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Welwyn Garden City named one of five most in-demand rental areas
PUBLISHED: 11:21 10 July 2017
Welwyn Garden City is one of the five most in-demand areas outside Greater London, according to the Rightmove Rental Trends Tracker.
Top of the list was Oldham, Greater Manchester, followed by Stirling, Stirlingshire, Folkestone, Kent and Stockport, Cheshire.
The Hertfordshire town had an average asking rent per month for a two bed property of £1,015 during the second quarter of 2017.
Throughout the East of England – which includes Hertfordshire – the average price of a two-bed property during the second quarter of this year was £920pcm.
This was up 2.7 per cent on the first quarter, when it stood at £895pcm, and 2.3 per-cent year-on-year, from £899pcm.
Nationally, rents rose 2.8 per cent outside London in the second quarter of 2017, which is in line with the 2.7 per cent average seen in the past five years.
The amount of choice has improved however, with 7 per cent more properties on the market outside London than there were a year ago.
Properties outside the capital are taking 11 per cent longer to let than they were a year ago, however.
Rightmove's Head of Lettings Sam Mitchell said: "Many thought that rental supply would constrict this year, as landlords sold up and looked to invest their money elsewhere, but clearly this isn't happening yet.
"Perhaps landlords are remortgaging their buy-to-let properties instead, as they still feel it's a better investment than looking to other industries. It could spell good news for tenants coming to the end of their lease as they might find there is slightly more choice than last year.
"Anyone hoping for a drop in prices due to the extra choice will be disappointed though as rents are following a very similar trend to previous years."


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Store Hours and Address
A little about Hazel and Bliss Boutique.......
We are a hometown boutique that welcomes ladies of all ages, sizes, and styles. We are dedicated to dressing our FABULOUS customers with the latest trends at very reasonable prices. We offer online shopping, or you can visit our store located at:
18564 Magnolia Bridge Road
Suite 106
Greenwell Springs, LA 70739
Our store hours:
Tuesday-Friday 11-7 pm
Saturday 10:30-4:30 pm


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This drink is designed for people who want to eliminate fat and excess pounds within a short period of time, while cleansing the whole body. It should be used as the most important ingredient for the meals you eat throughout the day.
This time of the year is the best period to eliminate the extra pounds and if yoghurt is one of your favorite drinks then you have the ideal solution to your problem.
This diet, known as yoghurt diet, lasts three days and as mentioned above, it is designed to melt fat and eliminate toxins from the body. The combinations below are chosen for a reason and sticking to the schedule is of utmost importance.
Breakfast: Mix oats and one yoghurt, plain or fruit one depending on your personal choice.
Lunch: Fry some vegetables in olive oil and add them to the previously prepare rice. Add salt and pepper and make sure you don't use any other spice.
Dessert: Eat fruit yoghurt only.
Dinner: Prepare yourself a salad by chipping and frying a carrot, an apple and 50 grams of ham. Mix them with plain yoghurt after frying them in olive oil.
Breakfast: Make a salad by cutting a cucumber into small pieces and mixing it with yoghurt.
Lunch: Fry small chunks of turkey breast in olive oil and combine them with sliced pepper, tomato, and mushrooms. Add yoghurt once the vegetables are cooked.
Dinner: Mix two glasses of plain yoghurt with berries.
Breakfast: You should eat a combination of cheese and yoghurt followed by some apple slices and cinnamon.
Lunch: Bake fish of your choice and combine it with some cucumber, yoghurt, and mustard.
Dinner: Cook 100 grams of pasta and combine with one boiled egg and sliced cucumber. Mix all the ingredients with yoghurt afterwards.


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Dickinson's Real Deal to film in Lichfield
Wednesday, 01 May, 2019 - Modified on Thursday, 16 May, 2019 at 11:02 am
WATCH "The Duke" himself, David Dickinson, filming Dickinson's Real Deal at The Lichfield Auction Centre.
The celebrity antiques expert will be at Fradley Park on Wednesday, May 15, and members of the public are invited to come and watch.
David will be here to film auction segments with Richard Winterton following a valuation event at Telford International Centre on Saturday, April 27.
Dickinson's Real Deal is currently one of the most popular daytime shows on ITV and is regularly watched by over a million people.
Wednesday's auction starts 9.30am.
Forthcoming Sale Dates
25th April: 9.30am - 12.00noon
Sale days: from 8.30am
27th April: 9.00am - 4.00pm
Sale days: from 8.30am
Valuation Dates
There are no upcoming valuation datesAll dates


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The world does not always let us in on the good of loneliness. It seems that almost everything under the sun is created to keep us distracted from catching this dreadful disease.
What if this disease that we work tirelessly to avoid led us back into the good of everything that we once believed in?
Unfortunately many people that come in and out of my office have built up a hatred to what were once organic cries of their heart. Why would I want to listen to the groans of my heart when the people who tried to love me quieted me with lullabies of: "It's ok," "It's not that bad," "Bless your heart," "It is what it is," "How could you be lonely—you have so many friends?", "Quit whining," "Don't be a baby," or "It could be worse."
There was no big person to give them an invitation to ache forward. Because all the big people around them have become ache avoiders and say stupid things that don't make sense to their heart. This becomes a path to practice "not caring" about what matters most to the heart of a child and eventually adult child.
I was sitting with a single friend not too long ago and she asked if I had any words of wisdom for her in her endless wait for a husband. I had enough experience and belief in that moment to tell her with all of my heart: "Let yourself ache for it."
My heavy heart couldn't help but testify to the truth that most things in my adult life, that I had let myself ache forward for, have led me to goodness. And I also know that it is definitely not always the goodness that I pictured.
The root of good is found in the ache. The root of evil is found in the apathy. We all have both an ache forward and an ache avoider inside of us. May we have the courage to hold both: the boldness to reach out for goodness in the midst of our apathy, and have the audacity to confess our apathy in the midst of goodness.
Kate Prevost is a therapist at Sage Hill Counseling in Nashville, TN. She was led to Sage Hill through her own personal story of recovery and interned for a year and a half while earning her Masters in Counseling at Trevecca Nazarene University.


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This week we meet Harry Juries in this quick interview. Harry is one of our September winners and has won a copy of MapStudio's Mozambique Map. Happy road tripping!
Interview with Harry Juries
Drive South Africa: Tell us a joke, any joke.
Harry: Father: How did you fail the final exam?
Son: Under water
Father: What do you mean?
So: All below 'C' level
Drive South Africa: If you had to go on a road trip and needed to fit your whole family (and their luggage) into one vehicle, what type of vehicle would you need?
Harry: VW Caravelle
Drive South Africa: When you're on holiday, what is the one thing you wouldn't want to leave at home?
Harry: GPS
Drive South Africa: What's your favourite road trip song?
Harry: The end of the road – Boyz II Men
Drive South Africa: What's the most beautiful place you've ever been?
Harry: Been too alot of places, but sorry to say, I live in the most beautiful place of all, Cape Town.
Drive South Africa: GPS or map?
Harry: GPS
Drive South Africa: Camping or glamping?
Harry: Camping
Drive South Africa: On a road trip, do you prefer driving or being a passenger?
Harry: Driver
Drive South Africa: A holiday at the beach or a holiday at the river?
Harry: Beach
Drive South Africa: If there was a donkey in the road in front of you, what would you do?
Harry: Hoot and shout eeyore, eeyore, eeyore!
Drive South Africa: How long does it take you to pitch a tent?
Harry: 30 – 45 Minutes


text: About Millennium Hotel 67 Neelam Bata Road, FaridabadDelhi, 121005 Welcome to the UMANG banquet hall at the Millennium Hotel. A world which combines the best of both the worlds living up to the demands of modern day clinical and clockwork efficiency without losing out on the grace and warmth of the old world hospitality. Only The Millennium offers you the freedom to choose as much room as you want. From the fairly compact suite to the spacious Hall which has room enough to accommodate in theatre style. Equipped with all the facilities you could look for. The fact is when you host a convention at the Millennium it will keep up to its tradition of success. Fully Airconditioned rooms Banquet Hall Ultra modern luxury hotel Upcoming Wedding Fairs Find out when the next Wedding Fair at Millennium Hotel is


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Endless Grind Coffee
Coffee with a Conscious
Coming from Ethiopia, we know first hand how horrible living conditions can be for the coffee farmers that grow the world's favorite drink. We didn't want to add to that burden so we only buy organic, free-trade coffee that can be enjoyed guilt free. By working with socially conscious coffee exporters we do our part to ensure that coffee farmers have livable wages, and farm in environmentally sustainable ways.
Freshly Roasted Coffee
Just like our ancestors before us we roast our own coffee, and brew it all in house. Coming from the birthplace of coffee we know how amazing a fresh cup of coffee taste, and we extend that experience to our customers. Whether it is a beverage to go or a pound of coffee for home rest easy knowing that you will always drink fresh roasted coffee.
Authentic Ethiopian Coffee Ceremony
Join us every 1st and 3rd Sunday of the month for a traditional Ethiopian coffee ceremony. We will teach you the way our ancestors have been roasting coffee for generations, and serve you three rounds of freshest brewed coffee you've ever had. This ceremonies are done by donation but if you are interested in having a private ceremony contact us.


