text:
In circulation
Structural opportunism in art
This paper attempts to analyse the methods of organising the work and life of participants in contemporary circulation of the arts (artists, curators, critics, freelancers) which I explain with the use of the category of structural opportunism.
The term is inspired by theories of Paolo Virno1 who uses the category of opportunism when analyzing post-Fordist production systems, oriented at flexibility, mobility and individualism. Following Virno's traces I refer to the structural, non-moralistic definition of opportunism. Here opportunism does not mean an attitude that is morally doubtful, a lack of principles or the atrophy of one's ethical spine. This notion rather connotes the fundamental dependence of individualized culture producers on the never-ending lookout for possibilities (moonlighting, projects, exhibition opportunities, orders or temporary employment). The thesis that I propose here is as follows: structural opportunism in a form of fundamental dependence of the otherwise independent (not undergoing the formal discipline of contract work) art producers on a permanent search for opportunities; it is the source of systemic pressure that leads to the popularization of competition, the instrumentalization of social relations or, last but not least, the atomization and self-precarization of art workers. In the conclusion of this article I shall draw your attention to the resistance originating from structural opportunism. Its key aspect is a contestation of individualized dependency on the flow of opportunities.
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Transformations of the field of art
The main task in the category of structural opportunism is accounting for the transformations that are currently taking place in the methods of organizing life and work of artists, curators, producers, assistants, art theorists and other professional groups present in the artistic work. My argument is therefore based on the assumption that currently such transformations are taking place. The thesis of the fundamental transformation of the field of art is supported with a range of other sociological and theoretical studies.2
It is also supported by my personal research on the practical and theoretical area of art where I attempted to analyze the role of the design and network-related arrangement of artistic production.3
Similar conclusions were also drawn in studies conducted between 2013 and 2014 by a team at the Free/Slow University of Warsaw. The studies regarded a division of work and capital in Polish visual arts.4
As a result of the research by the Free/Slow University of Warsaw, as well as my own observations, everybody currently in the field of art is circulating and is aware of the significance of being in this flow. Paraphrasing one of the respondents in the study conducted by the Free/Slow University of Warsaw: "if you are visible, you exist; if you are not, you cease to exist".5
In this arrangement of art circulation, you do not only create pieces of art but first and foremost compete for access to opportunities, such as projects, exhibitions, orders, moonlighting, and full-time positions that keep you in the circulation and ensure your visibility. The previous organization of institutions, social roles and justification systems do not so much as disappear but are rather subject to the processes of hybridization, inevitable transformations where it is structural opportunism that is setting the tone.
The world of art is evolving towards the hybrid system where networks and projects are mutating concepts and institutions of the autonomic field of art in the way that was analyzed by Pierre Bourdieu 6. Here an important role is played by the acceleration of the rhythms of artistic production, revaluation of works of art and methods of the building of an artistic trajectory. Luc Boltanski stresses that at present we are dealing with a shift from an "internal" to a "capitalist" method of artistic production.7
The traditional model of artistic production, according to such sociologists of art, as Bourdieu, Cynthia and Harrison White or Howard Becker8, were based on the system linking an artistic studio, an art gallery and a collection, the figure of an artist, the merchant, the critic and the collector, as well as the justification systems characteristic of the autonomic field of art (the concept of genius, sacralization of talent and a work of art). This arrangement works relatively slowly. It might take years or decades between the moment of creating a work of art before its recognition by critics or collectors. Artists build their reputation on a long-time basis while strategically accumulating the symbolic capital which Bourdieu defines as an autonomic value based on a negation of values against the area of external arts (the economic value, power, quick fame).9 Only in the long term can the symbolic capital be exchanged for social recognition, positions, status and income. According to Boltanski, at the moment the time perspective necessary for creating and estimating the symbolic value is shrinking dramatically.10
The global circulation of art with its multiplication of transactions, an extremely fast pace and a speculative approach resembles the financial markets. Boltanski writes mainly about the global market of art; his remarks, however, regarding less time and the related fundamental transformation in production methods, might be applied more generally to the current state of art circulation. This transformation takes place not necessarily because it is influenced by market speculations, but more so thanks to global networking and the popularization of project production systems. In this context, Boltanski's perspective is worth enriching or modifying by referring to an analysis of "creativity plants" conducted by Gerald Raunig.11 He discusses how the methods of organizing space and time, which are specific to creativity plants, chop, cut and smooth employees' time so that they are controlled and exploited while, at the same time, enthusiasm is generated.
Apparatus of structural opportunism
In the methodological sense when Boltanski is asking himself a question regarding the value of a work of art, Raunig is thinking about the methods of organizing production time and modulations of subjectivity and this thinking does not lie far from the perspective outlined here. Structural opportunism arranges social relations in art circulation by making art employees dependent on searching for opportunities, regulating their flow and controlling access to them. It impacts institutional models; it defines career paths; it modulates subjectivities, values and beliefs. Let me refer here to the category of apparatus (French dispositif ) which was developed by Michel Foucault12 and whose prototype version can be found in Walter Benjamin's works13. Pieces of apparatus are devices used for artistic production, resources and institutions that facilitate the creation and distribution of art while, at the same time, formatting the information regarding what, how and by whom is created, distributed and consumed. They are codifications of social relations and material implementations of the codes. Pieces of the apparatus modulate circulation of social energy and define the shape taken by sets of heterogeneous elements they arrange14. At the same time, pieces of the apparatus are not deterministic; they are always created at the nexus of power and resistance or the notion that Foucault names the strategic function of the apparatus and the methods of its contestation".15
If we refer to the concepts by Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, the pieces of apparatus, similarly to arrangements, are always defined by their output lines while their mutating forms are described by the direction of flows that destabilize them 16. The pieces of apparatus that are specific for structural opportunism are fundamentally ambivalent and in this ambivalence they are not different from other social pieces of apparatus. On the one hand, they are progressive and generative. They ensure flexible production systems that facilitate creation of work or organizing projects; they provide access to opportunities and sustain individual freedom and mobility. On the other hand, in a specific way they format the lives and work of participants of artistic circulation while controlling independent art producers and causing their self-precarization, which leads to the situation in which they must compete with each other or change into micro-entrepreneurs.
Theoretical background of the term of structural opportunism
The category of structural opportunism originates from the intellectual tradition of Italian post-Marxism. The models built around other terms that emerged from this tradition, such as "immaterial labor", "precarity", "creativity plants" tend to be applied in art theory17 They serve a dual purpose, namely: they account for transformations taking place in late capitalism which popularizes flexible production methods and, as a result, creates and commercializes not only objects but also symbols, affects or lifestyles. These notions also help us to undertake an adequate analysis of transformations in the field of art which is losing its autonomy while its characteristic creativity is becoming "industrialized".18
The theory built around structural opportunism is materialistic to the core. The area of art is analyzed here as if it were a peculiar "social plant"19 with its characteristic division of labor, distribution of capital, relations of power and exploitation. Thus, I refer here to a work by Walter Benjamin who outlined this materialistic perspective in his famous essay entitled Twórca jako wytwórca (also translated as "Autor jako producent"20. In this essay he suggests that in order to understand the situation of intellectuals one shall not analyze what they say about the relation with production of their time, but rather look closer at the position they occupy there21.
The theory of structural opportunism, similarly to other post-Marxist models, questions the ideological naturalizations of the traditional division of artistic work (between the creator, the curator and the assistant, etc.); it also demystifies the fundamental sacralizations (works of art, the figure of the creator) for functioning of the field of art; it has strong doubts about justifications and rating systems (the categories of talent, the aesthetic value, and taste) that are common in the field of art. This approach is complementary to the critical sociology of the field of art whose representatives, such as Pierre Bourdieu, Howard Becker or Cynthia and Harrison White have already been quoted here. It points to the social empowering of values or conventions that are specific for the field of art.
Structural opportunism
Despite the fact that the category of structural opportunism comes from from the same root as such terms as precarity or immaterial labor, it is more powerful in terms of accounting for the current transformations in the field of art. It helps explain the constant pressure put on the individuals who are a part of the artistic circulation, as well as identify the resistance mechanisms that the pressure triggers.
Contrary to the more general term of immaterial labor, the theory of structural opportunism omits the discussion on "materiality" of existing labor forms or its commodities. It is based on a vague division into "material" and "immaterial" labor (the same issue is raised by Maurizio Lazzarato, one of the creators of the term22. Instead of deliberating whether work in the field of art is more or less material than labor in an "ordinary" plant, the notion of structural opportunism points to much more important changes on the labor market that are related to more flexibility. In a situation where an employee or an artist has no job security in the form of a stable source of income, they are forced to compete for the shrinking range of opportunities (whether permanent positions or artistic projects). Deprived of permanent income, art producers become, according to Pascal Gielen, "happy nomads", opportunistic and cynical creatures who wander from one project to another, with no baggage of principles or responsibilities23.
