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For Then Shall Be Great Tribulation [Video]This message is from the 2012 Olivet Convocation in Ohio. Travis Bennett expounded upon Matthew 24:21 For then shall be GREAT tribulation, such as was not since the beginning of the world to this time, no, nor ever shall be. Part 2 consists of follow-up commentary from Philip Haney and Phil Norcom.http://the.mysteryofisrael.org/2013/07/07/for-then-shall-be-great-tribulation-video/http://the.mysteryofisrael.org/convocation-2012/
One of the most basic principles for an accurate understanding of the Bibles message is that Scripture interprets Scripture. The Bible is Gods holy, infallible, inerrant Word. It is our highest authority. This means that we cannot seek for an authoritative interpretation of Scriptures meaning anywhere outside of the Bible itself. It also means that we must not interpret the Bible as if it dropped out of the sky in the twentieth century. The New Testament was written in the first century, and so we must try to understand it in terms of its first-century readers. For example, when John called Jesus the Lamb of God, neither he nor his hearers had in mind anything remotely similar to what the average, modern man-on-the-street might think of if he heard someone called a lamb? John did not mean Jesus was sweet, cuddly, nice, or cute. In fact, John wasnt referring to Jesus personality at all. He meant that Jesus was the sinless Sacrifice for the world. How do we know this? Because the Bible tells us so. This is the method we must use in solving every problem of interpretation in the Bible including the prophetic passages. That is to say, when we read a chapter in Ezekiel, our first reaction must not be to scan the pages of the New York Times in a frantic search for clues to its meaning. The newspaper does not interpret Scripture, in any primary sense. The newspaper should not decide for us when certain prophetic events are to be fulfilled. Scripture interprets Scripture.This Generation In Matthew 24 (and Mark 13 and Luke 21) Jesus spoke to His disciples about a Great Tribulation which would come upon Jerusalem. It has become fashionable over the past 100 years or so to teach that He was speaking about the end of the world and the time of His Second Coming. But is this what He meant? We should note carefully that Jesus Himself gave the (approximate) date of the coming Tribulation, leaving no room for doubt after any careful examination of the Biblical text. He said: Truly I say to you, this generation will not pass away until all these things take place (Matthew 24:34). This means that everything Jesus spoke of in this passage, at least up to verse 34, took place before the generation then living passed away. Wait a minute you say. Everything? The witnessing to all nations, the Tribulation, the coming of Christ on the clouds, the stars falling . . . everything? Yes and, incidentally, this point is a very good test of your commitment to the principle we began with in this chapter. Scripture interprets Scripture, I said; and you nodded your head and yawned, thinking: Sure, I know all that. Get to the point. Where do the atomic blasts and killer bees come in? The Lord Jesus declared that "this generation people then living would not pass away before the things He prophesied took place. The question is, do you believe Him? Some have sought to get around the force of this text by saying that the word generation here really means race, and that Jesus was simply saying that the Jewish race would not die out until all these things took place. Is that true? I challenge you: Get out your concordance and look up every New Testament occurrence of the word generation (in Greek, genea) and see if it ever means race in any other context. Here are all the references for the Gospels: Matthew 1:17; 11:16; 12:39, 41, 42, 45; 16:4; 17:17; 23:36; 24:34; Mark 8:12, 38; 9:19; 13:30; Luke 1:48, 50; 7:31; 9:41; 11:29,30,31,32,50, 51; 16:8; 17:25; 21:32. Not one of these references is speaking of the entire Jewish race over thousands of years; all use the word in its normal sense of the sum total of those living at the same time. It always refers to contemporaries. (In fact, those who say it means race tend to acknowledge this fact, but explain that the word suddenly changes its meaning when Jesus uses it in Matthew 24! We can smile at such a transparent error, but we should also remember that this is very serious. We are dealing with the Word of the living God.) The conclusion, therefore before we even begin to investigate the passage as a whole is that the events prophesied in Matthew 24 took place within the lifetime of the generation which was then living. It was this generation which Jesus called wicked and perverse (Matthew 12:39, 45; 16:4; 17:17); it was this terminal generation which crucified the Lord; and it was this generation, Jesus said, upon which would come the punishment for all the righteous blood shed on the earth (Matthew 23:35).All These Things Truly I say to you, all these things shall come upon this generation. O Jerusalem, Jerusalem, who kills the prophets and stones those who are sent to her! How often I wanted to gather your children together, the way a hen gathers her chicks under her wings, and you were unwilling. Behold, your house is being left to you desolate! (Matthew 23:36-38). Jesus statement in Matthew 23 sets the stage for His teaching in Matthew 24. Jesus clearly told of an imminent judgment on Israel for rejecting the Word of God, and for the final apostasy of rejecting Gods Son. The disciples were so upset by His prophecy of doom upon the present generation and the desolation of the Jewish house (the Temple) that, when they were alone with Him, they could not help but ask for an explanation. And Jesus came out of the Temple and was going away when His disciples came up to point out the Temple buildings to Him. And He said to them, Do you not see all these things? Truly I say to you, not one stone here shall be left upon another, which will not be torn down. And as He was sitting on the Mount of Olives, the disciples came to Him privately, saying, Tell us, when will these things be? And what will be the sign of Your coming, and of the end of the age? (Matthew 24:1-3). Again, we must take careful note that Jesus was not speaking of something that would happen thousands of years later to some future temple. He was prophesying about all these things, saying that not one stone here shall be left upon another. This becomes even clearer if we consult the parallel passages: And as He was going out of the Temple, one of His disciples said to Him, Teacher, behold what wonderful stones and what wonderful buildings! And Jesus said to him, Do you see these great buildings? Not one stone shall be left upon another which will not be torn down (Mark 13:1-2). And while some were talking about the Temple, that it was adorned with beautiful stones and votive gifts, He said, As for these things which you are looking at, the days will come in which there will not be left one stone upon another which will not be torn down (Luke 21:5-6). The only possible interpretation of Jesus words which He Himself allows, therefore, is that He was speaking of the destruction of the Temple which then stood in Jerusalem, the very buildings which the disciples beheld at that moment in history. The Temple of which Jesus spoke was destroyed in the fall of Jerusalem to the Roman armies in A.D. 70. This is the only possible interpretation of Jesus prophecy in this chapter. The Great Tribulation ended with the destruction of the Temple in A.D. 70. Even in the (unlikely) event that another temple should be built sometime in the future, Jesus words in Matthew 24, Mark 13, and Luke 21 have nothing to say about it. He was talking solely about the Temple of that generation. There is no Scriptural basis for asserting that any other temple is meant. Jesus confirmed His disciples fears: Jerusalems beautiful Temple would be destroyed within that generation; her house would be left desolate. The disciples understood the significance of this. They knew that Christs coming in judgment to destroy the Temple would mean the utter dissolution of Israel as the covenant nation. It would be the sign that God had divorced Israel, removing Himself from her midst, taking the kingdom from her and giving it to another nation (Matthew 21:43). It would signal the end of the age, and the coming of an entirely new era in world history the New World Order. From the beginning of creation until A.D. 70, the world was organized around one central Sanctuary, one single House of God. Now, in the New Covenant order, sanctuaries are established wherever true worship exists, where the sacraments are observed and Christs special Presence is manifested. Earlier in His ministry Jesus had said: An hour is coming when neither in this mountain, nor in Jerusalem, shall you worship the Father. . . . But an hour is coming, and now is, when the true worshipers shall worship the Father in Spirit and truth (John 4:21-23). Now Jesus was making it clear that the new age was about to be permanently established upon the ashes of the old. The disciples urgently asked: When will these things be, and what will be the sign of your coming, and of the end of the age? Some have attempted to read this as two or three entirely separate questions, so that the disciples would be asking first about the destruction of the Temple, and then about the signs of the end of the world. This hardly seems credible. The concern of the immediate context (Jesus recent sermon) is on the fate of this generation. The disciples, in consternation, had pointed out the beauties of the Temple, as if to argue that such a magnificent spectacle should not be ruined; they had just been silenced with Jesus categorical declaration that not one stone there would be left upon another. There is nothing whatsoever to indicate that they should suddenly change subjects and ask about the end of the material universe. (The translation end of the world in the King James Version is misleading, for the meaning of the English word world has changed in the last few centuries. The Greek word here is not cosmos [world], but aion, meaning eon or age.) The disciples had one concern, and their questions revolved around one single issue: the fact that their own generation would witness the close of the pre-Christian era and the coming of the new age promised by the prophets. All they wanted to know was when it would come, and what signs they should look for, in order to be fully prepared. Signs of the End Jesus responded by giving the disciples not one, but seven signs of the end. (We must remember that the end in this passage is not the end of the world, but rather the end of the age, the end of the Temple, the sacrificial system, the covenant nation of Israel, and the last remnants of the pre-Christian era). It is notable that there is a progression in this list: the signs seem to become more specific and pronounced until we reach the final, immediate precursor of the end. The list begins with certain events which would occur merely as the beginning of birth pangs (Matthew 24:8). In themselves, Jesus warned, they were not to be taken as signals of an imminent end; thus the disciples should guard against being misled on this point (v. 4). These beginning events, marking the period between Christs resurrection and the Temples destruction in A.D. 70, were as follows: 1. False Messiahs. For many will come in My name, saying, I am the Christ: and will mislead many (v. 5). 2. Wars. And you will be hearing of wars and rumors of wars; see that you are not frightened, for those things must take place, but that is not yet the end. For nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom (VV. 6-7a). 