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Why freebtx.com was blocked?
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Is site freebtx.com been blocked/banned?
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|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
|« Date » · « Thread »
|Andrey Razumovsky <razumovsky.and...@gmail.com>
|Re: Plans for the future (aka 3.1 roadmap)
|Thu, 19 Nov 2009 10:26:06 GMT
So you suggest to use simple fields as properties? Makes sense. We could stay in same DataObject interface as now. Then read/writeProperty methods would work through reflection.. I agree this will make classes more POJO-like 2009/11/19 Andrus Adamchik <email@example.com> > Actually with Hessian it may be only marginally larger with HashMap (IIRC > how it does map serialization). With Java serialization it will be > significantly larger, as it likely serializes all the hash bucket structure. > > In any event, like I said in another thread, if we are to reconcile the > object structures between ROP and regular Cayenne, I'd rather we move closer > to POJO instead of away from it (with important exception being support for > generic objects). POJO's take less memory, have no threading issues and are > generally easier to understand by the users. > > Andrus > > > > On Nov 19, 2009, at 11:10 AM, Andrey Razumovsky wrote: > >> We wanted lighter POJO on the client. >>> >>> >>> Are you sure serialization speed/size for Hessian/java serialization >> will be >> better for class with 10 attributes than class with one HashMap attribute, >> *probably* containing those attributes? (and why?) >> > > -- Andrey
|View raw message


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- 56 months ago
Ok so im about to finally build my first pc. Only problems im having is the PSU. My build
i5 4590 Xfx R9 290 DD 2x 4gig Ram ddr3 250gb SSD 4fans two are leds 7200 rpm hdd Backlit usb mouse and keyboard Plan on getting another ssd in future. NO monitor using my tv
Now the question should i buy CX 750m psu or Antec 620W HCG Psu


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Parallax Launches Secure Good Health Outcomes Telehealth Application for Immediate Free Download
/EIN News/ -- Parallax Announces Patented Telehealth Initiative to Help Healthcare Providers Better Communicate with Their Patients and Reduce ER Admissions
NEW YORK, NY, March 25, 2020 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- via NEWMEDIAWIRE – Parallax Health Sciences, Inc. (OTCQB: PRLX) (''Parallax'' or the ''Company''), an outcome-driven connected healthcare company, today announced that its Good Health OutcomesTM Telehealth, diagnostic and Remote Patient Monitoring Mobile App is available for immediate download at zero cost to the patient from Apple's App Store and Google Play store. The application is also located at www.goodhealthoutcomes.com.
Nathaniel Bradley, Chief Technology Officer of Parallax Health Sciences, Inc. and the architect of the Good Health OutcomesTM platform, stated that he believes, "Our healthcare system is being stressed to its limits, on all fronts by the Coronavirus, ("COVID-19") and America's hospitals are facing one of their greatest threats to their continued operations." Mr. Bradley continued, "The hospital system will reach a tipping point, sooner rather than later, and we all must look at ways to reduce mass admissions if we can do so. America's hospital system cannot take the projected onslaught of people all coming into the ER in a compressed time period, without some way to prioritize admission. The patented Good Health OutcomesTM platform can allow secure HIPAA compliant communications with any healthcare provider, and deliver information on symptoms and biometric data, such as temperature, so that doctors may begin to prioritize admissions, and in some cases send nurses and clinicians to homes to provide COVID-19 testing."
Paul Arena, Chief Executive Officer of Parallax Health Sciences, Inc., commented, "Being based here in New York City and seeing firsthand how this virus and its impact are affecting lives, I cannot stress enough the urgency of a great Telehealth solution such as the Good Health OutcomesTM platform." Mr. Arena continued, "We hope people take advantage of this at a time where we all need to just stay put in our homes if we can do so. People can go and download for free and then go to the Good Health OutcomesTM site to sign in and follow directions."
About Parallax Diagnostics
Parallax Diagnostics is a bio-medical company and wholly owned subsidiary of Parallax Health Sciences, Inc. Parallax Diagnostics owns a line of 26 FDA approved, Point of Care diagnostic tests on a single platform in the area of infectious disease, cardiac, medical conditions, drugs of abuse, and pregnancy. Parallax Diagnostics is developing a novel, handheld diagnostic testing system that is simple, rapid and elegant, offering the potential to transform the diagnostic landscape by transitioning critical tests from the centralized lab directly to the hands of the physician or clinicians. Our focus is on tests that detect and/or monitor infectious diseases.
About Parallax Health Sciences
Parallax Health Sciences is a leading-edge technology, outcome-driven telehealth company that allows for cost-effective remote diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of patients through proprietary platforms of integrated products and services. The Company's interoperable novel applications provide patients point-of-care testing and monitoring with information communicated via internet-based mobile phone applications that are agnostic as to operating system and are built on highly sophisticated data analytics. Information is retrieved in real-time by physicians who are monitoring patients with chronic diseases or through biometric feedback for health-related behavior modification, and is automated for integration into electronic health records. The Company's products and offerings capitalize on the digital transformation in healthcare for improved patient compliance, diagnosis and treatment, and support healthcare system cost savings and efficiencies. For more information, please visit www.parallaxhealthsciences.com or www.parallaxcare.com.
Forward-Looking Statements
This release includes forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. All statements regarding our expected future financial position, results of operations, cash flows, financing plans, business strategy, products and services, competitive positions, growth opportunities, plans and objectives of management for future operations, as well as statements that include words such as "anticipate," "if," "believe," "plan," "estimate," "expect," "intend," "may," "could," "should," "will," and other similar expressions are forward-looking statements. All forward-looking statements involve risks, uncertainties and contingencies, many of which are beyond our control, which may cause actual results, performance, or achievements to differ materially from anticipated results, performance, or achievements. Factors that may cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements include those set forth in our Form 10-K and other reports filed with the SEC. We are under no obligation to (and expressly disclaim any such obligation to) update or alter our forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.
Investor Contact: Paul Arena, CEO firstname.lastname@example.com cell 404-915-8449
EIN Presswire does not exercise editorial control over third-party content provided, uploaded, published, or distributed by users of EIN Presswire. We are a distributor, not a publisher, of 3rd party content. Such content may contain the views, opinions, statements, offers, and other material of the respective users, suppliers, participants, or authors.


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text: Cobra Stone Jhumkas Earring $70.00 Quantity Terra Adorn Cobra Stone Jhumka earrings are hand-crafted in traditional Rajasthani style finished with silver hanging beads that adorn your ears in exotic femininity. Origin: Jaipur, Rajasthan Material: 92.5 sterling silver Earring Length: 2'' Earring Width: 1'' *** Custom orders available. Please allow... View Full Details Share: Facebook Twitter Pinterest


text:
LISTEN & Co. was founded and created Ming Da Italia (www.mingdaitalia.com ) in co-operation with the Ming Da brand for exclusive distribution of Tube Amplifiers, Preamplifiers and Power Amplifiers in Italy, and is still being distributing in Italy.
LISTEN & Co. has been working on improving the image of the Ming Da brand through professional communication with the most important players in the market. Company has also contributed to making some improvements and peculiarities to Ming brand products Exclusively for Italian market.
The LISTEN & Co. project continued and landed in Silicon Valley of China: SHENZHEN. From there, LISTEN & Co. has been able to monitor closely the productive aspect and continued distribution in Italy through commercial network developed.
After years of stable stay in China, LISTEN & Co. has decided to start Hi-Fi market with own brand and begun to work for creation of the first model: LC-01, a Hybrid Amplifier designed in Italy.
LISTEN & Co. is officially in the market


text:
Regardless of how well you brush your teeth and how often you floss, you will still have plaque build up on your teeth. If left undisturbed, this plaque will harden into calculus, also known as tartar. Tartar is much more difficult to remove than plaque and will require a visit to our Wheat Ridge dental office.
Good oral hygiene practices can help prevent plaque build up from hardening into tartar, but you should also visit Johnson Dental regularly for a dental checkup and professional teeth cleaning. Before you call and make your next appointment, let our knowledgeable staff fill you in on the dangers of plaque and tartar build up so you can better understand how important it is to keep your teeth clear of this biofilm.
The Formation of Plaque and Tartar
Plaque build up is natural part of life. As mentioned before, no matter how careful you are, you will always have some amount of plaque on your teeth. If dental plaque is left undisturbed, it can harden into tartar. Tartar, unlike plaque, cannot be removed by simply brushing or flossing. It will require a trip to our Wheat Ridge dental office in order to be removed.
Luckily, there are a number of ways you can try to prevent plaque and tartar build up. For example, you can find tartar controlling toothpaste with fluoride in it. Additionally, smoking can increase your risk for plaque and tartar build up, which is just another reason why you should quit as soon as possible. Starchy foods, like potato chips, can also raise your risk for plaque, and therefore, tartar build up.
Health Risks Associated with Plaque and Tartar
Plaque and tartar build up isn't just unsightly, it can be dangerous as well. In fact, tartar can lead to an increased risk of a number of health concerns including:
- Dental Cavities: Plaque and tartar build up are two of the most common causes of dental cavities.
- Gum Disease: Tartar can build up beneath your gums, exposing them to harmful bacteria that can lead to several different forms of gum disease.
- Inflammatory Diseases: Tartar build up can lead to a number of diseases that are directly linked to inflammation. Your chances of getting heart disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and even diabetes are greatly increased as a cause of plaque and tartar build up.
Luckily, avoiding tartar build up is pretty easy. Brushing your teeth thoroughly twice a day and flossing once a day can help remove plaque from your teeth before it hardens into tartar. You should also visit Johnson Dental regularly for a dental checkup and cleaning to remove any plaque and tartar that you might have missed while brushing.
Contact Johnson Dental Today!
Even patients who practice the best oral hygiene habits will have some amount of plaque and tartar build up. If you are in need of a dental cleaning or checkup, you can contact our Wheat Ridge dental office here or give us a call at 303.422.8748 to schedule an appointment today!


