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OpenCL 1.2 is the latest stable OpenCL release with available drivers for both CPU and GPU support. It is an interesting and useful enhancement to OpenCL 1.1 that adds several useful features some of which are available extensions to earlier OpenCL versions. In this article, I cover the addition of the simplest debug tool ever, which makes it easier to debug OpenCL kernels, and the new "device fission," which enables you to partition a single compute device into many subdevices.
The Simplest Debug Tool: printf
OpenCL 1.2 includes a built-in
printf function to the OpenCL C programming language. In previous OpenCL versions, only a few specific vendors provided an equivalent function through an extension, such as the
cl_intel_printf extension found in the Intel drivers. The built-in
printf function is very similar to the
printf defined in the C99 standard, but there are differences that you should review by checking the documentation. For example, OpenCL C
printf returns
0 for a successful execution and
-1 otherwise, while C99
printf returns the number of printed characters for a successful execution. At the time of writing, it was possible to use
printf with OpenCL 1.2 drivers for CPU targets and also for AMD GPUs.
printf function buffers output until the kernel execution completes, then transfers the output back to the host. Thus, you have to be extremely careful to send text to the standard output when adding calls to
printf in your kernels. As you might guess, the call to this function within a massively parallel execution has undesirable side effects, including a big impact on performance and memory usage. You should use
printf only for specific debugging purposes on reduced data sets and then remove calls to this function when you want to execute the kernels on the entire data set.
The following lines show the code for a very simple OpenCL kernel that computes the product of a matrix and a vector:
__kernel void matrix_dot_vector(__global const float4 *matrix, __global const float4 *vector, __global float *result) { int gid = get_global_id(0); result[gid] = dot(matrix[gid], vector[0]); }
You can add the following line after the assignment to
result[gid] to write data about the generated result index and value to the standard output:
printf("result[%d] %f \n", gid, result[i]);
This way, you can easily gather data from the kernel with a function that is familiar.
Working with Device Fission
One of the classic problems that arises when you target CPUs with OpenCL is that the execution of a kernel uses all the available cores and doesn't leave any core free to execute other processes. The
cl_ext_device_fission extension provides an interface for subdividing an OpenCL device into multiple subdevices. OpenCL 1.2 has incorporated device fission in the specification, and all the functions that assigned work to devices now accept subdevices.
With the use of device fission, you can control which of the available compute units you want the OpenCL runtime to use in order to execute kernels. For example, if you have an eight-core CPU, you can use device fission to create a subdevice with six cores and leave two cores for the operating system tasks and other processes that require CPU usage. As a developer, device fission is extremely useful because you can continue working with your IDE and other development tools while executing OpenCL kernels that target the CPU.
You can also create sets composed of one or more subdevices with their own command queue. With this feature, you can use device fission to control the queues and dispatch work to each set. The feature is useful when you have algorithms that benefit from distributing work among many sets of subdevices. You have a lot of different possibilities for partitioning tasks and work with advanced task parallelism scenarios.
Obviously, the use of device fission requires that you have a good understanding of the details of the underlying hardware. When you create subdevices and dispatch work to them, you must consider many things that might affect performance (if you're writing OpenCL kernels, it means you want to achieve the best performance). If you don't take into account the shared resources for different subdevices, such as a shared cache memory or Non-Uniform Memory Access (NUMA) nodes, you will lose performance. Luckily, device fission in OpenCL 1.2 provides many predefined partitioning types and options that make it easy to specify the ways in which you want to split a device, and many of them allow you to consider the affinity of the compute units to share levels of cache hierarchy or a NUMA node. These predefined partitioning types and options allow you to make an efficient use of shared hardware resources when generating subdevices.
Device fission allows you to partition subdevices. Thus, once you create subdevices, they can be furthered partitioned by creating new subdevices. The relationships of the different subdevices form a tree in which the subdevices have a parent device or subdevice. It is possible to use different partition types and options each time you request OpenCL to split the device or subdevices. For example, you can partition the CPU devices by affinity, then partition one of those subdevices equally into eight subdevices. Obviously, the root device doesn't have a parent.
When you work with device fission for CPUs, you need to take into account that each compute unit is equivalent to a logical core or a hardware thread. So, when you work with Intel CPUs with Hyper-Threading technology enabled, two logical cores or hardware threads share one physical core.
clGetDeviceInfo function has new associated device property IDs to retrieve information that allows you to plan the partitioning scheme to create subdevices. Before creating subdevices, you can retrieve the following information using the specified device property IDs:
- The maximum number of subdevices that you can create for a device:
CL_DEVICE_PARTITION_MAX_SUB_DEVICES. For example, if a CPU has eight logical cores, the value will be 8.
- The partition types that the device supports:
CL_DEVICE_PARTITION_PROPERTIES. I'll dive deep on partition types later.
- The affinity domains for partitioning the device that the device supports:
CL_DEVICE_PARTITION_AFFINITY_DOMAIN. When you specify a partitioning by affinity domain, you can use any of the affinity domains included in the returned list of supported values.
You can determine whether both the OpenCL implementation and the device support device fission by checking the maximum number of subdevices that you can create for a device (
CL_DEVICE_PARTITION_MAX_SUB_DEVICES). Once you are sure that you can create subdevices, you can check the supported partition types and the affinity domains in cases where you want to work with partitioning by affinity domain. With all this information, you can write code that can take into account different hardware architectures and use different partitioning schemes based on the information gathered from the different
clGetDeviceInfo calls.
After you make the call
clGetDeviceIDs and the necessary calls to
clGetDeviceInfo for the selected device, you can start creating the subdevices with calls to the new
clCreateSubDevices function. Note that you must create the subdevices before you create the OpenCL context. OpenCL 1.2 devices and subdevices have retain (
clRetainDevice) and release (
clReleaseDevice) functions that allow you to increment and decrement the reference count as is done on other OpenCL objects.
The following lines show the C declaration of the
clCreateSubDevices function:
cl_int clCreateSubDevices(cl_device_id in_device, const cl_device_partition_property *properties, cl_uint num_devices, cl_device_id out_devices, cl_uint *num_devices_ret);
The function requires the following arguments:
in_device: Indicates the ID of the device (
cl_device_id) that you want to split into subdevices.
properties: Provides a property list that starts with the desired partition type and then provides additional values required by the selected partition type. The last value of the property list that indicates the end of the properties list must be
0). As I explained before, in order to have a successful subdevices creation, you need to make sure that the partition type specified in this property list is supported by the device by making calls to
num_devices: Specifies the size of the
out_devices: Provides a buffer for the generated subdevices with a number of elements specified by
num_devices_ret: Returns the number of subdevices that the device may be partitioned into considering the partition type and the other values specified in the property list (

subset: commoncrawl


text:
MAP: Great Lakes
SETTINGS: Automatic, Sequential, Escalating, Chained, No Special Gameplay, 30 round limit
SCORING: All scoring is individual. For team games, each team member will get the same amount of points.
For singles games, the winner will get 8 points, down to the last person who gets one points.
For doubles, first place gets 7, second place gets 5, third place gets 3 and last place gets one
For trips and quads, the winners get 5, losers get 0.
In the event of a tie, all tied players for first place will play in a one game playoff on Great Lakes, same settings.
So, whos in?
Player List
- 1. crazy4catnip
2. white buffalo
3. fakyras
4. whydelilah
5. wendall2000
6. rmjw10
7. general bax
8. babagonosh
9. mikalf
10. elonpuckhog
11. magneto_acolyte
12. stinkfish
13. vclubb
14. sparkyball
15. spirou
16. rode orm
17. schiballs
18. neanderpaul14
19. randy pierce
20. d-rock42
21. lordlau1
22. hook2
23. bluu
24. already1328


text: Friday, November 16, 2012 Registration Now Open for Innovation Summit APTA members are invited to participate in the association's groundbreaking event, Innovation Summit: Collaborative Care Models. Join our live-streamed presentation on March 8 to watch your colleagues, physicians, large health systems, and policy makers as they explore the role of physical therapy in current and emerging integrated models of care. The Innovation Summit offers a rare opportunity for leaders in health care who are participating in and at the decision-making helm of these models to gather for a series of discussions about models of care such as ACOs, medical homes, and bundled payment, and the role of physical therapy, with the goal of developing strategies for bolstering the involvement of physical therapists in these models. Register today to be a virtual attendee for this very special event. Your participation makes you eligible for 1.0 CEU. Learn more about how the Innovation Summit can benefit you.


text:
Direct Cremation Callington without funeral
Low Cost Funeral Ltd is a national provider of direct cremation services across England, Scotland and Wales only. We're proud to offer the lowest cost direct cremations in Callington and the surrounding area, where a growing number of people are looking for ways to say goodbye to their loved ones in as practical, private and affordable a way as possible.
What is a direct cremation?
This option is an unattended cremation without a funeral. It is proving popular because it gives you the freedom to spend the money you would otherwise have spent on a funeral to celebrate the life of your loved one exactly as you wish. Practical, affordable and more private than a traditional service, Direct Cremations are being chosen by more and more bereaved families across Callington.
Choosing a cremation without service means lower costs
A direct cremation with no service is the simplest and most affordable funeral option available to people in Callington. Dealing directly with the crematoria removes a large part of the costs associated with a traditional funeral and those savings can then be passed back to you.
Our direct cremations are available anywhere in England, Scotland and Wales only with a fixed cost of £950. This makes it the most affordable cremation option within the UK and one supported by the Good Funeral Guide.
What will you get
- Direct cremation Callington without funeral service undertaken at a licensed Memoria Crematorium
- Collection of the deceased
- Provision of a simple wooden coffin with brass handles
- Fixed price as published
- Cremated remains can either be collected from the crematorium by yourself or hand delivered by us within 28 days and completely free of charge


text:
After a weekend that generated skepticism about a possible deal to avert the 'fiscal cliff,' House Republicans presented a plan that includes $800 billion in new taxes, which is half of what the White House asked for. NBC's Chuck Todd reports.
Updated 4:50 p.m. ET -- Republicans offered up their own proposal to avert the impending "fiscal cliff" on Monday amid Democratic demands that the GOP match the Obama administration's plan with one of their own.