3. Natural disasters. And in various places there will be famines and earthquakes. But all these things are merely the beginning of birth pangs (w. 7b-8). Any one of these occurrences might have caused Christians to feel that the end was immediately upon them, had not Jesus warned them that such events were merely general tendencies characterizing the final generation, and not precise signs of the end. The next two signs, while they still characterize the period as a whole, do bring us up to a point near the end of the age: 4. Persecution. Then they will deliver you up to tribulation, and will kill you, and you will be hated by all nations on account of My name (v. 9). 5. Apostasy. And at that time many will fall away and will betray one another and hate one another. And many false prophets will arise, and will mislead many. And because lawlessness is increased, the love of many will grow cold. But the one who endures to the end, he shall be saved (VV. 10-13). The last two items on the list are much more specific and identifiable than the preceding signs. These would be the final, definitive signs of the end one the fulfillment of a process, and the other a decisive event:6. Worldwide evangelization. "And this Gospel of the Kingdom shall be preached in the whole world for a witness to all the nations, and then the end shall come (v. 14). At first glance, this seems incredible. Could the Gospel have been preached to the whole world within a generation of these words? The testimony of Scripture is clear. Not only could it have happened, but it actually did. Proof? A few years before the destruction of Jerusalem, Paul wrote to Christians in Colossae of the Gospel which has come to you, just as in all the world also it is constantly bearing fruit and increasing (Colossians 1:5-6), and exhorted them not to depart from the hope of the Gospel that you have heard, which was proclaimed in ail creation under heaven (Colossians 1:23). To the church at Rome, Paul announced that your faith is being proclaimed throughout the whole world (Romans 1:8), for the voice of Gospel preachers has gone out into all the earth, and their words to the ends of the world (Romans 10:18). According to the infallible Word of God, the Gospel was indeed preached to the whole world, well before Jerusalem was destroyed in A.D. 70. This crucial sign of the end was fulfilled, as Jesus had said. All that was left was the seventh, final sign; and when this event occurred, any Christians remaining in or near Jerusalem were instructed to escape at once: 7. The Abomination of Desolation. Therefore when you see the Abomination of Desolation which was spoken of through Daniel the prophet, standing in the holy place (let the reader understand), then let those who are in Judea flee to the mountains; let him who is on the housetop not go down to get the things out that are in his house; and let him who is in the field not turn back to get his cloak (w. 15-18). The Old Testament text Christ referred to is in Daniel 9:26-27, which prophesies the coming of armies to destroy Jerusalem and the Temple: The people of the prince who is to come will destroy the city and the sanctuary. And its end will come with a flood; even to the end there will be war; desolations are determined. . . . And on the wing of abominations will come one who makes desolate, even until a complete destruction, one that is decreed, is poured out upon the desolate. The Hebrew word for abomination is used throughout the Old Testament to indicate idols and filthy idolatrous practices, especially of the enemies of Israel (e.g., Deuteronomy 29:17; 1 Kings 11:5, 7; 2 Kings 23:13; 11 Chronicles 15:8; Isaiah 66:3; Jeremiah 4:1; 7:30; 13:27; 32:34; Ezekiel 5:11; 7:20; 11:18, 21; 20:7-8, 30). The meaning of both Daniel and Matthew is made clear by the parallel reference in Luke. Instead of abomination of desolation, Luke reads: But when you see Jerusalem surrounded by armies, then recognize that her desolation is at hand. Then let those who are in Judea flee to the mountains, and let those who are in the midst of the city depart, and let not those who are in the country enter the city; because these are the days of vengeance, in order that all things which are written may be fulfilled (Luke 21:20-22). The abomination of desolation, therefore, was to be the armed invasion of Jerusalem. During the period of the Jewish Wars, Jerusalem was surrounded by heathen armies several times. But the specific event denoted by Jesus as the abomination of desolation seems to be the occasion when the Edomites (Idu-means), the agelong enemies of Israel, attacked Jerusalem. Several times in Israels history, as she was being attacked by her heathen enemies, the Edomites had broken in to ravage and desolate the city, thus adding greatly to Israels misery (2 Chronicles 20: 2; 28:17; Psalms 137:7; Ezekiel 35:5-15; Amos 1:9, 11; Obadiah 10-16). The Edomites remained true to form, and their characteristic pattern was repeated during the Great Tribulation. One evening in A.D. 68 the Edomites surrounded the holy city with 20,000 soldiers. As they lay outside the wall, according to Josephus, there broke out a prodigious storm in the night, with the utmost violence, and very strong winds, with the largest showers of rain, with continual lightning, terrible thunderings, and amazing concussions and bellowings of the earth, that was in an earthquake. These things were a manifest indication that some destruction was coming upon men, when the system of the world was put into this disorder; and any one would guess that these wonders fore-showed some grand calamities that were coming. This was the last opportunity to escape from the doomed city of Jerusalem. Anyone who wished to flee had to do so immediately, without delay. The Edomites broke into the city and went directly to the Temple, where they slaughtered 8,500 people by slitting their throats. As the Temple overflowed with blood, the Edomites rushed madly through the city streets, plundering houses and murdering everyone they met, including the high priest. According to the historian Josephus, this event marked the beginning of the destruction of the city . . . from this very day may be dated the overthrow of her wall, and the ruin of her affairs.The Great Tribulation But woe to those who are with child and to those who nurse babes in those days! But pray that your flight may not be in the winter, or on a Sabbath; for then there will be a great tribulation, such as has not occurred since the beginning of the world until now, nor ever shall (Matthew 24:19-21). Lukes account gives additional details: Woe to those who are with child and to those who nurse babes in those days; for there will be great distress upon the land, and wrath to this people, and they will fall by the edge of the sword, and will be led captive into all the nations; and Jerusalem will be trampled under foot by the Gentiles until the times of the Gentiles be fulfilled (Luke 21:23-24). As Christ pointed out in Matthew, the Great Tribulation was to take place, not at the end of history, but in the middle, for nothing similar had occurred from the beginning of the world until now, nor ever shall. Thus the prophecy of the Tribulation refers to the destruction of the Temple in that generation (A.D. 70) alone. It cannot be made to fit into some double-fulfillment scheme of interpretation; the Great Tribulation of A.D. 70 was an absolutely unique event, never to be repeated. Josephus has left us an eyewitness record of much of the horror of those years, and especially of the final days in Jerusalem. It was a time when the daytime was spent in the shedding of blood, and the night in fear; when it was common to see cities filled with dead bodies; when Jews panicked and began indiscriminately killing each other; when fathers tearfully slaughtered their entire families, in order to prevent them from receiving worse treatment from the Romans; when, in the midst of terrible famine, mothers killed, roasted, and ate their own children (cf. Deuteronomy 28:53); when the whole land was all over filled with fire and blood; when the lakes and seas turned red, dead bodies floating everywhere, littering the shores, bloating in the sun, rotting and splitting apart; when the Roman soldiers captured people attempting to escape and then crucified them at the rate of 500 per day. Let Him be crucified! Let Him be crucified! His blood be on us, and on our children! the apostates had cried forty years earlier (Matthew 27:22-25); and when it was all over, more than a million Jews had been killed in the siege of Jerusalem; close to a million more were sold into slavery throughout the empire, and the whole of Judea lay smoldering in ruins, virtually depopulated. The Days of Vengeance had come with horrifying, unpitying intensity. In breaking her covenant, the holy city had become the Babylonish whore; and now she was a desert, the habitation of devils, and the hold of every foul spirit, and a cage of every unclean and hateful bird (Revelation 18:2).D. Chilton
Dear savanah,You should put a note before quoting another source so that the reader knows that they aren't your own words. It is also worthwhile to include a link to the source. For those interested in D[avid] Chilton's views, you can find more here
savannah's chilton artical said : /////(The translation end of the world in the King James Version is misleading, for the meaning of the English word world has changed in the last few centuries. The Greek word here is not cosmos [world], but aion, meaning eon or age.)//// Lets compare Scripture with Scripture to better understand the phrase end of the world "aion"the parable of the tares of the fieldMatthew 13 : 38 The field is the world (((Kosmos))); the good seed are the children of the kingdom; but the tares are the children of the wicked one; 39 The enemy that sowed them is the devil; the harvest is the /end of the world/ (((aion))); and the reapers are the angels. 40 As therefore the tares are gathered and burned in the fire; so shall it be in the /end of this world/(((aion)));.alsoMatthew 13:47 Again, the kingdom of heaven is like unto a net, that was cast into the sea, and gathered of every kind: 48 Which, when it was full, they drew to shore, and sat down, and gathered the good into vessels, but cast the bad away.49 So shall it be at the /end of the world/ (((aion)));.: the angels shall come forth, and sever the wicked from among the just, 50 And shall cast them into the furnace of fire: there shall be wailing and gnashing of teeth.the great commissionMatthew 28:2020 Teaching them to observe all things whatsoever I have commanded you: and, lo, I am with you always, even unto the end of the world (((aion))). Amen.Chiton is trying to equate The phrase /end of the world (aion)/ with the dispensational paradigm shift between the old covenant and the new covenant.But the end of the (aion) is indeed the end of the (Kosmos) not the change of the "Kairos"
Jeremy221 asked that I include a link to the source.Here it is:http://freebooks.entrewave.com/freebooks/docs/html/dcgt/dcgt.html