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It is never easy to deal with mounting debt. The number of Ohioans dealing with large debts has gone down since the darker days of the Great Recession, but there is still a significant number of people and families struggling with staying current with payments and being hounded by creditors.
Bankruptcy may be a good solution for people who cannot manage their debts. There is a variety of bankruptcy options, such as Chapter 7 and Chapter 13. Both have different benefits for different types of debtors.
Chapter 7 is also called a liquidation bankruptcy, in which a trustee may sell off personal assets and negotiate the resolution of debts. Chapter 13 is often known as a reorganization bankruptcy, which often involves a repayment plan and the retention of assets.
Ohioans considering bankruptcy, already hard up for cash, may not want to retain a lawyer for the process. A new service in the Buckeye State that helps with simple filings may make this more attractive. But legal representation has many benefits.
An attorney may help make the initial decision to file bankruptcy and help choose which type is best for a person based specifically on his or her circumstances. Once a bankruptcy filing has begun, legal representation may ensure that costly errors are not made. A second pair of eyes on application may save thousands of dollars and help people keep their essential assets.
Legal fees are often negotiable, and do not cost as much as the mistakes a person may make if filing for bankruptcy alone. It is important to consider a lawyer if you are considering bankruptcy.
Source: Akron Beacon Journal, "Letters to the editor: Jan. 28 — Tired of E-Check follies; University of Akron sends wrong message," Jan. 27, 2018


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We're updating our facilities over the coming weeks to bring you even more magic! While our Pigeon Forge Castle is undergoing minor renovations, you can still enjoy our MagiQuest Adventure and Pirate Miniature Golf Course.
Step into the imagined world of MagiQuest for the journey
of a lifetime!
Pirate Golf
18 holes of interactive black light miniature golf set in a Caribbean pirate village.


