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Social media refers to interaction among people in which they create, share, and/or exchange information and ideas in virtual communities and networks.[1] Andreas Kaplan and Michael Haenlein define social media as "a group of Internet-based applications that build on the ideological and technological foundations of Web 2.0, and that allow the creation and exchange of user-generated content."[2] Furthermore, social media depend on mobile and web-based technologies to create highly interactive platforms through which individuals and communities share, co-create, discuss, and modify user-generated content. They introduce substantial and pervasive changes to communication between organizations, communities, and individuals.[3]
Social media differ from traditional/industrial media in many ways, including quality,[4] reach, frequency, usability, immediacy, and permanence.[5] There are many effects that stem from internet usage. According to Nielsen, internet users continue to spend more time with social media sites than any other type of site. At the same time, the total time spent on social media in the U.S. across PC and mobile devices increased by 37 percent to 121 billion minutes in July 2012 compared to 88 billion minutes in July 2011.[6] For content contributors, the benefits of participating in social media have gone beyond simply social sharing to building reputation and bringing in career opportunities and monetary income, as discussed in Tang, Gu, and Whinston (2012).[7]
Much of the criticism of social media is about its exclusiveness[citation needed] as most sites do not allow the transfer of information from one to another, disparity of information available, issues with trustworthiness and reliability of information presented, concentration, ownership of media content, and the meaning of interactions created by social media. However, it is also argued that social media have positive effects such as allowing the democratization of the internet[8] while also allowing individuals to advertise themselves and form friendships.[9]
Most people[who?] associate social media with positive outcomes[citation needed], yet this is not always the case. Due to the increase in social media websites, there seems to be a positive correlation between the usage of such media with cyber-bullying, online sexual predators, and the decrease in face-to-face interactions.[citation needed] Social media may expose children to images of alcohol, tobacco, and sexual behaviors[relevant? – discuss].[10]
Geocities, created in 1994, was one of the first social media sites. The concept was for users to create their own websites, characterized by one of six "cities" that were known for certain characteristics.[11]
Social-media technologies take on many different forms including magazines, Internet forums, weblogs, social blogs, microblogging, wikis, social networks, podcasts, photographs or pictures, video, rating and social bookmarking. Technologies include blogging, picture-sharing, vlogs, wall-posting, music-sharing, crowdsourcing and voice over IP, to name a few. Social network aggregation can integrate many of the platforms in use.
By applying a set of theories in the field of media research (social presence, media richness) and social processes (self-presentation, self-disclosure), Kaplan and Haenlein created a classification scheme in their Business Horizons (2010) article, with six different types of social media:
However, the boundaries between the different types have become increasingly blurred. For example, Shi, Rui and Whinston (2013) argue that Twitter, as a combination of broadcasting service and social network, classes as a "social broadcasting technology".[12]
Social media used in combination with mobile devices are called mobile social media. This is a group of mobile marketing applications that allow the creation and exchange of user-generated content.[13] Due to the fact that mobile social media run on mobile devices, they differ from traditional social media by incorporating new factors such as the current location of the user (location-sensitivity) or the time delay between sending and receiving messages(time-sensitivity). According to Andreas Kaplan, mobile social media applications can be differentiated among four types:[13]
While traditional social media offer a variety of opportunities for companies in a wide range of business sectors, mobile social media makes use of the location- and time-sensitivity aspects of it in order to engage into marketing research, communication, sales promotions/discounts, and relationship development/loyalty programs.[13]
Business Marketing Analysts have stated that one of the key take aways of the Nielsen Company's "State of the media: The social media report 2012"[6] is that more consumers are accessing social media content today via mobile platforms, especially apps.[15]
E-commerce businesses may refer to social media as consumer-generated media (CGM). A common thread running through all definitions of social media is a blending of technology and social interaction for the co-creation of value.[5]
People obtain information, education, news, and other data from electronic and print media. Social media are distinct from industrial or traditional media such as newspapers, television, and film as they are comparatively inexpensive and accessible. They enable anyone (even private individuals) to publish or access information. Industrial media generally require significant resources to publish information as in most cases the articles goes through many revisions before being published.
One characteristic shared by both social and industrial media is the capability to reach small or large audiences; for example, either a blog post or a television show may reach no people or millions of people. Some of the properties that help describe the differences between social and industrial media are:[5]
Community media constitute a hybrid of industrial and social media. Though community-owned, some community radio, TV, and newspapers are run by professionals and some by amateurs. They use both social and industrial media frameworks.
Social media have also been recognized for the way they have changed how public relations professionals conduct their jobs. They have provided an open arena where people are free to exchange ideas on companies, brands, and products. As stated by Doc Searls and David Wagner, two authorities on the effects of Internet on marketing, advertising, and PR, "The best of the people in PR are not PR types at all. They understand that there aren't censors, they're the company's best conversationalists."[16] Social media provides an environment where users and PR professionals can converse, and where PR professionals can promote their brand and improve their company's image by listening and responding to what the public is saying about their product.
There is an increasing trend towards using social media monitoring tools that allow marketers to search, track, and analyze conversation on the web about their brand or about topics of interest. [17] This can be useful in PR management and campaign tracking, allowing the user to measure return on investment, competitor-auditing, and general public engagement. Tools range from free, basic applications to subscription-based, more in-depth tools.
The honeycomb framework defines how social media services focus on some or all of seven functional building blocks.[3] These building blocks help explain the engagement needs of the social media audience. For instance, LinkedIn users are thought to care mostly about identity, reputation, and relationships, whereas YouTube's primary features are sharing, conversations, groups, and reputation. Many companies build their own social containers that attempt to link the seven functional building blocks around their brands. These are private communities that engage people around a more narrow theme, as in around a particular brand, vocation or hobby, rather than social media containers such as Google+, Facebook, and Twitter. PR departments face significant challenges in dealing with viral negative sentiment directed at organizations or individuals on social media platforms (dubbed "sentimentitis"), which may be a reaction to an announcement or event.[18]
According to Jan H. Kietzmann, the honeycomb framework of social media is based on the following functional building blocks:[3]
It is through this process of "building social authority" that social media becomes effective. One of the foundational concepts in social media has become that you cannot completely control your message through social media but rather you can simply begin to participate in the "conversation" expecting that you can achieve a significant influence in that conversation.[19]
However, this conversation participation must be cleverly executed because while people are resistant to marketing in general, they are even more resistant to direct or overt marketing through social media platforms. This may seem counterintuitive but is the main reason building social authority with credibility is so important. A marketer can generally not expect people to be receptive to a marketing message in and of itself. In the Edelman Trust Barometer report in 2008, the majority (58%) of the respondents reported they most trusted company or product information coming from "people like me" inferred to be information from someone they trusted. In the 2010 Trust Report, the majority switched to 64% preferring their information from industry experts and academics. According to Inc. Technology's Brent Leary, "This loss of trust, and the accompanying turn towards experts and authorities, seems to be coinciding with the rise of social media and networks."[20]
An increasing number of scholars have sought to study and measure the impact of social media. A 2010 study by the University of Maryland suggested that social media services may be addictive,[22] and that using social media services may lead to a "fear of missing out," also known as the phrase "FOMO" by many students.[23] It has been observed that Facebook is now the primary method for communication by college students in the U.S.[24][25] According to Nielsen, global consumers spend more than six hours on social networking sites. "Social Media Revolution" produced by Socialnomics author Erik Qualman contains numerous statistics on social media including the fact that 93% of businesses use it for marketing and that if Facebook were a country it would be the third largest.[26] Several colleges and universities such as Harvard, Johns Hopkins, Columbia and Stanford among others have even introduced classes on best social media practices, preparing students for potential careers as digital strategists.[27]
There are various statistics that account for social media usage and effectiveness for individuals worldwide. Some of the most recent statistics are as follows:
According to a report by Nielsen[38]
According to the article "The Emerging Role of Social Media in Political and Regime Change" by Rita Safranek, "The Middle East and North Africa region has one of the most youthful populations in the world, with people under 25 making up between 35-45% of the population in each country. They make up the majority of social media users, including about 17 million Facebook users, 25,000 Twitter accounts and 40,000 active blogs, according to the Arab Advisors Group.[39]
Social media has disrupted the personal and commercial habits of Americans to a degree not seen since the early days of television. Just as television turned a nation of people who listened to media content into watchers of media content, the emergence of social media has created a nation of media content creators. According to 2011 Pew Research data, nearly 80% of American adults are online and nearly 60% of them use social networking sites.[40] More Americans get their news, such as it is, via the Internet than from newspapers or radio, as well of three-fourths who say they hear of news from e-mail or social media sites updates, according to a new report published by CNN. The survey suggests that Facebook and Twitter make news a more participatory experience than before. On Facebook, people share links to news articles, share and post articles, and tweet them on Twitter in 140 characters or less. 75% got their news forwarded through e-mail or social media posts, while 37% admit they've shared a news item via Facebook or Twitter.[41]
In the United States, people (81%) say they look online for news of the weather, first and foremost. National news at 73%, 52% for sports news, and 41% for entertainment or celebrity news. Based on this study, done for the Pew Center, two-thirds of the sample's online news users were younger than 50, and 30% younger than 30. The survey was daily-tracking of 2,259 adults 18 or older.[42] 33% YA get news from social networks, the day before. 34% watched TV news and 13% read print or digital content. 19% Americans got news from FB, Google+, or LinkedIn. 36% of those who get news from social network got it yesterday from survey. More that 36% of Twitter users use accounts to follow news organizations or journalists. 19% of users say they got information from news organizations of journalists. TV remains most popular source of news, but audience is aging (only 34% of young people). 29% of those younger that 25 say they got no news yesterday either digitally or traditional news platforms. Only 5% under 30 say they follow news about political figures and events in DC. Only 14% of responders could answer all four questions about which party controls the House, current unemployment rate, what nation Angela Merkel leads, and which presidential candidate favors taxing higher-income Americans. Facebook and Twitter now pathways to news, but are not replacements for traditional ones. 70% get social media news from friends and family on Facebook.[43]
For children, using social media sites can help promote creativity, interaction, and learning. It can also help them with homework and class work. Moreover, social media enable them to stay connected with their peers, and help them to interact with each other. Some can get involved with developing fundraising campaigns and political events. However it can affect mental health of teens. Teens who use Facebook frequently and who especially susceptible may become more narcissistic, antisocial, and aggressive. Teens become strongly influenced by advertising, and it influences buying habits for the future. Since the creation of Facebook in 2004, it has become a distraction and a way to waste time for many users.[44] Americans spend more time on FB than any other website in the United States. Based on a Nielsen study, the average American has spent more than 17 minutes per day on the social media site.[45]
In a recent study conducted, high school students ages 18 and younger were examined in an effort to find their preference for receiving news. Based on interviews with 61 teenagers, conducted from December 2007 to February 2011, most of the teen participants reported reading print newspapers only "sometimes," with fewer than 10% reading them daily. The teenagers instead reported learning about current events from social media sites such as Facebook, MySpace, YouTube, and blogs.[46]
On October 2, 2013, the most common hashtag throughout the country was "#governmentshutdown," as well as ones focusing on political parties, Obama, and healthcare. Most news sources have twitter, and Facebook, pages, like CNN and the New York Times, providing links to their online articles, getting an increased readership. Additionally, several college news organizations and administrators have Twitter pages as a way to share news and connect to students. [47]
News media and television journalism have been instrumental in the shaping of American collective memory for much of the twentieth century.[48][49] Indeed, since the United States' colonial era, news media has influenced collective memory and discourse about national development and trauma.In many ways, mainstream journalists have maintained an authoritative voice as the storytellers of the American past. Their documentary style narratives, detailed exposes, and their positions in the present make them prime sources for public memory. Specifically, news media journalists have shaped collective memory on nearly every major national event – from the deaths of social and political figures to the progression of political hopefuls. Journalists provide elaborate descriptions of commemorative events in U.S. history and contemporary popular cultural sensations. Many Americans learn the significance of historical events and political issues through news media, as they are presented on popular news stations.[50] However, journalistic influence is growing less important, while social networking sites such as Facebook, YouTube and Twitter, provide a constant source of alternative news sources for users.
As social networking becomes more popular among older and younger generations, sites such as Facebook and YouTube, gradually undermine the traditionally authoritative voices of news media. For example, American citizens contest media coverage of various social and political events as they see fit, inserting their voices into the narratives about America's past and present and shaping their own collective memories.[51][52] An example of this is the public explosion of the Trayvon Martin shooting in Sanford, Florida. News media coverage of the incident was minimal until social media users made the story recognizable through their constant discussion of the case. Approximately one month after the fatal shooting of Trayvon Martin, its online coverage by everyday Americans garnered national attention from mainstream media journalists, in turn exemplifying media activism. In some ways, the spread of this tragic event through alternative news sources parallels that of the Emmitt Till - whose murder became a national story after it circulated African American and Communists newspapers. Social media was also influential in the widespread attention given to the revolutionary outbreaks in the Middle East and North Africa during 2011.[53][54][55] However, there is some debate about the extent to which social media facilitated this kind of change.[56] Another example of this shift is in the on-going Kony 2012 campaign, which surfaced first on YouTube and later garnered a great amount of attention from mainstream news media journalists. These journalists now monitor social media sites to inform their reports on the movement. Lastly, in the past couple of presidential elections, the use of social media sites such as Facebook and Twitter were used to predict election results. U.S. President Barack Obama was more liked on Facebook than his opponent Mitt Romney and it was found by a study done by Oxford Institute Internet Experiment that more people liked to tweet about comments of President Obama rather than Romney.[57]
British-American entrepreneur and author Andrew Keen criticizes social media in his book The Cult of the Amateur, writing, "Out of this anarchy, it suddenly became clear that what was governing the infinite monkeys now inputting away on the Internet was the law of digital Darwinism, the survival of the loudest and most opinionated. Under these rules, the only way to intellectually prevail is by infinite filibustering."[58] This is also relative to the issue "justice" in the social network. For example, the phenomenon "Human flesh search engine" in Asia raised the discussion of "private-law" brought by social network platform.
Comperative Media professor José van Dijck contends in her book "The Culture of Connectivity" (2013) that to understand the full weight of social media, their technological dimensions should be connected to the social and the cultural. She critically describes six social media platforms. One of her findings is the way Facebook had been successful in framing the term 'sharing' in such a way that third party use of user data is negelected in favour of intra-user connectedness.
Tim Berners-Lee contends that the danger of social networking sites is that most are silos and do not allow users to port data from one site to another. He also cautions against social networks that grow too big and become a monopoly as this tends to limit innovation.[59]
Eric Ehrmann contends that social media in the form of public diplomacy create a patina of inclusiveness that covers[60] traditional economic interests that are structured to ensure that wealth is pumped up to the top of the economic pyramid, perpetuating the digital divide and post Marxian class conflict. He also voices concern over the trend that finds social utilities operating in a quasi-libertarian global environment of oligopoly that requires users in economically challenged nations to spend high percentages of annual income to pay for devices and services to participate in the social media lifestyle.
The phrase "Digital divide" was coined in 1996 by Lloyd Morrlsett, a founder of the Children's Television Workshop and President of the Markle Foundation, to describe the chasm that purportedly separates information technology (IT) haves from have-nots in the US. As Virginia Eubanks explains the digital divide in terms of social structure that have-not side users don't have much consumer power but the have side have the power. Money and labors go from the have-not to have.
Neil Postman also contends that social media will increase an information disparity between winners - who are able to use the social media actively - and losers - who are not familiar with modern technologies.
