted an outline of a land bill for England and Scotland, providing for the establishment of a land court, fixing fair rents, fuller compensation for improvements, and the free sale of the tenant's interests.
The wretched condition of the dwellings of the agricultural laborers in many parts of the country has attracted much attention, and plans for bettering their condition have frequently been urged. Lately the interest in the subject has increased, prominent statesmen on both sides having espoused the cause. In view of the political power which the recent extension of the suffrage has given to the agricultural laborers, there is a general expectation that a measure will shortly be enacted requiring the owner or occupier of the farm to give each laborer a plot
of ground "of a size that he and his family can cultivate without impairing his efficiency as a wage-earner," at a rent fixed by arbitration, and providing for a loan of money by the state for the erection of a proper dwelling. The provisions of the Irish Land Act and its amendment relating to laborers' cottages and allotments suggest the lines along which legislation for the improvement of laborers' dwellings in England and Scotland is likely to proceed.
Then there is the scheme for nationalizing the land, the state paying the present owners no compensation, or a very small amount, and assuming the chief functions now exercised by the landlords. No statesman has yet ventured to advocate this scheme, but it has called forth a great deal of discussion on the platform and in the newspapers and reviews, and has captivated most of those who are inclined to adopt socialistic theories of property. Mr. George himself has preached his favorite doctrine to the crofters, whose views of their own rights in the land have led them to look upon the plan with more favor than the English tenants. Others, too, who have plans to advocate for giving tenants and laborers greater rights have taken special pains to have their views presented to the crofters, since the claims of the latter against the landlords seem to rest upon so much stronger grounds than those of the English tenant.
The agitations for the reform of the land laws in Ireland and England, and the utterances of the advocates of the various plans for increasing the rights and privileges of the tenant, have led the crofters to dwell upon their grievances until they have become thoroughly aroused. They have in many cases refused to pay rent, have resisted eviction and driven away officers who attempted to serve writs, have offered violence to the persons or property of some of those who have ventured to take the crofts of evicted tenants, and in some instances have taken forcible possession of lands which they thought ought to be added to their crofts. The government found it necessary a short time ago to send gunboats with marines and extra police to some of the islands and districts to restore the authority of the law. The crofters and their friends are thoroughly organized, and seem likely to insist upon their claims with the persistency that is characteristic of their race. It is now generally conceded that some remedy must be provided for their grievances and hardships.
The remedy that has been most frequently suggested, the only one recommended by the Emigration Commissioners in 1841 and by Sir John McNeil in 1852, is emigration. The crofting system, it has often been urged, belongs to a bygone age; it survives only because of its remoteness from the centres of civilization and the ruggedness of the country; the implements used by the crofters are of the most primitive sort, while their agricultural methods are "slovenly and unskilful to the last degree." It is impossible for these small farmers, with their crude implements and methods, to compete with the large farmers, who have better land and use the most improved implements and methods. Besides, many of the crofters are, and their ancestors for many generations have been, "truly laborers, living chiefly by the wages of labor, and holding crofts and lots for which they pay rents, not from the produce of the land, but from wages." If they cannot find employment within convenient distance of their present homes, the best and kindest thing for them is to help them to go where there is a good demand for labor and better opportunities for earning a decent livelihood. To encourage them to stay on their little crofts, where they are frequently on the verge of want, is unkind and very bad policy. One who has seen the wretched hovels in which some of these crofter families live, the small patches of unproductive land on which they try to subsist, the hardships which they sometimes suffer, and the lack of opportunities for bettering their condition in their native Highlands or islands, and who knows how much has been accomplished by the enterprise and energy of Highlanders in other parts of the world, can hardly help wishing that they might all be helped to emigrate to countries where their industry and economy would more certainly be rewarded, and where they would have a fairer prospect for success in the struggle for life and advancement. Many of them would undoubtedly be far better off if they could emigrate under favorable conditions. The descendants of many of those who were forced to leave their homes by "cruel and heartless Highland lairds," and who suffered terrible hardships in getting to this country and founding new homes, have now attained such wealth and influence as they could not possibly have acquired among their ancestral hills. The Royal Commissioners recommended that the state should aid those who may be willing to emigrate from certain islands and districts where the population is apparently too great for the means of subsistence.