text:
The aim of this study is to estimate monetary abatement values for road and rail traffic noise that can be used for policy purposes. However, a main objective is to critically discuss the assumptions necessary to convert the monetary values elicited in willingness to pay (WTP) studies to values than can be use for policy purposes.
We employ the hedonic regression technique on Swedish data to elicit individuals' preferences for noise abatement. Our elicited values are then converted to policy values and critically examined based on findings from a literature review.
We show that WTP for road and rail not only differs in levels but also that the relationship between the noise level and the marginal value differs between the two sources. We also show that a health cost component added to the WTP estimate, based on the assumption of uninformed property buyers, will be small but not negligible and that also modest differences in the assumption of the discount rates will have a significant effect on the estimated values.
The main implications from this study are: (i) WTP for road and railway noise abatement differs not only on absolute but also marginal levels, (ii) Even small differences in the chosen discount rate, which is necessary to convert WTP values from a hedonic price study to policy values, have large effects on the policy values, and (iii) We show how to add a health cost component to the WTP estimates in order for the monetary estimates to reflect the total social cost. However, we argue that the motivation for doing so is weak and that more research is needed on this issue.
Noise is a significant social problem. For example, more than 20 per cent of the European Union's population is exposed to higher noise than what is considered acceptable. The transport sector is a major contributor to society's increasing noise problem, due to increased traffic volumes and urbanization exposing more people to noise. Road traffic is admittedly the largest individual noise source in the transport sector, but other transport modes such as aircraft and railways are also responsible for considerable noise emissions. Noise entails costs for the society. This fact, and that society has different needs, means that policies and projects to reduce noise levels need to be evaluated to secure an efficient resource allocation. Benefit cost analysis is a powerful tool to evaluate noise abatement, but it requires both benefits and costs to be measured in a common metric, i.e. in monetary values. Today's official monetary values for all modes are based on the impact of road-traffic noise on property prices. It is a well established fact that the disturbance which individuals experience differs between modes, and therefore there is a need to estimate monetary values based on the respective modes. This report focuses on road and rail noise, two noise sources with different characteristics. This study describes the need to revise the current official Swedish policy values for noise abatement. Current values for road-traffic noise show a progressive relationship between the social cost and the noise level that is too strong, and values for railway noise has been missing and instead based on results for road noise. Valuation of health effects should also be based on EKM since it is sanctioned within the EU, instead of the approach now proposed by ASEK based on estimated total social costs from noise exposure in relation to estimates from willingness to pay studies.
This study examines the effect of road and railway noise on property prices. It uses the hedonic regression technique on a Swedish data set that contains information about both road and railway noise for each property, and finds that road noise has a larger negative impact on the property prices than railway noise. This is in line with the evidence from the acoustical literature which has shown that individuals are more disturbed by road than railway noise, but contradicts recent results from a hedonic study on data of the United Kingdom.
Efterfrågan på tystnad från vägbullerexponering skattas i detta projekt baserat på båda stegen i en så kallad hedonisk modell. Vi använder data från sju olika kommuner runt om i Sverige. Baserat på efterfrågekurvan kan vi räkna ut betalningsviljor för icke-marginella förändringar i bullerexponering från vägtrafik. Dessa resultat har stor användning i samhällsekonomiska kalkyler inom transportsektorn. Våra skattningsresultat visar att betalningsviljan för en bullerreducering från 66 till 65 dB är 2211 kronor per individ och år och 477 kronor per individ och år för en bullerreducering från 56 till 55 dB. Resultaten visar ingen betalningsvilja för bullerreduceringar under 52,8 dB. För en bullerreducering från 66 dB till 52,8 dB och alla lägre bullernivåer är betalningsviljan 15 225 kronor. Denna summa är även kostnaden för att utsättas för 66 dB vägbuller per individ och år.
Valuation of traffic noise abatement based on hedonic pricing models of the property market has traditionally measured the noise as the equivalent, or another average, level. What is not captured in such a noise indicator is the maximum noise level of a vehicle passage. In this study, we incorporate the maximum noise level in the hedonic model letting the property price depend on both the equivalent noise level and the maximum noise level. Hedonic models for both rail and road noise are estimated. Data consists of characteristics of sold properties, property-specific noise calculation, and geographical variables.
We use the hedonic approach to estimate the marginal willingness to pay (WTP) for maximum noise abatement where we model the effect as the maximum noise level subtracted with the equivalent noise level. Furthermore, we control for the equivalent noise level in the estimations. The estimated results show that including the maximum noise level in the model has influence on the property prices, but only for rail and not for road. This means that for road we cannot reject the hypothesis that WTP for noise abatement is based on the equivalent noise level only. For rail, on the other hand, we estimate the marginal WTP for the maximum noise level and it turns out to be substantial. Also, the marginal WTP for the equivalent noise levels seems to be unaffected by the inclusion of the maximum noise level in the model. More research of this novel topic is requested though.
The Swedish Parliament has decided that, in order to mitigate externalities in railway infrastructure, operators in the Swedish railway infrastructure shall pay charges based on short-run marginal social costs. Internalization of the social cost from noise is of particular interest, since it is the only environmental problem which people perceive as more troublesome today than they did in the early 1990s. Inclusion of a noise component in rail infrastructure charges raises two problems: (i) the monetary evaluation of noise abatement, since noise is a non-marketed good, and (ii) the estimation of the effect on the noise level that one extra train will create. We are interested in the marginal noise, since infrastructure charges based on the short-run marginal cost principle should be based on the effect from the marginal train, not the noise level itself. We show in this study that, based on already obtained knowledge, it is possible to implement a noise component in the rail infrastructure charges. Those values that already today are used to estimate the social cost from noise exposure (which in Sweden are based on noise from road-traffic) in cost benefit analysis can also be used to calculate the marginal cost. We recommend, however, that further research is carried out in order to get more robust estimates and to get estimates based on railway traffic. We also show that the existing noise estimation models can easily be modified to estimate the marginal noise. Noise infrastructure charges give the operators incentives to reduce their noise emissions. We believe that this kind of charges can be used to reduce overall emission levels to an optimal social level, but that it is important that these charges are based on monetary estimates for rail-traffic and not road-traffic.
This study outlines a method to estimate the short run marginal cost (SRMC) for road and railway noise. It is based on standardized calculation methods for total noise levels and monetary cost estimates from well established evaluation methods. Here official calculation methods and monetary values are used for Sweden, but the estimation method for the SRMC outlined can be directly applied using other standardized noise calculation methods and monetary values. This implies that the current knowledge regarding the calculation of total noise levels and the evaluation of the social cost of noise can be extended to estimate the marginal effect as well. This is an important finding since it enables policy makers to price noise externalities in an appropriate way. Several sensitivity tests run for the SRMC show that: (i) increasing the total traffic on the infrastructure has only a minor influence, (ii) estimates are quite sensitive to the number of exposed individuals, and (iii) to the monetary values used. Hence, benefits transfer, i.e. using monetary values elicited based on road noise for railway noise, should be done with caution or not at all. Results also show that the use of quiet technology can have a significant effect on the SRMC. The fact that this model is able to differentiate not only modes of transport, but also vehicles and even technologies is an important finding. It is essential that the noise charges give the operators the right incentives to choose their optimal allocation.
By combining standardised calculation methods for total noise levels and monetary estimates from well-established evaluation methods, this study outlines a model to estimate the short-run marginal cost (SRMC) for road and railway noise that is able to differentiate not only modes of transport, but also vehicles and technologies. Several sensitivity tests run for the SRMC show that estimates are insensitive to traffic volume, sensitive to the number of exposed individuals, and sensitive to the monetary values used. Results also show that the use of quiet technology can have a significant effect on the SRMC.
In order to mitigate negative effects from traffic it has been decided that infrastructure charges in the European Union (EU) should be based on short run marginal costs. The Swedish Parliament has legislated that operators in the Swedish railway infrastructure must pay charges based on short run marginal social costs in order to mitigate externalities in railway infrastructure. Internalization of the social cost of noise is of particular interest, since it is the only environmental problem perceived as more troublesome today than in the early 1990s. Inclusion of a noise component in rail infrastructure charges raises two issues: (i) the monetary evaluation of noise abatement, since noise is a non-market good, and (ii) the estimation of the effect on the noise level that one extra train will create. Regarding the latter, we are interested in the marginal noise, since infrastructure charges based on the short-run marginal cost principle should be based on the effect from the marginal train, not the noise level itself. Using already existing knowledge, this study shows that it is possible to implement a noise component in the rail infrastructure charges. The values that are used today to estimate the social cost of noise exposure in cost benefit analysis can also be used to calculate the marginal cost. We recommend, however, that further research be carried out in order to get more robust estimates based on railway traffic. We also show that the existing noise estimation models can easily be modified to estimate the marginal noise. Noise infrastructure charges give the operators incentives to reduce their noise emissions. We believe that this kind of charge can be used to reduce overall emission levels to an optimal social level, but that it is important for the charge to be based on monetary estimates for rail-traffic and not road-traffic.
In order to mitigate the negative effects of transportation and to achieve a competitive transport sector, infrastructure charges in the European Union shall be based on short-run marginal costs. This paper shows that railway-noise charges can be estimated using already obtained knowledge of monetary and acoustical noise evaluation. Most European countries have standardised calculation methods for total noise level, which can be used to estimate the marginal acoustical effect. Based on a Swedish case study (with a relatively high number of exposed individuals), railway-noise charges are estimated at 0.026, 0.099 and 0.89 e/km for commuter, high-speed and freight trains, respectively.
One way of mitigating the negative effects of noise from road traffic is to include the external cost of noise in a road charging system. This study shows how standardized calculation methods for road traffic noise can be used together with monetary estimates of the social cost of noise exposure to calculate charges based on the social marginal cost. Using Swedish data on traffic volume and individuals exposed to road noise, together with official Swedish monetary values for noise exposure, we estimate road-noise charges for light (cars) and heavy (trucks) vehicles.
