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The Very Best Sheepdog
Pinny Grylls
Pavilion Children's
Pinny is a documentary filmmaker living in East London. The Very Hopeless Sheepdog was inspired by her short documentary, 'Peter and Ben', which told the story of an unusual friendship between a man and a sheep. The film won her several international awards including FourDocs Best Documentary and the Shooting People Werner Herzog Competition. Her other films 'Mr and Mrs Smith', 'Who Do You Think You Were?', 'Hearing a Smile, Seeing a Song' and 'Bravo!' have been broadcast on Channel 4 and the BBC, and at the end of 2010 she was featured in the Observer as one of a crop of daring and innovative young directors working today. She is married to actor Sam Crane, has two young children and lives in Hackney.


text: "What you have produced here is of professional standard and is simply brilliant. I anticipated that this film was created by a senior cinematographer who has ventured into animation but when I checked your profile I was gobsmacked. The message in your film is powerful. The poem is on point. You have a bright future ahead of you. "

subset: commoncrawl


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Year: 2018
Start Date: 13 January
Production Company: Non stated. Was presented by members of various archaelogical groups
Production Type: Series of illustrated talks throughout the day.
Author: None stated
Director: None stated
No Information Available
Background to Production:
None given
Items of Interest in the Programme:
The subjects which the experts are presenting have their theme stated.
Other items / issues of interest:


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With more than 40 years of combined experience, A Woman's Healing Center's providers offer women compassionate care with expert-level treatment. Our female-only physicians are among the leading providers of obstetric, gynecologic, and aesthetic care in Northern Colorado.
Christine Skorberg,
Dr. Skorberg is a board-certified OB-GYN and Fellow of the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology. She has been in practice more than 25 years and is Northern Colorado's expert in prolapse surgery, including cystocele, rectocele, and uterine prolapse repair. Northern Colorado's expert in vaginal hysterectomy, and one of only two doctors in Colorado performing V-Lase vaginal rejuvenation, for treatment of urinary incontinence and increased sexual gratification.
Amy Grove,
Dr. Grove is a board-certified OB-GYN and fellow of the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Dr. Grove's professional interests include minimally invasive surgery, female sexual health and reproductive endocrinology and infertility. Dr. Grove speaks Spanish and is able to care for Spanish-speaking patients. She is an expert in laparoscopic surgery and high-risk and routine obstetric care.
Carolyn Bottone-Post,
Carolyn Bottone-Post is a Certified Nurse-Midwife with four decades of clinical experience and a passion for improving women's healthcare. After 10 years as an RN in med-surg, ICU and L&D, she received her MSN from the University of Pennsylvania and Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) from Regis University in 2016. In addition to seeing patients are AWHC, she also teaches obstetrics and women's health at University of Northern Colorado.
Cindy Dean,
Cindy Dean is a Certified Nurse Midwife who's been in practice in Northern Colorado for more than 25 years and has delivered more than 2,500 babies. In addition, Cindy boasts considerable experience in contraception, teen health, and menopause. She greatly enjoys taking care of women of all ages, including their daughters, granddaughters, and friends using her compassionate heart and impressive training.


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"Ego says, Once everything falls into place, I will find peace. Spirit says, Find peace and everything will fall into place." The ego is a master manipulator. It convinces one to listen to the mind, but fails to produce anything beyond temporary results. It relies on the human need for instant gratification and feeds…
Tag: spirit
The Truth About Your Uncertain Life Path & Purpose
If you're in your 20s or even 30s, you might feel a lot of uncertainty all the time — you aren't sure what your life purpose is, or your uncertain about what path you should take in life. This is normal. We all want to know what our driving ambitions should be in life….
Developing a More Flexible Mind
by Leo Babauta It's my belief that a flexible mind helps us to deal with chaos, loss, big life changes, small frustrations, and all that life throws our way. A flexible mind leads to more peace. You're not as stuck in your ways, and can adapt to change. You don't always think you're right…
20 Positive Affirmations for Love & Self-Confidence
20 Positive Affirmations for Love & Self-Confidence by Suzanne Eltink Affirmations are positive statements that you can speak out loud or silently, and can influence your life in ways you never thought were possible. Have you ever taken inventory of your thoughts for an entire day? If not, you should definitely try it, as you'd…
A Moment of Awareness
"On a long flight, after periods of crisis and many hours of fatigue, mind and body may become disunited until at times they seem completely different elements, as though the body were only a home with which the mind has been associated but by no means bound. Consciousness grows independent of the ordinary senses….


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Why does it work so fast!!?
Water Soluble Hemp Oil
5 Flavors to Choose:
Pina Colada
lip revitalizer
Nanotechnology represents the ultimate refinement of hemp oil concentrate. Our unique process gives unmatched particle size, putting cannabinoids in their most bio-active state. This minute size gives the cannabinoids a much greater surface area. For example; Picture a bucket full of seeds sitting on your livingroom floor. It only covers a small portion of the floor. Now, picture the bucket breaking open and all those seeds spilling out. They spread out over the entire floor. This is what our proprietary nano system does — it breaks large lipid balls full of cannabinoids down thousands of times to the molecular level. The smaller the particle size, the easier it is for the cells of your body to absorb it. Every time you cut the particle size in half, you increase its surface area. Think of the exponential surface area when you reduce particle sizes hundreds of times. This process will not only make hemp oil concentrate much more potent, it will make delivery time to the cells a matter of seconds; not hours!


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Freddie Mac has also opened Borrower Help Centers in several cities around the country. The centers will provide people with direct access to a housing specialist. Meet with a counselor to explore options for mortgage assistance, including loan modifications, overall debt counseling, and other resources to deal with a delinquent mortgage and other financial problems. Find a Borrower Help Center to learn more.
A warm, friendly, and most importantly unbiased place to learn about mortgages, ideally before you make contact with a real estate agent or lender. The more you know, the better you'll feel, and hopefully all that hard work will help you snag a lower mortgage rate too! So what are you waiting for? Let's go! View all mortgage help topics to get started or check out the latest mortgage tips and news below.
Mortgage Payment Assistance (MPA) offers up to 24 months of assistance for eligible applicants who have had an unemployment or underemployment hardship in the last 36 months and need help paying mortgage monthly. Of the 24 months, up to 12 months may be used to reinstate first and some second mortgages. Mortgage payment assistance ends when the homeowner is able to sustain the mortgage payment, when reserved funds are exhausted, or when 24 monthly payments have been provided, whichever comes first. Under MPA, you may be required to make partial payments toward your mortgage during your participation in the program. If you are now employed and are able to make your currently monthly payments but are behind on your mortgage, MPA offers a onetime payment to your lender for up to 12 months of mortgage help to bring your mortgage current.
Loans that are backed by the federal government (i.e., the Federal Housing Administration (FHA), Veterans Affairs (VA) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) are designed to make buying homes more affordable and typically offer low down payments. Because conventional loans are not guaranteed by the federal government if the buyer defaults, they're a higher risk for the banks, credit unions and other lenders that offer them. Conventional loans require larger down payments than most federally backed loans, but may offer lower interest rates and the flexibility to negotiate fees – usually resulting in a lower monthly payment.
Countrywide / Bank of America has announced a program to help 400,000 homeowners pay their mortgage and keep them in their homes. It will offer modifications, principal reductions, free counseling, and other aid. Some borrowers may receive financial assistance in relocating to a new more affordable home. Many beneficiaries of assistance from this program received questionable or sub-prime loans from Countrywide. Find how to get help from Countrywide with housing issues, and learn how BOA took over the lender.
The key takeaway: ask specific questions. See how each lender goes about the process of closing a loan and find out what additional fees you will have to pay. Asking questions is also a great way to gain insight into the lender's level of professionalism and communication skills. Remember, you'll be sharing a lot of personal information and placing a lot of trust in this person. Do your due diligence and you're certain to find the best mortgage lender.
Are you looking for information about grant programs that may help with mortgage payments? Through the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), the federal government offers mortgage payment assistance to the public. States and non-profit agencies have followed the federal government's lead and also offer mortgage payment grants. While competitive, these grants can help homeowners get back on their feet and avoid foreclosure.
On the whole, the lowest interest rates are available to borrowers who have large deposits, or in the case of those remortgaging, significant equity in their property. Typically, you'll need at a deposit of at least 40% to be eligible for one of the best rates. If you have only 10%, there are mortgages available but you'll probably pay a higher rate.
PLEASE READ: It is important to note that Keep Your Home California has no role in the loan modification process and no influence on a Servicer's decision to approve or decline such a request. The process of obtaining a loan modification during the period of Unemployment Mortgage Assistance Program benefits is completely between the homeowner and their Servicer. The Servicer may have policies that affect the homeowner's ability to receive a loan modification while receiving Keep Your Home California unemployment benefit assistance.