Since large-scale collaborative co-creation is one of the main way forming information in the social network, the user generated content is sometimes viewed with skepticism; readers do not trust it is as a reliable source of information. Aniket Kittur, Bongowon Suh and Ed H. Chi took Wiki under examination and indicated that, "One possibility is that distrust of wiki Content is not due to the inherently mutable nature of the system but instead to the lack of available information for judging trustworthiness.".[61] To be more specific, the authors mention that reasons for distrusting collaborative systems with user-generated content, such as Wikipedia, include lack of information regarding accuracy of contents, motives and expertise of editors, stability of content, coverage of topics and not available sources.[62]
From Nicholas Carr, "fast (social) media and deep slow thought don't mix well." As media theorist Marshall McLuhan pointed out in 1960s, "Media are not just passive channels of information." "They supply the stuff of thought, but they also shape the process of thought. And what the Net seems to be doing is chipping away my capacity for concentration and contemplation." However, there are several benefits brought from deep reading. For example, "our ability to interpret text, to make the rich mental connection that form when we read deeply and without distraction, remains largely disengaged." But under need of convenience, we would not choose this non-rapid way.[63]
For Malcolm Gladwell [64] the role of social media, such as Twitter and Facebook, in revolutions and protests is overstated. On the one hand, social media make it easier for individuals, and in this case activists, to express themselves. On the other hand, it is harder for that expression to have an impact.
Gladwell distinguishes between social media activism and high risk activism, which brings real changes. Activism and especially high-risk activism involves strong-tie relationships, hierarchies, coordination, motivation, exposing oneself to high risks, making sacrifices.
Gladwell discusses that social media are built around weak ties and he argues that "social networks are effective at increasing participation —by lessening the level of motivation that participation requires". According to him "…Facebook activism succeeds not by motivating people to make a real sacrifice, but by motivating them to do the things that people do when they are not motivated enough to make a real sacrifice".
Evgeny Morozov, 2009-2010 Yahoo fellow at Georgetown University contends that the contents uploaded to Twitter may have little relevance to the rest of the people who do not use Twitter. On the article "Iran: Downside to the "Twitter Revolution"" in the magazine "Dissent" fall 2009,[65] he says, "Twitter only adds to the noise: it's simply impossible to pack much context into its 140 characters. All other biases are present as well: in a country like Iran it's mostly pro-Western, technology-friendly and iPod-carrying young people who are the natural and most frequent users of Twitter. They are a tiny and, most important, extremely untypical segment of the Iranian population (the number of Twitter users in Iran — a country of more than seventy million people.)"
Even in the United States, the birth-country of Twitter, has only 107.7 million accounts(Media Bistro, 2012) in Twitter. Since there can be many multi-account users and there are more than 314.7 million population in U.S.(U.S. POPClock Projection". U.S. Census Bureau., 2012), only limited groups of people use Twitter in U.S..
Indiana University dean and professor Matthew Auer casts doubt on the conventional wisdom that social media are open and participatory. He also speculates on the emergence of "anti-social media" used as "instruments of pure control."[66]
Social media content is generated through social media interactions done by the users through the site. There has always been a huge debate on the ownership of the content on social media platforms since it is generated by the users and hosted by the company. Added to this is the danger to security of information, which can be leaked to third parties with economic interests in the platform, or parasites who comb the data for their own databases.[67] The author of Social Media Is Bullshit, Brandon Mendelson, claims that the "true" owners of content created on social media sites only benefits the large corporations whom own those sites and rarely the users that created them.[68]
Privacy rights advocates warn users about uses for the information that can be gathered through social media. Some information is captured without the user's knowledge or consent, such as through electronic tracking and third party application on social networks. Others include law enforcement and governmental use of this information,[69] including the gathering of so-called social media intelligence through data mining techniques.[70]
Additional privacy concerns regard the impact of social media monitoring by employers whose policies include prohibitions against workers' postings on social networking sites.[71] A survey done in 2010 from different universities revealed that there are lines drawn between personal and professional lives. Many of the users surveyed admitted to misrepresenting themselves online.[72] Employees can be concerned because their social media sites reflect their personal lives and not their professional lives, but yet employers are censoring them on the internet.
Other privacy concerns with employers and social media are when employers use social media as a tool to screen a prospective employee. This issue raises many ethical questions that some consider an employer's right and others consider discrimination. Except in the states of California, Maryland, and Illinois, there are no laws that prohibit employers from using social media profiles as a basis of whether or not someone should be hired.[73] Title VII also prohibits discrimination during any aspect of employment including hiring or firing, recruitment, or testing.[74]
Data suggests that participants use social media to fulfill perceived social needs, but are typically disappointed.[75] Lonely individuals are drawn to the Internet for emotional support. This causes problems as it interferes with "real life socializing".[76] Some of these views are summed up in an Atlantic article by Stephen Marche titled, "Is Facebook Making Us Lonely?" Marche argues that social media provides more breadth, but not the depth of relationships that humans require. While he makes interesting points about how social media is replacing face-to-face interaction, he fails to cite some of his sources.[77]
Sherry Turkle explores similar issues in her book Alone Together, as she discusses how people confuse social media usage with authentic communication. People tend to act differently online and are less afraid to hurt each other's feelings. Some online behaviors cause stress and anxiety, much of this associated with friends and the permanence of online posts. This anxiety is also associated with the fear of being hacked or of colleges and employers exploring social media pages and finding unsavory things posted. Turkle also speculates that people are beginning to prefer texting to face-to-face communication, which can contribute to feelings of loneliness.[78]
Researchers found that only exchanges that involved direct communication and reciprocation of messages to each other increased feelings of connectedness. However, passively using social media without sending or receiving messages to individuals does not make people feel less lonely unless they were lonely to begin with.[79]
A current controversial topic is whether or not social media addiction should be included in the DSM-V.[80] Extended use of social media has led to increased Internet addiction, cyberbullying, sexting, sleep deprivation, and the decline of face-to-face interaction.[81] According to several clinics in the UK, social media addiction is a certifiable medical condition. One psychiatric consultant claims he treats as many as one hundred cases a year. And as the title of this article states, "Social media addiction recognised as official condition".[82]
Social Isolationism: The largest form of social isolationism is caused by social networking websites, when the marketers affiliated with these websites actually limit the visibility of users to develop "artificial marketing." Artificial marketing is something that occurs because of social media platforms, where marketers can follow users through their activities on the web and their individual searches. They are fed information that they already have some interest in, and therefore automatically use this to feed them more information, products, or sources that are all similar. This is a form of isolationism because people are not being exposed to different information, and are constantly trapped into thinking they need more of similar information. At times they don't even see what else is out there, because of over exposure to the same kind of things.
In the book "Networked - The new social operating system" by Lee Rainie and Barry Wellman, the two authors reflect on mainly positive effects of social media and other internet based social networks. According to the authors, social media is used to document memories, learn about and explore things, advertise oneself and form friendships. For instance, they claim that the communication through internet based services can be done more privately than in real life. Furthermore, Rainie and Wellman discuss that everybody has the possibility to become a content creator. Content creation provides networked individuals opportunities to reach wider audiences. Moreover, it can positively affect their social standing and gain political support. This can lead to influence on issues that are important for someone. As a concrete example of the positive effects of social media, the authors use the Egyptian revolution in 2011, where people used Facebook to gather meetings, protest actions, etc.[9]
Rainie and Wellman (Ibid) also discuss that content creation is a voluntary and participatory act. What is important is that networked individuals create, edit and manage content in collaboration with other networked individuals. This way they contribute in expanding knowledge. Wikis are examples of collaborative content creation.
There has been rapid growth in the number of US patent applications that cover new technologies related to social media, and the number of them that are published has been growing rapidly over the past five years. There are now over 2000 published patent applications.[84] As many as 7000 applications may be currently on file including those that haven't been published yet. Only slightly over 100 of these applications have issued as patents, however, largely due to the multi-year backlog in examination of business method patents, patents which outline and claim new methods of doing business.[85]
In early 2013, Steve Joordens, a professor at the University of Toronto, encouraged the 1,900 students enrolled in his introductory psychology course to add content to Wikipedia pages featuring content that related to the course. Like other educators,[86] Joordens argued that the assignment would not only strengthen the site's psychology-related content, but also provide an opportunity for students to engage in critical reflection about the negotiations involved in collaborative knowledge production. However, Wikipedia's all-volunteer editorial staff complained that the students' contributions resulted in an overwhelming number of additions to the site, and that some of the contributions were inaccurate.[87]
Wikipedia can also be incorporated into assignments related to the gender gap. A 2010 survey of more than 58,000 self-selected Wikipedians indicated that 87% of contributors to the site are male, and 13% are women.[88] In response, the Wikipedia Foundation, which runs Wikipedia, has set a goal of raising the percentage of female contributors to 25% by 2015.[88] As of October 23, 2013, the site's "Wikipedians" page states that "Experienced women editors can be very successful—they are more likely to become administrators than men—but they are more likely to leave if treated aggressively in discussions, especially as new editors, when their good-faith contributions are more likely to be reverted than a similarly good-faith contribution by a man".[89] Wikimedia, Wikipedia's meta-wiki, labels the gender gap a "very sensitive subject".[90] Noting that "[p]eople who want to talk about the gender gap are sometimes victims of harassment," Wikimedia argues that "The gender gap mailing list is the best place to talk about this with other people who are interested and can help."
Facebook represents a potentially useful tool in educational contexts. It allows for both an asynchronous and synchronous, open dialogue via a familiar and regularly accessed medium, and supports the integration of multimodal content such as student-created photographs and video and URLs to other texts, in a platform that many students are already familiar with. Further, it allows students to ask more minor questions that they might not otherwise feel motivated to visit a professor in person during office hours to ask.[91] It also allows students to manage their own privacy settings, and often work with the privacy settings they have already established as registered users.
Facebook is one alternative means for shyer students to be able to voice their thoughts in and outside of the classroom. It allows students to collect their thoughts and articulate them in writing before committing to their expression.[91] Further, the level of informality typical to Facebook can also aid students in self-expression and encourage more frequent student-and-instructor and student-and-student communication. At the same time, Towner and Munoz note that this informality may actually drive many educators and students away from using Facebook for educational purposes.
From a course management perspective, Facebook may be less efficient as a replacement for more conventional course management systems, both because of its limitations with regards to uploading assignments and due to some students' (and educators') resistance to its use in education. Specifically, there are features of student-to-student collaboration that may be conducted more efficiently on dedicated course management systems, such as the organization of posts in a nested and linked format. That said, a number of studies suggest that students post to discussion forums more frequently and are generally more active discussants on Facebook posts versus conventional course management systems like WebCT or Blackboard (Chu and Meulemans, 2008; Salaway, et al., 2008; Schroeder and Greenbowe, 2009).[92][93][94]
Additionally, Facebook's privacy settings can be difficult to understand and manage, leaving some potential users - particularly females and older students - uncomfortable about the level of privacy and safety afforded them.[93] Further, familiarity and comfortability with Facebook is often divided by socio-economic class, with students whose parents obtained a college degree, or at least having attended college for some span of time, being more likely to already be active users.[95] Instructors ought to seriously consider and respect these hesitancies, and refrain from "forcing" Facebook on their students for academic purposes.[96][97] Instructors also ought to consider that rendering Facebook optional, but continuing to provide content through it to students who elect to use it, places an unfair burden on hesitant students, who then are forced to choose between using a technology they are uncomfortable with and participating fully in the course. A related limitation, particularly at the level of K-12 schooling, is the distrust (and in some cases, outright disallowal) of the use of Facebook in formal classroom settings in many educational jurisdictions.
However, this hesitancy towards Facebook use is continually diminishing in the United States, as the Pew Internet & American Life Project's annual report for 2012 shows that the likelihood of a person to be a registered Facebook user only fluctuates by 13 percent between different levels of educational attainment, 9 percent between urban, suburban, and rural users, only 5 percent between different household income brackets. The largest gap occurs between age brackets, with 86 percent of 18-29-year-olds reported as registered users as opposed to only 35 percent of 65-and-up-year-old users.[98]
Twitter, also, promotes social connections among students. It can be used to enhance communication building and critical thinking. Domizi (2013) utilized Twitter in a graduate seminar requiring students to post weekly tweets to extend classroom discussions. Students reportedly used Twitter to connect with content and other students. Additionally, students found it "to be useful professionally and personally" [99] Junco, Heibergert, and Loken (2011) completed a study of 132 students to examine the link between social media and student engagement and social media and grades. They divided the students into two groups, one used Twitter and the other did not. Twitter was used to discuss material, organize study groups, post class announcements, and connect with classmates. Junco and his colleagues (2011) found that the students in the Twitter group had higher GPAs and greater engagement scores than the control group [100] Gao, Luo, and Zhang (2012) reviewed literature about Twitter published between 2008 and 2011. They concluded that Twitter allowed students to participate with each other in class (back channel), and extend discussion outside of class. They also reported that students used Twitter to get up-to-date news and connect with professionals in their field. Students reported that microblogging encouraged students to "participate at a higher level" [101] Since the posts cannot exceed 140 characters, students were required to express ideas, reflect, and focus on important concepts in a concise manner. Some students found this very beneficial. Other students did not like the character limit. Also, some students found microblogging to be overwhelming (information overload). The research indicated that many students did not actually participate in the discussions, "they just lurked" [102]
YouTube is the most frequently used social media tool in the classroom [103] Students can watch videos, answer questions, and discuss content. Additionally, students can create videos to share with others. Sherer and Shea (2011) claimed that YouTube increased participation, personalization (customization), and productivity. YouTube also improved students' digital skills and provided opportunity for peer learning and problem solving [104] Eick and King (2012) found that videos kept students' attention, generated interest in the subject, and clarified course content [105] Additionally, the students reported that the videos helped them recall information and visualize real world applications of course concepts.
In 2013, the ASA began to advise celebrities and sportstars to make it clear if they had been paid to tweet about a product or service by using the hashtag #spon or #ad within tweets containing endorsements. In July 2013, Wayne Rooney was accused of mis-leading followers by not including either of these tags in a tweet promoting Nike. The tweet read:
""The pitches change. The killer instinct doesn't. Own the turf, anywhere. @NikeFootball #myground."[106]
The tweet was investigated by the ASA but no charges were pressed. The ASA stated that "We considered the reference to Nike Football was prominent and clearly linked the tweet with the Nike brand."[106] When asked about whether the number of complaints regarding misleading social advertising had increased, the ASA stated that the number of complaints had risen marginally since 2011 but that complaints were "very low" in the "grand scheme."[107]
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Ahithophel was a wise advisor, as "when one inquired a word from God," (see 2 Samuel 16:23). That verse said he was an advisor to David and Absalom, who was now the heir to the throne.
But Absalom became greedy. He stole the hearts of the people, (see 2 Samuel 16:23), and was not willing to wait for David's death to become king. He went to Hebron and caused an uprising, (see 2 Samuel 15:7-12).
He sent for Ahithophel, who was offering sacrifices in his hometown, (see 2 Samuel 15:12), and they went to Jerusalem together. He followed the advice of Ahithophel when he first arrived, (see 2 Samuel 16:20-22), but didn't follow his advice about the battle. God had other plans.
2 Samuel 17:14, "Then Absalom and all of the men of Israel said, 'The advice of Hushai the Arkite is better than the advice of Ahithophel.' For the Lord had decided to undermine the prudent advice of Ahithophel, so that the Lord might bring calamity to Absalom." Modern English Version
Ahithophel gave up, (see 2 Samuel 17:23) because they didn't take his advice.
We give advice to our children, and when they are young, they listen carefully. But as they get older, they listen to their friends instead. We can see calamity ahead, but we cannot stop it.
I learned three things from the life of Ahithophel:
- Never stop giving advice.
- God has a plan.
- Never give up.
Unfortunately, when our advice is not taken, there are always consequences. This is true when part of your job is giving advice.
My friend, Kiley, moved away a few years ago. He worked for the city and his job involved giving advice. When asked why he was moving away from a job he loved, he said, "They just stopped listening to me." Even when people stop listening, never give up.
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subset: commoncrawl