In its otherwise accurate criticism of cynicism and opportunism, Gielen leans towards the moralizing definition of these terms. His observations are inspired by Virno's thoughts. However, Gielen himself seems not to notice that opportunism is of a structural nature and it is a systemic dependency between atomized individuals on the flow of always ephemeral opportunities. According to Virno: "the roots of opportunism must be sought in socialization which is external in relation to the workplace and marked with unpredictable shifts, perception shocks, permanent innovation and a chronic lack of stability. Opportunists are people who confront the permanent flow of opportunities which are always exchangeable; they make themselves available so that they could use as many as possible; they lean towards the closest one and then quickly bounce towards another one24.
The necessity to grasp every opportunity (employment, a project, income) that helps one to survive is the wellknown state both for employees operating on the flexible labor market and the participants of the artistic circulation. Nothing is given once nor forever. Every opportunity has to be fought for. In this sense, opportunism is an indispensable part of life and work in the capitalism of networks rather than a moral shortage of anyone.
Virno stresses that opportunism, which is structurally induced, is connected with two other factors, namely: fear and cynicism. Opportunism is laced with cynicism since in the case of common mobility, the principles of equivalent exchange are getting weaker and every normative arrangement is perceived as arbitrary. Virno writes: "A cynic recognizes their reflection in all 'games' deprived of dignity and obviousness while becoming no other than spaces of immediate self-affirmation"25.
Striving to achieve personal success, often at any cost, is however determined by fear. According to Massimo De Carolisa, a philosopher and theorist of opportunism, "the dominant sentiment […] among opportunists is nothing else but dread, fear of an animal on the run"26. It's an animal fear of survival, an existential fear triggered by a lack of stable income.
The theory of structural opportunism helps to account for such key issues related to being in circulation, as: self-control, capitalization of oneself and self-precarization. Due to the structural dependency on the flow of opportunities, "independent" culture producers are subjected to a range of forms of dispersed control. Artists or curators do not need to be subject to direct discipline in order to act in line with the systemically agreed principles of structural opportunism. They are not told to apply for projects; neither are their work processes directly monitored. Yet still, as shown in the research conducted by the Free/Slow University of Warsaw, they have a tendency to sacrifice themselves for the sake of their projects, to apply constantly and work too much. This tendency can be understood slightly better by referring to the remarks by Gille Deleuze about the societies of control27. Societies of control force individuals to undergo "a seemingly liberating, ultrafast form of control that replaces the old techniques of discipline functioning in the rhythm, characteristic for closed systems"28. In such societies, people control themselves and each other. In societies of control the authority not only settles down in various disciplinary locations (such as schools, hospitals or plants) but it rather penetrates all social relations. Control means power and it is more effective due to it being dispersed, hence difficult to contest. Still, the essay by Deleuze is a thorough description of the situation rather than an attempt to explain how and why this system of dispersed power works. Here the category of structural opportunism might help. Access to opportunities is regulated via the apparatus embodied in social forms of the institution of art, international art events or grant systems. They control access to opportunities which is regulated via their specific selection mechanisms which are more or less formalized preference systems. In the case where every participant of the circulation is forced to incessantly search for opportunities (exhibitions, projects, orders), access to them comes at a price of meeting the requirements of the pieces of apparatus that provide them.
And yet for instance, the availability of grants often constitutes a sufficient incentive for undertaking artistic activity that would never otherwise occur. In this case we are dealing with self-control of seemingly independent culture producers who, not being subjected to the labor discipline, implement the objectives of historical policy or cultural diplomacy. Similar mechanisms also work in case of other pieces of the apparatus of artistic circulation. The stronger control there is the more competitive access to opportunities there is. The more art workers must compete with each other, the faster they meet the requirements of institutions or people who regulate the access to the opportunities. Non-conformism comes at a price of being excluded from the circulation.
It must be stressed that pressure on competitiveness is the fundamental characteristic of structural opportunism. Participants of the circulation are forced to compete for access with other circulating art producers, since there are always fewer possibilities than those wanting to make use of them. Moreover, even if every project is the result of collective cooperation, they are individual units, rather than communities circulating among them, which causes nomadic circulation and extreme individualism. Pascal Gielen criticizes the world of networks because of the fact that in the race for opportunities, everyone participates alone against everyone else. In this world, associations or trade unions are replaced with cliques which do not stand for solidarity but are a vehicle of collective selfishness29.
The allocation of opportunities is not coincidental. According to Luc Boltanski and Eve Chiapello, the authors of The New Spirit of Capitalist, a systemic analysis of network capitalism, the moment between one project and another is a test of individual agility30. In such moments, the individual ability to enter into further projects is tested. Access to opportunities derives from an individualized reputation, visibility in the circulation, the quantity and quality of social contacts, knowledge and experience. Such profiles are subject to dynamic changes; they are not set once and for all and have no tendency to accumulate in time as it took place in case of symbolic capitalism31.
Everyone is as good as their latest project and, moreover, the circulation is characterized by a great amount of uncertainty and temporariness, which only contributes to increased pressure on competitiveness and increased atomization.
The production system which is oriented at competitiveness and individualism places subjectivity of its participants in line with neoliberal models of subjectivity. Individuals who compete for opportunities, either in artistic circulation or on the flexible labor market are forced to become "self-entrepreneurs" or "micro-entrepreneurs". As Boltanski and Chiapello noted, when referring to studies by Pierre-Michele Menger regarding the art labour market32, artists today become micro-entrepreneurs who build the market portfolio, calculate the risk and strategically manage their own professional career33. In accordance with the theory of structural opportunism, accepting micro-entrepreneurial strategies by producers is the result of the necessity to constantly compete for opportunities.
This state of affairs forces capitalization of reputation, social contacts, experience, and one's own affects. They must be invested in order to gain access to opportunities. As a result of structural pressure, individuals competing for opportunities undergo a transformation into their own entrepreneurs. With the help of this notion, Foucault analyzed neoliberal models of subjectivity34. According to Foucault, a self-entrepreneur "is their own capital, their own manufacturer, their own source of income"35. A self-entrepreneur is strongly committed to achieve success and fully engages themselves in this enterprise while transferring their knowledge, feelings, social contacts, or their reputation into their capital. A tendency for accepting neoliberal models of subjectivity must be understood in the category of the systemic pressure exerted by structural opportunism. It is not an inherent condition of artists or the result of lack of character but rather the mechanism of power. As such it is triggering criticism and resistance of the interested parties, such as Rebecca Gordon-Nesbitt or the Berlin- based group Haben und Brauchen that validly deconstruct mini-entrepreneurship as the ideological product of neoliberalism36.
Regardless of whether this criticism is justified or not, the categories of structural opportunism and micro-entrepreneurship help us understand such phenomena as self-precarity, which is the tendency characteristic for artistic circulation to select uncertain and extremely risky career paths. As it is argued by a group of individuals on the artistic left who often find support in the post-Operaismo theories quoted above, contemporary art workers are members of the precariat37. Their situation might be understood in the context of a broader social problem in the form of job uncertainty and the temporariness of employment as well as a worsened situation of employees. This problem is analyzed by a range of activists and theorists, also in Poland38.
It is difficult to argue that the life and professional trajectories of individuals present in artistic circulation are characterized by a very high level of living uncertainty, no social insurance or simply poverty39. On the other hand, however, there are fundamental differences between precarity of art people and workers on the lowest levels of the employment hierarchy. Self-precarization of culture producers is discussed by Isabell Lorey, a social philosopher. According to her, they treat uncertainty as included in the cost of building an individualized trajectory while they agree for exploitation or relative poverty40. Andrew Ross, a sociologist, argues that in the case of artists or other "white collar" workers, we are dealing with precarity of choice41. The necessity to always claim temporary opportunities is understood as one's freedom of choice, investing in one's own trajectory. It is compensated by the vision of promotion and individual success. For the mechanics of desire and aspiration, it is of little importance that in case of most competitors this success might not come. Its very vision justifies certain sacrifices which are treated as temporary, as emphasized in the study of creative industries by Angela McRobbie42. Such members of the precariat still maintain a sense of empowerment and that the shared uncertainty is the consequence of their individual choice. Also in the studies by the Free/Slow University of Warsaw, despite frequently stressing precarity, respondents maintained a high level of optimism, which can also be related to their more privileged social position or other life trajectories43.
Arranging the circulation in line with structural opportunism is a reason for this state of affairs. Access to opportunities is related to the reputation or visibility which, in turn, seems to be the effects of individual effort. This system of arranging the circulation leads to the situation in which unpaid artistic activities are regarded as an investment strategy which, in the longer term, might bring a "profit" in the form of access to opportunities. However, due to systemic constraints in access to opportunities there are much fewer opportunities than individuals who want to use them, much more frequently this involvement fails to bring the expected results.