With today's advanced measurement equipment for measuring roads, it is possible to measure road geometry at high precision within a large span of wavelengths. Detailed information about the roads longitudinal and lateral profile, including macro texture, would in theory be sufficient for a realistic reproduction of road induced vibration and noise in a driving simulator. Especially, it would be possible to create a direct connection between the visual information of the road condition and the ride experience, which would increase the level of realism in the simulation. VTI has during three years performed an internal project called SHAKE with the aim to develop and implement models in VTI driving simulator III that use measured road data for generating realistic vibrations and audible road noise connected to the visual impression presented on the projection screen. This has indeed resulted in an more realistic driving experience, and a validation study with test persons driving both in the simulator and in the field has been undertaken. The OpenDRIVE standard is used as a framework for describing the road properties (e.g. visual, vibrations and noise). For this purpose some augumentations to the OpenDRIVE standard had to be made. This paper describes the technical implementations in the driving simulator, along with results from test drives on the implemented road sections
Sound scattering due to atmospheric turbulence limits the noise reduction in shielded areas. An engineering model is presented, aimed to predict the scattered level for general noise mapping purposes including sound propagation between urban canyons. Energy based single scattering for homogeneous and isotropic turbulence following the Kolmogorov model is assumed as a starting point and a saturation based on the von Kármán model is used as a first-order multiple scattering approximation. For a single shielding obstacle the scattering model is used to calculate a large dataset as function of the effective height of the shielding obstacle and its distances to source and receiver. A parameterisation of the dataset is used when calculating the influence of single or double canyons, including standardised air attenuation rates as well as façade absorption and Fresnel weighting of the multiple façade reflections. Assuming a single point source, an aver aging over three receiver positions and that each ground reflection causes energy doubling, the final engineering model is formulated as a scattered level for a shielding building without canyon plus a correction term for the effect of a single or a double canyon, assuming a flat rooftop of the shielding building. Input parameters are, in addition to geometry and sound frequency, the strengths of velocity and temperature turbulence.
There has been a growing recognition among noise researchers that natural elements and natural areas of the built environment have potentials to reduce annoyance due to traffic noise. It has been suggested that presence of vegetation (e.g., trees, bushes, grass, flowers) contributes to an aesthetically pleasing environment, which influence overall residential satisfaction and people?s perception of the noise. Other expected benefits of natural elements/areas are prevention or modification of adverse effects of work-, personal-, or environmental stress (e.g., noise) through restoration processes. Within the large TVANE-project, the present study examined the effect of green areas (park or similar at walking distance) on noise responses in residential settings (n=468) exposed to road traffic noise (LAeq,24h 45 to 65 dB). A binary multiple logistic regression analysis, with sound exposure as the prime variable assumed to predict general noise annoyance at home, indicated that presence of green areas, a closer distance to it from the subject?s home, and perceived green-area characteristics (good sound environment, high attractiveness and potentials for recreational activities) significantly lowered noise annoyance. The results suggest that the exposure-response relationship between noise and annoyance is influenced by access to nearby green areas provided that they have good environmental quality, particularly regarding the perceived sound environment
Syftet med denna rapport är att göra en samhällsekonomisk analys som visar hur de kostnader som rundvirkestransporter med lastbil ger upphov till, skulle påverkas om fordonens totalvikt tilläts öka från 60 till 90 ton och samtidigt få en tillåten maxlängd på 30 meter. Analysen görs på två sätt. Först redovisas genomsnittliga kostnader per fordonskilometer för olika fordonsstorlekar. Dessutom görs en kalkyl, som utgår från scenarier om hur mycket trafikarbetet skulle påverkas om större fordon tilläts. För att analysera hur transporterna av rundvirke genomförs i olika scenarier används den svenska godstransportmodellen Samgods. Flödesberäkningar från denna används därefter tillsammans med uppgifter från Nationella vägdatabasen (NVDB) för att beräkna samhällsekonomiska kostnader. Dessa beräkningar tar hänsyn till vägtyp och andra lokala förutsättningar och fångar därmed upp den variation i samhällsekonomiska kostnader som finns. Beräkningarna sammanfattas med den totala kostnaden för att transportera rundvirke med lastbil i Sverige under ett år. Enligt simuleringarna minskar trafikarbetet med 21 procent om 60-tonsfordon ersätts med 90-tonsfordon, om man inte tar hänsyn till brorestriktionerna. Detta ger en total samhällsekonomisk kostnadssänkning med 4 procent eller 163 miljoner kronor årligen. Då ska man dock komma ihåg att kostnaden för bärighetsåtgärder på broar, vilket är en förutsättning för att scenariot ska kunna realiseras, inte är inkluderade i analysen. Om vissa broar är spärrade för trafik med 90-tonsfordon är det inte generellt lönsamt att ersätta 60-tonsfordon, eftersom den samhällsekonomiska kostnaden då ökar med 15 procent. Redan idag är det dock möjligt att använda 90-tonsfordon på ett antal stråk som är viktiga för rundvirkestransporter.
Syftet med denna rapport är att beräkna marginalkostnader för buller, trafiksäkerhet och vägslitage för bussar och lätta lastbilar. Bullerkostnaderna beräknas med modellen Nord 2000 tillsammans med kalkylvärden från ASEK 5. Marginalkostnaden för trafiksäkerhet beräknas utifrån olycksstatistik i STRADA, en fördelning av trafikarbete mellan landsbygd och tätort samt kalkylvärden från ASEK 5. Marginalkostnaden för vägslitage beräknas genom att justera de värden för genomsnittliga tunga fordon som finns i ASEK 5. Justeringen görs utifrån antalet standardaxlar. För bussar beräknas antalet standardaxlar med hjälp av statistik från fordonsregistret, medan antalet standardaxlar hos lätta lastbilar beräknas utifrån fordonstypens maximala totalvikt. Marginalkostnaden för buller har differentierats på vägar med olika ÅDT och omgivning med olika tät befolkning.
Mapping of road traffic noise in urban areas according to standardized engineering calculation methods systematically results in an underestimation of noise levels at areas shielded from direct exposure to noise, such as inner yards. In most engineering methods, road traffic lanes are represented by point sources and noise levels are computed utilizing point-to-point propagation paths. For a better prediction of noise levels in shielded urban areas, an extension of engineering methods by an attenuation term Acan has been proposed, including multiple reflections of the urban environment both in the source and in the receiver area.
The present work has two main contributions for the ease of computing Acan. Firstly, it is shown by numerical calculations that Acan may be divided into independent source and receiver environment terms, As and Ar. Based on an equivalent free field analogy, the distance dependence of these terms may moreover be expressed analytically. Secondly, an analytical expression is proposed to compute As and Ar for 3D configurations from using 2D configurations only. The expression includes dependence of the street width-to-height ratio, the difference in building heights and the percentage of facade openings in the horizontal plane. For the expression to be valid, the source should be separated from the receiver environment by at least four times the street width.
This study is part of the Swedish research program TVANE, where a number of questionnaire surveys has been performed. A comparison between three areas demonstrate that the reported annoyance is higher where the traffic intensity is higher even if the equivalent noise level is the same. The traffic intensity varies with a factor of 7 between the areas, and the reported annoyance is increased 1.3 2.5 times.
Resultaten från bullermätningarna visar att den aktuella motorvagnstypen X40 har lägre bulleremission än befintliga tågtyper som t.ex. snabbtåget X2. I diagrammen 1 och 2 redovisas X2-tågets predikterade ljudnivåer i jämförelse med mätresultaten från X40-passager.
Erhållna data har normaliserats enligt beräkningsmodellerna NMT96 och Nord 2000 och ingångsdata för beräkningar av bullerimmission från elmotorvagn X40 redovisas i tabeller 6 och 7 i avsnitt 6 Indata beräkningsmodeller.
For efficient planning of noise and vibration reducing measures, it is important to have knowledge of the health effects of noise and vibrations from railway traffic as well as from road traffic noise. Issues of relevance are the railway bonus, the effect of simultaneous exposure to railway and road traffic noise, the effect of vibrations from railway traffic per se as well as in combination with noise, and effects of high intensive railway traffic. The TVANE-project aims to investigate all these issues by socio-acoustic field surveys, noise and vibration measurements, and laboratory experiments
The research project addresses three aims. The first is whether a train bonus can be expected, i.e. whether noise from railway traffic is perceived as less annoying than road traffic noise and the same level. The second aim is to investigate the connection between disturbance and exposure to simultaneous noise and vibration from train traffic. The third issue is to investigate concurrent effects from simultaneous exposure to noise from train and road traffic.
In this study we estimate the willingness to pay for railway noise abatements based on the effect of railway noise on property prices. We estimate both steps of the hedonic regression technique on a large data set of different Swedish regions which contains detailed information about railway noise along with socioeconomic characteristics for each property/household. The estimated demand relationship suggest welfare gains for a 1 dB reduction of railway noise as; 1240 SEK per individual and year at the baseline noise level of 71 dB, and 661 SEK at the baseline noise level of 61 dB. Below a noise level of 49.09 dB, individuals have no willingness to pay for railway noise abatements. In policy, these results can be used for cost benefit analysis and to derive marginal costs for infrastructure charges.
I Sverige tillåts lastbilar i inrikestrafik som är upp till 25,25 meter långa och 60 ton tunga. Detta skiljer sig från EU-normen, där lastbilar som regel inte är längre än 18,75 meter och väger maximalt 40 ton. Näringsdepartementet har gett VTI i uppdrag att studera vilka samhällsekonomiska konsekvenser avvikelsen har medfört för Sverige samt beskriva konkurrensytan mellan väg- och järnvägstransporter. Effekterna på transportkostnader för näringslivet, avgas- och bulleremissioner, vägslitage, tidsfördröjning för bilister samt trafiksäkerheten har beräknats. En mycket stor andel av godstransporterna på väg utförs med fordon som överskrider EU-normen. Att krympa fordonsstorleken skulle leda till stora samhällsekonomiska förluster. Framför allt är det transportkostnaderna som ökar, men det skulle även uppkomma betydande kostnadsökningar inom områdena trafiksäkerhet, avgasemissioner och bulleremissioner. I utredningen konstateras att det är svårt, åtminstone på kort sikt, att åstadkomma överflyttningar mellan väg och järnväg. Detta beror delvis på att järnvägens kapacitet är högt utnyttjad.
Trucks up to 25.25 metres in length and weighing up to 60 tonnes are permitted in domestic traffic in Sweden. This deviates from the EU standard, according to which trucks are not to be longer than 18.75 metres or weigh more than 40 tonnes. The Swedish Ministry of Enterprise, Energy and Communications has commissioned VTI to study what economic consequences this deviation has had for Sweden and to describe the competition interface between road and rail transport. The effects on transport costs for business, exhaust and noise emissions, road wear, time delay for motorists and road safety have been estimated. A very large proportion of freight transport by road takes place by vehicles that exceed the EU standard. Reducing vehicle size would lead to large economic losses. Transport costs would increase in particular, but significant cost increases would also occur in the areas of road safety, exhaust emissions and noise emissions. It is noted in the study that it is difficult, at least in the short term, to bring about transfers between road and rail. This is due, in part, to high rate of utilisation of the railway capacity.
