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Subsidized campus childcare was hard-won and remains very effective, while budget cuts and the privatization of childcare threaten centers across the country.
Do police treat religious-based protest events differently than secular ones? Drawing on data from more than 15,000 protest events in the United States (1960 to 1995) and using quantitative methods, we find that law enforcement agents were less likely to show up at protests when general religious actors, actions, or organizations were present. Rather than reflecting privileged legitimacy, we find that this protective effect is explained by religious protesters' use of less threatening tactics at events.
Lawyers keep the gates of public justice institutions, particularly through their roles in formal procedures like hearings and trials. Yet, it is not clear what lawyers do in such quintessentially legal settings: conclusions from past research are bedeviled by a lack of clear theory and inconsistencies in research design. Conceptualizing litigation work in terms of professional expertise, I conduct a theoretically grounded synthesis of the findings of extant studies of lawyers' impact on civil case outcomes.
Durkheim's model of suicide famously includes four types: anomic, egoistic, altruistic, and fatalistic suicides; however, sociology has primarily focused on anomic and egoistic suicides and neglected suicides predicated on too much integration or regulation. This article addresses this gap. We begin by elaborating Durkheim's concepts of integration and regulation using insights from contemporary social psychology, the sociology of emotions, and cultural sociology.
American Indians experience forms of domination and resist them through a wide range of decolonizing processes that are commonly overlooked, misidentified, or minimally analyzed by American sociology. This inattention reflects the naturalizing use of minoritizing frameworks regarding tribal members and ethnic rather than political conceptions of American Indian nationhood, membership, and identity.
This address explores a broad framework for thinking sociologically about emancipatory alternatives to dominant institutions and social structures, especially capitalism. The framework is grounded in two foundational propositions: (1) Many forms of human suffering and many deficits in human flourishing are the result of existing institutions and social structures. (2) Transforming existing institutions and social structures in the right way has the potential to substantially reduce human suffering and expand the possibilities for human flourishing.
This Report shows the magnitude and complexity of violence in U.S. society, explicates the important ways that social science has already contributed knowledge, and sets forth a challenging set of research directions. The Report makes clear the need for a sustained violence initiative to produce fundamental research. Federal support for a major initiative requires an examination of priorities for allocating scarce resources. Across the landscape of serious issues where serious science must be done, research on violence should be enlarged.
Social movement researchers argue that tactical innovation occurs as a response to changes external to movements, such as police repression and shifts in political authority, or is due to internal movement processes, such as the characteristics of movement organizations and actors. In this study, we locate the roots of tactical innovation in the multiplicity of movement claims articulated at protest events.


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From as far back as I can remember I have loved sports! With a whiffle ball bat in hand, when I was up to bat in my grandparents back yard, even though I was one of the younger cousins (and a girl), it was my top priority as a 7 year old, to get on base! By the time I was on the Freshman softball team, nothing made me feel more accomplished than making a perfect throw from behind the plate to second base and shocking the umpire as he had no choice but to call the runner OUT at second.
Where did that come from? My dad! He took me to Cardinal baseball games from age 3 where we scored every play of the game from the bleachers. I asked countless questions about the players and statistics… it totally drove him crazy! But I think he truly enjoyed that I knew what the best choices were as we filled out the card to make selections for the upcoming All Star game. Not only did he foster my interest as a fan, but he took my sister and I to the neighborhood park several times a week to play catch, practice batting and hit hundreds of fly-balls to us. We went to the tennis courts at the high school and played until it was dark, and every time there was a summer basketball camp to sign up for, we were the first ones to show up!
The passion to practice, work hard and be competitive is a priceless gift that my dad gave me. But most importantly, he has always believed in me! When I started talking about the dream I had to make it possible for kids on the South and West side of Chicago to have a chance at sports, he said, "if anyone can do that, Tina can!" He was the first person to write out a check to help get the organization started and for the last 7 years, he and my mom are the most dedicated funders of our cause, sending monthly checks, as well as significant donations toward special events.
Both my parents taught me that ALL people matter to God. I am thankful for that and especially to my dad for giving me a passion for sports. It's been a driving force in my efforts to make sure The Sports Shed stops at nothing to give kids a chance at participating in organized athletics. The kids we serve need a positive alternative to gangs/violence and to feel a sense of belonging. Many of them don't have dad's who engage them or can provide for them like mine. It's the least we can do to give as many kids the opportunity to experience something that inspires and gives them hope.
Happy Father's Day DAD!