Not winning the race for opportunities results in depression. McRobbie and other theorists of post-Fordism such as Franco "Bifo" Berardi point to the fact that depression is a professional disease of the creative industries44. According to Berardi, "current social norms do not accept the possibility of a failure […] while there is no competition without failure and losing. However, the social norm cannot accept that a failure is normal without questioning its own ideological foundations, even denying its own economic effectiveness"45. Structural opportunism makes individuals who independently compete for access to opportunities take responsibility for the systemic constraints. The dark side of micro-entrepreneurship is the individualization of risk. Its side effect is depression, which is the condition of the sense of inability, inadequacy and futility of all efforts.
I wish to stress one more time that when writing about structural opportunism I mean the systemic arrangement of the artistic circulation. I focused deliberately on the description of negative aspects of this arrangement, such as self-precarization, micro-entrepreneurship and self-control in order to highlight the influence that structural opportunism has on the lives and work of individuals in the artistic circulation. Yet, inherent pressures on this arrangement of circulation must be understood as the sources of potential resistance. Participants of artistic circulation do not necessarily agree for opportunist arrangement of their world. They do not wish to compete with each other. They do not consider themselves to be a form of capital. They get tired of uncertainty. They suffer from depression. As I argued in a different paper, accepting a structural non-moralizing definition of opportunism is the starting point for shaping radical forms of opposition to this way of organizing work and life in circulation46.
In the context of thinking about tactics of resistance I uphold the therapeutic guidelines of Berardi who calls for critical opposition to creative industries to be involved in the political therapy. It would aim at breaking down the obsession with the individualization of success which de facto leads to the privatization of a systemically induced failure. He claims that the flow of desires should be collectively deconstructed and reconstructed so that "the new libidinal investments would become possible and autonomic in relation to competition, possessiveness, acquisition and accumulation"47.
Taking into account structural opportunism, any therapy deals with individual addiction to the permanent flow of opportunities. And since in this way, the authority is implemented, hence in the same way its opposition must be formed.
P. Virno, A Grammar of the Multitude, Los Angeles 2004; M. Hardt, P. Virno (edited), Radical thought in Italy: a potential politics, Minneapolis 1996, especially here: M. De Carolis, Toward a Phenomenology of Opportunism, p. 37–53.
G. Raunig, Factories of knowledge, industries of creativity, Los Angeles 2013; G. Raunig,
G. Ray (edited), Art and Contemporary Critical Practice: Reinventing Institutional Critique,
London 2009; K. van den Berg, U. Pasero (eds.), Art production beyond the art market?
Berlin, New York 2013; G. Yúdice, The expediency of culture: uses of culture in the global
era, Durham, London 2003; J. Stallabrass, Art Incorporated: The Story of Contemporary Art,
Oxford 2004; P. Gielen, The Murmuring of the Artistic Multitude. Global Art, Memory and
Post-Fordism, Amsterdam 2009; P. Gielen (ed.), Institutional attitudes: instituting art in a flat
world, Amsterdam 2013; P. Gielen, Creativity and other fundamentalisms, Heyningen 2013.
K. Szreder, Politicising "independent" curatorial practice under neoliberalism: critical responses to the structural pressures of project-making, Loughborough 2015; K. Szreder, ABC Projektariatu. O nędzy projektowego życia, Warsaw 2016.
M. Kozłowski, J. Sowa, K. Szreder (ed.), Fabryka Sztuki, Warsaw 2015.
Ibidem, p. 65.
P. Bourdieu, Reguły sztuki: geneza i struktura pola literackiego, Kraków 2001.
L. Boltanski, Od rzeczy do dzieła. Procesy atrybucji i nadawania wartości przedmiotom, [in:] M. Kozłowski, A. Kurant, J. Sowa, K. Szadkowski, K. Szreder (ed.), Wieczna radość. Ekonomia polityczna społecznej kreatywności, Warsaw 2011, p. 17–49.
H.S. Becker, Art worlds, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London 1982; H. White and C. White, Canvases and careers: institutional change in the French painting world: with a new foreword and a new afterword, Chicago 1993.
P. Bourdieu, Reguły sztuki...
L. Boltanski, Od rzeczy do dzieła…, p. 36.
G. Raunig, Factories of knowledge...
G. Agamben, "What is an apparatus?' and other essays, Stanford 2009; G. Deleuze, What is a dispositif?, [in:] T.J. Armstrong (ed.), Michel Foucault, philosopher: essays translated from the French and German by Timothy J. Armstrong, New York, London 1992, p. 159–168; M. Foucault, Power/knowledge: selected interviews and other writings, 1972-1977, New
York, London 1980.,
W. Benjamin, Twórca jako wytwórca, [in:] S. Skwarczyńska (ed.), Teoria badań literackich za granicą, Kraków 1986.
M. Foucault, Power/knowledge..., p. 184.
Ibidem, p. 196.
G. Deleuze and F. Guattari, Tysiąc plateau, Warsaw 2016.
M. Lazzarato, Immaterial Labor, [in:] Radical thought in Italy..., p. 133–151; M. Lazzarato, The Misfortunes of the "Artistic Critique" and of Cultural Employment, [in:] U. Wuggenig, G. Raunig, G. Ray (ed.), Critique of Creativity: Precarity, Subjectivity and Resistance in the 'Creative Industries', London 2011, p. 41–57; M. Lazzarato, The Political Form of Coordination, [in:] Art and Contemporary Critical Practice..., p. 161–172; J. Aranda, A. Vidokle, B. Kuan Wood, E-Flux Journal: Are You Working Too Much? Post-Fordism, Precarity, and the Labor of Art, Berlin, New York 2011; M. Hlavajova (ed.), On knowledge production: a critical reader in contemporary art, Utrecht, Frankfurt 2008; I. Lorey, Virtuosos of Freedom: On the Implosion of Political Virtuosity and Productive Labour, [in:] Critique of Creativity..., p. 79–91; I. Lorey, Governmentality and Self-Precarization, "Transversal" 1/2006; A. Ross, Nice work if you can get it: life and labor in precarious times, New York 2009; Precarious Workers Brigade, Fragments Toward an Understanding of a Week that Changed Everything…, e-flux Journal 24/2011; Precarious Workers Brigade, Free labour syndrome. Volunteer work and unpaid overtime in the creative and cultural sector, [in:] M. Kozłowski, A. Kurant, J. Sowa, K. Szadkowski, K. Szreder (ed.), Joy Forever. Political Economy of Social Creativity, London 2014; K. Górna, M. Iwański, J. Figiel, K. Sienkiewicz, S. Ruksza, K. Szreder (ed.), Czarna księga polskich artystów, Warsaw 2015; Wieczna radość…; K. Chmielewska, K. Szreder, T. Żukowski (ed.), Kultura nie dla zysku. Czytanki dla robotników sztuki, Warsaw 2009.
Wieczna radość…
Fabryka Sztuki, p. 10.,
W. Benjamin, Twórca jako wytwórca.
Ibidem, p. 260.
B. Cvejić, M. Lazzarato, "Conversation with Maurizio Lazzarato", TkH Journal for
Performing Arts Theory 17/2010, p. 12–17.)
P. Gielen, Murmuring of the Artistic Multitude..., p. 36.
P. Virno, A Grammar of the Multitude, p. 86.
Ibidem, p. 87
M. De Carolis, Toward a Phenomenology of Opportunism, p. 41.
G. Deleuze, Postscriptum o społeczeństwach kontroli, [in:] idem, Negocjacje: 1972–1990, Wrocław 2007.
Ibidem, p. 184.
P. Gielen, Creativity..., p. 35.
L. Boltanski, E. Chiapello, The New Spirit of Capitalism, London 2005, p. 106.
Fabryka Sztuki, p. 63–64.
P.M. Menger, "Artistic labour markets and careers", Annual Review of Sociology 25/1999, p. 541–574.
L. Boltanski i E. Chiapello, The New Spirit of Capitalism, p. 312.
M. Foucault, The birth of biopolitics: lectures at the Collège de France, 1978–1979, Basingstoke 2010.
Ibidem, p. 226.
R. Gordon Nesbitt, The New Bohemia, "Variant" 32/2008, p. 5–8; Haben und Brauchen, Haben und Brauchen Manifesto, Berlin 2012.
Czarna księga polskich artystów.
G. Standing, Prekariat. Nowa niebezpieczna klasa, Warsaw 2014; J. Urbański, Prekariat i nowa walka klas, Warsaw 2014.
H. Abbing, Why Are Artists Poor? The Exceptional Economy of the Arts, Amsterdam 2002; H. Abbing, Notes on the Exploitation of Artists, [in:] Wieczna radość…, p. 329–340.
I. Lorey, "Governmentality and Self-Precarization", eiPCP, 01.2006, http://eipcp.net/transversal/1106/lorey/en (16.07.2016); I. Lorey, "Virtuosos of Freedom: On the Implosion of Political Virtuosity and Productive Labour", eiPCP, 10.2008, http://eipcp.net/transversal/0207/lorey/en (16.07.2016).
