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India, a source, transit and destination country for human trafficking, does not explicitly recognise and punish all forms of labour trafficking to the extent required by the United Nations Trafficking Protocol. A study conducted on human trafficking in five districts of West Bengal highlights urgent need for cooperation between the governments of India and Bangladesh, for participation of governmental institutions and civil society organisations, the importance of monitoring of the implementation of anti-trafficking laws, and the need for a database of victims as well as the specific safeguards to protect victims, etc.
The Indian states of West Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram share 4,096.7 km of land border with Bangladesh (MHA 2017). Most of the Indo–Bangladesh border is unfenced and porous, which makes it vulnerable to trafficking in persons and fake currency. Out of the states mentioned above, West Bengal, which shares approximately 2,220 km land border and 259 km riverine border with Bangladesh, is the hub of internal and cross-border human trafficking from Bangladesh.
Defining Human Trafficking
Human trafficking can generally be described as a crime that exploits children, women, and men for a number of purposes, including sex and forced labour. Trafficked persons usually come from the areas "where economic and social difficulties make migration a popular choice" (Friesendorf 2007: 381). Trafficking has frequently "been described as the perfect crime." The profits are huge and continuing risks of apprehension are extremely low; and prosecutions for this crime are extremely rare (Gallagher 2006: 163). Wheaton et al (2010) assert that like the illicit arms trade and international drug trade, profit is the driving motive for trafficking in persons. Few states have escaped the impact of this increasingly sophisticated and invariably vicious phenomenon (Gallagher 2006: 163). Every state across the globe is affected by human trafficking, whether as a state of origin, transit or destination for victims (UN 2016).
According to the 2017 report "Global Estimates of Modern Slavery: Forced Labour and Forced Marriage," at any given time in 2016, an estimated 40.3 million people were "in modern slavery, including 24.9 million in forced labour and 15.4 million in forced marriage" (ILO 2017). The critical issue concerning human trafficking is that while the perpetrators or traffickers may receive modest to no punishment, "trafficked individuals may be victimized twice: first by the traffickers, and second, by the host governments" (Lobasz 2009).
International Law
Instruments that have dealt with the issue of human trafficking have their origins in the abolition of slavery. They include provisions within the Slavery Convention (1926) as well as the Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery (1956). Other tools of international law that include segments against human trafficking are the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), the United Nations Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others (1949), the International Covenants on Civil and Political Rights (1966), and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (1979). These instruments laid the basis for the contemporary conventions and efforts towards elimination of trafficking (King 2008).
The key instruments of international law on human trafficking are the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and its two related protocols: the United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress, and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children (also known as the UN Trafficking Protocol or the Palermo Protocol), and the United Nations Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea, and Air, which came into force in 2003–04. Until the early 1990s, trafficking was primarily regarded as a form of human smuggling and a kind of illegal migration. As a result of the signing of the UN Trafficking Protocol in 2000, "a more detailed, internationally agreed-upon definition of trafficking is available" today (Laczko and Gramegna 2003).
The UN Trafficking Protocol, to which India is a signatory,is the single-most significant international legal instrument on human trafficking. Article 3, paragraph (a) of the Trafficking Protocol defines trafficking in persons as:
the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs. (UNODC 2016)
Therefore, trafficking in persons can be identified by the confluence of three factors: (i) the act (the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons); (ii) the means (by threat or use of force or other forms of coercion); and (iii) the purpose (for the purpose of exploitation). Further, Article 3(c) of the protocol provides a separate definition for trafficking in children which requires elements (i) and (iii) above, but does not require the use or threat of force or coercion in achieving them. Although the protocol offers a rather nuanced definition of trafficking, its purposes are rather general: "to prevent and combat trafficking, to assist victims and to promote and facilitate cooperation among States" (Gallagher 2006: 165). Gallagher rightly notes:
In terms of substance, however, its emphasis is squarely on criminal justice aspects of trafficking. Mandatory obligations are few and relate only to criminalization; investigation and prosecution; cooperation between national law enforcement agencies; border controls; and sanctions on commercial carriers. In relation to victims, the Protocol contains several important provisions but very little in the way of hard obligation. States Parties are enjoined to provide victims with protection, support and remedies but are not required to do so. States Parties are encouraged to avoid involuntary repatriation of victims but, once again, are under no legal obligation in this regard.
However, notwithstanding the shortcomings of the International Law on Trafficking, it may also be pointed out that even countries that are not a party to the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and its two related protocols "are obligated to protect the rights of trafficked persons under provisions in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which comprises customary international law" (King 2008).
Human Trafficking in India
India is a source, transit and destination country for human trafficking. Majority of trafficking in the country occurs internally (interstate or intra-state), and the rest occurs across national borders. India is a destination for individuals trafficked from neighbouring countries such as Bangladesh and Nepal, and a transit country for persons being trafficked to West Asia and other countries. Moreover, India serves as a source for individuals trafficked to West Asia, North America and Europe.
In March 2013, the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act of 2013 was passed by India. The act amended Section 370 of the Indian Penal Code and included the country's first definition of human trafficking based on the UN Trafficking Protocol. Till then, there was no comprehensive definition of human trafficking in the Indian law. Under Article 23 of the Constitution, trafficking in humans is prohibited; however, the article does not define the term. Besides this, various other laws provide police officials with the mandate to undertake activities pertaining to prevention of crimes, prosecution of offenders and protection of the victims of trafficking. The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act 1956 (as amended in 1986) is a special legislation which addresses the issue of sex trafficking. It provides wide-ranging powers to special police officers as well as other police officers, working on their behalf for carrying out searches, rescue of victims, and arrest of offenders (SSB 2015). However, it does not address the issue of labour trafficking.
The laws in India do not explicitly recognise and punish all forms of labour trafficking to the extent required by the United Nations Trafficking Protocol. The definition of human trafficking in the now-amended Section 370 of the Indian Penal Code does not include forced labour. Further, other laws which deal with forced labour in the country do not adequately address the complex issues concerning the trafficking of persons for the purpose of labour. In addition, although the 2013 Amendment Act reformed Section 370 to penalise those individuals who engage sex trafficking victims, however, it did not criminalise the acts of those who engage labour trafficking victims (Rhoten et al 2015).
In May 2016, Maneka Gandhi, the Union Cabinet Minister for Women and Child Development, released a draft of the Trafficking of Persons (Prevention, Protection and Rehabilitation) Bill that was referred to as India's first ever anti-human trafficking law. Its primary objectives are to unify existing laws on human trafficking and extend the definition to include labour trafficking as well. Further, the bill aims at treating "survivors of trafficking as victims in need of assistance and to make rehabilitation a right for those who are rescued" (Sriram 2016). Among others, one of the main criticisms of the bill is that the terms "protection," "prevention" and "rehabilitation" have not been defined in the draft. This, in turn, leaves it open to subjective interpretation.
From Bangladesh into West Bengal
West Bengal is the hub of internal and cross-border human trafficking in India. Most of the Indo–Bangladesh border is unfenced and porous, which makes it susceptible to trafficking in persons and fake currency. The districts in West Bengal which are most vulnerable to human trafficking include North 24 Parganas, South 24 Parganas, Murshidabad, North Dinajpur, South Dinajpur, Nadia, Malda and Cooch Behar. West Bengal is a source, transit and destination for trafficking in persons. According to a non-government organisation (NGO) working on human trafficking in the state, West Bengal has also become a transit for Bangladeshi girls who are sent to Bengaluru and Hyderabad by both Indian and Bangladeshi traffickers.
Field Research in West Bengal
The fieldwork on human trafficking was conducted in January 2016 in five districts of West Bengal—Kolkata, Howrah, Murshidabad, North 24 Parganas and South 24 Parganas. While Murshidabad, North 24 Parganas and South 24 Parganas were selected for their vulnerability to cross-border human trafficking, Kolkata and Howrah were part of the study since the shelter homes in these districts housed a substantial number of trafficked Bangladeshi girls. The respondents included Bangladeshi girls in shelter homes in West Bengal, NGOs working on the issue of trafficking and government and police officials. Due to limited time period of the field research and difficulty in getting access to all the major shelter homes in the state, non-probability sampling was used.
The author interviewed 38 Bangladeshi girls, between the ages of 11 and 23, at three shelter homes in West Bengal. These shelter homes include the government-run Sukanya and Liluah in Kolkata and Howrah, respectively; and the shelter home run by Sanlaap in Kolkata, an NGO which works on human trafficking in West Bengal. Of the 38 girls who were interviewed, 12 were trafficked from different districts in Bangladesh to West Bengal. Further, at Shilayan shelter home in Behrampur, Murshidabad, where the author was unable to get the permission to interview Bangladeshi girls, a senior official told her, "most Bangladeshi girls who are currently lodged at the home were victims of trafficking."
