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What's the Best Schedule?
November 15, 2019
Schedules. Isn't everything at least in some way shaped by a schedule? So then why are they so boring? If something is to be a daily occurrence, such as school, shouldn't people try to make it at least somewhat exciting, somewhat different day to day? That's what I want. No more going to the same classes every day at the same time every day!
But if I'm going to talk crap about our bell schedule, I should at least explain why. Furthermore, I should offer a solution. There are some pretty awesome bell schedules out there, in my opinion.
The 7 Classes A Day Schedule
Monotony. If I had to describe Chamblee's schedule in one word, it would be monotony. We have seven classes a day, and each day we go to those same seven classes in the same exact order. Like what person thought this would be a good idea? I have a bone to pick with them.
I don't know about you, but doing the same exact routine every single day kills me. I wake up, I go to APUSH, and then I go to AP Lang, and then I go to AP Physics, etc…I think you see my point. This is every single day for an entire school year; it never ever changes. I know I already said this, but it absolutely kills me. I moved to Chamblee in seventh grade, and at my former school, we had a different schedule for every day of the week. One day, maybe two months after I had transferred, I was sitting in sixth period German, and I realized that for the rest of the year, I would always be in sixth period German at this time. I almost cried (thank God I sat in the back of the room).
When school is already pretty uneventful, the least they could do is give us an interesting schedule. Mix it up a bit, guys!
The Block Schedule with 4 Classes per Semester
I don't like this schedule either because it's basically the same monotony. There is only one change during the year, after winter break, but for the most part, you are going to the same four classes every single day, so I don't really find this any better than Chamblee's.
I do admit there are some good qualities to this schedule, though. Your classes are longer, so you can get more done in a day, and you also only have four classes worth of homework, which is amazing. Seven classes of homework is pretty impossible to manage no matter how you skew it.
But there is also a severe downside to this schedule, and it has to do with AP classes. The exam is in May, no matter when you had your class, so if you have your AP first semester, you have to wait another whole semester of forgetting the material before you take the test. You might not do as well, and it also adds on a lot of stress because you do not have class time to review the material with your teacher; you have to do it all by yourself.
The A Day, B Day Block Schedule
Okay, now we're finally getting somewhere. Not so monotonous! If you don't know what this is, basically you have two different schedules: an A day and a B day. On A day you have four classes, and then four different ones on B day. You switch every day which schedule you follow.
This schedule has a lot of benefits. First of all, you're not doing the same thing every day, which already makes the schedule ten times better for me. It might still be sort of monotonous because it's just every other day, but it's a step in the right direction. It also means you have two days to do your homework because you only meet every other day. Last but not least it also fixes the AP class dilemma of a semester style block.
The 'I Have No Idea What This is Called But I Like It' Schedule
I'm going to start out by saying I don't see a way this would be possible to implement at Chamblee, but it's still pretty awesome.
The key to this schedule is splitting your electives from your core classes (in this we are going to be simple and say science, English, social studies and math are core classes and anything else is an elective). This schedule is really hard to explain, and you kind of how to see it in action to understand, but I will do my best.
On Monday you might have English first, then an elective, then science, then social studies, then another elective. You would end the day with math. On Tuesday it would flip. You would start with math, have a different elective, then social studies, then science, then another different elective, and then end with English. This is a super simplified version of this schedule. There are lots of other factors, but that is the gist of it: every day, your schedule flips so that you go to your classes at different times of the day, and you have multiple electives that you go to but only two or three times a week.
There is no monotony because everyday of the week is a different schedule. Again, I don't see how this would work at a DeKalb County school because you do not have every class for the same amount of time per week, but maybe in the future, they could figure out a way to make it happen.
I Also Don't Know What This is Called, So I'm Gonna Call it the A-I Schedule
I heard about this schedule from my friend who goes to PACE Academy, and I immediately fell in love with it. It has everything I want in a schedule and more.
In total, you have seven classes, and they are each assigned a letter A-I. If you're smart you would notice that going from A-I is nine letters. "What are the last two letters for?" you might ask. The other two are for study hall or free periods, and these could be any letter in the schedule.
This schedule is super complicated and hard to explain but I'm going to try. Okay, here goes.
You only go to seven of the nine slotted periods a day. One day you might go to classes A-H but skip class B, and the next day might be classes B-I, skip class C.
I'm positive that's not exactly how it works, but the point is that you are never going to the same classes in a row. I think my friend told me it repeats itself only every three or so weeks. Pretty awesome! It may be hard to figure out at the beginning of the year, but pretty soon it would be second nature.
So basically this is my dream schedule. No monotony and even a study hall. Sometimes two a day! (Sorry STAR period, but you're just not this good).
Now, unfortunately, knowing DeKalb this would be absolutely impossible to implement, so, for now, I can only dream. But I can't wait for college where the schedule is so much more flexible.
Sophie Maxwell is a junior staff writer. Outside of school, you can find her binging a sitcom on Netflix, drinking way too much coffee, or volunteering with Beta Club. This is her second year on the staff.


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Astitva @ Las Vegas in NABC 2020
Astitva @ Las Vegas in NABC 2020
Bay Area Prabasi is pleased to announce our next production "Astitva".
Astitva is a musical with 3 intertwined components- dance, drama and music. Astitva will be fully staged and performed with onstage musicians in Las Vegas in NABC 2020.
As the sun sets and the light fades, how should we approach the inevitable? We have conquered our fears, established ourselves in this foreign land, feeling both a part of its fabric and yet somehow uniquely apart from it. Now, as the children must lead their own lives, should we fear the loneliness of old age or embrace whatever life brings us?
It has been a great life! It has brimmed with a passion towards work, the joy of raising a family, communion with friends. But where does the path lead now? So many unknowns. Will we be shunned, cast out from our own homes by the very children we raised only to be forced to find refuge in assisted living centers far from friends and family?
Our fortunes are a mystery.
We may be ignored by our own children but might find love and acceptance in the most unexpected of quarters.
So, I say this, loudly: We will not go gently into that good night.
"Du bela morar aage morbo na bhai morbo na."
Whatever shape our Asitva takes, we shall embrace it, triumphantly.
Concept and Choreography Sanjib Bhattacharya
Direction Ranjita Chakravarty
Artistic Direction Sanjib Bhattacharya, Aparna Sindhoor & Anil Natyaveda
Music Siddhartha Chattopadhyay
We are currently looking for:
- Dancers between the ages of 5 to 55 (no previous dance training required)
- Vocalist and musicians
Interested applicants should fill out this application: LINK HERE


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The Minty Matrix Team has submitted their innovation to the FLL Global Innovation Contest and they need your help. There is two part to the competition 1) Is a popular vote and 2) Is a judge;s choice. We would like you to vote for our Electric Stove Safety Switch at the link ESSS-8000. The team members Emily, Jessica, Jessica, Lauren, Logon, and Miranda, Mykayla, and Sally have worked on a Senior Solution project which they hope would keep our seniors safe in the kitchen.
Recently part of the Minty Matrix Team went out and shared the results of their FLL research project to the Titusville Community. The first stop was the Senior Center where they impressed all the people in the building. From there they went to the Fire Station downtown and talked to the Fire Chief and members of his crew. He explained that he brought the information on they project to all the Fire Chiefs in Brevard County. They indicated that this project could potentily save many lives.
Pathway News
Come one, Come all..... I would like to invite each Girl Scout of Titusville to come to the Verterans Memorial Park (is on the river at the end of Broad Street) onSunday, November 11, 2012 and help celebrate those who gave their live and those who support us by being a member of our armforces. The ceremony starts at 10:00 and last for about an hour.