A. Ross, Nice work if you can get it..., p. 34.
A. McRobbie, Re-thinking creative economy as radical social enterprise, Variant 41/2011, p. 32–33; A. McRobbie, The Los Angelisation of London: Three Short Waves of Young People's Micro-Economies of Culture and Creativity in the UK, [in:] Critique of Creativity..., p. 119–133; A. McRobbie, Creative London – Creative Berlin, Berlin 2006
Fabryka Sztuki, p. 47–51.
A. McRobbie, Re-thinking creative economy...; F. Berardi, The soul at work: from alienation to autonomy, Los Angeles 2009.
Ibidem, p. 99
K. Szreder, How to radicalize a mouse. Notes on radical opportunism, [in:] N. Dockx, P. Gielen (ed.), Mobile autonomy: exercises in artists' self-organization, Amsterdam 2015, p. 195–219.
F. Berardi, The soul at work..., p. 140.
Published 13 February 2018
Original in Polish
Translated by Justyna Chada
First published by Czas Kultury 3/2016
© Kuba Szreder / Czas Kultury / EurozinePDF/PRINT


text:
Honda Civic VS Alfa Romeo Giulietta
Honda Civic
- Looks are good (or bad)
- Suspension and steering are both terrific
- Plenty of legroom in the rear seat
- CVT drones at pace
- Standard safety lacking on base models
- RS is noisy on the wrong road surfaces
Alfa Romeo Giulietta
- Stunning looks
- Great engine
- Big boot
- Poor cabin storage
- Turbo lag
- No reversing camera
Honda Civic
If you think the new Civic Hatch looks a little lower-slung than its sedan sibling, that can likely be attributed to the crushing weight of expectation placed on its little metal shoulders.
See, this 10th-gen Civic might be the most important car Honda has ever made. While most manufacturers were pouring funds into their SUV ranges, Honda was diverting a huge chunk (heavily tipped to be a whopping 35 per cent) of their research and development budget into the Civic, using the evergreen nameplate as a key pin in their Australian comeback.
And with that much riding on it, it had to be good. In sedan form, which launched here last year, it mostly lived up to the hype, with Honda shifting more than 800 units per month. And with the Civic hatch finally touching down in Australia, Honda is hoping to add 1000 sales to the tally.
So the question now is, does this new hatch version shine, too?
|Safety rating
|Engine Type
|Fuel Type
|Regular Unleaded Petrol
|Fuel Efficiency
|5 seats
Alfa Romeo Giulietta
Richard Berry road tests and reviews the new Alfa Romeo Giulietta Veloce hatch with specs, fuel consumption and verdict.
Nobody just buys an Alfa Romeo, in the same way that nobody goes out and just buys a top hat. Yes it's functional and yes you'll looking amazing in it whether you're male or female, and people will pay you compliments - possibly question your judgement, too, but it's not the obvious choice and buying one is a conscious decision. See, you don't even know if I'm talking about the top hat or the Alfa any more.
At backyard barbecues and dinner parties throughout Australia you'll overhear people saying: "My heart says yes but my head says no." They're not discussing robbing the convenience store on the corner after dessert, but they're more likely to be talking about buying an Alfa Romeo. See Alfas are famous for their stunning beauty, their racing pedigree and their performance, but in the past they've been infamous for their reliability issues. You knew that, right?
The top-of-the-range Giulietta Veloce with the dual-clutch auto is the best reference to the brand's performance pedigree. This version has only just arrived on the market, and follows a major styling and technology update to the Giulietta in 2015.
Like most test cars, we lived with it for a week. Is it too small to be a family car? What's wrong with the glovebox? Is it as racy as it looks? What's with all the water? And is it just me or are my hands too small to drive this car? We'll even be able to point you in the right direction for a guide to Giulietta's reliability.
|Safety rating
|Engine Type
|1.7L turbo
|Fuel Type
|Premium Unleaded Petrol
|Fuel Efficiency
|5 seats
Honda Civic7/10
Energetic and engaging (if not quite sporty), the Civic hatch is quiet and comfortable around town, but it can more than hold its own on a twisting backroad, too. It's looks will either appeal or not, but a lack of comprehensive safety equipment on the cheaper models is sure to ruffle some feathers.
For us, the cheapest way into the turbocharged engine forms the pick of the bunch, so we'd call the VTi-L the sweet spot.
Alfa Romeo Giulietta6.3/10
So much right and some things not quite right – the Giulietta has the Alfa Romeo mix of highs and lows which the brand is famous for. There's no mistaking that this is a unique and sexy looking car, with the practicality of a five-door hatch plus impressive handling and performance. More heart than head decision here though it seems, but romantic Alfa enthusiasts should adore it.
Have you got a 'classic' Alfa Romeo experience, good or bad? Tell us in the comments below.
Click here to see more Alfa Romeo Giulietta Veloce pricing and spec info.
Honda Civic8/10
The word 'polarising' is usually a thinly disguised way of saying 'lots of people don't like it'. And the all-new Civic sedan was, well, very polarising. A glance at this new hatch version shows it hasn't strayed too far from that design approach, either.
It's as understated as a snakeskin suit in all grades, but nowhere is it quite so busy as in the RS trim level, in which the sporty trimmings jump out from every possible angle. Strangely, though, we quite like the way it looks, and it's undeniably an individual in the small car segment.
Inside, Honda has produced the comfortable and tech savvy interior that was missing from the outgoing model, but the sense of well executed semi-premium fades as you approach the spartan rear seat.
Alfa Romeo Giulietta8/10
Alfa Romeo couldn't design a boring car even if it was handed a picture of a Toyota Camry and told to copy it or else. The Giulietta is no exception.
There's the deep 'V' grille shared with the new Giulia sedan and 4C sports cars that make up the current Alfa model line-up. There's the bug-eye headlights with pretty inset LEDs and the chiselled bonnet, a side profile which looks like that of a mini Porsche Cayenne and a cute-but-tough bottom with its elegant taillights and twin exhausts.
The latest update brought a honeycomb mesh grille and a slightly different design to the headlight and LED foglight surrounds. The tail pipes were also given a styling tweak, so too were the alloy wheels.
The cabin saw new materials and finishes added. The Veloce had the Alfa Romeo logo stitched into the integrated headrests, shiny sports pedals, and lashings of faux carbon fibre trim on the doors and dash.
You can tell a Veloce from the outside by the red Brembo brake calipers behind the front wheels, 18-inch alloys, its chunkier exhaust tips poking out of the diffuser, red pin-striping to the front and rear bumpers, and the black window surrounds.
Okay, how big or small is it? Here's some dimensions for you. The Guilietta is 4351mm long, 1798mm wide, 1465mm tall and the Veloce with its sports suspension is 9mm lower than the others with 102mm of ground clearance.
Compared to say a Mazda3 hatch the Giulietta is 109mm shorter end-to-end and only 3mm wider. But if you're considering an Giulietta why are you looking at the Mazda3 anyway? That would be sensible - Like comparing Cancer Council hats to top hats.
Honda Civic7/10
The Civic hatch is surprisingly spacious in the cabin, where up front the two seats are split buy a central bin housing two of the fattest, deepest cupholders we've ever seen (that would be America's 'Big Gulp' influence on the Civic's design), along with a hidden USB and power source that sits behind the centre console, hiding the ugly chords while you're plugged into touchscreen unit.
The back seat, is plenty spacious in the longer and wider hatch - which also sits on a 30mm longer wheelbase than the outgoing car - with more shoulder, leg and knee room for backseat riders.
Which is just as well, as there's not much else happening back there, with no air vents, power outlets or USB points on offer, with just the two cupholders housed in a pulldown divider that separates the rear seat.
Boot space is pegged at 414 litres with the 60/40 split rear seat in place, which is enough to give the Civic hatch the edge over its direct competitors in the Hyundai i30, VW Golf and Mazda3.
Alfa Romeo Giulietta5/10
Beautiful things tend to favour form over function. The Giuletta tries to do both and succeeds…but also fails in places.
Successes first: despite its coupe looks it's actually a five-door hatch with 'hidden' handles for the rear doors placed up at window level near the C-pillar. So good is the two-door disguise that our photographer climbed into the back seat through the front door.
Rear legroom is a bit tight back there and at 191cm I can sit behind my driving position but I'd hate for me to be sitting behind me because my knees are digging hard into the seat back.
Headroom isn't much chop either and I literally can't sit in the back seat and hold my head high – a combination of that sloping roofline and the optional double sunroof reduces the head space.
A major practicality fail is the lack of storage throughout the cabin.
My wife's phone kept mysteriously appearing in the footwell every time we left it in the glove box, like there was a tear in the time-space fabric, but then we realised it was slipping through a gap.
There's no centre armrest storage bin in the front – actually there's no centre armrest. There is a pop-up hidey-hole on the dash but with only enough room for a pair of sunglasses.
