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Dr. K. Veeramani addresses, VAIKO by the side after delivering the special address
Justice party, a non-brahmin organisation was the foundation of the Dravidian Movement. Justice party got elected to rule the Madras Province under diarchy system in 1920, brought by Montague – Chelmsford reforms in British India. Many social reform measures were initiated during the rule Justice Party. In that count, it was pioneer to bring an exclusive Government Order (G.O.) for communal reservation which later transformed for the cause Social Justice for its adumbration in the Indian Constitution.
Dravidian Historical Research Centre organised a meeting at M. R. Radha Manram, Periyar Thidal on 20th November 2018 to mark the 102nd anniversary of the birth of Justice Party. Vaiko, the General Secretary of MDMK, made a thundering speech. Excerpts from the speech:
It was on 20th November 1916 that the conference inaugurating the South Indian Liberal Federation, popularly known as Justice Party, took place in Victoria Hall, Chennai. It was attended by a good number of dignitaries belonging to different linguistic groups. This Movement was started by people who came together transcending castes and religions. When the party came to power it gave voting rights to women for the first time in India, even before the British gave franchise to women in their country. Our Justice Party even overtook the British in that respect.
Justice rule permitted the oppressed classes, those who are called Dalits at present, to draw water from all public wells and to wear footwear while walking on the roads. These were revolutionary steps in those days, crushing the Aryan citadel erected in the medieval period, which was responsible for such restrictions.
In those days bus tickets carried the words that the depressed classes must not travel is the buses. It so happened that WPA Soundara Pandian of Justice Party was the President of the District Board. In that capacity he set fire to all those tickets and passed an order that they could travel in the buses without any restriction. What Martin Luther King Jr accomplished in the United States through his bus boycott agitation Soundara Pandian accomplished using his authority. Crowning everything they did, Justice Party brought to an end the Devadasi system.
On 2nd August 1918, Dr. T.M. Nair of the Justice Party got the unique distinction of being the only person from the Indian subcontinent to have addressed the joint session of the House of Commons and the House of Lords of Great Britan. An honour no one got, not even Mahatma Gandhi or Jawaharlal Nehru. That is why Lord Chelmsford eulogised Dr. T.M. Nair as an "impressive and vigorous personality."
"What Martin Luther King Jr accomplished in the United States through his bus boycott agitation Soundara Pandian accomplished using his authority."
Asiriyar K.Veeramani made an elaborate speech delving deep into the history of the Justice Party and comparing the incidents with the present day happenings.
Excerpts from the speech of Dr. K. Veeramani
Seeing Periyar's continuous fight in the Congress Party for the cause of the backward and the downtrodden classes, Dr. T.M. Nair made this observation. 'E.V. Ramasamay Naicker is a dignified personality in Congress Party. He is in the hope that once independence is attained by the Congress Party, social justice will prevail in all walks of life. The time is not far off when he will come and join us.'
Once Periyar went to North India and addressed a meeting in Lucknow, and Raj Narayan, who later defeated Indira Gandhi presided over the meeting. In the meeting Pulavar Imayavaramban and I were selling Periyar's work "Ramayana – True Reading," translated into English. A middle aged woman, who had a glimpse into the book tore it into pieces and trampled it under her feet. She came running towards the dais, shouting, "You should not speak about Rama and Sita. It is a sacred work."
Raj Narayan jumped from the dais and ran towards the woman. "He will speak. You know where he is from? You know his name? He is Rama's Swami – Ramasamy. Do you know? He will speak," he said assertively.
Periyar spoke as usual. His speech was translated into Hindi, to thunderous claps. All the books with us were sold out. One Lalai Singh Yadav met Periyar where he was staying and asked for rights to publish the book in Hindi under the title "Sachi Ramayan". Periyar was immensely pleased. "By all means I give you the right."
When the book was published in Hindi the Congress government in Uttar Pradesh proscribed it. The translator went to High Court opposing the ban. The High Court decreed that there should be no ban for expressing one's views. In its detailed judgment, the High Court of Allahabad, maintained that as per the constitutional provision of freedom of expression, Periyar had every right to express his views. There are so many versions of Ramayana, one of which holds that Sita was Rama's sister. After extensively going into the Ramayana question, the High Court decreed that the ban on the book was unacceptable.
Yet, the government of Uttar Pradesh made an appeal to the Supreme Court. They did so because it was the period of Emergency, Yet, there was a good turn, Justice V.R. Krishna Iyer being the judge who went into the appeal, underscored in his judgment the need for a thousand ideas being born in a democracy and upheld the judgment of the High Court.
Even the High Court of Allahabad and the Supreme Court could not do anything to the work which laid bare the trickeries of Ramayana. If after all this there are people who are after building a temple for Rama.
What should we make out of them?"
Prof. Dr. A. Ramasamy, President of Dravidian Historical Research Centre presided over the meeting. Prof. Dr. P. Jagadeesan, former Vice Chancellor of Bharatidasan University spoke on 'Development on Education' during the rule of the Justice Party. Prof. Dr. N.K. Mangalamurugesan welcomed. Poet Kali. Poongundran presented the introductory note.


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落水荘:Falling Water再訪
昨年12月以来はじめて、今度は夏の落水荘:Falling Waterを訪問して参りました。
落水荘 Falling Water
行き方は ここ(英語)
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|Bournemouth shuffle past Huddersfield.
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|Three points are most welcome.
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Title: Cautionary Tale
Time Period: November, 134 A.E.
Characters Appearing:
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- Elvira Banes
- Fake (songbird)
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Elvira's destination, the apothecary, is one of Dornie's well-kept secrets, it seems. While she's overheard that such a place exists, she has yet to actually find it. Frustratedly, she stops between two buildings and lets out a quiet huff. "See anything I don't?" she asks her companion, even if she won't be able to readily interpret the answer.
The bird seems content from where it stands, wrapped in hair on the woman's shoulder. You'd never know it's actually quite annoyed by it. No one would, really, except it's owner - who happens to not be the woman it rides with at the moment. Still, it remains largely quiet, it's tiny little head darting back and forth as it takes in the surrounding area, listening as best it can to both Elvira and the passers-by for anything that might prove a bit interesting. It looks active, attentive, but not really willing to leave it's spot unless provoked by force.
Dark coat, dark horse, dark slacks. Under the cloud cover, there is little about Duncan that is not shades of dark, besides the red brand of his hair, flickering above his stoney features as he surveys his surroundings from his mounted vantage. He's alone once more, quite the show of confidence if not vainglory, and why he is in this particular part of the settlement - no hub of activity this region - is anyone's guess.
And it just so happens that he spies a familiar face. Pretty faces tend to be more familiar - that and truly ugly ones.
Duncan does not speed up, but rather allows himself to gradually approach before giving the reins a light tug and halting, his elongated shadow dipping over Elvira, the cotton-covered lamped of the sun casting his figure in dim silhouette.
"Good morning," he says, civil enough.
"Oh, good," Elvira chimes cheerfully to Fake when she can hear the fall of hooves approaching. "I can ask for directi- Oh no." Her face falls as she turns and recognises the rider. Beneath the heavy weave of her sweater, the woman's shoulders tense.
By the time that shadow is looming over her, however, she's all cordiality. "Ser Rowntree," Elvira greets pleasantly enough. The name is spoken, however, more for Fake's benefit. He hadn't been about when they were initially set upon. "Good morning. Perhaps you could help me?"