Ellie Kay is a regular expert on national television with ABC NEWS NOW's Money Matters and Good Money shows. She is also a national radio commentator, a frequent media guest on Fox News, and CNBC, a popular international speaker, and the best-selling author of fourteen books including her newest release, The Sixty Minute Money Workout (Waterbrook, 2010). For money savings links visit Ellie's blog.
Your real estate agent is a vital and important partner in finding and buying your next home, but it's important that you choose your lender rather than blindly going with who your agent recommends. The reality is sometimes there is a financial tie between your real estate company and the lender it refers. In this case, as always, it's important to closely compare rates with other lenders. Family and friends who have recently purchased a home, as well as trusted professionals who work with lenders can help steer you in the right direction. If you find a lender that wasn't referred by your agent, ask your agent to do a quick phone interview with the lender to be sure you're not missing anything.
Perhaps the most intimidating part of buying a home is applying for a mortgage. You may know exactly what "APR," "points" and "fixed-rate" mean — but if this is your first home, or you just need a refresher, there are a lot of great resources to get you up to speed so you can be a well-prepared mortgage shopper. And because this is such a crucial part of owning a home, we're going to break it all down.
Advertiser Disclosure: TransUnion Interactive may have a financial relationship with one or more of the institutions whose advertisements are being displayed on this site. In the event you enter into a product or service relationship with any such institution through the links provided on the site, TransUnion Interactive may be compensated by such institution. This compensation may impact how and where products appear on this site including, for example, the order in which they appear. TransUnion Interactive does not include all credit card companies or all available credit card offers.
A third option – usually reserved for affluent home buyers or those with irregular incomes – is an interest-only mortgage. As the name implies, this type of loan gives you the option to pay only interest for the first few years, and it's attractive to first-time homeowners because of the low payments during their lower earning years. It may also be the right choice if you expect to own the home for a relatively short time and intend to sell before the bigger monthly payments begin.
Community Action Agencies are private and public nonprofit organizations. The main goal of a CAA is to help people achieve self-sufficiency. Each CAA is governed locally and features different programs. The organizations work directly with state and local government assistance programs and charities. According to the Community Action Partnership, 94 percent of CAAs provide referrals for assistance and 91 percent provide emergency services, including food banks and homeless prevention. Assistance is generally available only to low-income families and individuals.
When you apply for a home loan the lender will want to see two years of employment history. The lenders require this because they want to originate loans that will perform over a long time. When you have a gap of employment longer than six months, this usually is a red-flag to a lender. If you hop around from job to job it can be even more difficult as […]
One common mistake among first-timers and repeat buyers alike is accepting the first mortgage that's offered. A seemingly small difference in rates can save you thousands of dollars over the course of a 30-year mortgage, and as long as all of your mortgage applications take place within a short time period, the additional inquiries won't have an adverse effect on your credit score.
The mortgage industry standard is a 20% down payment. However, you may be able to get a conventional mortgage with significantly less money up front -- as low as 3% of the purchase price in many cases. Specialized loan types, such as VA and USDA mortgages require no down payments at all for those who qualify. The point is that while a higher down payment will lower your monthly housing costs, you may be able to get into a home with less money in savings than you think.
So one thing that makes a mortgage different from other types of loans is that it is backed up by something – in this case, your home. They call this a "collateralized loan." Credit cards are also loans, but they aren't backed up by anything. If you fail to make your credit card payments, the credit card companies can't take your home away from you.
Several utility companies are part of this organization and participate in the program. Grants are available for needy families and individuals and they can provide assistance with a wide variety of needs. For example, prescription medications, eyeglasses, artificial limbs, medical care and bills, wheelchairs, ramps or other handicap renovations are examples of the grants awarded each month. However, please note that no utility bills are paid through this program. Call your utility company and ask about Operation Round Up.
It's equally important to find a lender who has access to — and knowledge in — down payment assistance programs. There are many options available to first-time home buyers and seasoned buyers. Options vary by county and state, but the right lender is going to know exactly what's available to you. This is a great way to save even more money each month.
Virtual Assistant is Fidelity's automated natural language search engine to help you find information on the Fidelity.com site. As with any search engine, we ask that you not input personal or account information. Information that you input is not stored or reviewed for any purpose other than to provide search results. Responses provided by the virtual assistant are to help you navigate Fidelity.com and, as with any Internet search engine, you should review the results carefully. Fidelity does not guarantee accuracy of results or suitability of information provided.
Real estate agents are often a terrific resource for getting suggestions regarding a number of home buying issues. They will know which mortgage lenders are trustworthy and who does the best job of completing the process in a timely fashion. After all, they work with lenders on a weekly (even daily) basis. Plus, you can trust there are no hidden agendas because it is against the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act RESPA to receive a commission for referring a client to a mortgage lender.
Where to get the best deal. If you qualify for an FHA, VA or USDA loan, you may be able to get a better deal on interest rates and other costs using their programs. Familiarize yourself with their criteria. Whether you choose a government-backed or conventional loan, keep in mind that fees and interest rates can vary widely by lender, even for the same type of loan, so shop around for the best deal. You can start your search by comparing rates with LendingTree.
It's not uncommon for lenders to pull your credit report a second time to see if anything has changed before your loan closes. Be careful not to do anything that would bring down your credit score while your loan is being processed. So, pay all of your bills on time, don't apply for any new credit cards, and don't take out any new car loans until your home loan has closed.
Manage your debt carefully after your home purchase. Sometimes your home will need new appliances, landscaping or maybe even a new roof. Planning for these expenses carefully can help you avoid one of the most common causes of missed mortgage payments: carrying too much debt. It's important not to overextend your credit card and other debts so you stay current on your payments.
The US Treasury administers the Hardest Hit Fund, which provides aid to the states that were most impacted by the economic crisis. Each of these states have local agencies that help homeowners in various ways, including mortgage payment assistance for the unemployed, principal reduction, and transactional assistance. This helps people either afford the homes they're in, or move to more affordable housing.
CalHFA MAC provides homeowners with "satisfied" copies of their Promissory Note and Deed of Trust within 30 days of their Promissory Note's scheduled maturity date. CalHFA MAC also submits paperwork to the county where the Deed of Trust was recorded with instructions to release the Deed of Trust. This document is called a Reconveyance and it will be sent to the homeowner as soon as the county completes the release of lien process.
Short Sale: Your servicers may allow you to sell the home yourself before it forecloses on the property, agreeing to forgive any shortfall between the sale price and the mortgage balance. This approach avoids a damaging foreclosure entry on your credit report. Under the Mortgage Forgiveness Debt Relief Act of 2007, the forgiven debt on your primary residence may be excluded from income when calculating the federal taxes you owe, but it still must be reported on your federal tax return. For more information, contact the IRS, and consider consulting a financial advisor, accountant, or attorney.
Once you find a home you want to put an offer on, you have to obtain the actual mortgage loan. Apply for a loan with your chosen mortgage lender. Within three days of your application you should receive a loan estimate that includes closing costs, the interest rate, and the monthly amount you'll pay for the principal, interest, insurance, and taxes. After that, it's off to the underwriter, who will review all of your financial information and make the final call to approve or deny your loan.
Your first action item is to seek pre-approval from a lender. It's important to note that pre-approval and pre-qualification are two different processes. For pre-approval, the lender will check your credit and other financial information to determine what price home you can afford. (You can use an online mortgage calculator to give you a ballpark figure on how much home you can afford.) This will give you a price range to stay within during your home search and lets buyers know that you're serious when you make an offer. Getting pre-approval for a standard loan should take a couple of days.
Regions Bank has helped thousands of homeowners avoid foreclosure through a program called the Customer Assistance Program. This can provide a number of solutions to qualified applicants. Sign up for forbearance, repayment plans, and home loan modifications are all offered. There are several Regions Bank foreclosure assistance programs for struggling low income customers.


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How and when are refugees and displaced persons allowed to work?
Federal Office for Migration and Refugees (BAMF)
Persons eligible for asylum and international beneficiaries of protection
Persons eligible for asylum and international beneficiaries of protection with positive notification from the Federal Office for Migration and Refugees are in principle allowed to work without restriction in Germany (i.e. dependent employment and self-employment without prior approval or waiting period). This will have been noted accordingly in their residence permit. In cases in which only a suspension of deportation has been entered in this notification, since the eligibility for asylum, protection as a refugee or subsidiary protection is not applicable to the person concerned, the immigration authorities will issue a separate work permit.
Tolerated foreigners or persons with temporary residence authorization
Persons with the status of tolerated foreigner or in possession of temporary residence authorization are allowed to work under certain circumstances, but generally not during the first three months of their residence in the country. They require prior approval by the immigration authorities in order to take up employment; if necessary, the authorities will also involve the Federal Agency for Employment. They will be given appropriate advice when they register as looking for work with their local employment agency, and are entitled to receive benefits under active job creation legislation after three months.
Should persons with the status of tolerated foreigner give false or insufficient information concerning their identity or nationality, the immigration authorities will be entitled to refuse permission to take up employment. This also applies if persons are nationals of a safe country of origin and have submitted an application for asylum after 31 August 2015 and/or if their application submitted after 31 August 2015 has been refused or if they have only entered the country in order to obtain benefits under the Asylum-Seekers' Benefits Act (AsylbLG).