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- Unreported Judgment
Saltner v Watson & Anor [2007] QSC 191
BS4930 of 2007
Trial Division
Originating application
8 August 2007
Supreme Court, Brisbane
4 July 2007
Wilson J
1. The compulsory conference of the Applicant and the Second Respondent required by subsection 51A(1) of the Motor Accident Insurance Act 1994 ("MAIA") in respect of the Applicant's claim for damages for personal injury arising out of a motor vehicle accident which occurred on 14 March 2004 along the Bruce Highway at Flaggy Rock in the State of Queensland ("the claim") be dispensed with, pursuant to subsection 51A(5)(b) of the MAIA.
2.The obligation of the Applicant and the Respondent to exchange written final offers under subsection 51C(1) of the MAIA ("mandatory final offers") be dispensed with, pursuant to subsection 51C(11) of the MAIA.
3.Pursuant to section 57(2)(b) of the MAIA, an action for damages be started by the Applicant in respect of the claim by no later than 30 August 2007 ("the action") and copies of the claim and statement of claim be provided to the Respondent within fourteen (14) days of the action being so started.
4.The orders in paragraphs 1 and 2 of this Order are made on conditions that, subject to any further order:-
(a) The action, if started, be stayed until each of, and the last of, the following has occurred:-
(i)The Applicant and the Respondents hold a conference that complies in all respects with section 51A of the MAIA as if it were a compulsory conference within the meaning of, and for the purposes of, that section ("the conference") and the terms of section 51A of the MAIA apply to the conference as if it were a compulsory conference;
(ii)The Applicant and the Respondents hold and conduct the conference in all respects in accordance with the procedures and other provisions contained in section 51B of the MAIA as if the conference were a compulsory conference within the meaning of that section, and the terms of section 51B of the MAIA apply to the conference as if it were a compulsory conference;
(iii)The Applicant and Respondents exchange written final offers which must remain open for 14 days and be in accordance with, and comply in all respects with, subsections 51C(1), (2), (3), (4) and (5) of the MAIA as if the provisions of those subsections had not been dispensed with ("the offers");
(iv)The Applicant and the Respondents participate in the compulsory conference by 10 November 2007 or within such further time as the Court may allow;
(v)The Applicant does provide to the solicitors for the respondents a statutory declaration in the form of a statement of loss and damage at least fourteen days prior to the compulsory conference.
5.Each party have liberty to apply by giving three business days notice in writing to the other party.
6.There be no order as to costs.
LIMITATION OF ACTIONS – CONTRACTS, TORTS AND PERSONAL ACTIONS – APPLICATION OF THE STATUTES TO PARTICULAR CAUSES OF ACTION – MOTOR VEHICLE INSURANCE – the applicant suffered personal injuries in a motor vehicle accident – the applicant failed to start proceedings for damages within the limitation period as a result of an administrative failure on the part of the applicant's solicitors – the court has an unfettered discretion to extend time in which to commence proceedings, under the Motor Accident Insurance Act 1994 (Qld) – whether to exercise that discretion
Limitation of Actions Act 1974 (Qld) s 11
Motor Accident Insurance Act 1994 (Qld) s 57
Morrison-Gardiner v Car Choice Pty Ltd [2005] 1 Qd R 378; [2004] QCA 480, cited
Winters v Doyle [2006] 2 Qd R 285; [2006] QCA 110, cited
R B Dickson for the applicant P V Ambrose SC for the second respondent
Jensen McConaghy for the applicant Cooper Grace Ward for the second respondent
- WILSON J: The applicant was injured in a motor vehicle accident on 14 March 2004. He wishes to bring a proceeding for damages against the first respondent (the driver of the vehicle in which he was a passenger) and the second respondent (the compulsory third party insurer). However, he failed to do so before the expiration of the three year limitation period prescribed by s 11 of the Limitation of Actions Act 1974 (Qld), and in this application he seeks an extension of time in which to bring such a proceeding pursuant to s 57(2)(b) of the Motor Accident Insurance Act 1994 (Qld).
- Section 57 subsections (1) and (2) of the Motor Accident Insurance Act provide –
"57Alteration of period of limitation
(1) If notice of a motor vehicle accident claim is given under division 3, or an application for leave to bring a proceeding based on a motor vehicle accident claim is made under division 3, before the end of the period of limitation applying to the claim, the claimant may bring a proceeding in court based on the claim even though the period of limitation has ended.
(2) However, the proceeding may only be brought after the end of the period of limitation if it is brought within—
(a) 6 months after the notice is given or leave to bring the proceeding is granted; or
(b) a longer period allowed by the court."
- Solicitors then acting for the applicant sent a Notice of Accident Claim form to the second respondent; it was received on 4 May 2004. The second respondent was not initially satisfied that the notice complied with all of the requirements of the legislation; further information was supplied, and on 9 June 2004 it informed the applicant's solicitors that the notice was then compliant.
- On 29 December 2004 the second respondent denied liability. The applicant was the front seat passenger in the vehicle driven by the first respondent. The first respondent lost control of the vehicle and it ran off the road. But the second respondent has alleged that the first respondent was a learner driver, that it was the applicant's responsibility to supervise him, and that instead of doing so, the applicant was asleep at the time of the accident.
- The applicant is a 29 year old indigenous man. He has described his education as poor, but says that he can read, and that he has had employment from time to time in labouring fields. He placed his confidence in his solicitor, Mr Andrew Kelly of Kelly & Down, solicitors, in Kingaroy. He co-operated with his solicitor fully, and has said that Mr Kelly and his staff made special efforts to see that he understood documents and matters concerning his claim. However, Mr Kelly did not tell him that a proceeding had to be commenced on or before 14 March 2007.
- In his Additional Information Form (submitted to the second respondent), the applicant said he had sustained the following injuries in the accident –
comminuted fracture of left talus
deep lacerated wound to the scalp
abrasion wound to the left face
large laceration under the bottom lip
one (1) front tooth knocked out
one (1) front tooth chipped
several bottom teeth loosened.
- Both the applicant's solicitors and the second respondent set about gathering information and reports necessary to advance their cases. The applicant's solicitors responded in a timely manner to requests for information made by the second respondent's solicitors.
- The applicant's solicitors obtained a report from the Rockhampton Community Dental Clinic dated 28 February 2006, which they forwarded to the second respondent's solicitors. The report was as follows –
"Thank you for your letter of the 13th February 2006 requesting information about Dental Treatment provided for Kevin.
13.7.04Teeth scaled and cleaned
8.9.05Presented with anterior fractured teeth and 12, (upper right lateral), restored.
22.9.05Surgical extractions of anterior fractured teeth 11/21, (upper right central and upper left central tooth) removed.
There has been no recorded document of how injuries were sustained. However, a fair degree of trauma would have occurred to fracture the anterior teeth. The fractured roots of these teeth were removed on the 22.9.05.
We recommend that a Part Upper Denture be constructed and he is listed at our Dental Clinic at Woorabinda to have this made."
- On 9 August 2006 the solicitors for the second respondent advised the applicant's solicitors that their client would fund private dental treatment even though liability had been denied. On 19 October 2006 the solicitors for the second respondent suggested that the applicant make a dental appointment and asked that a treatment plan be forwarded to them. The applicant saw Dr Clarkson, a dentist in Kingaroy, in November 2006, and was referred to Dr William Bruce, a prosthodontist in Toowoomba. Dr Bruce arranged to see him in his Brisbane surgery on 20 February 2007 and for him to see Dr John Walker, an oral surgeon, on the same day. The second respondent agreed to meet the costs of both consultations.
- After examining the applicant on 20 February 2007, Dr Bruce reported to Dr Clarkson –
"The history of his present condition is that he was involved in a motor vehicle accident approximately 3 years ago which resulted in loss of teeth 11 and 21, his upper incisor teeth with associated alveolar bone structure. Tooth 12 appears to have been injured at the same time with loss of incisal ledge, enamel and dentine. The surrounding adjacent teeth 13, 12, 22 and 23 all test positive to cold and show no radiographic evidence of the degeneration. There has been some closure of the space required to restore teeth 11 and 21. The bite is impacted by the presence of the impacted wisdom teeth 28, 38 and 48.