Due to poverty and rampant unemployment in Bangladesh, and the perception of India as a land of opportunities among many young Bangladeshis from poor backgrounds, human trafficking from Bangladesh to India has become a flourishing trade. Many poor and young Bangladeshis, girls in particular, are falsely promised jobs and are then trafficked to West Bengal. Most trafficking victims who were interviewed came from poor and underprivileged families and were lured by traffickers who promised them jobs in India. However, once both the victim and the trafficker entered the Indian territory, the trafficker sold the girl or sent her to a brothel within West Bengal or some other part of the country.
When the author met her in 2016, Ayesha (a 16-year-old from Dhaka, Bangladesh), had been at Sanlaap shelter home in Kolkata, West Bengal for over one and half year. She was trafficked from Bangladesh and taken to a brothel in Mumbai from where she was rescued by the police. Thereafter, she was sent to Sanlaap in Kolkata. She was awaiting repatriation to Bangladesh. When the author asked her questions about her trafficking to India, she appeared hesitant to explain.
Soniya, a 15-year-old girl from Dhaka, had also been lodged at Sanlaap for over one and half years. She was trafficked from Bangladesh and sent to a hotel in Kolkata, West Bengal. Soniya noted, "the hotel was raided by the police. Thereafter the police and some NGO rescued me and I was sent to Sanlaap." Soniya was awaiting repatriation to Bangladesh. Like Ayesha, Soniya was also hesitant to speak about how she was trafficked to India.
Once the cross-national victim and the trafficker are arrested, they are both charged under the 14 Foreigners Act 1946 due to their illegal entry into India. According to the Foreigners Act, if an offender is a foreigner, she/he should be charged under this act, punished and then deported. In the case of cross-border trafficking, the victim is mostly revictimised. She/he is treated as a criminal for her/his illegal presence in the country. The perpetrator is merely released after she/he completes the sentence under the act and if the former is a foreigner, she/he is deported after the sentence. However, the victim is sent to a shelter home in India as per the court orders and is required to stay there till the court hearing since she/he is the witness in the case.
The victim is often treated as a criminal despite the Advisory from Ministry of Home Affairs, India on Preventing and Combating Human Trafficking in India—Dealing with Foreign Nationals (MHA 2012) which states:
It is seen that in general, the foreign victims of human trafficking are found without valid passport or visa. If, after investigation, the woman or child is found to be a victim, she should not be prosecuted under the Foreigners Act. If the investigation reveals that she did not come to India or did not indulge in crime out of her own free will, the state government UT (union territory) Administration may not file a charge sheet against the victim. If the chargesheet has already been filed under the Foreigners Act and other relevant laws of the land, steps may be taken to withdraw the case from prosecution so far as the victim is concerned. Immediate action may be taken to furnish the details of such victims to the Ministry of External Affairs (Consular Division), Patiala House, New Delhi so as to ensure that the person concerned is repatriated to the country of her origin through diplomatic channels.
There is a lack of adequate laws in India which must recognise the trafficked person as a victim and not as a criminal. The Indian laws also do not adequately target traffickers and their associates or punish them effectively. Further, the trafficker can be charged under Section 366 B of the Indian Penal Code according to which importation of a female below the age of 21 years is a punishable offence. However, this legal provision is rarely implemented owing to a lack of its awareness among police officials. The penal clauses are also not used adequately to bring the clients to justice.
Another critical issue concerning the cross-border trafficked victim, as pointed out by a senior official at Sukanya shelter home, is that the verification and confirmation of the addresses of the trafficked victims who are lodged at shelter homes in West Bengal takes a long time (sometimes as long as three years). The reasons for this include delay in confirmation by the Government of Bangladesh or inaccurate, incomplete or vague addresses given by the victims at the shelter home. Riya, an 18-year-old from Dhaka who was falsely promised a job by a trafficker and taken to West Bengal, had been at the Liluah shelter home in the state for over two years and four months after she was rescued by the police. She was awaiting repatriation when the author met her.
Further, Shafi, a 17-year-old and Taslima, a 15-year-old from Bhola district in Bangladesh, who were both falsely promised jobs by a trafficker and taken to West Bengal, had been staying at Sanlaap shelter home for over three years since they are both witnesses in the human trafficking case. They were rescued by an NGO and were thereafter produced before the court. According to the court orders, they were both required to stay at the shelter home till the hearing of the case.
India–Bangladesh Provisions
In June 2015, India and Bangladesh signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) on the prevention of human trafficking, especially of women and children. The agreement calls for joint co-ordinated efforts by officials in both states "along with a systematic process of data circulation and coordinated patrolling in the border areas." "There is also a provision for repatriation and rehabilitation of the victims which will be carried out by their mother territory" (Ray Chaudhary et al 2016). For addressing the various issues pertaining to "prevention of trafficking, victim identification and repatriation" and making the process speedy and victim-friendly between the two countries, a task force has been constituted (MEA 2016).
Cooperation and coordination
Although the MoU envisages collaborated efforts between the two countries, to address the problem of cross-border trafficking from Bangladesh to India, there is anurgent and greater need for cooperation and coordination between the two governments andNGOs on either side of the border. There is also a need for networks between actors pursuing diverse approaches. For instance, good networking betweenNGOs and India's border guarding forces' border outposts is required. Further, a number ofNGOs working on the issue of human trafficking in West Bengal noted that Border Security Force (BSF) that guards the Indian side of the border needs todevelop good rapport with childcare and protection agencies. In recent times, there has been increasing cooperation and coordination between theNGOs and BSF on the issue of cross-border trafficking from Bangladesh into West Bengal.
In addition, there is also a need for networking between actors pursuing similar approaches or working on similar objectives. In West Bengal, a number of NGOs deal with internal human trafficking, however, not in a holistic manner. There is a need for coordination among the NGOs working on human trafficking. Moreover, there are very few NGOs in the state that work on cross-border trafficking from Bangladesh. There should be a coordination between NGOs that work on internal trafficking and those which deal with both internal and cross-border trafficking. It is imperative that networking is not "obstructed by red tape, the failure to exchange information, and zero-sum games between networked actors" (Friesendorf 2007: 386). In addition, there is a need for community mobilisation and sensitisation of the BSF on the issue of human trafficking along the border.
Increasing participation
All necessary measures should be adopted to ensure participation of governmental institutions, including national asylum authorities, international organisations as well as civil society organisations where appropriate, in the general assessment of protection needs of trafficking victims. This can help in determining, from a technical and humanitarian perspective, which protection measure is most fitting for each individual case. This would also help ensure that appropriate referral mechanisms are in place where parallel protection regimes exist.
Evaluation and monitoring
There is also a need for evaluating and monitoring the relationship between the intention of anti-trafficking laws, policies and interventions, and their real impact. In particular, it needs to be ensured that distinctions are made between measures which truly reduce trafficking and measures which may have the effect of transferring the problem from one group or place to another. Moreover, it is imperative to recognize the significant contribution that survivors of trafficking can, on a purely voluntary basis, make to developing and implementing anti-trafficking interventions and evaluating their impact. Further, NGOs can play a central role in improving the law enforcement response to trafficking by providing relevant authorities with information on trafficking incidents and patterns ensuring the privacy of trafficked individuals.
Database on victims
In a consultation on cross-border trafficking held in May 2017 by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), one of the key recommendations was of a country-specific or centralized database on the number of victims awaiting/granted repatriation to be maintained by India, Bangladesh and Nepal. It was also suggested that task forces may beestablished at all levels to ensure that there are no obstacles in the process of repatriation. Further, amonitoring mechanism within each government was also suggested "to track time-bound repatriation and support services provided to the victims" (UNODC 2017). However, as rightly pointed out by a former senior official of BSF, the database should be regional rather than country-specific and it should be accessible to the general public.
Further, there is a need for standardising the collection of statistical information on trafficking and related movements (such as migrant smuggling) that may include a trafficking element. The data concerning trafficked persons should be disaggregated on the basis of age, gender, ethnicity and other relevant attributes.
Transit homes
During a consultation (May 2017),UNODC noted, the pilot transit home established in West Bengal, and rehabilitation homes in Bihar, are good practice models. However, in case "where no shelters exist at the border, mahila thanas or government barracks with basic amenities may be allotted and equipped for female victims, especially at night." These may possibly be developed under a public–private partnership (PPP) model. Existing detention centers may also be transformed into shelter homes (UNODC 2017).
Safeguards for victims
Specific safeguards for the protection of girl and boy victims of trafficking should be established including: (a) a formal determination of the best interest of the child; (b) the adoption of child-specific protection measures, such as the appointment of guardians; (c) the collecting of information on the role parents might have played in the trafficking situation of their children; (d) issues of tracing and family reunification, and (e) the observance of specific safeguards in cases of the repatriation of separated or unaccompanied children.
Identification of trafficking victims
Finally, there is a need to augment the existing efforts to identify trafficking victims among vulnerable populations, in particular deportees and undocumented migrants. It may be noted that the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) office, on a regular basis, visits holding and detention centers and conducts monitoring missions to evaluate the arrival of refugees within mixed migratory flows, and helps ensure identification of victims of trafficking or individuals at risk of being trafficked in a gender- and age-sensitive manner.