In a letter to President Barack Obama, House Republican leaders outlined the contours of a deal they said would achieve a net savings of $2.2 trillion. The plan, which is based on fiscal commission Democratic co-chairman Erskine Bowles's proposal to the super committee, would achieve these savings through revenue from tax reforms, health savings and discretionary spending cuts.
Recommended: Income tax rates just one piece of Obama proposal
"Going over the cliff will hurt our economy and hurt job creation in our country. It's one of the reasons the day after the election I offered a concession to try and speed this process up. Unfortunately, the White House responded with their 'La-La-Land' offer that couldn't pass the House or Senate and was basically the president's budget from last February," House Speaker John Boehner told reporters on Capitol Hill at a briefing detailing the plan.
Alex Wong / Getty Images
Speaker John Boehner speaks during a news conference, Nov. 30, 2012, on Capitol Hill.
"We could have responded in kind, but we decided not to do that. What we're putting forth is a credible plan that deserves serious consideration by the White House and I would hope that they would respond in a timely and responsible way," the Ohio Republican added.
Dan Pfeiffer, the White House communications director, said the plan "does not meet the test of balance."
"Their plan includes nothing new and provides no details on which deductions they would eliminate, which loopholes they will close or which Medicare savings they would achieve," he said. "While the president is willing to compromise to get a significant, balanced deal and believes that compromise is readily available to Congress, he is not willing to compromise on the principles of fairness and balance that include asking the wealthiest to pay higher rates ... Until the Republicans in Congress are willing to get serious about asking the wealthiest to pay slightly higher tax rates, we won't be able to achieve a significant, balanced approach to reduce our deficit our nation needs."
The counter-offer coincides with Democratic demands that Republicans produce their own proposal to match the deal offered last week by the administration. That plan, presented to Republicans by Treasury Secretary Tim Geithner, called for $1.6 trillion in new revenues, savings from entitlement programs and new spending on unemployment insurance and investment projects. GOP leaders rejected the plan out-of-hand.
Still, the GOP proposal on Monday appears to move no further toward compromise on Obama's central demand that tax rates be allowed to increase on the wealthiest Americans. While Republicans have agreed in principle that richer Americans can shoulder a greater share of the tax burden, they insist this must be achieved through ending loopholes and deductions, rather than raising rates.
The Republican plan, which is also backed by Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell, R-Ky., achieves its $2.2 trillion in several steps.
rep. Sander Levin, D-Mich., talks about the key points in President Barack Obama's fiscal cliff negotiation that are making Republicans wary.
As Republicans put it, they would raise $800 billion in new revenue through tax reform, $600 billion in health savings, $200 billion from changes to the Consumer Price Index, $300 billion in discretionary spending cuts, and another $300 billion in savings in mandatory spending. Many of the health savings track closely with the changes to Medicare first proposed in Wisconsin Rep. Paul Ryan's budgets.
Republicans say the plan, using the Obama administration's math, would achieve $4.6 trillion in savings.
It's unclear, though, whether the Republican plan would move toward ending the stalemate around the fiscal cliff negotiations, with less than a month remaining until the automatic tax hikes and spending cuts are scheduled to snap into place on Jan. 1.
Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid, D-Nev., pummeled his GOP colleagues earlier Monday afternoon, arguing that their failure to produce a counter-offer would only exacerbate the situation.
The new GOP plan reflects the posturing that has come to characterize these negotiations, separated just a month from an election which awarded Obama a second term and which kept Republicans in control of the House and Democrats in control of the Senate.
Also on Monday, the president continued his messaging offensive on Monday with a glossy campaign-style video highlighting the cost to families if the 2001 Bush-era tax cuts were allowed to expire at the end of this month. (Obama has argued they should be extended for all but the wealthiest 2 percent of U.S. households.)
Benjamin Myers / Reuters
Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner arrives at Capitol Building before a meeting with House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi in Washington, D.C., Nov. 29, 2012.
The president also took to Twitter to make the case for his own plan, answering questioners who used the informal 140-character medium to ask about the fiscal cliff negotiations.
Asked by one participant why he insists on increasing rates on the top 2 percent of earners rather than limiting deductions in order to raise revenues, the president replied that capping deductions alone would not raise adequate revenue.
"Not enough revenue, unless you end charitable deductions, etc. [L]ess revenue=more cuts in education," he wrote.
The president also dismissed the GOP notion that lower taxes for the very wealthy have a trickle-down effect in terms of new hires and a larger tax pool. "High end tax cuts do least for economic growth & cost almost $1T," he wrote. "Extending middle class cuts boosts consumer demand & growth"
Obama also argued that his administration cut spending by $1 trillion last year and that he is open to further "smart cuts" as long as they don't affect education or job growth.
NBC's Frank Thorp contributed to this report.


text:
East Horrington Dating
Meeting singles from East Horrington, Somerset has never been easier. Welcome to the simplest online dating site to date, flirt, or just chat with East Horrington singles. It's free to register, view photos, and send messages to single men and women in the East Horrington area!
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text:
Phone – 888.424.3336
Email – firstname.lastname@example.com
701 Tecumseh Road
Clinton, Michigan 49236
Certified organic wild mountain kuzu root, hand-cut, crushed, rinsed, soaked, repeatedly washed, and filtered in cold mountain spring water into a thick paste, and dried for 90 days. A strengthening, healthy starch for thickening sauces, gravies, soups, desserts, and more. A macrobiotic staple. Always dissolve it in a cold liquid before adding it to anything hot. Stir constantly when heating until the milky white becomes clear. Fat and sodium free.
Eden Organic Kuzu Root Starch is a versatile thickener that dissolves quickly in any cold liquid and has no perceptible taste. It is very low in calories and contains no fat. Kuzu binds more strongly than arrowroot. Unlike corn and potato starches (industrially processed) Eden Kuzu is handcrafted, natural, and uniquely nourishing.
Organically certified, wild roots are hand harvested from December to March when the sap gathers in the root, carried down from the mountains on backpacks and cleaned. Each root is hand-cut into chunks that are crushed into fibers, soaked and rinsed, creating a thick paste. The paste is repeatedly washed and filtered in cold mountain spring water until it becomes a pure white starch. The kuzu starch is then allowed to dry naturally for 90 days, crushed into small chunks and packed.
The kuzu Pueraia lobata plant is a prolific, tough, fibrous vine with heart-shaped leaves that was used as a food in China for more than 2,000 years, and praised in Japanese poetry and legend as a bracing health food and ideal thickener for over one thousand years. Its roots are among the largest in the world, ranging in length from three to seven feet and weighing between 200 to over 400 pounds. Traditionally the leaves, seeds, flowers and roots were used in making vegetable dishes, noodles, dumplings, beverages, desserts and pickles. The vines were used to weave baskets and in making clothing, fishing line, and paper.
In traditional Oriental medicine kuzu is valued as a digestive aid, to strengthen vitality, and fortify the body in cold weather. Recent studies have shown that Kuzu may reduce the cravings for alcohol and aid in recovery from alcohol addiction.
Eden Organic Kuzu Root Starch can be used to thicken soups and stews, sauces and gravies. Use it to prepare delicious vegetable dishes such as Lo Mein, Chow Mein, sweet and sour vegetables, and glazed vegetables. Great for puddings, pie fillings, custards, and many desserts. Try one of our favorites, Apple Cherry Pie, in the recipe section.
|Kuzu Root Starch, Organic - 11 lb
|Item Number
|Organic Wild Kuzu Root
|Case Quantity
|Package Size
|11 lb
|Package Size Metric
|5 kg
|UPC Code Each
|UPC Code Case
|Eligible for Flat Rate Shipping
|Sodium Free
|Yes, less than 5 mg per serving
|Fat Free
|Yes, less than 0.5 g per serving
|Gluten Free
|Wheat Free
|Non GMO


text:
Millstone in the Park of the Château Noir
Paul Cézanne, French, 1839 - 1906
Made in France, Europe
Oil on canvasDimensions:
28 3/4 x 36 3/8 inches (73 x 92.4 cm)Curatorial Department:
European Painting
1963-116-4Credit Line:
The Mr. and Mrs. Carroll S. Tyson, Jr., Collection, 1963
Made in France, Europe
Oil on canvasDimensions:
28 3/4 x 36 3/8 inches (73 x 92.4 cm)Curatorial Department:
European Painting
* Gallery 260, European Art 1850-1900, second floorAccession Number:
1963-116-4Credit Line:
The Mr. and Mrs. Carroll S. Tyson, Jr., Collection, 1963
Social Tagscezanne [x] chateau noir [x] forest [x] landscape 19c [x]
[Add Your Own Tags]
Explore the Collections
ProvenanceWith Ambroise Vollard, Paris; with Bernheim-Jeune, Paris; traded/sold to Auguste Pellerin (1852-1929), Paris, September 8, 1911, until d. 1929 [1]; his son Jean-Victor Pellerin, Paris, 1929, until at least 1939 [2]. Owned jointly by Alex Reid & Lefevre, London, and Wildenstein & Co., New York and London, by 1944 to 1947 (acquired from Pellerin?) [3]; sold to Carroll S. Tyson, Jr. (1878-1956), Philadelphia, May 31, 1947 [4]; bequest to PMA, 1963. 1. Information from Bernheim-Jeune archives, cited by John Rewald, The Paintings of Paul Cézanne: A Catalogue Raisonné, New York, 1996, no. 763, and p. 341. Pellerin acquired the painting from Bernheim-Jeune via trade (of another Cézanne) and purchase. At his death in 1929 he left 92 Cézannes to his son Jean-Victor and his daughter. 2. As the collection of Mr. and Mrs. Jean-Victor Pellerin, Paris in Albert C. Barnes, The Art of Cézanne, 1939, p. 419, no. 165. Pellerin exhibited the painting in 1939 at Wildenstein & Co., London. His family consigned other Cézanne paintings to Wildenstein around 1939 and therefore may have consigned this one as well. 3. According to Lefevre Fine Art (letter of Feb. 26, 2004 in curatorial file), their records indicate that they owned the painting together with Wildenstein, but they have no further information. Illustrated in Jan Gordon, "Commonsense and Contemporary Art," The Studio, January 1944, p. 4, courtesy of Alex. Reid and Lefevre. Cited by John Rewald, "As Cézanne Recreated Nature," Art News, Feb. 15-29, 1944, p. 12, as "collection of Wildenstein & Co." Lent by Wildenstein to their New York exhibition, "A Loan Exhibition of Cézanne for the Benefit of the New York Infirmary," March 27-April 26, 1947, no. 62. 5. Copy of dated receipt from Wildenstein to Tyson in curatorial file.