subset: commoncrawl


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Even if the sun isn't shining, you can still get burnt - especially if you plan on spending hours in the elements.
Don't let getting burnt ruin your experience - we've got you covered with our range of creams and lip balms.
Don't burn your bonce - keep it covered with one of our hats!
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Payment System Settlement and Bank Incentives
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- Charles M. Kahn & William Roberds, 1996. "Payment system settlement and bank incentives," FRB Atlanta Working Paper 96-10, Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta.
- Charles M. Kahn & William Roberds, 1997. "Payment system settlement and bank incentives," Proceedings 537, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago.
- Charles M. Kahn & William Roberds, "undated". "Payment System Settlement and Bank Incentives," Center for Financial Institutions Working Papers 97-32, Wharton School Center for Financial Institutions, University of Pennsylvania.
References listed on IDEAS
- Robert A. Eisenbeis, "undated". "Eroding market imperfections: implications for financial intermediaries, the payments system, and regulatory reform," Proceedings - Economic Policy Symposium - Jackson Hole y:1987:p:19-62, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City.
- Freeman, Scott, 1996.
"Clearinghouse banks and banknote over-issue,"
Journal of Monetary Economics,
Elsevier, vol. 38(1), pages 101-115, August.
- Scott Freeman, 1993. "Clearinghouse banks and banknote over-issue," Working Papers 9326, Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas.
- Bernanke, Ben S, 1990. "Clearing and Settlement during the Crash," Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 3(1), pages 133-151.
- Edward J. Green, 1999.
"Money and debt in the structure of payments,"
Quarterly Review,
Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, vol. 23(Spr), pages 13-29.
- Green, Edward-J, 1997. "Money and Debt in the Structure of Payments," Monetary and Economic Studies, Institute for Monetary and Economic Studies, Bank of Japan, vol. 15(1), pages 63-87, May.
- Edward J. Green, 1996. "Money and Debt in the Structure of Payments," Macroeconomics 9609002, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 09 Sep 1996.
- Charles M. Kahn & William Roberds, 1998. "On the role of bank coalitions in the provision of liquidity," Proceedings 590, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago.
- Guiseppe Bertola & Ricardo J. Caballero, 1994.
"Irreversibility and Aggregate Investment,"
Review of Economic Studies,
Oxford University Press, vol. 61(2), pages 223-246.
- Giuseppe Bertola & Ricardo J. Caballero, 1991. "Irreversibility and Aggregate Investment," NBER Working Papers 3865, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Caballero, Ricardo J., 1999.
"Aggregate investment,"
Handbook of Macroeconomics, in: J. B. Taylor & M. Woodford (ed.), Handbook of Macroeconomics, edition 1, volume 1, chapter 12, pages 813-862,
- Cabalero, R.J., 1997. "Aggregaete Investment," Working papers 97-20, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Department of Economics.
- Ricardo J. Caballero, 1997. "Aggregate Investment," NBER Working Papers 6264, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- N/A, 1996. "Note:," Foreign Trade Review, , vol. 31(1-2), pages 1-1, January.
- Rochet, Jean-Charles & Tirole, Jean, 1996. "Interbank Lending and Systemic Risk," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 28(4), pages 733-762, November.
More about this item
JEL classification:
- G21 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages
- G28 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Government Policy and Regulation
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A scientific consensus agrees that cosmic impacts have played a major role in Earth history and that they continue to pose a significant threat today. But there is a tremendous difference in the estimated dangers, stretching up to, or even over, the line that separates legitimate science from pseudoscience. Ten recent trade books are reviewed that span a broad range in interpretations.
Comment: We decided to keep the following article in our archives as a good example of what passes for "official scientific consensus" nowadays regarding cosmic impacts threat. SOTT agrees with David Morrison's assessment that there are abysmal discrepancies in awareness and understanding of the cosmic threat, while some of them come very close to be considered criminal and even unscientific. The crucial difference is, that based on our research, we see NASA and its highly regarded scientists like David Morrison as perpetrators of bad science based on criminal negligence or ignorance so prevalent in the scientific community.
Consider the following from Connecting the Dots: Earth Changes Are Upon Us:
The confusion surrounding the phenomenon of cosmic debris piercing our atmosphere ultimately lies in the misguided trust we tend to place in those to whom we give authority for tackling problems of global proportions. Admittedly, such responsibility cannot be easy to handle. However, there is a difference between honest error as a result of reaching the limits of knowledge and understanding available in a specific field, and a science corrupted from sacrificing truth to further political agendas or certain preconceptions, in the name of maintaining an illusion and a lie for which we are all about to pay with our very lives.
A case in point:NASA's senior scientist, David Morrison, stated that 80 percent of the near Earth asteroids that are 1 kilometer or larger have been identified and that he could assure those gathered at the conference that "We are not going the way of the dinosaurs." He also says the Spaceguard Survey has not turned up any near Earth asteroids as large as the one that is believed to have wiped out the dinosaurs.The definition of criminal negligence is recklessly acting without reasonable caution and putting another person at risk of injury or death (or failing to do something with the same consequences).Morrison pointed out that asteroid strikes are the only natural hazard that in principle can be completely eliminated. Thanks to the Spaceguard Survey, humanity will likely have decades of warning before an impending collision. Once alerted, missiles could be used to nudge a threatening asteroid so that it misses the earth.
We have this nagging suspicion that David Morrison's assurances that we have nothing to worry about when it comes to threats from space, and that we can peacefully go on with our daily lives, filled with quiet desperation on a planet where human tragedy and horrendous atrocities have become as common as fruit flies, amount to a disturbingly clear example of criminal negligence.
Perhaps this is why:The experts are not remotely agreed on how worried we should be. Telescopes and satellites are now in a position to detect potential "planet-killers" - asteroids or comets over one kilometre in diameter - many years or even decades before they might collide with the Earth.Bloody hell, indeed, is what they created in Iraq.
The problem, according to Jay Tate, director of the public information resource Spaceguard UK, is that no measures are in place to avert them, and smaller objects could still "whistle through" to strike us at any time. "Do you want to know how much warning we would have of a country or city-killing asteroid?" asks Tate. "About four seconds. A major impact is just as likely to happen before the end of this conversation as 10,000 years from now."
A retired British Army officer and guided-weapons specialist, Tate became curious about government plans to defend against meteorites after the SL9 comet bombarded Jupiter in 1994, and was furious to find that they didn't have a single one. He and several eminent scientists formed a task force on Near Earth Objects (NEOs), presenting parliament with a series of recommendations for action in 2000.[...]
"Very little has been done since," says Tate, from the Spaceguard Centre at the former Powys Observatory in Wales. "The official British line seems to be that we don't need to bother, because the Americans are taking care of it. But if that's the rationale, then what the bloody hell are we doing in Iraq?"
And since we can't rely on the "brightest and best" at NASA to present us with an accurate assessment of cosmic threats, without muddying the water or intentionally concealing crucial data (dare we call it a conspiracy of cosmic proportions?), we will take a shot at the job (once again), reminding you that from a historical point of view,the only reality is that of conspiracy. Secrecy, wealth and independence add up to power. Deception is the key element of warfare, (the tool of power elites), and when winning is all that matters, the conventional morality held by ordinary people becomes an impediment. Secrecy stems from a pervasive and fundamental element of life in our world, that those who are at the top of the heap will always take whatever steps are necessary to maintain the status quo. [Dolan, UFOs and the National Security State, Vol. I]And maintaining the "status quo" in science has to be one of the main objectives of the Power Elite.
As the millennium approaches, the media are playing up asteroid and comet impacts. Ten popular-level books were published in 1995 and 1996 dealing with the dangers of cosmic impacts, and now we are seeing a spate of television and movie productions, both factual and fictional, that describe the impact threat. It is easy to dismiss all this as media hype and millennial madness, but it would be a mistake to do so. While some books and films may be motivated by a desire to milk public credulity for a quick buck, most are serious efforts to inform the public about a real danger that is recognized by the scientific community. In this article, I summarize the background for the recent interest in impact catastrophes and then provide a comparative review of the current trade books that deal with this topic.
Most scientists first thought about the role of impacts in Earth history in response to the now-famous paper published in Science in 1981 by Luis and Walter Alvarez and their colleagues, suggesting that an impact sixty-five million years ago produced the mass extinction that terminated the Cretaceous era. What was new in this paper was not the fact that Earth was struck by cosmic debris, but the idea that even relatively modest impacts might have a catastrophic effect on the environment. That Earth is subject to impacts is obvious from an examination of the cratered surface of our companion in space, the Moon. Planetary probes, beginning in 1964 with Mariner 4, have demonstrated that impact cratering is a universal process in the solar system. A heavy bombardment occurred early in planetary history, but it did not end then; a lower-level "rain of rocks" continues today, as comets and asteroids occasionally intersect the orbits of the planets. Those that come close and can pose a danger to Earth are collectively called Near-Earth Objects, or NEOs. On average, Earth should still expect to be struck by a fifteen-kilometer NEO every hundred million years or so. But the Alvarez paper and the research it stimulated also show that such impacts generate global-scale wildfires and dust storms, and thus are capable of killing most life forms and profoundly influencing the course of biological evolution. Impacts are the ultimate environmental disasters, more important than volcanic eruptions or other more familiar events in shaping the history of life on the planet.
Fortunately for us, impacts large enough to produce mass extinctions are rare, taking place at average intervals of tens of millions of years. However, there is a spectrum of comet and asteroid sizes, with many more small impacts than large ones. Based on what we know today, impacts much larger than the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) event are possible in the future (although very improbable). And impacts smaller than the K-T event - say by objects one kilometer or a few kilometers in diameter - occur much more frequently. The planet is struck by a one-kilometer asteroid or comet at average intervals of about 100,000 years.
Another important aspect of these impacts is that they are, as far as we know, randomly distributed in time. The chances are equal that a big one could hit in 1997 or in 2248 or in any given year in the far future. Further, although a few teams of astronomers have been searching for NEOs, the census of these objects is far from complete. For instance, of the roughly two thousand kilometer-scale asteroids that are expected in Earth-crossing orbits, fewer than two hundred have actually been found. We are confident that Earth will not be struck in the foreseeable future by any of the known objects, but we can say nothing about the 90 percent that are not yet discovered. It is because we have not yet carried out a comprehensive search that we must speak in terms of probabilities. In reality, this is not a game of chance. There either is or is not an NEO out there aimed to hit us next year or in the next century. But we don't know about it yet.
Finally, we should realize that only a small fraction of the space around Earth is being monitored today and that the most probable warning for a kilometer-scale impact is zero - the first we would likely know of a strike is when we feel the ground shake and watch the fireball rising above the horizon. While several national and international observing programs have been proposed to accelerate the discovery of threatening objects, so far no government funds have been spent to deal with large-scale searches or any other efforts to mitigate the impact threat. There has been much talk, but little action beyond the efforts of a few individuals in the scientific and military communities.
Current Issues
Most of the books and TV specials deal broadly with the issues described above, including graphic descriptions of the destructive potential of impacts of various sizes and impact energies. The catastrophic climate changes that caused the death of the dinosaurs and other species at the end of the Cretaceous era are fascinating to scientists and laypersons alike. Another common element is the description of the 1994 collision of some twenty-three fragments of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 with Jupiter. This remarkable event, observed by hundreds of telescopes on Earth and in space, provided direct data on the nature and consequences of cosmic impacts. But a number of questions arise when we discuss the contemporary impact danger and consider whether - and how - to protect ourselves against future catastrophes. There is a considerable divergence among scientists in how such issues are framed and discussed, and an even wider disparity on the way these issues are presented to the public.
Let us begin with what I call the "standard paradigm" - that of random impacts on Earth by small comets and asteroids. This is the consensus view of most scientists, and it is reflected in two NASA reports to the U.S. Congress, the Spaceguard Survey Report of 1992 and the follow-up report in 1995 inspired by public interest in the collision of Shoemaker-Levy 9 with Jupiter. As the principal author of the Spaceguard Survey Report and a member of the follow-up working group (chaired by Gene Shoemaker), I identify with this consensus position.
The standard paradigm uses the cratering history of the Moon and other evidence to deduce the average historical rate of impacts on Earth by objects of different sizes or impact energies. It then assesses the destructive potential of impacts of different energies on Earth today in terms of probable casualties, noting in particular the existence of a threshold at about one million megatons of energy (corresponding to a two-kilometer asteroid) at which the global climate is severely affected and everyone is at risk, independent of proximity to the impact. One conclusion of such studies is that the statistical risk is greatest for impacts near the global threshold, amounting to an average risk of death for each individual on Earth of nearly one in a million per year, comparable to the risk of other more frequent (but less catastrophic) events such as earthquakes, severe storms, and volcanic eruptions. It is also noted that, unlike other natural disasters, impacts can be avoided entirely by deflecting an incoming object, if several years warning time is available.
Although most people agree that the greatest risk is posed by objects two kilometers or larger in diameter, others focus their attention on smaller impactors, especially those in the 200- to 500-meter range. When impacts of this size occur in the ocean, they produce tsunamis capable of inundating large stretches of coastline. Although the average risk for inhabitants of the planet is less from tsunamis than from the global catas-trophes caused by larger impacts, the risk for persons living on shorelines may be greater. This fact, together with the higher frequency of smaller impacts, leads some to argue that we need a defense system against any object larger than 200 meters diameter.
A major divergence of opinion concerns what our response to the impact threat should be. Most of the scientists involved in such assessments conclude that there is a significant risk and that governments should take some action (especially in searching for potential impactors), but that it is premature to build any defense systems in the absence of a specific identified threat. Others, the best known being Edward Teller (the father of the H-bomb), argue strongly for a more aggressive approach to asteroid defense. They would initiate experiments, eventually to include nuclear explosives, designed to learn more about how to deflect or destroy asteroids and comets. Some even advocate construction of a standing nuclear defense system to deal with the smaller impactors, for which the warning time might be short. But at least, they assert, we should start now to develop the technology for such a system.
These arguments concerning the magnitude of the threat and the most appropriate response make good TV and newspaper copy. They can lead to serious analyses of the various threats that we face on Earth and of the role of governments in dealing with potential disasters, both natural and human. All fit within the standard paradigm. But there is another viewpoint, held by a handful of British neo-catastrophists, that challenges this position.
The British Neo-Catastrophist School
The alternative viewpoint is advocated in its extreme form by astronomers Victor Clube and Bill Napier, who interpret historical records as indicating that Earth has been subject to extreme battering from space within the past few millennia. In their popular books The Cosmic Serpent and The Cosmic Winter, they take the position that the emergence of astrology in the western Mediterranean, the association of gods with planets in many ancient cultures, the widespread fear of comets and belief in angels, and many other aspects of our cultural and religious history are a reflection of massive bombardment of the planet a few thousand years ago. They further conclude that more recent historical events, including the collapse of the Roman Empire, the Dark Ages, and even the English Civil War, are related to climate changes induced by exceptional deposition of cosmic dust in Earth's atmosphere. Although their historical analysis is suspiciously similar to that of Immanuel Velikovsky, Clube and Napier adamantly reject the association, arguing that unlike Velikovsky they root their explanations in sound physical and astronomical principles.
Supporting Clube and Napier are British astronomers Duncan Steel and Mark Bailey, who have concluded that the solar system is currently experiencing the aftermath of the break-up of a giant comet some millennia in the past. Our planet still intersects debris from this comet in what they call the Taurid complex of dust, small comets, and asteroids. They term this theory coherent catastrophism. Steel and Bailey estimate that the present lull in impacts will end in about a thousand years, when our orbit again crosses the denser parts of the Taurid complex, at which time the impact risk will rise by at least a factor of a hundred. All of these neo-catastrophists argue that urgent action is required to prevent the collapse of civilization under the next cosmic onslaught.
Most of us find these neo-catastrophist arguments difficult to swallow. Putting aside the issue of the Velikovskian interpretation of history and legend, the impact rate is still constrained by the cratering history of the Moon, which reflects the long-term average. If there are huge "spikes" in the frequency of impacts, produced by the break-up of giant comets, they must be compensated by much lower flux rates between peaks. Yet Clube, Steel, and their colleagues simultaneously assert that the consensus group underestimates the current impact rate, and that a big spike is coming. You can't have it both ways. If they are correct that almost all impacts occur during the spikes, then the present danger must be very low, and we have centuries to prepare to deal with the next peak. But they don't see it that way, and neither do the authors of several of the recent books.
Impact Science and Pseudoscience
While I believe that the British neo-catastrophists are wrong about the threat to Earth, their work is science, not pseudoscience. They are making their case to other scientists, and time will sort out who is right and who is wrong. They do, however, sometimes attract the attention of fringe elements. For example, the Society for Interdisciplinary Studies (SIS), a British group that espouses a skeptical philosophy but includes many defenders of Velikovskian ideas, is sponsoring a conference that features Clube and focuses on evidence for cosmic catastrophes in the ancient world. In fact, the work of Clube and Napier attracts many people who were once impressed by Velikovsky, such as Leroy Ellenberger, at one time a member of the Velikovsky inner circle and now one of the most outspoken critics of his current followers.