Matthew 13 : 38 The field is the world (((Kosmos))); the good seed are the children of the kingdom; but the tares are the children of the wicked one;39 The enemy that sowed them is the devil; the harvest is the /end of the world/ (((aion))); and the reapers are the angels.40 As therefore the tares are gathered and burned in the fire; so shall it be in the /end of this world/(((aion)));.alsoMatthew 13:47 Again, the kingdom of heaven is like unto a net, that was cast into the sea, and gathered of every kind:48 Which, when it was full, they drew to shore, and sat down, and gathered the good into vessels, but cast the bad away.49 So shall it be at the /end of the world/ (((aion)));.: the angels shall come forth, and sever the wicked from among the just,50 And shall cast them into the furnace of fire: there shall be wailing and gnashing of teeth.the great commissionMatthew 28:2020 Teaching them to observe all things whatsoever I have commanded you: and, lo, I am with you always, even unto the end of the world (((aion))). Amen.Chiton is trying to equate The phrase /end of the world (aion)/ with the dispensational paradigm shift between the old covenant and the new covenant.But the end of the (aion) is the end of the (Kosmos) not the change of the "Kairos" proudpapa
-by Tony WarrenMatthew chapter twenty-four has been a difficult chapter for many Christians to understand, even for seasoned theologians. A frequently asked question concerning this chapter is Christ's declaration that a generation should not pass until all the things (which He had talked about) would be fulfilled. The question I hear a lot is, "how could all those things that Christ had spoken about, be fulfilled before that generation had passed?" Matthew 24:33-34 "So likewise ye, when ye shall see all these things, know that it is near, even at the doors. Verily I say unto you, This generation shall not pass, till all these things be fulfilled." The problem is, many people understand that this Chapter is speaking about later day occurrences, and so they are puzzled as to how the phrase, "this generation," fits the context. The confusion exists because the average Christian is unaware that there are several ways that this Greek word [genea], translated generation, is used in scripture. This is in contrast to extra-biblical or secular dictionary definitions. First of all it is from the root word [genos] meaning kindred or family. In conjunction with that, it is used three distinct ways within scripture. 1. It can be used to denote a physical family generation or bloodline.2. It can be used to denote the spiritual family or generation of evil.3. And it can be used to denote the spiritual family or generation of Christ. These are three very distinct and Biblically justifiable applications of this word. The word generation is unambiguously used in the Bible in all three of these contexts, so that even those of Praeterit Eschatology will not deny this fact. Another point that is worthy of note is that scripture has always dated itself by "Patriarchs" or founding father figures. Even to this day we date this way (probably without even giving it much thought). Whenever someone says that, "this is the year 1999," they are dating (though not accurately) by our Patriarch reference, Christ. In other words, we are saying that we are living 1,999 years after the birth of Christ (AD, anno domini, or the year of our Lord). He is the Patriarch reference by which most of the civilized world dates today. This is a biblical and historical practice that dates back to the beginning, and is explained in depth in my paper on the "The Biblical Timeline of Creation." The point being, the year we use is really a Patriarch Family reference. There are three words translated "generation" in the New Testament. They are [gennema], [genos] and [genea]. And the root of all three refer to family or kin. By extension or by implication it can also mean a period of a family line, or even a Patriarch's offspring. For example, if someone declared that something occurred in the 4th generation, they would be telling us that it happened in the family period of the 4th child born. So it would be illustrating a "particular family relationship" removed by three from the Patriarch reference. Understanding this principle, we can see how God unambiguously uses the word generation in scripture to signify not only the Spiritual family of God, but also the spiritual family of His adversary Satan. These are of two contrasting and distinct seeds. Even as God Himself spoke of them in the garden as having enmity. The children of God and children of the Devil are two diverse and distinct generations or families from those two seeds. The family of God extends all the way back to Abel. And likewise, the family of Satan extends all the way back to Cain. Clearly, the way God uses the phrase, "the Generation of evil," makes it synonymous with the children (or family) of the Devil. It does not refer only to an immediate present family group. The Generation of evil refers to all the seed of the Serpent, throughout time, who are in that generation by their patriarchal relationship. Just as the children of God refer to the whole family of God, which is "a chosen generation" or family, that has existed throughout time. It's not just people who happen to be living at the time in which the phrase was written. God uses family relationships to illustrate those who are of the same spiritual kinship. e.g. John 8:44 "Ye are of your father the devil, and the lusts of your father ye will do. He was a murderer from the beginning, and abode not in the truth, because there is no truth in him. When he speaketh a lie, he speaketh of his own: for he is a liar, and the father of it." Jesus is clearly elucidating the truths that they were part of a particular spiritual family group, and He identifies their father as the Devil. So we see that Satan is the spiritual Patriarch reference for this generation or family. And he has many children, not just these whom Christ was immediately speaking to. All those under Satan's spiritual control are the generation or kindred of evil, which existed from the beginning. In Biblical terms, they are the spiritual offspring or generation of their Patriarch reference, that old Serpent, Satan. When Christ speaks of the "generation of vipers," He is identifying that seed or family group who serve their father Satan. He is not talking about everyone in that physical time period. Or all living in that physical generation timespan. Matthew 12:32-35 "And whosoever speaketh a word against the Son of man, it shall be forgiven him: but whosoever speaketh against the Holy Ghost, it shall not be forgiven him, neither in this world, neither in the world to come. Either make the tree good, and his fruit good; or else make the tree corrupt, and his fruit corrupt: for the tree is known by his fruit. O generation of vipers, how can ye, being evil, speak good things? for out of the abundance of the heart the mouth speaketh. A good man out of the good treasure of the heart bringeth forth good things: and an evil man out of the evil treasure bringeth forth evil things." How can a family of vipers, the children of the serpent, speek good things, when they speak from the heart, which is full of evil. This generation [gennema] (meaning offspring or kindred) that Christ references is the seed of the serpent, the children of vipers. And that clearly cannot be the Apostles, John the Baptist, Mary, Elizabeth, or any of the true Church of that time. They cannot commit the unforgivable sin. Of necessity it has to be only the unregenerate 'family' of evil, who cannot escape the damnation of Hell. Not a generation, which would mean all those in that particular time frame. Therefore, when Christ calls them the generation of vipers, he is not referring to all those people of that time (as people often understand generation today), but he is speaking only of the seed of the serpent, Satan. It is a family (generation) of evil that cannot escape the damnation of Hell. And Satan their spiritual Patriarch father. Matthew 23:32-34 Fill ye up then the measure of your fathers. Ye serpents, ye generation of vipers, how can ye escape the damnation of hell? Wherefore, behold, I send unto you prophets, and wise men, and scribes: and some of them ye shall kill and crucify; and some of them shall ye scourge in your synagogues, and persecute them from city to city:" It is self evident that if this word means that all this generation (as many understand the word to mean) was all a bunch of vipers, children of their fathers who couldn't escape the damnation of hell, then it would mean the Apostles also. Because the Apostles were of that generation "if" the word Generation really meant what Praeterits believe it means. But obviously, Christ is not talking about all that physical generation, He is talking about those who are a generation (family) of vipers. Psalms 140:1-3 "Deliver me, O LORD, from the evil man: preserve me from the violent man; Which imagine mischiefs in their heart; continually are they gathered together for war. They have sharpened their tongues like a serpent; adders' poison is under their lips. Selah." The adder is a viper, and this generation of vipers is the family of evil and wicked men. Men who, out of the evil in their hearts, bring forth wicked things. And so we see that there is not only precedence for the word generation not to be understood to mean the present time, but many times the context itself "demands" that it not be understood that way. Generation of vipers did not mean everyone there, so it could not mean that literal or physical time period generation. It is speaking about a spiritually wicked family [gennema], not what many believe to be that whole present generation that lived at this time. And we should also not lose sight of the fact that, in order for the "All" to be fulfilled in that generation (which Christ spoke about in Matthew chapter 24), the time He refers to must be at the end of the world/age. And when we study the context of Matthew chapter 24, it becomes abundantly clear that "this end time period" is what God is referring to in the chapter. Matthew 24:3 "And as he sat upon the mount of Olives, the disciples came unto him privately, saying, Tell us, when shall these things be? and what shall be the sign of thy coming, and of the end of the world?" Of course we are well aware of some of the claims that the end of the age was in 70 AD, but that is a Biblically untenable position. The proponents of this theory come to this conclusion by selectively interpreting age/world [aion], and then arbitrarily making the supposition that there was an end of the age in 70 AD. This, despite the fact that there is absolutely no Biblical warrant for declaring 70 AD as the end of an age. Not one single scripture makes that claim. And while they insist Matthew 24 (the end of the world) is a mistranslation of the word [aion] meaning age, they are still unable to coherently explain verses such as Luke chapter 18: Luke 18:30 "Who shall not receive manifold more in this present time, and in the world to come life everlasting." This is the exact same Greek word [aion], meaning world/age. If that present time Jesus spoke in, was before 70 AD when they received manifold more, and the age to come was eternal life for them, then obviously 70 AD being the next age (according to their theory), must have been the age of eternal life Jesus spoke of. Did eternal life come after 70 AD? Did life everlasting start after 70 AD? No, not at all, it started at the cross, and is consummated at the end of the world/age. So this theory is truly bankrupt and void of any solid scriptural foundation. Jesus is obviously speaking not about an alleged coming age in 70 AD, but about the end of the world/age when He would return, and "all" would be fulfilled. That is the world/age to come, when we would receive the everlasting life. That is what the Disciples asked in Matthew 24. When would this timing be? The fact is, this 70 AD doctrine is convoluted on many fronts, because there was never any Biblical foundation for making a prophecy of a new age established in 70 AD in the first place. Biblical Theology must be established on biblical foundations, not on inconsistent and contradictory supposition and theory. Of necessity these