* Works in the collection are moved off view for many different reasons. Although gallery locations on the website are updated regularly, there is no guarantee that this object will be on display on the day of your visit.


text:
Baguette Ring | Green Amethyst
A simple and elegant baguette of Green Amethyst set on a fine, round profile band. Cool summer sea tones for every day. Our Green Amethyst is natural and untreated. It is custom cut, and sourced from Brazil.
Materials & Dimensions
Created in 9ct Yellow Gold, Rose Gold or Sterling Silver.
Stone: 7 x 3mm baguette cut Green Amethyst.
Band: approx. 1mm.
Handmade in our Avalon studio, Sydney.
Please note all Natalie Marie pieces are handmade to order. Please allow approximately 3-5 weeks for production of this piece.
4 instalments of $62.00 AUD with More info
Production and Delivery
Please note all natalie marie pieces are handmade to order. Please allow for production. Please note, production times are approximate and are subject to change or delay. If you need your piece by a particular date, please make us aware prior to ordering. Please note, shipping timeframes do not include production time.
Domestic parcels are sent via Australia Post eParcel which arrives within 1-3 business days. You will be notified of your parcels progress via Australia Post tracking once it's lodged.
Postage and handling is $15.
*Please note, the customer is responsible for any customs or import charges that may be implied by the recipient country or state, this varies depending on location and the final value of the package.
International packages for purchases under $1000 are sent via Australia post pack and track (Canada excluded). This can take between 3-20 business days depending on location and any customs delays. If you require your piece by a particular date, or if your order is required urgently, we do not recommend this service. Packages can be tracked via Australia post once lodged, and then by your local postal service once landed in the recipient country.
Regular international postage is $25.
International packages for purchases over $1000, but less than $2000 or pieces that are urgently required, are sent via DHL. Packages are fully trackable via the DHL website. Transit takes between 3-7 days depending on location and any customs delays.
Express international postage is $50-75 dependent on location.
International packages for purchases over $3000, or pieces that are very urgently required, are sent via fedex. Packages are fully trackable via the fedex website. Transit takes between 2-5 days depending on location and any customs delays.
Priority international shipping is $150
The NMJ team are taking a short break over the Christmas holidays, with the Head Office and the Studio closing from the 23rd Dec - 2nd Jan.
Any orders placed during this time will be processed on the 2nd Jan and extended production times will apply.
Our showroom will be open on the 23rd, 24th, 28th, 30th and 31st Dec so for any urgent enquiries please visit or call the studio on (02) 9443 2426 on one of these days."
Is there someone special we can send a well-timed hint to?
Your well-timed hint has been sent. If you selected to receive a copy you will also receive the hint.


text:
Management development in Denmark
|Management development in Denmark
|policy and practice viewed from the perspective of managers
|Leth, Camilla; Hjalager, Anne-Mette; Holt Larsten, Henrik
|This report contains the major results from a study of management development in Danish organizations. The study is part of a European research project with participation of Denmark, the U.K, France, Norway, Rumania, Spain, and Germany. The project is part of the so-called Leonardo program the purpose of which is to further cross-country competence development and collaboration within the European educational sector. The first phase of the project is a quantitative interview study of one hundred organizations in each of the participating countries. The second phase consists in qualitative case studies in selected organizations in each of the countries. In Denmark one hundred and one organizations have participated in the study. Identical questionnaires and interviews are conducted in all of the mentioned countries and the huge amount of data is analyzed in each country and across countries. The findings will be published in books, journals and newspaper articles. Hopefully the findings of the large European project will thus affect the way in which educational institutions and organizations manage the "Europeanization" of management development. The present report solely describes significant findings from the questionnaire study conducted in Denmark. Two hundred and two managers have participated, that is two from each organization. We thank the contributing organizations without which it would not have been possible to generate this picture of management development in Danish organizations. The Department of Organization and Industrial Sociology at the Copenhagen Business School is the Danish partner in the project. The project has been conducted by Camilla Leth in collaboration with Ilse Kristensen, Mette Gundersen and Lea Green under the supervision of Henrik Holt Larsen. Anne-Mette Hjalager has contributed to the preparation of the report.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons License.
|dokument 30.pdf


text:
When the Bears suffer one or two key injuries, people give up and talk about getting a higher draft pick (just listen to WSCR this week after Jay Cutler and Lance Briggs went down). When the Packers get ravaged by injuries, they either win the Super Bowl (2010) or see their prospects look even brighter (now).
Packer fans in semi-despair after a 1-2 start are practically giddy now. Most of that is because two weaknesses are suddenly strengths: the running game and a defense that has held its last three foes to 9, 17 and 13 points and moved up to tied for fourth in the NFL in fewest points allowed. The other is Green Bay's competition has fallen apart; Minnesota is awful, Chicago is leaderless on offense and defense without Cutler and Briggs and the Lions can always be counted on to do something stupid at the worst possible time.
Injury silver lining
Jay Cutler's injury, as long as he returns in a few weeks, could serve as a long-term positive. A week ago, Josh McCown looked better than Cutler, but Caleb Hanie did that for one half against the Packers in the 2010 NFC title game. Let's see what McCown does for three or four games. If he's good enough, maybe he'll bring down Cutler's free-agent price, or even show the Bears they can afford to let Cutler go. Deciding if Cutler is worth $100 million or so is Chicago's biggest question. There's two ways to do that: See what the Bears do with Cutler, and what they do without him.
Plate discipline
Theo Epstein and Rick Hahn should make all Cubs and White Sox players watch this World Series. The Red Sox are notorious for working the count and not chasing bad pitches, but the Cardinals excel at that, too. Boston and St. Louis ranked No. 1 and No. 3 in on-base percentage this year, while the White Sox and Cubs were 27th and 28th. The Red Sox and Cardinals are amazing at laying off of two-strike pitches that aren't strikes. The Cubs and White Sox need to learn to do the same.
Bear-Packer flip
The Bears, who have played one more game, have scored 45 more points than Green Bay and allowed 79 more. This could be only the second time since 1992 (when Brett Favre took over for Don Majkowski) that Chicago has outscored Green Bay. If that's not weird enough, Tom Brady and the Patriots are 17th in points scored but fourth in points allowed.
Matt Trowbridge: 815-987-1383; firstname.lastname@example.com; @matttrowbridge


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⌚ An Introduction to the Creative Essay on the Topic of the Truth
Academy of American Poets Born in 1806 at Coxhoe Hall, Durham, England, Elizabeth Barrett Browning was an English poet of the Romantic Movement. The oldest of twelve children, Elizabeth was the first in her family born in England in over two hundred years. For centuries, the Barrett family, who were part Creole, had lived in Jamaica, where they owned Help with accounting homework justice plantations and relied on slave labor. Elizabeth's father, Edward Barrett Moulton Barrett, chose to raise his family in England, while his fortune grew in Jamaica. Educated at home, Elizabeth apparently had read passages from Paradise Lost and a number of Shakespearean plays, among other great works, before the age of ten. By her twelfth year, she had written her first "epic" poem, which consisted of four books of rhyming couplets. Two years later, Elizabeth developed a lung ailment that plagued her for the rest of her life. Doctors began treating her with morphine, which she would take until her death. While saddling a pony when she was fifteen, Elizabeth also suffered a spinal injury. Despite her ailments, her education continued to flourish. Throughout her teenage years, Elizabeth taught herself Hebrew so that she could read the Old Testament; her interests later turned to Greek studies. Accompanying her An Introduction to the Creative Essay on the Topic of the Truth for the classics was a passionate enthusiasm for her Christian faith. She became active in the Bible and Missionary Societies of her church. In 1826, Elizabeth anonymously published her collection An Essay on Mind and An Introduction to the Creative Essay on the Topic of the Truth Poems. Two years An Introduction to the Creative Essay on the Topic of the Truth, her mother passed away. The slow abolition of slavery in England and mismanagement of the plantations depleted the Barretts's income, and in 1832, Elizabeth's father sold his rural estate at a An Introduction to the Creative Essay on the Topic of the Truth auction. He moved his family to a coastal town and rented cottages for the next three years, before settling permanently in London. While living on the sea coast, Elizabeth published her translation of Prometheus Bound (1833), by the Greek dramatist Aeschylus. Gaining attention for her work in the 1830s, Elizabeth continued to live in her father's London house under his tyrannical rule. He began sending Elizabeth's younger siblings to Jamaica to help with the family's estates. Elizabeth bitterly opposed slavery and did not want her siblings sent away. During pollution essay writing xml alexa time, she wrote The Seraphim and Other Poems How to Write Using Chicago Style, expressing Christian sentiments in the form of classical Greek tragedy. Due to her weakening disposition, she was forced to spend a year at the sea of Torquay accompanied by her brother Edward, whom buy essay online cheap summary of latex allergy referred to as "Bro." He drowned later that year while sailing at Torquay, and Browning returned home An Introduction to the Creative Essay on the Topic of the Truth broken, becoming an invalid and a recluse. She spent the next five years in her bedroom at her father's home. She continued writing, however, and in 1844 produced a collection entitled simply Poems. This volume gained the attention of poet Robert Browning, whose work Elizabeth had praised in one of her poems, and he wrote her a letter. Elizabeth and Robert, who was six years her junior, exchanged 574 letters over the next twenty months. Immortalized in 1930 in the play The Barretts of Wimpole Streetby Rudolf Besier (1878-1942), their romance was bitterly opposed hindi writing language for nokia c5-00 her An Introduction to the Creative Essay on the Topic of the Truth, who did not want any of his children to marry. In 1846, the couple eloped and settled creative writing units youngs modulus Florence, Italy, where Elizabeth's health improved and she bore a son, Robert Wideman Browning. What a conclusion in a essay father never spoke to her again. Elizabeth's Sonnets from the Portuguesededicated to her husband and written in secret before her marriage, was published in 1850. Critics generally consider the Sonnets —one of the most widely known