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Getting Life is a biography which was released in 2014. I borrowed it recently from the library, and I thought it was a great book.
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After 70 years of service to the WA Community we have made the difficult decision to close our doors on 25th January 2019.
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How to Overcome Temptation, Part 86 (Onward Christian Soldiers #210)
Welcome to the Onward Christian Soldiers Discipleship Class. I am Daniel Whyte III, president of Gospel Light Society and pastor of Gospel Light House of Prayer International. The purpose of this time together is to teach young believers everything they need to know about their faith in Jesus Christ and provide them with the knowledge they need to live victorious Christian lives.
Our key Bible verse is 1 Corinthians 10:13:
There hath no temptation taken you but such as is common to man: but God is faithful, who will not suffer you to be tempted above that ye are able; but will with the temptation also make a way to escape, that ye may be able to bear it.
Our lesson today is titled "How to Overcome Temptation, Part 86"
In this section of our Onward Christian Soldiers discipleship class, we are looking at specific temptations that are, as the Bible says, "common to man." We are looking at what the Bible says about these sins so we can be aware of its dangers and so that we can hide Scripture in our hearts to use when we are tempted.
The sin that we are looking at today is the sin of "sloth." This is the fourth sin in a list of 12 temptations that comes from two sources — one ancient and one modern. The first source is a list that was developed by monks in the early church called "the seven deadly sins" or the "cardinal sins." The second source is a Barna survey from 2011 which tracked the top temptations Americans admitted to struggling with.
Today, we will be looking at Proverbs 24:30-34. (Remember, the text of this lesson is made available online after each class, so you can go to our website GLHOPI.com, click the "Onward Christian Soldiers" banner on the home page, and begin to learn these verses by heart throughout the week.)
Proverbs 24:30-34
30 I went by the field of the slothful, and by the vineyard of the man void of understanding;
31 And, lo, it was all grown over with thorns, and nettles had covered the face thereof, and the stone wall thereof was broken down.
32 Then I saw, and considered it well: I looked upon it, and received instruction.
33 Yet a little sleep, a little slumber, a little folding of the hands to sleep:
34 So shall thy poverty come as one that travelleth; and thy want as an armed man.
This passage reveals the outcome of those who are persistently slothful or lazy. Their lives are held up as an example for others to take heed to. The writer of the passage is passing by the field of a slothful man. This person is also described as one who is "void of understanding." There, at the property of the sluggard, the writer finds that it is overgrown with thorns and nettles. The fence is broken down. There is no fruit growing on the trees. His property is not prosperous.
The writer of this passage "saw, and considered it well." He thought long and hard about what he observed. Then, he "received instruction" from the life of the slothful person. The instruction he received was this: "A little sleep, a little slumber, a little folding of the hands to sleep: So shall thy poverty come as one that travelleth; and thy want as an armed man." The Hebrew word translated as "one that travelleth" or "traveler" means one who traverses or wanders; a vagrant, a vagabond. The "armed man" is a highwayman or robber; one who lies in wait to steal from others. Both the wanderer and the robber live in poverty because they are seen, in this passage, as unwilling to work honestly to obtain what they need.
Regarding the spiritual implications of this passage, Albert Barnes writes: "The field and the vineyard are more than the man's earthly possessions. His neglect brings barrenness or desolation to the garden of the soul. The 'thorns' are evil habits that choke the good seed, and the 'nettles' are those that are actually hurtful and offensive to others. The 'wall' is the defense which laws and rules give to the inward life, and which the sluggard learns to disregard, and the 'poverty' is the loss of the true riches of the soul, tranquility, and peace, and righteousness."
If you struggle with sloth or laziness, take this passage to heart and begin to use it the next time you face that temptation.
– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
If you do not know Jesus Christ as your Saviour, John 3:16 states, "For God so loved the world, that He gave His only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in Him should not perish, but have everlasting life."
The Bible also says in Romans 10:9 and 13: "That if thou shalt confess with thy mouth the Lord Jesus, and shalt believe in thine heart that God hath raised him from the dead, thou shalt be saved…. For whosoever shall call upon the name of the Lord shall be saved."
If you believe that Jesus Christ died on the Cross for your sins, was buried, and rose from the dead, and you want to trust Him for your Salvation today, please pray with me this simple prayer: Holy Father God, I realize that I am a sinner and that I have done some bad things in my life. I am sorry for my sins, and I want to turn from my sins. For Jesus Christ sake, please forgive me of my sins. I now believe with all of my heart that Jesus Christ died for me, was buried, and rose again. I trust Him as my Savior and follow Him as Lord from this day forward. Lord Jesus, please come into my heart and save my soul and change my life today. Amen.
If you just trusted Jesus Christ as your Saviour, and you prayed that prayer and meant it from your heart, I declare to you that based upon the Word of God, you are now saved from Hell and you are on your way to Heaven. Welcome to the family of God! I want to congratulate you on doing the most important thing in life and that is receiving Jesus Christ as your Lord and Saviour. For more information to help you grow in your newfound faith in Christ, go to Gospel Light Society.com and read "What To Do After You Enter Through the Door". Jesus Christ said in John 10:9, "I am the door: by me if any man enter in, he shall be saved, and shall go in and out, and find pasture."
Until next time, May the Lord Bless You!