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29 Jan Taking A Stand Against Crony Capitalism
Dear Friends –
As many of you know, I have been growing in my passion for combatting the evils of crony capitalism that I believe represent the core reason why millennials continue to flock away from markets and towards the dark ideology of socialism. A market-based system that offers subsidies and special favors to the rich and powerful is not a market-based system, but a truly dangerous perversion of free market capitalism. Few people in public life are taking on this issue as the non-partisan issue that it is quite like Charles Koch and the vast network they have assembled of philanthropists, social entrepreneurs, and thought leaders.
I sometimes grow despondent at how much work there is to do here, as it is one of the few issues where the battle for truth remains to be won with many on the left, and the right. Well, you simply must watch this video to see the reason that grass roots efforts matter – and see what can happen when an army of people come together to do the right thing. The Republican Party got kicked upside the head in this last midterm election, with one exception being in the state of Florida, where the Gubernatorial race and Senatorial race (by razor thin margins) went the right way. I have absolutely no doubt that the GOP protecting its brand by opposing corporate welfare (and now doing so year over year over year) stands atop the reason Florida is one of the very few states not going the way of the purple or the blue. Please watch, and join me in the fight to protect the merits of free enterprise – a system that has no tolerance for subsidies, favoritism, or crony handouts.
password: Florida
I am preparing for the challenge at hand, and grateful for that amazing network of people (Koch, Acton, National Review) committed to the cause of liberty and human flourishing.