The two cup holders in the front are small. It's safe to say that unless you have somebody with hands at the ready, ordering drive-thru is possibly out of the question.
Or if you have long arms and can reach the fold down armrest in the back there are two decent sized cup holders along with a small storage space. There are no bottle holders any of the doors, but there is fortunately room for a phone and wallet because there isn't space for them anywhere else.
But wait, the Giulietta is saved from a total storage fail by a large-for-the-class 350-litre boot. That's 70 litres bigger than a Toyota Corolla's and only 14 litres less than the Mazda3. We could fit the pram, the shopping and the rest of the gear which goes with a military operation such as a trip to the park with a toddler in there.
Price and features
Honda Civic6/10
Thanks to what Honda refers to as its "One Civic" philosophy, this new hatch lineup perfectly mirrors the sedan range that was launched here last year, with the only major change being the 'Ring-burning Type R, which will be hatch-only when it arrives later in 2017.
And that means the five-strong Hatch range kicks off with the entry-level VTi ($22,390) before stepping up to the VTi-S ($24,490) and the VTi-L ($27,790). Next up is the sport-sprinkled RS ($32,290), before the range tops out with the high-flying VTi-LX ($33,590).
Entry-level shoppers will make do 16-inch steel wheels, fabric seats and single-zone climate control, but there are some nice and premium-feeling flourishes, like LED DRLs, a 7.0-inch touchscreen that's now Apple CarPlay and Android Auto-equipped and a second colour screen in the driver's binnacle for your trip information.
Stepping up to the VTi-S adds 16-inch alloy wheels, integrated LED indicators in your wing mirrors and proximity locking and unlocking, along with some clever safety stuff we'll come back to under the Safety heading.
Along with a better engine (more on that in a moment), springing for the VTi-L will earn you 17-inch alloy wheels, twin-zone climate control and automatic windows in both rows, while the sporty-flavoured RS adds LED fog and headlights, along with a hearty dose of sporty styling courtesy of a bumper kit, skirting and a liberal splashing of piano black highlights.
Inside the RS gets leather trimmed seats, a better 10-speaker stereo and and a standard sunroof, too.
Finally, the range-topping Civic - the VTi-LX - gets satellite navigation, and a fairly comprehensive suite of safety kit.
Alfa Romeo Giulietta5/10
The 2016 update saw the Giulietta variants renamed. There's the entry grade $29,990 Super Manual which has a six-speed manual gearbox, then buyers can step up to the Super TCT with a six-speed dual clutch automatic transmission for $34,900 and then there's our test car – the Veloce for $41,990. There's 10 paint colours at your disposal from the colour of our car (Alfa Red) to Perla Moonlight. Only Alfa White comes at no extra cost, the rest are a $500 option.
The Veloce collects the same features as the Super TCT such as a 6.5-inch touch screen, with sat nav, front and rear parking sensors, three drive modes and then adds bi-xenon headlights, 18-inch alloys, leather and Alcantara seats, a flat-bottomed steering wheel, the big exhaust tips and the sports diffuser, tinted rear glass and then less cosmetic features such as sports suspension and launch control.
There's no reversing camera which is disappointing, considering they come standard on some cars half the price.
At this price you'd shop the Veloce against a BMW 120i hatch for $41,900, a Volkswagen Golf GTI for $43,490 or possibly a high-end Mazda3 SP 25 Astina for $37,040.
Engine & trans
Honda Civic7/10
Like the sedan version, there are two engine choices on offer, with the cheaper option a 1.8-litre petrol engine, good for 104kW at 6500rpm and 174Nm at 4300rpm found in the VTi and VTi-S trim levels.
The better option, though, is a perky turbocharged 1.5-litre petrol engine that will push 127kW at 5500rpm and 220Nm at 1700rpm to the front tyres.
Both engines are partnered with a CVT automatic transmission, with or without wheel-mounted shifters, depending on the trim level.
Alfa Romeo Giulietta7/10
The Giulietta Veloce has a 1.75-litre four-cylinder turbo-petrol engine which produce 177kW of power and 340Nm of torque. It's a great engine that lets loose a wonderful scream when pushed hard and the little grunts it makes when it changes gear when driving around normally sound like a giant enjoying his food.
The transmission is a dual-clutch auto which Alfa calls a TCT or twin-clutch transmission. I'm not a fan of them regardless of the brand of car they're in but the Alfa version is better than most of the others in its smoothness at lower speeds and decisiveness.
What about the Giulietta's reliability over time? This version of the car is less than two months old so we can only comment on what it offers as a brand-new vehicle, but you'll find good context in our used review of the earlier 2011-2014 Giulietta.
Fuel consumption
Honda Civic8/10
Fuel use is pretty impressive across the board, with the 1.8-litre engine sipping a claimed combined 6.4-litres per hundred kilometres, while the turbocharged version needs just 6.2 litres on the same cycle.
Emissions are pegged at 150 and 142 grams per kilometre of C02 respectively.
Alfa Romeo Giulietta7/10
Alfa Romeo says you should see your Veloce drink at a rate of 6.8L/100km during combined driving, but the dash showed more than double that during mainly urban driving while channelling Enzo Ferrari.
Honda Civic7/10
Honda struggles a little in explaining exactly what its new 1.5-litre turbo-powered Civic is.
Is it a hot hatch? Nope, the incoming Type R will handle those duties. Oh, so it's a warm hatch, then? Not really - it's mechanically identical (same engine, gearbox and suspension) to the other, top-tier Civics. In fact, only the brand of tyres seperate the RS from the more luxurious VTi-LX.
"We would say it's a 'sporting hatch'," says Honda's head honcho, Stephen Collins.
And sporting it is, with its clever turbocharged 1.5-litre engine a willing and perky unit, delivering plenty of oomph all over the rev range and with no noticeable, soul-destroying lag in its power delivery.
The steering, too, has a sporty flavouring, it's super direct, and offers such crisp direction changes that you have to pay keen attention driving, as even the slightest input will see you steering out of your lane. And while the ride is a little crashy through bumps, it pays you back with composed cornering antics that see the front wheels hanging on to the tarmac for much longer than you might expect.
But the best trick of the 1.5-litre engine is that it doesn't require much accelerator to make it move, which means there's never too much strain on the CVT auto in town. And, given the auto is both loud and intrusive when you ask too much of it, that can only be a good thing.
Like most CVT 'boxes, it's quiet and composed in city driving, but loud and with a tendency to surge when you start to test it. So much so that heavy acceleration requires a kind of lucky dip as to when to back off the throttle, with the Civic continuing to accelerate for a moment or so even once you get off the gas.
Happily, then, the 1.8-litre models are much easier to classify. They're the cheap ones.
It's a a simple, honest and hardworking engine that feels both slower and slower to respond than its newer, turbocharged sibling, but is more than capable of getting up to speed, even if it struggles to add pace from the mid-range onward.
Alfa Romeo Giulietta6/10
There's so much potential here for a great driving experience such as the accurate and direct steering and great suspension which provides a comfortable ride and great handling, only for all to be let down by turbo lag which kills the responsiveness in the car.
Of the three steering modes: Dynamic, Natural and All Weather, the Dynamic setting was kept on almost always with the other two just feeling too lethargic.
The Giulietta is front-wheel drive and there's a lot of torque being sent to those wheels, but unlike a stack of Alfas in the past there's next to no torque steer. That said, our hill start test on a wet night saw those front wheels scrambling for traction as it accelerated up the slope. Cornering grip from the tyres is excellent, however.
There's some Alfa Romeo ergonomic issues in the cabin we've gotten used to over the years, but just because you're accustomed to something doesn't mean it's okay. For example, the cramped driver's footwell with the brake and accelerator pedals so close that it's easy to hit both at the same time.
The indicator and wiper stalks are also so far from the steering wheel rim that they're almost out of reach – I don't think I have small hands, nobody's ever pointed them out or laughed at them.
And speaking of wipers, the Giulietta is obsessed with keeping itself clean. Pull the wiper stalk towards you to clean the windows and such is the intensity of the spray from both the window washer and the headlight washers it's like you're captaining a fishing trawler that's hit a massive wave at sea. Put the car into reverse and the rear wiper starts squirting and washing.
For Christmas I want Alfa to upgrade their media unit or bin it – the UConnect system disconnected my phone without prompting and isn't intuitive to use.
Honda Civic6/10
While some of its key competitor are throwing safety functions at all trim levels, with Honda it's still sadly a case of you get what you pay for.
The entry-level VTi, for example, makes do with six airbags (front, front-side and curtain) and a 180-degree reversing camera, opting for the VTi-S, VTi-L or RS adds front and rear parking sensors and Honda's cool 'LaneWatch' (with activates a side-mounted camera when you indicate, beaming an image of the lane running alongside the lefthand-side of the car up onto the 7.0-inch screen).