Residence permit for the purposes of employment for qualified, tolerated foreigners
Tolerated foreigners who are professionally qualified and have an appropriate offer of employment may transfer from the status of tolerated foreigner to that of regular authorization with a residence permit. Under the provisions of § 18a of the German Residence Act (AufenthG), such persons have the possibility to be issued a residence permit for the purposes of employment.
This provision may be applied to tolerated foreigners who fulfil the following conditions:
- persons who have completed qualified professional/vocational training in Germany in an accredited or comparably regulated training profession or have completed a university course of study, or
- persons who are in possession of a recognized German university degree or a foreign degree considered comparable to a German university degree, and have completed two years' continuous employment in a job appropriate to such a degree, or
- persons who have completed three years' continuous employment as a skilled worker in a job which requires qualified professional/vocational training.
Such a residence permit may be issued subject to the condition that an offer of employment has been made appropriate to the professional qualification and that the Federal Agency for Employment has given its approval. Further conditions must also be fulfilled, e.g. adequate accommodation, sufficient knowledge of German (i.e. Level B1), no deliberate deception, no deliberate delay or hindrance to termination of residence authorization, no connection with extremism or terrorism, no serious criminal record (§ 18.a.1 AufenthG).
In cases in which two years' employment appropriate to the professional/vocational qualification have been completed, the residence permit will entitle the holder to any form of employment.
Information for migrant workers – cf. following link:


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What is the Beam Profiler with M2 platform software LaseView ?
LaseView is a laser beam profiler software which can be used with commercially available CCD cameras, offering high performances and multi-purpose possibilities. As it can be used with commercial CCD or CMOS cameras, it allows the customer to easily build a low-cost and practical beam measurement system.
- Easy measurement of beam profile and diameter
- Available with low-cost cameras → allows low-cost beam monitoring system
- Measurement of beam quality M2
- Measurement of the beam divergence angle → allows measurement of propagation loss
- Measurement of the Beam pointing time-dependent stability
- Available in free trial version
- Images can be saved in a user-defined time interval (image logging function)
- Available with Optical setting option for micro-beam measurements (from 2μm up)
- Available with Optical setting option for large diameter and high power (up to 100mm)
M2 beam quality is a very important parameter for laser processing. Click here for optical system setting and analysis procedures related to M2 beam quality measurement
Beam divergence is a very important parameter for laser propagation.
Click here for procedures of beam divergence angle analysis
Beam pointing aging is a very important parameter for laser stability.
Click here for the beam pointing analysis procedure
Comparison between usual products and LaseView
By using commercially available CCD or CMOS cameras, it is possible to easily realize a low-cost and practical beam measurement system. Moreover LaseView is compliant with a lot of low-cost cameras, allowing to adapt the beam measurement system to your needs.
|Conventional profiler
|Main sale method
|Camera + Software
|Software only
(Camera as Option A)
|Selectable 3rd-party camera
(starting from US$500〜)
|M2 beam quality measurement function
(supplement US$ 5,000〜)
|Software price
|Price for one
(Software US$3,000 + CCD camera price)
|Price for 4
(1 software + 4 cameras)
|Beam profiler
+ M2 beam quality measurement function
(Software US$3,000 + CCD camera price)
|Smallest Measurable beam diameter
|30 μm 〜
|2 μm 〜
(with Option B)
|Biggest Measurable beam diameter
|〜 24 mm
|〜 100 mm
(with LaseView-LHB)
|English and Japanese
*As LaseView can be used with low-cost, easily replaceable cameras, user doesn't have to be too much worried about breaking the camera for instance in harsh environment or training, and can even consider cameras as expandable materials. Our customers have reported a real easy-to-set up, easy-to-use feeling.
Examples of use of LaseView
Sample images
Beam monitoring in laser processing (1 software + 2 cameras)
If the beam direction or position in front of the lens changes, the focus point changes too and the beam profile as well, so that the object cannot be precisely processed.
In order to maintain precisely the direction (Poynting vector) and the position of the beam in the center of the lens, an optical setup with 2 beam profilers is used.
The parallel beam position (for example the beam barycenter) is measured at 2 places, and the beam is made to go through the expected position thanks to 2 active mirrors so that it can deliver a precise optical axis.
Beam monitoring system in laser damage test (1 software + 4 cameras)
Moreover, the reproducibility of the sample position after replacement, and for a large number of samples, is very important. For that purpose, an optical setup using several CCD is used.(Note that as LaseView displays color images, color cameras can also be used for these observations).
Microscope optical system
nm) is corrected for chromatic aberration.
If a color camera is used, full color display is also possible.
By illuminating with LED light, various objects such as fiber end faces can be observed.
- Magnification: 10x, 20x, 40x (Specify the magnification when ordering)
- NA: 0.25 (10 times), 0.40 (20 times), 0.65 (40 times)
- Operating wavelength range: 400 to 700 nm
- Working distance: 5.5 mm (10 times), 1.7 mm (20 times), 0.6 mm (40 times)
- Length: about 180 mm
Fiber optics measurement system
We see that the mode field diameter is about 6.4μm, which is consistent with the fiber specs (6.6 +/- 0.7μm @980nm).
The measured intensity distribution (white) and its fitted Gaussian profile (red) are nearly identical, as the near-field pattern of the HE11 mode is described by a Bessel function, of which a Gaussian is a known good approximation.Moreover, the aspect ratio of the beam slightly differs due to the polished angled surface of the connector. It can be seen that its horizontal direction became smaller by refraction at the fiber's end.
- Using LaseView with such a setup can show that the fiber output surface is not damaged.
- It gives the fiber optics mode field diameter.
- It shows that the Intensity distribution is Gaussian.
- It indicates that the connector is an APC.
Control evaluation system for spatial light modulator (LCOS-SLM)
Multi-point analysis function in LaseView
Case1:Analysis usage example with multiple "LHB"
Case2:Analysis usage example with multiple "LHB"
Case3:Analysis usage example with multiple "LHB"
Case4:Analysis usage example with multiple "LHB"
LaseView lineup (detailed specifications, Details of analysis function, camera options, other options, explanation of terms, FAQ)
* Camera set that the camera is set from the beginning See "LaseView Camera Set Series" on another page.
* If the beam intensity is high or the beam diameter is small, please see the "Other Options" tab below.
* For large beam diameters, please check the page of LHB.
* If you don't get any image when pushing the start button, please begin after defining "Pixel format" of the "Camera Setup" in the "Camera" tab.
- Ribbon UI user interface
- Image logging function
- Analysis of beam pointing over time
- Analysis of beam divergence angle
- Histogram display
- Measuring the spatial intensity distribution of the beam
- Beam diameter measurement
- M2 measurement
- Measurement of micro beams of 30 μm or less
- Real-time image averaging function
- Real-time contrast adjustment function (16-bit, 65536 wide dynamic range)
- Image buffer function (multiple images can be stored in memory and displayed sequentially)
- Image save function in TIFF format
- Smooth display function by hardware acceleration
- Compatible with 32 bit and 64 bit Windows
Operating environment
Windows 7
Windows 8、Windows 8.1
Windows 10
CPU speed: Intel Core i3 2GHz or equivalent or higher Free memory: 512MB or more
* However, operation is not guaranteed for all computers that meet this environment.
* This software requires .NET Framework 4.5 or later.
You can check the version of .NET Framework from the following.
.NET Framework version check
* The screen of this manual may differ from the actual screen depending on the version, but it can be used without problems.
Analysis functions
- Line profile
Line profile display on crosshair (with Gauss, Lorentz, Sech function fitting and FWHM analysis function)
- Integration profile
Horizontal / vertical averaged profile display (with analysis function similar to line profile)
- Max. Intensity Projection
Horizontal / vertical orthogonal projection (maximum value) profile display (with analysis function similar to line profile)
- Point-Point Distance
Measure the distance between any two points on the screen
- Peak integration
Analysis of the integral value inside the circle and the light intensity on the cursor with the background outside the circle
Analysis example
Displays line profile on the white-cross line (in white). You can calculate FWHM of the beam profile, and also fit the profile with Gauss, Lorentz, and Sech functions.(The red line is the fitting result by Sech2 function). The white-cross line can be rotated.
Displays averaged profile in the horizontal and vertical direction (with analysis functions similar to the Line profile).
Displays in horizontal and vertical directions of the orthogonal projection (maximum value) of the profile (with analysis functions similar to the Line profile). In this example, we measure the FWHM.
Measurement of the distance between any two points on the screen.
In the following example, we can see that the diameter at the green level is 826.8μm.
Analysis of the integrated value in a circle and analysis of the light intensity on the cursor by setting the outside of the circle as a background.
Allows you to adjust the size of the circle which appears on the screen to fit yourself the laser beam. Then click on "Peak detection" to get the position indicated by a cross-line as below.
