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Importance of Verifying Accreditation for Online Healthcare Degree Programs
For people with a sense of compassion for their fellow human being, there is no question that being a health care worker of any sort will be a truly honorable position. Because of the fact that you're going to be able to provide essential health services to people who really need them, you will be doing a lot of good in the world. On top of this, the health care industry is one that will pay very well for the kind of work that you're doing. This means that you'll be able to enjoy a steady career while doing something that is absolutely essential to the world.
However, there are certain types of prerequisites that you'll have to meet before any employer will be open to hiring you to work in the world of health care. Visit Ultimate Medical Academy to learn more about Healthcare Degrees. In particular, you're going to find that it's important to secure a good degree in any sort of health care so that you can use your knowledge to help your patients. Many people will be unsure if they're in a position in life when they can get a health care degree, though. The following article will provide a lot of information that can help you decide if you're a good candidate to work for a medical degree of some sort.
Your primary concern when it comes to getting a health care degree will be how much time you can actually devote to the process of getting your education. The truth is that there are a lot of different courses that you'll have to take over the course of your education, and it can be tough to fit these courses in if you're already working a full-time job. If you can find a good online program in which to take most of your classes, however, you can work your education into your existing schedule, which will simplify your education greatly.
It's also crucial that you are able to get yourself into a reputable medical school. For more info on Healthcare Degrees, click here. Employers are always going to be interested in finding candidates for jobs who have been able to master all of the things that are necessary in the world of medicine, and those who have attended the best schools will be the ones who are most suited for this.
The truth is that anyone can get a good medical degree if they're willing to put in the time and energy. For those who are serious about making the world a better place, taking the time to get this degree can be the first step to a long and fulfilling career.
Learn more from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rMXq0O6t7ZY.
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Indian Trail Improvement District, FLHome Menu
Contact Staff
Contact Us
Staff is here to assist you with all aspects of ITID services. We encourage you to contact us by phone or Email at anytime. It is our goal to respond to your concern or question in a timely manner.
Our Executive Director is Burgess Hanson.
The main office location, contact numbers and office hours are as follows:
Indian Trail Improvement District
13476 61st Street North
West Palm Beach, FL 33412
Email: email@example.com
Phone: (561) 793-0874
Fax: (561) 793-3716
The Administrative Office is open Monday thru Thursday, 7:30 AM to 6:00 PM, except for holidays and weather emergencies. You can contact us on Friday's from 9:00 AM to 5:00 PM.

subset: commoncrawl


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Take it outside: Our pick of the best summerhouses
Given the British weather, alfresco living often requires a roof. You need a garden room — and they can be cutting-edge as well as cosy
A garden room is the perfect solution to the exasperating British summer. We love to be outdoors, but need to duck inside when it starts bucketing. This season, the interiors collections reflect this shuttling existence with indoor/outdoor lighting, rugs, furniture and accessories that will look great in your garden room and can be relocated to the lawn when the sun shines.
Most outdoor rooms are retro in style: summerhouses along the lines of an upscale garden shed, or buildings inspired by rustic structures such as the shepherd's hut. But there is a third way. Lovers of modern architecture are opting for contemporary timber-clad boxes with sleek lines — think Bauhaus, rather than gingerbread house. For each of these options, a few key items of furniture


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Evelyn Braxton's promotional tour made a stop in Atlanta where she appeared on the daytime talk show "Sister Circle" to promote season 5 of her daughter Tamar Braxton's reality TV show, Tamar & Vince, which premiered on Nov. 9.
Ms. Evelyn is telling everyone how badly her son-in-law Vincent Herbert beat Tamar, who filed for divorce from Vincent last month. But an insider whispered to Sandrarose.com that the divorce is fake -- just like T.I. and Tiny's on-again, off-again fake "divorce".
Fans are so over these publicity stunts.
I don't feel like rehashing old news, so below is an excerpt of a post I wrote back in 2014 about Vince using Tamar as a punching bag.
Of course, Tamar denied everything -- until it benefitted her financially to reveal the harsh truth.
Sandrarose.com does not condone violence in any form, but some women have a way of pushing men to violence.
Originally published on September 5, 2014:
via Sandrarose.com -- Tamar and Vince's relationship has reportedly gone cold (but you didn't hear that from me). Vince allegedly beats Tamar down to the ground on the regular. In fact, I'm told, the domestic abuse angle will be introduced this season. I even heard that the camera crew put their cameras down to pull Vince off of Tamar during a recent taping of the show.
I was shocked, SHOCKED, to hear about the alleged domestic violence. I didn't know Vince had it in him.
But that's not all. There's a rumor that Larry also beat Tamar like she was a direct descendant of Kunta Kinte.
No one deserves to be beaten like a runaway slave (not even Tamar). But, apparently, this is an open secret within the industry.
I'm told Tamar accepts this type of abuse from men (gay and straight) because she's afraid of being alone. I only hope their precious son doesn't get caught in the middle of their mess one day.


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If you've never heard Joe Nichols do his version of "Baby Got Back," you'll get your chance on July 28.
The concert-favorite is one of twelve tracks on his ninth studio album, Never Gets Old. While Joe's been delivering his live take on Sir-Mix-A-Lot's bootylicious 1992 rap hit on stage, this is the first time he's recorded it, with an assist from comedian Darren Knight.
Fans who pre-order the album now will instantly get both the title track -- which is Joe's new single -- and the song "Billy Graham's Bible."
Here's the complete track listing for Joe Nichols' Never Gets Old:
"Diamonds Make Babies"
"Girl in the Song"
"We All Carry Something"
"I'd Sing About You"
"Tall Boys"
"Never Gets Old"
"Billy Graham's Bible"
"So You're Saying"
"This Side of the River"
"Baby Got Back" (featuring Darren Knight)
Copyright © 2017, ABC Radio. All rights reserved.


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According to NASA, the 3 figurines are produced with an exceptional space-grade aluminium. It can be extremely simple to take toys for granted, but the fact of the situation is that toys are critical for the suitable development of growing children. It looks like a very simple toy yet girls cannot receive enough of these. There are many toys for girls. Most toys have a couple functions and following a young child has gone through all of these, it will become repetitive and boring. Otherwise it's still an extraordinary toy for imagination and a lot of durability too.
Monster High Girls are an excellent present for girls as it can help show young girls which you do not need to look like Barbie to be able to be cool. It is likewise a fantastic way for children to understand how to express themselves and to understand how they fit in the world around them. In this manner, your son or daughter will nonetheless have a lot of fun later on. Children have as much fun playing with these toys which they aren't even conscious of how they're making impacts on their own improvement. Although it's made specifically for younger children, there's something at Legoland to entice individuals of all ages. The kids continue to be prepared to go but you might need a quick break and would like to get off you feet for little while. It's always enjoyable to observe where a youngster's imagination takes them through creative outlets.
There's not only one approach to build with Lego. Something that you will like about Lego is that your kid would not have to go out to construct the blocks. Lego has a continuing deal with publisher Dorling Kindersley (DK), that are producing a streak illustrated hardback books looking at various characteristics of the building toy. Lego has been part of childhood for at least three generations. More recently, Lego has produced a game depending on The Lego Movie, because of its popularity. With the start of the new century, LEGO keeps growing. The supreme Lego Set is the very first choice on account of the advantages that it brings.
Right now, each of the firm's toys were being made from wood. These modest cute toys are able to keep girls amused for hours. Choosing toys offering various learning is helpful to all children who play with them.
LEGO pieces are taken to space. Each Lego piece has to be manufactured to an exacting level of precision. A cult following of individuals who have used LEGO pieces to produce sculptures, very huge mosaics and intricate machines has developed.
You need to finish your basement wall. There's no one method to build with Lego bricks. Building with Legos can likewise be a terrific activity between kids and parents. This house isn't going anywhere! Do consider this if you want to construct your own house. It is a rather sound proof home. Just take a while to consider what you enjoy doing and whether there's a way to produce a living from it.
The set includes two mini-figures, 1 digger with loading bucket, and one particular tipper truck. It contains 405 pieces. Most Lego sets include detailed instructions to construct a model. In addition, there are moderated message boards which were founded in 2001.


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Pet photography is very popular, and here at Jenny McDonnell photography it's no different. It's not just children and relatives that are important in the family. Those furry friends are too. This is why i just love welcoming them into my studio, where we have a barking good time.
Your pet session begins in my studio, and roughly lasts around 1 hour. We have fun with toys and treats to really capture those great images that I know you'll love. I am a BIG dog lover myself, so treating your perfect pooch to some camera time is magical.
Whether it be for you, or for a loved one, a pet photography session is a great way to create a lasting momento of your furry companions. After all, every pet is important, and they are just as important in my studio as any newborn or family photography session.
Here's a few of my favourite pet photos, some snaps of your fantastic furry friends.
Ready to bring your partner in crime into the studio? Check out my package below for more details.
Drop me over a message today to find out more about my Pet photography sessions
Just head on over to Contact me.
Below is some of the questions i get asked about my pet sessions in the studio. If you have any more questions, please feel free to drop me a message above to find out more.
Your pet photography session lasts around an hour.
Absolutely! I just love capturing the owners with their furry friends.
Absolutely. If it isn't a dog get in touch, and we can tailor the session more towards the needs of your pet.
If you have more than 2 dogs, i charge £25 per dog extra.


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Pro tips for delighting customers and maximizing tips.
"Hi, I'm Your Postmate"
Good communication with customers is important to creating a 5-star experience and maximizing tips.
Call or Text
It can be helpful to communicate to customers if an issue comes up. We recommend introducing yourself and reaching out if:
- An item is unavailable and a substitution is needed
- There's been a delay in the order due to severe traffic or merchant hold-ups
- You're having trouble finding the customer at the drop-off
In Person
Presentation counts when it comes to satisfied customers and tips.
We recommend:
- Keeping items in the hot/cold bag until they are ready for customers
- Saying a friendly thank you to add a personal touch
Fast Deliveries, Happy Customers
Head straight to the pickup and straight to the drop-of when making deliveries to ensure customers get their items as fast as possible and maximize your earning potential.
Pro tips:
- Don't forget to click Start Pickupand Start Drop-off before navigating to the correct location
- Use Google Maps or Waze for accurate turn-by-turn navigation right in the Fleet app
- Hand the items to your customer at their front door
The Shopping List
Picking up at merchants is one of the most important parts of being a Postmate. We recommend:
- Triple checking the shopping list and grabbing napkins, condiments, and utensils
- Contacting the customer if an item isn't available to ask for a substitution – call and text
- Marking items as unavailable if you are unable to contact the customer
I Need Help!
Our support team is here to help you 24/7 if an issue arises on a delivery.
Requesting Support
Click on the Help button and select Request Support for any pickup or drop-of related issues (ex: Postmates card gets denied at the merchant). Once you request, sit tight until our Support team is able to help you.
Can't finish the delivery? Can't find the customer?
Contact support and our team can cancel the delivery, ensuring customers have a better experience and helping to make sure your ratings stay high.
If you accidentally click Finish Delivery, just click the X in the top left corner to go back.