Every week I receive two or three inquiries from the public asking if some story they have read or heard about an imminent world-shattering impact is correct. These stories are not confined to the supermarket tabloids but have apparently attracted a following on the World Wide Web. Some people ask about a comet called Wormwood, with obvious reference to the apocalyptic vision in Revelation 8:10-11, when "the third angel sounded, and there fell a great star from heaven, burning as it were a lamp. . . . And the name of the star is called Wormwood."
Then there is Comet Hale-Bopp. In November 1996 the press gave general coverage to a wild claim that this comet was accompanied by a spaceship and was headed toward an impact with Earth. (See Alan Hale, "Hale-Bopp Comet Madness," SI, March/April 1997.) The story apparently started when an amateur astronomer photographed the comet near a moderately bright star. In a curious logical progression he assumed the star was a spacecraft, that the spacecraft was at the same distance as the comet, and that the over-exposed stellar image represented the angular diameter of the craft, which would make it comparable in size to the giant planet Saturn. Others embellished the story by concluding that the spacecraft was traveling in the same orbit with the comet and that the trajectory was about to shift toward Earth. The mystery to me is why this fantasy was given serious media attention, even on a slow news day. I fear that we may see more of this sort of thing as the public becomes more aware of the threat of impacts.
Presenting the Issues to the Public
Of the ten books reviewed here, three are strongly in the Clube/Steel camp, and several of the others give their neo-catastrophism considerable attention. This is perhaps understandable, since these are the scientists who are most strongly claiming that the sky is falling. Besides, the connections they make between impacts and the more familiar fields of history and religion have an obvious public appeal.
In contrast, the public policy issues surrounding the development of a space defense system and the possible testing of nuclear explosives in space are barely touched on in most of these books. In part, this represents the secretive nature of the defense scientists, who (unlike the more gregarious astronomers) tend to avoid talking with journalists or appearing in TV documentaries. But the issues are real, and the first steps toward an asteroid defense are being initiated by the Pentagon's just-approved Clementine 2 space mission to intercept three near-Earth asteroids and fire high-speed projectiles into their surfaces. It would be more useful if these policy questions, rather than the idea that cosmic dust caused the English Civil War, were being prominently addressed in public discussion of the impact threat.
On the positive side, the impact issue is proving to be an excellent vehicle for communicating some interesting aspects of contemporary science to the public. The topic, bringing together astronomy, environmental threats, and dinosaurs, is a natural. It focuses on the way historical science works (how can we figure out what really made the dinosaurs go extinct?), on the fragility of the environment (how can one small impact have global consequences?), on the nature of evolution (why were the mammals who succeeded the dinosaurs so different from them?), and on the nature of probability (if big impacts take place only once every million years, why worry now?). There is great potential here to teach good science as well as stimulate a useful public policy debate. Let's hope these lofty goals are achieved in practice.
The Standard Reference on Impacts
In January 1993 more than one hundred experts met in Tucson, Arizona, to discuss all aspects of NEO impacts, from the extinction of the dinosaurs to the nature of impact-induced tsunamis to the deflection of an incoming asteroid by nuclear explosions. A wide spectrum of opinion was represented, as exemplified by the appearance of old antagonists Carl Sagan and Edward Teller on the same platform. In 1994 the edited, refereed product of this meeting was published by the University of Arizona Press, edited by Tom Gehrels, as Hazards Due to Comets and Asteroids. This 1,300-page book, with 120 authors, is the definitive reference on the impact hazard. Indeed, is it the only published source for much of the work, which has not appeared in technical journals. This is the best place to find detailed information on the subject, but more current reports are also on the World Wide Web at the Asteroid and Comet Impact Hazard Homepage (http://impact.arc.nasa.gov).
Books That Represent the Standard Paradigm
The following five books adhere generally to the standard view of the NEO impact threat, as represented in the NASA reports and the refereed conference volume Hazards Due to Comets and Asteroids.
John S. Lewis. Rain of Iron and Ice: The Very Real Threat of Comet and Asteroid Bombardment. Addison-Wesley, 1996, 236 pp., $25.00. John Lewis, professor of planetary science at the University of Arizona and one of the leading proponents of the use of asteroid resources for long-term space development, has written the best popular volume on the impact hazard. This book is written primarily for the scientifically literate lay audience, but it contains a great deal of information - and no small number of pointed barbs - directed toward scientific colleagues who study NEOs professionally. Lewis covers all the relevant issues of the nature of NEOs, the impact history of the solar system, the impact hazard, and mitigation. His writing style is compact, clear, and comprehensive.
In addition to his solid coverage of the basics, Lewis probes in depth three areas that are often missing in other treatments. (1) He clearly places Earth impacts in their broader solar-system context, with extensive discussion of the lessons learned from the cratering histories of the Moon, Mercury, and Venus. (2) He places strong emphasis on the long history of eyewitness reports of terrestrial bolides, meteorite showers, and atmospheric detonations, many of which have done considerable damage. This evidence, he stresses, is overlooked by most workers in the field. (3) He uses current models of the impact flux and the entry physics for impactors to "reconstruct" ten different one-century scenarios, with specific details of individual impacts and their damage, as a way to illustrate the variety of impact events. This same list allows Lewis to address the question of which scenarios (had they happened in the twentieth century) would likely have led to a widespread appreciation of the impact hazard and which scenarios probably would have been ignored or misinterpreted. The real history of the twentieth century is intermediate; Lewis argues that had the circumstances of the 1908 explosion of a 60-meter asteroid in the atmosphere over Siberia's Stony Tunguska River been just a little different, we might never have known about it and foolishly continued to ignore the impact hazard up to the end of the century. (The Tunguska explosion flattened 2,000 square kilometers of forest and created a pressure wave recorded around the world.) This is the best introduction to the field, standing far above any of its competitors.
Dana Desonie. Cosmic Collisions. Henry Holt & Co. (A Scientific American Focus Book), 1996, 128 pp., $9.95. The Scientific American Focus Books are inexpensive paperbacks aimed at an intermediate or high school audience. Dana Desonie is a science writer with a doctorate in geochemistry. Her short, well-illustrated (in black and white) book is a straightforward introduction to cosmic impacts, beginning with solar-system formation, moving to comets and asteroids, then to Earth impacts (including the K-T event), Tunguska, current ideas about the impact hazard, and possible planetary defense. This is a serious, well-focused discussion that includes a lot of information in a book that can be read in a couple of hours.
David H. Levy. Impact Jupiter: The Crash of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9. Plenum Press, 1995, 290 pp., $25.95. In this delightful memoir, writer and amateur astronomer David Levy provides a personal perspective on the history of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9, from its discovery in the spring of 1993 until its death in July 1994. Writing for a lay audience, Levy tells with infectious enthusiasm of his adventures and those of many colleagues dealing with both the comet itself and the barrage of journalistic scrutiny it inspired. Only a few chapters concern the impact hazard, and defense issues are hardly mentioned, but Levy's technical explanations are simple and clear. This is not a detailed reference work, and its real pleasure lies less in the science than in the many personal stories and the sense of involvement achieved by the diary-like presentation of events.
John Spencer and Jacqueline Mitton, editors. The Great Comet Crash: The Impact of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 on Jupiter. Cambridge University Press, 1995, 118 pp. John Spencer is a scientist at Lowell Observatory and an expert on Jupiter and its satellites; Jacqueline Mitton is a writer and Public Information Officer of the Royal Astronomical Society. They have collaborated to produce a timely and well-edited volume on the great comet impact, with chapters contributed by many of the leading researchers in their fields. Of all the books discussed here, this one has by far the best photographs, intelligently selected and beautifully reproduced. Only about a quarter of the book deals with the impact hazard, but these few chapters are by the experts and provide an excellent overview.
Philip M. Dauber and Richard A. Muller. The Three Big Bangs: Comet Crashes, Exploding Stars, and the Creation of the Universe. Addison-Wesley, 1996, 207 pp., $25.00. The first third (about seventy-five pages) of this popular-level book on modern astronomy is devoted to NEO impacts (and not just comets, as the title implies). The authors are physicists from the University of California at Berkeley, and Muller is one of the originators of the Nemesis hypothesis to explain periodicities in the terrestrial extinction record. Given the limited space available and the nonscientist audience toward which their book is aimed, Dauber and Muller do a good job of explaining the impact hazard story, with emphasis on the K-T extinction event and its lessons for the impact history of Earth. Both authors describe themselves as proteges of Luis Alvarez, and they are at their best in describing the events associated with the pioneering work that led to the identification of the extraterrestrial cause of the K-T event and the grand generalization of this evidence into a new theory of mass extinctions. In a few other areas, however, including discussions of the current hazard and of the Spaceguard Survey proposals, they oversimplify to the point of significant distortion. This book is a good read, but should be taken with quite a few grains of salt.
Books That Represent the British Neo-Catastrophist School
These three books by British authors all argue for a much higher level of danger from cosmic impacts and appeal to the record of the immediate past for evidence of the major role played by impacts in our history.
Duncan Steel. Rogue Asteroids and Doomsday Comets: The Search for the Million Megaton Menace That Threatens Life on Earth. Wiley, 1995, 308 pp., $24.95. Duncan Steel is well known in Australia and worldwide as a leader in NEO searches, a researcher on orbits of meteor streams, and a popularizer of the NEO impact risk. He writes well, and he covers all the issues of the nature of NEOs, the impact history of the solar system, the impact hazard, and mitigation. Roughly the first half of the book is on a par with Lewis and can be recommended with equal enthusiasm. In many other places, however, Steel departs dramatically from the mainstream to advocate the extreme neo-catastrophist position; in some places he admits that his positions are unorthodox or even bizarre, but elsewhere he neglects to make this distinction. Steel feels that the cratering flux is highly time-variable and states that "we are now fairly certain that terrestrial craters are, up to a large extent, formed during distinct periods of higher impactor flux." In dynamics, he espouses the radical idea that "the main [asteroid] belt is not being depleted to supply meteorites and Earth-crossing asteroids, but quite the opposite." He includes a highly personal chapter on the neo-catastrophist interpretation of Stonehenge that was characterized in another review (in Sky & Telescope) as "fiction, not even science fiction." Perhaps some of these unorthodox ideas are deserving of serious scientific discussion, but their inclusion as fact in a popular-level book detracts significantly from its overall value, since the nonscientist reader has no way of separating the speculation from reliable information.
Gerrit L. Verschuur. Impact: The Threat of Comets and Asteroids. Oxford University Press, 1996, 237 pp., $25.00. Gerrit Verschuur, a well-known radio astronomer, educator, and author, presents a detailed (and very small print) discussion that lays out the full impact story. Throughout the book, Verschuur emphasizes data and interpretations that maximize the impact flux as well as the damage that can be done by impactors of a given yield. Since there are substantial uncertainties in many of these estimates, it is possible, by always selecting the worst case, to conclude that the danger is orders of magnitude greater than the values usually quoted. This is the tack taken by Verschuur, in general agreement with the arguments in Steel's book reviewed above. Verschuur's writing style is clear and witty, and I would happily recommend the first ninety-four pages. However, I cannot agree with the increasingly alarmist interpretations that dominate the book after page 95, on which Verschuur first introduces Clube and Napier. He argues that the "patterns in history" they have found should be the basis for policy decisions on protecting Earth from cosmic impacts, which he concludes produce worldwide flooding from asteroid impact every five thousand years or so. He writes that "we are perpetually poised on the edge of extinction and have been very lucky to get this far," and "[t]he number of casualties resulting from an ocean impact . . . may be 10,000 times larger than given by Chapman and Morrison [in a 1994 paper in Nature]." In general, this book compares well with Steel's, but with the same fatal flaw (from my perspective) of its emphasis on coherent catastrophism, and an even worse tendency to exaggerate the current impact hazard, often by several orders of magnitude.
John and Mary Gribbin. Fire on Earth: Doomsday, Dinosaurs, and Humankind. St. Martin's Press, 1996, 264 pp., $23.95. British science writers John and Mary Gribbin have written a general overview of impacts and impact dangers for the lay public. Printed in large type and presented without illustrations, the book is significantly shorter than the two reviewed above, in spite of its similar page count. In essence, this book is a popularization of suggestions by Clube and Napier that human history has been greatly influenced by cosmic apparitions and cosmic impacts. They anticipate that "the world is in for another bout of fire from the heavens in about a thousand years' time." This is a pretty grim picture; hence their title, which literally refers to fires that may sweep Earth a few centuries in the future. The book contains a number of factual errors, but the main problem is that everything is slanted toward maximizing the impact flux and the associated danger. They assert that impact-associated atmospheric dust has been responsible for the recent ice ages, and that the climate of Earth today "rests on a knife edge," ready to drop into another ice age with the smallest cosmic perturbation (no worry about global warming here!). This is a well-written book, but basically it adds little that is new. It seems to me that if one wants to explore the ideas of the British neo-catastrophist school, then one might just as well skip Gribbin and Gribbin and turn directly to the primary sources, in books by Clube and Napier and by Steel.
Unacceptable Books
The following two books should never have been published. The authors seem to be covering the field, but when you look in detail you find error and inconsistency on almost every page.
Patricia Barnes-Svarney. Asteroid: Earth Destroyer or New Frontier? Plenum Press, 1996, 292 pp., $25.95. Science writer and educator Patricia Barnes-Svarney has written an extremely frustrating book. She has attempted the ambitious task of covering for a lay audience the entire field of asteroid and comet studies, impacts, solar-system history, the hazard of Earth impacts, and the use of asteroids as space resources. Unfortunately, she is out of her depth in most of these areas, leading her repeatedly into conceptual and technical errors.
Barnes-Svarney loves technical jargon, mining the fields of astronomy, geology, and meteoritics for their numerous terms and then going on to invent a few of her own. Throughout the book she undercuts her own conclusions with words such as perhaps, seems, and probably even when she is reporting simple facts, as in the extreme example (p. 241) where she writes, "Right now, the best guess seems to be that there is no asteroid or comet known to be on an immediate collision course with the Earth."
There is a lot of information in the book, but frequently it is presented as isolated "factoids," rather than integrated into a self-consistent whole. For example, the author quotes half a dozen different values for the current terrestrial impact flux, but each in different units, so one cannot readily compare the results. Too often she gets things entirely backwards, as in her statement (p. 240), "Space scientists will tell you that everything within budgetary reason is now being done to search for more near-Earth asteroids." I can't imagine any of the current observers, all of them starved for support, making such a statement. Barnes-Svarney also has some unusual opinions about NEO impacts. Although she writes at length about the K-T impact, she does not believe it played a role in the extinction of the dinosaurs; and even for other species, the most she says is that this impact is "thought to have helped in the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinctions." Yet she credits impacts in the past with initiating plate tectonics, triggering volcanism, and generating Earth's magnetic field - all highly dubious assertions. The book is especially weak in all things quantitative, riddled with inconsistencies and often misquoting sources.
Donald W. Cox and James H. Chestek. Doomsday Asteroid: Can We Survive? Prometheus Books, 1996, 338 pp., $26.95. The authors, popular science writer Don Cox and retired aerospace engineer James Chestek, have written about the impact hazard in the context of an argument for expanded human activity in space, including a major effort to visit the asteroids, colonize them, and mine them for space resources. Most of the factual material is from secondary sources such as Science News and the New York Times. The authors have obviously not attended any of the technical meetings on impacts held during the 1990s, and they do not understand many of the technical issues. From the beginning they tell us that the asteroids are most likely the result of an exploded planet, an idea that has had no scientific support for nearly fifty years. But this does not inhibit them from passing harsh judgment on the various teams of scientists who have participated in framing the NEO issue during the past five years. A special target of Cox and Chestek is the 1992 NASA Spaceguard strategy to search for asteroids, which they compare with the drunk who searches for his keys under the street lamp instead of where he lost them. They completely miss the point of carrying out a search to discover the objects as they periodically come close to Earth, but long before they actually hit. The direction from which they make their final approach is irrelevant. Because of this misunderstanding, they devote most of their search chapter to a simplistic argument that many impacting asteroids approach Earth from the sunward side, and on this basis they insist that a space system, with telescopes far from Earth, is required. The tone of much of the book is bitter and negative, and the attitude of the authors toward the research community is captured in the following paragraph:
An early warning space telescope certainly need not cost anywhere near as much money as the Hubble telescope. That was a research project, and many high-priced scientists and their graduate students spent many years charging their time to the project. Here we are discussing a simple early warning system, which the military knows how to build. The cost will only be for some engineering, not a lot of research, so it can be vastly cheaper.The technical errors and widespread confusion displayed by Cox and Chestek in this book and by Patricia Barnes-Svarney her book reviewed above suggest that the filters against bad science writing for the public are not very effective. There seems to be no equivalent of peer review for science books, even at top publishers. Caveat emptor.
Dr. David Morrison is a NASA Senior Scientist and the Director of the Carl Sagan Center for Study of the Origin of Life, which is part of the SETI Institute in Mountain View CA. His primary interests are the multidisciplinary science of astrobiology, the protection of Earth from asteroid impacts, and science outreach and education. Morrison was previously the Director of the NASA Lunar Science Institute and Senior Scientist in the NASA Astrobiology Institute at Ames Research Center. He has published more than 155 technical papers and a dozen books, including five university-level textbooks. In 2005 he received the Carl Sagan medal of the American Astronomical Society for communicating science to the public. He is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the California Academy of Sciences, and the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. Asteroid 2410 Morrison is named in his honor.