If Fake were still in his usual form, he would no doubt be attempting to look somewhat menacing to the approaching Rowntree. Seeing as that's not an option, however, Fake tries the next best available one - hopping closer to Elvira's neck and deeper into her hair, in the hopes of remaining out of sight while he overhears their conversation. Never mind the risk of getting tangle din her hair - it'll sort itself out.
"Nothing would give me greater pleasure," Duncan replies, moving from civil right into cordial - assuming he is not being snide, or ironic. It is terrifically hard to tell - the unerring steadiness of his gaze gives little in the way of hints, nor does the low, carrying intonation of his voice. "And there are few better to ask."
"Of that I am quite certain." It would take a bit less frost for that to come of as ego stroking as Elvira perhaps intended it to. "I've lost my way, it seems. I'm told there's an apothecary somewhere in Dornie, but I seem to be having difficulty locating it…" Now she does give him doe eyes, as though warming up to him. Seemingly genuinely so, in fact.
He might just be smiling. No- indeed, that is a smile on Duncan's lips. Not so rare, not always so vicious. Perhaps this is a decent man, in the right circumstances. "I know the place," he says and, without further ado, dismounts in an easy motion and sets his feet down on not yet frost-bound earth. He reaches up to take his horse's reigns, then extends his hand. "I will take you there."
A tip of his head towards the empty saddle indicates that she need not walk.
One hand comes up to cover her mouth, as though surprised by the generous offer. It masks the movement of lips. "Not a word," Elvira mutters under her breath and out of the corner of her mouth closest to the small bird on her shoulder. With an easy enough smile, she then cuts the distance between herself and Duncan to take him up on his offer. She is never going to hear the end of this from Arthur. He'll be insufferable for days.
She could jump in the bay and get it over with, couldn't she?
"Thank you so much," is far more polite than what her brother will suggest she should have said. "It is so good of you to do this for me." Feigning a small amount of helplessness, she waits for Duncan's assistance, rather than simply mount the horse on her own.
A bumpy horseback ride where one is likely to get caught up in the woman he's watching's hair is not Fake's idea of a pleasant way to spend an afternoon, so it is with a sudden burst of energy that the bird flutters out from under her chestnut hair, tugging gently for just a moment as he predictably gets cause. Yes, he heard what she said. Will he comply?
The history between them says no.
No longer bound to perching on Elvie's shoulder, Fake first flutters up to the top of her head, and then off to settle on Duncan's shoulder, head twitching about as the bird looks up and around, almost as if inspecting the man.
The helplessness was assumed from the start. That hand is for her. He gives his callused palm up as support, assisting her ascent into the vacant saddle, and guiding her into a lady-like side-saddle. When she is secure, he takes the reigns firmly in hand, and begins to walk them in a half-chivalrous procession towards a narrow side street.
"I'll accept gratitude," Duncan says, "but I'd just as soon have your name."
He's looking up at her, awaiting a reply, when he find himself the object of avian investigation. There is a momentary flattening of his features, an emptying of affect that suggests he is maybe not the biggest fan of surprises. But a bird hardly seems a looming threat. Unless… "Yours?" Duncan inquires. His voice is carefully neutral - a tone of suspicion gets defensiveness from innocent and guilty alike.
"Oh, goodness. Yes. That's mine." She could cook Fake for breakfast right along eggs and bacon for this stunt. "Darling, come back here." She holds out to her hand toward the wayward familiar, keeping the warning edge in her tone dull. "Still training him. He's just so awfully cute," she offers by way of defense. On both their parts.
"I'm Elvira Banes, ser." If Fake doesn't start plucking her hair out to build a nest for this, it'll be a miracle. "And you do have my gratitude, I assure you. I apologise for my creature's behaviour."
If a bird could properly glare, then he would be doing it at this moment; he ceases his hops and looks along Duncan's shoulder (but not without one peck at his clothing) to stare at Elvira, his way of letting her know that he's dangerously close to flying off and leaving her on her own. Not that he's really doing much to help, apparently. Seeming reluctant, the small bird hops a time or two towards it's "owner" before taking back to the air and on to the top of her head/
"And what is your trade, Miss Banes?" Duncan says, assuming unmarried status to a woman so young, and lacking in visible signs. He appears to take her 'pet' bird in stride - Fake receives only a brief investigative glance when he alights upon Elvira's head - unless of course the question as to her vocation is itself an implicit interrogation. His stride is long, but the pace is leisurely. He doesn't seem to be in a rush. Quite the opposite, in fact.
"Are you a songbird trainer?"
Is he making fun of her?
Elvira will be so many shades of apologetic later to her brother's familiar. Both truly believe they're helping the other in this case, however. "I'm a storyteller, actually," she corrects as she reaches up to ruffle Fake's feathers affectionately. Sorry. If Duncan is poking fun, she's choosing to ignore it entirely.
The bird stretches out it's feathers, though it's hard to tell if this is really acceptance of Elvira's apology or not. He pecks once at the top of her head, as if to make a point, before fluttering gently back down to where he was originally perched on her shoulder, as if nothing had happened at all.
Duncan's brows lift - how could he have forgotten? "Ah yes- you brother mentioned that." So she's kept to her story - something a storyteller would do. Which is the trouble with storytellers, being only a more honest kind of liar. "I'd ask you for a story, but you might think I was asking payment. I'm giving this freely. But if you have charity enough to spare a tale- we can both be virtuous today."
There's a wince at the peck to her head, but it could be worse. Elvira welcomes Fake's return to her shoulder. "It may be my livelihood, but I don't mind a freebie now and then." That's what she said. If Arthur were here, she's sure he'd be snickering at her choice of words. And then she'd have to throw something at him. Probably Fake.
"What sort of story would you like to hear, Ser Rowntree? When I was younger, I used to make up stories about the constellations." Constellations she could never recall the proper names of, but at least got somewhere close. And her audiences are generally children. Or her brother, who's still fairly childish if you ask her.
"I have," she adds after a moment of consideration, "heard tell of a wandering dragon slayer while I was travelling. But it's a new story to me, and I've not given much consideration yet to how I would embellish and elaborate on it to make it as spectacular as it should be."
Uneasily steadying himself on Elvira's shoulder, the bird's gaze seems to stay mostly focused towards Duncan, save the occasional twittering around and head darting and bobbing as it pecks at specks on Elvira's shoulder. Mostly because it doesn't want to look too focused on Duncan - looking natural is part of the whole point after all, isn't it? A chirp thrown in now and then just for added effect, Fake seems content to listen to the pair's conversation for now.
"Watch your head, lass," Duncan advises, as he walks the bird upon the lady upon the horse under some laundry lines, their linen and flax burdens fluttering like glum pennants beneath the overcast sky.
A man of the barracks and the brothel, Duncan may not be beyond making Arthur's observation in absentia. But he doesn't snicker. He doesn't even smile. He merely comments: "If you're skilled enough, generosity now may encourage business later." An economic insight that applies across all professions, including the oldest.
Fake doesn't receive so much as a glance from Duncan, though it's likely that a career strongarm has a way of keeping an eye on things he's not looking directly at. Still, it offers Fake the advantage.