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Interactive spaces
Breathing Bags 1.0
Breathing bags is an art installation mainly
made out of ordinary plastic bags. Controlled by
Arduino, each of them is selectively inflated and deflated in turn by two cooling fans. The outline shows the Singapore map, where the green bags marks the Nature Reserves in Singapore.
A waste of plastic
A waste of plastic is an art installation that are made of used plastic bags from the wet markets in Singapore. This installation aims to create environmental awareness of the abundance usage and the causes of plastic bags in the wet markets today.
Aquarium Experiment
An augmented reality experiment with virtual reality headset that displays visuals inside an aquarium. The experiment is enhanced with a handmade seashells headphones that enables the users to experience the 'sound of the sea wind' made by the seashells.
Aquarium Experiment making process
The process making of 'Aquarium Experiment' where I experimented with handmade seashells headphones to give users the audio experience of the sound of the sea breeze.


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Roasted Curried Cauliflower is here!
Sometimes you find a recipe that you get really excited about and it turns out all wrong. I found a recipe for Crispy Curried Cauliflower and made it to accompany these Black Eyed Pea Sweet Potato Sliders. I was so excited to share this recipe…except… not all recipes turn out great. The sliders were very good, the cauliflower was very disappointing. These cauliflower florets were mixed with some spices like turmeric and cumin, coated with flour, then baked in the oven. They just didn't turn out well. At times I felt like I was eating straight flour. I just don't think a flour coating works well with veggies unless you are frying them. The flour did nothing to enhance the cauliflower, which already has a very mild flavor on its own.
Now, turmeric is probably one of my most favorite spices. I find myself adding it to about everything. I especially love adding turmeric to scrambled eggs or tofu in the morning, reminding me of a breakfast dish Chad and I had in a South Carolina diner. Turmeric is actually one of a few spices that make up the flavor curry. Cumin, cardamom, coriander, cayenne and dry mustard in addition to turmeric make up the curry flavor that is popular in Indian and Asian cuisines. Curry is a fairly easy flavor to work with as it is so versatile.
Red curry paste is also an easy way to add flavor to a mild medium, such as cauliflower. I should have known better than to mask all that spiciness with flour. What a waste of a perfectly good head of cauliflower.
However, you can never go wrong with roasted cauliflower tossed in a variety of spices, so instead of wallowing in my failure, I am going to share a recipe that is delicious and a huge hit at my house. Here it is- Roasted Curried Cauliflower. I hope you enjoy it!
- 1 head cauliflower, florets cut into bite sized pieces
- 1/4 olive oil
- 2 tbsp red curry paste
- 1 tsp cayenne pepper
- 1 tsp turmeric
- 1 tsp coriander seeds
- 1 tsp cumin
- 1 tsp dry mustard
- 1 tsp salt
- 1 tsp black pepper
- 1/4 cup loosely packed fresh cilantro, minced
- Preheat oven to 400°. In a small mixing bowl, mix together the dry spices until blended well.
- Slowly whisk in the olive oil and the red curry paste.
- Place the cauliflower in a medium bowl and pour the spicy oil mixture over the cauliflower.
- Toss lightly to coat each floret.
- Spread the cauliflower onto a foil lined baking sheet and bake for 30-35 minutes.
- Sprinkle cauliflower with the minced cilantro just before serving.
Tell me, do you prefer your roasted veggies with or without a crispy coating?


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The Dudhsagar Falls is a four-tiered falls positioned precisely the Goa-Karnataka border, closer to Goa. Its sight is so exciting, as you see the milky vapors increase from the drops. The whole sensation is usually called clouds falling from the heavens, descending straight onto the earth. You can check out below some of the best villas in Dudhsagar waterfall on Mandovi River.
The waterfall is surrounded by lush greenery that gives an added visual interest in the location. Are you planning a journey to Dudhsagar falls? Well, allow's experience all you need to understand about this fantastic place.


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Client of the week.....
This week is a 30 year old who suddenly ramped up training from 10K to half marathon and subsequently got sever pain on the outside of her legs starting jut abve the knees and now all the way up.
It has been diagnosed as IT band syndrome and she has received (very painful) treatment to the IT band.
I found that her Sacrum was locked on both sides making her run as if she had snow shoes on (swinging her feet out and then forward). I released her sacrum and then worked both Glute Med and Tensor Facia Lata to release the IT band tension.