The crofters are, however, strongly attached to their native hills and glens, and they claim that such laws can and ought to be enacted as will enable them to live in comfort where they are. The present, it is urged, is a particularly favorable time to establish prosperous small farmers in many parts of the Highlands where sheep-farming has proved a failure. The inhabitants of the coasts and islands are largely a seafaring people. There is quite as much Norse as Celtic blood in the veins of many of them, and the Norseman's love of the sea leads them naturally to fishing or navigation. The herring-fisheries, with liberal encouragement on the part of the government, might be made far more profitable to the fishermen and to the nation. Besides, the seafaring people of the Highlands and islands "constitute a natural basis for the naval defence of the country, a sort of defence which cannot be extemporized, and which in possible emergencies can hardly be overrated." At the present time they "contribute four thousand four hundred and thirty-one men to the Royal Naval Reserve,--a number equivalent to the crews of seven armored war-steamers of the first class." It is surely desirable to foster a population which has been a "nursery of good citizens and good workers for the whole empire," and of the best sailors and soldiers for the British navy and army. Public policy demands that every legitimate means be used to better the condition of the crofters and cottars, and to encourage them to remain in and develop the industries of their own country, instead of abandoning it to sheep and deer. Private interests must be made subordinate to the public good. Parliament may therefore interfere with the rights of landed property when the interests of the people and of the nation demand it, as they do in this case.
It was on some such grounds that the Royal Commissioners recommended that restrictions be placed upon the further extension of deer-forests, that the fishing interests should be aided by the government, that the proprietors should be required to restore to the crofters lands formerly used as common pastures, and to give them, under certain restrictions, the use of more land, enlarging their holdings, and that in certain cases they should be compelled to grant leases at rents fixed by arbitration, and to give compensation for improvements. The government is already helping the fishermen by constructing a new harbor and by improving means of communication and transportation, and proposes to greatly lighten taxation in the near future.
The bill which the late government introduced into Parliament does not undertake to provide for aid to those who may wish to emigrate, or for the compulsory restoration of common pasture, or for the enlargement of the holdings. It does, however, propose to lend money on favorable terms for stocking and improving enlarged or new holdings. As a convention of landlords which was held at Aberdeen last January, and which represented a large amount of land, resolved to increase the size of crofters' holdings as suitable opportunities offered and when the tenants could profitably occupy and stock the same, the demand for more land seems likely to be conceded in many cases without compulsory legislation. The bill defines a crofter to be a tenant from year to year of a holding of which the rent is less than fifty pounds a year, and which is situated in a crofting-parish. Every such crofter is to have security of tenure so long as he pays his rent and complies with certain other conditions; his rent is to be fixed by an official valuer or by arbitration, if he and his landlord cannot agree in regard to it; he is to have compensation, on quitting his holding, for all his improvements which are suitable for the holding; and his heirs may inherit his interests, although he may not sell or assign them. Such propositions seem radical and calculated to interfere greatly with proprietary rights and the freedom of contract. They are, however, but little more than statements of the customs that already exist on some of the best estates. Just as the government by the Irish Land Law Act (1881) took up the Ulster tenant-right customs, gave them the force of law, and extended them to all Ireland, it is proposed by this bill to give the sanction of law to those customary rights which the crofters claim to have inherited from former generations, and which have long been conceded by some of the landlords.
Such a measure of relief will not make all the crofters contented and prosperous. It will, however, give them security against being turned out of their homes and against excessively high rents, and will encourage them to spend their labor and money in improving their holdings. If some assistance could be given to those who may wish to emigrate from overcrowded districts, and if the government would make liberal advances of money to promote the fishing industry, the prospect that the discontent and destitution would disappear would be much better. The relief proposed will, however, be thankfully received by many of the crofters and their friends.


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Kyoko is determined to win her way into show business, even if it means wearing embarrassing bright pink overalls and putting up with spoiled stars. But her first big assignment is proving more difficult than she imagined when Kyoko finds herself in front of the camera with an injured leg. Will she be able to ace her first attempt at acting despite the pain, or will she make an utter fool of herself in front of her sort-of nemesis, Ren Tsugura?
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