Surveys show that inhabitants of dwellings exposed to high noise levels benefit from having access to a quiet side. However, current practice in noise prediction often underestimates the noise levels at a shielded façade. Multiple reflections between façades in street canyons and inner yards are commonly neglected and façades are approximated as perfectly flat surfaces yielding only specular reflection. In addition, sources at distances much larger than normally taken into account in noise maps might still contribute significantly. Since one of the main reasons for this is computational burden, an efficient engineering model for the diffraction of the sound over the roof tops is proposed, which considers multiple reflections, variation in building height, canyon width, façade roughness and different roof shapes. The model is fitted on an extensive set of full-wave numerical calculations of canyon-to-canyon sound propagation with configurations matching the distribution of streets and building geometries in a typical historically grown European city. This model allows calculating the background noise in the shielded areas of a city, which could then efficiently be used to improve existing noise mapping calculations. The model was validated by comparison to long-term measurements at 9 building façades whereof 3 were at inner yards in the city of Ghent, Belgium. At shielded façades, a strong improvement in prediction accuracy is obtained.
Frästa räfflor i mitten på vägbanan används som en trafiksäkerhetshöjande åtgärd, och fungerar genom att föraren uppmärksammas på att fordonet håller på att passera mittlinjen via ljud och vibrationer i fordonet. Som en bieffekt genereras också extern ljud som riskerar att störa boende i närområdet. Denna rapport redovisar mätningar och beräkningar för att utröna hur ofta som fordon kör emot räfflorna vid en viss plats, samt vilka ljudnivåer det rör sig om från olika typer av fordon och på olika avstånd från vägen. Den första frågeställningen behandlades genom mätningar under totalt tio dygn på fyra olika platser, och resultatet visar på att totalt ca 0,2 till 1,0% av passerande fordon träffar räfflan, och att andelen ökar under natten. Den andra frågeställningen behandlades genom kontrollerade mätningar med tre olika fordon (personbil, personbil med lågprofildäck och lastbil) i olika hastigheter. Dessa data användes sedan för att beräkna vilka ljudnivåer man får på olika avstånd, och korrigerades med hjälp av ett exempel på en villas fasadisolering till inomhusnivåer. Resultatet visar att det endast är på korta avstånd som man riskerar att överskrida dagens riktvärden, men det kan ifrågasättas hur relevanta dessa är för impulsliknande ljud med kort varaktighet och tonal karaktär. VTI
European authorities hope to be able to increase the volume of freight and passengers that are transported on railway systems compared to those transported on roads. If that policy is successful the problem of noise from railway traffic will increase. It is know from previous research that measures against the noise are more efficient if applied directly at the source itself rather than using indirect measures such as noise barriers and increased window insulation. This report is a literature survey on how the railway noise is generated, and to what extend different measures at the source can reduce the noise emission. The report also briefly describes what limits and recommendations on noise exposure are enforced now and in the near future. Furthermore the noise propagation methods used for calculating the noise level at different receiver positions (noise exposure) from the noise emission are discussed.
In the Nordic countries a receiver height of 2 m has often been used when calculating noise levels over large areas for socioacoustic surveys, but within the EU 4 m is used. Here results are presented for railway noise calculations at both heights in 1459 points across several areas in Sweden. The average difference in equivalent level is 2.5 dB higher at 4 m height than at 2 m, which in turn leads to 10 % 40 % less predicted annoyance if the exposure is calculated at 4 m.
This report contains measurements on noise emission from the Swedish multiple unit denoted X60. The meaurements have been analyzed and used to prepare input data for the Nordic noise calculation methods for railway traffic noise NMT96 and Nord2000. The result shows that in a typical case the A-weighted noise emission per meter train is approximately 6 dB lower for X60 compared to the high speed train X2. Measurements were also carried out for the multiple unit X40, but unfortunately the spread was too large and the number of data points to small to create valid input data for the methods. More extensive research is needed, and until better data is available it is recommended to use X2 input data as an approximation of X40 noise emission.
The project "Effects of noise and vibrations from train and road traffic - train bonus, differences and combination effects between train and road traffic" (TVANE) started 2006 and will be finished during the beginning of 2011. The basic research method is a questionnaire survey in residential areas exposed to noise and vibrations from railway traffic and noise from road traffic. Well controlled laboratory studies were also performed. This report documents the measurements and calculations of noise and vibration were performed within the TVANE project. These data have then been used together with the questionnaire survey data to evaluate the responses such as annoyance and sleep disturbance.
In total more than 30 vibration and noise measurements were performed, and the noise level was calculated in approximately 1 800 receiver points. The most important finding apart from describing the calculations and measurement methods used, is that it is not possible to predict the vibrations based only on railway and ground parameters, since the details of the construction of the exposed building will have a strong influence.
Other TVANE reports and articles from conference proceedings can be downloaded from the project website: http://www.tvane.se and from the webbpage of the department of Occupational and Environmetal Medicine at the University of Gothenburg: http://www.amm.se
En del i projektet Jäsmage är att bestämma marginalkostnaden för buller från olika typer av järnvägsfordon. Arbetet är uppdelat i två delar; att bestämma hur stor samhällskostnad en förändring i bullernivå innebär och att utgående från denna värdering beräkna vad kostnaden blir för en extra marginell fordonspassage vid olika sträckor. Denna rapport behandlar den andra delen. Arbetet inleddes under 2009 och kommer dels att rapporteras i december 2010, dels resultera i en artikel som är klar för vetenskaplig granskning under början på 2011.
This paper describes an effort to calculate marginal costs for railway traffic in Sweden using 1) standardised and already well established methods for calculating noise and 2) valuations of noise based on hedonic regression. The main point is that the marginal costs are calculated using well established methods used for other purposes (urban planning for the noise method and cost benefit analysis for the noise values), the combination of these methods requires knowledge in both transport economics and acoustics but apart from that no new methods need to be developed. The results show large variations over the network explained mainly by the large variations in population density. It is necessary to include similar variations in a charging system in order to gain the full benefits of internalizing the noise cost.
This paper describes a laboratory sleep study with an exposure situation corresponding to a dwelling close to a railway. Both noise and bed vibrations were generated for passing trains, and the sleep quality of the test subjects was evaluated using questionnaires before and after sleep. A total of 21 test subjects slept five nights in the laboratory, and three different exposure situations were presented in a randomized order after two nights for habituation. The three exposures were combined from two noise levels and two vibration amplitudes; one with high noise levels and strong vibrations, one with lower noise levels and strong vibrations and one with high noise levels and weaker vibrations. The results indicate that the perceived sleep disturbance from noise increased with increasing vibration amplitude. There was no such interaction effect for perceived sleep disturbance due to vibrations, i.e. sleep disturbance due to vibrations was the same irrespective of noise level. These results suggest that it will not be sufficient to reduce the noise levels to protect from sleep disturbances, e.g. by sound insulating windows and noise barriers, if vibration levels are high. The vibration levels must also be addressed.
In Sweden a new research project aimed at studying noise and vibration from railway traffic has been started. An important part of the project is controlled laboratory experiments where subjects are exposed to noise and vibration when sleeping. The first set of experiments (using only noise) have already started, and the vibration excitation is under construction. Here the focus is on the construction of the laboratory and the design of the experiments, but some preliminary results are also presented. The sound system consists of roof mounted speakers for low frequencies, and two speaker cabinets for the high frequency part. Train passages recorded in the field on the façade of a building are filtered to account for façade insulation and presented to the subjects. This enables many scenarios to be studied with the same setup by selecting the individual sounds and changing the parameters of the filter. The vibration excitation system under construction will be based on electro-dynamical shakers which will interact with the bed to force it to vibrate.
The research project TVANE is aimed at studying the effects of noise and building vibrations from railway traffic, and is sponsored by the Swedish railway infrastructure manager Banverket. The project includes many studies performed both in the field with questionnaires and noise and vibration measurements, and in the laboratory. This paper describes the design of a low cost vibrating bed used in laboratory sleeping experiments, and also the sound and vibration signals that the subjects were exposed to.
To provide additional knowledge on the long term effects of railway and road traffic noise socio-acoustic surveys were performed in two residential areas exposed to road traffic noise (highway and major roads) and two areas exposed to railway noise (124 trains per day). Results were obtained for 974 individuals exposed to comparative sound levels ranging from LAeq,24h 45 to 65 dB. Road traffic caused significantly more noise annoyance than railway traffic, however, the difference decreased somewhat at higher sound levels above LAeq,24h 60 dB. For Lden the difference in annoyance between the two noise sources was larger and the difference increased at higher sound levels. At all sound levels, road traffic noise caused more disturbances of rest/relaxation (LAeq,24h) and sleep quality (Lnight) but less disturbance of conversation than railway noise. It was concluded that noise from railway traffic overall causes less adverse health effects than road traffic noise, in cases with a relatively moderate number of trains per day.
Forskningsprogrammet har fokuserat på att studera hur buller och vibrationer från tågtrafik upplevs av människor i deras boendemiljö med avseende på allmän störning, påverkan på olika dagliga aktiviteter inomhus och utanför bostaden samt hur de störs av buller och vibrationer under sin sömn. Jämförande studier har belyst skillnader i upplevelse av vägtrafikbuller och tågbuller och hur antalet tåg per dygn inverkar på olika upplevda effekter. Det förekommer ofta att bostäder är utsatta för buller både från stora trafikleder och från järnvägslinjer med hög trafikering. TVANE-programmet har studerat hur människor upplever trafikbuller i sådana situationer.
Som ett komplement till fältepidemiologiska studier har experimentella studier under väl kontrollerade exponeringsförhållanden och hemlika miljöer genomförts i Ljudmiljölaboratoriet vid Arbets- och miljömedicin. I ett experiment har effekter på sömnen av vibrationer och buller från tågtrafik studerats och ett annat sömnexperiment har belyst effekter av vägtrafikbuller och tågbuller.
För att kunna bestämma exponeringen för buller och vibrationer på de platser där undersökningarna genomförts har ett stort antal mätningar och beräkningar utförts inom projektet. Beräkningarna är utförda enligt de standardiserade nordiska metoderna för buller från tåg- och vägtrafik. Mätningarna genomfördes dels som korta stickprov av buller och vibrationer, dels som mer omfattande vibrationsmätningar under ett dygn för att kartlägga vibrationsexponeringen i de områden som var känsliga för markvibrationer.