collections of love lyrics in English—to be her best work. Admirers have compared her imagery to Shakespeare and her use of the Italian form to Petrarch. Political and social themes embody Elizabeth's later work. She expressed her intense sympathy for the struggle for assignment vienna tv show schedule unification of Italy in Casa Guidi Grant writing jobs in houston (1848-1851) and Shaye baker facebook fishing report Before Congress (1860). In 1857 Browning published her verse novel Aurora Leighwhich portrays male domination of a woman. In An Introduction to the Creative Essay on the Topic of the Truth poetry how to write a critique paper on an article Durham University also addressed the oppression of the Italians by the University of duisburg essen daada, the child labor mines and mills of England, and slavery, among other social injustices. Although this An Introduction to the Creative Essay on the Topic of the Truth her popularity, Elizabeth was heard and recognized around Europe. Elizabeth Barrett Browning died in Florence on June 29, 1861. The Battle of Marathon: A Poem (1820) An Essay on Mind, with Other Poems (1826) Miscellaneous Poems (1833) The Seraphim and Other Poems (1838) Poems (1844) A Drama of Exile: and other Poems (1845) Poems: New Edition (1850) The Poems of Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1850) Sonnets from the Portuguese (1850) Casa Guidi Windows: A Poem (1851) Poems: Third Edition (1853) Two Poems (1854) Poems: Fourth Edition (1856) Aurora Leigh (1857) Napoleon III in Italy, and Other Poems (1860) Poems before Congress (1860) Last Poems (1862) The Complete Poetical Works of Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1900) Elizabeth Barrett Browning: Hitherto Unpublished Poems and Stories (1914) New Help cant do my essay human obedience by Robert and Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1914) "Queen Annelida and False Arcite;" "The Complaint of Annelida to False Arcite," (1841) A New Spirit of the Age (1844) "The Daughters of Pandarus" from the Odyssey (1846) The An Introduction to the Creative Essay on the Topic of the Truth Christian Poets and the English Poets (1863) Psyche Apocalyptè: A Lyrical Drama (1876) Letters of Elizabeth Barrett Browning Addressed to An Introduction to the Creative Essay on the Topic of the Truth Hengist Horne (1877) The Letters of Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1897) The Poet's Enchiridion (1914) Letters to Robert Browning and Other Correspondents by Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1916) Elizabeth Barrett Ki moon kim pohang university Letters to Her Sister, 1846-1859 (1929) Letters from Elizabeth Barrett to B. R. Haydon (1939) Twenty Unpublished Letters of Elizabeth Barrett to Hugh Stuart Boyd (1950) New Letters from Mrs. Browning to Isa Blagden (1951) The Unpublished Letters of Elizabeth Barrett Browning to Mary Russell Mitford (1954) Unpublished Letters of Elizabeth Barrett Browning to Hugh Stuart Boyd (1955) Letters college admission essay editing services 4 you the Brownings to George Barrett (1958) Diary by E. B. B.: The Unpublished Diary of Elizabeth Barrett Browning, 1831-1832 (1969) The Letters of Robert Browning and Elizabeth Barrett Browning, 1845-1846 (1969) Invisible Friends (1972) Elizabeth Barrett Browning's Letters to Mrs. David Ogilvy, 1849-1861 (1973)


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The following study, by the U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, is not only comprehensive, but will tell most people more than they ever wanted to know about sex crimes and the people who commit those crimes. We have done some editing to make the study fit the format of our pages, and to eliminate some surplusages.
by Lawrence A. Greenfeld
BJS Statistician | February 1997
In 1995 persons age 12 or older reported experiencing an estimated 260,300 attempted or completed rapes and nearly 95,000 threatened or completed sexual assaults other than rape.
* The number reported by victims age 12 or older in 1995 declined significantly from 1993:
1993 -- 1 violent sex offense for every 435 residents
1995 -- 1 violent sex offense for every 625 residents.
* In 1994 and 1995 a third of the victims said that the rape/sexual assault victimization was reported to a law enforcement agency.
The law enforcement response
In 1995 the number of forcible rapes reported to the police nationwide was 97,460, the lowest total since 1989.
* The highest rate of forcible rape recorded by law enforcement agencies since 1976 was in 1992--84 per 100,000 women, or about 1 forcible rape for every 1,200 women. By 1995 the rate had decreased over 14%.
* In 1995 law enforcement agencies reported that about half of all reported forcible rapes were cleared by an arrest--an estimated 34,650 arrests for forcible rape. There were 94,500 arrests for other sex offenses.
The per capita rate of arrest for forcible rape or sexual assault in 1995, 50.3 per 100,000 residents, was the same as that in 1983.
Federal statistical series obtaining data on arrested or convicted persons--Uniform Crime Reports, National Judicial Reporting Program, and National Corrections Reporting Program--show a remarkable similarity in the characteristics of those categorized as rapists: 99 in 100 are male, 6 in 10 are white, and the average age is the early thirties.
Pretrial release and adjudication of rape offenders
About half of rape defendants are released prior to trial.
Among those released, half had to post a financial bond.
The median bond amount was $23,500.
* About 1 in 20 filings for a violent felony in the 75 largest counties in 1992 was for rape.
* In 1992 an estimated 21,655 felony defendants nationwide were convicted of rape; 8 in 10 had pleaded guilty.
* Over two-thirds of convicted rape defendants received a prison sentence.
*For rape defendants sentenced to prison, the average term imposed was just under 14 years. About 2% of convicted rapists received life sentences.
Corrections and the convicted sex offender
On a given day about 234,000 offenders convicted of rape or sexual assault are under the care, custody, or control of corrections agencies. About 60% of these sex offenders are under conditional supervision in the community.
Rape and sexual assault offenders account for just under 5% of the total correctional population in the United States:
* Among 906,000 offenders confined in State prisons in 1994, 88,000, or 9.7%, were violent sex offenders.
* Since 1980 the average annual growth in the number of prisoners has been about 7.6%. The number of prisoners sentenced for violent sexual assault other than rape increased by an annual average of nearly 15%--faster than any other category of violent crime and faster than all other categories except drug trafficking.
* While the average sentence of convicted rapists released from State prisons has remained stable at about 10 years, the average time served has increased from about 3« years to about 5 years; for those released after serving time for sexual assault, the sentence has been a stable 6« years, and the average time served grew about 6 months to just under 3 years.
* Rapists and sexual assaulters serving time in State prisons were less likely to have had a prior conviction history or a history of violence than other incarcerated violent offenders, though they were substantially more likely to have had a history of convictions for violent sex offenses.
* Sexual assault offenders were substantially more likely than any other category of offenders to report having experienced physical or sexual abuse while growing up.
* Violent sex offenders were substantially less likely than other violent offenders to have committed their crime with a weapon; however, rapists were about as likely as all violent offenders to report having used a knife.
* In two 3-year BJS followups of samples of felons placed on probation and of felons released from prison, rapists had a lower rate of rearrest for a new violent felony than most other categories of offenders convicted of violence. Yet, rapists were more likely than others to be re-arrested for a new rape.
Sex offenses and murder
After the latter half of the 1980's, the percentage of all murders with known circumstances in which investigators identified rape or another sex offense as the principal circumstance of the murder has declined from about 2% of murders to less than 1%.
* Between 1976 and 1994 there were an estimated 405,089 murders in the United States. Of these, the circumstances surrounding the murder are known in 317,925, or 78.5%. Among the cases with known circumstances, an estimated 4,807, or 1.5%, were classified as involving rape or another sex offense.
* Offenders in sexual assault murders are about 6 years younger on average than other murderers. Youth under 18 have accountedfor about 10% of the sexual assault murders since 1976.
How the extent of sex offending is measured
Preliminary estimates for 1995 indicate that the public age 12 or older experienced 260,300 rapes and attempted rapes and nearly 95,000 other sexual assaults and threats of sexual assault.
(Note: In the National Crime Victimization Survey, rape is defined as forced sexual intercourse where the victim may be either male or female and the offender may be of the same sex or a different sex from the victim. Sexual assault includes a wide range of victimizations involving attacks in which unwanted sexual contact occurs between the victim and the offender. Threats and attempts to commit such offenses are included in the counts.)
The NCVS gathers information about crime and its consequences from a nationally representative sample of U.S. residents age 12 or older about any crimes they may have experienced--whether or not the crime was reported to a law enforcement agency.
The national sample of households, 50,000 households and more than 100,000 individual respondents, is the second largest ongoing household survey sponsored by the Federal Government.
* The nearly 355,000 rapes and sexual assaults reported by victims in the preliminary estimates for 1995 were significantly below the number of such offenses estimated for 1993 (figure 1).
In a comparison of the two years, the number of offenses experienced by victims is estimated to have dropped by a quarter and the per capita rate of rape and sexual assault to have dropped 30%. The 1993 rate translates into about 1 rape/sexual assault victimization for every 435 persons age 12 or older, and the 1995 preliminary rate equals 1 offense for every 625 residents at least 12 years old.
Figure 1. Estimated number of rape/sexual assault victimizations among residents age 12 or older and the number reported to law enforcement authorities, 1993-95
Number of victimizations
Year | Experienced | Reported to law enforcement
1993 485,000 140,000
1994 433,000 137,000
1995 355,000 113,000
* For both 1994 and 1995 the percentage of rape/sexual assault victimizations reported to a law enforcement agency was 32%.
The most common reason given by victims of rape/sexual assault for reporting the crime to the police was to prevent further crimes by the offender against them. The most common reason cited by the victim for not reporting the crime to the police was that it was considered a personal matter.
* In 1994 victims reported about 1 rape/sexual assault victimization of a female victim for every 270 females in the general population; for males, the rate was substantially lower, with about 1 rape/sexual assault of a male victim for every 5,000 male residents age 12 or older.
* Per capita rates of rape/sexual assault were found to be highest among residents age 16 to 19, low-income residents, and urban residents. There were no significant differences in the rate of rape/sexual assault among racial groups.
* Overall, an estimated 91% of the victims of rape and sexual assault were female. Nearly 99% of the offenders they described in single-victim incidents were male.
Characteristics of rape/sexual assault incidents
* About two-thirds of rapes/sexual assaults were found to occur during the 12 hours from 6 p.m. to 6 a.m. (figure 2).