Explanation of notation used in each function
The following table explains the notation used in each function.
M2 beam quality analysis function
The procedure for setting the optical system is shown below.
- Focus the laser beam with a lens with an F value (focal length / beam diameter) of about 50-100.
- Install a ruler or optical rail so that the CCD camera can slide along the beam within the range of ± 50mm to ± 150mm from the center of the beam waist.
- Adjust the amount of incident light, gain / exposure time, etc. so that the laser beam is not too strong.
The procedure for M2 beam quality analysis is shown below.
- Click "Open Folder" on the "File" tab, and create (or specify) an empty folder for saving images.
- Save about 10 to 30 beam profiles in the range of ± 50mm to ± 150mm around the beam waist on the axis of the laser beam. The procedure is as follows.
- (A) Check the beam diameter of the beam waist.
- (B) Move the CCD camera to a position where the beam diameter is about five times the beam diameter of the beam waist.
- (C) Fix the CCD camera and adjust the amount of light and the exposure time of the CCD to obtain a good image with little noise.
- (D) Click "Save Image" on the "File" tab, enter the current CCD position in the file name text box using mathematical numbers (single byte), and save the image. At this time, a unit can be added after the number, and nm, μm (um), mm, cm, and m (all single-byte characters) can be used, but if the unit is omitted, it is processed as mm.
Example: 30mm.tif, 100mm.tif, 150mm.tif etc.
- (E) Move the CCD camera at intervals of 2 to 10 mm, and repeat (c) to (d). At this time, the movement interval does not need to be equal, and if the vicinity of the beam waist is measured at a narrower interval, the accuracy may be improved.
- Click the "M2 Beam Quality" button on the "Batch Analysis" tab. The M2 beam quality analysis window will be displayed. Enter the laser wavelength in nm in the upper right text box.
- Click the "Run Analysis" button to run the analysis, and if successful, the results will be displayed in a graph.
* Analysis results are displayed as beam radius.
Beam divergence angle analysis function
The procedure for beam divergence angle analysis is shown below.
- Click "Open Folder" on the "File" tab, and create (or specify) an empty folder for saving images.
- Measure at two or more locations and save the images in the same folder. In that case, please include the measurement position in the file name.
Example: 1.5m, 25cm, etc.
- Click the [Spread Angle] button on the [Batch Analysis] tab. The divergence angle batch analysis window is displayed.
- Click the Run Analysis button to run the analysis and display the results on a graph if successful.
Beam pointing change analysis function
The procedure for analyzing beam pointing changes over time is shown below.
- Click "Open Folder" on the "File" tab, and create (or specify) an empty folder for saving images.
- Use the image logging function to save images at appropriate time intervals.
- Click the [Pointing] button.
- Clicking [Execute Analysis] displays a graph of the changes in the X and Y coordinates of the center of gravity of the beam. The elapsed time is calculated based on the shooting date and time embedded in the file.
1.1. Camera
1.2. Beam Profiler
1.2.1. What is Beam Profiler
A Beam profiler is a device to measure the beam diameter and the spatial intensity distribution of a laser. Beam diameter and the spatial intensity distribution are the laser characteristics that represent how the laser behaves. For example, even if the two lasers have the same intensity and beam diameter, if the spatial intensity distribution is deferent, the two lasers do not behave the same. Also even with a strictly designed laser resonator, difficult to accurately predict the beam characteristics that can actually be obtained is difficult, dew to manufacturing errors of the optical element and surrounding environment such as temperature. So it is important to actually measure, the properties of the beam.
A beam profiler is used for measuring beam characteristics. There are two main measuring types, fixed type beam profiler and scanning type beam profiler (table 1). Using fixed type beam profiler, it is possible to efficiently measure the beam pattern, because it measures the entire beam at once using a two-dimensional optical sensor. Also it is possible to measure pulse wave and continuous wave. Scanning type beam profiler, uses a single optical detector to measure the light intensity of that moment. Scanning type is a more low cost system than the fixed type. Both methods can measure N.F.P. (near field patter) and F.F.P. (far field pattern) of the beam.
Here we will explain the definition of the beam diameter, then each of the methods of measuring beam profile.
(Advantages and disadvantages of fixed type beam profiler and scanning type beam profiler)
|Fixed type beam profiler
・CCD camera type beam profiler
|・Short measuring time
・Can measure pulse light
・Possible to identify complex beam patterns
(such as donut-shaped pr flat-top)
|・For small beam diameters need extra optical device
|Scanning types beam profiler
・Slit type
・Knife edge type
|・Measurement of small beam diameter is easy
|・Long measuring time
・Difficult to measure pulse wave
・Identifying complex beam pattern is difficult
1.2.2. Definition of Beam Diameter
Laser beam has a distribution of light intensity in the plane that is perpendicular to the direction of propagation. Light does not have a clear border, so we need to define beam diameter. They are several defining methods, however the most commonly used is the following. In a Gaussian beam, which the intensity distribution is circular symmetry, position of the beam diameter is where the light intensity becomes 1/e2 of the maximum intensity.
The intensity of a Gaussian beam with a light intensity of P, is represented in the following equation.
Figure 1(a) shows the cross section and the intensity profile of the Gaussian beam mentioned in Eq. (1).
The beam diameter is w0. There are also other methods. Such as the method that defines the beam diameter as, where the intensity becomes half of the maximum intensity. This is called full-width half-maximum, FWHM.
The definitions above cannot be easily applied to a laser that has an asymmetric beam shape. With asymmetric beams, the range which has 86.5% of the light intensity is defined as the beam diameter (Fig. 1(b)). With a beam with highly complex form, and is difficult to define the beam diameter, ISO Standard is used. In ISO Standard the beam diameter is defined as, the level where the value of the second moment of the intensity distribution becomes 1/e2.
1.2.3. CCD Camera Type Beam Profiler
This system measures the light intensity of the whole beam at once, using two-dimensional optical sensors. Because of this, it is more efficient than scanning type beam profiler.
By analyzing the data it is possible to measure beam diameter, beam profile and M2[1].
For light detection, CCD (charged coupled device), which is a semiconductor device with optical detectors arranged two-dimensionally, is used. When light is irradiated to the CCD, the intensity distribution is recorded by each optical detector. The obtained information is fed in to a computer, and reconstructed as a two-dimensional or three-dimensional intensity distribution image, using a software (Fig. 2).
Spatial resolution is determined by the size of the pixels of the CCD. The size of a general pixel is approximately 10 μm, the diameter of a measurable beam is between a few dozen μm and 100 μm. Measurement time can be speeded up by increasing the speed of discharge and charge of electrons that is stored in the CCD. However in actual monitoring, it is limited to the monitors frame rate (30 fps).
Wavelength that a normal CCD can detect is about 1.1 μm. Because of this, it is not possible to directly detect the beam profile of laser diode radiation used for optical communication that uses 1.3 μm and 1.5 μm. For wavelengths outside the band an image converter that converts infrared light to visible light is used.
1.2.4 Pinhole Type Beam Profiler
It can get the intensity distribution of the entire beam by scanning the pinhole two-dimensionally along the plane perpendicular to the optical axis of the laser beam while measuring the transmitted laser beam intensity (Fig. 3). Making the diameter of the pinhole smaller can increase the spatial resolution. Normally, a pinhole the one hundredth of the beam diameter's size is used. Because it is possible to measure the intensity distribution of any shape, it is possible to measure a complex beam pattern. It is used to measure the continuous wave with no time variation.
1.2.5 Slit Type Beam Profiler
The same as pinhole type, by scanning the rectangular slit two-dimensionally along the plane perpendicular to the optical axis of the laser beam, the spatial intensity distribution can be measured(Fig. 4). One-dimensional intensity distribution along the scan direction can be obtained. To get a multidimensional intensity distribution, it is necessary to scan from several directions. It is suitable for measuring a beam with an axisymmetric intensity distribution. Narrowing the slit width increases the spatial resolution. It has a high resolution, and can measure a beam diameter down to about 20 μm.
1.2.6 Knife-edge Type Beam Profiler
This method uses a blade as an obstacle.
Place the knife at the plane perpendicular to the optical axis of the laser beam, and measure the intensity of the light that passes through (Fig. 5). It measures the intensity diameter distribution by moving the knife along the plane. Unlike the slit type beam profiler, by moving the knife, it changes the light intensity (Fig. 5(b)). At this time, between the one-dimensional spatial intensity distribution i(x) and the measured light intensity i ' (x), the following relationship can be established.
Therefor, the spatial intensity distribution can be obtained by simply dividing the measured light intensity by the knife's axial displacement. The spatial resolution is better than slit type beam profiler, it can measure a beam diameter down to about 10 μm.
1.2.7. Measuring N.F.P. and F.F.P.
In order to know the characteristics of the beam of an optical device such as, laser diodes or optic fibers, it is necessary to measure the following two profiles. The beam profile near the exit end (N.F.P.: near field pattern), and the beam profile far away from the exit end (F.F.P.: far field pattern). Here we will explain how to measure them with a fixed type beam profiler (CCD type).