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Greetings once again and welcome to this review which will outline some of the Best Tractor Ride on lawn mowers which are currently available to order and buy in the US marketplace at present.
Collecting a Tractor mower can be quite difficult if you don't have the mechanisms in which it can be brought home so ordering online and getting it delivered to your home hassle free is a serious added bonus.
Prices can change from season to season but a number of different prices checkers are provided below to make sure you get the best value for your money so please make sure to check the best prices if you are serious about buying a tractor mower for your own home or business.
Getting a lawn mower is a good idea but what if I tell you that you can not only get a lawnmower but can also ride it while trimming grass from your lawn? Wait, what? I can even ride on it? How is it even possible? Yes, it is practically possible and you can ride your lawnmower while you are cutting grass from your lawn. These mowers are not push able like many others. In other words, you will be getting a Tractor ride on your Lawn Mower. Actually, in this lawn mower, you will be seated on the top of it just like a regular tractor and will be enjoying a tractor ride on this lawn mower. These innovative lawn mowers are no less than a tractor and can be turned, accelerated and stopped just like a vehicle.
Some handy tips before you buy:
- Before I start talking about buying tips for your tractor lawn mowers, you need to sum up your requirements keeping mid the terrain of your lawn. For example, you need to consider the bumps in your lawn, slopes and even number of trees (if any) because there are different types of lawn mowers for different terrain types of the lawns. Choose right size of the mower, in simpler words, it should comply with your requirements, for example, you can rely on a rideable lawn mower that is too big or too small for your lawn. Size of the lawn mower also matters when it comes to the no of trees, lawn shape and lawn size.
- Choose Right Size - While buying a lawn mower keep in mind size of the grass or bushes that you want to trim down because cut grass has to come out of the mower from the side of the mower. A lot of people think that the position of the mower from where grass will come out doesn't matter but they are wrong because it really matters. For example, if the grass in your lawn is long sized then it should come out from the side of your tractor lawn mower.
- Or another option could be the use of the side bag. This option is best if you don't want to put the effort in cleaning up your lawn after trimming but remember this option is not recommended for the long grass because in that cases you will have to remove the bags after every few meters of trimming and it can be annoying.
- Suitable Transmission - Now we are going to talk about tractor lawn mowers more technically. If your lawnmower has a hydrostatic transmission system, then it will be easier to ride it on your lawn else it can be difficult for you to work without any distractions. For example, in manual transmission systems, you can't change gears without stopping the tractor mower.
- The game is not over yet because you also need to know that there are further two types of the hydrostatic transmissions. For greatest relief, pick a tractor with a pedal transmission system, where two different pedals control speed and course for forward and turn around.
- The other choice is the lever hydrostat. The lever is on the bumper and is easily accessible. In short, you should decide after you have fully analysed your requirements and other factors.
Selection of the Best Tractor Ride on Lawn Mowers (in no particular order)
1, Troy-Bilt 30-Inch Neighborhood Riding Lawn Mower
Key Features
- Troy Bilt riding lawn mower is the best suit of people who have got a comparatively plain lawn terrain because it cannot absorb too many bumps from the land. This mower is best for regular normal sized lawns.
- This tractor riding mower is available in the size of the normal walking trimmer which also proves that this mower is best for small or medium sized lawns.
- You will get a flexible cutting deck (30 inches) that can be adjusted as per your requirements while trimming your lawn. In this deck, you will have five options to change the cutting size.
- It has self-controlled power take-off for quick and simple blade engagement. You will have full control over its power and steering wheel.
- 13x5 front wheels that can turn up to 18 Inches of the radius. As this tractor ride lawn mower is small in size so it will turn in a quicker pattern.
- Will I get a warranty for this product?
- Yes, you will get a warranty for 2 years which means that you can ask for replacement or repair if found any technical problem in the mower.
- Can I use a Key to start this mower?
- Yes, this mower is quite easy to start because you will also get a key to start it.
- Will it have a reverse gear to move my mower backwards?
- A good question btw, yes it will have a reverse gear but remember, while you are reversing your tractor lawn mower, it will not trim the grass.
Pros / Advantages: The biggest advantage of buying this tractor lawn mower is its ideal size. As it is the best option for house lawns - You will have 5 different options to adjust its blades and cutting size while riding it in your lawn - It turns faster as compared to the larger mowers – Though this mower is smaller in size but it still has the powerful OHV Troy-Bilt Engine that isn't less than a monster engine - Easy control over power and Steering wheel - It can move in both forward and backward directions which means there is an option of back gear in the mower.
Cons / Disadvantages: The biggest disadvantage of Troy Bilt mower is it does not cut the grass while you are moving backwards which means that you will have to turn your tractor lawn mower to trim off the left behind the grass.
2, Husqvarna 960430212 YTA22V46 22V Fast Continuously Variable Transmission Tractor Mower, 46"/Twin
Key Features
- The coolest thing about this ride on tractor lawn mower is its auto transmission. Which means that your lawn mower will not stop when you will change gears while other manual transmission consisted mowers do stop while you change their gear.
- Air Induction cutting innovation enhances wind stream inside the deck, guaranteeing a reliable cut each time.
- Helpful bumper mounted deck lever is spring helped for simple operations. Which means that you can even use this tractor mower for bumpy lawns (but they shouldn't be bumpy).
- Deck wash port to effectively associates your water hose to the underside of your deck when you would like to wash it.
- Size of its gage steel is almost 46'' 13 inches which are fair enough for medium or large sized lawns.
- Its auto transmission is fully controlled by the provided pedals.
- If you are just driving this tractor lawn mower in your lawn, it will not consume that much power but it does consume a hell lot of power while you are using its blades to trim off the grass.
- Can I use this mower to trim my small sized mower?
- Yes, you can use this ride on tractor mower to cut grass from your medium sized lawn but this mower is a bets suit for medium or large sized lawns.
- Does it havea manual transmission system or automatic transmission system installed in it?
- It has an automatic transmission system which means your mower will not need to stop while changing gears.
- Is it the best suit for my bumpy lawn?
- Yes, Husqvarna tractor mower is the best suit for little bumpy lawns but I would not recommend it if your lawn is too bumpy or if it has uneven slopes.
Pros / Advantages: As we have discussed above, the biggest advantage of this mower is its transmission system that is fully automatic. The automatic transmission system is advanced as a well advantageous feature - It is easily washable because it has a deck wash port that allows you to connect your water source to it - It can be used to trim the medium-sized or larger lawns and has a powerful engine - Air can easily flow through the deck which means that it won't get heat up while you are using it on the lawn in hot summer for a longer period of the time - It can even operate if your lawn has small bumps in it.
Cons / Disadvantages: It has only two wheels on its deck which can result in uneven balance while turning it at a faster speed - It is not the best suit for your lawn if it's too bumpy or contains uneven slopes in it.
3, Poulan Pro 960420195 46" 17.5HP Briggs and Stratton Automatic Gas Front-Engine Riding MowerKey
Key Features
- You can choose the speed of this tractor mower depending on the terrain of the lawn where you are working. For example, you can choose a slow speed while you are working on a lawn that has bumps in it.
- You can call this lawn mower a beast because it is made up of heavy steel, especially its front axle can bear high force from the opposite side. As it is made up of pure steel so its long life is guaranteed.
- Elite air acceptance slicing deck enables air to enter the deck from the best to permit incredible cut quality, stowing execution and grass dispersal even in substantial conditions.
- Deck wash port to viably relates your water hose to the underside of your deck when you might want to wash it.
- Its auto transmission is fully controlled by the provided pedals.
- Sharp Steel cutting level
- Can I use this Ride on tractor mower for a longer period of time?
- Of course, you can use this lawn mower for a longer period of time and the reason is its pure steel axel. It won't easily break down for at least 2 years.
- I have an uneven lawn, should I buy this lawnmower?
- Yes, this lawn mower will be the best chose for people who have uneven or bumpy lawns.
Pros / Advantages: This lawn mower can be used to trim grass from bumpy, uneven and lawns that have slopes in them - Its axle is made up of steel that is perfect if you would like to use this mower for a longer period of time - It has a prevailing engine that is powered by the gas - For example, if you are trimming grass from your lawn and then suddenly realise that you have left a patch of grass behind then you can use its back gear and move backwards and during this movement, its blade will not stop working - Easily manoeuvrable
Cons / Disadvantages: It is the best suited for larger or medium sized lawns and hence is not a good option if you own a smaller lawn.
4, Poulan Pro P46ZX Briggs V-Twin Pro 22 HP Cutting Deck Zero Turn Radius Riding Mower, 46-Inch
Key Features
- Poulan Pro P46ZX has an extremely powerful engine that gives its best to cut lawn grass in a quicker and efficient way. It has a 22HP engine that is good enough to trim a bushy lawn.
- It is different from all another ride on lawn mowers because unlike them it has a hydro gear system that means gearing your lawn mower will be easier than it ever was.
- This lawn mower will not run out of power in no time because the capacity of its fuel tank is almost 3.5 gallons. It can operate for a longer period of time.
- This machine is fully automated and energy efficient and that is the reason why it has an electric clutch system that is more reliable and efficient.
- And how can we forget its EZT gear transmission system which is advanced as well simple to use?
- What will be a warranty on its deck?
- Well, is moving deck has a pretty good warranty. It has a warranty of almost 10 years which is an outstanding opportunity for you to get it and use it for a longer period of time.
- How much gas can its container hold? Is it a fit suit for longer work?
- Yes, this riding lawn mower is the best suit for a longer period of grass trimming. Its gasoline container can take up to 3.5 gallons of fuel.
- Can I use it if my lawn has slopes in it?
- Yes, you can use it to cut grass from lawn slopes but it won't work on high bumps.