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Without piling on a lot of hyperbolic adjectives, it's a fair bet that first 100 days of the Donald J. Trump administration are going to be one interesting ride. WNYC and MPR are certain enough of it that they will offer listeners a 14-week slate of new evening programming, a line-up of shows and hosts that includes MPR's Kerri Miller and longtime Wisconsin conservative radio host Charlie Sykes.
Under the presumably not ironic heading of "Indivisible," the official statement says, "The shows are designed to convene a nightly national conversation during a time of change. Analysts and policymakers will appear as guests, but the format will be driven by listeners. … 'Indivisible' will air on public radio stations across the country Mondays-Thursdays — with a different host/theme each night of the week, including WNYC's Brian Lehrer, MPR News's Kerri Miller, editors from The Economist, and Charlie Sykes — longtime conservative talk radio host. And WNYC's Kai Wright … ."
Miller says WNYC, New York's dominant public radio station, approached her bosses, who have been preaching the gospel of "being nimble" to their newsroom, meaning reacting quickly to developments and opportunities. "I like that. I think it's a smart way to go, and something like this is a perfect example of adapting quickly to what's going on in the world." (The deal also relieves Miller of responsibilities to MPR's 10 AM show over those 14 weeks. Filling in will be Joshua Johnson, who is replacing Diane Rehm at WAMU in D.C.)
"For me," says Miller, "this is a chance to get into places and talk to voters, Americans I never get a chance to hear from. I mean, we're going to be on stations in Kansas, Ohio, and Boston. They're going after Texas. We'll be going into places where listeners have some very different experiences with issues I'll be bringing up."
The press line on her one-hour 7 p.m. Thursday night gig says, "Miller will examine American identity at this moment of change. Who is a part of the national narrative, who feels left out, and how might our long-term sense of ourselves change?"
But, hmmm. Does "very different" really describe what still be a public radio audience, in these extraordinarily bifurcated times?
"Well, that's true," said Miller. "But I think part of the effort here is to get out beyond the usual orbit and draw other people into the conversation. With the interest in Donald Trump the hope is that we can get people who want some enlightened conversation about what all this means. I hope they give us a shot."
"I'm going to make a concerted effort to book guests from beyond the Beltway. I think the rest of America has a hard time getting in on the conversation when it's Washington and New York-centric."
Charlie Sykes' situation is rather more embroiled than Miller's. Essentially Mr. Conservative to a generation of Wisconsin radio listeners, Sykes — whose show will run Wednesdays at 7 pm — underwent a kind of Saul-on-the-road-to-Damascus transformation last year. Or maybe it's more correct to say it was his listeners who transformed after years of blinding light, moving ever further right and into a full embrace of Donald Trump. Whatever, it left Sykes, who sees no coherent conservatism in Trump, without the audience he wanted to talk to. (Here's a Politico piece on Sykes' predicament as of last summer.)
He says the pitch from WNYC was "this crazy idea" of dropping someone like him, a practitioner of the Bill Buckley arts of conservative thinking, into the NPR bosom. Having signed off WTMJ in Milwaukee last year, the workload of one hour a week (as opposed to 17 and a half for 25 years) didn't seem particularly daunting. "I'm assuming this is going to be a somewhat different audience for me, and frankly I'm hoping it'll be more diverse. That's one of the things that appeals to me. Having a conversation with people across the spectrum."
Sykes has made no secret of the antipathy directed at him by former fans, many of whom were severely upset with his refusal to embrace Trump. Meanwhile, he's intrigued by how his colleagues in the right-wing talk caucus are struggling to figure exactly how to play to the Trump audience. A crowd that only wants to hear how Trump, few people's idea of a conservative, will make America great again.
"Those I talk to are pretty confused right now," he says of other talk show hosts. "They don't know if they're going to be cheerleaders for Trump. Or whether they're going to be independent, and how much independence the audience is going to allow them to have. And quite frankly I'm looking forward to not having to worry about that."
His best guess is that conservative talk hosts are going to have a very difficult time "holding Trump accountable," as they promised to do before the November election. "I think the tribalism of American politics and of media audiences is kind of intense right now. I think it's going to be a very interesting time for them. I mean, I'm sitting here trying to figure out what Trump is saying about health care, and I have no idea. None at all. I can't figure it out. So it's kind of luxury for me not to have to talk about it. But it'll be interesting to see if conservative talkers feel they have to be fully on board the Trump train, arguing against any and all heretics and dissenters."
He jokes that he isn't so much regarded as an apostate among his fellow conservative talkers as he has the feeling of being "excommunicated." He reiterates what he has been saying quite publicly for the past year, namely that he isn't the one who changed. "I'm saying the same things today I've said for 20 years. A lot of other people have bowed to the business imperatives of the talk radio industry," i.e. moving ever further right, almost in a competition to see who can be more outrageous and thereby grab audience share. "I just wasn't prepared to do that."
He concedes, though, a certain level of sympathy for his former colleagues and competitors. "I know the incredible level of pressure every talk show host had to fall into line with Trump. You follow the audience from social media. You could see where it was going. It was very, very intense. So when I watched other hosts change their positions [to align themselves more favorably with Trump believers], I understood what was going on."
Sykes says he's pounding away at a deadline for a book due at the end of the month, one of the themes of which is, "Whatever happened to Bill Buckley style conservatism?"
He says, ruefully, "I expect one of the criticisms of the book will be that I haven't moved on from the Buckley type conservatism."
"It's a variation of a question I often ask. How did you get from William F. Buckley to Sean Hannity? Or from Edmund Burke to Ann Coulter? Something has happened here. It certainly wasn't the movement I signed up for."
Adding to the suspicion of Sykes' slide into apostasy is his recent deal as a regular contributor to liberal-leaning MSNBC, an arrangement he says is set up well to fit around his book deadlines and now his public radio adventure.
Unlike Miller, Sykes plans, best best he can, to watch the action of the moment before booking guests. But on his list is another thoughtful conservative apostate: former George W. Bush speechwriter David Frum.


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SHALI TARK 4420 Wiliams Road Richmond posted by Shali Tark
First time on market. Original owner for over 30 years. Amazing solid 5 bedrooms family home with efficient floor plan on a large flat lot. 6 years new roof. Lots of potential for creative buyer. Conveniently located with short driving distance to restaurants, grocery shopping, bank, parks, Golf Course, and more. 12 mins walk to Richmond Christian Elementary School. 5 mins walk to John G. Diefenbaker Elementary School. Official Community Plan allows Single-Detached/Duplex/Triplex.
Listing Provided By: RE/MAX Crest Realty
SHALI TARK 4420 Wiliams Road Richmond posted by Shali Tark
Blog by Shali Tark | May 27th, 2019


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Dozens of senior police officers in Turkey have been arrested in a series of raids around the country.
They are accused of spying and illegal wire-tapping as they carried out an anti-corruption investigation into the prime minister's inner circle.
The news channel CNN Turk said at least 76 officers were detained in 22 provinces around the country on suspicion of forming a criminal organisation and illegally bugging phones, weeks ahead of a presidential election in which Recep Tayyip Erdogan is standing.
Last December those close to political power were on the receiving end, as the sons of government ministers and prominent businessmen were detained in the corruption probe into Turkey's elite.
That action led to the dismissal of Istanbul's police chief and dozens of senior officers as Erdogan denounced what he called a "dirty operation" against the government.
Earlier this month the prime minister launched his election campaign to run for president in August, promising a "pioneering new Turkey".
The various clampdowns have been seen as part of a power struggle between the government on one side, and police and prosecutors on the other.