Spring for the top-spec VTi-LX, however, and Honda's complete 'Sensing Suite' arrives as standard, adding AEB, Lane Departure Warning with Lane Keep Assist and active cruise control.
The entire Civic range was awarded the maximum five-star ANCAP safety rating.
Alfa Romeo Giulietta6/10
The Alfa Romeo Giulietta has been given the maximum five-star ANCAP rating. It doesn't have the advanced safety technology such as AEB and lane keeping assistance which is now standard on any small hatches for a lot less money.
For child and baby seats there's two top tether and two ISIOFIX points in the back seat.
Honda Civic7/10
The Honda Civic is covered by the brand's three year/100,000km warranty, requiring servicing every 10,000km or 12 months, Your annual service cost is capped at $843 for the first three years.
Alfa Romeo Giulietta6/10
The Giulietta is covered by Alfa Romeo's three year/150,000km warranty. Servicing is recommended at 12month/15,000km intervals with a major service every two years. Alfa Romeo doesn't have capped price servicing but there is Mopar Vehicle Protection which customers can purchase with the vehicle for $1995.

subset: commoncrawl


text: In line with the directives of the UAE Cabinet and the decisions set in the "Letter of the New Season" on resettlement files, the Ministry of Human Resources and Emiratisation launched the National Training Portal, that aims to enhance the capabilities and skills of Emiratis interested in working in the private sector, by providing them various technical and professional training programs, you can join here: The National Training Portal The portal's goals: Strengthening the labour market with highly qualified Emirati cadres who meet the required needs. Enabling Emirati cadres to obtain the professional skills that support them in working in a multi-skill and multinational environment. Providing training for Emiratis who look forward to changing their career path, matching job opportunities available in the current and future job market. Target groups: Emirati job seekers and those who want to develop their skills. Emiratis looking for new job opportunities. Target sectors: Human Resources: Human Resources Coordinator Wage employee Employment broker Personnel Officer Customer Service and Public Relations: Exhibition designer Events planner Customer Service Clerk Customer Happiness Adviser Receptionist Public relations officer Information Technology: Systems Administrator Support technician For Financial and Banking Services: Credit officer Government tax officer ATM Accountant Bank official Real Estate and Property Management: Real estate appraiser Sales and Retail: Commercial sales representative Sales Supervisor Support Services: Purchaser representative Translator Secretary Data entry employee Purchaser supervisor Legal Affairs: Legal assistant Airport and Tourism Services: Travel agent Airport registration agent Freight forwarder Insurance: Insurance claims officer


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VIDEO: World War Two Mine Detonation
Royal Navy bomb disposal experts destroyed a 1,500lb (680kg) mine on November 27.
The German mine was discovered on the seabed in The Solent, the strait separating the Isle of Wight from mainland England.
The World War Two GD ground mine was found by a crane barge 1.5km off Southsea on Thursday while removing debris from a site being dredged next month in preparation for the arrival of the Navy's new aircraft carriers.
The bomb disposal team – also fully-qualified clearance divers – towed the air-dropped device overnight to open waters about 1.5km off Bembridge, Isle of Wight, where they carried out a controlled explosion.
The explosion created a plume about 300 metres high.
Image, video: Royal Navy


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Figures 9 to 10 show micrographs of the microtomed sections from injection molded bars.
The different microstructure of HDPE/LDPE blends, having different compositions, are shown (Figure 9). In fact, these thin sections taken in the parallel flow direction inside the cavity of a mold and near the gate, show differences in
response of the material under polarized light. When HDPE is the matrix, smooth surface and high birefringence are found, as in the case of pure HDPE, with ringed and impinged macroaggregates of crystals also visible. These features indicate that the microstructure of these materials is basically due to HDPE. In Figure 10 the above observations are fully confirmed for samples which have undergone a chemical attack directed to the amorphous zones of blends.
Figures 11-13 show micrographs of HDPE/LDPE blends containing 1% ofEVA copolymer, chlorinated polyethylene, and a low molecular weight polyethylene, respectively. The changes on the microstructural level ofthese specimens, compared to the unmodified HDPE/LDPE system, previously discussed, are evidently in agreement with changes observed in the mechanical properties and the surface appearance of the injected bars. The changes in the size of the
macroaggregates of crystals and the presence of the interfacial additives enhance the stretchability of the compatibilized blends.
wastes , mÊÊmmm
1 mm
Figure 18. SEM micrographs of wastes showing their brittle fracture.
Figure 18. SEM micrographs of wastes showing their brittle fracture.
Because of the presence in the wastes of about 10% of inks, pigments, fillers and so on, their microstructure cannot be studied by polarized optical microscopy. Thus, a microstructural study by scanning electronic microscopy, using the fracture surface of impact tested specimens, was carried out in order to confirm the previous data.
Figures 14 and 15 give SEM micrographs of the fracture surface of HDPE, LDPE, and wastes at a very low magnification level. A similarity between the fracture surfaces from impact tests of the wastes and LDPE in liquid nitrogen is found. A smooth surface is observed at a low magnification in the front of a semi-brittle fracture observed in the hollowed region of HDPE specimen. Also, a lower amount of the solid particles (pigments) in the micrographs of the wastes is seen.
At higher magnification (Fig. 16), it is possible to observe a significant difference between the fracture surface of blends with HDPE as a matrix and with LDPE as a matrix. Indeed, rounded features in the 85% HDPE blend fracture surface suggest a semi-brittle fracture around macroaggregates of crystals. At a
higher level of magnification this feature is clearly evident and can be compared with the micrographs in Figure 17, where the homopolymers show striking differences in their fracture mechanism due to their different microstructure in macroaggregates of crystals. Furthermore, we must keep in mind that the LDPE does not break at -30oC and its fracture surface was obtained in liquid nitrogen.
In Figure 18, the fracture surface of the waste specimens also has numerous rounded features at the higher level of magnification. Probably solid particles from inks act in the wastes as nucleation agents. Also, a very small size of the rounded forms is observed. In any case, the higher level of stress concentrators present in the wastes makes them more brittle and explains their low impact strength value. The failure mode of the wastes is similar to that of the matrix.
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Moon Phase Today
Moon Phase Today or on any dates you are interested. What is the Moon Phase Today - day, illumination, visibility, moonrise, moonset, zodiac sign and the house of horoscope, growing or waning Moon you can see on this page, and even lunar days for the whole month in April 2020 Moon Calendar. Everything about Moon Phase Today or on any other date.
What is the Moon Phase Today - Waxing Gibbous
At the date 02.04.2020 at 12:00 Moon in phase «Waxing Gibbous». This is 9 Moon day in lunar calendar. Moon in Cancer, Moon in 10 house. Moon illumination about 63.3%. Rise: 13:14, Set: 3:30.
New Moon: 24.03.2020
First Quarter: 01.04.2020
Full Moon: 08.04.2020
Third Quarter: 14.04.2020
New Moon: 23.04.2020
Waxing Gibbous - Features
The moon phase is a Waxing Gibbous. The second phase of the moon - a gap between the first quarter of the moon and the full moon. During this period, continued strong growth in the moon. For the second phase is typical even more significant rise in energy and internal forces, strongly expressed activity. In the business sphere begins opportune time for scheduled cases, tackling difficult issues and problems. Cases requiring large activity will be given it is easy. In the second phase of the moon can be useful exercise, in this period is good to start a new workout. Favorable changes in absolutely all spheres of activity, both in relationships on a personal level and in the business. A good time for moving, travel, change of activity. Vital energy is going more and closer to the full moon celebrated its peak. This period is distinctive emotional outbursts, increasingly there is a conflict, the emergence of traumatic situations.
Zodiac Sign Impact - Cancer
The Moon in the sign of Cancer - a leisurely stability. Perfect for a well-functioning of enterprises engaged in the production of a monotone. Also good are things related to antiques and jurisprudence. Initiated by you in this time of trial should end the most beneficial for you. Be careful to relate to lending and giving money to borrow. There is a possibility that you have to wait very long for their return. Since that time, increased emotional sensitivity, tact and should be more attentive to loved ones, it will do you a favor. For the development of spiritual forces useful auditory training, meditation practice and the development of psychic sensitivity. To avoid unpleasant consequences require careful treatment of metal objects and fire.
Day of Week Impact - Thursday
Day of the Week - Thursday, the day is under the auspices of Jupiter, king of the gods. On Thursday, acute intuition, it allows to distinguish allies from foes. The energy of this day will give glory, honor, success in society. On Thursday, all things work out, you just believe in yourself, in that all will turn out. But if no such certainty, it is better to postpone the case until later. On this day, work out contacts with the authorities, negotiations are successful. And that things will develop well, tell your heart. It will also help solve your amorous affairs.


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Conventional Chinese health beliefs adopt a holistic view emphasizing the importance of environmental components in rising risk of disease. The great health care reform law enacted in March 2010 (generally referred to as ACA, PPACA, or Obamacare"). I had wanted to talk about psychological health in my work for some time, however couldn't discover the suitable way to show what was occurring inside somebody's head in a photograph.