theologians would have to place another age between the cross and the end of the world for this theory to be true. In effect, splitting the New Testament period into diverse ages. The New Testament age before 70 AD that was established by Christ's cross, and another age after 70 AD, because their position on 70 AD is untenable without it. However, it is also quite unbiblical with it! But the question remains, what is Matthew chapter 24 really saying? Look at the context circumspectly. The overview of this chapter is that God is not only warning the disciples about false teachers, persecutions and, false Christs, but the Churches throughout time as well. The Bible isn't just written for those to whom any epistle or letter is addressed. It is for all the Church to consider. That is a basic and fundamental truth in understanding scripture. i.e., the book of Thessalonians is addressed to the Thessalonians, but is written to the Universal Church throughout time. The Book of Romans is written to the Romans, but is for all the Church throughout time. When Jesus told the disciples to do this in remembrance of Him (Communion), He was not merely giving "them" a commandment, but instituting this practice for the whole Church throughout time. This is just basic hermeneutical precepts essential for sound exegesis. Likewise, when Jesus said, "this generation shall not pass till all these things be fulfilled," He was talking to all of the Church throughout time. He was talking about "the generation or family of evil," as the context shows. And true to His word, it has not passed. We will always have false prophets, we will always have wars, we will always have the wicked, because we will always have the generation of evil,until all is fulfilled! So let's review the context of Matthew 24 for our answer to the question of how to understand how the Generation should not pass. Jesus is warning the disciples (and all of us) about the coming wickedness (and particularly, those who call themselves of Christ), and how they will thrive as wolves in sheep's clothing, as false prophets, as false Christ's, with all the signs and deception. He speaks of a deception so clever that it would deceive even the elect (chosen) if that were possible. He tells the Apostles (and us) to watch, for these are the signs that will alert us of His soon second coming. Supporting this, He says, "this generation shall not pass until all these things be fulfilled." Note carefully that He doesn't say some things might be fulfilled, but all these things must first be fulfilled. E.g., false Prophets, nation against nation, famines, pestilence and earthquakes in divers places. Things like these people delivering you up to be afflicted, and killed, and when you are hated of "all nations" for Christ's name's sake. Things like the abomination of desolation, the gospel preached to the entire world for a witness. Things like the great tribulation, the sun being darkened and the moon not giving light. Things like the stars falling from heaven, the powers of heaven being shaken, and the Son of man coming on the clouds of Glory, etc., etc. The only generation that shall not pass until all these things are fulfilled is "The Generation of Vipers," the family of evil. A physical generation will pass and indeed has passed, and we still have all these things. But the generation of evil is the generation that produces the false Christs. Clearly, the generation of evil is a family relationship that runs from Adam and Eve's son Cain, until the time of Judgment (when all shall be fulfilled). This generation comprises the span of the history of the world. As long as there is the seed of the Serpent, there is this Generation. This Family. Psalms 12:6-8 "The words of the LORD are pure words: as silver tried in a furnace of earth, purified seven times. Thou shalt keep them, O LORD, thou shalt preserve them from this generation for ever. The wicked walk on every side, when the vilest men are exalted." Preserve them from what generation [dowr], posterity or family? The people of David's day? No, not at all. From the generation Christ spoke of that shall not pass until all be fulfilled. Preserved for ever from the generation which is stigmatized as a generation of snakes and of evil. This generation will be on this earth until Christ returns on the clouds of Glory, and all is finally fulfilled. And it is "this generation" of evil that will be the family that shall be Judged of God. God spoke of this generation in Luke chapter 11. Luke 11:50-51 "That the blood of all the prophets, which was shed from the foundation of the world, may be required of this generation;" From the blood of Abel unto the blood of Zacharias, which perished between the altar and the temple: verily I say unto you, It shall be required of this generation. Were all those people who were standing there (Generation, or all the physical people of that time) guilty of the blood of all the Prophets from Abel to Zacarias that they would be judged of God for those murders? God Forbid! The Apostles and the rest of those who believe who stood there won't have the blood of the Prophets required of them. That is quite obvious to anyone who knows anything about scripture, or of Christianity. So it cannot mean that age or time. God declares that every man is responsible only for his own sins, not the sins of others (Deuteronomy 24:16). So how is the blood of Abel and all of these Prophets required of "this generation" that Christ spoke of? It can only be because those who killed the Prophets, though they lived hundreds of years before Christ, were still all a part of that generation of which Christ spoke. Selah! All who are of the family of Satan "are part of the generation" that killed Abel. i.e., they are the seed of the Serpent. Genesis 3:14-15 "And the LORD God said unto the serpent, Because thou hast done this, thou art cursed above all cattle, and above every beast of the field; upon thy belly shalt thou go, and dust shalt thou eat all the days of thy life: And I will put enmity between thee and the woman, and between thy seed and her seed; it shall bruise thy head, and thou shalt bruise his heel." The two seeds speak of two distinct families. The seed or family that springs forth of Christ, and the seed of family that springs forth of the Serpent. Two distinct genealogies or families. That is why Christ spoke of the wicked as the generation [gennema] of vipers. That Greek word conveys or indicates offspring or progeny. Christ was very literally calling them the spiritual children of the serpent. That is the generation He spoke of. So when Christ said that the blood of all the prophets, which was shed from the foundation of the world will be required of "this generation," this could not logically, rationally, or Biblically mean everyone physically standing there at the time. So what it does mean should be self-evident. It refers only to the generation or kinship of evil. Those of the lineage or family of Satan, whom Christ called the seed or children of the Devil. Moreover, let's be clear that this phrase I use (Generation of evil) is not something that I privately dreamed up to support anyone's generation views, it is a phrase that was divinely inspired and inerrant in its usage. Luke 11:29 "And when the people were gathered thick together, he began to say, This is an evil generation: they seek a sign; and there shall no sign be given it, but the sign of Jonas the prophet". This Greek word [genea] is likewise from the root word meaning kindred. It is the same word found in Matthew chapter 24 translated generation. Was Christ saying there would no sign be given to the wise men, the Apostles, or the 70 disciples that He sent out to witness two by two? Of course not. And yet they were physically part of the literal "time" generation of that day. But they were not part of generation that Christ was speaking of here. For Christ is not talking about the physical generation of that time anymore than He was talking about them in Matthew chapter 24. It is the evil and adulterous generation (or family) of the Serpent that shall receives no sign. None except that of Jonas the prophet (the scripture record). But the generation or family of Christ, He indeed has given signs (Mark 16:20, Hebrews 2:4). That should be proof enough for any logical thinking person that this generation was not referring to mmen of a time period. These are two distinct generations. If we're only to understand the word "generation" to mean those living there at the time (as some insist we must), then none of the Apostles, nor anyone else in that day or that generation could escape the damnation of hell. Because Christ had said that "that generation" couldn't. But the truth is a lot less complicated, and in total agreement will the whole of scripture. The generation of evil is the one that shall receive no signs, and that cannot escape the damnation of hell, because it is the children or family of Satan. It is the seed of the Serpent. Luke 21:32-34 "Verily I say unto you, This generation shall not pass away, till all be fulfilled. Heaven and earth shall pass away: but my words shall not pass away. And take heed to yourselves, lest at any time your hearts be overcharged with surfeiting, and drunkenness, and cares of this life, and so that day come upon you unawares." Again, this word translated generation is [genea], same as it is in Matthew 24. It is often used to express family relationship or posterity. It is this family of evil that shall not pass away until all is fulfilled. This definition is also clearly demonstrated in the Septuagint, where in passages like Genesis 43:7 declaring, "The man asked us straitly of our kindred," the word Kindred is [genea]. Or in Numbers 10:30, "I will depart to my own kindred." Again, Kindred is the word [genea]. Likewise in Leviticus 20:18, "Both shall be cut off from their people." Here, the word people is [genea]. I quote the Septuagint only to demonstrate that clearly, the meaning of this word was clearly known of old, and used to denote "family." Thus it cannot be scholastically alleged that it must mean the term of mans life in passages like matthew 24. Luke 7:30-35 But the Pharisees and lawyers rejected the counsel of God against themselves, being not baptized of him. And the Lord said, Whereunto then shall I liken the men of this generation? and to what are they like They are like unto children sitting in the marketplace, and calling one to another, and saying, We have piped unto you, and ye have not danced; we have mourned to you, and ye have not wept. For John the Baptist came neither eating bread nor drinking wine; and ye say, He hath a devil. The Son of man is come eating and drinking; and ye say, Behold a gluttonous man, and a winebibber, a friend of publicans and sinners! But wisdom is justified of all her children. Were the Apostles the generation of evil, the children or seed of Satan, the family of the Devil? Most certainly not. God's word boldly declares that Christians are a chosen generation. So ask yourself a simple question. How can the people living at the time of Christ, be both called of God a chosen generation, and yet also be a generation that cannot escape the damnation of hell? The obvious answer is that they can't. For they are two separate generations or families that Christ spoke about. Would we say that "everyone" living there at the time must be part of the chosen generation just because someone arrogantly insists the word generation demands it? Not if we use common sense. The 'chosen generation' is the family of God, selected by God. It's not everyone living in that physical time period, nor is it only that time period. 