Figure 2. Victims' report of time of rapes and sexual assaults, 1993
6 p.m.-midnight 43.4%
Daytime (6 a.m.-6 p.m). 33.0%
Midnight-6 a.m. 23.6%
*Nearly 6 out of 10 rape/sexual assault incidents were reported by victims to have occurred in their own home or at the home of a friend, relative, or neighbor (figure 3).
Victims' reports of where rapes and sexual assault took place, 1993
At victim's home 37.4%
At friend's, neighbor's, or relative's home 19.2
On street away from home 10.0
Parking lot/garage 7.3
All other locations 26.1
*More than half of rape/sexual assault incidents were reported by victims to have occurred within 1 mile of their home or at their home.
*About 1 of every 16 rape/sexual assault victims reported that a firearm was present during the commission of the offense. Most victims (84%), however, reported that no weapon was used by the offender.
Characteristics of rape/sexual assault offenders
as described by victims
*About 9 out of 10 rape/sexual assault victimizations involved a single offender, according to victims' reports (figure 4).
Figure 4. Rapes and sexual assaults, by number of offenders and victim-offender relationship, 1993
Violent victimizations 10,848,090
Rapes and sexual assaults 485,290
Single offenders 91.1%
Strangers 17.6%
Nonstrangers 73.5%
Multiple offenders 8.9%
Strangers 6.8%
Nonstrangers 2.1%
*Three out of four rape/sexual assault victimizations involved offenders (both single- and multiple-offender incidents) with whom the victim had a prior relationship as a family member, intimate, or acquaintance. Strangers accounted for nearly 20% of the victimizations involving a single offender but 76% of the victimizations involving multiple offenders. About 7% of all rape/sexual assault victimizations involved multiple offenders who were strangers to the victim.
*About 4 in 10 rape/sexual assault incidents involved offenders who were age 30 or older, according to victims (figure 5).
About a quarter of the incidents involved offenders under age 21.
Figure 5. Rapes and sexual assaults, by number of offenders and the age of the offenders, 1993
Violent victimizations 10,848,090
Rapes and sexual assaults 485,290
Single offenders 91.1%
Younger than 18 10.9%
18-20 8.0%
21-29 31.2%
30 or older 40.9%
Multiple offenders 8.9%
Younger than 18 4.4%
18-20 2.5%
21-29 .7%
30 or older 1.3%
Consequences of the rape/sexual assault victimization
*About 7 out of 10 victims of rape/ sexual assault reported that they took some form of self-protective action during the crime (figure 6). The most common form of self-defense was to resist by struggling or to chase and try to hold the offender.
Self-protective measures taken by victims of rape or sexual assault, 1993
Rape/sexual assault victims 485,290
Victim took self-protective action 71.7%
Victim took no self-protective action 28.3%
Resisted or captured offender 19.3%
Scared or warned offender 11.5%
Persuaded or appeased offender 10.8%
Ran away or hid 6.9%
Attacked offender without weapon 6.1%
Screamed from pain or fear 3.7%
Got help or gave alarm 3.6%
Other measures 9.8%
*Among victims who took a self-protective action, just over half felt that their actions helped the situation. About 1 in 5 victims felt that their actions either made the situation worse or simultaneously helped and worsened the situation.
*Victims of rape/sexual assault accounted for about 4% of the victims of violence in 1993 but about 6% of the incidents in which some form of medical assistance was obtained.
*About 1 in 11 rape/sexual assault victims reported that they suffered some economic loss as a consequence of the crime. The average economic loss was about $200, and nearly 7% of victims reported losing time from work.
The law enforcement response to rape and other sex offenses
In 1995, based on crimes recorded by law enforcement agencies nationwide, the number of forcible rapes per capita among women of all ages reported to law enforcement agencies was the lowest since 1985 (figure 7).
Number of forcible rapes of female victims per 100,000 females in the population
Year | Rate
1976 52
1977 57
1978 60
1979 67
1980 71
1981 69
1982 65
1983 66
1984 69
1985 71
1986 73
1987 73
1988 73
1989 75
1990 80
1991 83
1992 84
1993 79
1994 77
1995 72
In addition to the NCVS, the Department of Justice obtains data on selected crimes reported to law enforcement authorities under the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) program of the FBI. Begun in 1929, this program obtains annual counts of crime from more than 16,000 local, county, and State law enforcement agencies. The UCR selected offenses include murder and nonnegligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft, and arson.
Forcible rape in the UCR program is limited to incidents involving female victims. The UCR also obtains information from participating agencies on arrests for 21 additional categories of crime. The arrest tallies count arrests for sex offenses, including statutory rape and offenses against chastity, common decency, and morals. Commercialized vice and prostitution are excluded from this crime category. Forcible rape and sex offenses include attempts.
*Compared to 1990, the rate of rape among women in 1995 was 10% lower (80 per 100,000 women versus 72 per 100,000 women). In 1990 law enforcement agencies recorded about 1 rape for every 1,250 women, and in 1995, about 1 forcible rape for every 1,400 women.
*The highest rate of forcible rape recorded by law enforcement agencies since 1976 was in 1992--84 per 100,000 women or about 1 forcible rape for every 1,200 women--and by 1995 the rate had decreased more than 14%.
*In 1992 police agencies recorded 109,060 forcible rapes nationwide; in 1995 the number of forcible rapes reported to the police was 97,460, the lowest total since 1989.
*Rates of forcible rape in 1995 range from 76 per 100,000 females in metropolitan areas to a rate of 49 per 100,000 female residents in rural counties. Over the last 10 years, substantial declines have occurred in the rate of forcible rape in metropolitan areas, while other areas, such as cities outside metropolitan areas (up 70%) and rural counties (up 40%), have experienced substantial growth in the per capita number of rapes brought to the attention of law enforcement authorities.
*In 1995, 87% of recorded forcible rapes were completed crimes and the remainder were classified as attempts. Law enforcement agencies indicated that about 8% of forcible rapes reported to them were determined to be unfounded and were excluded from the count of crimes.
*Law enforcement data indicate that the highest volume of rape reports in 1995 (9.9% of the annual total) were recorded in August and the fewest (6.8%) were recorded in December.
*In 1995 law enforcement agencies reported to the FBI that about half of all reported forcible rapes were cleared by an arrest. Jurisdictions of varying size had little difference in the clearance rate.
Arrests for forcible rape and other sex offenses
*Law enforcement agencies in 1995 made an estimated 34,650 arrests for forcible rape and 94,500 arrests for other sex offenses (figure 8). The volume of arrests for rape and sex offenses peaked in 1991 at 148,120.
Estimated number of arrests for forcible rape and other sex offenses, 1980-95
Year | Forcible rape | Other sex offenses | U.S. population
1980 31,380 67,400 227,726,463
1981 31,710 72,000 229,966,237
1982 33,600 78,800 232,187,835
1983 34,080 87,000 234,307,207
1984 36,700 97,800 236,348,292
1985 36,970 100,600 238,466,283
1986 37,140 100,600 240,650,755
1987 36,310 100,100 242,803,533
1988 38,310 106,300 245,021,414
1989 39,110 104,800 247,341,697
1990 39,160 107,600 249,912,527
1991 40,120 108,000 252,649,535
1992 39,100 108,400 255,418,704
1993 38,420 104,100 250,137,251
1994 36,610 100,700 260,659,690
1995 34,650 94,500 263,033,968
*The per capita number of arrests for rape and other sex offenses in 1995 was the lowest recorded by law enforcement authorities since 1983. The per capita rate of arrest in 1995, 50.3 per 100,000 residents, is the same as the arrest rate in 1983.
*In 1995, per capita arrest rates for rape were highest in States in the Midwest and lowest in Western States (figure 9).
Figure 9. Number of arrests per 100,000 for forcible rape and other sex offenses, by region, 1995
Region | Forcible rape | Other sex offenses
U.S. total 13.5 36.8
Northeast 13.0 32.8
Midwest 15.7 37.3
South 14.6 32.0
West 10.7 46.6
*By contrast, Western States had a substantially higher rate of arrest for other sex offenses. In the aggregate, the rate of arrest for sex offending (forcible rape + other sex offenses) translates into about 1 arrest for every 2,000 residents. In Western States, the region with the highest per capita number of arrests, the arrest rate equals about 1 arrest for every 1,745 residents.
*As with other types of violent crime, the size and type of jurisdiction are related to the rates of arrest for forcible rape and other sex offenses (figure 10). In 1995 cities with a population of 250,000 or more had aggregate arrest rates for rape and other sex offenses of about 80 per 100,000--about 1arrest for every 1,250 residents--59% higher than the national average. By contrast, the lowest rates of arrest were recorded by law enforcement agencies in cities of 10,000 to 24,999 population--a rate of 36.9 per 100,000 residents or 1 arrest for every 2,700 residents. Rural and suburban counties and cities of less than 50,000 all had similar rates of arrest for rape and other sex offenses in 1995.
Number of arrests per 100,000 population for forciblerape and other sex offenses, by size of jurisdiction, 1995
Other | Forcible sexual | Jurisdiction rape offenses
U.S. total 13.5 36.8
250,000 or more 22.0 58.0
249,999 - 100,000 15.8 40.9
99,999 - 50,000 12.0 35.0
49,999 - 25,000 9.9 29.3
24,999 - 10,000 10.6 26.3
9,999 or fewer 10.5 30.0
Suburban counties 10.5 29.8
Rural counties 11.4 30.6
*Nearly all arrestees for forcible rape in 1995 were male (99%), while about 8% of arrestees for other sex offenses were female.
*The racial distribution of arrestees for rape is similar to the racial distribution for all violent UCR arrests--56% of arrestees for rape in 1995 were white, 42% were black, and 2% were of other races. White arrestees accounted for a substantially larger share of those arrested for other sex offenses, composing 75% of those arrested for these types of offenses in 1995.
*Juveniles accounted for about 16% of forcible rape arrestees in 1995 and 17% of those arrested for other sex offenses (figure 11). Age and the type of sex offense for which an arrest occurred were related, with arrestees for rape concentrated in younger age groups while arrestees for other sex offenses more prevalent among older arrestees. Persons at least 50 years old, for example, accounted for 5% of rape arrestees but 10% of those arrested for other sex offenses. About a third of those arrested for rape and a quarter of those arrested for other sex offenses were in their twenties.