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Toy News: New Official Photos of "Legends" Super Ginrai
Posted on 25. Jul, 2016 by Wonko the Sane in Autobot, Generation One, Headmaster, Leader, Legends, News, Titans Return
TF Yuki has taken to Twitter again, this time posting a link to a Dengeki Hobby article about the upcoming "Legends" Super Ginrai figure! This figure takes the upcoming Leader Class Titans Return Optimus Prime and retools several parts including the head, chest and lower legs to make Super Ginarai, the hero featured in the "Masterforce" series! This figure is due out in Winter of 2016 with a price to be deteremined. Check out the photos mirrored in this post.
- Login to post comments


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At XLDB 2012 we announced that two major databases that support arrays as first-class objects (MonetDB SciQL and SciDB) have formed a working group in conjunction with XLDB. This working group is proposing a common syntax (provisionally named "ArrayQL") for manipulating arrays, including array creation and query. In addition, we are working with a third major array-supporting implementation (Rasdaman) to propose an algebra for common array operations. A common algebra and syntax are expected to benefit array users in the same way that the relational algebra and SQL benefit relational users.
Related documents (draft, unpublished works-in-progress):
If you would like to ask a question about the documents, or simply follow progress and announcements, please subscribe to firstname.lastname@example.com by sending an email to firstname.lastname@example.com with the following line in the body:
subscribe arrayql-pub
You can find the list archives at: ArrayQL-pub mailing list archives.


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The AdderStane - A Fetlar Novel
After our aerial photography was completed, we became interested in the name: Papil. After much research and some 'so-called' coincidences, I wrote my debut novel, a supernatural, metaphysical tale set on the island; almost a 'faction' as it includes so much local history. View Avalina's website HERE
The AdderStane II - The Seven Stars of Burgalstou - was published in December 2018.
Something is unearthed that should have stayed buried...When a retired schoolteacher visits the remote island of Fetlar, in the Shetland Islands, she becomes obsessed with the mystery of a local man who went missing in 1965. While the island is plagued with strange events, she uncovers more than she bargained for. What is the true meaning of The AdderStane Prophecy? Who are the Papar, and why are they linked to Fetlar?
The AdderStane II - The Seven Stars of Burgalstou - was published in December 2018.


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By Teachers, For Teachers
Welcome to the Verizon Wireless Western Civ Final
As a calculus teacher, Tom Farber solves problems.
When administrators at Farber's high school cut his copy budget from $500 to $316, he came up with a way to pay for his copies: selling ad space on tests.
The going rate for quizzes is $10, while tests earn $20 a pop, and ads on the final exam run $30.
Most of the ads are encouraging notes from students' families, but there are a few local businesses who bought ad space. One dentist tells students to "Brace Yourself for a Great Semester," according to a USA Today article.
This unusual fundraising technique has gotten attention and criticism from groups who want to keep commercialization out of schools. From this perspective, advertisers are paying for access to these children/teens.
On the other hand, Farber is doing what he can to ensure that his students' education doesn't suffer because of budget cuts. He also practices discretion and common sense in what ads he allows. Too often, teachers use their own money to cover the shortfalls in school supplies and that just isn't fair to people whose paychecks are already too low.
I'll put the question to you:
Should teachers subject students to advertising? Sound off in the comments section.


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James McCann's Revenge Home Run Nailed a Yankees Fan in the Face
Thursday's New York Yankees-Detroit Tigers game was absolute insanity.
Everybody on both teams appears to have been hit by a ball or a punch at least once.
One who got it the worst was Tigers catcher James McCann, who was hit in the head by a Dellin Betances pitch. Whether it was intentional or not remains to be known, but Betances got ejected anyway.
McCann would have his revenge in the eighth inning, however, as he hit a solo homer off Yankees pitcher Caleb Smith to give the Tigers a 10-6 lead. What makes this even more vengeful is that McCann's home run actually beaned a Yankees fan right in the face.
McCann beaning a Yankee fan in the outfield is creative but way over the line pic.twitter.com/d3E2mNCwrB
— Sam Miller (@SamMillerBB) August 24, 2017
#ProHogs vs. EVERYBODY.
NOTHING phases @JamesMcCann34 as he launches his 12 HR in a hard fought @tigers W! ?pic.twitter.com/HUpJtNf9Xa
— Razorback Baseball (@RazorbackBSB) August 25, 2017


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The Travelling Souk have beautiful stylish Union Jack Cushions made from soft vintage style linen
A beautifully stylish Union Jack cushion cover made from soft vintage style linen. The faded and distressed style union jack cushion is on the front with a plain natural linen back with an envelope opening.
The top right corner of the Union Jack features the wording "Made in England" as shown in the second image.
Sharp & Noble is a vendor on The Travelling Souk where you can find Unique Gifts, Gift Ideas, Unusual Products, Personalised Gift Ideas and Handmade Gifts!
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With two school-aged boys in our family of five, breakfast on school mornings can be a bit hectic. Our default go-to meal is often toast or, when we have some, cold cereal. Our boys love cereal, but so many of the cold cereal options in the stores leave me feeling a bit.. uh.. cold. They're full of refined sugars, fillers, artificial colours and flavorings, and really don't offer a lot else. Wait, they're fortified, which I guess is supposed to make it all okay. Sorry, but I don't want to feed my boys crap just because it's fortified. Vitamins and minerals aside, it's still over-processed garbage!
Enter Nature's Path. Nature's Path has a full line of cereals for kids under the EnviroKidz label, as well as a more expansive line of whole family cereals. They are organic, full of great ingredients, are comparatively low in sodium and fat, and have labels I can read without a degree in advanced sciences. I've been a fan of their products for a number of years — buying the jumbo boxes of Optimum Zen cereal from time to time at Costco.
The kind folks at Nature's Path sent us a few boxes of their other cereals to try out: Leapin' Lemurs Peanut Butter & Chocolate, Optimum Blueberry & Cinnamon, and Flax Plus Maple Pecan Crunch. I knew right away that Boy#2 was going to love Leapin' Lemurs — he's a peanut butter fanatic! That one didn't last long. 😉 He gave it a big 2 thumbs up. I only tried a bit, but thought it was a pretty yummy balance between sweet and savory.
Everyone here liked the Optimum Blueberry & Cinnamon. It tasted eerily like the Optimum Zen we used to get — which is good to know, as I was disappointed when it disappeared from the store shelves. I like that it's high in iron (20% RDA per 1 cup serving!) and high in fiber (28% RDA!). It's also low in fat.
Boy#1 and I particularly loved the Flax Plus Maple Pecan Crunch. It was more savory than sweet, and toasted rolled oats and pecans adding a great crunch to each bite. The hint of maple added a touch of sweetness without overpowering the other ingredients. It is also high in iron (15% RDA per 3/4 cup serving) and fiber (20% RDA).
To be honest, I'm more inclined to purchase their regular line of cereal over their EnviroKidz line — I prefer the ingredients and the more adult textures and flavours, and the fiber and iron content is higher in the "grown up" cereals. My kids like the regular line just as much as the kids' line and I want to encourage that. The biggest downsides of this cereal are the small boxes (though you can buy some cereals in larger sizes at Costco, etc) and the comparatively high price. These cereals aren't inexpensive, but it is important to keep in mind that organic cereals with less-processed ingredients do tend to cost more at the checkout.
Overall, we were very pleased with these cereals! Thanks, Nature's Path! 🙂
*Disclosure: I received these products in exchange for a review on this blog. I have, however, been using their products with satisfaction for several years!


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Perhaps you've seen this already. I hadn't. Prepare yourself for a jaw-dropping few minutes. That's all I've got...
Depression Marathon Blog
- etta
- Diagnosed with depression 19 years ago, I lost the life I once knew, but in the process re-created a better me. I am alive and functional today because of my dog, my treatment team, my sobriety, and my willingness to re-create myself within the confines of this illness. I hate the illness, but I'm grateful for the person I've become and the opportunities I've seized because of it. I hope writing a depression blog will reduce stigma and improve the understanding and treatment of people with mental illness. All original content copyright to me: etta. Enjoy your visit!
Saturday, April 19, 2008
Inspire and Amaze
Perhaps you've seen this already. I hadn't. Prepare yourself for a jaw-dropping few minutes. That's all I've got...
4 comments:
- jennifer said...
I think it's awesome that elephants can paint. I wouldn't spend hundreds of dollars to buy their paintings like some people do though. I've heard that the elephant trainers are really abusive toward the elephants when they don't want to paint. The trainers get so greedy for money, they beat the elephants until they paint more paintings.
- April 19, 2008 at 11:15 PM
- etta said...
Oh, I wish you hadn't told me that! I'm going to focus on the amazing fact that THEY CAN PAINT! Wow!
- April 20, 2008 at 12:05 AM
This is sort of off topic but what the heck. I've always loved elephants. Several years ago when I was channel surfing I stopped for just a second to watch a massive bull doing whatever it is elephants do when they stroll along. Before I even had a chance to process what was happening a shot rang out, the elephant went down, and two hunters charged the great beast and finished him off with a head shot.
I was literally sick to my stomach and in the process of going from sad to enraged when something similar to the following popped on the screen ...
In Remembrance of one of the guys you just saw murder the elephant. He was killed by another elephant shortly after this documentary was made.
I don't think I've gone from sick to gleeful quite that fast in my life.
- April 21, 2008 at 6:53 AM
- etta said...
GREAT story! Thanks for that!
- April 21, 2008 at 6:56 AM