1st Peter 2:9 "But ye are a chosen generation, a royal priesthood, an holy nation, a peculiar people; that ye should shew forth the praises of him who hath called you out of darkness into his marvelous light:" Here we see the "truth" of the matter. Only the true believers are the [eklektos genos] or chosen generation. Not everyone at the time this was written, but everyone throughout time who were Predestinated to be of the family of God (Galatians 3:26-29; 1st John 3:9-10). Because we have two distinct generations coexisting in this world. A generation of evil that cannot escape the damnation of hell, and a chosen generation of God that will inherit heaven. Both these generations, or families, spans eons of time. Philippians 2:15 "That ye may be blameless and harmless, the sons of God, without rebuke, in the midst of a crooked and perverse nation, among whom ye shine as lights in the world;" That Greek word that is translated "nation" is the exact same word [genea] that is translated generation in Matthew 24. It is illustrating the crooked and perverse people who are a "family" or generation of evil. This is that very same [genea] that shall not pass until all be fulfilled. Note that here in Philippians it is contrasted with "the sons of God," or the children of God, who shine as lights among them. These generations aren't periods of time spanning ones life, they last until all is fulfilled at Christ's return. One generation shall not escape the damnation of Hell, and the other is a special people who shall (by Christ's blood) escape the damnation of Hell. The classic illustration of just this contrast, is found in the book of Luke, chapter 16: Luke 16:8 "And the lord commended the unjust steward, because he had done wisely: for the children of this world are in their generation wiser than the children of light." Again, this is the exact same word [genea] that is found in Matthew chapter 24. It speaks of the wicked in their generation being a family wiser than the "children of Light." i.e., it's illustrating that in this way, the seed or children of God are not as smart as the seed or children of the Devil. And again, it's impossible that this word as used here refers simply to a literal life span. The generation or children of this world, is the generation that the Lord was warning the Church against in Matthew chapter 24. The family of this world are a generation of evil, and it shall not pass until "all" be fulfilled. Comparing scripture with scripture, it would be ludicrous for anyone to insist that the word generation meant a present day generation in these passages, considering all the pertinent scriptures that use the word. Yet there are many that choose to make such untenable arguments. Nevertheless, we know some things for certain: Number one, While some make the claim that the end of the age was in 70 AD, there is not one single scripture that supports such a conclusion, and many scriptures that preclude it. There was instituted a new dispensation (age) when Christ died, was resurrected, and sent His holy Spirit that the Church go forth to witness with power. But there was no new dispensation or age instituted years later in 70 AD. Number two, there is nothing in scripture that declares the word translated "generation" must always be understood to mean people physically present at the time, and much of scripture that precludes it (as I've clearly shown). Number three, there is abundant proof texts in scripture that the entire New Testament period was (and still is) the end times, the last days, and the last age, "indicating" that there would not be any other age following this one. Except of course, "the age to come," which is Christ's return and consummation in everlasting life. That is when "all" will be fulfilled as required by Matthew 24, and indeed by all of scripture. That is when this evil generation shall finally pass. Selah! That is when the kingdom will be delivered up to the father. This will occur at 'The last Day.' Revelation 6:11 "And white robes were given unto every one of them; and it was said unto them, that they should rest yet for a little season, until their fellowservants also and their brethren, that should be killed as they were, should be fulfilled." When will all be fulfilled? When this evil generation is no longer ruling with the prince of this world. In other words, when Christ returns. There is this age, and the age to come, and no age in between. That's the whole purpose of God using the term "last days" to signify that there are no more days after these New Testament days. There are no more dispensations. It is self evident that contrary to interpretive license, the age of the last days was instituted by the death and resurrection of Christ, not in 70 AD. And the age to come is at the end of "this age" when Christ returns. The generation that will not pass till all be fulfilled is the generation that the entire chapter of Matthew 24 so vividly warned against. In context, the false prophets, false teachers, deceivers, false Christs, abomination, tribulation, and all that this evil generation brings forth, will not pass until Christ's return. Then, and only then, will 'all' be fulfilled. Then and only then will this generation pass. Selah! Peace, Copyright 2000 Tony Warrenhttp://www.mountainretreatorg.net/faq/generation.shtml
Below is a link to twelve articles that respond to the Preterist view expressed by D. Chilton in savanah's post. The articles also address related views and the common errors of interpretation and underlying anti-Semitism.http://the.mysteryofisrael.org/category/opposing-views/preterism/
by Jeremy221 Dear savanah,You should put a note before quoting another source so that the reader knows that they aren't your own words. It is also worthwhile to include a link to the source. For those interested in D[avid] Chilton's views, you can find more hereQuote:http://www.preteristarchive.com/StudyArchive/c/chilton-david.html


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Every Saturday from June 1st until August 17th, the best regional and national Live Music Acts will perform at a free outdoor event – the Churchyard Sessions, in the shadow of the 15th century French Church on Baileys New St in the heart of Waterford's Viking Triangle.
Acts such as Newfoundland, Jerry Fish, Thank Funk, Mount Sion Choir, Tan and Sober Gentlemen and many more have played in our truly unique setting over the past few years.
The event is a joint initiative between The Reg and The Munster for The Summer in the City initiative and follows 'ArtBeat' – Emerging Bands that will also play free gigs from the same stage.
Enjoy dinner in SUAS at The Reg before the event or the Churchyard Barbeque itself and enjoy additional late-night bands and resident DJ till late in one of the Reg's 5 bars after the Churchyard Sessions.
Churchyard Sessions 2019 has come to an end but will be back again in 2020 with some more amazing acts, right in the heart of Waterford's Viking Triangle.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
|Translating Roller Load Assist
|February, 2008
|Murray et al.
|February, 2008
|Harness for firearm accessories
|March, 2008
|Universal accessory mount for vehicle control bodies
|June, 2005
|April, 2005
|March, 2009
|Apparatus for creating an alternate point of attachment for an attachable end of a load-bearing shoulder strap
|October, 2006
|Cargo carriage for a pickup truck
|March, 2006
|Ball transporter
|February, 2008
|Wong et al.
|Therapeutic backpack
|April, 2007
|Saddlebag mounting system
|July, 2005
This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/901,815 filed on Feb. 13, 2007, and from Provisional Application No. 60/932,250 filed on May 29, 2007, both of which are incorporated herein by reference.
The present invention relates to wearable accessories for carrying one or more items during physical activity.
Current belts with pouches on the market offer large multi-compartment, multi-panel, and multi-dimensional pouches. Pouches are typically much larger in width, when empty, than the belt's actual width. Large pouches are cumbersome for the individual wanting to carry one to a few items such as a car key and/or cell phone. Moreover, small items tend to bounce around inside a large pouch of fixed dimensions, which can be a distraction to the wearer.
U.S. Pat. No. D334,471 to Yerby, et al. shows a waist pouch practical for day-to-day use, and carrying multiple items. This pouch, however, is not practical for the runner needing to hide his or her one key. It is also not practical for the exercise involved in rigorous activity, in that the pouch will jump around.
There are several waist pouch type designs on the market, such as U.S. Pat. No. 5,150,824 to Alvarez, et al. (Sep. 29, 1992), but similar to U.S. Pat. No. D334,471, such packs/pouches/bags are impractical for individuals who are in need of a holder for just their key, or phone, or money, and for those who are involved in rigorous activity such as jogging or exercising. The excess material for various compartments also increases the cost and time of production.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,060,835 to Payne (Oct. 29, 1991) discloses a belt type personal carrier apparatus for conveniently supporting a beverage container and other belongings of a person about the person's waist. Though this belt provides the user with a carrying space attached to the pocket, it is designed to fit atop of the belt; therefore it will bounce when the user participates in vigorous activities such as jogging. Additionally if or when the water carrying devise is not used it will interfere with the comfort of the user.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,353,975 to Libertucci (Oct. 11, 1994) is specifically designed as a Carrier For A Portable Stereo Unit. It has the capability to hold items such as an MP3 player and Internet access mobile phone, but as with U.S. Pat. No. 5,060,835 and U.S. Pat. No. D334,471 it is impractical for individuals who are in need of a holder for just their key, or phone, or money, and for those who are involved in rigorous activities such as jogging or exercising.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,645,205 to Kennedy (Jul. 8, 1997) shows a pouch, consisting of an enclosure, a re-sealable inner waterproof pouch, and a detachable strap to be fastened around the waist of the user. Users may find this useful when swimming where there is not such a need for a belt to stay snug to the body, but during out of the water rigorous activities this belt is not practical. This pouch is not designed to remain taut against the body and will not withstand rigorous activities such as jogging or exercising out of the water.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,698,636 to Angus et al. (Mar. 2, 2004) waist pouch. This is an example of a multi-pocket belt. This pouch is made with elastic that expands on the user's body, however the multi-pocket belt also comes with a thick band and bulky buckles. A thicker belt promotes sweat, and is not preferred by the runner or exercise enthusiasts who prefer to keep their apparel to a minimum.
Other waist pack/pouches multi-compartment styles on the market can make it difficult to access a single item while engaging in a rigorous activity such as jogging or exercising. Runners today, particularly marathoners, consume energy products such as Gu® while they are running. Multi-compartment belt pouches do not allow for quick access to items, and are confusing to the user when searching for a single item during an activity such as running.
Embodiments of the present invention solve the problem of having access to an item or items by providing a belt having an expandable pocket design with preferably a single opening to access any and all items stored.