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The price of health care within the United States is dear and is escalating. In the event you use an app that does not combine completely, you may just need to check both Health and your third-get together app to see all of your information. One other health subject that causes dying or contributes to other health problems is malnutrition, particularly amongst youngsters.
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Ah, sleep The simplest antidote to stress, weight gain, lack of focus and poor dietary decisions – yet, the one health caveat nobody seems to get sufficient of If you find it exhausting to meet your health and health targets, you could want to take an sincere look at how much quality sleep you get each night.
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Nothing is extra precious to us than having good health. Loose skin is a side effect of maximum weight loss'"however these successful dieters refuse to cover this a part of the exhausting-fought journey toward a healthier body. In January, health officials detailed plans to refer almost 1 million sufferers to social prescribing" schemes providing extra personalised care.
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How Traditional Chinese language Health Beliefs And Chinese Tradition Influence Health And Illness?
For those who use an app that doesn't integrate completely, you may simply need to verify both Health and your third-celebration app to see your whole knowledge.
Conventional Chinese health beliefs adopt a holistic view emphasizing the significance of environmental factors in growing threat of disease. If you happen to do not need the entire data that Health provides you with, there isn't any use jumping round from place to put inside the app. Appropriately deliberate vegetarian, together with vegan, diets are healthful, nutritionally ample, and will present health benefits for the prevention and treatment of certain diseases.
Nonetheless, an US-primarily based group for vitamin professionals referred to as Academy of Vitamin and Dietetics and British Diabetic Association (BDA) doesn't agree with the medical opinion released by Belgium's Royal Academy of Medicine. Some proponents of keto biking say that an on-once more, off-again plan can help stop unwanted effects of a full-on keto food plan.
Keto cycling is larger-fat, larger-protein, and lower-carb than what you'd eat for those who were carb cycling." In each carb cycling and keto cycling, he adds, folks might select to match up their carb days with excessive-intensity workout days. Josh Axe, a health care provider of natural drugs and scientific nutritionist, says his most well-liked technique of keto biking is a two-day-on, one-day-off sample.
The Institute of Medicine recently recognized three areas in which the health-care system, generally, and hospitals and their staff, in specific, typically fall quick: using pointless or inappropriate care (too many antibiotics), underused of efficient care (too few immunizations or Pap smears), and shortcomings in technical and interpersonal skills The best single hazard that a hospital presents is an infection, which is essentially preventable.
Health Herald Digital Therapy Machine
The cost of health care in the United States is pricey and is escalating. We're breaking down the stigma round mental health and people feel more in a position to speak about their difficulties. Lifestyle execs, similar to certified personal trainers and health coaches, can also aid you take action on the data in your Health app.
HMOs are managed health-care plans that provide a full range of medical providers for a prepaid amount of cash. In the Health app, tap the "Medical ID" button. These diets are appropriate for all levels of the life cycle, together with pregnancy, lactation, infancy, childhood, adolescence, older adulthood, and for athletes," added the group.
Oaxacan Shrimp Tacos Recipe
Nothing is more valuable to us than having good health. Quick for ketogenic," the keto weight loss program is a particularly low-carbohydrate eating plan that sends the body into ketosis—a state of burning fats for energy, rather than sugars. This was strongly decided by the 'persistent disease triad', perceived satisfaction with care and cultural health beliefs.
But the fact is," he says, anyone can simply do keto cycling and can nonetheless actually see results, even with out doing full-on keto. To find good-quality raw honey , be sure that to purchase it from a trusted supply (you can typically find unpasteurized honey at farmers markets or local health meals stores).
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Gosh, I don't even have words to express how happy I am to finally see this finished! 99.99% finished at least. Please know, me and the one artist had an understanding that the one part wouldn't be fully finished in order for us to finally release this!
This is a dream come true to have this done, since this was an AMV idea I had back in 2009. I had tried to animate it myself back then and it did not work out that well lol
You can watch my original attempt here: https://sta.sh/01lnveoij7ra
Cat Couples:
Graystripe and Silverstream
Crowpaw and Feathertail
Oakheart and Bluefur
(I notice a theme of Riverclan cats here)
I had to chose a cover of the song since it was blocked on the MAP call. Because of this, some parts needed to be edited to fit the song. I hope everyone is okay with that!
Here is the cover I used. https://youtu.be/qZ8JfqBxs5Q
Here is a playlist of the sound effects used in the MAP as well,
And here is a playlist with all the parts in the MAP!
Thumbnail by Leo the Calm
Another big thank you to you all, I hope you enjoy the MAP!


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The warm sun was just peeking over the edge of the world as Adam and Eve woke up. Last night they had watched the sun slowly disappear.
Tree branches rustled softly in a gentle wind. A little bird with brilliant red and green and yellow feathers perched there. Adam chuckled softly. He raised his hand, and the little bird swooped down and sat on it.
A huge lion ambled out of the trees. With a contented sigh the lion stretched out on the ground and leaned against Eve's leg. Eve rubbed his beautiful, fluffy mane. The lion snuggled closer. Butterflies played tag across the grass. Elephants trumpeted somewhere in the distance.
Just then they heard a voice close by. "It's God!" they exclaimed happily. God had come to the garden.
"Come!" God said. "Let's go exploring." The three of them wandered through Eden, the special garden that God had created just for Adam and Eve.
Adam and Eve heard the rushing waters of the great river long before they saw it. The water sparkled in the early-morning light as if it were covered with tiny diamonds. When the river flowed out of the garden, it split into four separate smaller rivers. Eve looked as far as she could see and wondered where each of the rivers went.
God spent the whole day with Adam and Eve. Adam and Eve tasted new foods. They skipped and ran in the meadows. They joined the angels in singing praises to God. "I have blessed this day and made it holy," God explained as they enjoyed the day together, "because I am resting from creating this new earth. Every seventh day will be Sabbath. It will be our special day to spend together."
And the evening and the morning were the earth's seventh day. It was the end of the very first week of God's wonderful new world. It was the very first Sabbath.
The Sabbath still comes to us every seventh day. It is our special time to be with God. It is a time to enjoy everything He has made for us.


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Rhythms of Jewish Living: examines the Jewish calendar, holidays, and life-cycle events. Students explore ideas, beliefs and practices that define Jewish life.
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Begins Sunday, October 6, 2019
Faculty – Ali Drumm
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Shiga toxin producing (STEC) are essential foodborne pathogens in charge of human ailments. the Shiga toxin subtypes pays to in assessing the potential risk as individual pathogens. (STEC) are main foodborne pathogens in charge of human illnesses, seen as a non-bloody to bloody diarrhea, sometimes resulting in TMP 269 kinase inhibitor problems of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), particularly in kids (Gyles, 2007). O157:H7 may be the main serotype in charge of most of the STEC disease outbreaks in human beings. However, there's raising incidence of outbreaks connected with non-O157 STEC recently, particularly O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, and O145, known as best six non-O157 STEC. Regarding to FoodNet sites, incidence of best six non-O157 STEC infections elevated from 0.12 per 100,000 people in 2,000 to 0.95 per 100,000 people this year 2010 (Gould et al., 2013). Non-O157 STEC associated ailments range from situations of sporadic to main outbreaks, and clinically, from gentle watery diarrhea alive threatening problems of HUS, much like STEC O157 infections (Johnson et al., 2006). Cattle certainly are a main reservoir of O157 and non-O157 STEC, which harbor the organisms in the hindgut and shed in the feces. Consumption of drinking water, beef and clean generate contaminated with cattle feces results in human illnesses. Furthermore TMP 269 kinase inhibitor to O157 and the six best non-O157, cattle perform harbor and shed in the feces a great many other serogroups of STEC (Bettelheim, 2007; Hussein, 2007). Shiga harmful toxins (Stx) will be the main virulence elements of STEC. Shiga harmful toxins (Stx) participate in the AB5 category of protein harmful toxins, with an enzymatically energetic A moiety and a B moiety involved with binding to the web host cellular receptor. The A subunit is in charge of the cleavage of N-glycosidic relationship in the 28 s rRNA of 60 s ribosomal subunit, that leads to cytotoxicity (Endo et al., 1988; Fraser et al., 1994). Both antigenically distinctive Stx TMP 269 kinase inhibitor types, Stx1 and Stx2, encoded by O157:H7 strains connected with HUS in human Rabbit Polyclonal to IPPK beings (Persson et al., 2007). For that reason, identifying the subtypes of (Stx) is important to assess the potential risk for human being illnesses associated with STEC infections. Subtyping method based on restriction fragment size polymorphism of PCR products (PCR-RFLP) offers been developed to identify subtypes due to single nucleotide changes (Scheutz et al., 2012). Scheutz et al. (2012) standardized the Stx nomenclature by designating serogroups isolated from cattle feces in the United States. The objective of our study was to determine the subtypes of serogroups isolated from cattle feces. Materials and methods Strains Shiga toxin gene-positive strains (= 192) spanning 27 non-O157 serogroups isolated from cattle feces (= 170), and human clinical instances (= 22), available in our tradition collection, were used in the study. A majority of strains belonged to the top six non-O157 serogroups: O26 (= 16), O45 (= 4), O103 (= 54), O111 (= 21), O121 (= 4), and O145 (= 27). The other non-O157 serogroups included O6 (= 2), O8 (= 3), O15 (= 1), O22 (= 1), O38 (= 2), O39 (= 3), O74 (= 3), O88 (= 3), O91 (= 2), O96 (= 3), O104 (= 18), O113 (= 3), O116 (= 3), O117 (= 3), O130 (= 4), O141 (= 3), O146 (= 1), O153 (= 1), O163 (= 2), O171 (= 3), and O172 (= 2). Cattle strains were isolated from.