"A storyteller should make measure of her audience, shouldn't she? Show me the full range of your craft. Tell me the tale you think I'd like best." He looks over his shoulder at Elvira, then glances down at himself, gesturally. "Do I look like a man who enjoys dragonslayer stories?"
Ducking her head, Elvira also instinctively cups a hand around the little bird on her shoulder, as if the shroud of her hair weren't enough obfuscation. Or that somehow he would still be in danger dismount by fluttering cotton. "You look as though you would be the subject of the tales of dragonslayers," the woman observes. "Now, the question is whether I surmise that you're the sort who enjoys stories about others like himself, or if you're the kind that prefers to hear of experiences that you don't otherwise have."
Green eyes narrow, as if assessing Duncan. "But are all other experiences too mundane for you?" Whatever her decision, she begins her tale. "There was once a laundress, young, unremarkable, and also so very alone, who would do her work at the nearby river. She felt at one with the serenity of the rushing water and the forest, and so though she was quite burdened by her work, she found a great deal of solace in her surroundings…"
The story carries on, and becomes a cautionary tale about the dangers of magical creatures, as a river sprite befriended the lonely laundress. With the best of intentions, the sprite attempted to bring its friend into its world, only to drown her. "The peace sought in the company of magic," Elvira concludes, "rarely comes without a price."
Duncan keeps his head pointed forward, listening with face hidden from the storyteller, denying any access to his reaction beyond even the usual stoicism of his mien. The tale unravels the time of travel, taking the presence of mind from stride and step and leaving the body to go about its ambulatory business. By the time the story's cautionary end comes 'round, Elvira and her avian companion can see a storefront, hung with garlands of fragrant herbs. Their destination, surely.
Duncan brings the horse to a halt and steps around to the creature's side, one hand still on the reins.
"A story with a lesson well informed by experience," Duncan says, tone one of agreement - in that respect, at least, the tale seems to have been well chosen, "did you encounter magic on your travels?" He offers his hand to help her dismount, even as he poses another question, "did magic travel with you?"
It's another one of those times where if Fake could properly make a human facial expression, he would, this time in the form of a scouring look in Duncan's direction. For a bird who often plays at inconspicuous, his reaction to the question is noticeable in the way he stills, wings stretching out to their full (but very short) berth, a series of chirps - intended to be angry ones, but not nearly coming out that way - following. It's an odd display for such a small songbird, assuredly, Fake burying himself a bit deeper into Elvira's hair afterwards, regardless of any tangling risks. Maybe, it would seem, he just doesn't like tales of magic? Hard to tell, or so he hopes.
Duncan's hand remains, awaiting her own, until the moment she takes it. His assistance, just like the 'escort' to Dornie, appears to be more expectation than offer. "A storyteller's answer," he comments, dry but not unkind, "being no answer at all. Be careful, lass. Elusive answers can arouse suspicion in some people, however baseless."
As he assists Elvira descend from her perch, her pet bird's commotion cannot fail to draw attention, nor comment. "I've upset your friend," he notes, still holding Elvira's hand in his, "does he object to my being so familiar?"
Elvira reaches up to rub one finger over the songbird's chest reassuringly. She'd be telling him to calm down, and that she's got this if she could. Surely he must trust her by now. Surely. "It may be a storyteller's answer, but it is something I also firmly believe. Whatever the world was like before the Exodus, there is no going back. Magic is not to be trifled with, but it cannot be ignored."
Taking Duncan's hand, she accepts the assistance on the dismount, whether she required it or not. "I suppose he must be jealous," Elvira supplies with a shrug of the shoulder opposite the creature in question, so as not to upset Fake's perch. She has to wonder if he chose the word familiar deliberately. "Do you find me to be suspicious?" she asks playfully.
The gesture isn't entirely calming, but if anything, it and Duncan's comment are sign enough that he's acting out of place, and so Fake returns to his previous demeanour, curious and inspecting as he looks around the immediate area from Elvira's shoulder. Though if he still had talons, he'd be digging them into the woman's shoulder after that question - asking for trouble is exactly what he's supposed to be keeping her from doing.
"He oughtn't to be. I'm no competition. I'm a poor singer."
Duncan seems to be taking Elvira's evasion in stride, along with her playfulness. No further questions regarding magic seem immediately forthcoming though, yes, that was a suspicious choice of words.
"Suspicion is an ugly, masked thing," though, as Duncan avers, "I am-" his smile is such a subtle thing, his features granting it only a hinted, half-presence, "curious."
Something churns in the pit of Elvira's stomach, but you would never know it from the faint smile on her face and the light in her eyes. "You've been very kind to me, ser." And she rest her free hand over the top of the hand he holds her other with. "I wonder if you could do just one more favour for me?"
Suspicion is a sentiment that Duncan and Fake have in common, at least, the small bird peering out from where it has hidden itself in her hair, before taking back ot the air, this time choosing to land on the saddle of the animal they have just vacated. Wings flutter, eyes looking around as he tries to watch Duncan and Elvie carefully.
"I've lived long and learned well enough not to promise favors before hearing terms, especially when petitioned by a beautiful woman," Duncan says. This is not a refusal, but any means. His hand remains clasped between hers, and his expression is attentive. He's listening, at the very least.
"There's a bracelet that I seem to have misplaced on the journey here." Elvira believes she knows better than to accuse Duncan or any member of his militia of taking it. "A simple copper thing, with charms shaped like four-leaf clovers. It was my mother's, so I'm incredibly distressed by its loss. I was wondering if perhaps you or one of yours may have spotted it."
This clarification earns a small exhalation, a soft huff of breath indicating- what? The reaction is minimal, ambiguous, but present. It also marks a pause before his answer.
"I will look into it," is all he can pledge - that bracelet may be most anywhere by now. It could have been traded for a round of drinks, or bartered away for some more practical object. It might well be fastened around a favored whore's ankle.
"If I find it, you will have to tell me its story upon its return, as well as your own. You'd be kind to sate my curiosity."
"Certainly." Hope brightens her face artificially. "I will be more than happy to tell you any story you like if you can find my mother's bracelet. It would mean a very great deal to me." She squeezes Duncan's hand in both of hers before withdrawing. "I should set about getting my errands run," she murmurs, as though the idea that she must take her leave is regrettable. "But I imagine we shall cross paths again soon."
Reaching out toward the horse's saddle, she extends one finger for Fake to hop onto. "Come along, darling. We mustn't tarry." Before she turns away, Elvira drops into a curtsey. "Ser Rowntree." Only once she disappears inside the apothecary does her face fall and her stomach properly drop. "Not a word to Arthur," she begs the familiar in a whispered hush. "Allow me to confess my own failings."
Lingering fear is swallowed down. Tea sounds awful good at the moment.


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dmezah201Asked on June 05, 2018 at 08:14 PM
buenas noches
Intento agregar producto al inventario y me indica: We cannot complete your request
Que será lo que sucede?
John_BensonAnswered on June 05, 2018 at 10:30 PM
I cloned your form and I can add the Inventory widget without any issue. Unfortunately, I was not able to replicate the issue.
I have cleared your form cache on our server. Please try it again and let us know if the issue still persists.
dmezah201Answered on June 06, 2018 at 10:43 AMHola
Ayer tuve que eliminar todos los widgets de inventario y crearlos de nuevo
y claramemte funciono sin problem.
Pero hoy de nuevo me esta presentando el mismo problema.