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The preliminary topline results received from Sanofi for the three studies are as follows:
Zynquista was well tolerated in all three studies.
The data from these studies is planned to be presented at upcoming medical conferences.
"We are pleased that today's results support the potential benefits Zynquista may bring to adults living with type 2 diabetes, particularly for those living with chronic kidney disease," said Pablo Lapuerta, M.D., executive vice president and chief medical officer at Lexicon. "Although the SOTA-CKD4 study appears to have narrowly missed statistical significance on A1C, we are very encouraged by the overall results in that study and look forward to Phase 3 data from the remainder of the core studies from the InSynchrony program later this year."
Separately, Sanofi has delivered to Lexicon a notice purporting to terminate the alliance. Lexicon has notified Sanofi that it considers the notice invalid and Sanofi to be in breach of contract. The collaboration and license agreement provides that, even if a valid termination of the alliance had been delivered, Sanofi has continuing contractual obligations to transition rights to sotagliflozin and continue to fund ongoing clinical trials for a contractually specified period of time following termination.
"While we are disappointed in the position taken by Sanofi, we are confident in the strength of the data we have seen thus far in the type 2 diabetes program and are optimistic about achieving continued success in the balance of the core Phase 3 program, which we expect will be completed in the coming months," said Lonnel Coats, Lexicon's president and chief executive officer. "In the event of a valid termination of the Sanofi alliance, we will also look forward to regaining full rights to Zynquista in type 1 diabetes in the United States, as well as rights in the remainder of the world, notably including the European Union, in which Zynquista has already received approval."
Lexicon will be hosting a live conference call and webcast on Thursday, August 1, 2019 at 8:00 am EDT / 7:00 am CDT to review its financial and operating results and to provide a general business update. The dial-in number for the conference call is 888-645-5785 (U.S./Canada) or 970-300-1531 (international). The conference ID for all callers is 5789855. The live webcast and replay may be accessed by visiting Lexicon's website at www.lexpharma.com/investors [2]. An archived version of the webcast will be available on the website for 14 days.
About the InSynchrony Type 2 Diabetes Phase 3 Clinical Trial Program
The InSynchrony program consists of 11 Phase 3 clinical trials to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Zynquista in adults with type 2 diabetes on various therapeutic backgrounds (i.e., diet and exercise alone, metformin, a sulfonylurea, a dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor, or basal insulin). These trials include placebo and active comparators (i.e., glimepiride and empagliflozin) and also is evaluating patients with CKD, cardiovascular risk factors, and heart failure, as well as patients age 55 and older.
SOTA-MET, SOTA-CKD3 and SOTA-CKD4 are the first trials to report data from the program:
SOTA-MET is evaluating the efficacy and safety of Zynquista (400 mg once daily) in adults with type 2 diabetes with inadequate blood sugar control on metformin, compared to placebo.
SOTA-CKD3 and SOTA-CKD4 are evaluating the efficacy and safety of two doses of Zynquista (200 mg and 400 mg once daily) in adults with type 2 diabetes and moderate to severe CKD with inadequate blood sugar control receiving standard of care treatment, compared to placebo.
About Zynquista™ (sotagliflozin)
Discovered using Lexicon's unique approach to gene science, Zynquista is an oral dual inhibitor of two proteins responsible for glucose regulation known as sodium-glucose co-transporter types 1 and 2 (SGLT1 and SGLT2). SGLT1 is responsible for glucose absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, and SGLT2 is responsible for glucose reabsorption by the kidney. Zynquista is approved in the European Union (EU) for use as an adjunct to insulin therapy to improve blood sugar (glycemic) control in adults with type 1 diabetes with a body mass index ≥ 27 kg/m2, who could not achieve adequate glycemic control despite optimal insulin therapy. Outside of such approval, Zynquista is investigational and has not been approved by any other regulatory authority for type 1 or type 2 diabetes.
Lexicon has granted Sanofi an exclusive worldwide (excluding Japan) license to develop, manufacture and commercialize Zynquista. Lexicon remains responsible for all clinical development activities relating to type 1 diabetes and Sanofi is responsible for all clinical development activities of Zynquista for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
About Lexicon Pharmaceuticals
Lexicon is a fully integrated biopharmaceutical company with a mission of pioneering medicines that transform patients' lives. Through its Genome5000™ program, Lexicon scientists studied the role and function of nearly 5,000 genes and identified more than 100 protein targets with significant therapeutic potential in a range of diseases. Through the precise targeting of these proteins, Lexicon is pioneering the discovery and development of innovative medicines to safely and effectively treat disease. In addition to its first commercial product, XERMELO® (telotristat ethyl), Lexicon has a pipeline of promising drug candidates in clinical and preclinical development in diabetes and metabolism, oncology and neuropathic pain. For additional information, please visit www.lexpharma.com [3].
Safe Harbor Statement
This press release contains "forward-looking statements," including statements relating to Lexicon's long-term outlook on its business, including the clinical development of, the regulatory filings for, and the potential therapeutic and commercial potential of sotagliflozin. In addition, this press release also contains forward looking statements relating to Lexicon's growth and future operating results, discovery, development and commercialization of products, strategic alliances and intellectual property, as well as other matters that are not historical facts or information. All forward-looking statements are based on management's current assumptions and expectations and involve risks, uncertainties and other important factors, specifically including Lexicon's ability to meet its capital requirements, successfully commercialize XERMELO, successfully conduct preclinical and clinical development and obtain necessary regulatory approvals of telotristat ethyl, sotagliflozin, LX2761, LX9211 and its other potential drug candidates on its anticipated timelines, achieve its operational objectives, obtain patent protection for its discoveries and establish strategic alliances, as well as additional factors relating to manufacturing, intellectual property rights, and the therapeutic or commercial value of its drug candidates. Any of these risks, uncertainties and other factors may cause Lexicon's actual results to be materially different from any future results expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Information identifying such important factors is contained under "Risk Factors" in Lexicon's annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Lexicon undertakes no obligation to update or revise any such forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.
For Investor Inquiries:
Kimberly Lee, D.O.
Head of Investor Relations and Corporate Strategy
Lexicon Pharmaceuticals
(281) 863-3383
firstname.lastname@example.com [4]
For Media Inquiries:
Chas Schultz
Executive Director, Corporate Communications and Patient Advocacy
Lexicon Pharmaceuticals
(281) 863-3421
firstname.lastname@example.com [5]