In relation to cause and effect it is most probably [sic] that teeth 11 and 12 with damage to 30% of the coronal portion of tooth 12 has directly resulted from the involvement in the motor vehicle accident. As the condition of the rest of the patient's dentition, apart from his third molar wisdom teeth is stable and largely without restoration, it could safely be assumed that there wasn't a pre-existing problem in this area.
The proposed treatment plan to restore the patient as closely as possible to his pre-accident condition would involve extraction of the wisdom teeth 28, 38 and 48 in order to stabilize his occlusion and improve the prognosis of surgical implants placed in the position of the missing roots of tooth 11 and 21 by Dr John Walker (Oral & Maxillofacial Surgeon). Costings of these procedures will be furnished by Dr John Walker.
Subsequent to adequate resolution and healing following surgery I envisage placement of two abutments which will then retain two porcelain fused to gold jacket crowns. Protection and prevention of movement of the teeth relative to the implants and tooth grinding damage will be achieved by the construction of an occlusal splint. Lower incisors will need to be reshaped because over eruption has occurred in the three years that the patient has had no prosthetic restoration in this area.
An appointment has been made with Dr John Walker for the surgical appraisal of this area considering the patient comes from Cherbourg and will need to optimize his travel [sic]. I will forward this letter as a legal report to Kelly & Down Solicitors.
Thanks again for your referral."
He provided a treatment plan, and estimated that the treatment would cost $8,840.
- On 1 March 2007 Dr Walker provided an itemised estimate of the cost of oral surgery. The total was $7,818.81. He noted that the surgery was tentatively booked for 8 March 2007.
- The second respondent wanted confirmation that all of the dental injuries had been sustained in the accident. On 6 March 2007 its solicitors wrote to the applicant's solicitors –
"We refer to your facsimile of 5 March 2007 and to our phone discussions on 6 March 2007.
Before our client makes a decision on the request to fund payment for surgery with Dr Walker, there is a clarification that our client seeks from you in relation to the matter. We appreciate that due to the close proximity of the proposed date of surgery of Thursday 8 March 2007, you will possibly not have enough time to provide this clarification. As such the surgery will have to be rescheduled.
In your facsimile of 26 April 2006 you provided us with a copy of a letter from Dr Don Knowles, Dentist, of the Rockhampton Community Dental Clinic dated 28 February 2006.
That letter makes reference to an attendance on 13 July 2004 by your client at the clinic to have his teeth scaled and cleaned.
In a subsequent attendance on 8 September 2005 your client presented with anterior fractured teeth.
The subject accident happened on 14 March 2004. The impression that our client receives from this material is that if there had been fractured teeth present in the accident, these would have been mentioned in the attendance on 13 July 2004.
The fact that the fractures are only mentioned in the attendance of 7 September 2005 [sic], raises an inference that in fact the fractures have occurred between the attendance on 13 July 2004 and the attendance on 8 September 2005. Surely Dr Knowles would have commented upon the fractures had they been present, in his notation for 13 July 2004.
Pursuant to s. 45 of the Motor Accident Insurance Act 1994, would you please within one month attend to the following:-
(a)Provide us with a Statutory Declaration from your client advising whether he has had a subsequent accident causing injury to his teeth or whether he alleges the fractures were sustained in the subject motor vehicle accident;
(b)Provide a further letter from Dr Knowles dealing with this issue.
Once those two items are attended to, our client will give your client's request for this funding further consideration.
We await hearing from you."
- The surgery scheduled for 8 March 2007 was cancelled, and the solicitors made further inquiries of the Rockhampton Community Dental Clinic and set in train other steps to respond to the request.
- Meanwhile the limitation period expired, as the second respondent's solicitors pointed out to the applicant's solicitors by letter dated 30 May 2007. This application was promptly filed on 8 June 2007.
- The applicant's solicitors' neglect to commence a proceeding before the limitation period expired was attributable to a failure in their administrative system. The solicitors' firm relied on a Law Society diary in which it noted important dates – in this case the office's 2006 diary did not contain a note of the date the limitation period expired, which resulted in a failure to record the date in the 2007 diary. The firm's practice of noting important dates in a prominent position on the matter's file, generally on the inside cover, also failed: the notation somehow lost its prominent position on the file.
- The discretion conferred on the Court by s 57(2)(b) of the Motor Accident Insurance Act is exercisable on an application made after the expiration of the limitation period subject to the existence of one of the two pre-conditions found in s 57(1).[1] Here the applicant gave the second respondent a Notice of Accident Claim form in a timely manner, thus satisfying one of those pre-conditions.
- As the Court of Appeal has explained in Morrison-Gardiner v Car Choice Pty Ltd[2] and Winters v Doyle[3] the discretion to allow an injured person to commence a proceeding after the expiration of the limitation period is an unfettered one which must be exercised judicially in all the circumstances of a particular case. Senior counsel for the second respondent prepared a useful, non-exhaustive summary of matters which may be relevant to the exercise of the discretion:
(a) the objects of the legislation – in particular encouraging speedy resolution of claims;[4]
(b) the length of the delay;
(c) any explanation for the delay;
(d) whether the delay was related to difficulties in complying with pre-litigation steps prescribed by the legislation;
(e) whether the applicant and his solicitors were diligent in attempting to comply with the provisions of the legislation;
(f) any likely prejudice to a party such that the prospect of a fair trial is compromised;
(g) that an order in favour of the applicant would deprive the respondents of an otherwise complete defence to the claim;
(h) the interests of justice.
- It will often be a powerful factor in favour of an applicant that the delay was related to difficulties in complying with the procedural requirements of the legislation. That factor is not present here. But its mere absence will not necessitate the dismissal of the application.[5]
- True it is that in the present case the fault lies with the applicant's solicitors whose system for reminding them of limitation periods was quite inadequate and prone to let them down, as it did. But their constant attention to the file and to communicating constructively with the solicitors for the second respondent as well as with the applicant himself must be balanced against that default.
- The delay since the expiration of the limitation period has not been great. Within just over a week of being alerted to what had occurred, solicitors for the applicant filed the present application.
- I am unpersuaded that the respondents' prospects of a fair trial would be prejudiced if the application were granted. There was a back seat passenger in the vehicle the second respondent has not been able to contact. However, the inability to do so is not related to the passing of the limitation period; its investigator was unable to locate him as long ago as late 2004.
- Of course, to allow the application would be to deprive the respondents of a complete defence to the applicant's claim which is never an insignificant factor.
- Weighing all of these factors, I have decided to exercise the discretion in favour of the applicant. I will hear counsel on the form of the orders and on costs.
Editorial Notes
- Published Case Name:
Saltner v Watson & Anor
- Shortened Case Name:
Saltner v Watson
- Court:
- Judge(s):
Wilson J
08 Aug 2007
Litigation History
No Litigation History


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I know many often wonder what they can do to raise awareness and be actors in bringing change. For the past few days we have seen an unusual assault on reproductive rights and women's bodies. March 8th, International Women's Day, would be a great opportunity to raise awareness of the fact that we are a long way from true equality and we can do something about it, especially with some planning and forethought. So, what can we do about it? A number of things, but here are some suggestions. Read More Two Weeks From Now: Women's Day & What You Can Do About It
Tag: welfare queens
Talking About Politics With Relatives
Some of the staunchest left-wing supporters I know are converts–people raised in a conservative household, who left home and suddenly realized there was an entirely different, seemingly magical viewpoint available to them, one that didn't glorify the rapacious tendencies of corporate empires or cry "freedom of religion!" only when the religion in question was Christianity. Read More Talking About Politics With Relatives


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(i) Daniel Davies of Rhos Berse in Wrexham parish, co. Denbigh, collier, and Mary his wife; Samuel Jones of Brymbo in Wrexham parish, mine agent and Jane his wife; Jonathan Jones of Brymbo, miner and Anne his wife.