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CHICAGO — With the Chicago Teachers Union set to strike October 17, there was more tough talk by both sides in the press Thursday.
Mayor Lightfoot and the teachers union both say they don't want to negotiate in the media. But that's what they're doing.
"Right now negotiations have not made significant progress," union president Jesse Sharkey said.
Lightfoot and CTU debated in public a hot topic at the bargaining table. Lightfoot said CTU wants to shorten the elementary school day by adding 30 minutes of paid prep time at the start of the day.
The district won a longer school in negotiations earlier this decade.
"We're not going to shorten the school day," Lightfoot said. "That's not going to happen. Increasing the school day was a very hard-fought win."
"We're not trying to rehash the fight of 2012," Sharkey said. "That's not our goal and frankly I'm a little concerned the mayor has re-raised the issue."
"Our proposals go to prep time being a part of the school day that doesn't require our members to put in unpaid time to do the best job that they can," union vice president Stacy Davis Gates said. "It also affords our students the opportunity to have an arts class, a music class, a world language class, a physical education class."
CTU said it continues to demand smaller class sizes and a commitment that CPS put in writing it pledge to hire more nurses and support staff. But the mayor dismissed that talk and said CTU hasn't presented a formal counter-proposal to its contract offers.
"They need to come to the table with written substantive proposals that respond to the offers that we have put on the table," Lightfoot said.
"It doesn't require me to write a dissertation to say we are not giving back prep time. I can make a valid response with two letters and a punctuation make – no, period," Sharkey said. "But what I would say is that the city hasn't responded to our demand which are demands are about staffing, which are demands about class size."
Both sides plan to remain at the bargaining table and to continue to try to win public support through the press.
Chicago's Teachers Union vs. The District: A closer look at the contract issues


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Since its founding in 1894, Fairhope has been a place of fantasy. A Utopian Village along the shores of Mobile Bay was only a dream.
As you step through the door of The Fairhope History Museum you are greeted by the fantastical sight of Claude Jansen's Easycut Lawnmowers flying through the air. The Easycut Lawnmower was originally designed and patented by Reuben Rockwell, a Quaker from Fairhope. As Mr. Rockwell prepared to emigrate to Costa Rica he sold the designs and patent to Claude Jansen.
Claude Jansen was born in Tennessee and moved to Fairhope while just a young boy. Claude attended the Organic School through eighth grade, foregoing further schooling for employment.
At the time Jansen bought the Easycut Lawnmower process from Rockwell, he already had a business selling boats, motors and trailers. A lawnmower business was not so far out of line for Jansen. He sold 15,000 mowers from 1950 to 1972. Quite a good run.
A poster on the wall gives a good description of the Easycut mowers. Available 2 or 3 hp, 4 stroke engines made by Lausen, Briggs or Clinton engines. The mower could be ordered in either self propelled or push type. Remember, this was a time when reel mowers were still common. The Easycut's spun aluminum chassis was a step up from the steel decks of the day that rusted out in just a few years. The mower cut a 20 inch strip and could trim to within a half inch of an object.
The half inch clearance may have been the downfall for Easycut. Safety became an issue as the chassis just barely covered the blade and anything hit by the turning blade could easily become a dangerous projectile. The lightweight chassis could also be knocked back when the blade hit a hard, immovable object.
Claude Jansen made quite a life for himself in Fairhope. Not only did he sell boats, motors, trailers and lawnmowers, he also served as President of the Eastern Shore Chamber of Commerce and was considered by many to be a fine pillar of the community.
Later in life, Claude began milling corn and produced cornmeal and grits, considered as some of the best by local residents and chefs. Claude's son, Ken Jansen, still grinds out cornmeal and grits in his Greeno Road shop, Fairhope Tire.
Ronnie Mixson has been repairing lawn mowers at Big John's Small Engine Repair for more than 35 years and remembers customers bringing in Easycut lawnmowers for repairs and maintenance. "They were good little mowers. The aluminum never rusted so the deck was solid. Easy to work on and neat that they were made right here in Fairhope. I haven't seen one in years, but I bet there are some still working out there."


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PSHE (Personal, Social, Health and Economic) Education within and beyond the classroom is regarded as the key to the successful development of all our students. Our PSHE programme in Years 7-9 is taught throughout the school for one period a week and via specialised events delivered by staff members and facilitators from the wider community.
In Years 10 and 11 PSHE is taught via specialised events and mini-lectures delivered by staff members and facilitators from the wider community.
Our curriculum is built around the following themes: health and wellbeing, relationships and living in the wider world (economic wellbeing, careers and the wider world of work). In addition, we will promote an understanding of human rights and global issues.
All lessons, lectures and events are linked to the UNCRC. To see a summary of the rights: https://downloads.unicef.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/UNCRC_summary.pdf
Careers Education:
Careers advice and guidance starts in Year 7 and continues in each year group. This takes the form of outside speakers, events, work place visits and is embedded across the curriculum.
In your final year here at Calthorpe Park, there are plenty of opportunities for you to prepare for what you will do and where you will go after leaving school. Early in the Autumn Term, there will be a meeting for all Year 11 students and their parents to talk about colleges and the application process, with college representatives attending and giving talks. At the same time we publish the list of all college open evenings as the majority of them take place in September, October and November, so plan your visits and go to as many colleges as you can to get the best idea of the right one for you. Check the college websites for full details and also for application forms or information about how to apply, including their deadlines. Farnborough 6th Form is our partner college, so if you apply to them, their tutors come into school to conduct interviews, usually in the Spring term. For any queries, please contact Ms Wayman or Mrs Al-Dabagh.
For guides on how to choose courses, see the following:
Russell Group - Informed Choices
College Links:
- Farnborough 6th Form College
- Farnborough College of Technology
- Queen Mary's College, Basingstoke
- Alton College
- Basingstoke College of Technology
Careers Advisor:
Christine Mirtle is the new Careers Adviser from Hampshire Futures (part of Hampshire County Council), working at Calthorpe Park School every Tuesday. She is qualified to level 6 in Career Guidance and Development, and is registered with the Career Development Institute. She has worked in education for many years, and most recently as a Careers Adviser in West Berkshire secondary schools and sixth forms.
She sees her role as guiding students to make aspirational, but realistic, informed decisions for their future pathways by asking challenging questions and providing the information and tools for them to explore the possibilities open to them. She encourages them to find out what is out there in the careers world, and research what may suit them, to keep options open and not to be afraid to make decisions when the time is right.
Students can make appointments to see Christine on Tuesdays by sending an email to email@example.com and a time will be arranged as soon as possible. They can also speak to Ms Wayman or Mrs Al-Dabagh.
Click here for Career Companion


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I've a few questions about the PSTN switchover, which affects an elderly relative...
1. Someone called out of the blue from Vodafone earlier in the year (which seemed like a scam, but apparently legit) and offered a cell-phone based solution rather than a fixed-line phone. Is it not possible to have a fixed-line phone in Wanganui? The FAQ's on your website suggest it is an option, but wasn't offered. Ideally a more similar setup to what they have now is going to work better than a cellphone old people can't use easily.
2. Is there a router involved? My relative doesn't have internet, only fixed copper lines. If a router is needed, there isn't any power at the primary phonejack... will Vodafone pay for an electrician, or even go halves? A bit cheeky, I know, but pretend you're in your 90's and it becomes a legitimate question!
3. Ideally we'd like to delay this for as long as possible (you know how old people are resistant to change). Is there a set date for when Wanganui's Exchange will be decommissioned, or only a rough estimate, such as 2020 or 2021? Do we have to crack on with this now or can we delay for, say a couple of years? I've scoured the internet and all I can find is Spark's vague mentions of phases without dates.
Your FAQs on the matter are useful, and helped, apart from the above. Also, it might be a good idea to send out another letter describing what's happening again, in simple terms. I get the impression awareness of the PSTN sunset isn't great, and when Vodafone reps call up talking about Spark doing something, many people are baulking... I know I was sceptical until today.
Thanks in advance,
Thanks for the post.
If they don't have broadband, then give us a call and ask for an exemption as without that and a router, voice over broadband isn't the right product. There's a few years in the copper network but worth starting to think about alternatives.
I'll ask about the exchange but I doubt there's a set date etc yet.
Thanks very much for taking the time to feedback and post, please let me know if your relatives need a hand but let's make sure they're NOT switched over.
Copyright ©