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General Purpose Computing on Graphics Cards.
Held in MC 2054, on 2011-06-09, at 4:30 PM.
This is the first of our member talks for the term, presented by CSC member and Waterloo undergraduate student Katie Hyatt
GPGPU (general purpose graphics processing unit) computing is an expanding area of interest, with applications in physics, chemistry, applied math, finance, and other fields. nVidia has created an architecture named CUDA to allow programmers to use graphics cards without having to write PTX assembly or understand OpenGL. CUDA is designed to allow for high-performance parallel computation controlled from the CPU while granting the user fine control over the behaviour and performance of the device.
In this talk, I'll discuss the basics of nVidia's CUDA architecture (with most emphasis on the CUDA C extensions), the GPGPU programming environment, optimizing code written for the graphics card, algorithms with noteworthy performance on GPU, libraries and tools available to the GPGPU programmer, and some applications to condensed matter physics. No physics background required!


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Further to the May 2013 JME discussion of infanticide was a fairly gymnastic article by Michael Tooley that was in essence given central prominence in the issue. I say "gymnastic" because, partly by his own admission, Tooley tried to cover, albeit superficially, a lot of ground in a brief essay. But given that there is so much written, and so much information out there, that one cannot review it all in detail—Tooley himself admits as much vis-à-vis his position—one is often forced to perform similar gymnastics to form a provisional judgment of a series of claims. And thus do I take to the trapeze for a brief discussion of Tooley's essay.
Tooley writes that he wants to replace emotional claims with critical thinking, and yet I could not help be irritated by his tone: "pedantic" seems too strong a word, but "tendentious" and "condescending" might fit. After lecturing non-philosophers on how they ignore critical thinking and eschew calm, dispassionate argument, and in essence telling doctors that they should defer to the wise judgment of professional philosophers (who really are the only ones who have thought long and hard about things) on ethical matters, he urges the reader to accept the "Socratic challenge" that all held beliefs are potentially suspect, and that resistance to some ideas betrays commitment to a "package deal" that includes some basic belief that one is determined to hold despite the evidence. Of course, opposition to abortion is one such package deal because Tooley apparently has found that all abortion opponents cling to the notion that there is a God. (He does, in passing, also say that some feminists include abortion support in their own package deal but he does not say anything further about them.)
More substantively, Tooley briefly addresses two strategies supporting "the extreme antiabortion view according to which abortion is always, at the very least, prima facie seriously wrong," as he puts it:
- Membership in the biologically defined species Homo sapiens is a suspect ground of moral status because, were we confronted with a lovable extraterrestrial creature that is rational, we would ascribe similar privileged moral status to that being. We wouldn't approve of serving him up a la Kentucky Fried Chicken, for example. (Or, if you prefer, think of the horror of the Narnian visitors eating talking animals in Lewis's The Silver Chair.) So, the ground of moral status would be something like possession of "an immaterial, rational soul," and membership in the species would not be a basic ground for a life to right (the rational soul would be a more basic ground). But it seems to me that Tooley misses the point here. Humans are the sort of beings which have the ultimate capacity for not just thought but moral judgment, self-awareness, awareness of self-awareness, and so on. And they are unique within the creation, or the biosphere if you will, as we encounter it. Were Tooley's ET to visit us, perhaps we would have another example of the sort of being with ultimate capacities such that it ought to be accorded privileged moral status simply by virtue of being one of that sort of being—a member of that "kind," or species. Christopher Kaczor, for one, has defended this position rather more substantially than Tooley seems to be willing to allow.
- Possession of an immaterial, rational mind or soul is not just suspect, but patently false, for Tooley, because he thinks science has established that the mind and the brain are one and the same. He calls out Moreland, Beckwith, and Scott Rae (among others) by name—Thomistic substance dualists all. He may correctly identify their view but he makes it too Cartesian by identifying soul with mind, and he fails to engage the dualist argument with more than a list of science-writer level examples. Also, in my (limited, to be sure) reading of philosophy of mind, I don't see people considering Tooley a significant contributor. So I take his claims against substance dualism as little more than rhetoric. And substance dualism appears to me to be rather robust in philosophy than Tooley will allow.
Instead, Tooley asserts that "[o]nly neo-Lockean persons have a right to continued existence." The "neo-Lockean" person is "an entity that has conscious states at different times, and that are psychologically connected by such things as memories, desires or intentions." These are the states that "make for personal identity." They persist through temporary losses of consciousness, and so get around one objection (which Tooley considers a "straw man") about approaches to personhood as consciousness. And, for him, a right to life is grounded not in an essential characteristic of a being, but in something that is acquired at some point in development.
But it's not clear why actual rather than anticipatable acquisition of capacities should ground moral status. If we take care of a baby properly, he or she will quite predictably become Tooley's neo-Lockean person. In cases when that is not going to happen, we can still argue, at a minimum, that respect for the sort of beings humans are ought to stay our hand against active killing. Yet that is not where Tooley is headed. Because we are talking not just about abortion here, we are talking about infanticide. And returning to the latter point, Tooley closes by mentioning that, while he thinks human fetuses and neonates "probably" have the same moral status, he seems to be questioning his earlier position that humans acquire capacity for thought episodes only some time after birth. He says that he doubts that most philosophers are conversant in the relevant science, and that he has not been able to catch up with it. And so the "crucial underlying scientific premise" that would support killing healthy newborn humans on purpose—viz., that neonates lack the capacity for thought—"has not yet been scientifically, firmly established."
Well. And if it is "scientifically, firmly established" that neonates DO have the capacity for thought—as I bet most new mothers would claim, and as I think we ought to assume for the purposes of our moral reasoning—then how established is it that there is NO capacity for thought late term in utero? And how do we distinguish the unborn healthy 30-weeker from the post-natal 30-week preemie? And if there is anything whatsoever to the notion that our thoughts have a private character, accessible only to us, how confident ought we to be of our ability to measure the onset of that actualized capacity in tiny humans? The potential for pseudoscience seems substantial.
And this, finally, underscores Tooley's own "package deal"—skepticism about the moral status of newborns comes with a firm commitment to naturalism and a physicalist approach to the philosophy of mind, at all costs. We all start with basic beliefs that we change very slowly, if at all. And so, rather than think that every belief ought to be held with radical skepticism, we ought to beware lines of reasoning that wind up contradicting the deepest human intuitions and experience—kind of like questioning our work when the answer to a math problem doesn't make sense. (I should add that Tooley's arguments reinforce my conviction—or, in our pluralistic, secular society, should I say "despair"—that naturalism can ground any stable sense of moral obligation.)
In the meantime, while you are catching up with all that Tooley and others have written, I recommend that, rather than abandoning your most basic beliefs, you resist his reading of the Socratic challenge. Tooley's approach sounds less like a search for truth than a demolition job.
I wonder whether Socrates would approve.