El mar., 5 de jun. de 2018 20:30, JotForm escribió:
JotForm Supportashwin_dAnswered on June 06, 2018 at 12:33 PM
I am sorry for the trouble caused to you. Are you having trouble adding inventory widget in form "Postales Panini 2018"?
I also cloned your form and was able to add inventory widget successfully. Please confirm if I can go ahead and test this issue in your form by adding the widget.
We will wait for your response.
dmezah201Answered on June 06, 2018 at 01:43 PMsi ese mismo formulario, como no podía esperar una solución, elimine todos
los widgets de inventario y los cree de nuevo desde cero
2018-06-06 10:33 GMT-06:00 JotForm :
JotForm SupportJed_CAnswered on June 06, 2018 at 02:59 PM
We apologize for the inconvenience.
Adding an inventory widget to your form works on my end. Kindly try clearing your form and your browser cache and see if that helps.
Let us know how it goes.
dmezah201Answered on June 15, 2018 at 04:43 PM
JotForm SupportVictoria_KAnswered on June 15, 2018 at 05:00 PM
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Family Mediation Training Ontario
We offer a boutique training limited to a maximum of 12 participants.
The family mediation training program is comprised of five courses: Family Relations, Fundamentals of Family Mediation, Screening for Domestic Violence and Power Imbalance, Family Law, and Advanced Family Mediation Skills. The program is designed to satisfy the education/training requirements of the Ontario Association for Family Mediation Accredited Family Mediation designation, AccFM, and the Family Dispute Resolution Institute of Ontario Certified Specialist in Family Mediation designation, FDRP Med.
These courses may be part of the process to become accredited or certified as a family mediator. In addition, there are background requirements and internship requirements.
We would refer you to the criteria for accreditation or certification set out by the dispute resolution organization that you are considering. Criteria for OAFM are shown here, and criteria for FDRIO are shown here.
If you have questions about your background and whether you should register for our courses please get in touch with Richard Shields to see if the courses are appropriate for you. You can reach Richard at: firstname.lastname@example.com.
Online Dispute Resolution For Separation and Divorce
Advances in technology have brought huge opportunities for family...
Putting On Other People's Shoes
We all have particular social roles we fill in...
What is mediation?
Mediation is a voluntary family dispute resolution process in...
Choosing a Family Lawyer to Support Mediation
When parties enter into a mediation process, one of...
Family Relations – March 3-5, 2020
The participants will learn the following: family systems theory; the family dynamics of extended families; mental health issues in a family context; the complex...
Fundamentals of Family Mediation – March 11-12 & March 31-April 2, 2020
The participants will learn the following: the nature of conflict; alternative dispute resolution (ADR) processes; negotiation theory and practice.
Screening for Domestic Violence and Power Imbalance – March 24-26, 2020
The participants will learn the following: scope of the problem of domestic violence and power imbalance; typologies and risk factors; the nature of screening...
Family Law – April 6-7 & 16-17, 2020
The participants will learn the following: family systems theory; the family dynamics of extended families; mental health issues in a family context...
Advanced Family Mediation Skills – April 21-23, 2020
The participants will learn the following interviewing; screening; preparing the Family Mediation Agreement.


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"Iron deficiency Anemia" results in the victim to feel tired and with a pale look. This is a very prevalent of the types of anemia – a medical state where the blood is lacking of sufficient "red blood cells", which are responsible for transportation of oxygen to tissues.
The oxygenated blood helps the body to have a healthy skin tone with adequate energy. According to the name "iron deficiency anemia" happens due to insufficiency of iron in the body. The human body requires elemental iron to produce hemoglobin, which in turn helps the "red blood cells" to carry oxygen.
This sort of anemia is chiefly prevalent in women. One out of every five women and fifty percent of all the expecting mothers are suffering from iron deficiency. One of the causes leading to this is iron deficient diet; however there are other determining causes as well.
Usually "iron deficiency anemia" can be corrected with an adequate supplementation of iron. Although at times some additional treatments becomes essential, especially if any internal bleeding is happening.
Symptoms and signs of "Iron Deficiency Anemia": in general the common signs lead to extreme fatigue, weakness, paleness in skin, breathlessness, lightheadedness, cold feet and hands, headache, etc.
However, in iron deficient, it also includes, tongue inflammation, or soreness, abnormal craving towards non-nutritive substances like dirt, ice, etc., and brittle nails, decreased appetite seen in children and infants with this disease.
Some group of people with this anemia experience "restless legs syndrome" – an uncomfortable feeling of constant crawling or tingling in legs that generally ease after moving them.
Causes for the disease: the human blood contains the liquid plasma and blood cells of three types. Those are the "white blood cells", "red blood cells" or erythrocytes, and "platelets".
The "white blood cells" help in fighting infections, the "platelets" helps in the clotting process after an injury or cut, while the "red blood cells" or erythrocytes transport the oxygen from the lungs through the bloodstream to the human brain, the vital tissues, and organs of the body.
The erythrocytes are full of hemoglobin, which is a substance rich in iron, giving blood the color red. Hemoglobin is oxygen soluble and facilitates the erythrocytes in transporting the oxygen from human lungs to all throughout human body.
A person can suffer from minor iron deficiency in blood without any anemic development. However, when the human body starts lacking enough iron so as to hamper production of hemoglobin then we start the process of being anemic. As without proper amount of hemoglobin in blood the blood cells become paler and smaller comparing to their normal size and fail to carry adequate oxygen to the tissues.
Hence, a diet rich in iron, vitamins, and protein is necessary to fight any chance of this disease.


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8 tips for acing a video interview (or a video date!)
(this article is a version of the one that first appeared in Cynopsis Classified Advantage)
If your vid-call experience is limited to talking to your BFF at 2 am then you might need some new polish before you face a video job interview.
A video interview is just your normal pulse-quickening, career-defining, potentially-life-changing event – but this time with added levels of difficulty. It is a production, and its success is dependent, as with all successful productions, on careful pre-production.
You may not have to fly across country, or get stuck on the subway or get lost on the highway – but the way you are perceived on the little screen is just as important as when you show up in the flesh.
1. Test the system and your equipment.
Some interviewers use Skype, some use browser-based systems like MegaMeeting, they could use GoToMeeting; are there any interviews yet on Google Hangouts? Be sure you know which set up they will be using. Do this at least a day in advance so you can get signed up if necessary and solve any tech issues. Is your Internet connection up? Is your display name professional (eg not fratboy18)? Is your camera working? (If you are using a Mac you can open PhotoBooth to see what your camera sees.) Does a separate mike sound better than the built-in? Are your speakers working? Be sure – test it all – because on the day you don't want to be fretting about technical nonsense.
2. Dress the set
Recruiters say they like to see you in front of an uncluttered white wall, but taken too literally that can result in you looking as if you are sitting weirdly in a vacuum. According to Deirdre Mars, a partner in Idealicity, a start up consulting & business processing outsourcing partnership, you are working a delicate balance: you can use some props to set the tone, but they should not be a distraction and draw attention to themselves. So no team flags, Bieber posters, coffee cups or half eaten donuts. You can have a glass of water nearby for before the call, but don't drink while you're on the call. Now see how the whole things looks to your camera and tweak as necessary.