text:
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Years ago at a Vintage Champs I played a deck I called Crime and Punishment. I ran Intuition to grab Life from the Loam + Strip Mine + Raven's Crime. The deck was very strong in testing but went like 0-20 in tournament matches that weekend
I could see Grove/Fire getting the axe due to the 21 liability, though PFire seems like the most resilient way to end Planeswalkers though.
Thoughts on using the tiny bit of black in the manabase for a MD Demonic Tutor? Seems pretty decent in any match that you'd likely bring Decays in for.
@hierarchnoble Blue also has Cephalid Coliseum which seems cool. Maybe even Academy Ruins to get those Null Rods after dredging them with Loam.
Blue also has Search for Azcanta possibly? Helps find Loam and fuel it. Sorry if my suggestions are off base, I just really like this archetype and love innovations.
I play RGu in legacy, the main reason for the blue splash is academy ruins and engineered explosives.
EE seems great in vintage too
This is spot on. Realms uncharted may theoretically be intriguing, but there are numerous cards that the deck is already not playing that are far better.
If you want a faster clock -> Crop Rotation
If you want a 3 mana multi card tutor -> Intuition
If you simply want a good tutor -> Gamble
These are 3 very clear better cards that serve a similar function and are borderline playable in the deck.
@vaughnbros said in Vintage Lands:
This is spot on. Realms uncharted may theoretically be intriguing, but there are numerous cards that the deck is already not playing that are far better.
If you want a faster clock -> Crop Rotation
If you want a 3 mana multi card tutor -> Intuition
If you simply want a good tutor -> Gamble
These are 3 very clear better cards that serve a similar function and are borderline playable in the deck.
I'm really surprised no one has mentioned gifts ungiven in this discussion.
@john-cox isn't gifts just even slower intuition/realms uncharted in this deck?
its similar to realms uncharted but can find loam or another non land card.
I won a small Vintage event recently:
Also, 4-1'd another one a couple months ago:
I still like this deck, though I kinda want to cut the Missteps.
Taking this deck for a spin tomorrow at the ELD open. Wish me luck, and a tournament report will follow after.
I have a tried this deck a little bit, just testing it out with a friend but have not tried it on mtgo yet. My question is whether or not the Grove of the Burnwillows are necessary? We found that often gaining the opponent life would matter, as it would make Lage take an additional swing to kill them.
Has anyone else encountered this problem? And if so, is it simply something we have to live with because punishing fire is an absolute necessity?
On mtgo the meta seems to be a lot of URx draw-go decks, not a ton of shops or dredge, survival here and there, almost 0 oath decks, played against it 1 time in the past month. PO exists too, but not in incredibly high numbers, I'm usually the one playing it myself, more often than not my opponent is on a blue deck. Not sure how I would configure the 75 for that, or if the deck would even be a good choice in that field.
@childe_roland Crucible is very bad against Dack Faden, it does seem like there should be a slot for it in vintage lands, even in the board against shops but funnily it's not quite as good as you'd think.
A few weeks ago @ChubbyRain played this deck. I have no clue how he did because I didn't watch, but The Tabernacle at Pendrell Vale and Bojuka Bog seem like the only damn cards left that Dredge doesn't build to sidestep in a post-London world. Bonus points for stunting on anyone brewing with Mystic Gate (EDIT: Mystic Forge. Thanks unremarkable WotC card names!) a la Force of Vigor.
Chubby Lands
Wow, Wrenn & Six are strong. I also made up a list and tested a bit, which is the direction I see the lands deck going. The list is a huge pile of 75.
3 Mox Diamond
1 Mox Ruby
1 Mox Emerald
1 Black Lotus
1 Crucible of Worlds
1 Trinisphere
1 Engineered Explosives
1 Zuran Orb
1 Fastbond
1 Sylvan Library
1 Ancestral Recall
2 Enlightened Tutor
3 Mental Misstep
2 Force of Vigor
1 Ancient Grudge
1 Strip Mine
1 Ghost Quarter
3 Wasteland
3 Riftstone Portal
3 Bazaar of Baghdad
1 The Tabernacle at Pendrell Vale
2 Taiga
1 Waterlogged Grove
1 Fiery Islet
1 Savannah
1 Tropical Island
3 Wooded Foothills
1 Dark Depths
2 Thespian's Stage
4 Wrenn and Six
1 Dack Fayden
1 Time Walk
3 Life from the Loam
1 Balance
4 Living Wish
1 Wheel of Fortune
1 Ramunap Excavator
1 Collector Ouphe
1 Eternal Witness
1 Yixlid Jailer
1 Tireless Tracker
1 Manglehorn
1 Bojuka Bog
1 Dark Depths
1 Bazaar of Baghdad
1 Ghost Quarter
1 Glacial Chasm
1 The Tabernacle at Pendrell Vale
2 Ravenous Trap
1 Force of Vigor
As i've seen, it feels a bit like old 5c Stax lists, denying mana, locking the game up.
(Yes, zuran orb is bad. it is the WIN more button. helps when low on life. draw the deck, infinite life, etc. Courser works, too. kindof. The rest of the cards are legitimate. It is able to win easily with wrenn+waste, then living wish for collector's ouphe.)
It's probably not streamlined enough, though.
Hi all, wanted to bump a thread I started sometime ago discussing lands (I am the mysterious "guest" in many of these posts).
I won a tournament over the weekend running the following. I have put a tremendous amount of work into this archetype for a really long time and it felt great to get a win with the list regardless of the size of the tournament:
Maindeck (61)
4 Crop Rotation
2 Ancient Grudge
1 Demonic Tutor
4 Life from the Loam
1 Force of Vigor
1 Black Lotus
1 Chalice of the Void
2 Mox Diamond
1 Mox Emerald
4 Null Rod
1 Exploration
4 Fastbond
1 Chains of Mephistopheles
1 Ancient Tomb
3 Bayou
4 Bazaar of Baghdad
1 Bojuka Bog
3 Dark Depths
1 Forest
3 Ghost Quarter
1 Glacial Chasm
1 Karakas
1 Maze of Ith
3 Riftstone Portal
1 Strip Mine
2 The Tabernacle at Pendrell Vale
3 Thespian's Stage
2 Verdant Catacombs
4 Wasteland
Sideboard (15)
3 Dark Confidant
2 Thoughtseize
3 Abrupt Decay
3 Sphere of Resistance
2 Chains of Mephistopheles
1 Choke
1 Blast Zone
My rounds were as follows:
UW Saheeli Combo-won 2-1
Shops-loss 1-2 (game three was one of the strangest games I've ever played and I lost due to all over my win cons getting exiled despite overwhelming board control)
Jeskai xerox- won 2-1
4c Paradoxical- won 2-1 (Chains of Mephistopheles and null rod combine to make a great pair)
Top 4
Survival- won 2-1 me and @Mike-Noble had a great match here in the Bazaar "mirror match" that didn't involve dredge.
Shops won 2-0.
Having unrestricted fastbond really helps the deck a lot but having only 1 misstep I think is a bigger factor. It lets you get through your worst matchups a lot cleaner than before.
I went straight BG for this build and it really impressed me. Chains was great where it needed to be and thoughtseize out of the board was awesome all day long.
I think there's so many builds to be had with this deck and this is just one of many.
Cards that impressed me:
- Chains (except when Joe Brennan kept playing Dack Fayden and targeting me right after I played it)
- Thoughtseize- Gave me great interaction against all of my blue matchups especially with misstep restricted. Stealing a key card from combo or a piece of interaction from Jeskai followed by a lock piece felt great
- 2x Tabernacle- I have never run less than 2 tabernacle in this deck and continue to stand by that number in vintage. It makes your strong matches so much stronger and it's a great safety net where you need it against shops.
- Choke- I go back and forth on this card in vintage but it was awesome for me and it buys a ton of time when you are going the prison route.
Cards that didn't impress me:
- Blast Zone- I keep going back and forth on this card but it felt way too slow or not needed in all my matchups. I feel like another build could utilize it better though.
I hope people keep continuing to brew and try new things with this archetype. There's so many lists to be had!
Happy brewing.
Since it's mainly black green have you considered Dark Heart of the Woods alongside Ramunup/Crucible for the infinite? It gets around Ouphe and Null Rod, and Dack.
Congrats on the win. The list looks great, and I look forward to trying it out myself. Have you played/tested much versus combo and Outcome? Those are the two matchups I struggle with the most.
I've been extremely impressed by Glacial Chasm playing the role of infinite-combo enabler.
That's why there are two copies in the 5-0 list that @Mike-Noble linked to (I based that deck off of his list).
Other desirable features of Chasm are that it is uncounterable when played from the hand, can be tutored via Crop Rotation or Loam, can be played from the graveyard, gets Riftstone Portal into the graveyard, and can buy a few turns under heavy pressure.
Edit: I should also add that you can copy Chasm with Thespian's Stage to buy even more time if you need to. That's come up a few times.


text:
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text:
Re: Problem with user defined functions
- To: mathgroup at smc.vnet.net
- Subject: [mg37379] Re: [mg37340] Problem with user defined functions
- From: Tomas Garza <tgarza01 at prodigy.net.mx>
- Date: Fri, 25 Oct 2002 02:48:42 -0400 (EDT)
- References: <email@example.com>
- Sender: owner-wri-mathgroup at wolfram.com
I would use Solve instead of FindRoot, and Part[[1,1,2]] instead of Part[[1]]. Try this: In[1]:= test[x_] := Solve[Sin[p] == x, p] In[2]:= data[x_] := D[test[x][[1,1,2]], x] In[3]:= Plot[Evaluate[data[x]], {x, 0, 1}]; Tomas Garza Mexico City ----- Original Message ----- From: "Farhat Habib" <farhat at pacific.mps.ohio-state.edu> To: mathgroup at smc.vnet.net Subject: [mg37379] [mg37340] Problem with user defined functions > Hello all, > > I am trying to evalute a function which looks like this. This is an > analogous problem not the actual problem. > > test[x_] := p /. FindRoot[Sin[p] == x, {p, 1}][[1]] > data[x_] := D[test[x], x] > Plot[data[x], {x, 0, 1}] > > Now, when trying to evaluate the derivative mathematica replaces both the > x's with the number at which it is trying to calculate the datapoint. This > gives an error of 'xxxx is not a valid variable'. Replacing D[test[x]] > with test'[x] doesn't help either though it results in a different set of > errors. Is there any of way of getting around this problem? > > Thanks in advance, > > Farhat > > >
- References:
- Problem with user defined functions
- From: Farhat Habib <firstname.lastname@example.com>
- Problem with user defined functions


text:
Constant worries over weather brought attendance down slightly for this year's St. Lawrence Shakespeare Festival.
Tempest fears dampen attendance
The region's theatre-goers no doubt love Shakespeare, but this season they loved the weather forecast a great deal less.
As the St. Lawrence Shakespeare Festival wraps up its 16th season Saturday, organizers are looking back on a season during which fear of The Tempest kept many from seeing As You Like It and The Taming of the Shrew.
"Season of Love" was the theme for this summer's offering, which has featured two very different plays on romantic themes.
While precise attendance figures for the season won't be available for weeks, festival general manager James Richardson said Friday the number is somewhat down from last year.
"The constant threat of weather has been very difficult," he said.
Richardson pointed to a trend among outdoor theatre patrons he has seen in the past three or four years.
"People see that there's potential threat of rain and they're actually changing their plans based on that as opposed to in the moment," said Richardson.
"We literally will have people calling us: 'I hear it's possibly going to rain next Tuesday. Are you going to do the show?" he said.
Worries over the weather are nothing new for the festival. (In 2008, Peter van Gestel famously shook his fist at the sky before one threatened performance.)
However, as of Friday, the festival had only cancelled two performances because of rain.
On other occasions, as during Wednesday evening's performance of As You Like It, volunteers went around the amphitheatre handing out umbrellas, leaving many in the audience to conclude that fears over the weather were Much Ado About Nothing.
While it was too early to determine the percentage of decline over last year, Richardson is optimistic the damage won't be severe.
"We're definitely not in a danger zone."
Artistic director Richard Sheridan Willis said other factors, such as other events in nearby communities, may have contributed to lower attendance earlier in the season, adding that, toward the end, the turnout was where organizers wanted it to be or better.
"It's not been bad," said Willis.
Along with grumbling about the weather, the controversial ending monologue in Taming of the Shrew elicited some complaints from audience members.
Kate's monologue "made them sit up," said Richardson, adding the play was intended to shock.
But many more people found the play, in which the 1980s setting led to additional comedic moments, "wonderful and fun," he said.
Shrew "sort of polarizes people" Willis agreed, adding a majority of people enjoyed the play.
"I always think it's a great conversation to have," he said.
This was the first season with Willis as artistic director.
"This was a transitional year, a learning year," said Richardson, adding organizers will now take stock of those lessons.
In keeping with tradition – and weather permitting – Willis will announce next season's two productions at Saturday night's closing performance.
Meanwhile, the festival moved its Monday Night Live series to a storefront location, the heritage Glasgow House on King Street West, and the performances were all sold out, said Willis.
And while the main stage season is done for the year, the festival continues next week with a community play, Oliver.
More than 50 community members, including many from Brockville, will perform the musical version of Dickens' Oliver Twist on August 24 and 25.