(ii) Samuel Jones.
(iii) Edward Tench of the Caeau in Wrexham parish, gent.
Croft called Erw Rhos.
Consideration: £40.


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Lawsuits and courts
What legal or administrative proceedings are available for enforcing patent rights against an infringer? Are there specialised courts in which a patent infringement lawsuit can or must be brought?
Civil proceedings may be brought before the courts, and are by far the most practically important, providing several different remedies against an infringer, including injunctive relief (both temporary and permanent; the latter requiring an ordinary court case with a final judgment), monetary remedies, a court order to withdraw or destroy the infringing products, or even transferring the infringing products to the patent owner, and finally a public declaration of the court decision to the industry at the infringer's cost.
In addition, criminal proceedings may be initiated (though this is highly unusual) and the infringer will, in such a case, risk fines or imprisonment for up to three years.
There are no specialised (or administrative) courts dedicated to patent cases that handle patent infringement. However, claims of patent invalidity may be submitted to the Norwegian IP Office (NIPO), which, in addition to granting patents, also handles invalidity cases as an administrative process. NIPO's administrative procedure will not prevent a court case regarding the same subject matter, that is, the case may be brought before the courts whilst the administrative process is ongoing, and in such cases the court case will be in lieu of the administrative process, which will be put on hold.
Patent enforcement against an infringer must be carried out by bringing legal proceedings before the Oslo District Court, this being the mandatory legal venue for (nearly) all patent-related cases. It should be noted that the Norwegian Supreme Court in a recent ruling clarified that Oslo District Court is not the mandatory legal venue for proceedings regarding patent ownership where the reason for the objection to the patent ownership is not that NIPO has granted the patent to the wrong person. Thus, as long as the patent is granted to right person under the Patent Act (the inventor or the inventor's successor), ownership disputes to a granted patent follow ordinary rules about the legal venue.
Trial format and timing
What is the format of a patent infringement trial?
The trial format is generally the same as any other court case that raises issues of a technically complex nature. Thus, the proceedings start with a writ of summons from the plaintiff, which is then followed by a statement of defence from the alleged infringer, and usually several follow-up written pleadings containing arguments and document evidence, as well as notifications about witnesses (all evidence to be used must be submitted or notified before a preclusive deadline set by the court). Oral preparatory hearings may occur, and the case will sometimes be split, so that the question of whether an infringement exists (and liability for said infringement) is dealt with first in a separate case, leaving the consequences (damages) of the alleged infringement for a later case.
The case will, however, be decided not upon the above preparatory phase with written arguments. Instead, the case will be decided by an ordinary judge and two expert judges in the first instance and by three ordinary judges and two or four expert judges at the Court of Appeal, all based on the direct, oral presentation of the case (this means that affidavits are only allowed provided that the author, often an expert witness, is available for questioning).
Trial length will depend on the extent and complexity of the case, as more complex cases will need court sessions lasting one to two weeks. Owing to the time needed to process the case in the courts, there will often be between 10 to 18 months between the first writ of summons and the court decision. The same time frame may apply, in addition, in the Court of Appeals.
Proof requirements
What are the burdens of proof for establishing infringement, invalidity and unenforceability of a patent?
There are no special rules in this regard for patent cases. Norwegian courts must decide the matter on the basis of the facts found to be most likely (balance of probabilities). Naturally, the party making a positive claim (ie, that there is an infringement) must show the grounds on which the positive claim is based are more likely than not, and may in this regard be said to have 'the burden of proof'. However, in the presence of grounds in favour of the claim having been shown, the burden of proof may be said to shift, in the sense that the other party must disprove said grounds, and in this regard carries a burden of proof.
Standing to sue
Who may sue for patent infringement? Under what conditions can an accused infringer bring a lawsuit to obtain a judicial ruling or declaration on the accusation?
Access to the courts as a claimant is granted based on a legal standard according to which any physical or legal person may sue who has an actual substantive claim or legal position, which under the prevailing circumstances establishes a real need for the court's judgment against another physical or legal person.
This includes both the owner of the patent and any licensees (even if there is not an exclusive licence), as all such persons will have a substantial legal position in relation to a patent. However, distributors, resellers, etc (ie, persons who merely sell products bought from the patent owner or a licensee), do not exercise any right based on the patent, as the patent rights are exhausted with regard to the physical products that are bought for resale.
An accused infringer may, for example, if no written confirmation to that effect may be obtained from the patent owner, sue to establish non-infringement, as there will be, based on the legal standard above, a real need to have the court confirm that commercial activities are legal in view of the negative effects of someone (the patent owner) claiming the opposite.
Inducement, and contributory and multiple party infringement
To what extent can someone be liable for inducing or contributing to patent infringement? Can multiple parties be jointly liable for infringement if each practises only some of the elements of a patent claim, but together they practise all the elements?
Contributory patent infringement may occur both under special rules concerning intermediate or indirect patent infringement and under ordinary rules governing contributory actions to an illegal act.
Intermediate or indirect infringement is a separate category of infringement, whereas contributory infringement requires both a primary infringer and a contributory infringer.
Intermediate or indirect patent infringement may consist in selling parts specifically made for a patented process. Thus, ordinary sales of more generic goods fall outside the scope of intermediate patent infringement provisions.
A practical category of contributory infringers are the infringer's contractual parties. Both the infringer's customer, and the infringer's suppliers, cooperation partners, etc, may be deemed to have contributed to the infringement. Contribution to an intermediate infringement is also possible, as an intermediate infringement is a separate category of infringement.
With respect to injunctions (both interim and permanent), multiple parties may be held liable in the sense that the multiple parties may be sued with a claim for an injunction. This applies regardless of the subjective fault or intent of each contributor. The requirement is that the contribution objectively leads to a result that infringes the patent.
With respect to monetary remedies, there is a requirement of subjective fault (the contributor ought to have known that there is a contribution to an infringement). Thus, for example, if multiple parties act together in a commercial activity that is reserved for the patent owner, liability may arise under rules of intermediate infringement and under rules of contributory infringement, provided that the parties ought to have known or knew that they were contributing to an infringement. This will apply even if no single contribution is sufficient to infringe the patent, as long as the combined effect infringes the patent. If the parties acted in good faith, there will not be grounds for holding such parties liable. (Unlike the infringer, who may be held liable even when acting in good faith, as long as a claim for damages or licence fee under such circumstances is not unreasonable.)
Joinder of multiple defendants
Can multiple parties be joined as defendants in the same lawsuit? If so, what are the requirements? Must all of the defendants be accused of infringing all of the same patents?
Yes, either by way of a class action against a group of infringers, or by way of procedural rules allowing for several independent defendants (instead of one group).
The requirements for class action lawsuits (which are less practical) are that there are similar factual and legal grounds for the claims against all group members, that the same procedural rules apply (including rules on how the court is constituted), that one party represents the group and that a class action is deemed beneficial by the court. The requirements for joining of multiple independent defendants are that all claims are governed by Norwegian law, that the court is the correct legal venue for at least one of the claims, that the same procedural rules apply (including rules on how the court is constituted), and that all parties agree or there is a sufficiently close connection between the claims to make joint process prudent. Finally, there is a requirement that the joint treatment of claims will not impede due process.
The requirement of a sufficient connection between the claims means that both legal and factual grounds must be connected. This will typically require some sort of commercial relationship between the joined defendants, as this will be a requirement for a common legal position in relation to either injunctions, liability, damages or compensation. This also means that all defendants must, as a main rule, be accused of infringing the same patents, but not necessarily all of the same patents (see above concerning intermediary or contributory infringement).
Infringement by foreign activities
To what extent can activities that take place outside the jurisdiction support a charge of patent infringement?