3. Light the scene.
Check the natural light 24 hours in advance. Window light from the side or three quarters front should give your best look. Avoid heavy shadows that will make you look old and tired. Strong light behind you will cast your face into darkness like an anonymous witness, front light will flatten your features and overhead light is ugly. If it's dark, bounce light from a desk lamp or two.
4. Close apps and noisemakers
In advance of your call, make sure that other applications and phones are shut off, and that your spouse, baby and dog know not to disturb you.
5. Get dressed up
Don't just dress your top half – a smart interviewer will sense those bunny slippers! Some collars can look messy, patterns or bright colors can distract. Deirdre Mars suggests that if you normally wear make-up, you might try a little extra to strengthen your features as the camera will tend to soften them; apply it in a mirror, but then check it out on camera.
6. Practice looking into the camera.
The big trick here according to Tim McDonald (who is Community Manager at HuffPost Live – so he knows what is what), is to look straight into the camera and not down at the image on your screen, this way you'll be addressing the interviewer and not your desk. If you're using a laptop, try placing it on a pile of books so the camera is at eye level. And move the application image up to the top of the screen so when you're listening to the questions you are still not looking too far down. You could even print a picture of the interviewer and tape it so their eyes are very close to the camera – then talk to the picture. This is hard – practice it.
7. Do a full dress rehearsal
A day ahead, do a full run-through. Have a friend call you and record it. Sit back a little for a wider shot, don't slump on the desk. Be very aware of whose turn it is to speak as voice overlaps are problematic. Review how you come across and if necessary do another rehearsal.
8. Going live on air
On the day, with production well under control, you still have to do all the things you'd do in an in-person interview: know what they are looking for and tell your success stories with enthusiasm. You'll have to be a little more animated than usual to come across well on a video call. Be passionate and curious, listen well and don't ramble.
Thorough preparation will have you looking good and let your strengths shine through. And what is more, Deirdre tells me that these techniques are not only good for job interviews, but she uses them when Skyping with her overseas boyfriend.
So now, are you ready for your close-up?


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Luna Tart at Joe's Pub May 18, 2009
Pathos. Fragility. Drama. The absurd.
… Sung by the kind of slightly aging woman you'd pity, drunk, at the end of the bar.
Draped in a bright yellow boa, paired absurdly with a ukulele – this broad's got a sardonic sense and a surprisingly beautiful voice. She's so damn depressing, it's funny – like when you cry so hard you start laughing, or vice versa.
Luna Tart – a Bernadette Peters look-a-like – with an equally on-target sense of timing, is the alter ego of Laura Freeman, who wobbled on stage at Joe's Pub tonight, in a semi-drunken stupor. Deceptively faltering, yet always in charge of her phrasing, Luna left me hanging on every word. Whether quivering her poetic lyrics, or singing in shockingly high full voice, she imbued her story-songs with heartbreak and longing. Luna's "I've Forgotten You," an imagistic piece sung by a woman struggling to remember even a fragment of her lost love, was simply devastating. When she eeked out the final question "Did we dance … did we … dance?"… In the silence that followed, I felt a tangible unity with the rest of the audience – a kind of group mourning, a shared sensibility of personal loss and grief.
For some odd reason, I kept imagining a TV show where Luna gets into all kinds of hopeful, sad and bizarre romantic situations, punctuated by the songs on her "Luna Tart died" CD … the plotlines are all there: Luna remembers her sad childhood as her mother sings a lullaby, Luna gets jilted, joins the circus, becomes a prostitute, lives the highlife, gets jilted, gets jilted, gets jilted … time and time again … as she reflects on it all from a barstool in a dark and seedy joint.
I advise you to check out Luna out at her next gig. If you're a TV producer, at least give her a screen test for a pilot. Whoever you are, while sitting, listening in the dark – you won't feel alone in your anguish – and you'll probably find the strength to laugh at your relative good fortune.
Many thanks to Tsar Stefan for bringing her to Joe's!
http://www.zamo-zamo.com Follow me, Judith Z. Miller, on Twitter


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Hi Folks,
Cleland will not be hosting extra events for Christmas or New Years, I'm afraid.
The main reason is that our permit includes a clause that we cancel on days of Total Fire Ban. Being in the middle of summer, there is a reasonable chance this may happen. Rather than having any last minute issues, we will instead be supporting the other parkrun events around SA that choose to run. Check the guide for details as to which events are hosting extras.
Last year, I made it to Clare for a run on Christmas Eve - with the pooch, for her first parkrun! - and joined the festivities there, en route to family in the country.
Last New Years Day, I went out to the Mount Barker - Strathalbyn double; a great morning with a (then) PB at Mt B, watched Kent Baraglia do Mt B, run to Strath, then do Strath for a 'long run' start to New Year, and got to see quite a few folks and start 2017 off right!
It's a great time of year to fit in a few runs when many of us get downtime. I'm likely to try for the Mawson Lakes - Carisbrooke double, or maybe Aldinga - Christies, depending on who does what! Keep an eye on the compendium for updates, and have a chat with us close to the day; be great to get a 'Cleland on tour' group happening!!
- Jon


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Congratulations to Professor Jody Berland on the success of her recent SSHRC Insight Grant. "Digital Animalities: Media Representations of Non-Human Life" ($300,250)
The research project "Digital Animalities" explores how ubiquitous media are changing the meanings and possibilities of human-animal relations. Animals powerfully symbolize what humans value, accept, exclude, or fear in themselves and in the world. New visual and digital technologies vastly multiply the production, circulation and acquisition of animal images. The current proliferation and re-con-figuration of the animal occurs in the context of a global visual culture that relies on images of animals to signify, promote, destabilize and secure its political, cultural, and natural landscapes. A culture in which animals and environments are as precarious as their meanings inspires a range of expressive strategies through which images negotiate risk. The symbolic proliferation of animals reconciles contradictory needs and desires in a mediated environment offering uncertainty together with powerful incitements to connect, participate, and enjoy.
As principal investigator, I am working with a team of 10 international scholars to enhance collaboration in research and research dissemination. The project includes a multimedia art exhibition, a blog, an online archive, and scholarly publication.
Learn more about Professor Berland's research and teaching.
Congratulations to Professor Bernard Lightman on the success of his SSHRC Insight Grant, "The Collected Letters of John Tyndall: 1820-1893" ($358,892)
SSHRC Insight Grant: $358,892
A five year grant for the project "The Collected Letters of John Tyndall (1820-1893), influential Victorian scientist: editing and publishing volumes 5 to 14." The letters will illuminate the life of an eminent Victorian physicist at the center of many of the key developments in nineteenth-century science, including the professionalization and popularization of science, the debates over Darwin's *Origin of Species*, and the construction of the cultural authority of science.
Learn more about Professor Lightman's research and teaching.
Other Humanities faculty research.