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Supported by NUIG and LERO, the Irish Software Research Centre
Venue: NUI Galway (North Campus, Upper Newcastle Road) – Aras Moyola Building, Lecture Theatre, Room MY243
Date: Tuesday 13th March
Time: 6.00pm reception with 6.30pm (sharp) start. End 8.00pm
Parking: Free parking on campus from 6.00pm
Big Data MBA: How To Drive Data Monetization
Bill Schmarzo, CTO, Dell EMC Services
Bill Schmarzo, author of "Big Data: Understanding How Data Powers Big Business" and "Big Data MBA: Driving Business Strategies with Data Science", is responsible for setting strategy and defining the Big Data service offerings for Dell EMC's Big Data Practice. As a CTO within Dell EMC's 2,000+ person consulting organization, he works with organizations to identify where and how to start their big data journeys. He is a University of San Francisco School of Management Executive Fellow where he teaches the "Big Data MBA" course. Bill has over three decades of experience in data warehousing, BI and analytics.
From Big Data to Business Value: The importance of Big Data Analytics Capabilities
Patrick Mikalef, Research Fellow, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
Patrick Mikalef is currently a Marie Skłodowska-Curie post-doctoral research fellow at the department of Computer Science of the Norwegian University of Science and Technology. He currently works on the research project, "Competitive Advantage for the Data-driven Enterprise", that seeks to understand how firms leverage the power of big data in their competitive strategies. He works with private and public organisations to identify key success and failure factors, as well as best-practice implementation strategies. Patrick serves as the chair of the Big Data Analytics tracks for the European and Americas Conference on Information Systems (ECIS & AMCIS) and is the guest editor of special issues in highly ranked journals.
PDUs for this event: 0.5 Leadership 1.5 Business Strategy
|Event Date
|13-Mar-2018 6:00 pm
|Event End Date
|13-Mar-2018 8:00 pm
|Cut off date
|12-Mar-2018 11:00 pm
|Individual Price
|NUI Galway, Aras Moyola


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Day 210) 6 Nightal, 1490 DR
We left Halani at home learning all the spells in various books and scroll we had found on our adventures, and we went to the house of the Roaringhorns to ask about the fate of Sirac Cimber. When we got there, a party was in full swing. Zelraun Roaringhorn was in a rather elaborate satyr costume, but as soon as I mentioned the son of Artus Cimber, he became serious. He told us that Sirac was all right, that Artus and the ring of winter were nowhere to be found, and he gave us some healing potions, animal friendship potions, and choking and sneezing dust to aid us on our journey. Back at home now, Halani is still swotting! I contacted Harriana to see if she wanted to join us and she said she'll be in Mirabar tomorrow.
Day 211) 7 Nightal, 1490 DR
I'm still fuming, so let's see if writing helps me figure out how I'm feeling. We teleported to Mirabar today and met up with Harriana. Over dinner we discussed what we should do next. I offered up chasing down a local criminal we had heard of, or questioning Khaspere Drylund, or going straight to Sansuri's castle above the Evermoors. People mostly agreed we should teleport to Yartar, interrogate Khaspere to see if he had anything to do with the death of my mother, and then from there go into the Evermoors. But Umbero started arguing with me and saying I was trying to avoid things. I don't know what his problem is! I'm still angry at him…
Day 212) 8 Nightal, 1490 DR
We got into Yartar today, all set up for the interrogation with stored thought detection spells. I still can't quite believe what happened. As soon as we got into Khaspere's office, I asked him if he had gotten his pet octopus from the Whalebones islands. He said no, but I could feel a faint panic in his mind. So I went on the full attack and when he asked if I was here representing House Amcathra, I said I was representing the Storm King. He panicked and as I probed his mind, I felt repelled by another presence. He managed to spill out to us that he hadn't meant to do it, and that my father the Storm King is on a ship called the Morkoth somewhere on the Trackless Sea.
As soon as he told us this, he died. I could feel it happening to him: the dark presence in his mind corrupted him from within. We started shrieking and pretending we were just innocent socialites who had witnessed a non-magical stroke. One of his bodyguards interrogated us, but my protection against thought detection saved me from giving the game away.
Tomorrow we set out for the Evermoors still, because we need to get one of the giant conches and take that to my father once we make it to him.
Day 222) 18 Nightal, 1490 DR
I'm numb. I don't know if I can carry on, but I'll try.
We walked into Calling Horns six days ago and Tamalyn was happy to host us again. She said the troll activity had died down somewhat. Three days after that, we ran into a small army of them deep in the Evermoors, but we were able to buy our lives.
Not so yesterday. We had been walking towards the distant spectre of Sansuri's castle, watching the massing storm clouds and sometimes losing view of the castle and where we knew it to be. As we reached the point where we decided to fly up, suddenly the clouds broke open to reveal a gigantic blue dragon. Iymrith. She swooped down and attacked. It was… more than we could handle. I shudder to think that we have to take her down at some point. How? How can we even manage? Especially now that… I dread to write it. It will be true if I write it, truer than I currently think it to be. Harshnag stood his ground and made us run. Aukanthi and Umbero dragged me away. Harshnag wrestled the dragon. We lost sight of him. I don't even know… but he must be gone.
After a sleepless night, the clouds have passed. We can see Sansuri's castle above and no blue dragon in sight. We have to carry on. I don't know how I can without Harshnag.


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I cannot wait for this movie! Hellboy will be out this July 11th…Who's going? I know I am. We do have the Hellboy graphic novels at the library. We also carry the B.P.R.D. grahic novels too. If you want to find out about the movie check out this link. I have really high expectations for this movie, the director is known for excellent movies, the storyline is good, and the last movie was topnotch.
Check out this youtube video. The trailer looks excellent. It reminds me of Pan's Labyrinth- another great movie by Guillermo Del Toro.
Other news, we got some new xxxholic DVDs in and some new manga. Check out the pages to see what we got in and to reserve your copy.


text: Want fresh eggs right from your own backyard? The Homestead at Ozark Natural Foods is excited to announce our 5th annual Baby Chick Sale! Once again, we're offering six heirloom breeds to choose from, including Easter Egger, Silved-laced Wyandotte, Rhode Island Red, Barred Rock, & Buff Orpington. Pre-paid orders can be placed at The Homestead from February 15th–March 5th. There is a six chick minimum purchase, and chick pickup will take place from April 12th–15th inside The Homestead. Visit The Homestead for more information! Share:BufferDiggemailFacebookFlattrLinkedinPinterestPrintRedditStumbleUponTumblrTwitter 14 Feb 2018Ali McIntosh


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Demos said,
We're all here to greet him and we wish he would just pass right through.
Labor Press reporter Mar Bussanich, the crowd was quite loud when Walker walked by. Our brothers and sisters in New York were exercised over Walker's union busting, and well they should be. ;
A new report shows Walker's union-busting left Wisconsin with about 45,000 fewer jobs than would have been expected if the state kept up with historic trends -- or with neighboring states.
American Bridge tells us Wisconsin's economy was recovering before Walker took office.
But by September of 2013, after three years under Gov. Walker and his hyper-conservative policies, Wisconsin had recovered a fewer percentage of its jobs than Minnesota, Michigan, Iowa and Indiana. The state's job gap doubled in Walker's first year, and increased again in his second year.
This report is more than just a confirmation that Scott Walker's agenda has been bad for Wisconsin. It's a real-world indictment of the very policies that the Republican Party constantly champions. We've been told time and time again that if only we slashed taxes and shrank government, the free market would bring prosperity to all. But this austere path has only stifled once-booming job growth in Wisconsin, and the state is set to spend $559 million more than it takes in next year.