Tag Archives: Rabbit Polyclonal to IPPK
In this problem, three groups (Hewitt et al. as the spindle
In this problem, three groups (Hewitt et al. as the spindle set up checkpoint, prevents cell routine progress from metaphase to anaphase before connection of each chromosome to spindle microtubules. The signaling gadget for this guard system may be the unattached kinetochore, which generates a number of inhibitors of Cdc20, an important activator of anaphase-promoting complicated/cyclosome (APC/C), the E3 ubiquitin ligase which focuses on cyclin B and securin for damage (Figs. 1 and ?and2;2; Kops et al., 2005; Musacchio and Salmon, 2007). In the lack of PI-103 an operating mitotic checkpoint, as happens when Mps1 function is definitely dropped, cells become quickly aneuploid and consequently pass away (Kops et al., 2005; Janssen et al., 2009), observations that have result in the proposal that Mps1 can be an PI-103 appealing anticancer drug focus on. Open in another window Number 1. MicrotubuleCkinetochore accessories. Four types of kinetochoreCmicrotubule accessories are highlighted. (A) Monotelic connection with only 1 kinetochore attached. Unattached kinetochores create the mitotic checkpoint inhibitor that delays progress to anaphase by inactivating Cdc20, an activator from the ubiquitin ligase APC/C. (B) Syntelic connection with both kinetochores mounted on microtubules from your same pole. (C) Merotelic connection with one kinetochore mounted on microtubules from both poles. (D) Bioriented connection (also called amphitelic) with both kinetochores of every chromatid pair mounted on reverse spindle poles. Open up in another window Number 2. Mps1 features at multiple methods to inhibit Cdc20CAPC/C. (A) All three organizations (Hewitt et al., 2010; Maciejowski et al., 2010; Santaguida et al., 2010) demonstrate that at unattached kinetochores, Mps1 kinase activity must recruit additional mitotic checkpoint parts, including Mad1, Mad2, Bub1, BubR1, Bub3, as well as the RodCZw10CZwilch complicated. Discrepancies can be found on precisely which components rely on Mps1 activity (observe Desk I for information). (B) Hewitt et al. (2010) display that Mps1 kinase activity maintains the recruitment at unattached kinetochores of O-Mad2 towards the stably bound Mad1CC-Mad2 template. The molecular system is yet to become elucidated. Mps1 may dimerize and become activated by personal phosphorylation at kinetochores accompanied by quick launch in to the cytosol. (C) Maciejowski et al. (2010) demonstrate that Mps1 kinase activity in the cytosol promotes the set up and/or prevents the disassembly of Cdc20CAPC/C inhibitory complexes. Even though relative large quantity and contribution of particular Cdc20CAPC/C inhibitory complexes are unclear, all inhibit Cdc20 to avoid polyubiquitination of the main element mitotic regulators cyclin B and securin by APC/C, a meeting which focuses on them for degradation as an irreversible result in Rabbit Polyclonal to IPPK for anaphase access. Three book Mps1 inhibitors have already been described this season. A first set, Mps1-IN-1 and Mps1-IN-2, possess fifty percent maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of between 100 and 300 nM (Kwiatkowski et al., 2010). In this problem, two even more Mps1 inhibitors are reported (Desk I). Hewitt et al. describe AZ3146, which includes an IC50 of 35 nM toward recombinant Mps1 and PI-103 will not inhibit Cdk1 and Aurora B at that focus. Concurrently, Santaguida et al. find that reversine, a purine derivative called after its capability to promote dedifferentiation of C2C12 myoblasts into multipotent cells (Chen et al., 2004), is truly a extremely potent Mps1 inhibitor. Although PI-103 previously suggested to become an Aurora B inhibitor (DAlise et al., 2008), reversine may be the most potent from the Mps1 inhibitors with an IC50 of 3 nM toward full-length Mps1 (Santaguida et al., 2010). Additionally it is probably the most exhaustively characterized for specificity, which is 35 occasions stronger an inhibitor of Mps1 than of Aurora B. Furthermore, Mps1 inhibition by reversine is definitely quickly reversed after removal of the medication from culture press, a very important experimental PI-103 house which features another meaning towards the name. Desk I. Overview of research using chemical substance inhibitors of human being Mps1 kinase activity thead PropertyStudiesHewitt et al., 2010Kwiatkowski et al., 2010Santaguida et al., 2010Maciejowski et al., 2010Sliedrecht et al., 2010Tighe et al., 2008 /thead InhibitorAZ3146Mps1-IN-1Mps1-IN-2Reversine3MB-PP123-dMB-PP11-NM-PP1StructureIC50 (nM)a353701453/6bNDNDNDConc. found in cell (M)210100.510110Drug targetEndogenous Mps1Endogenous Mps1Endogenous Mps1cEndogenous Mps1dMps1-aseMps1-aseMps1-aseApproachInhibitor; siRNAInhibitor; steady shRNAInhibitor; steady shRNAInhibitor; siRNAGene knockout + steady transgenestable shRNA + steady transgeneshRNA + transgeneCell collection usedHeLaU2Operating-system/HCT116/HeLa/RPE1U2OSHeLahTERT-RPE1U2Operating-system/HCT116HeLaTMitosis (min)f90NDND454222/18NDTMitosis+Inhibitor (min)3245ND301212/1036Kinetochore localization inhibitedgO-Mad2/CENP-EMad2/Mad1NDMad1/Spindly/Pole/Zw10/ZwilchMad2/Mad1/Bub1/BubR1/Zw10/Plk1/CENP-E/pH2A/Sgo1Mad2/Mad1 Bub1/Cdc20Madvertisement2Kinetochore localization not really inhibitedMad1h/Zwilchh.


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Emily Christine Fauver and her husband had been trying to have a baby for over a year, and the time had finally come. So when she went in for an ultrasound this past November, Fauver was incredibly excited to see what their baby looked like at eight weeks.
She had done research on ultrasound photos by searching Instagram for the hashtag #8weeks and had looked at photos from her girlfriends' pregnancies. She had a good idea of what the image on the ultrasound was supposed to look like.
But the image Fauver saw on her own ultrasound was much different than ones she had researched. She saw nothing, and instantly, she knew she would endure a miscarriage. Her doctor confirmed and sent her home.
Roughly 15 to 20 percent of pregnancies in the United States end in miscarriage, according to the American Pregnancy Association. There are more than 3 million miscarriages in the U.S. every year. Miscarriages can be incredibly heartbreaking, and the fact that they're not often talked about doesn't help to make things any easier.
In a Facebook post a few months after her miscarriage, Fauver decided to share her personal experience to help bring awareness to this issue.
"Miscarriages are SO real and so common, in fact, one out of four women experience a miscarriage; but don't let that confuse you into thinking it hurts any less. As large as this statistic is, I still felt alone and I have finally figured out why: because no one talks about it," she wrote. "It wasn't until I started talking about it to my friends and family that I slowly realized I wasn't alone. That my mom, my aunt, my sister, my sister's best friend all have experienced this heartbreak and pain, a heartbreak and pain I wouldn't wish upon my worst enemy."
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(H/T: Huffington Post)


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NEW YORK, 8th January, 2017 (WAM) — Following two weeks with no access to running water for millions of people in and around Damascus due to ongoing fighting near the Syrian capital, the United Nations Children's Fund, UNICEF, has raised the alarm over a potential increase in diarrheal diseases among children.
UNICEF also reported that children are taking on the burden of water collection for their families and that most children had walked at least half an hour to collect water from the nearest mosque or public water point. They waited in line for up to two hours in freezing temperatures.
So far, UNICEF and its partners have rehabilitated and equipped 120 wells in and around Damascus in order to provide a third of the residents' daily water needs. As of 22nd December, those wells were the only source of water for the entire city. Following the cuts, UNICEF also provided generators and fuel in order to increase water production for 3.5 million people. This past week, daily water trucking resumed for 50 schools in Damascus to reach up to 30,000 children.