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Food Science and Technology
Print version ISSN 0101-2061
Ciênc. Tecnol. Aliment. vol.30 no.4 Campinas Oct./Dec. 2010
Microbial profile of a kefir sample preparations - grains in natura and lyophilized and fermented suspension
Perfil microbiológico de preparações de uma amosta de quefir - grãos in natura, liofilizado e suspensão fermentada
Rafaela Strada de Oliveira BergmannI; Maria Aparecida PereiraII; Sandra Maria Oliveira Moraes VeigaIII; José Maurício SchneedorfIII; Nelma de Mello Silva OliveiraIV,*; João Evangelista FioriniIV
IAnimal Sciences, Universidade José do Rosário Vellano - UNIFENAS
IIPharmacy Student, Universidade José do Rosário Vellano - UNIFENAS
IIIFederal University of Alfenas - UNIFAL
IVBiology and Physiology Laboratory of Microorganisms, Universidade José do Rosário Vellano - UNIFENAS,Rod. MG, Km 179, CEP 37130-000, Alfenas - MG, Brasil, E-mail: email@example.com; firstname.lastname@example.com
Probiotics are supplementary foods developed by microbial strains that improve animal health beyond basic nutrition. Probiotics are consumed orally, regardless of being considered as normal inhabitants of the intestines, able to survive in enzimatic and biliary secretions. Kefir is a probiotic originated from the old continent, fermented by several bacteria and yeasts, encapsulated in a polyssacharide matrix, and resembles jelly grains. Kefir is also presented as its sourish product both in sugary or milky suspensions containing vitamins, aminoacids, peptides, carbohydrates, ethanol, and volatile compounds. Kefir is known to have a diverse microbial content depending on the country and fermentative substrates, which cause distinct probiotic effects. In this sense, the purpose of this work was to isolate, identify, and quantify the microbial content of a native sugary kefir sample (fermented suspension and lyophilized natural grains). Serial dilutions were plated on Rogosa agar (AR) and De Man, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS), for Lactobacillus; Brain Heart Infusion (BHI), for total bacteria; Sabouraud-Dextrose-Agar (SDA), for yeasts and filamentous fungi; Thioglycolate Agar (TA), for Streptococcus, Acetobacteria and Leuconostoc; and Coconut Water Agar (CWA), and CWA supplemented with yeast extract (CWAY), for various genera. Genera and species for all strains were identified through biochemical reactions and specific API systems. The microbial profile of kefir was different from other sources of grains despite the presence of similar microorganisms and others which have not been reported yet. The data obtained with the CWA and CWAE media suggest that both substrates are alternative and salutary media for culture of kefir strains.
Keywords: aqueous fermentation; kefir; microorganisms; probiotics.
Probióticos são suplementos alimentares desenvolvidos por cepas microbianas. O Kefir é um probiótico constituído por bactérias láticas e leveduras, encapsuladas em uma matriz polissacarídica (grãos). É um produto de fermentação contendo vitaminas, aminoácidos, peptídeos, carboidratos, etanol e compostos voláteis. Possui composição microbiológica variada, dependendo da origem e substrato de fermentação, influenciando na variabilidade de seus efeitos. Este trabalho objetivou a identificação do perfil microbiano de uma amostra de Kefir cultivada em solução aquosa de açúcar mascavo. Diluições seriadas de quefir (caldo fermentado, grãos in natura e liofilizado) foram plaqueadas em Ágar Rogosa (AR), Ágar De Man, Rogosa & Sharpe (MRS), para Lactobacillus; Ágar BHI, para contagem de bactérias totais; Sabouraud-Glicose, para leveduras e fungos filamentosos; CaldoTioglicolato, para Streptococcus, Acetobacter e Leuconostoc; Ágar Água de Coco (AAC) e AAC suplementado com extrato de levedura (AACE), para vários gêneros. Gêneros e espécies foram identificados por reações bioquímicas e sistemas API específicos. O perfil microbiano do Kefir analisado foi distinto daqueles de outras origens encontradas para os grãos, embora tenham sido encontrados microrganismos similares, além de outros ainda não reportados na literatura. Os dados obtidos com AAC e ACCE sugerem que ambos os substratos podem ser alternativas para meio de cultivo.
Palavras-chave: fermentação aquosa; quefir; microrganismos; probióticos.
1 Introduction
Functional foods present substances with distinct biological functions, called bioactive components, capable of modulating the organism physiology and ensuring health maintenance (DÂMASO, 2001). The pre and probiotic foods are themselves functional and are rich in micronutrients characterizing a wide range of possibilities for their development (ASHWELL, 2002) They are related to very different physiological areas, other than those of the regular functional foods.
Probiotics are alimentary supplements elaborated with live microorganisms which, when ingested in determined amounts, benefit the host promoting an intestinal microbiota balance. To be considered probiotic, the microorganism must be a usual gastrointestinal inhabitant, survive in its passage through the stomach, and keep its viability and metabolic activity in the intestine (LIMA et al., 2003)
Kefir, considered a probiotic, consists of grains and a supernatant. It is a mix of microorganisms, polysaccharides, aminated molecules, vitamins, acids, ethanol, and volatile substances. Its microbiological composition is very changeable, depending on its origin. The structure of the grains is similar to small cauliflower branches, with a diameter of 0.3-3.5 cm, and is composed of about 890-900 g.kg-1 of water, 2 g.kg-1 of lipids, 30 g.kg-1 of proteins, 60 g.kg-1 of sugars, and 7 g.kg-1 of ashes (ZOURARI; ANIFANTAKIS, 1988; KOROLEVA, 1988; ÂNGULO; LOPEZ; LEMA, 1993; PINTADO; LOPES; FERNANDES, 1996; REA et al., 1996). Many studies have been carried out on the distribution and constitution of the kefir microbiota (PIDOUX et al., 1990; ÂNGULO; LOPEZ; LEMA, 1993; OHARA et al., 1997; WATABE et al., 1998; MITSUE; TACHIBANA; FUJI, 1999; GARROTE; ABRAHAM; ANTONINI, 2001; MARQUINA, 2002; SIMOVA et al., 2002). Bottazzi and Bianchi (1980) suggested that the populations found in the kefir grains are not randomly distributed in the grains; Lactobacillus, for example, is found in the grain periphery. Assadi, Pourahmad and Moazami (2000) studied the types of kefir proliferation and concluded that kefir growth is better when its grain is used as a starting colony for its culture. The study results also showed the different sensorial characteristics in accordance to its culture (GARROTE; ABRAHAM; ANTONINI, 1997; KUO; LIN, 1999; LIN; CHEN; LIU, 1999; WSZOLEK et al., 2001).
Kefir culture can be carried out in sugary and leavened, watery, or milky environment. Zubillaga et al. (2001) described kefir grains as a symbiotic association between lactic bacteria, acetic bacteria, and yeasts among other microorganisms. The total composition of the grains has not been completely elucidated (MARSHALL; COLE, 1985; ÂNGULO; LOPEZ; LEMA, 1993).
For over a thousand years of consumption, kefir microorganisms have not been shown to be pathogenic, and kefir suspensions are capable to suppress the growth of some pathogens as Salmonella and Shigella (KOROLEVA, 1988; ANSELMO; VITORA; LAUSADA, 2001).
The purpose of this investigation was to isolate, quantify, and characterize the microorganisms present in the kefir cultivated at the Unifenas Biology and Physiology Laboratory of Microorganisms, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
2 Material and methods
2.1 Local
This study was developed at the Unifenas Biology and Physiology Laboratory of Microorganisms (BPLM), Alfenas - MG State, Brazil. The kefir cultivated in filtered sugary water (total kefir) was analyzed, and so were the grains, the suspension and the lyophilized total kefir, separately.
2.2 Origin of the kefir grains
The kefir used in these experiments was kindly granted by Prof. Dr. José Maurício Schneedorf Ferreira da Silva, Phytopharmacy Laboratory- Unifenas. It was cultured and microbiologically analyzed at the Unifenas LBFM.