Age of persons arrested for forcible rape and for other sex offenses, 1995
Age of arrestees | Forcible Other sex | rape offenses
Less than 18 15.7 16.9
18-19 8.5 5.6
20-24 17.3 12.9
25-29 15.4 12.9
30-34 15.0 14.7
35-39 12.0 12.6
40-44 6.9 8.8
45-49 4.0 5.7
50-54 2.2 3.6
55-59 1.2 2.3
60 or older 1.7 3.7
Pretrial release and adjudication of rape offenders About 5 out of 10 rape defendants are released prior to trial, and 8 out of 10 convicted rape defendants had entered a guilty plea to the offense.
Every other year BJS obtains longitudinal case processing data on a sample of felony defendants representing the Nation's 75 most populous counties. The defendants' cases are tracked for 1year following the filing of felony charges by the prosecutor.
The counties account for about a third of the U.S. population but about half of all reported crime and about half of all felony convictions nationwide.
The most recently published survey findings are drawn from information collected on 13,206 felony cases filed in May 1992 across these counties representing more than 55,000 felony cases filed that month. An estimated 1.4% of the felony filings were for rape.
Data on the sentencing of convicted felons are also collected biennially under the BJS National Judicial Reporting Program (NJRP). This data collection program, also a survey, obtains information from a nationally representative sample of counties about the sentences that felons receive in State courts, the methods by which convictions were obtained, and the types and duration of sentences imposed, as well as any contingent requirements associated with sentences.
The most recently available data are drawn from the 1992 annual collection, which covered 300 counties and detailed data on 105,657 felony defendants. An estimated 2.4% of the convicted felons had been convicted of rape.
In both collection programs, rape is the only sex offense category for which data are separately reported. Also in both series, rape victims can include males and females.
Processing of rape defendants before disposition of their case
*About 1 in 20 filings for a violent felony (or 1.4% of all felony filings) in the 75 largest counties in 1992 were for rape. That same year, there were about 6 times as many felony filings for robbery, 9 times as many felony filings for assault, and 21 times as many filings for felony drug offenses.
*An estimated 48% of rape defendants were released from detention prior to the disposition of their case (table 1). The rate of release pending disposition of a rape charge was lower than that for other violent felonies: Only defendants charged with murder had a lower rate of release (24%) than those for whom rape charges were pending. An estimated 3% of all rape defendants had no bail amount set and were not eligible for release pending the outcome of their case. An estimated 49% of rape defendants had bail set but were unable to post sufficient collateral to secure release.
Pretrial release of rape defendants in large urban counties
All violent offenses | Rape
Total 100% 100%
Released prior to trial 58 48
Financial release 25 24
Nonfinancial release 33 24
Detained until disposition 42 52
Median bail amount set $10,000 $23,500
Figure 12. Based on data from 6 States in 1990, about half of those arrested for rape were convicted.
For 4 in 10 arrestees, the conviction was for a felony.
Arrestees for rape 100%
Rape arrestees for whom felony prosecution was sought 80%
Convicted 48%
Felony 40%
Misdemeanor 6%
Other 2%
Not convicted 32%
Dismissed 29%
Acquitted 2%
Other 1%
This analysis retrospectively tracked case-processing of rape defendants following disposition in 1990. The analysis utilized more than 527,000 felony arrests, of which 4,175 were for rape.
*About half of felony rape defendants who secured release posted financial collateral, and the other half obtained release through nonfinancial means.
*The most common methods used by those charged with rape for securing financial release were obtaining a surety bond (12% of all defendants) that involved a promissory note from a bail bondsman, posting a deposit bond that is a percentage of the set bail (6% of all defendants), paying the full cash bail amount required (4%), or posting property as collateral (1%).
*The most commonly used method of nonfinancial release was release on personal recognizance (11% of all rape defendants), which is a promise to appear as required by the court. An estimated 9% of all rape defendants were released on some form of conditional release or supervised release pending disposition of their case, a method that normally entails supervision by a pretrial services agency under special conditions set by the court. Small percentages of rape defendants were also released by an unsecured bond or due to a crowding emergency in the jail.
*The court set bail for an estimated 73% of rape defendants. The median bail for rape defendants was $23,500, about $50,000 less than the median bail set for murder defendants and $13,500 more than the median bail accorded robbery defendants. Among rape defendants securing release, the median bail was $10,000; among rape defendants failing to secure release, the median bail was $25,000.
National Incident-Based Reporting System
The National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) represents the next generation of crime data from law enforcement agencies.
It is designed to replace the nearly 70-year-old UCR program that compiles aggregate data on eight crimes. Rather than relying on a narrow group of eight Index offenses, which are meant to convey the overall crime situation, NIBRS collects information on 57 types of crimes: 46 Group A crimes and 11 Group B crimes.
BJS received data tapes from the first NIBRS-participating States for calendar year 1991--Alabama, North Dakota, and South Carolina. These three States account for about 3.3% of the U.S. population and 3.4% of rapes reported nationwide.
Sex of victim
About 10% of the rapes in the three States did not conform to the UCR definition of forcible rape--the victims were male (8.7% of rapes), the victim and offender were both female (0.8%), or the victim was male and the offender was female (0.2%).
Race of victim
Victims of rape were about evenly divided between whites and blacks; in about 88% of forcible rapes, the victim and offender were of the same race.
Age of victim
About 80% of rape victims were under age 30--about half of these were under age 18. Victims younger than 12 accounted for 15% of those raped, and another 29% of rape victims were between 12 and 17.
Victim-offender relationship
For nearly 90% of the youngest victims of rape, those younger than 12, the offender was someone known to them. Law enforcement agencies reported that family members victimized 43% of these young victims--about 4 times the proportion found among victims age 30 or older (11%). Older victims (age 30 or above) were about 12 times as likely as the youngest victims to have been raped by a stranger (36% versus 3%).
About two-thirds of the victims age 18-29, the largest age group of rape victims, had a prior relationship with the rapist, but they were 7 times as likely to have been acquaintances (57%) as family members (8%).
Age of rapist
Just over 40% of the rapists were age 30 or older, about twice the percentage of victims of this age (20%). About 1 in 8 rapists was under 18. In 9 out of 10 rapes in which the offender was under 18, so was the victim.
Where rape occurred
Just over 60% of the rapes took place in a residence--about 1in 3 rapes by a stranger and 9 in 10 rapes by a family member.
When rape occurred
Across the 3 States, an average of 8 rapes a day took place, ranging from 11 on Saturdays to 6 on Wednesdays. Nearly a third of the rapes took place between midnight and 4 a.m., with little variation in time of day by victim-offender relationship or by location of occurrence. The period from 8 p.m. Friday to 8 a.m. Saturday held the largest number of rapes in a 12-hour block reported by the NIBRS participants.
About 12% of rapes involved the use of a gun (5%) or knife (7%), and 80% involved the use of physical force only.
Offenders were 5 times more likely to use a gun in the rape of a stranger (10%) than in the rape of a family member (2%). About 8% of rapes by ex-spouses involved a gun, and another 12%, a knife.
Rapes with black offenders and black victims were about twice as likely as white-on-white rapes to involve the use of a gun or knife (14% versus 7%), but interracial rapes, black-on-white or white-on-black, were equally likely to involve the use of a gun or knife (about 22%). Roadways or alleys were the most likely places where a rapist used a gun (13%).
About 40% of rape victims suffered a collateral injury--5% suffered a major injury such as severe lacerations, fractures, internal injuries, or unconsciousness.
More than half of spousal rapes, rapes by ex-spouses, and stranger rapes resulted in victim injury, while about a quarter of parent-child rapes resulted in major injury. Injuries were most common among victims age 30 or older and victims of rapists armed with a knife. Nearly 6 in 10 rapes involving a knife resulted in victim injury.
Sentencing of convicted rape defendants
*In 1992 an estimated 21,655 felony defendants nationwide were convicted of rape. For about 14%, the conviction followed a jury trial, but for most defendants (82%), conviction followed a guilty plea. The remainder, 4%, were convicted following a bench trial.
*Overall, just over two-thirds of convicted rape defendants received a prison sentence. An additional 19% of convicted rape defendants were sentenced to a term in a local jail, and about 13% received a sentence to probation supervision in the community.
*For rape defendants sentenced to prison, the average term imposed was 164 months, or just under 14 years. The average jail term for an offender convicted of rape was 8 months, and the average probation term was just under 6 years. An estimated 2% of convicted rapists received a term of life imprisonment.
*About a third of rape defendants had one or more additional felony convictions collateral to the conviction for rape.
Collateral convictions were associated with an increased probability of receiving a prison sentence.
*Sentences of convicted rape defendants also carried additional penalties, which included a fine (13% of convicted defendants), victim restitution (12%), required treatment (10%), community service (2%), and other penalties (10%).
*The method of conviction affected both the probability of receiving a prison sentence and the term of imprisonment for rape. Defendants convicted by a jury were substantially more likely to receive a prison term than those convicted in bench trials or by plea, and the term was substantially longer. The average prison term for rape following a jury conviction was nearly 13 years longer than the average sentence received by those pleading guilty to rape (figure 13).
Method of conviction and prison sentences for convicted rape defendants, 1992
Felony rape convictions, 1992
Jury trial, Bench trial, Guilty plea
Prison sentence 89% 71% 63%
Average sentence 292 months 173 months 139 months
Sentences to probation and jail not shown.
Corrections and the convicted sex offender
On a given day there are approximately 234,000 offenders convicted of rape or sexual assault under the care, custody, or control of corrections agencies; nearly 60% of these sex offenders are under conditional supervision in the community.
*Based upon the most recent data available, it is estimated that rape and sexual assault offenders account for nearly 4% of those on probation, about 3% of convicted offenders in local jails, about 10% of those serving time in State prisons, about 1% of those serving time in Federal prisons, and about 4% of those on parole supervision in the community.
*Rape and sexual assault offenders account for about 6% of those entering State prisons, less than 5% of those discharged from State prisons, just over 4% of admissions to parole supervision, and less than 4% of those discharged from parole supervision.
In the aggregate, rape and sexual assault offenders account for just under 5% of the entire population under correctional sanction on a given day (figure 14).