The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features and technical advantages of embodiments of the present invention in order that the detailed description of the invention that follows may be better understood. Additional features and advantages of the invention will be described hereinafter. It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.
For a more thorough understanding of the present invention, and advantages thereof, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a front view of one embodiment of the present invention, showing the front of the pouch, with the belt buckles attached together.
FIG. 2 is a back view of the embodiment of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 shows the waist pouch of FIG. 1 with the zipper partially open and with an MP3 player in the pouch.
FIG. 4 is a view of the back of an empty pleated pouch according to the present invention.
FIG. 5 shows a cross section of the pouch of FIG. 4 showing the overlap of the pleated pouch material.
FIG. 6 is a view of the back of a pleated pouch according to the present invention that contains a relatively small item.
FIG. 7 shows a cross section of the pouch of FIG. 6 showing the pleats pulled apart by the item in the pouch.
FIG. 8 is a view of the back of a full pleated pouch according to the present invention.
FIG. 9 shows a cross section of the pouch of FIG. 8 showing the pleats completely unfolded and the pouch material stretched by multiple items in the pouch.
FIG. 10 a front view of one embodiment of the present invention, showing the front of the pouch, with the belt buckles attached together and with snap hooks around the belt used to mount a runner's race number.
FIG. 11 is a front view of an empty pouch according to the present invention.
FIG. 12 is a front view of a full pouch according to the present invention.
FIG. 13 is a top down view of an empty pouch according to the present invention.
FIG. 14 is a bottom up view of an empty pouch according to the present invention.
Preferred embodiments of the present invention provide a compact yet expandable single pouch waist belt that remains taut around the wearer's body during even the most rigorous activities, whether the pouch is holding one item (such as a key) multiple items (such as multiple keys, a cell phone, mp3 player, and/or money). When empty, the pouch is preferably approximately the same width and thickness as the belt holding the pouch in place. The novel construction and design described herein allow the pouch's internal volume expand up to 300-400% or more to hold larger items or a large number of small items.
A preferred method or apparatus of the present invention has many novel aspects, and because the invention can be embodied in different methods or apparatuses for different purposes, not every aspect need be present in every embodiment. Moreover, many of the aspects of the described embodiments may be separately patentable.
In preferred embodiments of the invention, the pouch is held in place by a flexible/elastic belt or main waist strap fits snuggly around the user, typically around the user's waist. The pouch preferably forms a part of the structure of the belt, that is, the pouch carries the tension force between the ends of the belt that are on opposite sides of the pouch, as opposed to having a single belt material that extends around the user with a pouch hanging from the belt material. Other embodiments can be adapted to fit around other parts of a wearer's body, including, for example, the upper arm, wrist, thigh, or ankle.
The pouch itself is preferably formed on a one-piece, seamless, elastic/expandable fabric or other material, that is preferably approximately the same width, when empty (and thus unstretched) than the than the elastic belt supporting the pouch. When objects of sufficient size are placed in the pouch, the pouch fabric stretches to hold the items. The transverse tension placed on the items within the pouch by the stretched pouch serves to hold items in the pouch snuggly, preventing them from flopping around and distracting the wearer during physical activity. The elasticity of the pouch and size of the pouch can be varied depending on the intended use, such as the size of the items that are to be contained within the pouch and the intended activity of the wearer. Multiple pouches can be used on a single belt, either by connecting the pouches to each other or by sewing belt sections between the multiple pouches. The width of the pouch, when empty, is preferably the same as or slightly larger than the width of the belt, although in various embodiments, the pouch can be smaller, the same size, or wider than the belt.
Embodiments of the present invention solve many of the problems of prior art waist pouches. Many prior art waist pouches have too much volume within the pouch. This results in pouches that are bulky to wear, which bounce and move during physical exertion by the wearer, and do not hold stored items securely. Large pouches also make it cumbersome to hold/store only one or two relatively small items. Waist pouches with small pouches eliminate these problems, but suffer from another obvious shortcoming—they will not hold multiple and/or larger items. Although pouches made from elastic materials are also known, if those pouches hang from the support belt as in the prior art, the pouch will also bounce around during physical activity. Pouches integrated into the belt do not bounce around as much during physical activity, however these pouches are not typically elastic or expandable because it would prevent the belt from fitting snuggly.
The present design, however, provides a pouch that is expandable while being integrated with the belt and still provides a snug fit around the wearer's body. This is accomplished with the novel design of using one piece of fabric to create the pouch rather than using multiple pieces of material stitched together to create compartments, as in the prior art. The use of asymmetrically elastic fabric and/or the zipper design described below allows the pouch to stretch transversely but not stretch along the long axis of the belt. This allows the pouch to remain snug against the wearer's body during use, to hold small objects firmly and yet to expand to hold larger objects. Further, this is accomplished with a design that is economically and easily produced.
Several objects and advantages provided by various embodiments of the invention include: to provide a belt with a small expandable single pocket pouch which can be economically and easily produced; to provide a carrying belt apparatus with a small pouch with asymmetrically expanding fabric and pleats that allow the small design of the pouch to expand according to its contents; to provide a compact yet expandable single pouch waist belt that remains taut during even the most rigorous activities when holding one item (such as a key) or multiple larger items (such as multiple keys, a cell phone, an mp3 player and/or money or credit cards); to provide a single pouch waist belt that enables for easy access of items so the individual does not have to stop, look down, "fish for," dig, or disturb their physical activity to retrieve item(s); to provide a belt that is water-friendly and washable; and to provide a comfortable and secure alternative to holding items in a pocket or purse when traveling or for daily use, including for example, insulin pumps or other medical devices/treatments.
A preferred embodiment of the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 1 (front/elevational view) and FIG. 2 (back/elevational view). Preferred embodiments of the present invention comprise a single pouch 10 made of a single piece of seamless pouch material 11. Referring also to FIGS. 4, 7, and 9, pouch material 11 is preferably a flexible fabric material that does not maintain a three dimensional structure when no forces are applied to the material. That is, with no items in the pouch, the pouch will flatten and collapse on itself and not hold a particular shape (although the material can be fastened to the belt using pleats as discussed below to hold the fabric in an overlapping shape when the pouch is empty). There is no preferred direction of radial expansion, that is, when placing items in the pouch, the pouch interior expands to hold the item, expanding in all transverse directions (that is, directions substantially perpendicular to the belt axis) non-preferentially. The material is preferably soft and without hard corners, such as would be found on a leather or hard plastic pack.
Pouch material 11 preferably comprises an elastic/expandable fabric or other material, such as polyester, that is preferably approximately the same width, when empty and thus unstretched, than the than the elastic belt 20 that supports the pouch, making those embodiments ideal for the individual carrying only few items. In one preferred embodiment, both the belt and the empty pouch are approximately one inch wide, although different widths may be used. In other embodiments, the pouch may be, for example, about 10-50% wider, when empty, than the belt.
The pouch 10 is preferably made from one piece of generally rectangular or square fabric measuring in thickness of 0.1 millimeter to 1.6 millimeters. A thin fabric allows the user to operate the controls of MP3 players or other personal electronic devices through the pouch 10 without having to disrupt activity and/or open zipper 16. The fabric forming the pouch is also preferably very elastic and capable of stretching up to 250% or more without rupture of the overall material (although individual filaments, layers or bonds may break without rupturing the overall material). For example, a suitable flexible fabric would be 80% NYLON, 20% LYCRA Tricot fabric. Suitable fabrics are available, for example, from B.N.B International Textiles of Los Angeles, Calif.
The pouch itself can be easily constructed from one seamless piece of material. For example, a generally rectangular piece of fabric can be folded over (so that the top edge is brought to the bottom edges) to enclose an internal volume. Persons of ordinary skill will recognize that different shaped fabric pieces can be used to achieve the same purpose. The sides can be gathered around the proximal ends (toward the pouch and away from the buckles) of the belt sections and stitched or otherwise attached. As discussed below, the fabric/material on the back of the pouch can be overlapped before stitching to form pleats. Once the pouch ends have been secured, the top and bottom edges can be fitted with an appropriate fastener such as a zipper stitched along the top and bottom edges to allow the pouch to be securely closed.
The construction of a preferred pouch of the current invention, made from a single piece of fabric, is far less expensive and easier to reproduce than prior art pouches with multiple compartments, panels, and dimensional pouches. Other belts with multi-compartments and panels require more time to produce, more fabric and more closing apparatuses such as Velcro® and zippers, etc.
A preferred embodiment's single fabric piece pouch construction also serves a purpose in improving the expandability of the pouch. The pouches in prior art waist pouches are typically formed from multiple pieces of material stitched or otherwise attached together. The seams are typically much less elastic than the pouch fabric. In order to hold firmly, the thread used to create such seams is typically non-elastic. As a result, the seams in the pouch material will not stretch and tend to limit the elasticity of the pouch itself.
By using a one-piece construction, the pouch of the present invention can be virtually the same size as the belt when empty, but can still expand to hold larger items. A pouch according to the present invention is preferably "seamless." Of course, persons of ordinary skill will recognize that there may be seams joining the top and bottom edges of the one-piece pouch material to, for example, by stitches 110 on either side of the zipper tape 17 as shown in FIGS. 11-12 and discussed below. By "seamless," Applicants mean that the pouch is formed from essentially one continuous piece of material with the only seams being at the sides (where the pouch material is connected to the belt) and at the opening to the pouch. This type of one-piece construction is also typically cheaper and easier to manufacture than the prior art multi-piece pouches with seams. In some embodiments it may also be desirable to "stitch" or otherwise fasten a label inside the pouch. This will not serve to significantly limit the expansion of the pouch, and would not prevent a pouch from being described as "seamless" as Applicant has defined the word.