2.3 Methods
Kefir production
Five grams of kefir grains were cultivated in a broth prepared with distilled water and 5% brown sugar. This suspension was transferred into bottles and incubated at 25 ºC during 15 days. After reactivation of the microbiota of the grains, they were washed in distilled water and subcultivated in the same broth every 24 hours. With regard to subcultivation, after serial decimal dilutions, analyses of the fermented broth (suspension) and in natura and lyophilized grains.
Lyophilized kefir
Five hundred grams of kefir grains were dehydrated at 37 ºC for 24 hours, frozen in dry ice, and lyophilized at the Farming Research Company of Minas Gerais (EPAMIG), located at Federal University of Lavras - UFLA, MG State, Brazil.
Microbiological analysis kefir and lyophilized kefir
The microbial quantification process of the lyophilized kefir, total kefir, kefir grains, and supernatant was carried out through decimal dilutions, plated on the following culture media: Rogosa Agar (RA) and De Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe (MRS), specific for Lactobacillus; Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) Agar, used for global counting of bacteria; Sabouraud-Dextrose Agar (SDA), for yeasts and filamentous fungi; Thioglycolate Agar (TA), for Streptococcus, Acetobacter and Leuconostoc; Coconut Water Agar (CWA) and Coconut Water Agar + Yeast Extract (CWAY), for the growth of various genera. With the exception of CWA and CWAY, which were prepared at the BPLM, all others came from MERCK (GERMANY) (INTERNATIONAL..., 2000).
The incubation temperature was 35.5 ºC for bacteria and 25 ºC for fungi. The incubation time varied in face of the appearance of Colony Forming Units (CFU) macroscopically visible on the surface of the media and/or turbidity in the broths.
Conventional biochemical tests were used for the identification of genera and species, besides specific API galleries (BioMérieux, France). All the procedures were carried out in triplicates.
Statistic analysis
The data for microorganisms global counting were obtained through arithmetic mean and standard deviation of the mean, besides the frequency tables. The comparison between the groups was affected by the non-parametric analysis of Man-Whitney, and the values of p < 0.05 were accepted as significant. The analyses were done with the aid of the statistical package XLSTAT version 5.0 (CARR, 2004).
3 Results and discussion
The values found in the samples of grains and suspension of kefir cultivated in AR were respectively 8.5 × 105 and 4.5 × 104 CFU.g-1. However, the analyzed lyophilized kefir samples presented no microbial growth in this medium. As it is selective for Lactobacillus, these results probably indicate that these microorganisms became unviable either because of the lyophilization procedure or the loss of biosynthetic capacity of some important enzymes for growth in this medium.
This hypothesis is supported by the fact that Lactobacillus strains were found in kefir suspension formulation (Table 1), and the literature reports several isolated strains of kefir samples. From kefir grains, Marshall, Cole and Farrow (1984) isolated Lactobacillus desidiosus, which can ferment L-arabinose and gluconate specifically, while Marquina et al. (2002) detected Lactococcus brevis and Lactobacillus paracasei. Takizawa et al. (1998) found 120 strains of Lactobacillus in kefir grains and separated them into four groups: Lactobacillus kefirgranum, representing 49% of strains; Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens, Lactobacillus kefir, and Lactobacillus parakefir. These data indicate that the Lactobacillus genus predominates in other kefir isolates, which was evidenced in this study in the analyses of the suspension's grains and supernatant.
Wszolek et al. (2001) compared the characteristics of kefir cultivated in Scotland and in Poland, both in bovine, caprine, and ovine milk substrata, evaluating the microbiological characteristics and the sensorial properties. The grains were preserved both in saline solution and by lyophilization. The microbiological quality was considered good, predominating bacteria of the lactic acid and yeasts. The type of starter colony and the period of storage affected the sensorial properties, mainly viscosity. Cow and sheep milk were the most viscous. In the six samples of kefir from Iraq, after fermentation of the grains, the global counting of bacteria was of 109 CFU.g-1 for Lactococcus, 108 CFU.g-1 for Leuconostoc, 5 × 105 CFU.g-1 for Lactobacillus, 105 CFU.g-1 for acetic acid producers and 105 CFU.g-1 for yeasts (REA et al., 1996). Some researchers reported the presence of homofermenting and heterofermenting Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, and Acetobacter (ÂNGULO; LOPEZ; LEMA, 1993).
Angulo, Lopez and Lema (1993) studied kefir samples of dairy products from eight domiciliary sources in the Galicia region, northwest of Spain, and found the following bacteria: Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus viridescens, Lactobacillus kefir, Lactobacillus fermentus, Lactobacillus casei ssp. rhamnosus, Lactobacillus casei ssp. tolerans, Lactobacillus casei ssp. pseudoplantarum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus gasseri, Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis, Leuconostoc ssp., Streptococcus salivarius ssp. thermophilus. Among the yeasts, they identified Torulaspora delbrueckii, and Saccharomyces cerevisae, Saccharomyces unisporus, Candida kefyr, Candida friedrichii, Kluyveromyces lactis, and Pichia fermentans. The authors reported that the important differences in grain composition from the eight sources might be attributed to the different origins of the samples, among other factors. Such interfering factors seem to be mainly geographic and also due to the substratum used for grain proliferation. Wszolek et al. (2001), on the other hand, disagree and affirm that only the substratum differentiates the composition of the fermented milk (kefir) after analyzing the ovine, caprine, and bovine lacteal beverage from Poland and Scotland. These authors recognize, however, that differences in analyses performed different laboratories and in different countries might explain the differences in kefir composition. In this paper, qualitative, and quantitative differences were also evidenced.
Tables 1 and 2 show some microbial strains found in this study in the various kefir presentations (suspension, grain, and lyophilized).
Similarly, Ângulo, Lopez and Lema (1993) and Ohara et al. (1997) isolated strains of Leuconostoc spp. from kefir grains. Garrote, Abraham and Antonini (1997, 2001) isolated strains of Lactobacillus lactis from lactis subspecies. Acetobacter strains were isolated by Garrote, Abraham and Antonini (2001) and Mitsue, Tachibana and Fuji (1999).
Unusual microorganisms were found in this study, such as Lactobacillus cremoris lactis, Chryseomonas luteola, Candida coiliculosa, Candida magnoliae, Kloekera sp., and Candida famata. This demonstrates the great microbial diversity in kefir samples from different sources. The present study is the first one to demonstrate the presence of such organisms in kefir.
The literature reports the isolation of unknown microorganisms of kefir, identifying each one of their functions: Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus paracasei, are highly involved with the production of lactate, and Lactobacillus hilgardü participates in the production of arabinose and polysaccharide from saccharose. Sugar fermentates were used in these assays (PIDOUX et al., 1990; MAINVILLE et al., 2001). In the present paper, brown sugar was used as substratum for kefir growth, but none of the previously reported microorganisms was isolated. Likewise, brown sugar microbiological analysis showed none of the previously reported microorganisms for identification and characterization (data not shown). However, Leroi and Courcoux (1996) also isolated less common strains from kefir kept in sugary water: Lactobacillus hilgardü and Saccharomyces florentinus. These data supports the thesis that different culture media and regions can present remarkable differences in the kefir microbiota. Table 2 presents the yeasts found in suspension, grains, and lyophilized kefir.