Convicted offenders estimated, 1994
Offender Population | Sex Offenders | Percent
Probation 2,964,171 106,710 3.6%
Jail 304,274 10,345 3.4%
State prisons 906,112 88,100 9.7%
Federal prisons 87,515 875 1.0%
Parole 690,159 27,606 4.0%
Total 4,952,231 233,636 4.7%
*For each convicted offender in a prison or jail, there are nearly 3 offenders under probation or parole supervision in the community. For those convicted of rape or sexual assault, the ratio of those on conditional release to those incarcerated is 1.4 to 1.
Number of offenders serving a sentence under supervision in the community per offender incarcerated in a prison or jail
All offenses 2.8%
Fraud 6.3
Public-order offenses 5.7
Larceny 5.3
Property offenses 3.6
Assault 3.2
Drug possession .3
Weapons offenses 2.9
Drug offenses 2.6
Burglary 2.1
Drug trafficking 2.1
Motor vehicle theft 1.8
Violent offenses 1.4
Sexual assault 1.4
Robbery 0.9
Homicide 0.4
*In 1980 State prisons held 295,819 persons in their custody, of which an estimated 20,500, or 6.9%, had been convicted of rape or sexual assault. (Note: "Sexual assault" includes convictions for statutory rape, forcible sodomy, lewd acts with children, and other conviction offenses related to fondling, molestation, or indecent practices. The term "sex offender" describes those offenders convicted of rape or sexual assault.)
By 1994, the State prison population had increased to 906,112, of which 88,000, or 9.7%, were sex offenders. While the prison population increased 206% over the period, the number of imprisoned sex offenders grew 330% (figure 16).
Estimated number of rape and sexual assault offenders in State correctional institutions, 1980-94
Year Rape assault
1980 13,200 7,300
1981 15,000 9,400
1982 16,500 11.400
1983 17,000 12,000
1984 18,400 14,200
1985 19,400 20,300
1986 19,800 25,500
1987 21,000 9,700
1988 22,100 2,500
1989 22,600 35,400
1990 24,500 39,100
1991 25,500 43,000
1992 29,500 46,400
1993 32,600 48,800
1994 33,800 54,300
*From 1980 to 1994 the average annual growth in the number of prisoners was 7.6% (figure 17). Inmates serving time for drug offenses experienced the highest annual rate of increase with an average of about 18% per year after 1980. However, inmates imprisoned for sexual assaults other than rape experienced the second fastest rise, increasing by an annual average of more than 15%--a more rapid rate of change than for any other category of violent crime.
Average annual percent change in the number of State prisoners, by type of offense, 1980-94
All crimes 7.6
Violent offenses 6.7
Murder 7.6
Robbery .4
Assault 9.2
Forcible rape 6.9
Other sexual assault 15.4
Property offenses 6.3
Drugs offenses 18.4
*The number of imprisoned rapists grew at a yearly average of about 7% over the 14 years.
*Even with the comparatively higher growth rate of prisoners serving time for sexual assault, the absolute increase in their numbers between 1980 and 1994 was from 7,300 to 54,300, accounting for just under 8% of the total increase in the State prison population over the period.
*In 1994 there were an estimated 88,100 sex offenders incarcerated in State prisons nationwide, accounting for about 9.7% of the inmate population (figure 18). Sex offenders accounted for about 1 in 5 violent offenders housed in State prisons in 1994. About 6 out of 10 sex offenders had been convicted of sexual assault, and 4 in 10 had been convicted of forcible rape. The largest category of sex offenders was composed of those serving time for molestation, fondling, or other related kinds of sexual assault.
The percentage of state prisoners serving a sentence for rape or sexual assault, 1994 estimate
Total State prison population 906,112
Convicted of a violent offense 47.4%
Convicted of rape or sexual assault 9.7%
Forcible rape 3.7%
Other sexual assault 6.0%
Lewd acts with children 1.5%
Statutory rape .2%
Forcible sodomy .3%
Fondling, molestation, and other sexual assaults 4.1%
*Over the period from 1985 to 1993, there has been only slight variation in the average sentence received for rape and sexual assault by those entering State prisons (figure 19). Entering prisoners convicted of rape have received sentences averaging between 12 and 13 years, while those convicted of sexual assault have been admitted to prison with sentences averaging between 8 and 9 years. There is no evidence from national data on those admitted to State prisons that the average sentence for either category of crime has been lengthening.
Average sentence received for rape and sexual assault, State prison admissions, 1985-93
Year | Rape | Other Sexual assault
1985 147 105
1986 152 105
1987 157 105
1988 156 97
1989 148 98
1990 149 97
1991 140 99
1992 144 99
1993 141 108
Source: BJS, National Corrections Reporting Program.
*National data on sex offenders discharged from State prisons between 1985 and 1993 reveal two distinct trends:
--an increase in the average length of stay
--an increase in the percentage of the sentence served in confinement prior to release.
*While the average sentence of convicted rapists discharged from State prisons has remained stable at approximately 10 years, the average time served has increased from about 3 1/2 years to about 5 years, raising the percentage of sentence served from about 38% to about 50% (figure 20).
Figure 20. Average prison sentence received for rape and time served in State prison prior to first release, 1985-93
Year | Average Sentence in months | Average time served in months
1985 105 41
1986 121 45
1987 122 47
1988 117 45
1989 115 51
1990 123 55
1991 117 56
1992 117 59
1993 117 57
Source: BJS, National Corrections Reporting Program.
*For those exiting prison after serving time for convictions for sexual assault, the average sentence they had received remained stable at about 6 1/2 years, while the average time served grew by about 6 months, from just over 2 years to just under 3 years.
Released sexual assaulters in 1985 had served about 34% of their sentences prior to discharge; sexual assaulters released in 1993 had served just over 41% of their sentences (figure 21).
Characteristics of imprisoned rape and sexual assault offenders
*Imprisoned violent sex offenders were more likely to have been male and white than other violent offenders.
Offenders serving time for sexual assault, in contrast to those incarcerated for rape, were substantially more likely to be white, and they were nearly 3 years older, on average, at the time of their arrest for the offense. While about half of incarcerated rapists were white, about 3 out of 4 prisoners serving time for sexual assault were white.
State prison inmates serving time for rape or sexual assault, by age at arrest
Age at arrest | Percent of inmates
Younger than 18 5.9%
18-24 13.9
25-29 16.3
30-34 21.9
35-39 28.1
40-44 31.8
45-49 34.8
50-54 45.4
55-59 50.6
60 or older 36.2
*In addition to race and age differences between sex offenders and other violent offenders, substantial differences in marital status backgrounds are also evident. Less than half (47%) of prisoners serving time for violence report ever having been married. About 6 in 10 rapists and more than 6 in 10 sexual assaulters reported having ever been married. Similar to other violent offenders, however, about a third of those who reported that they had ever married indicated that they were married at the time of their imprisonment.
*Overall, an estimated 61% of violent sex offenders in State prisons have a prior conviction history that resulted in a sentence to probation or incarceration (figure 23). An estimated 1 in 4 imprisoned rape and sexual assault offenders has a prior history of convictions for violent crimes, and 1 in 7 had been previously convicted of a violent sex crime.
Conviction histories of offenders serving time in State prisons for rape or sexual assault, 1994 estimates
In 1994, in the custody of State correction authorities
906,112 offenders
Serving time in State prisons for a violent offense 429,000 offenders
Serving time for rape and sexual assault 88,100 offenders
*Rapists and sexual assaulters serving time in State prisons were less likely to have had a prior conviction history or a history of violence than other incarcerated violent offenders.
However, they were substantially more likely to have had a history of convictions for violent sex offenses--imprisoned sex offenders, while accounting for about 20% of all violent offenders, accounted for about 66% of all violent offenders with a prior history of sex offenses.
*Sexual assault offenders were substantially more likely than any other category of offenders to report having experienced physical or sexual abuse while growing up (figure 24). However, two-thirds of sexual assault offenders reported that they had never been physically or sexually abused as a child.
State inmates reporting physical or sexual abuse occurring before prison and inmates reporting abuse as children, by selected offenses
Current Physically/ Abused as offense* sexually abused children
All inmates 13.7% 11.8%
Murder 17.3 14.2
Rape 20.8 19.3
Other sexual assault 34.9 34.0
Robbery 10.8 9.4
Assault 14.0 11.7
Burglary 12.6 11.0
Larceny 11.3 8.9
*About 14% of imprisoned sex offenders reported that their sentence included a special court condition that they receive psychological or specialized sex-offender treatment. Overall, about 4% of the sentences of confined violent offenders had a similar requirement.
The victims of imprisoned rape and sexual assault offenders
*Imprisoned rape offenders were more likely than those convicted of sexual assault to report having had a single victim for the offense for which they were serving time.
*Sexual assault offenders were about 3 times as likely as those serving time for rape to have had a male victim (table 3). Both categories of violent sex offenders, however, reported that the vast majority of their victims had been female.
*The victims of sexual assault, like the offenders, were more likely to have been white than was the case among victims and offenders in rape and other violent crimes.
*Violent sex offenders with single victims reported that two-thirds of their victims had been under the age of 18 (figures 25 and 26).
About 4 in 10 rapists reported their victim had been a child, and 8 out of 10 sexual assaulters said their victim had been less than 18 years old. Victims of sexual assault were the youngest victims among those persons described by incarcerated violent State prisoners. The median age of the victims of imprisoned sexual assaulters was less than 13 years old; the median age of rape victims was about 22 years.
Age of single victims of rape offenders in State prison
12 or younger 15.2%
13 to 17 21.8%
18 or older 63.0%
Age of victims of sexual assault offenders in State prison
12 or younger 44.7%
13 to 17 33.0
18 or older 22.3
*While nearly half of all violent offenders committed the crime for which they had been imprisoned against a stranger, about 30% of rapists and less than 15% of sexual assaulters reported their victim had been a stranger to them. Sexual assaulters were about 3 times as likely as all violent offenders and twice as likely as rapists to report that the victim had been a member of their family. For 1 in 4 imprisoned sexual assaulters, the victim had been their own child or stepchild.
*Violent sex offenders convicted of rape or sexual assault were substantially less likely than other violent offenders to have used a weapon during the commission of the crime (table 4). This difference is especially evident for firearms: About 30% of all violent offenders reported having used a firearm, while about 5% of rapists and 2% of sexual assaulters used a firearm during the crime. However, rapists were about as likely as all violent offenders to report having used a knife while committing the crime.