text:
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text:
Gigantoraptor dinosaur was a huge oviroraptorosaur, growing at least 26 feet long. It lived in what is now Mongolia. Although scientists have only found one Gigantoraptor skull, they believe it's the biggest in its family—imagine an ostrich the size of a bus.
Fun Facts
- It lived during the Late Cretaceous, about 70 million years ago.
- Its name means "Giant Thief/Hunter."
- Gigantoraptor had a short, strong beak like a parrot. Scientists aren't sure what it ate, but probably a combination of meat, nuts, and plants.
- It had long, powerful legs and it probably had feathers, making it the largest feathered animal to have ever been discovered.
- Scientists have found what they believe to be Gigantoraptor eggs and nests. The eggs are shaped like cylinders and are over 20 inches long. They're laid in a ring in groups of two.
- Gigantoraptor mothers almost certainly sat on their eggs, protecting them.
- Gigantoraptor was discovered in the Gobi Desert in China by paleontologist Xing Xu, who was surprised by how big it was. Xing Xu said that most animals become smaller as they evolve, but this dinosaur was much larger than its ancestors.
Questions and Answers
Question: How did the Gigantoraptor move?
Answer: It was built like a very large ostrich, with a long neck, long legs, and a tiny head. Its thigh bones were very large. It could probably run fast.
Learn More
Visit the BBC to watch a video about the Gigantoraptor.
Cite This Page
You may cut-and-paste the below MLA and APA citation examples:
MLA Style Citation
Declan, Tobin. " Amazing Gigantoraptor Dinosaur Facts for Kids ." Easy Science for Kids, May 2020. Web. 30 May 2020. < https://easyscienceforkids.com/gigantoraptor/ >.
APA Style Citation
Tobin, Declan. (2020). Amazing Gigantoraptor Dinosaur Facts for Kids. Easy Science for Kids. Retrieved from https://easyscienceforkids.com/gigantoraptor/
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text:
The Re-Discovery of Mead and Its Growing Influence in Canadian Beer
By: James Burt
Ancient Elixirs
"Mead's one more thing that people can add to their basket on a sampling night," said Trafalgar Brewery co-founder Eric Dornan of Oakville, Ontario. "Sure it's a niche market but people are starting to dabble in it more and more."
Trafalgar Brewery has seen growing interest in mead firsthand with its Chai Mead and Mead Braggot releases. Dornan pointed to today's media as an influence in driving people to discover mead for themselves.
"With all the popularity around Vikings and Game of Thrones on television or in print, fans see the characters drinking mead and want to seek it out for themselves. It's interesting even how Trafalgar came to mead: fifteen years ago, the former owner was asked to brew it for a renaissance festival—a pumpkin-cranberry mead. We've been making it ever since then."
Dornan's references to historical fiction are perhaps necessary to understand both the history of mead and its revival in the modern age. Reading on the history of beer, one will inevitably discover mead, the ancient alcoholic drink that dates back to both ancient China and later prominently in Ancient Greece. Unlike beer, a drink based in fermented grain, mead comes from fermented honey. Any party that kept beehives through time, from monasteries to Norse armies, could make mead, flavouring it with fruit and spices.
Today, mead is often a choice product of select wineries.
"Mead has the same base as ice wine, just without bubbles. Something sweet being fermented," said Planter's Ridge Winery's Janine Radul of Port Williams, Nova Scotia. "We add the bubbles later, in a brewery. For some of our drier meads, we stop fermentation early to get the flavour we want."
Crossover Potential
It's not surprising that amidst the revival of lost or vintage styles of beers that mead is gaining prominence. What is surprising however is its modern incorporation aspects of beer in its brewing process, resulting in the form of the mead-beer crossover of braggot.
"We are a brewery so we use hops and barley as we have before," said Dornan. "But with mead, we only use marginal amounts of both to create the braggot. In the end, it's about fifty-fifty of wild flower honey and barley."
The mixing of grain and honey to make braggot has paralleled with brewers creating meads the same way session brewers concoct experimental beers. Trafalgar has expanded its product line with mead to include its Chai mead, a mixture of masala chai tea, mead, and barley, plus a Braggot and Peach Mead line.
"You often have to explain these products to everyone and the public can be a bit suspicious," said Dornan. "It's half this and half that, but people are often willing to give it a go once you do."
Regional Resources and Growth
Just as small batch and independent beer has helped facilitate wheat and hop production, mead has also lent itself to the growth of regional resources that go into mead's production, allowing even more systemic growth in several offshoots of the beer and beverage industries.
"We source our honey from bee keeper Perry Brant in Wolfville, Nova Scotia," said Radul. "He's got ninety-five hives and is working as a sustainable beekeeper. Four hundred pounds of honey yields five hundred litres of mead, so we tend to use quite a bit."
As Planter's Ridge's director of sales, Radul has also concocted unique ideas to promote their mead lines.
"Since people aren't very familiar with mead, we've found that doing meal events where we can present a flight of mead to pair the drinks with the food."
"There are government hits you have to get over to get meads on the shelves," added Dornan. "But how different is that from beer today? Mead doesn't have the same competition level as beer today does so it's interesting to consider how the future will play out for mead and braggot."


text: My name is Taylor Leddin and I am a freelance journalist, and am currently the Lead Public Relations Associate for Laura Orrico Public Relations. Since obtaining my Bachelor of Arts degree in interpersonal communication, I have been gaining hands-on experience in the aforementioned fields, and have written for a number of national publications, including The American Genius and Fan Fest. I have been featured by Arianna Huffington's Thrive Global as a successful woman in journalism, and have launched my own blog, The Tidbit, where I've had the pleasure of interviewing successful individuals from actor Tony Danza to the president of the Federal Bar Association. I live in Chicago and am enjoying expanding my professional experience in the editorial realm.