Norwegian legislation on patent protection is limited to Norwegian jurisdiction, and likewise, no foreign patent is binding in Norway. However, importation of a product, or commercial activities in Norway in relation to a product made in a foreign jurisdiction but patent-protected in Norway, may constitute an infringement provided the connection to Norwegian territory is sufficient. It is unclear whether a very limited commercial activity is sufficient, for example, the mere offering for sale from Norway of a product that is never moved into Norwegian territory may fall outside the scope of Norwegian patent protection.
Infringement by equivalents
To what extent can 'equivalents' of the claimed subject matter be shown to infringe?
Norwegian courts recognise the doctrine of equivalents. The courts consider infringement by equivalence as an alternative to literal infringement of a patent claim, which means that for the purpose of determining the extent of protection conferred by a Norwegian patent, due account shall be taken of any element that is equivalent to an element specified in the claims. The current practice for establishing infringement by equivalence requires all of the following criteria to be met:
- the alleged infringing device or method has to solve the same problem as the patented invention;
- the modification from the patented invention has to be obvious for a person skilled in the art; and
- the alleged infringing device or method cannot belong to the available prior art.
Note that 'available' here means prior art that is both publicly available and free to use.
Discovery of evidence
What mechanisms are available for obtaining evidence from an opponent, from third parties or from outside the country for proving infringement, damages or invalidity?
Norwegian civil procedure stipulates an obligation for any party in a pending case to disclose all information relevant to the matter, even if the information is to that party's disadvantage. This may be enforced by a specific court decision granting access to the premises of said party. If a foreign party is the opponent, this will apply towards a foreign opponent (enforcement may, however, be an issue in some jurisdictions).
For third parties that are not opponents in a lawsuit, Norwegian procedural law allows for securing evidence if the patent owner is able to show reasonable grounds for a potential claim in a future lawsuit against the third party (which is a requirement of less than 50 per cent likelihood). As with opponents, there may be issues related to enforcement in some jurisdictions.
Litigation timetable
What is the typical timetable for a patent infringement lawsuit in the trial and appellate courts?
Depending heavily on the scope and complexity of the case, a typical duration between the writ of summons and a decision in the court of first instance will range from 10 to 18 months. For the appeal court, a typical duration from the appeal to a judgment will be similar.
Litigation costs
What is the typical range of costs of a patent infringement lawsuit before trial, during trial and for an appeal? Are contingency fees permitted?
The typical costs in the first instance, which depend heavily on the scope and complexity of the case, will typically be anywhere between €40,000 and €200,000, wherein approximately 40 per cent of the cost is pretrial. A full appeal will typically amount to the same. A more limited appeal will amount to between 60 per cent and 80 per cent of the costs of the first instance. Contingency fees are not allowed.
Court appeals
What avenues of appeal are available following an adverse decision in a patent infringement lawsuit? Is new evidence allowed at the appellate stage?
Appeals follow the ordinary court hierarchy above Oslo District Court, first Borgarting Court of Appeals and then the Supreme Court. New evidence is allowed.
Competition considerations
To what extent can enforcement of a patent expose the patent owner to liability for a competition violation, unfair competition, or a business-related tort?
The basic starting point recognised under Norwegian law is that the patent owner's 'monopoly' is legitimate and prevails as a specific exception over more general competition law. Norwegian law implements EU competition law through the EEA, and specific exceptions may in principle apply, for example, with respect to abuse of a dominant position through certain licensing arrangements (which could be unfair competition, especially if the arrangement covers a substantial area, eg, the entire Norwegian territory, and illegitimately limits competition), unreasonable price levels, arbitrary denial of granting a licence to certain companies when there is otherwise a willingness to grant licences, etc. However, this would only apply in extraordinary cases. In Norway, the Regulation of 4 December 1992 No. 964, implementing EU Regulation 772/2004, provides a framework for when a licensing arrangement is legal. With respect to business-related tort, the primary sanctions under Norwegian competition law are fees and fines, in addition to ordinary liability at law for damages.
Alternative dispute resolution
To what extent are alternative dispute resolution techniques available to resolve patent disputes?
Oslo District Court is the mandatory legal venue for nearly all patent-related disputes, both infringement and invalidity. Further, the principle of party control over the subject matter of the case has limited application in patent cases, so that the court to a large degree must decide the case based on the law, not on agreement between the parties. However, if the parties do not wish to involve the courts at all, they are free to solve the matter in strictly private negotiations. Furthermore, even if legal proceedings are brought, Oslo District Court offers court mediation, which may be used insofar as the parties have control over the subject matter (which will not be the case with respect to, for example, invalidity). A court settlement will have the same binding effect as a judgment.
Types of protectable inventions
Can a patent be obtained to cover any type of invention, including software, business methods and medical procedures?
Certain types of inventions are excluded from patentability according to the Norwegian Patents Act. Inventions excluded from patentability include anything that merely consists of a business method, a medical procedure, a program for a computer, and inventions, the commercial exploitation of which would be contrary to public order and morality. It should be noted that when it comes to substantive patent law, including the assessment of patent eligibility and patentability, the Norwegian patent law strives to harmonise with European Patent Office (EPO)'s implementation of the European Patent Convention, and that Directive 98/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions has been implemented in Norway.
Patent ownership
Who owns the patent on an invention made by a company employee, an independent contractor, multiple inventors or a joint venture? How is patent ownership officially recorded and transferred?
The initial position is that the inventor owns the invention and the right to apply for a patent. An inventor remains always a natural person, and is never a legal person (eg, a company). The right to apply for the patent (and any subsequent right to a patent application or granted patent) can be transferred from the inventor to another person, for example, the employer (a company). Patent ownership is recorded in the official patent register administered by the Norwegian IP Office.
Patent invalidity
How and on what grounds can the validity of a patent be challenged? Is there a special court or administrative tribunal in which to do this?
A granted patent may be deemed invalid or partially invalid on any of the following grounds:
- the patent has been granted despite the conditions laid down in sections 1 and 2 of the Patents Act not being fulfilled. These conditions include the requirements as to what constitutes patent eligible subject matter, requirements for an invention to be novel and have an inventive step, and requirements relating to the entitlement of the applicant to be granted a patent (whereby it is the inventor or their successor in title who has the right to be granted a patent);
- the patent relates to an invention that is not disclosed in a manner sufficiently clear as to enable a person skilled in the art to carry out the invention on the basis of the application;
- the patent contains subject matter that extends beyond the content of the application as filed;
- the scope of patent protection has been extended after grant of the patent; and
- the patent has been amended after a request for limitation such that the scope of patent protection has been extended.
During the first nine months after the patent has been granted, the validity of the patent may be challenged by filing an opposition (restricted to grounds (i)-(iii)). At any later point in time, the validity may be challenged by way of an administrative review (restricted to ground (i), and entitlement cannot be raised).
Validity can also be challenged by bringing legal proceedings before the Oslo District Court (on any ground). Legal proceedings before the court can be brought at any time after the first nine months except in relation to the ground of entitlement where certain time limits apply, depending upon the circumstances.
Absolute novelty requirement
Is there an 'absolute novelty' requirement for patentability, and if so, are there any exceptions?
Yes, the Norwegian patent process operates with an absolute novelty requirement, and no grace period allowing for pre-filing disclosures is available for patents. The only exception is that a patent may be granted despite the fact that the invention has been made available to the public within six months prior to the filing of the application through:
- evident abuse of the application; or
- display of the invention at an officially recognised international exhibition falling within the terms of the Convention on International Exhibitions of the Paris Convention from 1928.
Obviousness or inventiveness test
What is the legal standard for determining whether a patent is 'obvious' or 'inventive' in view of the prior art?