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Do you need an edge on your weekend horse racing bets on the 2015 Preakness Stakes? Then keep reading.
The Preakness Stakes posts this Saturday at 6:18 PM ET from Pimlico Raceway in Baltimore, Maryland and as is often the case, the Kentucky Derby winner is the prohibitive favorite entering the Preakness. That doesn't change this year with American Pharoah being announced as the favorite at 4-5 odds during Wednesday's post position drawing.
Event: 2015 Preakness Stakes
Date: May. 16, 2015
Start Time: 6:18 PM ET
Location: Pimlico Raceway, Baltimore, Maryland
TV Info: NBC
Stream: NBC Sports Live Extra
What Are The Top 3 Preakness Betting Trends You Should Know Before Saturday
Horses that win the Preakness ran in the Kentucky Derby
Bernardini won the Preakness after having not won the Kentucky Derby in 2006, but that year Derby winner Barbaro broke down in the race. Bernardini may not have won the Preakness if Barbaro hadn't broken down. Rachel Alexandra won the Preakness in 2009 after having won the Kentucky Oaks, not the Kentucky Derby. But Curlin in 2007, Big Brown in 208, Lookin at Lucky in 2010, Shackelford in 2011, I'll Have Another in 2012, Oxbow in 2013 and California Chrome last year all ran in the Kentucky Derby.
The horses likely entered into the Preakness Stakes this year who ran in the Derby a couple of weeks ago are winner American Pharoah, second place finisher Firing Line, third place finisher Dortmund, Carpe Diem, Materiality, and Danzig Moon.
The Kentucky Derby winner often times wins the Preakness Stakes
Since 2000, the Kentucky Derby winner has gone on to win the Preakness Stakes. That doesn't sound like a strong trend, but in horse racing any trend that's above 30% is a strong trend. The 6 horses that have won the Preakness after winning the Kentucky Derby since 2000 are: War Emblem in 2002, Funny Cide in 2003, Smarty Jones in 2004, Big Brown in 2008, I'll Have Another in 2012 and California Chrome in 2014. Kentucky Derby winners have gone on to win the Preakness Stakes since 2000 at a 43% success rate. That's as strong as a trend as you're going to find in horse racing.
Does American Pharoah have a shot to make it 7 out of the last 15? He does because the one thing that all 6 horses have in common is that they've been either early front-runners, like War Emblem, or pressers like Big Brown. Even I'll Have Another, usually a closer, sat in fourth place in his Preakness win.
Once a Baffert trained horse wins the Kentucky Derby, it's a shoo-in to win the Preakness
Bob Baffert's first Kentucky Derby victory was in 1997 with Silver Charm. Silver Charm won a three-horse photo over Captain Bodgit and his main rival, Free House, in the 1997 Preakness Stakes. The next year, 1998, Baffert's Real Quiet took home both the Kentucky Derby and the Preakness Stakes. In 2001, War Emblem won the Preakness Stakes after winning the Kentucky Derby.
American Pharoah easily won the Kentucky Derby on May 2 this year. The trend says that he should win the Preakness Stakes. This trend may or may not hold as much water as the other 2 trends, though, because American Pharoah's biggest competition in the race happens to be another Baffert horse, Dortmund. Will Baffert shoot himself in the foot for a chance for the Triple Crown? We shall see.
2015 Preakness Stakes Morning Line Odds
Post time: 6:18 p.m. Saturday at Pimlico Race Course in Baltimore. Purse: $1.5 million. Distance: 1 3/16 miles. TV: NBC. Radio: ESPN 680 in Louisville.
post position. horse (weight) jockey/trainer odds
1. American Pharoah (126) Espinoza/Baffert 4-5
2. Dortmund (126) Garcia/Baffert 7-2
3. Mr. Z (126) Nakatani/Lukas 20-1
4. Danzig Moon (126) Leparoux/Casse 15-1
5. Tale of Verve (126) Rosario/Stewart 30-1
6. Bodhisattva (126) McCarthy/Corrales 20-1
7. Divining Rod (126) Castellano/Delcaour 12-1
8. Firing Line (126) Stevens/Callaghan 4-1