A single fabric pouch design used in some preferred embodiments also makes it easier to provide/manufacture pouches in various colors and patterns. It is not necessary to coordinate the colors/designs of different seam threads or varying pouch materials. This allows production to more easily incorporate a variety of colors at low cost to production. Other belts and their pouches are available only in black, with little to no variation in material color or style. As running and fitness have become more popular, individuals have been given a variety in choices of designs for their apparel and shoes. A belt with single fabric pouch is able to offer individuals with a variety of pouch appearances (colors, designs, fabric types, etc.) at a relatively low production cost where prior-art pouches do not.
In some embodiments, the pouch will also have asymmetric elasticity, that is, the pouch will be able to be more-readily stretched in directions transverse to the long axis of the belt than along the long axis. Lower elasticity in the long direction of the belt allows the pouch to carry the tension of the belt between separated belt portions and maintain a snug fit on the user, while the increased elasticity in the transverse direction allows the pouch to more easily expand in directions transverse to the long axis, so that the pouch can easily expand to hold one or more items. Without such a limit on longitudinal elasticity, a pouch which is continuous with the belt (as is the present invention) would itself be stretched as the belt is tightened around a wearer's body. This would result in less available expansion capability for the pouch since it would be pre-stretched. The resulting increased tension in the pouch would also make it more difficult to add or remove items.
In some embodiments, the fabric or other material used to form the pouch will be an asymmetrically expandable material and be arranged so that the fabric/material will be substantially non-elastic in a longitudinal direction (along the axis 100 of the belt) but be substantially more elastic radially or transverse to the belt axis (for example in directions 200 and 300). Preferred fabrics/materials can be made from, for example, polyester or other similar materials. The phrases "asymmetrically expandable material," asymmetrically elastic," and "one-way stretch" are used to refer to a fabric or other material that is more elastic in one direction than in another. In other words, the fabric or other material can be stretched to a greater degree without rupture of the overall material in the first direction than in the second direction (the second direction being roughly perpendicular to the first direction).
As used herein, the term "longitudinal direction" is defined with respect to the belt/pouch laid out flat with the belt connectors unfastened. The longitudinal direction is any direction of stretch that can be represented by a straight line passing through the central region, and at least a portion of both end regions (the location of the belt connections discussed below) of the belt/pouch. By transverse to the belt is meant in any direction in a plane that is substantially perpendicular to the long axis of the belt. That is, a preferred pouch can expand radially about the belt axis.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the pouch is constructed of a one-way stretchable fabric or material that allows significant flexibility in only the transverse direction. Pouch material 11 will not stretch to a significant degree along the axis of the belt but will be much more elastic radial to or transverse to the axis of the belt 20. Referring to FIG. 1, the pouch 10 will be capable of expanding to become wider and deeper (by stretching in the directions shown by arrows 200 and 300), but will not stretch to become longer (in the longitudinal direction shown by arrow 100). Asymmetrically stretching fabrics are known and used, for example, in making sails, swimwear, foundation garments, and active-wear.
The pouch elasticity can also be restricted longitudinally by the incorporation of a non-stretchable seam or support, such as a zipper or similar fastener, into the front of the pouch. As shown in FIG. 1 (described in greater detail below) the zipper tape 17 (the reinforcing material outside the zipper teeth 18) is attached to the ends of the belt 20. Preferably, the attachment is by way of stitching on the inside of the pouch (not shown). Because the zipper tape 17 is not substantially elastic in the longitudinal direction, the fit of the belt 20 will be snug and will not loosen as the pouch material 11 stretches. Stitch tacks 19a/19b act as a safety, stopping zipper 16 from reaching end or start of zipper teeth 18, thus decreasing wear and tear of the pouch 10 material when zipper 16 is opened and closed over and over again.
Persons of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that a seam or other type of support, such as an insert of non-stretchable fabric or other material, could accomplish the same restriction of longitudinal elasticity of the pouch. In some embodiments, the pouch fabric itself may be elastic in longitudinal direction, but the zipper (or similar supporting structure) will prevent the fit of the belt around the user's waist from loosening as the pouch material stretches. Where this type of longitudinal support is used, symmetrically elastic material, such as spandex or a spandex blend, may be used to form the pouch. In that case the pouch material may be stretchable in the longitudinal direction, but the longitudinal stretching of the pouch itself (where it connects to the two ends of the belt) is still restricted.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the material 11 forming the pouch 10 can also be pleated to allow greater expandability of the pouch. For example, pleats 12 used in the back of the pouch as shown in FIGS. 4, 5, 6, and 7 allow more fabric or other material to be used for the pouch while still allowing the pouch to compress/collapse to a small size when empty. Preferably, an empty pouch will be substantially the same width as the belt. When empty, the folds of material, created by the pleats, cause the material to overlap as shown in FIG. 5. When a larger object is placed in the pouch, however, the material can unfold (especially in the center of the pouch) to hold the larger object.
The pleats, along with the other novel features discussed above, allows an empty pouch to be relatively small and unobtrusive, for example only slightly wider than the belt itself, while still allowing the pouch to expand to hold larger items. Lower elasticity along the belt axis means the belt will still fit snuggly around wearer's body. The small size of pouch relative to belt means that the belt will be more comfortable when no or only small items are carried and to be more aesthetically pleasing. Further, the relatively small size of the pouch and the tension force (exerted by the elastic material) which holds items firmly makes the pouch of the present invention much less distracting and/or interfering to a user during physical activity than pouches known in the prior art.
The pouch is held in place by a flexible/elastic belt or main waist strap fits snuggly around the user, typically around the user's waist. To maintain a snug fit while allowing motion of the user, the belt is preferably made of a longitudinally elastic material that expands in the long direction, and contracts in tension to hold the belt snuggly on the user. The main waist strap is preferably made from stretchy/soft material like the breathable nylon stretch material used in suspender straps, stretch waistbands and the like, but also many other materials can be used (any material that can be suitably formed/cut into a strap can obviously be used).
In the embodiments shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, male buckle 22 and female buckle 23 when attached together hold the right and left portion of belt 20 together around the wearer's body. Various types of buckles or fasteners can be used, including those with reflectors, center release, contour or non-contour, with single or double adjustments, various colors and sizes, etc. In the illustrated embodiment, male buckle 22 with double loop adjustment is preferably attached to the belt 20 after tri-glide 24 is attached and sewn with a stitch 28. Female buckle 23, with or without a double loop, is preferably attached by a stitch near (as close to) the female buckle 23 with a stitch 26.
Preferably, a tri-glide slide 24 allows adjustment to the size of the elastic belt 20 to create a custom and tight fit. In some embodiments, tri-glide slides 24 can be placed on both sides of the elastic belt 20 for double adjustability.
In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, belt 20 comprises two lengths of elastic material; one threaded through tri-glide 24 and through the adjustable loop on male buckle 22 and the other attached to female buckle 23. To prevent fraying of the end of the elastic belt 20, the stitches 26 and 28 is made after folding the belt material over (doubling the elastic material by up to 8 mm). Where buckles having double adjustability are used, stitch 28 will be made on both sides of the portion of belt 20 that has been threaded through and stitch 26 will not be needed. Optional grommet ring 14 allows for headphones attached to electronic device or devices in the pouch 10 to thread through pouch 10 while still allowing zipper 16 to fully close.
FIG. 3 shows a preferred embodiment of the present invention with a relatively large item (in this case an MP3 player 30) inside pouch 10. Referring also to FIGS. 8-9, the pouch material 11 has stretched/expanded radially about the belt axis, but has not stretched in length. As a result, the pouch inner volume has expanded to hold the larger object, but the fit of the belt around the wearer's body remains snug.
Elastic belts 20 can be attached to pouch 10 using any suitable means. For example, a producer and/or manufacturer of the belt can turn pouch 10 inside-out and attach each end of the pouch material to the elastic belt by a stitch that joins the pouch material completely around the belt. The same stitching can also hold the ends of zipper 16 in place. As discussed above, stitching the relatively non-elastic zipper 16 to the ends of belt 20 also serves to restrict the longitudinal elasticity of the pouch.
FIG. 4 shows the back (the side toward the wearer's body) of an empty pleated pouch 10 according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. Pleats 12 are formed in the pouch material 11 to allow the pouch 10 greater expandability, while still maintaining a small profile when empty. In order to create the pleats 12 that allow the pouch 10 to expand in width according to the pouch's 10 contents, the producer and/or manufacturer will then pinch in, overlap, or layer the material 11 longitudinally at the right and left edges of the pouch and then stitch or otherwise attach the pleated fabric to the ends of belt 20.