The Norwegian Patents Act requires that the invention is novel and 'differs essentially' from what was known prior to the date of filing the patent application. Though the expression 'inventive step' is not used in the Norwegian Patents Act, the Norwegian IP Office, as well as the courts, strive to harmonise with the practice of the EPO. The assessment of whether the invention 'differs essentially' from the prior art effectively corresponds, therefore, with that of the assessment of inventive step at the EPO, where an invention is considered to involve an inventive step if, in regard to the state of the art, it is not obvious to a person skilled in the art. Furthermore, the assessment is based on the problem-solution approach, which the EPO also uses to assess inventive step. It should be noted, however, that the Norwegian courts are adjusting to this way of assessing inventive step, and over the last couple of years there have been cases where the court diverged slightly from the problem-solution approach and took a more pragmatic view. This introduces some unpredictability, which may not be present in the courts of other European countries, where the number of patent-related cases handled each year is significantly larger.
Patent unenforceability
Are there any grounds on which an otherwise valid patent can be deemed unenforceable owing to misconduct by the inventors or the patent owner, or for some other reason?
There are no provisions relating to unenforceability of patents under Norwegian law, except in exceptional cases where there is an abuse of right or passivity towards an infringer for a very long period of time.
Prior user defence
Is it a defence if an accused infringer has been privately using the accused method or device prior to the filing date or publication date of the patent? If so, does the defence cover all types of inventions? Is the defence limited to commercial uses?
Yes, anyone who, at the time when the patent application was filed, was exploiting the invention commercially but not publicly in Norway, may, notwithstanding the patent, continue the exploitation, while retaining its general character, provided that the exploitation does not constitute an evident abuse in relation to the applicant or his or her predecessor in title. Such right of exploitation shall also, on similar conditions, be enjoyed by anyone who had made substantial preparations for commercial exploitation of the invention in this country. This prior use defence covers all types of inventions.
'Retaining its general character' in this regard implies that the commercial use may not be increased or altered.
Monetary remedies for infringement
What monetary remedies are available against a patent infringer? When do damages start to accrue? Do damage awards tend to be nominal, provide fair compensation or be punitive in nature? How are royalties calculated?
The patent owner may choose the highest of either a reasonable licence fee (market level), damages, account of profits and, in cases of gross negligence, twice the ordinary market licence fee.
Injunctions against infringement
To what extent is it possible to obtain a temporary injunction or a final injunction against future infringement? Is an injunction effective against the infringer's suppliers or customers?
Both temporary and final injunctions may be granted. The injunction will be binding towards the parties in the case, which may include suppliers and customers depending on whether they are jointly liable for actions contributing or partaking in a patent infringement.
Banning importation of infringing products
To what extent is it possible to block the importation of infringing products into the country? Is there a specific tribunal or proceeding available to accomplish this?
It is possible to block importation of infringing products. The customs will handle this in practice. The customs actions will be based on the legal grounds provided by way of an injunction (interim or permanent) lawsuit before Oslo District Court.
Attorneys' fees
Under what conditions can a successful litigant recover costs and attorneys' fees?
The main rule under Norwegian law is that the party substantially winning the case may recover reasonable attorney's fees.
Wilful infringement
Are additional remedies available against a deliberate or wilful infringer? If so, what is the test or standard to determine whether the infringement is deliberate? Are opinions of counsel used as a defence to a charge of wilful infringement?
In cases of gross negligence or wilful infringement, twice the ordinary market licence fee may apply. Wilful infringement may lead to criminal liability. Opinions of counsel may be used as a defence, but will not be decisive in and of itself.
Time limits for lawsuits
What is the time limit for seeking a remedy for patent infringement?
For injunctions, there are no formal limitations (except, obviously, the duration of the patent of 20 years), but for temporary injunctions there will be a burden of proof for the patent owner that time is of the essence, which in practice will serve as a time limit. Further, for permanent injunctions, very long passivity, which may appear as implicit consent to the infringer's use, may lead to a loss of the right to enforce the patent.
With respect to monetary claims, there is a limitation of three years from the point in time when the patent owner had sufficient information about the infringement and the damages to set forth a claim.
Patent marking
Must a patent holder mark its patented products? If so, how must the marking be made? What are the consequences of failure to mark? What are the consequences of false patent marking?
There is no requirement to mark products. However, if a mark is used when the patent is at the application stage, there may be an obligation to disclose an otherwise confidential patent application. False marking will be a violation of the marketing control act and may result in fines.
Voluntary licensing
Are there any restrictions on the contractual terms by which a patent owner may license a patent?
Through the EEA, Norwegian law recognises competition law limitations, such as abuse of a dominant position, illegitimate limitation of competition, etc. See also question 13.
Compulsory licences
Are any mechanisms available to obtain a compulsory licence to a patent? How are the terms of such a licence determined?
Compulsory licences may be granted by the court or by Norwegian competition authority. Compulsory licences are available on the grounds of non-use, use of the invention being necessary for the use of another patented invention, important public interests, the patent holder significantly limiting competition, and in some instances prior use or substantial preparation for exploitation of the invention. The terms of the compulsory licence are decided by the court or the Norwegian competition authority granting the licence.
Patenting timetable and costs
How long does it typically take, and how much does it typically cost, to obtain a patent?
The average time from filing to grant for patents granted in 2017 was 4.6 years, but this excludes international PCT applications entering into Norway in the national phase, where prosecution time has been shown to be longer. The costs vary widely. The average cost is approximately €10,000, including costs for drafting, filing, prosecution, and grant. Annuities are additional, and must be paid in advance both on applications and patents from the third year from filing. The annuities are progressive and start at approximately €75 for each of the first three years, and increase gradually up to approximately €700 for the 20th year of the patent term.
Expedited patent prosecution
Are there any procedures to expedite patent prosecution?
A request for accelerated processing of an application may be submitted to the Norwegian IP office at any time during the application process. Arguments in support of the need for accelerated processing should also be provided, since the request is granted at the discretion of the Norwegian IP Office.
Norway is a part of the global Patent Prosecution Highway (PPH) agreement, meaning that a positive or partly positive search or examination report from one of the other 21 members (per January 2017) of the global PPH agreement, gives the applicant the right to accelerate prosecution of the application before the Norwegian IP Office. It should be emphasised that upon invoking the global PPH agreement, the Norwegian IP Office is not obliged to accept the conclusions of the other global PPH member, but rather to exploit the work of the other member.
Patent application contents
What must be disclosed or described about the invention in a patent application? Are there any particular guidelines that should be followed or pitfalls to avoid in deciding what to include in the application?
The basic requirement is that the invention should be disclosed in a manner that is sufficiently clear and complete to enable it to be carried out by a person skilled in the art.
The skilled person should be able to perform the claimed invention, over the full breadth of the claim, and to be able to do so 'without undue burden'. The patent application does not need to describe the invention in all of its embodiments or all of its features to every last detail. It may be expected that the notional reader, in order to work out how to perform the invention, be capable of carrying out some routine experiments or other basic enquiry of their own.
Prior art disclosure obligations
Must an inventor disclose prior art to the patent office examiner?
There are no formal requirements for disclosing prior art to the Norwegian IP office.
Pursuit of additional claims
May a patent applicant file one or more later applications to pursue additional claims to an invention disclosed in its earlier filed application? If so, what are the applicable requirements or limitations?
One or more divisional applications may be filed from an earlier pending patent application. Such a divisional application must be filed before the patent office has reached a final decision on the earlier application. The divisional application cannot be identical to the original application, but may relate to claims that were abandoned during prosecution of the parent application. This may allow patent protection for subject matter that was disclosed in the earlier application but was not claimed.
In addition, a Norwegian patent should normally only relate to one invention or one unified group of inventions. Claims directed towards different inventions or different groups of inventions should, therefore, be the subject of separate applications. A divisional application may be filed to pursue non-unified inventions disclosed in the earlier application.
Patent office appeals
Is it possible to appeal an adverse decision by the patent office in a court of law?