Tables 1 and 2 show that bacteria and yeasts were grown in Coconut Water Agar + Yeast Extract, while only yeasts grew in Coconut Water Agar, in which no bacterium was identified. CWA probably lacks some factors for bacterial growth, which otherwise may be present in yeast extracts.
In the microbial composition of kefir, popularly cultivated in residences of Formosa, Japan, Lactobacillus helvetícus, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Kluyveromyces marxianus, and Pichia fermentans were found (LIN; CHEN; LIU, 1999). Among them, Lactobacillus helvetícus stands out as the bacterium with the highest growth rate and Kluyveromyces marxianus as the yeast with the highest production of lactic acid and ethanol. We also observed the yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus in kefir broth cultivated in Coconut Water Agar + Yeast Extract, besides the bacterium Leuconostoc sp. The present results did not include an investigation of sub-products. However, it is possible that the isolated microorganisms produce similar compounds, once the fermentate's odor and flavor are similar to the sourish-ethanolic sensorial properties.
The global counting of facultative bacteria in CWA and CWAYE indicated that the method and type of preparation did not affect cell counting of grain and suspension samples, and that there was no significant difference between the plating method, the culture media and growth in grain and suspension (Mann Whitney, p < 0.05), except for the lyophilized kefir group, which had low counting. These data confirm the previously found data (Table 3).
Loddi (2001) emphasizes that the probiotics can contain bacteria which are entirely known and quantified or bacterial cultures that has not been defined yet. Some bacteria, such as Enterocccus, Bacteróides, Eubacterium, Lactobacillus, and Bifidobacterium are present in defined cultures. When bacteria with probiotic capability are isolated from their conventional habitat and subcultivated and/or lyophilized, some of their properties are lost (FRANCO; OLIVEIRA; CARVALHO, 2006). The lyophilization process could probably interfere with the global counting of the kefir microorganisms due to drying and later rehydration. Since kefir is easily cultivated at home, and seldom industrialized (RETORI, 2008), the purpose of this study was to obtain lyophilized kefir and promote its large-scale production. In face of the results obtained, however, such as the low microorganism counting, this seems to be improbable.
Garrote, Abraham and Antonini (1997) found bacteria, yeasts and filamentous fungi in grains obtained in Argentine domiciliary environments. Four bacteria were isolated: Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis; Lactococcus lactis ssp. diacetylactis, a homofermenting bacillus, probably Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens - also isolated by Arihara, Toba and Adachi (1990) - or Lactobacillus kefirgranum, and a heterofermenting bacillus that could be Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus kefir - also isolated by Arihara, Toba and Adachi (1990) - or Lactobacillus parakefir. Lactose nonfermenting yeasts were found: Saccharomyces cerevisae and Saccharomyces lipolytic. The fungus was characterized as Geotrichum candidum. Their results indicated the following composition of kefir grains: 0.9% (1.64 × 107 CFU.g-1) of Lactococci; 78.3% (1.59 × 109 CFU.g-1) of Lactobacilli, and 20.8% (42.30 107 × CFU.g-1) of yeasts. The number of bacteria was slightly higher in fermented milk, while the number of yeasts was lower. The authors concluded that the microbial composition of the milk fermented with kefir grain is the same as that of the grains prope, except for Lactobacillus kefir, which was not detected after fermentation. Later, the same authors (GARROTE; ABRAHAM; ANTONINI, 2001) isolated Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis, Lactobacillus kefir, Lactobacillus plantarum, Acetobacter, Saccharomyces, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis biovar diacetylactis, Lactobacillus parakefir, and Kluyveromyces marxianus in Argentine samples. However, qualitative differences were found in the four samples. Our results are very close to those of the above-mentioned authors with regard to isolated bacteria and yeasts.
By virtue of the diversity of microorganisms found in the various samples, in this and other studies, we discuss the use of kefir to improve the digestion of lactose, the functions of the intestines, the physical and mental aptitude, the weight control and weight loss due to the long-lasting use of this fermented beverage, and, still, its use as a disinfectant in agriculture and industry (RETORI, 2008)
4 Conclusion
The total average counting of kefir grain Lactobacillus was 8.5 × 105 CFU.g-1, while in kefir suspension it was 4.5 × 104 CFU.g-1 and Lactobacillus lactis cremoris was isolated.
Microbial analyses revealed the following bacteria and yeasts, respectively: Leuconostoc ssp., Lactobacillus lactis cremoris, Chyseomonas luteola, Acetobacter, Sacharomyces cerevisae, Candida colliculosa, Toruspola delbruechii, Candida inconspicua, Candida magnoliae, Kloekera sp., Candida famata, Kluyveromices lactis, and Kluyveromices marxianus, Candida kefir.
Kefir microbiota is not the same considering all aspects when compared with the available literature data.
With regard to microbial composition, the kefir cultivated at the UNIFENAS Biology and Physiology Laboratory of Microorganisms is similar to those already described in the literature. A few peculiarities, however, have not been described yet. A high number of microorganisms were isolated and identified in relation to the literature data available.
The Coconut Water Agar was shown to be a good medium for microorganism growth, and thus it is considered as an alternate culture medium, mainly when added with yeast extract, which makes it richer for a better growth, besides being less expensive.
Lyophilized kefir presented the lowest bacterial counting, probably due to its smallest contents of water.
We are grateful to CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) and FAPEMIG (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais) for their financial support, and to Prof. Vinicius Vieira Vignoli for language revision.
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Recebido para publicação em 25/11/2008
Aceito para publicação em 18/7/2009 (003957)
* A quem a correspondência deve ser enviada


text:
Leading Scientists Denounce False Claims Against Vaping
As we look back over 2014 we cannot be surprised at the determination of some to find evils within vaping. But towards the end of this year more leading scientists came out to criticise this coverage and denounce the more spurious claims. Amongst the most important of these in the UK has been from scientists engaged in a world leading institute for public health, which have scathing words for the press regarding their covering of vaping dangers. They described in an editorial in the British Journal of General Practice that commentaries have been 'alarmist' and 'bizarre' for their distortion of evidence that actually shows clear safety advantages of e-cigarettes compared to the tobacco alternative.
Written by Professor Robert West and Dr Jamie Brown from UCL's leading Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, the core criticism is that alarmist reports bare no relation to the evidence available and are essentially deeply prejudiced.
The University is a world leading centre of research excellence and a top ranked University in the UK.
See more at https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/news-articles/0914/050914-E-cigarette-policies-should-be-evidence-based


text:
- Baths2
- Beds1
- Year Built1994
- Storeys1
- Listing Type
- Property Style
- Lot Size/
- Address144 Clarence Street Unit#2a
- CityOttawa
- Postal CodeK1N5P8
Heating & Cooling
- HeatingForced Air (Natural Gas)
- Fireplace/
Listing courtesy of BENNETT PROPERTY SHOP REALTY
Fabulous 1600 sq ft Loft Condo With 10-foot ceilings, ideally located in the Byward Market within walking distance to restaurants, specialty shops, services, and the renowned summer farmers market. Originally a two-bedroom. The unit also features an open concept living & dining room with a cozy fireplace, and large, bright. Generous sized master bedroom with ensuite and large walk-in closet. Beautifully appointed, this home will not disappoint. Very secure, unique building offering 14 units - only. (id:30499)
Cathy Burton
Real Estate Broker
Coldwell Banker First Ottawa Realty, Brokerage