For the spatial intensity distribution of a micro level (N.F.P.), magnifying optical system such as a microscope (Fig. 6) is used. The exit end is magnified with an objective lens and then focused on the CCD by a relay lens. Since it is a very small beam, accurate focusing is required. This can be easily achieved by, splitting the beam in two using a beam splitter, and feeding one of them in to the monitoring CCD, thus setting the focus position while observing with a wider field of view.
By measuring F.F.P., diffusion angle of laser diode radiation and N.A. of optic fibers can be measured.
To measure F.F.P., an optical system that uses a f-θ lens, which converts the incident angle to the focal position is used (Fig. 7).
1.2.8. What is M2 Beam Quality Measurer?
A M2 beam quality measuring instrument is an instrument that measures laser's beam quality. Even with a lasers resonator that has the same performance, characteristics of the focused laser beam varies depending on the injection output beam's characteristics condensing characteristics change.
This is an important parameter, in a field that constant quality is required, such as laser processing. As a measurement of beam quality, the focusing characteristics of a beam, is defined as M2, K value and B.P.P. (beam parameter product).
When condensing focusing laser light with lends, the theoretical minimum spot size is determined by the diffraction limit.
However, if the beams intensity profile is disarranged, the beam cannot be focused the beam to the diffraction limit. M2 is an index to show how many times bigger the beam diameter is to the diffraction limit. If M2 is 1, that beam will have a theoretically minimum focus point. K value is the reciprocal number of M2. B.P.P also has the same meaning as M2, and is shown in the product of the beam divergence angle and the beam waist radius. B.P.P. is mostly used to represent the beam quality of a semiconductor laser diode.
1.2.9. Definition of M2
Even with laser beams that have a strong directivity, and seem to be propagating in a straight line, the beam diameter spreads with propagation. The situation near the beam waist of a propagating beam is shown in Fig. 8.
Near the beam waist, the beam radius in the x-axis and y-axis directions wx,y (z) can be given by the following equation[1].
w0x,0y, z0x,0y, and θ0x,0y shows the beam waist radius at the x-and y-axis directions, the position of the beam waist, and the divergence angle of the beam, respectively. The Mx、y2 here is used as a parameter to determine the beam quality, and has the following properties.
- M2 is always above 1.
- When M2≡1, the beam is a single-mode Gaussian beam.
- M2 shows how many times bigger the beam diameter is to the diffraction limit.
M2 is defined using laser beam parameters as the following.
λ indicates the wavelength of the laser light.
1.2.10. Measuring Method of M2
As shown in Eq. (4), M2 can be evaluated by measuring the beam waist radius w0 and the divergence angle of the beam θ0. These parameters can be obtained by, focusing the beam and measure measuring beam diameters of several points along the optical axis (Fig. 9). To reduce the error, measuring at many points as possible, especially around the beam waist should be performed. This increases the accuracy of determining the beam waist.
M2 of major laser beams are summarized in Table 2.
Table 2 Quality of major laser beams
|Light source
|He-Ne laser
|< 1.1
|Ion laser
|1.1 ~ 1.3
|Semiconductor laser
(Collimated light,TEM00)
|1.1 ~ 1.7
|High-power multimode laser
|3 ~ 4
We also offer the LaseView camera set series, which includes a CCD camera set from the beginning.
* A camera with a trigger is suitable for measuring pulsed light.
* Cameras without cover glass are suitable for measuring CW lasers and nanosecond lasers.
* Although the CCD camera is sensitive up to a wavelength of 1320 nm, an error occurs in the beam profile measurement. In order to accurately measure the long wavelength band above 1100 nm, it is recommended to use an infrared camera.
CCD cameras
Among them, the inexpensive Imaging Source USB 2.0 CCD monochrome camera "DMK 21AU04" is recommended.
Imaging Source Inc. USB 2.0 CCD monochrome camera
|Frame rate
|Sensor size
|cover glass
|Indicative Price
(excluding tax)
|60 fps
|60 fps
|30 fps
|30 fps
|15 fps
|15 fps
|12 fps
|12 fps
|12 fps
|USB2.0 cable 2m
Imaging Source Inc. USB 3.0 CCD monochrome camera
|Resolution [pixel]
|Frame rate
|Sensor size
|Cover glass
|Indicative Price
(excluding tax)
|120 fps
|30 fps
|20 fps
|USB3.0 cable 2m
- 1. The actual display speed may be reduced due to performances and state of the PC
- 2. with BNC connector
- 3. with 12-pin connector
- We cannot warranty the operation of above cameras on your specific devices
- If a camera doesn't work properly, it may be due to your PC or cable
- We recommend using a USB cable (sold separately)
- iDS and Basler cameras too have been operated with LaseView
CMOS Camera
CMOS cameras may be cheaper than CCD cameras.
Moreover, though CMOS has lower detection range, it is better than CCD on several points including response speed.
USB 3.0 CMOS Monochrome camera by IDS Imaging Development Systems GmbH
|Resolution [pixel]
|Frame rate *1
|Sensor size
|Indicative Price
(excluding tax)
|2048 x 2048
|80 fps
USB 2.0 CMOS Monochrome camera by Thorlabs, Inc.
|Resolution [pixel]
|Frame rate *1
|Sensor size
|Indicative Price
(excluding tax)
|1280 x 1024
|25 fps
- 1. The actual display speed may be reduced due to performances and state of the PC
- Thorlabs cameras require iDS OEM drivers to operate; if you have installed Thorlabs drivers, uninstall them and then install iDS drivers instead (request them from iDS directly).
- If a camera doesn't work properly, it may be due to your PC or cable
USB 2.0 camera by FLIR Systems
|Resolution [pixel]
|Frame rate *1
|Sensor size
|Indicative Price
(excluding tax)
|1296 x 964
|Sony ICX445 CCD, 1/3″, 3.75 µm
contact us.
|752 x 480
|Aptina MT9V022 CMOS, 1/3″, 6.0 µm
USB 3.0 cameraby FLIR Systems
|Resolution [pixel]
|Frame rate *1
|Sensor size
|Indicative Price
(excluding tax)
|648 x 488
|Sony ICX424 CCD, 1/3″, 7.4 µm
contact us.
|808 x 608
|Sony ICX693 CCD, 1/3″, 6.0 µm
|1288 x 964
|Sony ICX445 CCD, 1/3″, 3.75 µm
|1624 x 1224
|Sony ICX274 CCD, 1/1.8″, 4.4 µm
|1920 x 1200
|Sony IMX249 CMOS, 1/1.2″, 5.86 µm
|2448 x 2048
|Sharp RJ32S4AA0DT CCD, 2/3″, 3.45 µm
|Resolution [pixel]
|Frame rate *1
|Sensor size
|Indicative Price
(excluding tax)
|1288 x 964
|Sony ICX445 CCD, 1/3″, 3.75 µm
contact us.
|1280 x 1024
|ON Semi PYTHON 1300 CMOS, 1/2″, 4.8 μm
|1928 x 1448
|Sony ICX818 CCD, 1/1.8″, 3.69 µm
|2048 x 1536
|Sony IMX265 CMOS, 1/1.8″, 3.45 µm
|2448 x 2048
|Sony IMX264 CMOS, 2/3″, 3.45 µm
|Resolution [pixel]
|Frame rate *1
|Sensor size
|Indicative Price
(excluding tax)
|1280 x 1024
|e2v EV76C560 CMOS, 1/1.8″, 5.3 µm
contact us.
|1280 x 1024
|ON Semi VITA 1300 CMOS, 1/2″, 4.8 μm
|1600 x 1200
|e2v EV76C5706F CMOS, 1/1.8″, 4.5 µm
|Resolution [pixel]
|Frame rate *1
|Sensor size
|Indicative Price
(excluding tax)
|1384 x 1036
|Sony ICX285 CCD, 2/3″, 6.45 µm
contact us.
|1384 x 1032
|Sony ICX825 CCD, 2/3″, 6.45 µm
|1920 x 1200
|Sony IMX174 CMOS, 1/1.2″, 5.86 µm
|1928 x 1448
|Sony ICX687 CCD, 1/1.8″, 3.69 µm
|1920 x 1440
|Sony ICX674 CCD, 2/3″, 4.54 µm
|2048 x 1536
|Sony IMX252 CMOS, 1/1.8″, 3.45 µm
|2048 x 2048
|CMOSIS CMV4000-3E5 CMOS, 1″, 5.5 µm
|2048 x 2048
|CMOSIS CMV4000-3E12 CMOS, 1″, 5.5 µm
|2016 x 2016
|Sony ICX808 CCD, 1/1.8″, 3.1 µm
|2448 x 2048
|Sony ICX625 CCD, 2/3″, 3.45 µm
|2448 x 2048
|Sony IMX250 CMOS, 2/3″, 3.45 µm
|2736 x 2192
|Sony ICX694 CCD, 1″, 4.54 µm
|2736 x 2192
|Sony ICX694 CCD, 1″, 4.54 µm
|4096 x 2160
|Sony IMX255 CMOS, 1″, 3.45 µm
|3376 x 2704
|Sony ICX814 CCD, 1″, 3.69 µm
|4240 x 2824
|Sony ICX834 CCD, 1″, 3.1 µm
|4096 x 3000
|Sony IMX253 CMOS, 1.1″, 3.45 µm
Infrared camera and driver set
Infrared camera will be needed for laser with wavelength over 1100 nm in order to maintain a high accuracy.