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Learn how to use the Adobe Reader 8/9 and PDF files - with screenshots - page 3
PDF Files and Viewing them in Acrobat Reader with Screenshots.
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🎮 Burnin' Rubber 5 HD
📝 Beschreibung / Über Burnin' Rubber 5 HD
What is it?
Burnin' Rubber 5 HD is the version as it was intended to be! Battle over 30+ challenges against the toughest opponents ever! Unlock new cars, buy new weapons and upgrades.
Burnin' Rubber 5 is a massive 3D action racing game completely remastered. Jam-packed with all of the destructive goodness that made the previous games such a huge success!
The Burnin' Rubber games have been online since 2007 with over hundreds of millions of plays. At Xform we greatly enjoy developing new entries. Iterating upon the previous one and trying to get even more action and explosions in the new one.
Since the games were originally developed for online play we always had to cut and tone down our content. The released version was never the same as our 'development' version, but NOT for much longer. We would like to introduce you to the full HD remaster of Burnin' Rubber 5! Besides the obligatory bugfixes we feature:
- Full high resolution textures and audio
- New, additional and updated visual effects
- Campaign and Daily Challenges (unlock unique cars!)
- 3 Challenge modes
- Unique Team Battle mode; battle with a team of 4 of your vehicles agains another team!
- 36 Challenges
- Most epic end boss ever!
- 50+ vehicles. Including, but not limited to; sportscars, trucks, classics and a horse!
- 20 Primary and secondary weapons. Including miniguns, railgun, homing missiles and fuel-air RPGs.
- 6 Special weapons. E.g. Control a flak cannon on your roof while an AI controls your car. Shoot and destroy!
- Hidden Packages for that very unique, odd vehicle
- Partial controller support
🎞 Trailer / Preview
⚙ Systemanforderungen
- Betriebssystem: Windows 7 or Newer
- Prozessor: 2.0+ GHz Dual core
- Arbeitsspeicher: 2 GB RAM
- Grafik: Nvidia or ATI
- DirectX: Version 9.0
- Speicherplatz: 2 GB verfügbarer Speicherplatz


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SWINDON Wildcats player-coach Aaron Nell was always sure Loris Taylor's talent would come through after tying down the forward to a new deal for next season.
Taylor has had a long association with the club, but stepped up to the senior roster at the Link Centre for the first time since the 2014-15 campaign early on last season.
The promotion through the ranks paid off handsomely as Taylor registered 31 points in 53 games during 2018-19, helping Swindon win the NIHL South One league title.
And the 25-year-old will now be a permanent fixture in the Cats' senior squad as they rise into the new National League after signing a fresh one-year deal.
Cats coach Nell said: "Loris came in on a trial early on last season and did really well and ended up being a very important player for us.
"His performances were something of a bonus as we hadn't really banked on him when we were putting our squad together this time last year.
"We always believed he could do as well as he did, but we probably weren't expecting him to do it straight away.
"He came up with some big goals in big games. He is a good player, he is big but he is also very skilled.
"We are very happy that he decided to give it another go with us and now we're hoping he can make the step up to what will be an even bigger test next season."
After making such a strong impression last season, Nell hopes he can continue to see a rapid improvement from Taylor when the Cats move up a level next term.
"It was an easy conversation with Loris once we sat down, but he also knows there is now a little bit more expectation on his shoulders going into next season," said Nell.
"That will be a different pressure for him, but I think he can take it."
"He is someone that wants to keep on doing well and we are very happy to have another local player doing well for the club."


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Justice for Issy Stapleton! She is part of the Autistic Community, my community, and is just as important as any other person. Many of us blogged and tweeted about her plight as I did when this attempted murder occurred. We Autistics are not expendable, nor are we burdens on society, etc. as Autism Speaks would like everyone to believe, we are human and unique just like everyone else and deserve a chance to live. The fact that her mother is being brought to justice is great, I can only hope that this becomes the norm. Killing an Autistic child or Autistic adult is not a "mercy-killing" it is just plain murder. Murder is murder, no amount of sugar-coating or spin in the media can change that! Murderers need to be arrested and brought to trial for their crimes. Justice for Issy Stapleton!
Hearing set for mom charged with attempted murder of Autistic daughter
December 19, 2013, NBC25 Newsroom
BEULAH (AP) -- A state psychologist says a northern Michigan mother charged with attempted murder in the carbon monoxide poisoning of her Autistic 14-year-old daughter (Issy Stapleton) is competent to stand trial.
Kelli Stapleton's defense requested the review by the state forensic center. Defense lawyer Heidi Hodek tells the Traverse City Record-Eagle she didn't find the result surprising, based on her conversations with Stapleton.
A judge is to review the findings Thursday afternoon in Benzie County District Court in Beulah.
Stapleton and her daughter, Isabelle, were found unconscious Sept. 3 in the family's van in Blaine Township in what authorities described as an attempted murder-suicide.
The family lives in Elberta, west of Traverse City. Kelli Stapleton had chronicled in an online blog the challenges her family faced caring for Isabelle who has severe Autism.