Pros / Advantages: You can operate it even on slightly uneven lawn terrains. Which means that you can use it if your lawn has slopes or little bumps in it - Poulan riding mower has 46 inches of cutting blades. You can use it to cut down grass even from 10 acres if the area - Biggest edge of using this lawn mower is its power capacity. It can take up to 3.5 gallons of fuel before you start riding it in your lawn - It has EZT gear system that is advanced and highly easy to use - Its deck is a comparatively good long warranty of 10 years, isn't it amazing? While on the other hand warranty for its engine will be for 2 years.
Cons / Disadvantages: Struggles with lawns that has too many high slopes or bumps in it. It is best for bumps if they are on the smaller scale - After you will get this product, it will not be fully assembled, so assembling it can take some of your time after it arrives your home.
5, Poulan Pro 960420164 PB145G42 Briggs 15.5 HP 6-Speed Transmission Lever Cutting Deck Riding Mower, 42-Inch
Key Feature
- Its engine can filter oil by itself so it does not require an additional oil filter to refine or filter the oil.
- As you can see from its name, it is a pro ride on mower that has 15-inch front wheels and 20 inches of rear wheels.
- This lawn mower has 42 inches of sharp blades that can cut grass with its one swing. Additionally, it can take turn up 16 inches of radius while moving.
- Its built-in engine is a Stratton engine that is powerful and reliable at the same time. It doesn't end here, it also has 15.5 HP Briggs.
- This ride on lawn mower is operated using gas power or in other words it doesn't operate on electricity or another power source.
- Can I attach or pull another blade or something behind it?
- Of course, you can and for this purpose, we have left a big hole of about 5.8'' on its rear.
- Will I get a pair or mulching blades along with it or?
- No! you will not get any extra blades or mulching blades. You will only get standard blades to use on your lawn mower.
- Can I use during night time?
- By the way, it does not have any headlight on it. You can work in the night if you have a proper lightened system in your lawn.
Pros / Advantages: No additional oil filter will be needed. A filter is already built in it. It like just plugs and plays - This lawn riding mower works only on gas. So, its refuelling will be cheaper - It has a relatively powerful engine that cuts grass with power and accuracy - You can even attach another pull-able thing behind it using its rear hook - It has fast forward and backward gearing system.
Cons / Disadvantages: Though it can be operated only on gas that is cheaper but less powerful - It does not have a head light so you can't use it in the night.
6, Poulan Pro 967331001 P54ZX Briggs V-Twin Pro 24 HP Cutting Deck Zero Turn Radius Riding Mower, 54-Inch
Key Feature
- It has got a powerful roaring engine of 24 HP Briggs.
- This wonderful mower has got EZT transmission gear system.
- Another amazing thing about this mower is its top speed. It can approach up to 6mph.
- Its engine is based on the hydro system.
- You can make a full use of electric clutch that is easy to use and reliable as well
- There is serious speed provided for you and you get your larger mower mowed in no time at all
- Serious power is provided through the V Twin 24 HP engine
- A wide 54 inch cutting deck allowing you to get the job done quickly
- What is its fuel capacity, is it small?
- The fuel tank of this ride on lawn mower can take up to 3.5 gallons of fuel in it.
- Is it too slow to cut?
- No in fact, it is one of the fastest lawn mowers in the world that can reach a speed of 6MPH.
- I doubt its engine is not too strong?
- No! you are wrong. It has 24HP Briggs engine that is powerful enough to get you going.
Pros / Advantages: It has a powerful engine. What else can you expect? - Can achieve speed up to 6MPH - Its gallon tank can take up to 3.5 gallons of fuel - Its electric clutch is easy to use and handle while you are using it in your lawn - Can trim grass from your lawn with the speed of 2.8 acres/h – Attractive price when compared and it is a brand you can trust
Cons / Disadvantages: It does not have a head light so you can't use it in the night.
7, Poulan Pro 960420182 Briggs 15.5 hp Automatic Hydrostatic Transmission Drive Riding Mower, 42"
Key Features
- The 42 in Reinforced vented deck draws air from the highest point of the deck, keeping the wind stream moving under the deck in longer grass.
- Helpful Auto Hydrostatic Transmission makes a speed modifications simple move the Motion Lever on the bumper forward to build ground speed, pull back toward impartial to back off No compelling reason to stop to change speeds, sparing you time.
- Swaying Front Axle with a 6 in turning range for level cutting is combined with a coasting deck, giving you a level cut even in the unpleasant territory and gives you a chance to slice nearer to littler trees or hindrances, so there is less trimming to do.
- 6 cutting positions give you the adaptability to alter the ride one tractor lawn mower slicing deck to best match the present state of your yard and the coveted length of your grass.
- Strength and execution conveyed by a 155 HP Briggs and Stratton single barrel Overhead Valve Engine with a simple to benefit air channel
- Design to run cooler and cleaner, conveying more power when required.
- Does it cut in the backward movement?
- Yes, it does cut while you are moving backwards. If you move backwards without turning the backward movement of the blades on then it will not work.
- Will I get a Mulching Kit?
- Yes, you will also get a mulching kit along with the final product.
- Will I have to buy some components of this lawn mower after it arrives?
- No, you will get each and everything along with it.
Pros / Advantages: It can cut even in reverse - There is a safety button to control blades while you are moving backwards - You will get a mulching kit along with the mower - It can turn up to 16 inches or radius.
Cons / Disadvantages: You cannot attach a snow remover to it - It cannot be operating in lawns that have very large bumps in it.
8, Murray 24" Rear Engine Riding Mower with Mulch Kit
Key Features;
- The Murray 24 inch Ride on Mower has proven to be very popular and it has one of the lowest price points in the market which is always worth taking a look at. It has the 190cc Briggs and Stratton Engine and the cutting deck is 24 inches wide which is not as wide as many others that you will see around.
- Although it one a smaller version of the tractor ride on mower, it is very compact and gives you 6 speed shift as well as having a mulch kit included
- You can change the speed through 6 different settings without having to stop and it will also provide you with a tight turning radius of 18 inches to get around those tighter spots you may have.
- To give you the sense of added security, there is a 2 year warranty so the low price on offer means that you can spend a lot less and still have the ability to test it over a 2 year period.
- Ideal for lawns up to one acre in size with a fairly flat terrain – if your lawn is bigger and has steep slopes, then you should start looking at wider and bigger models than this
- The size of this Mower is 64 by 34 by 26 inches
- How wide is the cutting deck?
- The cutting deck is 24 inches wide
- Can this ride on mower mow in reverse?
- No, this model cannot mow in reverse
- Does it have an oil drain tube?
- Yes, this model has the oil drain tube
Pros / Advantages: You can adjust the speed to 6 different levels which will certainly give you that flexibility so that you can work at your own pace - Includes the Mulch kit for you – Price is a huge attraction among many potential buyers
Cons / Disadvantages: The cutting deck of 24 inches is a lot narrower than most other models which means more mow passes are needed on your end which requires more time
9, Murray 42" 15.5 HP Riding Mower
Key Features:
- The Murray 42 inch Riding Mower with 15.5HP is an awesome machine and will mow your heavy thick grass like melted butter and the extra width of 42 inches means less time is required and less mow passes are needed on your end.
- This brand of mower has the Briggs and Stratton 15.5HP engine and gives you 7 different speed shifts which can be altered on the go as you mow and it also has the Overhead valve technology fir you (OHV)
- If you need to mow in the dark or late evening, there are headlights included so at least you don't have to stop and you can continue as you are
- If you lawn is less than 1 acre then you should look elsewhere, however if you lawn is larger than 1 acre and has hilly terrain, then this mower will do the trick for you and you also get the added security of having the 2 year warranty.
- The size of this model is 70 by 47 by 35.5 inches
- Are there headlights for mowing in the dark?
- Yes, there are headlights available for working later in the dark
- What is the width of the cutting deck?
- The width of this cutting deck is 42 inches
- What HP is associated for this model?
- This is a 15.5 HP Engine mower
- Is a mulch kit included?
- No, it needs to be bought separately
Pros / Advantages: Great advantage is the ability to shift through 7 gears while on the go - You have the Overhead value technology included (OHV) to prolong the life of the engine for you - Having the front headlights means you are not limited to mowing just in daylight hours - Provides an 18 inches turning radius to get around tighter spots - You are provided with a 2 year warranty for additional peace of mind
Cons / Disadvantages: Unable to attach a snow plough – Rear bag needs to be bought separately which is an added cost – Mulch kit not included
10, Snapper 46" 20HP Briggs & Stratton (V-Twin) Front Engine Riding Mower
Key Features:
- The Snapper 46 inch 20 HP Tractor mower has also proven to be a popular option among tractor mower enthusiasts which also includes the Briggs and Stratton engine.
- When you buy the tractor mower, you get the 2 step debris management system, the 20 HP Intek V Twin engine and you get the full pressure lubrication for extended durability.
- To help you with minimising the vibration of the tractor engine, it has a balanced crankshaft to help you
- You also have the ability to change the speed controls at ease and you also know when maintenance is required with the included meter provided
- You also get additional comfort with the over molded steering wheel and also a comfortable high back cushioned seat
- The dimensions of this model 72.75 by 49.50 by 46 inches and you also get 4 anti-scalp wheels
- How bog are the wheels?
- The wheels are 20 inches at the back and 15 inches at the front
- How does the hydrostatic transmission work?
- It is a foot pedal hydrostatic transmission
- How big is the fuel tank?
- The fuel tank can hold 3 gallons
Pros / Advantages – You get the over molded steering wheel and also the high back cushioned seat for additional comfort – you get the extra wide cutting path and also you have the ability to turn even tighter at a 16-inch radius - A washout port is included for you – a longer warranty period of 3 years is provided for this model
Cons / Disadvantages: Issues with the belt have been raised in the past from previous users – Rear bag needs to be bought separately
If you are thinking that perhaps the Tractor Ride on Mowers are a little too expensive for you, then take a look at some of the lower priced gas / electric / reel mowers as follows:
- Best Corded Electric Mowers – Take a look here
- Best Cordless Electric Mowers – Take a look here
- Best Reel Mowers – Take a look here
- Best Gas Push Mowers -Take a look here
- Best Gas Self-Propelled Mowers – Take a look here
Alternatively, feel free to check available stocks on Tractor Ride on mowers by clicking on any of the images provided below…
Finally, I would like to thank you for taking the time to visit my website and I hope this list for the best Tractor Ride on Lawn mowers has helped you out in some way…
Also, please share your experiences with Tractor Ride on Lawn mowers with the community by leaving a comment in the comment section below


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Jr. Girls Soccer
There will be a meeting for the Jr. Girls soccer team in the weight room at the beginning of period 3. Please check the roster in the change room hallway for the final roster. There will also be a practice tomorrow (Wednesday) at 3pm.
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