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Well here I am almost all alone at work. I work nights every other weekend – I am a personal assistant to a young man who needs observation all night. So while he is sleeping, or when he is sleeping I am all alone. I love it, to look out the windows at my sleepy little town, i make note of the teenagers riding their mopeds home and at which hour, the passing cars are they coming home or starting their day?
Sometimes I sit in the big entrance room surrounded by the floor to cieling windows sipping my tea in the dark. I sneak around (or pretend I am sneaking ) by the light of the moon. It's winter now so I don't open the door to the back yard to listen for the birds as they wake but I look forward to it. Spring is in the air, the mornings are crisp and the snow is finally melting. Ahh the darkness that comforts and soothes. I wonder what everyone is dreaming about. I wonder if they know I think about them, the dreamers and wish them a good night.
Soon the children will wake, the day for most will begin and I will take a walk home and jump into bed. It's a little fun to put on pj's and jump into bed with the sunshine streaming in through the windows.
I just wanted to share this moment, now I am going to turn the computer off, eat my melted cheese and sip my tea as I watch the sunrise. Good to be alive.
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- Pulled an All Nighter (withsummerlove.com)
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- Coffee, All-Nighter? Nope. (ask.metafilter.com)


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This chapter is brought to you by an old man dancing on a bar table, compatible with bar stools. Why haven't I made that design choice for any kitchen yet?
Because I'm stupidly silly. ;)
Last time; Rochelle quit her job in order to get better along with her husband, Tenderloin, but it didn't do that much. On the other hand, both the possible heiresses, Cyclonus then Astrotrain, took the romantic route with the blonde boy with the black highlights, Bronson.
Rochelle: Woo! Old man dancing!
Tenderloin: I wish I'd be that cool when I'm old.
Another Boob Lady: Dancing old man?! I can't believe I saw it in person!
Why is every woman in Bridgeport so busty? Not that I'm complaining, but I haven't really seen any woman with no boobs at all!
Deidre: … and another thing, this "house" you live in is complete garbage!
Cyclonus: Is this bitch asking for it?
Cyclonus: Derp derp! I'm Deidre the hateful and I don't like anything! Even my own brother!
Cyclonus: So why don't you GTFO before I do something horrible to that dress you obviously stole from my little sister!
Deidre: You better watch it skank, or I tell my mother about my cheating father so my brother will turn into a vampire and then die of thirst because of depression!
Cyclonus: You wouldn't effing dare!
Well, at least that's what the wiki says. I see this Bronson as a softie.
Deidre & Cyclonus: *Death glare*
Galvatron: Cat fight. Woo.
Skywarp: This ain't fair, bro! We clones should have love triangles and troubles too!
Hehe, if I would've had any cc or mods (which will be present in the next sims related thingie I do) I could've made them into androgynous beings and make a Twelfth Night sort of thing. Or maybe I can do that later? Hrmm….
Butler: Oooooooh yeeeeeah!
Butler: This is the stuff that makes butlering worth doing!
Butler: But you girl, you better keep up with your bitching or else I'm gonna have to smack you!
Rochelle: What's with all the yelling in here? Could you pu-lease STFU?
Skywarp: What the hell, mom?! We deserve some screen time too! Don't be a bitch just 'cause dad thinks you're being one!
Rochelle: You dare?!
Chalce: This is too much drama for me. Bye bye!
Death: You are the only fella that seems somewhat happy about my arrival.
Chalce: Hey, anything to get outta here. This drama ain't for me.
So, our orange heir goes away at the age of 90 days. He was a joy to play with, so have a good one Chalcedony!
That night Tenderloin sleeps troubled…
… only to wake up to this. Sigh.
Tenderloin: What has happened to us? Everything is falling apart! I… am in need of rescue…
Rochelle: Don't lay any blame on me! I've heard what you think of me, being a "bitch" and all.
Tenderloin: I don't want you to be a bitch, because I love you! But your instant negative attitude isn't helping anything!
Rochelle: Just leave me alone! I don't need this crap right now!
Paintings: Well, this is awkward…
Tenderloin: Hello fellow celebrity. Spare a shoulder?
Celeb Lady: Uh, what?
Tenderloin: *Bawls on lady's shoulder*
Celeb Lady: Oh…
That was a kinda depressive end… but there's two more dramalama chapters left!
Until next time…