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I'm Masud Olufani for the Atlanta History Center.
It is a muggy day in early June 1864.
Union soldier Gilmer Watts takes time to write his wife, Clara: "Dearest – I wrote you a few words yesterday and a sentence or two the day before."
Watts is a thirty-five year old teacher from Illinois.
"There will probably be a great battle here before long in which we will have a part."
The overwhelming majority of soldiers on both sides of the conflict are literate – and letters are their lifeline home.
Watts's letter joins hundreds from his regiment – nearly 600 a month.
"I will try to fill another sheet – but my paper is nearly gone."
Postal services, north and south, deliver to the troops – 8 million letters a month for the union – but in war, they aren't always delivered on time.
"The mails are so liable to interruption that you may fail to receive my letters."
The letters are filled with testaments of love, shared memories, and a deep, heartfelt wish to be remembered.
"I may be killed or wounded…"Watts tells his wife,
"Should I be called away, I know you will grieve deeply.
I would not have it otherwise."
Gilmer Watts is 25 miles from Atlanta.
I'm Masud Olufani and this is week eight


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VP Innovations carries a large assortment of counter top styles and materials, including quartz, laminate, granite, and solid surface. For help getting started on your counter top project, download our planning guide.
Granite, Laminate, Quartz, Solid Surface, Stainless Steel, Wood
Edge Style
Bevel, Bullnose, Double Radius, Half Bullnose, Ogee, Triple Pencil
Imagine the Possibilities
Working with VP Innovations
Along with your choice of cabinetry, your choice of counter top is what sets the atmosphere and sense of style in your dream kitchen. By working with your Innovation design professional a world of options are presented, from materials like granite, quartz, stainless steel, wood and laminates, to edge styles such as ogee, half bullnose, double radius, bevel, and more. Ready to start the design process? We invite you to download our Kitchen Planning Guide.


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Timothy Patrick McCarthy
Lecturer on Education
Harvard Kennedy School
Degree: Ph.D., Columbia University, (2006)
Email: [javascript protected email address]
Faculty Assistant: Jeffrey Brisbin
Timothy Patrick McCarthy is lecturer on history and literature, public policy, and education at Harvard. He is core faculty and director of Culture Change & Social Justice Initiatives and the Emerging Human Rights Leaders Program at the Harvard Kennedy School's Carr Center for Human Rights Policy. McCarthy is also the Stanley Paterson Professor of American History in the Boston Clemente Course, a college-level humanities course for low-income adults in Dorchester, Massachusetts, and co-recipient of the 2015 National Humanities Medal. An award-winning historian of politics and social movements, he is author or editor of five books from the New Press. McCarthy graduated from Harvard College and Columbia University, where he earned his Ph.D. in History.
Click here to see a full list of Timothy McCarthy's courses.


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If you want to open a NFO file, it`s actually one of the easiest thing to do. If you`re trying to open NFO files for the first time, it probably looks complicated and you would assume that they require an additional software to open them. It`s not true and I`ve seen on the Internet a couple of programs asking for money to open such files. I have no idea if some of them are some sort of scams and it`s not the purpose of this article. I am going to show you how to open and view NFO files in Windows. This method has been tested on Windows XP, Vista and 7 so it should work on other versions of Windows too. If you tried to open such files you will probably receive the following error: ``System Information is unable to open this .nfo file. The file might be corrupt or incompatible with this version of System Information.`` - this is a standard error message in Windows 7.
Depending on their size ( most NFO files are tiny ) you can open NFO files with Notepad or WordPad. Locate a NFO file and perform a right-click on that file and select ``Open With``. Choose Notepad and the file will open in Notepad. ( I have increased the size of the icon for a better image )
If you don`t see Notepad, repeat the operation - right-click on that file and select ``Open With`` and finally ``Choose default Program...``, after that a new window will appear and from there you have to select Notepad or WordPad. Additionally you can check the little box that says: ``Always use the selected program to open this kind of file``.
If you are not able to open or view NFO files with the method described, simply open Notepad and from there go to File - Open ( Ctrl + O ) and navigate to the folder where the NFO file exists. Make sure that you select ``All files`` instead of Text Documents.txt, so that you can see the NFO file and when it will appear, click on it and open it. As I said, you don`t need a program for this kind of files, NFO files contains text and they are usually files that contains informations about other files that comes with. If you will try to open such files directly all you will see is nothing more than your PC information. I keep saying Notepad because it`s the easiest way to open such files but you can open them as I said with WordPad or with any other powerful editor such as NotePad++ ( freeware ) or TextPad ( shareware ).Tweet


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A set of tables of spheroidal wave functions designed to simplify the computation of acoustic and electromagnetic scattering from spheroids. The tables were computed to five-place accuracy on the Whirlwind digital computer, and automatically tabulated. An introduction discusses the mathematical properties of the functions and describes some of their applications.
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This 4 inch wide golden taklon brush is the perfect Mod Podge ® brush applicator. It gives a smooth application and covers lots of area on larger projects like canvases and furniture.
This taklon brush features a durable, stainless steel ferrule. Its notched handle makes it comfortable to use, even for those crafters who have smaller hands.


text: The Czech Republic has attracted more than 115 billion euros in foreign investment since 1993, including over 2.6 billion euros in 2017 alone. One-third of the 106 investment projects in 2017 were high-tech ones, either technologically oriented or linked to research and development activities. Prague, in particular, has become one of Central and Eastern Europe's largest startup ecosystems, proving to be a very friendly environment for up-and-coming entrepreneurs. Some of the reason include the city's low living costs and labor force costs as well as the country's specialists who are not only knowledgeable of high-tech but also have a strong command of the English language. rutland & partners have the experience and expertise to get your high-tech ideas out of the laboratory and off the drawing board and into a successfully running business entity.