Inmate reports of their weapon use
Violent offenders in State prison
All | Rape | Sexual assault
Total 100% 100% 100%
Any weapon 45.7% 16.6% 5.6%
Handgun 24.2 4.7 1.5
Other firearm 5.8 0.7 0.5
Knife 11.1 9.6 3.1
Other weapon 4.7 1.6 0.5
No weapon 54.3 83.4 94.4
Recidivism of violent sex offenders
*About 45% of State prisoners participating in the 1991 survey had committed the crime for which they were serving a sentence while in the community on probation or parole. These offenders were convicted of about 13,000 rapes out of nearly 91,000 convictions for violence during the period preceding imprisonment when they had been under supervision in the community.
*Violent sex offenders in State prisons were less likely than violent offenders overall to have been on probation or parole prior to prison admission. As a group, about 1 in 5 sex offenders reported that they had been under conditional supervision in the community prior to entering prison.
*An estimated 24% of those serving time for rape and 19% of those serving time for sexual assault had been on probation or parole at the time of the offense for which they were in State prison in 1991.
*A 3-year BJS followup of a sample of felony offenders placed on probation found that rapists had a lower rate of re-arrest for a new felony and a lower rate of re-arrest for a violent felony than most categories of probationers with convictions for violence. While about 41% of violent probationers were re-arrested within 3 years of placement on probation for a new felony offense, an estimated 19.5% of rapists were re-arrested for a new felony within 3 years.
*Rapists on probation were more likely than other felons, however, to be re-arrested for a new rape. While about 1.5% of violent felony probationers were rearrested for a new rape within 3 years, about 3% of probationers under conditional supervision after conviction for rape were re-arrested for a new rape within 3 years.
*BJS also carried out a 3-year followup of a sample drawn to represent 109,000 prisoners released in 1983 from prisons in 11 States. During the followup period, this group of releasees acquired about 50,000 arrests for new violent crimes, including nearly 4,000 arrests for rape and sexual assault. Prior to their imprisonment, fingerprint records for this group of offenders evidenced more than 19,000 prior arrests for rape and sexual assault.
*Offenders convicted of rape and sexual assault composed just over 4% of those discharged from prisons in the 11 States in 1983. Over the 3-year period following prison release, an estimated 52% of discharged rapists and 48% of discharged sexual assaulters were re-arrested for a new crime. Their criminal history records also evidenced a lower percentage of sex offenders who were reconvicted and reimprisoned during the followup period than was the case for all violent offenders discharged from prison.
Offenders Rearrested | Reconvicted | Reincarcerated
All violent 60% 42% 37%
Rape 52% 36% 32%
Sexual assault 48% 33% 24%
*During the followup period, which began in 1983, the prison release cohort accounted for 3.8% of all the rape arrests that took place in the 11 States in 1983, 2.4% of all the rape arrests in the 11 States in 1984, and about 1% of the arrests for rape in the 11 States in 1985 and 1986.
*Nearly 28% of released rapists were re-arrested for a new violent crime within 3 years (figure 27). For nearly 8% of released rapists, the new arrest for a violent crime was another charge for rape. During the followup period about 1% of murderers, robbers, and assaulters were rearrested for a new rape. Released rapists were found to be 10.5 times as likely as nonrapists to be re-arrested for rape, and those who had served time for sexual assault were 7.5 times as likely as those convicted of other crimes to be re-arrested for a new sexual assault.
Re-arrest of convicted rapists released from prison and followed for 3 years
Convicted rapists released from prison and followed for 3 years
Re-arrested for a new crime 51.5%
Re-arrested for a new violent crime 27.5%
Murder Rape Robbery Assault
2.8% 7.7% 8.5% 10.7%
This BJS study tracked a sample of offenders in 11 States drawn to respresent those released from prisons in those States in 1983. Each offender was tracked through both State and Federal criminal history records. Offenders may have been arrested more than once during the followup period.
Sex offending and murder
Since the latter half of the 1980's, the percentage of all murders with known circumstances in which rape or other sex offenses have been identified by investigators as the principal circumstance underlying the murder has been declining from about 2% of murders to less than 1%.
*Between 1976 and 1994 there were an estimated 405,089 murders in the United States. Of these, the circumstances surrounding the murder are known in 317,925, or 78.5%. Among the cases with known circumstances, an estimated 4,807, or 1.5%, were classified as involving rape or another sex offense. (Note: Murders classified as involving rape or other sex offenses will be referred to as "sexual assault murders.")
*In 1986 sexual assault murders accounted for 1.8% of murders with known circumstances; in 1994, an estimated 0.7% of murders involved sexual assault, the lowest percentage in the 19 years for which SHR data are available.
*Known offenders in sexual assault murders are more likely to have been male than is true for murders in general.
Sexual assault murders are also more likely than all murders to involve a white offender (58% versus 48%).
Characteristics of known offenders in murders involving sexual assault, 1976-94
Murders | All Sexual assault
Male 86.6% 95.0%
Female 13.4 5.0
White 47.8% 58.0%
Black 50.3 39.9
Other 1.9 2.1
12 or younger .2% .1%
13 to 17 8.1 9.9
18 to 24 30.1 39.1
25 to 29 18.0 22.5
30 to 39 23.1 21.1
40 to 49 11.1 5.4
50 to 59 5.4 1.5
60 or older 3.9 .4
Average 31 yrs 26 yrs
*Offenders in sexual assault murders are on average about 5 years younger than all murderers. More than 60% of sexual assault murderers, but less than 50% of all murderers, are between ages 18 and 29 (figure 29). At age 60 or older, murderers in the aggregate are 10 times as likely to be found in this age group as those classified as sexual assault murderers.
Youth under age 18 have accounted for about 10% of the sexual assault murders that have taken place since 1976.
Age of known offenders in all murders and in murders involving sexual assault, 1976-94
Age at arrest | All murders | Murders involving sexual assault
12 or younger .2% .1%
13-17 8.1 9.9
18-24 30.1 39.1
25-29 18.0 22.5
30-39 23.1 21.1
40-49 11.1 5.4
50-59 5.4 1.5
60 or older 3.9 .4
*Sexual assault murder victims differ markedly from other murder victims. Compared to all murder victims, those who died as a consequence of a sexual assault were substantially more likely to be female and white. Sexual assault murder victims were both younger and older than the aggregate of all murder victims.
More than 25% of sexual assault murder victims were under age 18, compared to about 15% of all murder victims. In addition, nearly 1 in 7 sexual assault murder victims were 60 or older, compared to 1 in 14 murder victims. Among victims, those age 13 to 17 (3.3% of whom died from a sexual assault murder) and those age 60 or older (2.6% died from a sexual assault murder) reflected the highest percentages killed under these circumstances.
Percent of murder victims in each age group killed in a sexual assault murder, 1976-94
Age of victims| Percent of murder victims
12 or younger 2.0%
13-17 3.3
18-24 1.6
25-29 1.2
30-39 1.0
40-49 1.1
50-59 1.1
60 or older 2.6
All murders | Murders involving sexual assault
Family 22.9% 6.7%
Intimate 6.3 3.5
Acquaintance 50.0 50.6
Stranger 20.9 39.2
The most commonly used weapon in sexual assault murders was a knife (figure 32). About 2.2% of murders in which a knife wasused involved sexual assault. Less than 0.4% of firearm murders involved sexual assault.
Figure 32. Weapon or method used in murders involving sexual assault, 1976-94
Knife 28.5%
Firearm 17.0
Blunt object 12.6
Hands, feet 20.2
All other methods 21.7


text:
H.D. Vest said Wednesday that it had tapped Ruth Papazian, a former executive of LPL Financial (LPLA), as the firm's chief marketing officer and head of recruiting. It also named Adi Garg, previously with Cash America (CSH), as its chief information officer.
"We are very pleased and honored to welcome Adi Garg and Ruth Papazian to our extraordinary management team at H.D. Vest," said President and CEO Roger Och, in a press release.
"There is a large and rising demand among mass-affluent investors for holistic advice that encompasses both tax and wealth management guidance, and there is no broker-dealer that better positioned to meet that demand than H.D. Vest," Och said. Both Adi and Ruth will be a crucial part of the next phase of our growth strategy."
The independent broker-dealer, which has roughly 5,000 affiliated advisors — many of whom are also tax professionals — is based in Irving, Texas. (Earlier the company said it had about 4,600 advisors with some $30 billion in client assets.) Wells Fargo (WFC) sold H.D. Vest to Parthenon Capital Partners, a private-equity firm, in 2011.
"I wanted to stay in the independent broker-dealer space and focus on change agents and growth. H.D. Vest fit that to a T," Papazian said in an interview with ThinkAdvisor. "We are rebranding our firm and rolling out a whole new campaign that synthesizez what we do: 'Reinvent yourself.' "
Most recently, Papazian led Papazian Consulting, after service as chief marketing officer at LPL from 2007 to 2011. Prior to that post, she led marketing efforts at Ameriprise Financial (AMP), Morgan Stanley Investment Management and Evergreen Investments/ Wachovia. She also has worked for Wells Fargo Securities and Colonial Investments during her more than 30 years in the business.
Garg, who has 22 years of experience as a technology executive, has been with Citibank (C), Cash America and FedEx (FDX). "H.D. Vest has truly positioned itself as a leader and innovator in helping tax advisors provide a holistic range of financial advisory services to their clients, who — now more than ever — have come to recognize the inherent value of guidance that combines tax and wealth management expertise," he said in a press release.
"I am honored to be part of this team, and look forward to ensuring that H.D. Vest's advisors continue to be supported by cutting-edge technology that integrates their tax and investment advisory operations and positions them for further growth and success," Garg added.
In March, H.D. Vest picked Socialware as its partner in an April social-media pilot program for 50 advisors. Around that time, Papazian began working as a consultant for the broker-dealer, focusing on its website. (A few months later, she moved from Boston to the Dallas area after accepting a new job with the broker-dealer.)
"We wanted to attract more interest to the platform and didn't have much of a digital presence. I worked to adjust the e-marketing and direct mail, so we could put it all together into a strategic plan and [raise] the lead capture system for recruiting," she explained.
As for the rollout of the social-media platform, "The learning curve is higher than expected," she said, but the firm hopes to have it fully rolled out by year-end.
Check out A Trust Company With a Tech Attitude on ThinkAdvisor.