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We have recently received the latest newsletter from Manor Trust (manortrust.com) admin announcing an extended promotion through the entire May offering 5%-8% bonus for all new deposits:
This is a friendly reminder of our ongoing deposit bonus promotion through the month of May. On all new deposits of at least $500 there is a 5% deposit bonus and for all new deposits of at least $10000 there is a 8% deposit bonus. This promotion lasts through the entire month of May. https://manortrust.com/index.php?a=news#12 We also have agents standing by in Live Support on our website if you need any assistance or have any sort of inquiry. Visit our website at: https://www.manortrust.com and click on the Live Support button on the bottom left.


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Once you have selected the model that best suits you, it's time to find the one that comes with the trim and color you want and get the costs every click of the way.
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Look: Donovan Mitchell trolls Ben Simmons' ROY comments with pre-game hoodie
Philadelphia rookie Ben Simmons said there weren't any other first-year players who caught his eye in the NBA this season.
One may have gotten his attention Tuesday though.
Before the Jazz's matchup with the Warriors Tuesday, rookie guard Donovan Mitchell, who leads all first-year players averaging 20.5 points per game, wore a hoodie with a poignant message on the front:
"rookie /ro͝okē/
noun ///
An athlete, playing his or her first season as a member of a professional sports team."
👀👀👀👀 pic.twitter.com/Rbf5cY92fD— SLAM Magazine (@SLAMonline) April 10, 2018
The outerwear is a clear jab at Simmons who sat out his first season in the NBA with a foot injury. The 76ers' rookie had a full year to watch and learn from the bench while he prepared to take over as Philadelphia's leader. In the meantime, Mitchell was drafted this past summer and is playing in his first season with the Jazz.
Mitchell clearly is suggesting Simmons had an advantage with his extra time as an observer. Richard Jefferson, a 17-year NBA veteran and current member of the Nuggets, is clearly on Mitchell's side.
"It's not Ben's fault but [Donovan Mitchell] is a TRUE rookie," Jefferson wrote in a Snapchat post Tuesday. "He didn't have an entire year to train and practice against NBA talent. He didn't get to sit on a bench and watch film and dedicate is life to basketball."
👀 Richard Jefferson says Ben Simmons isn't a "TRUE rookie," picks Donovan Mitchell for ROY. pic.twitter.com/QbgjVY32yO— SLAM Magazine (@SLAMonline) April 10, 2018
Mitchell has a good argument to win Rookie of the Year this season, as does Simmons. It will all come down to the voters. Kyle Kuzma, another rookie weighed in on the conversation as well.
"Lmaoooo I see u @spidadmitchell #redshirtrooks," Kuzma wrote on Twitter.
Lmaoooo I see u @spidadmitchell #redshirtrooks https://t.co/mHfkA4LmRQ— kuz (@kylekuzma) April 10, 2018


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WASHINGTON - Former Georgia state Sen. Jim Whitehead held not one, but two campaign fundraisers at the same resort where the late Rep. Charlie Norwood's campaign simultaneously ran up a $63,000 bill more than two months after Mr. Norwood's death.
The second event - a poolside cookout with entertainment from a bluegrass band - raises new questions about the Whitehead campaign's claims that it paid its own way at the Ritz-Carlton on Reynolds Plantation in Greensboro, Ga., the weekend of April 20.
Two local Republican officials who later donated time or money to Mr. Whitehead said they attended the Whitehead cookout and stayed at the hotel on the Norwood campaign's bill. One of those officials said she recognized about a half-dozen other couples who did the same thing.
The quoted price for renting the facility used for both Whitehead events is more than twice the $2,275 that the Whitehead campaign reported spending at the hotel.
Campaign finance watchdogs said the spending warrants further scrutiny.
"It's incredibly fishy, and probably something illegal happened," said Melanie Sloan, the executive director of Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington.
Kent Cooper, a former assistant staff director for disclosure at the FEC who now runs a Web site monitoring campaign finance, said the circumstances suggest "a set-up deal, with the same staff for both campaigns taking advantage of the situation."
Mr. Whitehead, a friend of Mr. Norwood and a fellow Republican, had emerged as the heir apparent to the late congressman. He won the endorsement of Mr. Norwood's family, hired six former Norwood staff members as campaign aides and raised far more money than his opponent, Paul Broun.
At the time of his death in February, Mr. Norwood had more than $700,000 left in his campaign account.
Federal law sets a $2,000 cap on donations from one campaign committee to another.


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Small businesses have all the time played a vital function in economic growth because they're recognized for creating more jobs than their bigger counterparts as SBA studies. To launch the method, consultants with expertise in organizational improvement and alter management are often utilized. Social Media is a great way to drive visitors to your website, but managing every social network on your web site could be a time consuming job. The Senior ITSM Analyst is involved in day-to-day operational service and resource management activities, in addition to the on-going improvements to our Service Management device, ServiceNow.
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Students learn the way aesthetic components of television and multimedia have been translated into vectors – forces that push or pull customers in positive instructions. Some traits have slightly elevated in significance since last yr (e.g., actual-time analytics and built-in platforms for BI … Read the rest