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The Top Source for Law in the United States
According to the Merriam Webster online dictionary, the definition of legal is "of or relating to law." Given the brevity of that definition, not to mention the fact that almost every person and entity is governed by a complex framework of laws and regulations, there is quite a bit of room for inquiry and debate. For Americans, the circuitous network of laws in the United States is impossible to decipher without the assistance of an attorney.
For those who do not mind spending three years in law school, after already going through a minimum of four years in college, a law career can be a rewarding and lucrative choice. Some of the top law schools in the country are the Georgetown University law school, Standford law school, and UCLA law school. Unfortunately, gaining admission to any of the above law schools Read Moreby


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|Tabrizian, Mitra
|Thompson, Jon
|Tower, James
|Tadanori, Yokoo
|Thompson, Mimei
|Townsend, William
|Tailleux, Francis
|Thompson, Ralph S
|Trangmar, Susan
|Takamatsu, Jiro
|Thomson, Alex
|Treister, Suzanne
|Thomson, Alfred Reginald
|Tremlett, David
|Tamayo, Rufino
|Thomson, Jon
|Trevelyan, Julian
|Tanaka, Shintaro
|Thomson, Ray
|Trevor, Paul
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|Tatham, Joanne
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|Trigg, John
|Taylor, Arthur
|Thornton, Valerie
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|Thorpe, Michael
|Troostwyk, David
|Taylor, Marcus
|Thubron, Harry
|Truninger, Max
|Taylor, Wendy
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|Tudela, Armando Andrade
|Tebby, Susan
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|The Hackney Flashers
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|Turk, Gavin
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|Tyzack, Michael
|Thompson, Jason
The Arts Council Collection is the UK's most widely seen collection of modern and contemporary art.
With more than 8,000 works by over 2,000 artists, it can be seen in exhibitions and public displays across the country and beyond. This website offers unprecedented access to the Collection, and information about each work can be found on this site.


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On November 12 2015, at a hospital in Brazil's north-eastern city of Recife, Maria Eduarda was about to be born. Her mother lived on the street and wanted nothing to do with the baby — she had already had seven children and had abandoned them all. Her father was an alcoholic and incapable of looking after himself, but he had a sister, Miriam, who had agreed to care for the child.
Miriam Pereira and her 18-year-old daughter-in-law, Cleane Stefani, were at the hospital, waiting to collect the little girl. They had already settled on the name.
It was not until after Maria Eduarda had been delivered that Stefani and Pereira realised just how difficult her life — and theirs — would become. Doctors measured the circumference of her head. At 26cm it was about 6cm less than the minimum for a healthy child, signalling a severe case of the birth defect microcephaly.
"We have no idea if she'll ever walk or even talk," says Stefani, as she cradles the 11-month-old baby in her arms in the family's cramped, makeshift home in a favela by a highway in Olinda, on the outskirts of Recife. The two women do have an idea of what caused the birth defect, however: Maria Eduarda's mother caught the mosquito-borne Zika virus about three months into her pregnancy, according to Stefani.
As well as needing a tube to ingest liquids, Maria Eduarda has difficulty breathing and moving, and has several seizures a day. She is one of an estimated 2,000 babies in Brazil born over the past year with microcephaly — a congenital condition where the baby's brain does not develop correctly during gestation, leading to an abnormally small head. Mounting evidence over recent months has shown that the Zika virus is at least partly responsible for nearly all of the recent cases of what is otherwise a rare condition.
While researchers develop a vaccine against the virus, which is not expected to become widely available in Brazil for another couple of years, scientists are struggling to understand Zika's mysterious effects. Infections have been reported in 72 countries since 2007, according to the World Health Organisation, yet the number of cases of microcephaly linked to the disease has been much higher in Brazil than in other Zika-hit countries such as neighbouring Colombia.
While researchers are investigating factors other than Zika that may be behind the sharp rise in microcephaly in Brazil, they are also looking into other possible effects of Zika on pregnant mothers and babies. Tânia Saad, a neurologist at the Fernandes Figueira National Institute for the Health of Women, Children and Adolescents in Rio de Janeiro, says the children of mothers infected with Zika who did not develop microcephaly have nevertheless shown some degree of neurological damage. "Often they show signs of being hyperexcited, with some difficulty or lack of co-ordination when it comes to breastfeeding or feeding themselves," she says.
Health workers now fear a possible second surge of microcephaly in southern cities such as São Paulo over the coming hot summer months. While researchers believe many women in Brazil's north-east will already have been infected with Zika by now, thus gaining immunity to the virus, São Paulo's expectant mothers may be more vulnerable, having not been exposed to the disease before falling pregnant.
"The trend is that the biggest outbreaks will occur in states where there have so far only been a few cases," says Pedro Vasconcelos, director of the Evandro Chagas public health institute in the northern state of Pará. "Meanwhile, in those states that have already been badly affected, there are likely to be [no new] Zika infections or only a small number of cases."
Such forecasts are little comfort to Stefani and Pereira, or to the thousands of families having to care for a child with microcephaly. Stefani, who dropped out of school when Maria Eduarda was born, looks after the baby during the day, while Pereira, who has had to quit her cleaning job, takes the "night shift", she explains.
Almost every day, the women have to catch two buses to attend seemingly endless hospital appointments in Recife, often returning late at night, they say. Apart from a small government disability allowance, Stefani and Pereira rely on the money that Stefani's husband — Pereira's son — earns fitting car radios.
The biggest expense is lactose-free milk powder, Stefani says, pointing to a tin that costs R$120 ($38), equivalent to about 15 per cent of the monthly minimum wage. Maria Eduarda needs a couple of tins a week, Stefani says. "The government is meant to give that to us for free, but for the past three months they haven't had any available," she explains over the noise of a popular soap opera blaring from the television in the living room.
maternal deaths per 100,000 live births
Zika has had a devastating effect on Brazil's poorer communities. The mosquitoes that transmit the virus thrive in the stagnant water abundant in favelas such as the one where Stefani and Pereira live, which lack adequate plumbing and sanitation. The outbreak has also come just as unemployment is surging during Brazil's recession and government health budgets are under tremendous strain.
Similarly, the Ebola outbreak that began at the end of 2013 also hit Africa's poorest communities the hardest. Megan Lees-McCowan, head of programmes in west Africa for Street Child, a UK charity, estimates that 12,000 children lost one or both caregivers to the virus. "Orphaned children found themselves leading the household; teenage girls became pregnant as they exchanged sex for food to survive; and poverty increased for already poor families who found themselves caring for the additional children of deceased relatives," she says.
deaths of children under five per 1,000 live births
Outbreaks such as Zika and Ebola should serve as a reminder for governments that it makes more financial sense to research the effects of mosquito-borne diseases before they cause widespread and expensive health crises, says Vasconcelos. "We need to be quicker and better at researching lesser-known infectious agents before they cause epidemics," he says.
Back in Olinda, Stefani doubts she will have time to finish her studies or go to work as Maria Eduarda grows up. While Pereira will officially adopt the child, Stefani cares for the baby girl as if she were her own. "I didn't really know what I wanted to do as a job anyway," Stefani says. "Now it doesn't matter."
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