Adverse decisions of the Norwegian IP Office may be appealed to the Norwegian Board of Appeal for Industrial Property Rights (KFIR), which is an independent tribunal under the Norwegian Ministry of Trade, Industry and Fisheries. The KFIR will hear appeals from decisions of the Norwegian IP office, including decisions relating to patent cases.
Decisions of the KFIR may be appealed to the courts. The appeal lies to Oslo District Court and the time limit for filing the appeal is two months from the date on which the KFIR's decision was handed down.
Oppositions or protests to patents
Does the patent office provide any mechanism for opposing the grant of a patent?
Observations may be filed by a third party before the grant of a patent, where reasons may be put forward as to why the patent application does not fulfil the requirements for grant. The patent office may then consider the observations in the pre-grant procedure. The observations can, in principle, be filed anonymously and the third party does not become a party in the proceedings.
Questions as to whether the applicant is entitled to be granted a patent may also be filed at the patent office before a patent is granted, but the patent office may refer such a question to the courts depending upon its nature and complexity.
After grant of a patent, an opposition may be filed requesting revocation of the patent. The opposition must be filed in writing at the Norwegian IP Office within nine months from the date of grant of the patent. The opposition can be based on one or more of the following grounds:
- the patent has been granted despite the conditions laid down in sections 1 and 2 of the Patents Act not being fulfilled. These conditions include requirements as to what constitutes patent-eligible subject matter, requirements for an invention to be novel and have an inventive step, and requirements relating to the entitlement of the applicant to be granted a patent (whereby it is the inventor or their successor in title who has the right to be granted a patent);
- the patent relates to an invention that is not disclosed in a manner sufficiently clear so as to enable a person skilled in the art to carry out the invention on the basis of the application; or
- the patent contains subject matter that extends beyond the content of the application as filed.
Any person may file an opposition to a granted patent, except in relation to the ground of the patent being granted to a person not entitled, where such a ground can only be raised by the person claiming to be entitled.
Priority of invention
Does the patent office provide any mechanism for resolving priority disputes between different applicants for the same invention? What factors determine who has priority?
The Norwegian patent process provides a first-to-file system whereby the applicant who files the earlier patent application will have priority over applications filed later. Hence, the right to the invention is determined by the first-to-file system, and the risk of priority disputes is low. Patent applications filed on the same day enjoy the same priority, and, in the rare event that two applications claiming the same invention are filed on the same day, both applicants can be granted rights to the invention.
Modification and re-examination of patents
Does the patent office provide procedures for modifying, re-examining or revoking a patent? May a court amend the patent claims during a lawsuit?
A nine-month opposition period runs from the date of grant of the patent during which an opposition may be filed at the Norwegian patent office. The opponent can request revocation of the patent based on the grounds of invalidity as set out in question 38, including entitlement (provided the request is made by the person claiming to be entitled). The decision of the patent office can be appealed. The patent office may defer decisions to the courts on entitlement.
In addition, an administrative review procedure is available through the Norwegian IP Office by which revocation of the patent can be requested. The administrative review procedure has some resemblances to an opposition. Revocation by administrative review may be requested based on the grounds that the patent has been granted in contravention of the requirements in sections 1 and 2 of the Norwegian Patents Act, but cannot be based on insufficiency of disclosure, subject matter extending beyond that contained in the application as filed, extension of the scope of protection, or lack of entitlement. Generally speaking, this means that the administrative review procedure is available only for challenging the patent on matters of patent eligibility, novelty and inventiveness.
A request for administrative review may only be filed after the nine-month opposition period has expired, and after any oppositions filed in this period have been finally decided upon. Anyone may request the administrative review.
The patent holder may file a request for limitation of the patent at the Norwegian patent office. Any such request may only be filed after the nine-month opposition period has expired, and after any oppositions filed in this period have been decided upon.
In the opposition or administrative review procedures, requests can be based on the patent being partially invalid. The patentee is afforded an opportunity to amend the patent, and the patent office may potentially decide that a patent can be maintained in amended form if revocation in full does not succeed.
The courts may allow the patentee to amend the patent claims during a lawsuit. However, the Norwegian courts have been very reluctant to overrule decisions from the Norwegian IP Office, though there have been exceptions.
Patent duration
How is the duration of patent protection determined?
The patent term is 20 years from the date of filing. A supplementary protection certificate may be granted upon request, and enters into force after the patent on which it is based has expired, to give up to a five-year extension to the term for protection for human or veterinary medicaments and plant protection products.
Updates and trends
Norway entered the European Patent Convention in 2008. This means that there are now several routes to obtaining a patent in Norway:
- by a direct Norwegian national filing;
- by entry of a PCT application into Norway; or
- by fling a European patent application at the European Patent Office, which upon grant is validated in Norway. Any such application can be filed claiming priority under the Paris Convention.
In 2015, Norway entered the London Agreement concerning the translation requirements applicable to European patents. As a result, if a European patent is granted in English, only the claims of the patent have to be translated into Norwegian in order to validate the patent in Norway, thus providing potential cost savings for patentees. For European patents granted in German or French, a translation of the full patent text into Norwegian is still required.
In mid-December 2018, the Norwegian IP Office reported a reduction of 21.5 per cent in the total number of direct Norwegian national patent filings and PCT applications entering Norway, compared to the same period in 2017. The total number of direct Norwegian filings and PCT applications entering Norway is estimated to barely exceed 1,600. The reason for this steep decline remains to be found, but historically the number of patent filings in Norway has been shown to be inversely proportional to the price of oil and gas. Between 2015 and 2017, when the price of oil was relatively low, there was a steady increase in the number of patent filings, while in 2018, when the price of oil increased quite significantly, an opposite effect in the number of patent filings was observed. The number of European patents validated in Norway is increasing steadily and was estimated to exceed 7,000 in 2018.
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PO Box 171
Norway T: +47 51 60 51 51
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Kluge was established in 1923 and has in recent years grown to approximately 120 lawyers in offices in the three major Norwegian business centres of Stavanger, Oslo and Bergen. The firm provides services in all areas of commercial law as well as employment, construction and public law.
View more information about Kluge Advokatfirma
StavangerLaberget 24, Hinna Park
PO Box 277
Norway T: +47 990 21 930
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After watching the top three speeches from last night I have no doubts that I voted for the best candidate at my caucus.
Marco Rubio took advantage of his 3rd place win in Iowa. And he congratulated Ted Cruz on his victory. Rubio did talk more on the issues and still looked forward to future wins and the White House.
Donald Trump didn't speak on the issues but did thank the people of Iowa on taking 2nd place in the caucus. Donald also thanked his good friend and fellow candidate Mike Huckabee, who dropped out of the race. Donald also congratulated Ted Cruz on his victory and was looking forward to future wins in New Hampshire and South Carolina.
By stark contrast, Ted Cruz talked endlessly about himself. Never mentioning his opponents who came in just 4 and 5 points behind him. And he took the win in Iowa as if it was a definitive landslide victory. He repeatedly called again for a coalescing of the Republican Party behind him. Again this is too early in the game for such a play by Ted or anyone. The party is not ready yet to move in that direction after just one contest. So if Ted wins in New Hampshire and South Carolina, then that talk is warranted. Otherwise waiting until the SuperTuesday results is the best time to determine who should coalesce and with whom.
Ted did thank the people of Iowa for his win. He also thank Congressman Steve King, Bob Vander Plaats of The Family Leader, who happens to be his National Co-Chair. And Steve Deace.
It's ironic on how Ted Cruz calls for a coalescing of the Republican Party so early in the 2016 election cycle. When, in the Senate, he can't get his own party to side with him on many issues. And none of his fellow Senators have endorsed him either … that should be a sign of how he will lead this country.