For the following infrared cameras an extension driver for LaseView is needed. For the extension driver only, price is $1,000 (excluding tax).
ARTCAM-008TNIR by ARTRAY Inc.
Interface: USB 2.0
Sensor:InGaAs, 9.6(H)x7.68(V)mm
Wavelength: 900-1700 nm
Frame rate: 90 fps
How to choose options
|Laser specifications
|Reference value
|Recommended options
|< 100 mW
|1.ND filter set insertion recommended
|< 1 W (For vertically polarized light)
< 10 W (For horizontally polarized light)
|2.Attenuating optics set with beam splitter recommended
|Beam diameter
|> 30 um
|< 30 um
|3.Micro beam diameter measurement optical system set recommended
1.ND filter set and mount
In order to measure a high-intensity laser beam, an ND filter set that can be dimmed and its mount are required.
- Absorption ND filter
- 1 inch
- With ND filter diagonal mount
Price:$760(without Tax)
Lead time: Around 1-1.5 month
※ If the power of the laser beam is increased by more than 100 mW, a thermal lens effect will be generated by the absorption ND filter, so a beam splitter that can further reduce the light is required.
2.Attenuating optics set with beam splitter
Price:$1480(without Tax)
Lead time: Around 2 month
- LaseView camera set series LaseView-CA50-NCG compatible
- Wavelength range:650-1050 nm
- Power: < 1 W(For vertically polarized light) < 10 W(For horizontally polarized light)
- ND filter included:OD=2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0
* The beam splitter attenuation varies depending on the polarization direction (P-polarized light 0.9%, S-polarized light 9%).
* Although the ND filter has an AR coating, interference fringes may occur if the coherence of the laser beam is high.
* An appropriate attenuation rate is not guaranteed under the specified incident light conditions. Add or replace an ND filter with an appropriate attenuation factor according to the conditions.
* There are the following restrictions on beam polarization.
・ Horizontal or vertical linear polarization
・ Uniform polarization characteristics throughout the beam
・ If these conditions are not met, the correct intensity distribution may not be measured due to the polarization dependence of the beam splitter.
* Posts for height adjustment and fixing are not included.
3.Microbeam measurement optical system set
3To measure a beam with a size of 0 μm or less, a microbeam measurement optical system set that can measure microbeams is required. "High magnification, high NA, extremely low aberration" is achieved as a micro beam measurement optical system set.
- Magnification: Approximately 30 times (typical value 30.8 times @ 1064 nm, 31.5 times @ 532 nm)
- Operating wavelength range: 400 – 1100 nm (recommended 600 – 1100 nm)
- Optical resolution: < 2 μm
- Working distance: approx. 1.7 mm (typical values 1.7 mm @ 1064 nm, 1.6 mm @ 532 nm)
- Length: 176 mm
- Connectable to CCD camera
Price: $810(without Tax)(Camera not included)
Lead time: Around 2 month
4.Microbeam measurement optical system set + dedicated holder + 3-axis stage
To measure a beam with a size of several micrometers, a three-axis (x, y, z) stage that can be adjusted at the micrometer level is required.
- Micro operation position: Side
- Movement guide: Ball guide
- Travel distance / 1 rotation: 0.5mm
- Micrometer minimum reading: 0.01mm
- Travel distance [mm]: XY axis ± 6.5, Z axis ± 5
- Can be mounted on M6 tapped base
Price: $2010(without Tax)(Camera not included)
Lead time: Around 2 month
What is a cover glass
Since CW laser and nanosecond laser have a long coherence length, the interference of the reflection of the CCD light-receiving surface and the reflection of the cover glass may cause interference fringes.
This is noticeable with parallel beams, but interference fringes are less likely to appear with focused beams such as when measuring far-field images.
On the other hand, for picosecond lasers and femtosecond lasers, both cameras with and without a cover glass can be recommended.
As a guide, interference will not occur if the coherence length is shorter than the distance between the CCD element and the cover glass (about 1 to 2 mm).
For example, in the case of a pulse with a Fourier transform limit of 1 ps or less, interference fringes do not occur first.
When condensing a laser beam with a lens and using it for processing etc., even with a laser with the same performance (for example, 1 W, 1 mJ), the condensing characteristic changes depending on the quality of the emitted beam, and as a result, the processing characteristic changes. I will.
The beam quality must also be measured to anticipate processing characteristics.
What is CCD
A CCD (Charged Coupled Device) is a charge-coupled device that has a structure in which a light-receiving unit and a transfer unit composed of semiconductors are arranged.
When light is applied to the light receiving part, it generates charge and has a function to transfer the generated charge.
By determining which position on the CCD the semiconductor has received light, you can obtain an image (here, a laser) of the subject. Resolution is a measure of the fineness and smoothness of an image. The higher this value, the more natural the image quality will be.
The resolution shown in the above table means the number of light receiving parts in the CCD. A high resolution means that there are many photo detectors. For example, a resolution of 1628 x 1236 indicates that about 2 million photo detectors are arranged.
What is frame rate
A movie is created by stitching together still images.
The frame rate (fps) indicates how many still images are stitched together per second.
The higher the frame rate, the smoother the motion.
Frame rates include 60 fps, 50 fps, 30 fps, 25 fps, 24 fps, etc. 60 fps indicates that 60 frames (60 frames) are recorded per second.
(CCD) What is sensor size
Indicates the size of the CCD sensor.
The larger the CCD, the larger the size of one light receiving element, so more light can be captured.
In other words, for the same resolution (number of pixels), the larger the sensor size, the better the image quality.
What is the number of bits
The number of bits means how fine the gradation from black to white is divided.
Since 8 bits means 2 to the 8th power, it is divided into 256 steps, and 12 bits is divided into 4096 steps. The larger the number of bits, the clearer the gradation.
What is a trigger
A trigger is a function that starts shooting using an input signal as a switch.
By applying voltage to the CCD camera as a trigger at the same time as laser irradiation, observation can be performed in synchronization with laser irradiation.
In the case of a pulse wave, it is difficult to manually turn on / off the image according to the pulse, so observation is generally performed using a trigger.
Which cameras are supported?
It supports monochrome cameras from The Imaging Source, iDS, and Basler, ArtRay 424KY, 445KY, and 150P5 series.
Please contact us as other cameras may be available.
Note that some Thorlabs cameras are iDS camera OEMs, so you may be able to use them by installing the iDS driver after removing the Thorlabs driver.
Which camera should I use?
It depends on the wavelength, whether it is parallel light or condensed light, CW or Pulse, and in the case of Pulse, the pulse width.
If you are having trouble with the camera you are using, please see the LaseView Camera Set Series.
Do you need laser attenuation?
The standard of the intensity and energy of the laser incident on the camera is as follows.
・ Strength 1-10 uW / cm2 or less
・ Pulse energy: 10 nJ or less
In the case of lasers with higher intensity and energy, attenuation using ND filters is necessary.
In addition, if it is over 100 mW, the ND filter generates a thermal lens effect, so attenuation that combines with a beam splitter is also necessary.
If you are looking for a beam profiler that can be measured simply by entering a laser without using an attenuating optical system, use the large-diameter, high-power beam profiler (LaseView-LHB).
Can it be used as a power meter?
Although there is a function to display the relative total power that integrates the whole beam, absolute power is not calibrated, and absolute power can not be measured because the sensitivity and dark current of the CCD depend on temperature. not.
It is possible to remove the temperature dependence by using a cooling CCD (with temperature control).
However, since the CCD dynamic range is about three digits, the upper limit of the dynamic range is about 1000 counts even in power measurement.
Is a CMOS camera inferior to a CCD camera?
Compared with CCD sensor, CMOS sensor
・ Fixed pattern noise is large
・ Inferior sensitivity uniformity and linearity
In the past, this was solved by the latest CMOS sensor, and characteristics comparable to those of a CCD sensor can be obtained.
On the other hand, the CMOS sensor is superior to the CCD sensor.
・ High readout speed (frame rate)
・ Low power consumption
・ Small board area
・ Inexpensive
And so on.
If high accuracy measurement is required, a CCD camera is recommended, but a CMOS camera may be sufficient. Please contact us if you have any trouble with CMOS camera and CCD camera.
Is there a difference between color and monochrome?
In general, it is not recommended to use a color camera for quantitative beam measurements.
Using a color sensor has the following disadvantages.