text:
Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
|Part of a series on
|Genetic genealogy
|Related topics
In human genetics, a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by differences in the non-recombining portions of DNA from the Y chromosome (called Y-DNA). It represents human genetic diversity based on single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on the Y chromosome.[1]
Y-DNA haplogroups represent major branches of the Y-chromosome phylogenetic tree. Y-chromosomal Adam is the name given by researchers to the patrilineal most recent common ancestor of all living humans at the root of this tree. Estimates of the date when Y-chromosomal Adam lived have varied significantly in different studies. Archaeological and genetic data suggest that the source populations of Paleolithic humans survived the glacial maxima (including the LGM) and human Y-DNA haplogroups emerged in sparsely wooded refugia, and dispersed through areas of high primary productivity while avoiding dense forest cover.[2]
- 1 Naming convention
- 2 Phylogenetic structure
- 3 Major Y-DNA haplogroups
- 3.1 Haplogroups A & B
- 3.2 Haplogroup CT (P143)
- 3.3 Haplogroup C (M130)
- 3.4 Haplogroup F (M89)
- 3.5 Haplogroup D (M174)
- 3.6 Haplogroup E (M96)
- 3.7 Haplogroup G (M201)
- 3.8 Haplogroup H (M69)
- 3.9 Haplogroup I (M170)
- 3.10 Haplogroup J (M304)
- 3.11 Haplogroup K (M9)
- 3.12 Haplogroups L & T (K1)
- 3.13 Haplogroup K2 (K-M526)
- 3.14 Haplogroups K2a, K2a1, NO & NO1
- 3.15 Haplogroup N
- 3.16 Haplogroup O
- 3.17 Haplogroups K2b1, M & S
- 3.18 Haplogroup P (K2b2)
- 3.19 Haplogroup Q M242
- 3.20 Haplogroup R (M207)
- 4 Chronological development of haplogroups
- 5 See also
- 6 References
- 7 Further reading
- 8 External links
Naming convention
Y-DNA haplogroups are defined by the presence of a series of Y-DNA SNP markers. Subclades are defined by a terminal SNP, the SNP furthest down in the Y-chromosome phylogenetic tree.[3][4] The Y Chromosome Consortium (YCC) developed a system of naming major Y-DNA haplogroups with the capital letters A through T, with further subclades named using numbers and lower case letters (YCC longhand nomenclature). YCC shorthand nomenclature names Y-DNA haplogroups and their subclades with the first letter of the major Y-DNA haplogroup followed by a dash and the name of the defining terminal SNP.[5]
Y-DNA haplogroup nomenclature is changing over time to accommodate the increasing number of SNPs being discovered and tested, and the resulting expansion of the Y-chromosome phylogenetic tree. This change in nomenclature has resulted in inconsistent nomenclature being used in different sources.[1] This inconsistency, and increasingly cumbersome longhand nomenclature, has prompted a move towards using the simpler shorthand nomenclature. In September 2012, Family Tree DNA provided the following explanation of its changing Y-DNA haplogroup nomenclature to individual customers on their Y-DNA results pages (note that the haplogroup mentioned below relates to a specific individual):[6]
Long time customers of Family Tree DNA have seen the YCC-tree of Homo Sapiens evolve over the past several years as new SNPs have been discovered. Sometimes these new SNPs cause a substantial change in the "longhand" explanation of your terminal Haplogroup. Because of this confusion, we introduced a shorthand version a few years ago that lists the branch of the tree and your terminal SNP, i.e. J-L147, in lieu of J1c3d. Therefore, in the very near term, Family Tree DNA will discontinue showing the current "longhand" on the tree and we will focus all of our discussions around your terminal defining SNP.
This changes no science – it just provides an easier and less confusing way for us all to communicate.—
Bennett Greenspan, Family Tree DNA
Dr. Michael F. Hammer, University of Arizona
Phylogenetic structure
- Phylogenetic tree of Y-DNA haplogroups [7]
|Y-DNA Adam
Major Y-DNA haplogroups
Haplogroups A & B
Using fast evolving SNPs, haplogroup A is the macrohaplogroup from which all modern paternal haplogroups descend. It is sparsely distributed in Africa. BT is a subclade of haplogroup A; more precisely of A1b (A2-T in Cruciani et al. 2011), as follows:
- Haplogroup A
- Haplogroup A00
- Haplogroup A0 (formerly also A1b)
- Haplogroup A1 (also A1a-T)
- A1a (M31)
- A1b (also A2-T; P108, V221)
- A1b1a1 (also A2; M14)
- A1b1b (also A3; M32)
- Haplogroup B (M60)
- CT (see below)
Haplogroup CT (P143)
The defining mutations separating CT (all haplogroups excepting A and B) are M168 and M294. These mutations predate the "Out of Africa" migration. The defining mutations of DE probably occurred in Northeastern Africa some 65,000 years ago.[8] The P143 mutation that defines Haplogroup CF may have occurred at that time, bringing modern humans to the southern coast of Asia.
- Haplogroup CF (P143) Found outside of Africa, throughout Eurasia, Oceania, and the Americas
- Haplogroup DE (M1, M145, M203) ca. 65 ka
Haplogroup C (M130)
- Haplogroup C (M130, M216) Found in Asia, Oceania, and North America
- Haplogroup C1 (F3393/Z1426)
- Haplogroup C1a (CTS11043)
- Haplogroup C1b (F1370, Z16480)
- Haplogroup C1b1 (AM00694/K281)
- Haplogroup C1b1a (B66/Z16458)
- Haplogroup C1b1a1 (M356) Found with low frequency in the Indian subcontinent, the Arabian Peninsula, and northern China
- Haplogroup C1b1a (B66/Z16458)
- Haplogroup C1b2 (B477/Z31885)
- Haplogroup C1b2a (M38) Found in Indonesia, New Guinea, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia
- Haplogroup C1b2b (M347, P309) Found among the indigenous peoples in Australia
- Haplogroup C1b1 (AM00694/K281)
- Haplogroup C2 (M217, P44) Found throughout Eurasia and North America, but especially among Mongols, Kazakhs, Tungusic peoples, Paleosiberians, and Na-Dené-speaking peoples
- Haplogroup C1 (F3393/Z1426)
Haplogroup F (M89)
The groups descending from haplogroup F are found in some 90% of the world's population, but almost exclusively outside of sub-Saharan Africa.
F xG,H,I,J,K is rare in modern populations and peaks in South Asia, especially Sri Lanka.[7] It also appears to have long been present in South East Asia. has been reported at rates of 4-5% in Sulawesi and Lembata. One study, which did not comprehensively screen for other subclades of F-M89 (including some subclades of GHIJK), found that Indonesian men with the SNP P14/PF2704 (which is equivalent to M89), comprise 1.8% of men in West Timor, 1.5% of Flores 5.4% of Lembata 2.3% of Sulawesi and 0.2% in Sumatra.[9][10] F* (F xF1,F2,F3) has been reported among 10% of males in Sri Lanka and South India, 5% in Pakistan, as well as lower levels among the Tamang people (Nepal), and in Iran. F1 (P91), F2 (M427) and F3 (M481; previously F5) are all highly rare and virtually exclusive to regions/ethnic minorities in Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, South China, Thailand, Burma, and Vietnam.In such cases, however, the possibility of misidentification is considered to be relatively high and some may belong to misidentified subclades of Haplogroup GHIJK.[11]
Haplogroup D (M174)
- Haplogroup D (M174) Found in Japan, China (especially Tibet), the Andaman Islands
- D1a (Z27276, Z27283, Z29263)
- Haplogroup D1a1 (M15) Found mainly in Tibetans, Qiangic peoples, Yi, and Hmong-Mien peoples
- Haplogroup D1a2 (P99) Found mainly in Tibetans, Qiangic peoples, Naxi, and Turkic peoples
- Haplogroup D1b (M55, M57, M64.1, M179, P12, P37.1, P41.1 (M359.1), 12f2.2) Found mainly in Japan
- D1a (Z27276, Z27283, Z29263)
- D2 (L1366, L1378, M226.2) Found in Mactan Island, Philippines
Haplogroup E (M96)
- Haplogroup E (M40, M96) Found primarily in Africa
- Haplogroup E1 (P147)
- Haplogroup E1a (M33, M132) formerly E1
- Haplogroup E1b (P177)
- Haplogroup E1b1 (P2, DYS391p); formerly E3
- Haplogroup E1b1a (V38) Found in Africa, especially in Niger–Congo speakers; formerly E3a
- Haplogroup E1b1b (M215) Found in East Africa, North Africa, the Middle East, and Europe (especially in areas near the Mediterranean); formerly E3b
- Haplogroup E1b1 (P2, DYS391p); formerly E3
- Haplogroup E2 (M75)
- Haplogroup E1 (P147)
Haplogroup G (M201)
Haplogroup G (M201) originated in the Middle East or further east – possibly even the Wardak region of Afghanistan some 30,000 years BP. It spread to Europe with the Neolithic Revolution.
It is found in many ethnic groups in Eurasia; most common in the Caucasus, Iran, Anatolia and the Levant. Found in almost all European countries, but most common in Gagauzia, southeastern Romania, Greece, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Tyrol, and Bohemia with highest concentrations on some Mediterranean islands; uncommon in Northern Europe.[12][13]
G-M201 is also found in small numbers in northwestern China and India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and North Africa.
- Haplogroup G1
- Haplogroup G2
Haplogroup H (M69)
Haplogroup H (M69) probably emerged in South Asia, about 30,000 to 40,000 years BP, and remains prevalent there, in the forms of H1 (M69) and H3 (Z5857).
However, H2 (P96) has been present in Europe since the Neolithic and H1a1 (M82) spread westward in the Medieval era with the migration of the Romani.
Haplogroup I (M170)
Haplogroup I (M170, M258) is found mainly in Europe and the Caucasus.
- Haplogroup I1 (M253) Found mainly in northern Europe
- Haplogroup I2 (P215) Found mainly in southeast Europe and Sardinia save for I2B1 (m223) which is primarily found in Western, Central, and Northern Europe.
Haplogroup J (M304)
Haplogroup J (M304, S6, S34, S35) is found mainly in the Middle East and South-East Europe.
- Haplogroup J* (J-M304*) is rare outside the island of Socotra.
- Haplogroup J1 (M267) is associated with Northeast Caucasian peoples in Dagestan and Semitic peoples in the Middle East, Ethiopia, and North Africa.
- Haplogroup J2 (M172) is found mainly in Semitic peoples, Anatolia, Greece, the Balkans, Italy, Iran, South/Central Asia and the Caucasus.
Haplogroup K (M9)
Haplogroup K (M9) is spread all over Eurasia, Oceania and among Native Americans.
K(xLT,K2a,K2b) – that is, K*, K2c, K2d or K2e – is found mainly in Melanesia, Aboriginal Australians, India, Polynesia and Island South East Asia.
Haplogroups L & T (K1)
Haplogroup L (M20) is found in South Asia, Central Asia, South-West Asia, and the Mediterranean.
Haplogroup T (M184, M70, M193, M272) is found at high levels in the Horn of Africa (mainly Afro-Asiatic-speaking peoples), parts of South Asia, the Middle East, and the Mediterranean. T-M184 is also found in significant minorities of Sciaccensi, Stilfser, Fulbe, Egyptians, Omanis, Sephardi Jews,[14] and Ibizans (Eivissencs). It is also found at low frequencies in other parts of the Mediterranean and South Asia.
Haplogroup K2 (K-M526)
The only living males reported to carry the basal paragroup K2* are indigenous Australians. Major studies published in 2014 and 2015 suggest that up to 27% of Aboriginal Australian males carry K2*, while others carry a subclade of K2.
Haplogroups K2a, K2a1, NO & NO1
Haplogroup N
Haplogroup N (M231) is found through northern Eurasia, especially among the Uralic peoples.
Haplogroup N possibly originated in eastern Asia and spread both west into Siberia and north, being the most common group found in some Uralic speaking peoples. Haplogroup O is found at its highest frequency in East Asia and Southeast Asia, with lower frequencies in the South Pacific, Central Asia, and South Asia.
Haplogroup O
Haplogroup O (M175) is found in East Asia, Southeast Asia, and the South Pacific.
- Haplogroup O1 (F265/M1354, CTS2866, F75/M1297, F429/M1415, F465/M1422)
- Haplogroup O1a (M119, CTS31, F589/Page20, L246, L466) Found in eastern and southern China, Taiwan, and Southeast Asia, especially among Austronesian and Tai–Kadai peoples
- Haplogroup O1b (P31, M268)
- Haplogroup O1b1 (M95) Found in Japan, southern China, Taiwan, Southeast Asia, and the Indian subcontinent, especially among Austroasiatic- and Tai–Kadai-speaking peoples, Malays, and Indonesians
- Haplogroup O1b2 (SRY465, M176) Found in Japan, Korea, Manchuria, and Southeast Asia
- Haplogroup O2 (M122) Found throughout East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Austronesia including Polynesia
Haplogroups K2b1, M & S
No examples of the basal paragroup K2b1* have been identified. Males carrying subclades of K2b1 are found primarily among Papuan peoples, Micronesian peoples, indigenous Australians, and Polynesians.
Its primary subclades are two major haplogroups:
- Haplogroup S (B254) also known as K2b1a: found in the highlands of Papua New Guinea and;
- Haplogroup M (P256) also known as K2b1b: found in New Guinea and Melanesia.
Haplogroup P (K2b2)
Haplogroup P (P295) has two primary branches: P1 (P-M45) and the extremely rare P2 (P-B253).[15]
P*, P1* and P2 are found together only on the island of Luzon, in The Philippines.[15] In particular, P* and P1* are found at significant rates among members of the Aeta (or Agta) people of Luzon.[16] While, P1* is now more common among living individuals in Eastern Siberia and Central Asia, it is also found at low levels in mainland South East Asia and South Asia. Considered together, these distributions tend to suggest that P* emerged from K2b in South East Asia.[16][17]
P1 is also the parent node of two primary clades:
- Haplogroup Q (Q-M242) and;
- Haplogroup R (R-M207). These share the common marker M45 in addition to at least 18 other SNPs.
Haplogroup Q (MEH2, M242, P36) found in Siberia and the Americas Haplogroup R (M207, M306): found in Europe, West Asia, Central Asia, and South Asia
Haplogroup Q M242
Q is defined by the SNP M242. It is believed to have arisen in Central Asia approximately 17,000 to 22,000 years ago.[18][19] The subclades of Haplogroup Q with their defining mutation(s), according to the 2008 ISOGG tree[20] are provided below. ss4 bp, rs41352448, is not represented in the ISOGG 2008 tree because it is a value for an STR. This low frequency value has been found as a novel Q lineage (Q5) in Indian populations[21]
The 2008 ISOGG tree
- Q1a (MEH2)
- Q1a*
- Q1a1 (M120, M265/N14) Found with low frequency among Dungans, Han Chinese, Hazaras, Japanese, Koreans, and Tibetans[22][23]
- Q1a2 (M25, M143) Found at low to moderate frequency among some populations of Southwest Asia, Central Asia, and Siberia
- Q1a3 (M346)
- Q1a3* Found at low frequency in Pakistan, India, and Tibet
- Q1a3a (M3) Typical of indigenous peoples of the Americas
- Q1a3a*
- Q1a3a1 (M19) Found among some indigenous peoples of South America, such as the Ticuna and the Wayuu[24]
- Q1a3a2 (M194)
- Q1a3a3 (M199, P106, P292)
- Q1a4 (P48)
- Q1a5 (P89)
- Q1a6 (M323) Found in a significant minority of Yemeni Jews
- Q1b (M378) Found at low frequency among samples of Hazara and Sindhis
Haplogroup R (M207)
Haplogroup R is defined by the SNP M207. The bulk of Haplogroup R is represented in descendant subclade R1, which likely originated on the Eurasian Steppes. R1 has two descendant subclades: R1a and R1b.
R1a is associated with the proto-Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic peoples, and is now found primarily in Central Asia, South Asia, and Eastern Europe.
Haplogroup R1b is the dominant haplogroup of Western Europe and also found sparsely distributed among various peoples of Asia and Africa. Its subclade R1b1a2 (M269) is the haplogroup that is most commonly found among modern Western European populations, and has been associated with the Italo-Celtic and Germanic peoples.
- Haplogroup R1 (M173) Found throughout western Eurasia
- Haplogroup R1a (M17) Found in Central Asia, South Asia, and Central, Northern and Eastern Europe
- Haplogroup R1b (M343) Found in Western Europe, West Asia, Central Asia, North Africa, and northern Cameroon
- Haplogroup R2 (M124) Found in South Asia, Caucasus, Central Asia, and Eastern Europe
Chronological development of haplogroups
|Possible time of origin
|Possible place of origin
|Possible TMRCA[25][8]
|192–307,000 years ago
|50-55,000 years ago[8][26]
|East Africa[27] or Asia[9]
|27-59,000 years ago
|38-56,000 years ago
|30-46,000 years ago
|40-54,000 years ago
|E-M215 (E1b1b)
|31-46,000 years ago[28]
|39-55,000 years ago
|27-41,000 years ago
|19-44,500 years ago[29]
|20-34,000 years ago
|15-30,000 years ago
|13-26,000 years ago
|28-33,000 years ago[30]
|16,000-20,000 years ago
|20,000-30,000 years ago[28]
|15–21,000 years ago
|15-34,000[29] years ago
|R-M420 (R1a)
|22,000 years ago[31]
|8-10,000 years ago
|R-M343 (R1b)
|22,000 years ago[32]
|West Asia[33]
|at least 21,000 years ago (STR age)[34]
|11-21,000[35] or 28-33,000 years ago[30]
|3-5,000 years ago
|15,000-22,000[29] years ago
|19-24,000 years ago[36]
|15-20,000[28] or 17,500-20,000 years ago[37]
|Northeast Africa[37]
|at least 17,000 years ago[37]
|12,500-18,000 years ago[37]
|13 ,000[31] or 18,000 years ago[38]
|I-L460 (I2a)
|present 13,000 years ago[39]
|11-18,000 years ago[35]
|7-17,000 years ago[37]
|West Asia[37]
|4,000-4,700 years ago (Europe)
6,800-17,000 years ago (Asia)[37]
|11-14,000 years ago[40]
|N-M46 (N1c1)
|at least 12,000 years ago (STR age)[34]
|11,000 years ago[40]
|6-16,000,[35] present 10,000 years ago[41]
|I-M423 (I2a1b)
|present 10,000 years ago[41]
|I-M26 (I2a1a)
|2-17,000,[35] present 8,000 years ago[41]
|5,500-8,000 years ago[42]
|3-5,000 years ago
See also
- Y-chromosome haplogroups in populations of the world
- Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Europe
- Genetic history of Europe
- List of Y-DNA single-nucleotide polymorphisms
- List of Y-STR markers
- Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups
- * (haplogroup)
- Molecular phylogeny
- Genetic genealogy
- Genealogical DNA test
- Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups
|Evolutionary tree of human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups [χ 1][χ 2]
|"Y-chromosomal Adam"
|A0-T [χ 3]
|A1[χ 4]
|LT [χ 5]
|NO [χ 6]
|K2b [χ 7]
|K2e [χ 8]
|K2b1 [χ 9]
|S [χ 10]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Understanding Haplogroups: How are the haplogroups named?". Family Tree DNA. Retrieved 31 March 2013.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Gavashelishvili, A.; Tarkhnishvili, D. (2016). "Biomes and human distribution during the last ice age". Global Ecology and Biogeography. 25: 563–574. doi:10.1111/geb.12437.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Understanding Results: Y-DNA Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP): What is a Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroup?". Family Tree DNA. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroups are the major branches on the human paternal family tree. Each haplogroup has many subbranches. These are subclades.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "myFTDNA 2.0 User Guide: Y-DNA: What is the Y-DNA - Matches page?". Family Tree DNA. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
A terminal SNP determines the terminal (final) subbranch on the Y-DNA Tree to which someone belongs.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Understanding Results: Y-DNA Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP): How are haplogroups and their subclades named?". Family Tree DNA. Retrieved 31 March 2013.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Family Tree DNA - Genetic Testing for Ancestry, Family History & Genealogy". familytreedna.com.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Copyright 2015 ISOGG. "ISOGG 2015 Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree Trunk". isogg.org.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Karafet, TM; Mendez, FL; Meilerman, MB; Underhill, PA; Zegura, SL; Hammer, MF (2008). "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree". Genome Research. 18 (5): 830–8. doi:10.1101/gr.7172008. PMC 2336805. PMID 18385274.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Chiaroni, Jacques; Underhill, Peter A.; Cavalli-Sforza, Luca L. (1 December 2009). "Y chromosome diversity, human expansion, drift, and cultural evolution". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (48): 20174–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.0910803106. PMC 2787129. PMID 19920170.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Isolation, contact and social behavior shaped genetic diversity in West Timor". Journal of Human Genetics. 59: 494–503. doi:10.1038/jhg.2014.62.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ This was, for instance, the case with the original subclade F3 (M96), which has since been renamed Haplogroup H2.
- ↑ Passarino G, Cavalleri GL, Lin AA, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Børresen-Dale AL, Underhill PA (2002). "Different genetic components in the Norwegian population revealed by the analysis of mtDNA and Y chromosome polymorphisms". European Journal of Human Genetics. 10 (9): 521–529. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200834. PMID 12173029.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Karlsson, Andreas O; Wallerström, Thomas; Götherström, Anders; Holmlund, Gunilla (2006). "Y-chromosome diversity in Sweden – A long-time perspective". European Journal of Human Genetics. 14 (8): 963–970. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201651. PMID 16724001.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajpa.21154/abstract
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 ISOGG, 2016, Y-DNA Haplogroup P and its Subclades – 2016 (20 June 2016).
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Tumonggor, Meryanne K; Karafet, Tatiana M; Downey, Sean; Lansing, J Stephen; Norquest, Peter; Sudoyo, Herawati; Hammer, Michael F; Cox, Murray P (31 July 2014). "Isolation, contact and social behavior shaped genetic diversity in West Timor". Journal of Human Genetics. 59 (9): 494–503. doi:10.1038/jhg.2014.62.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Tatiana M Karafet; et al. (2015). "Improved phylogenetic resolution and rapid diversification of Y-chromosome haplogroup K-M526 in Southeast Asia" (PDF). European Journal of Human Genetics. 23: 369–373. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.106. PMC 4326703. PMID 24896152.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Fagundes, Nelson J.R.; Ricardo Kanitz; Roberta Eckert; Ana C.S. Valls; Mauricio R. Bogo; Francisco M. Salzano; David Glenn Smith; Wilson A. Silva; Marco A. Zago; Andrea K. Ribeiro-dos-Santos; Sidney E.B. Santos; Maria Luiza Petzl-Erler; Sandro L.Bonatto (2008). "Mitochondrial Population Genomics Supports a Single Pre-Clovis Origin with a Coastal Route for the Peopling of the Americas" (pdf). American Journal of Human Genetics. 82 (3): 583–592. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.11.013. PMC 2427228. PMID 18313026.
Since the first studies, it has been found that extant Native American populations exhibit almost exclusively five "mtDNA haplogroups" (A–D and X)6 classified in the autochthonous haplogroups A2, B2, C1, D1, and X2a.7 Haplogroups A–D are found all over the New World and are frequent in Asia, supporting a northeastern Asian origin of these lineages<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Zegura, S. L.; Karafet, TM; Zhivotovsky, LA; Hammer, MF (2003). "High-Resolution SNPs and Microsatellite Haplotypes Point to a Single, Recent Entry of Native American Y Chromosomes into the Americas" (PDF). Molecular Biology and Evolution. 21 (1): 164–75. doi:10.1093/molbev/msh009. PMID 14595095.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2010". International Society of Genetic Genealogy. Retrieved July 2010. Check date values in:
|accessdate=(help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Sharma, Swarkar; Rai, Ekta; Bhat, Audesh K; Bhanwer, Amarjit S; Bamezaicorresponding, Rameshwar NK (2007). "A novel subgroup Q5 of human Y-chromosomal haplogroup Q in India". BMC Evol Biol. 7: 232. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-232. PMC 2258157. PMID 18021436.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Wen B, Li H, Lu D, et al. (September 2004). "Genetic evidence supports demic diffusion of Han culture" (Supplementary Table 2: NRY haplogroup distribution in Han populations). Nature. 431 (7006): 302–305. doi:10.1038/nature02878. PMID 15372031.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Wells RS, Yuldasheva N, Ruzibakiev R, et al. (August 2001). "The Eurasian heartland: a continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity" (Table 1: Y-chromosome haplotype frequencies in 49 Eurasian populations, listed according to geographic region). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98 (18): 10244–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.171305098. PMC 56946. PMID 11526236.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Bortolini MC, Salzano FM, Thomas MG, et al. (September 2003). "Y-chromosome evidence for differing ancient demographic histories in the Americas". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 73 (3): 524–39. doi:10.1086/377588. PMC 1180678. PMID 12900798.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Upper Palaeolithic Siberian genome reveals dual ancestry of Native Americans, Nature 505, 87–91 (02 January 2014)
- ↑ Semino, Ornella; Magri, Chiara; Benuzzi, Giorgia; Lin, Alice A.; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Battaglia, Vincenza; MacCioni, Liliana; Triantaphyllidis, Costas; et al. (2004). "Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (5): 1023–34. doi:10.1086/386295. PMC 1181965. PMID 15069642.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 Trombetta et al. 2015, Phylogeographic refinement and large scale genotyping of human Y chromosome haplogroup E provide new insights into the dispersal of early pastoralists in the African continent
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 Semino et al 2004
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 P.A. Underhill, N.M. Myres, S. Rootsi, C.T. Chow, A.A. Lin, R.P. Otillar, R. King, L.A. Zhivotovsky, O. Balanovsky, A. Pshenichnov, K.H. Ritchie, L.L. Cavalli-Sforza, T. Kivisild, R. Villems, S.R. Woodward, New Phylogenetic Relationships for Y-chromosome Haplogroup I: Reappraising its Phylogeography and Prehistory, in P. Mellars, K. Boyle, O. Bar-Yosef and C. Stringer (eds.), Rethinking the Human Evolution (2007), pp. pp. 33-42.
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 Sharma et al
- ↑ ftDNA
- ↑ Myres2010
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0066102
- ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 Rootsi, Siiri; et al. (2004). "Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup I Reveals Distinct Domains of Prehistoric Gene Flow in Europe" (PDF). American Journal of Human Genetics. 75: 128–137. doi:10.1086/422196. PMC 1181996. PMID 15162323.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "TMRCAs of major haplogroups in Europe estimated using two methods. : Large-scale recent expansion of European patrilineages shown by population resequencing : Nature Communications : Nature Publishing Group". www.nature.com. Retrieved 2015-05-20.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 37.4 37.5 37.6 Cruciani, F.; La Fratta, R.; Trombetta, B.; Santolamazza, P.; Sellitto, D.; Colomb, E. B.; Dugoujon, J.-M.; Crivellaro, F.; et al. (2007), "Tracing Past Human Male Movements in Northern/Eastern Africa and Western Eurasia: New Clues from Y-Chromosomal Haplogroups E-M78 and J-M12", Molecular Biology and Evolution, 24 (6): 1300–1311, doi:10.1093/molbev/msm049, PMID 17351267<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> Also see Supplementary Data
- ↑ [1]
- ↑ [2]
- ↑ 40.0 40.1 Underhill et al
- ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 http://www.ancestraljourneys.org/mesolithicdna.shtml
- ↑ http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0021592
- ^ 2005 Y-chromosome Phylogenetic Tree, from FamilyTreeDNA.com
- ^ A Nomenclature system for the Tree of Human Y-Chromosomal Haplogroups, Genome.org
Further reading
- Mendez, Fernando; Krahn, Thomas; Schrack, Bonnie; Krahn, Astrid-Maria; Veeramah, Krishna; Woerner, August; Fomine, Forka Leypey Mathew; Bradman, Neil; Thomas, Mark; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Hammer, Michael F. (7 March 2013). "An African American paternal lineage adds an extremely ancient root to the human Y chromosome phylogenetic tree" (PDF). American Journal of Human Genetics. 92 (3): 454–9. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.02.002. PMC 3591855. PMID 23453668.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- "Y-Haplogroup A Phylogenetic Tree". March 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2013.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> (chart highlighting new branches added to the A phylotree in March 2013)
External links
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Human Y-DNA haplogroups.
- ISOGG Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree
- FTDNA (2008) Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic Tree
- Chart of the speed of different Y chromosomal STR mutation rates
- Map of Y Haplogroups
- Atlas of the Human Journey, from the Genographic Project, National Geographic
- DNA Heritage's Y-haplogroup map
- Video tutorial on Discovering Paternal Ancestry with Y-Chromosomes
- Haplogroup Predictor
- Semino O, Passarino G, Oefner PJ, et al. (November 2000). "The genetic legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in extant Europeans: a Y chromosome perspective". Science. 290 (5494): 1155–9. doi:10.1126/science.290.5494.1155. PMID 11073453.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> As PDF Paper that defined "Eu" haplogroups
- Y-DNA Haplogroup and Sub-clade Projects
- Kerchner's YDNA Haplogroup Descriptions, Projects & Links
- Y-DNA Testing Company STR Marker Comparison Chart
- Y-DNA Ethnographic and Genographic Atlas and Open-Source Data Compilation
- Y Chromosome Consortium