The media is just being stupid at the results of the Iowa caucus. They seem surprised. They seem confused by the results vs the polls. But they are very similar. Trump and Cruz have both polled well in Iowa. Both have held the lead in those polls. And Rubio surged ahead after the last debate before the caucus. So it comes as no surprise to me that Cruz, Trump, and Rubio took the top three spots. And they only have 5 percentage points spread between them. Hardly a clear victory for anyone.
But let's look at some fun facts. Since 1972 three Democrats who won in Iowa moved on to become the nominee and win the White House. And two of those were Barack Obama.
On the Republican side it's also been three who have won Iowa and became the nominee to win the White House. And in two of these, the Republican ran unopposed.
So congratulations on Ted Cruz's win here in Iowa. If history is any lesson for us, he will not become the nominee or win the White House. But his camp can gloat in their victory and have their false sense of security while another candidate takes the nomination and the White House for the Republican Party.


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How do OODBMS and ORDBMS Differ from RDBMS? 02/10/2020
Get a high-level understanding of how object-relational and object-oriented database management systems differ from traditional relational database management systems.
A Quick Look at SQL Server Numeric Functions 12/19/2019
If you are wanting to manipulate numeric data with mathematically, then you will wan tot read on to get an overview of the core SQL numeric functions
A Beginner's Guide to SQL String Functions 11/21/2019
Get an introduction to many of the many ways you can manipulate and interact with strings using SQL. Read on for more!
Database Tools and Extensions for Visual Studio 2019 09/23/2019
In this article, you will explore tools and extensions that can be used with Visual Studio 2019 to improve your database experience irrespective of what database you use.
Polling and Survey Data Transparency 07/01/2019
Polls and surveys are increasing in use. If you are a DBA, developer, or data scientist, then it is good to understand how to structure your systems for transparency and proper use.
Ten SQL Commands You Should Be Using 06/03/2019
Most developers, regardless of their skill level would know the commands for the basic CRUD (Create, Read , Update, Delete) operations in SQL These include the Create, Update, Insert, and Delete commands. From this article you will be presented with ten other SQL commands that you really should be using, that you might not be as familiar with. Read on...
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Some of the products that appear on this site are from companies from which QuinStreet receives compensation. This compensation may impact how and where products appear on this site including, for example, the order in which they appear. QuinStreet does not include all companies or all types of products available in the marketplace.


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Real knowledge is to know the extent of one's ignorance
We work on a lot of digital projects - many for our clients and some for ourselves. We regularly face new challenges and changes in technology that, once surmounted, pave the path to new creations, solutions, and deeper understanding. Our blog is our outlet for sharing some of that knowledge. Fuelled by curiosity, a desire to understand and – where possible – answer some of the problems we and our clients face.
Why NGO's, Charities and Third sector organisations need to wake up and embrace open data
'Open data' is a term thrown about in many circles, from the mainstream media to academia to government departments. But what is it all about? And what relevance does it have to NGO's, charities & third sector organisations, often hard pressed for time & resources?
The problem with design briefs
A well-written design brief is the cornerstone of any design project, and yet it can be surprisingly difficult to write one that actually helps the designer.
5 reasons why your digital agency should be in charge of your brand
Your print agency might traditionally have been your first port of call when wanting to develop your brand, but everything changes with your brand existing in the digital age.
If your UX is killing innovation, you are doing your UX wrong
I didn't see Espen Brunborg talk at this year's Reasons to conference, but my colleague Matt did - he came back to the studio and sent me a link to this screen in Brunborg's presentation, showing two conflicting sets of values that are attributed to 'good' design and it immediately made me think of the accusations that seems to becoming louder in our industry: that User Experience (UX) methodology is homogenising design and the use of conventions and patterns is knocking out innovation and creativity in web design.
UXBrighton portfolio clinic follow up
A run down of common questions that we were asked at the recent UXBrighton portfolio clinic
Raspberry Pi: what is it and why do i need one?
The Raspberry Pi is a credit card sized computer which has taken the technical world by storm. Originally developed to encourage children and schools to get into programming - the cheap device has been picked up by the development...
Whilst the navigation on a website might be taken for granted, a well thought out use of navigation can really enhance the user's experience and journey through your website.
4 simple steps to defining your elevator pitch
The importance of a well defined elevator pitch is critical to helping you to communicate your USP's, however this can be (for some companies) a tricky one to define.
4 new year resolutions for your website
So a new year is upon us, and as a website owner you have the opportunity to make a few new year resolutions for your website.
If web designers built houses
As a web design agency we may have become accustomed to some industry practices, but if we translated this to other industries it would be ridiculous.


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When it comes to barbed wire, people often think of special scenes such as battlefields, prisons, and borders. Indeed, once invented, barbed wire was widely used in military and defense projects; today, in peacetime, barbed wire is also widely used.
Barbed wire type
Barbed wire is divided into production process according to the production process: braided type, spot welded type, cut type, stamped type, wrap type, twisted type, anchor type and so on.
The wire mesh has further developed and expanded. With today's many types, such as: fence mesh, protective net, double twist barbed wire, crimped wire mesh, woven mesh, chain link fence, Dutch net, welded wire mesh, steel welded mesh, wire welded wire mesh, wire crimped wire mesh, wire fence, mesh and so on.
Barbed wire related products. Barbed wire for flood control and flood control: stone cage net, gabion net, wall cleaning net, lead wire cage, honeycomb grid, ecological grid, ecological net cage, pavement reinforced net, port engineering net, retaining wall, green grid, heavy Hexagonal net. Barbed wire for traffic safety protection: highway fence network, highway fence network, airport fence network, railway fence network, bridge fence network, factory fence, stadium fence, workshop warehouse fence, construction site fence network, community fence network. Barbed wire for breeding and planting: Dutch net, chain link net, diamond net. Barbed wire for coal mine: underground metal mesh, coal mine warp and weft net, coal mine net, coal mine safety net, coal mine support net, coal mine safety support net, mine net, mine wire mesh, coal mine wire mesh, coal mine woven wire mesh, coal mine flat weaving net.
Razor Barbed Wire
The welded wire mesh is made of high-quality Q195 low-carbon steel wire, and then cold-plated, hot-plated, PVC-coated and other surface passivation, plasticizing treatment, mesh surface smoothing, uniform mesh, and firm solder joints. Grid-like wire mesh products with good local machining performance, stability, corrosion resistance and corrosion resistance. After the welding mesh is formed, the product is galvanized, and the product is made of high-quality galvanized barbed wire through precise automated mechanical welding. It has the characteristics of firm solder joint, reasonable structure and uniform mesh. The mesh surface is flat, the structure is firm, the integrity is strong, and it has strong corrosion resistance. It can also be used for the special mesh of floor heating in the construction industry. Many areas are widely used.
When it comes to barbed wire, people usually think of battlefields, prisons, high walls with invisible heads and barbed wire, border lines and other terrible charged wire mesh. You may remember the Schindler list, Auschwitz concentration camp, Zhazidong concentration camp, this When the barbed wire is a tool of terror and restraint freedom. Indeed, in history, barbed wire was widely used in military and defense projects; in the peaceful years, barbed wire is not only used in machinery, electronics, pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals, glass, food drying, plastics, papermaking, fiber, CRT, etc. Various industries, and barbed wire are also widely used in all aspects of agriculture and life. Recently, wire mesh has been applied to rock planting. On the rocky slope, a new technology of using barbed wire spray to plant grass is adopted to achieve slope protection, and at the same time it has the effect of beautifying the environment.
At present, the use of wire mesh: mostly used in coal mountain, mining, construction, animal enclosure, glass factory, petroleum, hardware products, petrochemical, construction machinery, protective net, barbecue net, craft net, food machinery net, cookware net, wall The body net can also be used for the classification and screening of solid materials, the filtration of liquids and muds, and the like. Weaving and characteristics: first rolling and then knitting, two-way wave bending, tight bending, flat top bending, two-way bending, one-way wave bending, firm structure.
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