1. Low sensitivity. Since it has an IR cut filter, it may be 1/100 or less, especially in the infrared region.
2. Since the amount of information is reduced, measurement accuracy may be reduced if the beam diameter is small.
3. LaseView creates a monochrome image from the average values of the RGB three-color signals, and displays and analyzes the image, reducing the dynamic range.
4. Saturation of the signal is difficult to understand and the linearity may be significantly reduced.
Can I update after purchasing LaseView?
You can use the update free of charge for one year after purchase.
Can you add the function of ~?
Customization is possible upon request. Please contact us for available contents and costs.
Is there any difference from LaseView 3 (earlier version)?
The following functions have been added.
① M2 analysis function
② Automatic peak tracking function based on centroid calculation
③ Improvement of usability
④ Increase in compatible cameras (Imaging Source, iDS, Basler, Art Ray)
⑤ Improved stability
⑥ Improvement of processing speed by parallel operation
⑦ Japanese
Can I start two screens at the same time?
There is no restriction as LaseView. However, due to hardware limitations, the two cameras may not work in conflict.
If you have a PC with multiple USB controllers, conflicts will be less likely to occur.
Can you draw a background?
The background can be drawn with the dark correction function.
Can I use all camera pixels?
It depends on the camera specifications. The software side supports any resolution.
Can I record past beam edges to see beam misalignment?
When "Fix position" is set to ON in line profile analysis or peak integration analysis, the position of the crosshair is maintained even if the software is closed.
Can you measure the center of gravity of the laser?
The center of gravity analysis function will be added in the next version.
Can you measure the integral value of power?
The integrated value can be measured with the peak integration function.
Is it possible to move the plot position by 1 pixel?
It is possible by mouse operation.
Can you specify coordinates?
Since the coordinates of the specified position are displayed by operating the mouse, you can adjust to the desired coordinates while viewing the coordinates.
Is it possible to export analysis results?
You can export from the menu File → Options → Save Graph Data.
Can I export images?
In addition to saving screenshots, you can also export analysis results.
Can it be used for fluorescence observation?
Can be used for fluorescence observation of fluorescent materials. However, in the case of materials with extremely weak fluorescence, the camera sensitivity may be insufficient and measurement may not be possible.
Is the gamma value corrected?
Some cameras can adjust the gamma value, but basically the default gamma value is 1.0, ensuring linearity.
In addition, our recommended camera amplifies the CCD stored electrons with a linear amplifier, so that good linearity can be obtained without gamma correction.
Please contact us if you need more precise linearity correction.
What is the beam diameter measurement accuracy? What is the range of beam diameters for which accuracy is guaranteed?
LaseView can perform beam diameter analysis based on Gaussian fitting.
The typical standard error of Gauss fitting is less than 1% when measured under low noise and appropriate conditions.
However, the error varies greatly depending on the measurement conditions (noise level, beam diameter, beam shape).
For a Gaussian profile, high accuracy can be obtained if the full width at half maximum of the beam is approximately 30 times the pixel size of the sensor or less than approximately one quarter of the sensor's photosensitive area. .
What are the disadvantages of increasing the measurement area for LaseView LHB?
The optical resolution deteriorates in proportion to the light receiving surface size as shown below.
Light receiving surface width: Optical resolution standard
10 ~ 20mm approx. 25μm
20-40mm, about 50μm
40-80mm approx. 100μm (standard)
80 mm or more, approx. 200 μm
Please tell me how to use D4σ
The threshold is 0 to 100%, and the integration range (brightness value range) changes. 0% indicates the background and 100% indicates the top of the beam. Usually there is no problem with the threshold OFF.
How is the beam diameter of D4σ different from the apparent beam diameter?
Because the beam diameter is 4 times the D4σ standard deviation, the beam diameter is larger than it appears when the beam has many tail components.
Is baseline subtraction (background subtraction) necessary for D4σ measurement?
Normally, it is not necessary to use the background subtraction function for D4σ measurement. When calculating D4σ, the software automatically calculates and subtracts the background level.
If the CCD camera does not receive any light and the background level is not flat, the background subtraction function is effective to improve accuracy. When background subtraction is turned on and clicking " Set " with no light entering the CCD camera, the image at that time is stored internally as the background level, and background subtraction processing is performed from the next image .
If the noise is loud, you can get better results by enabling "Averaging" when clicking "Set".
Does D4σ have a diameter of ± 2σ around the center of gravity?
Calculate the standard deviation σ in the horizontal and vertical directions with the center of gravity as the average value, and 4σ is the beam diameter.
When measuring with D4σ, the range automatically changes depending on the beam size, but what kind of calculation does it change?
The integration range is set automatically from the beam diameter. Specifically, the centroid and standard deviation σ of pixels with a luminance of 50% or more of the peak luminance are calculated, and the value obtained by multiplying σ by an appropriate coefficient is the width. When "Specify range" is turned ON, the integration range can be set manually.
If the integration range is too small, the beam diameter will be evaluated as small, and if it is too large, the background error will increase, so it is important to set an appropriate integration range.
Also, the accuracy is low for images with a low S / N ratio.
D4σ has the advantage of being able to define the beam width for beams of any intensity distribution, but because integration is performed, the measurement error increases depending on the measurement conditions.
What is the role of the switch on the profiler side?
ON / OFF switch for screen swing motor to reduce speckle.
Speckle noise can be reduced by turning on the motor and turning on the software "Averaging".
If the motor is not used, it is not necessary to connect an AC adapter.
Is the sound normal when the switch on the profiler side wall is tilted upwards?
The sound is normal. Internal motor gear sound.
Steps to turn off the profiler. There are buttons such as "Stop" and "Disconnect" on the software toolbar.
There is no particular procedure. Whatever you do, the program automatically performs the appropriate processing.
For example, you can close the app while it is displayed or remove the USB.
I want to measure the beam profile and divergence angle.
In that case, is the optimal analysis mode "Line Profile" or "Integral Profile" when the profile is rampant?
If the profile is rampant, the "averaging" function is suitable.
You can also analyze the beam divergence angle of images saved by selecting [Folder] → [Batch Analysis].
In LasaView, if you save with "Save Image"-"* .tif", can you analyze FWHM etc. if you open the image later, and can you also export to csv?
That's right.
When saving csv in "Save numerical data of graph",
Hori.Y: Is it a horizontal profile of the crosshair?
Ver.Y: Is it a profile in the vertical direction of the crosshairs?
That's right.
In "Save numerical data of graph",
・ Is there any way to save the profile of any section?
・ Is there a way to save a 3D (entire) profile?
To save a profile of any section, select "Line Profile" in the analysis,
If you move the crosshairs to any position with the mouse, you can save the cross section on the crosshairs.
Numerical data of all pixels can be saved from [File] → [Export image] → [CSV text].
Is it okay to leave the pixel size at the "default" setting?
In LaseView-LHB, the pixel size is set to 40 x 40μm (62.5 x 62.5μm for LHB-100) in the "default" state.
The pixel size is calibrated, so please use it normally.
If the pixel size display at the bottom of the window is displayed as (Not set), the LHB driver may not be installed correctly.
Select "Line Profile" and save it to csv saved in "Save Numerical Data of Graph".
There were Fit Hori. X / Y and Fit Vert. X / Y columns.
What does this mean?
Will other columns be added in other modes?
When Gaussian fit is selected in the analysis, a red graph is displayed on the screen, but Fit Hori. X / Y etc. is the numerical data of the red line.
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Used Ford Mustang GT Coupe STOCK NO. 322244
Vehicle Details
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Condition: Used
Mileage: 86,069
Exterior Color: Race Red
Interior Color: Ebony
Interior Material: Fabric
Doors: 2
Model #: P8C
Engine: 8cyl, 5.0L, 435.0hp
Transmission: 6-speed Selectshift Automatic
Drive Train: Rear Wheel Drive
Notes on This Vehicle:
This rear wheel drive 2015 Ford Mustang GT Coupe features a Race Red Exterior with a Ebony Fabric Interior and has only 86,069 miles.
TECHNOLOGY FEATURES: This Ford Mustang Includes Keyless Start, USB Interface, Keyless Entry, Steering Wheel Audio Controls, Voice Command Features, Anti Theft System, Electronic Messaging Assistance, Steering Wheel Cruise Control, Auxiliary Audio Input, AM/FM Stereo, MP3 Compatible Radio, Auxiliary Power Outlet, Sync Technology, Bluetooth Connection, Single-Disc CD Player
MECHANICAL FEATURES: Scores 25.0 Highway MPG and 16.0 City MPG! This Ford Mustang comes Factory equipped with an impressive 8cyl, 5.0l, 435.0hp engine, an 6-speed selectshift automatic transmission. Other Installed Mechanical Features Include Power Windows, Push Button Start, Traction Control, Power Mirrors, Power Locks, Rear Wheel Drive, Tire Pressure Monitoring System, Power Passenger Seat, Disc Brakes, Gasoline Engine, Locking Rear Differential, Cruise Control, Intermittent Wipers, Variable Speed Intermittent Wipers, Power Steering, Trip Computer
INTERIOR OPTIONS: Dual Power Seats, Cloth Seats, Power Lumbar Seats, Leather Wrapped Steering Wheel, Bucket Seats, Pass-Through Rear Seat, Quad Bucket Seats, Driver Illuminated Vanity Mirror, Air Conditioning, Adjustable Steering Wheel, Adjustable Head Rests, Passenger Illuminated Visor Mirror, Vanity Mirrors, Floor Mats, Rear Window Defroster, Bench Seat, Tilt Steering Wheel
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In this wine course, we take our students on a virtual tour of the Northern French winemaking regions to illustrate the concepts of cru and terroir. The program's eight weeks focus in depth on a different region, including the Loire Valley, Savoie, Alsace, Jura, Burgundy, and Champagne.