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Mildred Lorene Tillie Gahr of Rolla, Mo. passed away at the Rolla Health and Rehabilitation in Rolla, Mo. on June 21, 2018. Mildred Lorene Tillie Gahr was 87 years, 3 months and 24 days of age.
Tillie Gahr was born on February 28, 1931 to her parents Walter Temple and Mamie Bullock Cowan in St. James, Mo.
Tillie was a loving wife, mother and grandmother. She always greeted you with a smile; she enjoyed hearing about her family and friends' latest happenings. She was a joy to visit with as she shared about her growing up years in St. James. She dearly loved her friends and looked forward to their monthly card games as well as the laughter and chance to reminisce. Tillie was employed by several business through the years: Boystown of Missouri, James Foundation, James Memorial Library, Boatmen's Bank for over 20 years, and Bank of America. She also received her cosmetology license, and she worked for Murel Frey and operated her own beauty shop for many years. Tillie will be sadly missed by all who knew and loved her.
Tillie Gahr is survived by her husband, Jesse Gahr of Rolla, Mo.; sons: Bruce Wilson and wife, Marcie of St. James, Mo.; and Scott Gahr and wife, Barb of St. James, Mo.; daughters: Kathy Tonelis of Kings Mountain, North Carolina; and Nicki Sells and husband, Robert of Franklin, Tennessee along with eight grandchildren and seven great-grandchildren.
Preceding Tillie in death are her parents: Walter Temple and Mamie Bullock Cowan; first husband; Cottie Jim Ed Wilson on July 7, 2004; son-in-law Michael Tonelis brothers: Alvin Ray Cowan, Wilbur Teddy Cowan, Freeman Conrad Cowan, William Lee Cowan, Lyle Weldon Cowan and an infant brother; sisters: Elva Gertrude Glenn, Thelma Jessamine Olney and Mamie Marie Mash.
Visitation for Mildred Tillie Gahr will be on Sunday, June 24, 2018 from 5 - 8 PM at the Jones Funeral Home in St. James, Mo.
Funeral services will be conducted on Monday at 11:00 A.M. at the Jones Funeral Home in St. James, Mo. with Don Carson officiating. Pallbearers will be Mark Mash, Brian Wilson, Brandt Wilson, Jayden Byers, Wes Gahr, and Gene Carney. Linda Spurgeon will be the vocalist and organist. Burial will be in the St. James Cemetery Cemetery.
Memorials may be given to the High Gate Church Cemetery.
Those wishing to leave online condolences may do so at www.jonesfunerals.com.
All arrangments are under the direction of the Jones Funeral Home in St. James,
To send flowers to the family or plant a tree in memory of Mildred Lorene Tillie (Cowan) Gahr, please visit our floral store.
High Gate Baptist Church Cemetery
11550 County Road 424, High Gate MO 65559
Tel: 1-573-699-4383
Web: https://www.findagrave.com/cemetery/2291452/high-gate-baptist-cemetery