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The Blue And The Red
Red's my soul
Because of the pain
You let me on the blue road.
But this road was glowing.
Blue, blue like the roof
Of my house, like the tears
Which ran down your neck.
Red was your neck when
I touched the curve of your shoulder.
Red like your eyes after your tears.
But your eyes, before they carressed
My loving heart, your eyes were blue.
You drove in compact sreets of Red Hall.
Furtive memories. Blue furtive memories.
Feeling blues. You read in my thought.
Blue's my soul. Red your dress,
Walking on the village green
poem by Harry the cannible Dunggis
Added by Poetry Lover
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Donald Trump's stunning election immediately galvanized Democrats in Florida, resulting in a surge in grass roots energy that still feels tangible a year and a half after he took office.
If the much hyped "blue wave" does materialize this fall, it certainly could include several congressional seats in the Sunshine State moving from red to blue, but how many? National groups are focusing primarily on flipping seats in South Florida, but there are Democrats in other parts of the state who think they have a legitimate chance to gain seats in what have historically been Republican strongholds. With just two weeks until the August 28 primary, we look at three of those races where the nominee has yet to be selected.
Nancy Soderberg vs. John Upchurch and Steve Sevigny in Congressional District 6
Among those who have no doubt that there will be a serious blue wave this fall is Nancy Soderberg, who served on Bill Clinton's National Security Council and later as the former U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations.
"You can feel it. You can honestly feel the momentum," she said last week.
Soderberg moved from Jacksonville to Crescent Beach last year to announce her challenge to the-then incumbent Ron DeSantis, who then decided to vacate the seat and run for governor.
Soderberg says that a woman wielding serious national security credentials is an automatic door-opener as she campaigns through the district, which encompasses southern St. Johns County, northwestern Lake County and all of Flagler and Volusia counties.
Like so many Democrats running for Congress this year, Soderberg says the number-one issue she hears from the voters is their concern about health care, with the economy a close second.
"Women have a reputation that has been earned for common sense solutions and because I listen – and if you listen to people and get past the sort of rhetoric that you hear on TV – their concerns are exactly what we've been talking about," she says, referring to her desire to bring both parties together to maintain support for Social Security, Medicare and improving health care.
Ormond Beach attorney and small businessman John Upchurch says from Corrine Brown to DeSantis, the district has only been represented by people who have wanted to use the seat as a "stepping stone or monetizing it for themselves," and he says it desperately needs a representative who will put the people of the district first and foremost.
Upchurch is critical of national Democratic leaders Chuck Schumer and Nancy Pelosi, saying that they haven't been loud enough in protesting against Trump administration policies. He says he wouldn't support Pelosi's bid to remain Democratic House leader if he's elected.
Upchurch says he supports a Medicare-for-all concept, specifically mentioning the bill sponsored by Bernie Sanders. But he also acknowledges that such legislation would inevitably be vetoed by Trump.
Upchurch and the third Democrat in the race, Ormond Beach radiologist Stephen Sevigny, say they are passionate when it comes to the issue of health care, since they both have children who have needed quality care since they were born.
In Upchurch's case, his son was born with congenital glaucoma. He says that if he did not have insurance, his son likely would have been blind for his whole life.
In the case of Sevigny, his daughter was born with a rare syndrome and is disabled with special needs. He says the "final straw" for him – and what compelled him to get into the race – was when he watched Congressional Republicans delay reauthorization of the Children's Health Insurance Program.
Sevigny adds that the skyrocketing costs associated with pharmaceuticals isn't a "red or blue issue. That's a green issue -" meaning money.
Soderberg leads the field in fundraising with nearly $1 million cash-in-hand at the end of July, and a recent poll had her up big over her Democratic opponents.
The winner will face the Republican nominee: either Michael Waltz, Fred Costello or George Ward.
Andrew Learned vs. Kristen Carlson in Congressional District 15
Republican U.S. Rep. Dennis Ross has represented this area (parts of eastern Hillsborough County, northwest Polk and southern Lake County) for eight years.
Central Florida-area Democrats hoping for some confirmation that they could take this seat received a bit of inspiration last month when the political tipsheet Cook Political Report re-ranked the race from "likely Republican" to "leaning Republican."
Cook Political Report still predicts a Republican will hold this seat this fall, but the small shift has given hope to Democratic candidates like Andrew Learned.
Progressive groups have rallied around 32-year-old Learned, a U.S. Navy veteran who served three deployments in the Middle East. His chief rival in the contest, Kristen Carlson, is a 64-year-old former Department of Citrus general counsel.
It's a district that went for Donald Trump by more than nine points in 2016, yet Learned invokes the name of Pennsylvania Democrat Connor Lamb as an example of what he's capable of doing this year. Like Learned, Lamb is a veteran (in his case from the Marines) and his victory in a March Pennsylvania special congressional election electrified the political world because Trump won that congressional district by 20 points in 2016.
Learned's road to potential victory isn't as formidable as Lamb's, but he first has to defeat Carlson, whose late entry into the race has seemingly changed the trajectory in the contest, and alienated progressives who have gone as far as to call Carlson "a Republican plant."
Financial records show that Carlson has given to Republicans in the past, including Adam Putnam, Greg Steube, Charles Bronson, and earlier this year, Jennifer Spath, who ran and lost in a Republican special election Florida House primary.
Carlson says that the reality is that it's a Republican-leaning seat, and if she's elected she'll be representing all the people from the district, regardless of their political stripe.
When asked the number-one difference between himself and Carlson, Learned said "authenticity."
"When we were fighting to get assault weapons out of our schools, she was giving money to Republicans, and now that it's an open seat all of a sudden she wants to jump in the race and claim the mantle of – I don't know – 'Republican Lite?'" Learned charges.
If Learned's criticism of Carlson's past political donations are supposed to put her on the defensive, it's not working.
Carlson does admit that running for the seat wasn't something she was thinking about at all until friends and some local political consultants urged her to consider it in the wake of Ross' announcement that he wouldn't run for a fifth term. She also received assistance in hiring a campaign team from EMILY's List, the Washington, D.C. based political committee created to help elect pro-choice Democratic women to office. EMILY's List promptly endorsed her once she filed for the seat.
"This is a can't-miss opportunity to help an outstanding candidate flip an open seat, and Kristen has what it takes to win this fight," EMILY's List president Stephanie Schriock said in a statement.
On health care, Learned is all in on a Medicare-for-all style system.
Carlson says that growing up as an "Air Force brat" introduced her to what she says is "a good mirror image of a one-payer system," but says while it sounds good on paper, "I don't know if the country is ready to make that leap." She does say she might support dropping the eligibility age for Medicare from 65 to 55.
Carlson is relatively moderate in most of her other stances. When asked about whether she supports Nancy Pelosi remaining in charge of House Democrats after the election, Carlson says she would not.
Learned boasts about the number of small dollar contributions he's received, and compares that to what he says is an average contribution of $768 for his opponent. "We have ten times more individual donations than every Republican and Democrat in this race, combined," he said.
According to campaign records at the end of June, Carlson has raised nearly $250,000 in the race, which includes a $50,000 loan to herself. Learned has raised more than $221,000.
The third Democrat in the race is Ray Pena. According to the most recent campaign finance reports, he is more than $7,000 in the hole.
Brandon Peters vs. Bob Rackleff in Congressional District 2
Congressional District 2 is the largest congressional district in the state by land area and contains nine counties and parts of five others, stretching along the state's west coastline from the Ocala area to the Panhandle west of Panama City. It's a district Trump won by 25 points.
The seat is currently occupied by Republican Neil Dunn, who votes with President Trump 99% of the time, according to the political website 538.com.
The district has 18 percent more Republicans registered than Democrats, and is one of the state's toughest for a Democrat to win, says candidate Rackleff.
Then why even try?
"I couldn't deal with Neil Dunn getting re-elected without serious competition," Rackleff said last week, quipping: "That's what Florida Democrats do. We just give away seats."
Rackleff insists that he never really wanted to run. He's had a sterling career that includes speechwriting efforts for Jimmy Carter, Ed Muskie and most recently former HUD Secretary Julian Castro, but says he's most proud of his 12-year stint as a Leon County Commissioner. But he said after his attempt to recruit a Democrat in the race was unsuccessful, he decided to run for the seat himself. That means the 74-year-old Rackleff is making regular three-hour drives from his Tallahassee home to different parts of the district in his Chevy Tahoe.
He's up against against 50-year-old Brandon Peters, a Princeton graduate and civil litigation mediator who hails from Levy County and is making his first run for political office.
Peters' campaign team vehemently disagrees with the Cook Political Report's analysis of the district, contending the difference is only around five to seven points in favor of Republicans – and which they believe they can close if they end up as the candidate opposing Dunn in the general election.
On the issues, Peters' most provocative stance (though perhaps not necessarily out of touch with the district) is his support for giving President Trump the billions of dollars to build a wall along the Mexican border in order to get a deal on DACA – the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program introduced by President Obama that shields certain undocumented immigrants from deportation if they came to the U.S. as children. Both the U.S. House and Senate failed to pass legislation that would have made DACA permanent this year.
"What I'm saying is, DACA is that important," Peters says.
That thinking could win him some votes among conservative Democrats in the district, though he concedes that "many experts say it's not going to work."
When told Peters' reasoning for supporting a wall, Rackleff looks befuddled for a moment.
"Why spend $25 billion on a stupid wall that won't solve a thing?" he asked incredulously. "Sorry, that's not compromise. That's a surrender."
On health care, both candidates support a version of Medicare For All. Peters contends that Rackleff didn't initially support that concept saying he's glad "Bob has gotten religion" on this issue. When informed of that comment, Rackleff shakes his head, saying he has no idea how Peters got that idea. "It's inevitable that we go to a single-payer health care system," he declares.
In fact, Rackleff says if he can pull off a mighty upset it will be because of that issue alone – health care.
"Anything else we say is noise," he declares, criticizing Dunn and the rest of the Republican Party as being determined to take away people's health care. "That's what they've always wanted to do."
When it comes to endorsements, Peters is leading the way, having received backing from a slew of labor organizations, including the Florida Education Association, the AFL-CIO and the Democratic Labor Caucus.
At the end of June, Rackleff led in fundraising with $137,163 to Peters' $108,330.