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Introduction: Faux Tie Die Knit Lunch Bag
The felted lunch bag is both insulated (to keep food cold) and water proof (to handle any spillage) on the inside. It is knitted using the intarsia method with several different colors of yarns to make it lively! I made it large enough to handle more food than just a sandwich.
100% wool worsted weight yarn in rainbow colors (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, light blue, purple) - I used combination of Lion Brand Wool (not Wool Ease) and Stitch Nation Full of Sheep yarn (may have been discontinued).
Waterproof Polyurethane Fabric (PUL) - ordered from Amazon.
Metalized Mylar Insulated - ordered from Amazon
Bag handle - wooden handles from Joanne's
Cord for drawstring
Cord lock
Teacher Notes
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Add a Teacher Note to share how you incorporated it into your lesson.
Step 1: Knit Bag Front
NOTE: I ran out of some colors of yarn so I could only do one side in the tie dye pattern.
For the other side, I didn't chart it out but just knitted until I ran out of a color of yarn, then switched to another color. To blend the colors in, I alternated in some areas between the 2 different colors for few rows to 'blend' them in.
NOTE: The diagram was split in two to allow easier reading and printing.
Start the chart from the right side and go towards the left for the knitted rows.
For the purl rows, read the chart from left to right.
Before beginning, I cut several long strands of yarns of each color and wrapped them around embroidery floss holders. These floss holders have notches at the top which is perfect to keep the yarn wrapped and out of the way.
Because this is a bag and not something worn, I did not snip the yarn after every color change. I carried the colored yarn over across the bag if the color is to be used again within 5-6 stitches, while knitting in the current color. If the old color is to be used again but is 7 stitches away, then I would start a new ball of yarn in that color so that it is not carried too far.
Leave at least a 2 inch tail at the end of the yarn so that they can be weaved in later.
With light blue yarn, cast on 63 stitches.
Knit in stem stitch (knit row 1 then purl 1 row) for 2 rows for base.
Row 1: Knit 2 st using light blue yarn, then follow tie dye chart (for color changes) for 59 st, knit 2 st using light blue yarn. Turn.
Row 2: Purl 2 st using light blue yarn, then follow tie dye chart in other direction for 59 st, purl 2 st using light blue yarn. Turn
Repeat in pattern until row 91 is completed.
Row 92: Purl 63 st in light blue yarn
Row 93: Stitch and bind off 63 st using light blue yarn and cut yarn.
NOTE: Had problems attaching spreadsheet so had to use SNIP IT image. I can email the spreadsheet if needed.
Step 2: Knit Bag Bottom
Take the knitted front side of the bag with the knit side facing up.
NOTE: I used dark blue because it was I had plenty of yarn in that color left to use for the bag bottom.
Pick up 63 stitches along the bottom width of the front side of the bag through the back loop only (to attach bottoms to the front side of the bag for seamless knitting).
Knit and purl until bottom measures desired size (25 rows for me)
Do not bind off but cut the yarn, leaving a long tail.
Step 3: Knit Bag Back
With the purl side of the bottom facing, pick up 63 stitches through the front loop only using light blue yarn to begin the 2nd side of the bag (for seamless knitting).
Knit and purl 2 rows using the light blue yarn.
Repeat instructions for Knit Bag Front**.
**As the NOTE indicated from Step 1, I ran out of some colors of yarn and so was not able to do the tie dye pattern for the 2nd side. I ran a different pattern for the back - just changing colors after a few rows. Between color changes, intersperse the 2 different colors to blend them together.
Step 4: Knit Bag Side
NOTE: I made the sides more complicated than it should have been (see photos). I had knitted it in 3 parts (triangle and 2 sides) to create a crease so that the bag could fold nicely. However, because it was felted, the lines were blurred into one and it looked like one piece anyways. The instructions below are for a much simpler side.
Simplified sides:
With purl side facing, pick up stitches along one side of the bottom through front look only using light blue yarn. For my base, there were 25 rows so I picked up 25 stitches along the side (for seamless knitting).
Knit and purl for 95 rows, binding off on the last row.
Repeat for the other side of the bag.
Take a piece of the light blue yarn and sew the sides of the bag to the front and back to assemble the bag.
Step 5: Knit Bag Top Edge
With the knit side of the assembled bag facing and using light blue yarn, pick up 63 stitches across the front of the bag, pick up 25 stiches (or number used to create the sides), pick up 63 stitches across the back of the bag, pick up 25 stitches along the side.
Knit and purl for 3 rows and bind off.
After knitting is completed, weave in all the ends and trim them.
Step 6: Felt the Bag
I have a front load washer so I used the following method to felt the bag:
Place the knitted bag in pillow case and tie the case closed. I added a pair of tennis shoes in the washer to increase agitation. I used my hand wash cycle and hot water.
Add a little bit of soap and run the washer until the water begins draining (and before the spin cycle).
Start the hand wash cycle again and repeat the process (wash, drain, no spin) until the individual stitches are no longer discernible. This took about 5 cycles for me.
After the bag is in the desired state/size, rinse it well and lay on towel. Stretch and smooth the bag to reshape it and allow to dry.
Step 7: Line Bag
NOTE: The final dimensions of my bag was 10 inches wide, 11 inches high, and 3 inch depth. You may have to adjust depending on the final dimensions of your felted bag.
Refer to the diagram and cut 2 pieces of the PUL fabric.
With the right sides of the fabric facing, sew the 2 sides together and sew the bottom together along the .05 inch seam line. NOTE: I had problems with sewing the PUL fabric on my sewing machine and had to stitch it by hand. The PUL fabric kept getting snagged.
Fold the bag to pinch along the corner to sew together (refer to picture) to close the corner hole.
For the mylar insulation, I had cut the front, bottom, and sides separately and attached it to the PUL fabric on the wrong side.
Looking back, I would have preferred to cut and sew the insulation the same as the PUL fabric lining and joined the 2 liners together.
Step 8: Add Drawstring Top
Take a piece of decorative fabric and fold it in half. Follow the diagram (bottom picture) and cut the folded fabric as indicated.
From the folded side, measure 1 inch from the top and sewing along the length of the fabric (26 in total), to create a casing for the draw string.
Take the 2 ends of the length of the fabric and sew together, leaving the 1 inch opening free for the drawstring cord to pull through. Sew the ends along the .5 inch seam line. To hide the seam, fold along the crease and sew about .5 inch in again.
Take the liner created in the previous step and turn it outside in so that the insulation is on the inside.
Slide the circular decorative fabric over the PUL liner with the drawstring casing pointing towards the bottom of the bag, and match it to the top seam of the liner. Sew the bottom of the decorative bag to the top of the liner.
Take the bag and fold it inside out so that the insulation is now on the outside.
Slip the entire lining into the dried felted bag and sew the bottom of the drawstring piece to the top of the knitted bag. The decorative drawstring piece will sit above the rest of the bag.
Take a piece of cord and pull through the casing. Add a cord lock.
Step 9: Add Handles
Center the handles to the bag and sew.
For my wooden handle, I measured 1.5 inches from the side on both side to attach the handles evenly.
If there are errors in the stitch pattern or some parts that are not clear, just let me know and I will try to fix it.
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6 Discussions
Beautiful! Great job with all the colour work!
Thank you! Good way to make use of yarn stash.
I love tie dye and I love knitting! This is great!
Thank you! It was actually a fun project. Now I don't lose my lunch in a sea of plastic grocery bags in the fridge at work.
This is absolutely beautiful! You have an amazing amount of patience for such a detailed patten. Thanks for sharing it!
Thank you! The idea had been brewing in my head for a while. I was hesitant about all the color changes but I just put on Netflix and the time just flew.


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2016 Jaguar XJ is prepared by the company to have some nice adjustments in order to make it as a much better high-end car. The company will give some improvements in order to complete the expectation from its fans. Well, it would not be an easy to do to give a nice touch for this newest version because it will compete with the S-class Mercedes. So far, the company only needs its great reputation in the market.
2016 Jaguar XJ Exterior and Interior
2016 Jaguar XJ Coupe is reported to be inspired by the model of F-type especially for its bodywork. The company wants to make the car gets success as the F-type model. For the modification, the company switches out from XK model and it is not surprising that the car will be big. Moreover, 2016 Jaguar XJ Redesign has more hostile to give elegant look and attract more buyers. Speaking about the style it is comparable to F-type with lighter bodyweight because the company considers adding more aluminum and other extra-light materials. Since the car will compete with Mercedes which is known well as a popular brand through its luxury and its advanced technology, there is a big expectation that the company could give the same as the S-class Mercedes. Some improvements are required in the cabin of 2016 Jaguar XJ.
2016 Jaguar XJ Specs
Speaking about its technical details, the car will get primary power plant alternative to support the speed performance of this new version. It is reported that this engine is Supercharged V6 but unfortunately there is no detail information related to the output and the acceleration through this engine. Another rumor said that the company is preparing to release the new motor vehicle in innovative design which is called V8 power plant that could generate higher output with extra luxurious trim levels presented. 2016 Jaguar XJ for whatever the engine, the market only needs to know that the engine should give higher output than before with better acceleration because the car has lighter bodyweight and the last of course more efficient fuel economy.
2016 Jaguar XJ Price and Release Date
This part will be the most difficult part to tell because the company keeps it in a big secret and they do nothing related to all rumors and speculations until this day. Of course, because the car will be based on F-type concept, we are pretty sure that the cost will be double compared to matrix auto with the base price for about $150,000 for 2016 Jaguar XJ.


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While Qualcomm processors can be found powering up most Android smartphones and tablets, in August, we heard that the company wanted to integrate their processors into drones. This made sense as the company would not build their own drone, they would sell companies their processors to equip them because they already integrate imaging capabilities, GPS and connectivity options which otherwise would require all of these components by separate. By integrating their processor, the company believes that drones could become more affordable soon. They named this platform Snapdragon Flight and they have created a video showing off some of the capabilities that drones would get if they are equipped with their products.
The Snapdragon Flight chipset measures 58 x 40 mm and it is powered by the still capable Snapdragon 801 processor. This could make drones lightweight and more compact than current offerings, plus, it should provide better battery management. The platform also supports real-time flight control with Qualcomm Hexagon DSP, Bluetooth connectivity, Global Satellite Navigation Service for a more accurate positioning. On the imaging side, 4K video is supported and it could be improved with the video processing stability, downward facing cameras could assist drones for a more stable landing.
The video, which looks like a futuristic action movie trailer, is titled "Elements of Autonomous Navigation" and we can see a drone prototype being controlled with a quite simplistic interface. They start by showing the 4K capable camera, the down-facing tracking camera and the stereo cameras, these cameras let the drone get visual-inertial odometry, which should provide better positioning of the drone. They are also capable of recognizing obstacles in order to avoid them and set the motion planning for the safest path between two points. We then get to see the drone landing at a different point and it will return automatically thanks to the autonomous path planning. There's also a demo of how the stereo cameras recognize depth and the distance of certain objects. We finally see the drone land on the point where it first took off and we get to hear the tagline "Qualcomm Snapdragon Flight: The platform for the future of drones". We will surely find out more about this platform at CES 2016.