FIG. 5 shows a cross-section of the pouch of FIG. 4 along line A-A. When the pouch is empty, the pleats 12 at the side of the pouch will cause the material folds 44 to overlap the underlying pouch material 46, even in the center of the pouch (along line AA). FIG. 6 shows the back (the side toward the wearer's body) of a pleated pouch 10 with a relatively small item placed in the pouch. FIG. 7 shows a cross-section of a pleated pouch 10 with a relatively small item (not shown) placed inside the pouch. As shown in FIG. 6, the pouch material has started to unfold or straightened out to accommodate the object placed in the pouch, although the outer fold 44 is still folded over inner fold 45. In FIG. 7, a somewhat larger object 50 has been placed in the pouch. This item has pushed on the pouch material so that the pleats 44 and 45 are no longer overlapping. FIG. 8 shows the back of a pleated pouch 10 with multiple larger items placed in the pouch. FIG. 9 shows a cross-section of the pouch of FIG. 8 along line B-B with objects 51 and 52 placed inside pouch 10. As shown in FIG. 9, the pouch material 11 has stretched radially to accommodate objects 51 and 52.
Preferably, as shown in FIG. 1, the front of the pouch 10 does not have pleats 12 and will remain smooth. When the back of the pouch 10 as shown in FIG. 2 is layered, overlapped, or "pinched-in" to create the pleats 12, preferably the overlapping only happens at the back of the belt as shown in FIG. 4 for a more aesthetically pleasing appearance.
Embodiments of the pouch of current invention can also be designed for underwater use, for example, by using waterproof pouch material and a watertight closure, such as a watertight zipper. Such embodiments would offer users a place to carry items such as personal identification or a key in the water and to continue wearing the belt outside of the water. The single pocket of the present invention gives the user easy access to their items.
Preferred embodiments of the present invention can also include multiple pouches of the same or different sizes and elasticities. For example, two separate pouches can be on the same belt, either attached together or with a length of belt between them. A user can place individual items in separate pouches to allow easy access and location of a desired object during physical activity. For example, a smaller pouch could be used for holding a key and a larger pouch for holding an energy bar or MP3 player.
Embodiments of the pouch of current invention can also be formed from an elastic material with a high degree of light reflectivity. Preferably, the pouch is formed from material that is retroreflective and thus reflects light back at a light source, such as car headlights. Although many prior art waist belts use some type of reflective strip to increase the wearer's nighttime visibility, these reflective strips are typically small compared to the overall pouch/belt size. Also, these strips are typically not elastic and thus tend to restrict the expandability of the prior art pouches. The present invention, however, can use a pouch made entirely from an elastic retroreflective material for increased visibility without sacrificing the other desirable feature of the invention as described herein. A suitable retroreflective stretch fabric is available, for example, from JRC Reflex of Roman, France. In some embodiments, the elastic belt sections can also be formed from an elastic material that is retroreflective or has retroreflective material components.
Some embodiments include buttons, hooks or other mechanism for mounting a race number. FIG. 10 shows the belt passing through two standard snap hooks 26, one on either side of the pouch 10. The hooks can be attached to holes 84 in the upper right and left corners of a race number 82 to suspend the number from the pouch belt 20. Alternatively, any other suitable fasteners can be used, including, for example, snaps, conventional buttons, or Velcro™ fasteners. One component of each fastener can be permanently fixed to the belt, typically with one component on either side of the pouch. The race number 82 could then be positioned over the fixed button, and the second, mating components of the snap buttons are snapped onto the snaps mounted on the belt.
FIGS. 11 and 12 show front views of the pouch alone, when empty and when full; while FIGS. 13 and 14 show top and bottom views of the empty pouch of FIG. 11.
The present invention has broad applicability and can provide many benefits as described and shown in the examples above. The embodiments will vary greatly depending upon the specific application, and not every embodiment will provide all of the benefits and meet all of the objectives that are achievable by the invention. The accompanying drawings are intended to aid in understanding the present invention and, unless otherwise indicated, are not drawn to scale.
The scope of the present application is not intended to be limited to the particular embodiments of the process, machine, manufacture, composition of matter, means, methods and steps described in the specification. As one of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate from the disclosure of the present invention, processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps, presently existing or later to be developed that perform substantially the same function or achieve substantially the same result as the corresponding embodiments described herein may be utilized according to the present invention. Accordingly, the appended claims are intended to include within their scope such processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps. Further, unless specifically noted, the drawings are


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Bill has worked in the automotive Service and Parts business for over 45 years. Many of those years working right here in New Britain at Tufano Motors. Bill joined the Papa's team in 2010 as our Parts Manager and because of his wealth of knowledge and customer focussed attitude he was quickly given the charge of overseeing both the Service and Parts Departments. His philosophy is to treat all of our customers with respect and honesty. Bill is a local guy who graduated from New Britain High School and loves to fish.


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From Chronicle Wire Reports Wildly outspent by a billionaire challenger and the daughter of a former Florida governor, Tallahassee Mayor
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A fakir, or faqir (; Arabic: ? (noun of faqr)), derived from faqr (Arabic: , "poverty") is a Sufi Muslim ascetic who has taken vows of poverty and worship, renouncing all relations and possessions. Fakirs are prevalent in the Middle East and South Asia. A fakir is thought to be self-sufficient and possesses only the spiritual need for God.[1]
Faqirs are characterized by their reverence for dhikr (a practice of repeating the names of God, often performed after prayers).[2]Sufism gained adherents among a number of Muslims as a reaction against the worldliness of the early Umayyad Caliphate (661-750 CE[3]). Though, Sufis have spanned several continents and cultures over a millennium, originally expressing their beliefs in Arabic, before spreading into Persian, Turkish, Indian languages and a dozen other languages.[4]
The term is also applied to Hindu ascetics (e.g., sadhus, gurus, swamis and yogis).[5] These usages developed primarily in the Mughal era in the Indian subcontinent.
There is also a distinct clan of faqirs found in North India, descended from communities of faqirs who took up residence at Sufi shrines.
During the 17th century, another noble and spirited Muslim scholar and saint, Sultan Bahoo, revolutionized Sufism and reinstated (with fresh properties) the definition of faqr and faqir.
Historically, the terms tasawwuf, faqr, and faqer (noun of faqr) were first used (with full definition) by Husayn ibn Ali, who was the grandson of Muhammad.[] He wrote a book, Mirat ul Arfeen, on this topic, which is said to be the first book on Sufism and tasawwuf. However, under Ummayad rule, neither could this book be published nor was it allowed to discuss tasawwuf, Sufism or faqr openly. For a long time, after Husayn ibn Ali, the information and teachings of faqr, tasawwuf and Sufism kept on transferring from heart to heart.[6]
In the 10th century, highly reputed Muslim Abdul-Qadir Gilani, who is the founder of Qadri silsila, which has the most followers in Muslim Sufism, elaborated Sufism, tasawwuf and faqr.[]
In the 13th century, Ibn Arabi was the first vibrant Muslim scholar who not only started this discussion publicly but also wrote hundreds of books about Sufism, tasawwuf and faqr.[]
In English, faqir or fakir originally meant a mendicant dervish. In mystical usage, the word fakir refers to man's spiritual need for God, who alone is self-sufficient. Although of Muslim origin, the term has come to be applied in India to Hindus as well, largely replacing gosvamin, sadhu, bhikku, and other designations. Fakirs are generally regarded as holy men who are possessed of miraculous powers. Among Muslims, the leading Sufi orders of fakirs are the Shadhiliyyah, Chishtiyah, Qadiriyah, Naqshbandiyah, and Suhrawardiyah.[7]
The Cambridge English Dictionary defines faqir as "a member of an Islamic religious group, or a holy man".[8]Winston Churchill is known to have referred to Mahatma Gandhi, as a "seditious fakir".
The attributes of a fakir have been defined by many Muslim scholars.
The early Muslim scholar, Abdul-Qadir Gilani, defined Sufism, tasawwuf and faqr in a conclusive manner. Explaining the attributes of a fakir, he says, "faqir is not who can not do anything and is nothing in his self-being. But faqir has all the commanding powers (gifted from Allah) and his orders can not be revoked."[9][10]
Ibn Arabi explained Sufism, including faqr, in more details. He wrote more than 500 books on the topic. He was the first Muslim scholar to openly introduce (first time openly) the idea of Wahdat al-wujud. His writings are considered a solid source, that defied time.[11][12][13][14]
Another dignified Muslim saint, Sultan Bahoo, describes a fakir as one "who has been entrusted with full authority from Allah (God)". In the same book, Sultan Bahoo says, "Faqir attains eternity by dissolving himself in oneness of Allah. He, when, eliminates himself from other than Allah, his soul reaches to divinity."[15] He says in another book, "faqir has three steps (stages). First step he takes from eternity (without beginning) to this mortal world, second step from this finite world to hereafter and last step he takes from hereafter to manifestation of Allah."[16]
In the Fourth Way teaching of G. I. Gurdjieff the word fakir is used to denote the specifically physical path of development, as opposed to the words yogi (which Gurdjieff used for a path of mental development) and monk (which he used for the path of emotional development).[17]
The Fakir and Goshai was with the stronger religious influence, and there are even Bauls who would shave their heads as in their past and kept on practicing and believing in many of the basic creeds of Vaishnava-Sahajiya.[][dubious ] So all followers of different religions and religious practices came under the nomenclature Baul, which has its etymological origin in the Sanskrit words Vatula ("madcap"), or Vyakula ("restless") and used for someone who is possessed or crazy. They were known as performers 'mad' in a worshiping trance of joy - transcending above both good and bad. Though fond of both Hinduism and Islam, the Baul evolved into a religion focused on the individual and centered on a spiritual quest for God from within. They believe the soul that lives in all human bodies is God.[]
Fakir: In general a religious mendicant; more specifically a Hindu marvel worker or priestly juggler, usually peripatetic and indigent.