Discover great local wine-related events on Just Wine


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We are very excited to present yet another incredible selection with an amazing family history. Nacina, which means "the way" in Croatian is owned by cousins Dan and Christian Tudor, whose grandfather made wines on the ancient island of Hvar in Croatia. The Tudor family's wine history goes back 2,000 years.
Dan and Christian's grandfathers moved to the U.S. in the 1920s, just when Prohibition was ending. They settled in Delano and began growing grapes and making wine. Every generation since has been a part of the process, which is now called Tudor Winery.
Dan began making wine in 1982 when working for another cousin, Louis Lucas, who owned one of the most revered vineyards in Santa Barbara, Tepuesquet. From there, Dan ventured off to Monterey and the hallowed ground of the Santa Lucia Highland's. It seems as though the more we taste the wines from here, the more we're enthralled.
Riesling isn't particularly known here, but after tasting this luscious selection we wonder why. The climate and soil is similar to that of the Mosel in Germany, so there is no question of its value for the Riesling grape.
It certainly shows here. The plethora of aromas is nothing short of otherworldly. Peach, apricot, apple and kiwi emanate from the glass and deliver that promise on the palate, adding specs of citrus, pineapple and mint. All in all, a dizzying array of the grandeur of Riesling.


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Branded partnerships are a collaboration made in heaven
Partnerships are a commercially efficient way to grow your brand equity, and/or add value to your offering at shared costs and benefits.
- Identify strategic partners
the most suitable and scalable partners for specific commercial objectives in key sectors
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create and implement an alliance strategy, measure the partnership benefit(s), establish and drive joint profitability, and leverage the partnership knowledge, strength and brand equity to drive growth.


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Metro Airlines, originally Houston Metro Airlines, was a commuter airline that was originally headquartered in Houston, Texas, United States,.[1] Metro subsequently moved its headquarters to north Texas. The airline had an operational base located on the grounds of Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport and also had offices on the airport property and in Grapevine, Texas.[2][3][4] Metro evolved into an airline holding company with the acquisition or creation of a number of different airlines, including the banner carrier (Commercial Aviation) operating for Eastern Airlines named Eastern Metro Express which was based in Atlanta, GA and Metroflight which operated American Eagle service from the Dallas/Ft. Worth Airport.
In 1969 the airline was founded to serve the Houston area with "cross-town" flights.[5] Houston Metro Airlines constructed their own 2,500 foot, short take-off and landing (STOL) airstrip along with a passenger terminal building and maintenance hangar adjacent to Clear Lake City, Texas near the de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter twin turboprop STOL aircraft as the Clear Lake City STOLport was specifically designed for this aircraft. Additional new service was later extended to Lafayette, LA and Lake Charles, LA with flights to Houston Intercontinental (IAH) with these services being operated with larger Short 330 twin turboprop aircraft. The Short 330 was also utilized by Metro for flights between IAH and Beaumont/Port Arthur (BPT) where one was destroyed by a tornado in 1983 while sitting empty on the airport ramp (see Accidents and incidents below).
In 1972 the airline carried between 90,000 and 100,000 passengers per year. It displayed a profit of $156,510 U.S. dollars in an eight-month period.[6]
In 1978 Metro entered the "stand up widebody cabin age" when the first orders for five (5) Short 330 twin turboprops were announced. [1] These Irish-manufactured aircraft would be used to complement the Twin Otters already in use on higher demand routes as well as new service to Lafayette, LA and Lake Charles, LA and offered far more comfortable seating for passengers. The addition of the 30 passenger Short 330 turboprops required Metro to make provisions for flight attendants and also resulted in the carrier joining the ranks of the regional airline industry via its use of larger aircraft. The company was also independently operating flights from the Dallas/Fort Worth Airport (DFW) at this time with DHC-6 Twin Otter aircraft with services to several destinations in east Texas with some of these flights continuing on to or originating from Houston Intercontinental (IAH). These Twin Otter passenger services into DFW were flown by the Metroflight Airlines division which would eventually operate American Eagle flights. Metroflight also independently served several destinations in Oklahoma and north Texas from Dallas/Ft. Worth and Oklahoma City.
In 1982 Metro purchased fourteen (14) Convair 580 aircraft from the original Frontier Airlines (1950–1986). These 50 passenger twin turboprops were then used to initiate the first ever American Eagle service via a new codesharing passenger feed agreement with American Airlines.
Metro Airlines operated out of
Short 330 destroyed by a tornado at Beaumont, Texas on May 20, 1983. [2]
These destinations were served with de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter 250 & 300 turboprops:
These destinations were served with British Aerospace BAe Jetstream 31 turboprops and/or with de Havilland Canada DHC-8-100 Dash 8 turboprops:
Metroflight would later operate codeshare services for American Airlines flying Convair 580 turboprops as American Eagle.
These destinations were initially served independently by the Metroflight division with de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter aircraft:
These destinations were served by Houston Metro Airlines and later by Metro Airlines (following the airline's name change) with de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter turboprops and/or with Short 330 turboprops:
In later years, Continental Express operated scheduled passenger air service from Ellington Field (EFD) which is located near the former site of the Clear Lake City STOLport. Like Houston Metro, these Continental Express flights, operated with ATR-42 and Embraer EMB-120 Brasilia turboprops and later by Embraer ERJ-135 regional jets on behalf of Continental Airlines, were designed to transport connecting passengers via a short hop across the city to Houston George Bush Intercontinental Airport (IAH). However, this service was finally discontinued as well.
Houston Metro's original home, being the Clear Lake City STOLport located in the Houston area near the NASA Johnson Space Center, was abandoned and subsequently demolished in order to make way for suburban development. There is currently no trace of this pioneering airfield to be seen.
In May 1993 Metro Airlines went bankrupt. The airline assets were promptly purchased and renamed by AMR Corporation whom were already involved with Metro Airlines by way of the "banner carrier" codeshare flying that Metro performed for AMR via its Metroflight division with these services being created cooperatively by the legacy carrier, being American Airlines, and the regional, being Metro subsidiary Metroflight, as American Eagle during the mid-1980s.
Metro Airlines spun off its certificated airline, being Metro Airlines, and formed an airline holding company. Among the commuter and regional air carriers acquired or created by Metro were:
, a commuter/regional air carrier based in Louisiana, then assumed many of the routes that were previously operated by Metro into Houston. However, in 1987 Royale declared bankruptcy and ceased all scheduled passenger flight operations.
Royale Airlines [5]
Delta Air Lines, United Airlines, Los Angeles International Airport, Oneworld, Southwest Airlines
Executive Airlines, Simmons Airlines, Raleigh, North Carolina, Envoy Air, San Juan, Puerto Rico
University of Houston, Texas, Texas Medical Center, The Woodlands, Texas, Uptown Houston
Handbook of Texas, Houston, Dallas, New Mexico, Oklahoma
Marquette, Michigan, Michigan, Chicago, Detroit, Northwest Airlink
Republic Airways Holdings, United States, Delaware, Delta Air Lines, US Airways Group
Midwest Airlines, TPG Capital, Republic Airways Holdings, Wisconsin, Mesa Air Group
7th Level, Act III Theatres, Allied Radio, Anderson Greenwood Crosby, Applied Engineering


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Ask Jesse: Juicing Questions and Answers (FAQ)
Jesse's fingers are currently on holiday and taking a break. He will be accepting new questions after a rest.
Jesse's Answer:
Here is a list of the most recently asked questions.
You can also search my whole web site using my keyword search engine at the top of the page
Hatha Yoga
Have you been wanting to do hatha yoga (stretching) but have found it either too difficult or you are not that flexible? If yes, and even if no, watch Jesse do some pure hatha yoga routines.
flow yoga, each pose in pure or traditional hatha yoga is held for a few minutes. While holding the pose, you focus the mind on the stretch. When you focus the mind, that's when you find silence.
Jesse is not flexible — never has been and probably never will be flexible like others. But it doesn't matter. In pure hatha yoga, how flexible you are makes no difference. It's all about loving the pose and focussing the mind on the stretch.
If you want to learn pure hatha yoga, now you can by following Jesse on a series of hatha yoga routines.
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