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While a lot of people are in committed relationships, and enjoy the pleasure of having a partner, it does not imply that the single ones will have to have a lesser fulfilling life; in fact being single has as much perks as being committed, in a different way of course.
So, if you are single and all your friends are engaged, do not worry; rather enjoy your single-hood and know that you can always have fun in this status as well till you find someone special. Let us look at how being single also rocks!
Firstly, realize that while it is certain warm and nice to have someone care for you, there are times the no strings attached state comes rather handy. You can do whatever you feel like, without a second thought.
Go and come as you please, without having to consider someone else as feelings or feel guilty if you cannot afford a lot of time. All the time you have is for yourself and for what you want to do the most. No restrictions whatsoever, at any given time.
Single-hood essentially leads to self-revelations and consequent self-growth. You tend to focus inwards and know more about yourself. You can wholeheartedly commit yourself to doing anything that interests you.
Another aspect that comes into prominence is finance. In a relationship, invariably one has to invest for a variety of reasons; be it anniversary, going out for movies or anything else. Expenditures usually increase and certainly not lessen. For married couples, the finance factor plays even a more vital part. If you are single you have the liberty to spend as much as you want on yourself at your own sweet will.
Absence of commitment, gives you the authority to interact as freely as you wish. You can exercise your independence and meet new people as frequently as you want.
Sooner or later, someone special will come along and you will enjoy the loveliness of company and sharing as well. But till you do, do not waste time envying the couples; make the most of what you have and have the best of times!