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Airbus Defence and Space and Orbital Insight saw what promise their combined efforts originally brought and so they have expanded upon their partnership agreement to create Earth Monitor, a powerful change analysis and insights service that provides situation awareness over archived or newly tasked areas of interest.
Earth Monitor, available through Airbus' OneAtlas Platform, leverages Orbital Insight's machine learning and computer vision expertise through powerful algorithms that detect changes in infrastructure and land use in near real-time, as well as identify and count cars, trucks and soon, aircraft. This advanced service fuses Airbus' reactive tasking capabilities and premium archive imagery from the Living Library to offer access to advanced statistical analyses, trends and detection maps.
Francois Lombard, Head of the Intelligence Business within Airbus Defence and Space remarked that Earth Monitor is the result of a fruitful collaboration with Orbital Insight and is at the cornerstone of their analytics strategy as a key building component of their growing portfolio. Thanks to Earth Monitor, their customers will be able to draw precise, timely and meaningful conclusions, allowing them to gain time and allocate resources to where it matters most.
Dr. James Crawford, CEO and Founder of Orbital Insight added that early into their discussions with Airbus, they realized that OneAtlas presented a unique opportunity to combine Airbus' constellation and tasking services with the power of their analytics capabilities. They're proud and excited that Earth Monitor will leverage their dynamic algorithms so that users can track economic activity and detect changes in the areas that are of most interest to them, enabling custom analytic projects where they can define the what, where and when."
To sign up for a Free Trial of OneAtlas, please visit.


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Karlovy Vary's Crystal Globe Goes to Romanian Film "I Do Not Care If We Go Down in History as Barbarians"
The 53rd Karlovy Vary International Film Festival (June 29 - July 7) wrapped up last Saturday with its annual awards ceremony. The festival honored three prominent cinematic figures for their outstanding artistic contribution to world cinema; American writer-director-producer Barry Levinson, British actor-composer-model Robert Pattinson and Czech actor Jaromir Hanzlik.
Radu Jude's latest film "I Do Not Care If We Go Down in History as Barbarians" won the Grand Prix - Crystal Globe . The Special Jury Prize went to Argentinian director Ana Katz for her film "Sueño Florianópolis", which also won the Best Actress Prize for its lead actress Mercedes Morán as well as the FIPRESCI Award.
Olmo Omerzu won the Best Director award for "Winter Flies". Moshe Folkenflik won best actor honors for his role in "Redemption". "Jumpman" by Russian director Ivan Tverdovskiy' and "History of Love" by Slovenian director Sonja Prosenc received Special Jury Mentions.
Best documentary honors were given to "Putin's Witnesses" by Russian director Vitaly Mansky, while "Walden" directed by Swiss director Daniel Zimmermann picked up the special jury prize.
In the festival's East of the West competition, the Grand Prize went to Elizaveta Stishova for her film "Suleiman Mountain". A special jury prize also was awarded to Hungarian director Laszlo Csuja's for his film "Blossom Valley", while the Audience Award went to Barry Levinson for his film "Rain Man"(1988).
The 53rd edition of the festival witnessed the participation of a number of Arab films, some of them were included in official competitions such as the Lebanese film "The Swing" by Cyril Aris, that competed in the documentary films competition along with the Egyptian documentary "Dream Away" by Egyptian director Marwan and German director Johanna Dumke. "Amal" directed by Egyptian director Mohamed Siam was presented in the section "Another View".
The 'Work in Progress' award at the festival was won by the Lebanese director Ahmad Ghossein for his project titled "All This Victory". The competition is devoted to projects from Central and Eastern Europe, the Balkans, former Soviet Union countries, and, for the first time this year, the Middle East.
Amir Ramses, the Artistic Director of El-Gouna Film Festival attended the festival and held a series of meetings with a number of filmmakers, producers, distributors and directors, to select films for the 2nd edition of El-Gouna Film Festival.


text: « Previous | 6 of 8 | Next » « Back to Results List | Edit My Search | New Search | Selected ItemsCiteExportSharePrintEmail Selected item PDF PDF format is widely accepted and good for printing.Plug-in required PDF-1(277.54 kb) Citation & Export View statistics Staff View Citation & ExportHide Simple citation Lowell, B. Lindsay & Salzman, Hal (2009). Will Science and Engineering Now Be a Good Career?. Education Week, 29(11), 26, 32. Retrieved from https://doi.org/doi:10.7282/T3CN75JZ Export Click here for information about Citation Management Tools at Rutgers. EndNote Desktop Client EndNoteWeb RefWorks RIS File Download StatisticsHide Description Will Science and Engineering Now Be a Good Career? (2009) B. Lindsay Lowell, Hal Salzman Education Week 29(11): 26, 32. Link to published version VersionVersion of Record (VoR) AbstractBefore rushing to panicked conclusions about a math and science crisis in every classroom and college, let us take an evidence-based approach to addressing the nation's future. Persistent URLhttps://doi.org/doi:10.7282/T3CN75JZ SubjectsScientists--Supply and demand, Engineers--Supply and demand, Manpower policy--United States RightsCopyright for scholarly resources published in RUcore is retained by the copyright holder. By virtue of its appearance in this open access medium, you are free to use this resource, with proper attribution, in educational and other non-commercial settings. Other uses, such as reproduction or republication, may require the permission of the copyright holder.


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Program Pages Content
Degrees & Pathways
- Master of Materials Science and Engineering
The curriculum in the Materials Science and Engineering program at Johns Hopkins Engineering for Professionals takes a close look at the connections between materials' structure and performance, how particular properties can be achieved through state-of-the-art processing, and how newly engineered materials can be used in modern technologies. After studying with instructors working at the top of their fields, students are prepared to tackle today's most pressing questions in nanotechnology, electrochemistry, biomaterials, and more.
Upon completing the degree program, students will:
- Understand the basic concepts related to the structure of engineering materials.
- Understand the basic thermodynamics and kinetics of engineering materials.
- Apply the structure, thermodynamics, and kinetics of materials to the characterization of material properties and to the design of engineering materials.
Master's Degree
Admission Requirements
- You must meet the general admission requirements that pertain to all master's degree candidates.
- Your prior education must include a mathematics sequence through linear algebra and/or differential equations as well as courses in general physics and chemistry.
- This program is best suited to applicants who have received undergraduate degrees in engineering or science.
- If your prior education does not include the prerequisites listed above, you may still be admitted under provisional status, followed by full admission once you have completed the missing prerequisites. Missing prerequisites may be completed at the Johns Hopkins University or at another regionally accredited institution.
- You may opt to include professional accomplishments in your application by submitting a résumé along with letters of recommendation from your workplace.
- When reviewing an application, your academic and professional background (if submitted) will be considered.
- If you are an international student, you may have additional admission requirements.
Degree Requirements
- A total of ten courses must be completed within five years.
- The curriculum consists of two core courses and eight electives in materials science and engineering or related fields (400-level or higher with at least five at the 600- or 700-level).
- Courses offered through the Department of Materials Science and Engineering in the full-time program (510.xxx) may count as electives.
- Students interested in taking the Materials Science and Engineering Project (515.730/731) or Independent Study (515.800/801) must get prior approval from the program chair.
- Up to two courses can be from Engineering Management and/or Technical Management.
- Only one C-range grade (C+, C, or C−) can count toward the master's degree.
- All course selections are subject to advisor approval.
- Nanotechnology Concentration:
- A total of ten courses must be completed within five years.
- The curriculum consists of four core courses and six electives (400-level or higher with at least five at the 600- or 700-level).
- Courses offered through the Department of Materials Science and Engineering in the full-time program (510.xxx) may count as electives.
- Only one C-range grade (C+, C, or C−) can count toward the master's degree.
- All course selections are subject to advisor approval.
- Concentrations are noted on the student's transcript.
Please refer to the Schedule Planning Information page for a general idea when these courses are offered. For exact dates, times, locations, fees, and instructors, please refer to the course schedule published each term.
Program News
Johns Hopkins Engineering for Professionals (EP) this month launched an exciting new initiative: an online Student Community offered through the digital platform Microsoft Teams. As part of the EP Student Community, students can safely and securely connect, share, and learn from one another while also having easy access to relevant resources.
Johns Hopkins Engineering Advances: Professional engineering program news.
Engineering for Professionals is offering faculty members access to a new program aimed at enhancing instructors' impact in the classroom—whether face-to-face, online, or blended. Faculty Forward couples innovative pedagogical strategies with the power of technology to give participants the tools they need to keep students engaged and to enable them to reach their career and educational goals.