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ARMY COMMANDERS' CONFERENCE 16-21 Apr 2018 : Statement by DG Staff Duties
ARMY COMMANDERS' CONFERENCE 16-21 Apr 2018- Verbatim statement By Lt Gen AK Sharma, DG, Staff Duties, Indian Army
1 Good afternoon to all present.
2 As you are aware that the Army Commanders' Conference is a Bi-annual event and is the highest level 'Military Conference', which charters the course of the Indian Army through participative deliberations.
3. On 16 Apr 2018, the opening day of the conference, the participants were addressed by Hon'ble Raksha Rajya Mantri, Shri Subhash Ramrao Bhambre, During his address, the Hon'ble RRM while complimenting the Indian Army in handling the myriad of security challenges in a professional manner emphasised the need for being prepared for highly dynamic internal and external security challenges. He further reiterated the need for synergized capacity building between the three Services to optimize the resource allocations.
4. He assured that the govt was fully seized of issues pertaining to force modernization. capacity building and infrastructural development. As such, government has streamlined procedures by delegation of powers to the Service HQ for making up short falls in ammunition and critical spares. He concluded by reiterating that the government remained fine in its resolve to safeguarding India's national interest and territorial integrity.
5. in his opening remarks on 16 Aor 2018. Chief of the Army Staff, impressed upon the need to work in a collaborative manner for retaining and enhancing the current levels of combat effectiveness. He expressed satisfaction at the way Indian Army was adapting to dynamic security challenges. He stressed on the need to lay down judicious priorities to ensure that the allocated resources are utilized optimally and the force modernization be carried out unabated.
6. Now I shall dilate upon issues deliberated during the conference. • First and foremost, the deliberations appraised the current sit along the LoC, the increase in the CFVs and the adequacy of the response mechanisms. The apex commanders confabulated on the prevalent situation in the Valley and reviewed the recent developments affecting modus operandi of the operations of the armed forces deployed in the region. It was felt that priority must be accorded towards ushering peace, by conducting counter terrorist operations that minimize collateral damage. Radicalized youth must be brought into the main stream by carrying out deradicalisation and collective approach that focuses on convincing the youth to shun violence and gun culture. The senior commanders also deliberated at length on the prevailing situations along the Northern borders, the capacity building endeavours including infrastructural development and measures to provide them requisite impetus • During the Army Commanders' conference considerable time was spent on re-prioritizing the existing requirements to ensure that the resources allocated for force modernization and capacity building were utilized optimally within the budgetary allocation. The discussions also dwelt upon increasing the content of indegenisation in force modernization. • Human Resource management, facilitation of veterans and streamlining of ECHS formed important part of the discussions. The issues related to cadre management, assured career progression and measures to meet the genuine aspirations of the entire rank and file of the Indian Army were deliberated upon in great detail.
The other aspect which was given prominence during the conference was the recommendations of the Committee of Experts' (i.e. the Shekatkar Committee). The issues discussed were the implementation timelines. the challenges thereof and the mechanism to mitigate the same.
7. The sessions of Commands was followed by update by Principal Staff Officers providing update on contemporary issues. The key issues covered during this session were financial management, equipment optimization, management of communication and data security and streamlining of existing procedures pertaining to administration. Discussions were also held on Cyber Security and Security of Military establishments and bases.
8. I wish to inform you that Indian Army was represented by 19 athletes in the Common Wealth Games 2018 Contingent. Out of these three won Gold medals, three Silver medals and four Bronze. The representatives of the Indian Army athletes in Common Wealth Games were felicitated during the conference and their performance was lauded by all Senior Commanders. In addition, Southern Comd was declared the Winners of the Army Sports Championship and was awarded the rolling trophy. COAS Gold Medal Essay Competition winners were also felicitated.
9. The conference is underway and would conclude on 21 Apr 2018. Tomorrow the Army Cdrs will be deliberating upon matters pertaining exclusively to Military operations. 10. Thank you.
Jai Hind.
Shailesh Kumar is an independent journalist with over 17 years of experience in crime, political and defence reporting for leading media brands including Star News, India TV and NewsX. He is the founder editor of defence and security news portal, National Defence.


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It's been noted by the Breathe team that the fashion slaves living and working around Shoreditch are going BIG on unkempt large bushy facial growth (that's mainly male members of our community). Maybe it's the long winter or the effect of Johnny Harrington, the John Lewis spring collection model, who has moved the fashion world from "Heroin Chic" to "Hobo Chic". Johnny is now living in LA working on an assignment for Levi.
It does seem an irony that John Lewis is setting trends with those who wouldn't be seen dead shopping with the ladies who lunch in their local Department Store. They are more likely to be paying through the nose for stuff that came out of a charity shop, is now called "vintage", and costs £££'s.
So in Media Land the Goatee is dead and the Hobo is born.
Anyway, where is the nearest John Lewis to Hoxton, that must Brent Cross?


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It's fairly common knowledge that when a massive fire engine with blaring lights and sirens comes up behind your car you are supposed to move.
Obviously this motorist in Germany thought they were special, and casually chilled out at the lights, stopping the fire engine in its tracks.
Even when the lights change the driver doesn't take any evasive action, forcing the fire engine to manoeuver around them before speeding off to what presumably is a burning building.
by Alexander


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Joshua Francis Tyquiengco
Joshua Francis Tyquiengco, also known as "Josh," of Merizo died July 29 at the age of 16.
Nightly Rosaries are prayed at 5:30 p.m., followed by Mass at 6 p.m., at San Dimas and Our Lady of the Rosary Catholic Church in Merizo ending with 5:30 a.m. rosary and 6 a.m. Mass on Aug. 6.
Public viewing will be held from 9 to 11 a.m. Aug. 12 at San Dimas Church in Merizo. Mass of Christian burial will be at noon. Burial will follow at Merizo Cemetery
Read or Share this story: https://www.guampdn.com/story/obituaries/2017/08/10/joshua-francis-tyquiengco/554876001/


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In a time when we need all the proof possible that Bad Stuff can be overcome, the continuation of the Harry Potter universe is a welcome event indeed.
First up: Harry Potter And The Cursed Child. Yes, it was a play, and yes, Rowling didn't do all the writing herself, and yes, it received mixed reviews. But how many of us finished Deathly Hallows, closed the book, and walked around for days/weeks/years wondering what happened next? We finally got our answer. We might not have liked it (or the way in which is was told), but we got an answer. There's a boatload of unanswered questions in our world. I, for one, am very happy to be able to cross this one off the list.
Second, Fantastic Beasts And Where To Find Them. I haven't seen it yet, but do I want to? Oh yeah. As a storyteller, I'm intrigued to see how the world of Potter was expanded. As a person who just loves the books, I'm eager to see how this installment plays into the stories and plots, even if it's only in little Easter eggs. (Don't tell me!)
So many times, we read a book/see a movie/share an experience, and then it's done. I find great happiness in knowing that sometimes, those stories that came alive for us will have a chance to live on.
Continuation of beloved tales: Happiness Day 8.


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Joshua Hooper – Before Sunset
This ONE of FOUR movie posters I'm designing, while trying out some new styles. I'm doing There Will Be Blood, Taxi Drive, Bad Boys, and this one, Before Sunset 2004 ( A Richard, Linklater film: Scanner Darkly, Dazed and Confused) . I tried to experiment with a less cartoonish style than my usual steed, and go for a more pastel and conservative look, given the nature of the subject matter.
The movie is basically one long conversation that would fall in the romantic comedy category, so I approached it as such. Here is the fruits of my labor. Thanks for watching. – Joshua Hooper


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Here's a funny thing. Four years ago, I heard Rimsky-Korsakov's The Tsar's Bride for the first time, in a concert performance at the Cadogan Hall given by a company from Kiev. What I recall is an upfront rumbustious melodrama, packed with big tunes and thrilling climaxes: I enjoyed it enormously and was looking forward to a second encounter. Could what I heard at Covent Garden be the same piece?
First staged in 1899, The Tsar's Bride is a reworking of Rimsky's first opera The Maid of Pskov. Vaguely related to historical fact, it tells the story of Marfa, chosen as wife for the woman-eating Ivan the Terrible. But she is also pursued by Gryaznoy, who tries to woo her with a love potion – which is actually poison substituted by Gryaznoy's jealous mistress Lyubasha. Marfa's affections lie elsewhere: she loves Lïkov, whom Ivan blames for the poisoning and executes. Marfa goes mad in consequence.
Are you still with me?
Paul Curran's lavish production ignores the nostalgia for the ancien regime which Rimsky's score emanates (the anthem "Slava!" functions as a leitmotiv and there are several pseudo-folk tunes). Instead he opts for a grittily contemporary approach, evoking the gloss and squalor of Putin's Moscow through Kevin Knight's magnificent sets (a posh restaurant, a back street, a penthouse suite, a gilded palace), complete with table-dancers and mafia heavies.
Curran makes this thoroughly convincing and coaxes relaxed and plausible acting from a cast without vocal weakness.
The Royal Opera's former trainee Marina Poplavskaya is in shiningly beautiful voice as Marfa, justifying her recent elevation to world operatic stardom, and there is delectable soft singing from Ekaterina Gubanova as the jealous Lyubasha too. Johan Reuter's Gryaznoy cuts an imposingly virile figure, dominating other unsavoury males sharply etched by Alexander Vingradov, Paata Burchuladze and Dmytro Popov.
The problem stemmed from the pit. At the Cadogan Hall, the Kiev conductor gave the score terrific kick and oomph. At Covent Garden, Mark Elder lulled it (and us) gently to sleep. The playing was quite exquisite and the Rimskyan colours glowed; one could admire the Italianate elegance of the set-piece arias and the melancholy echoes of Tchaikovsky's Eugene Onegin in the ensembles. But where was the fire, the energy, the swagger? Elder made it all so torpid and dreamy that it ended up about as theatrically exciting as a wet Tuesday afternoon.


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Neosporin First Aid Antibiotic/Pain Relieving Ointment, Maximum Strength - 0.5oz
Neosporin First Aid Antibiotic/Pain Relieving Ointment, Maximum Strength - 0.5oz0 0.0
- Size: 0.5 Ounces
- Manufacturer: PFIZER
Every cut. Every time.
First aid to help prevent infection and for temporary relief of pain or discomfort in minor: cuts, scrapes, burns. Keep in: kitchen, bathroom, workshop, travel bag.
PURPOSE: Antibiotic, Pain Reliever
Adults and children 2 years of age and older: Clean the affected area. Apply a small amount of this product (an amount equal to the surface area of the tip of a finger) on the area 1 to 3 times daily. May be covered with a sterile bandage. Children under 2 years of age: ask a doctor.
Each Gram: Bacitracin 500 Units; Neomycin 3.5 mg; Polymyxin B 10,000 Units; Pramoxine HCl 10 mg
White Petrolatum
For external use only. Do not use: if you are allergic to any of the ingredients; in the eyes; over large areas of the body. Ask a doctor before use if you have: deep or puncture wounds, animal bites, serious burns. Stop use and ask a doctor if: you need to use more than 1 week; condition persists or gets worse; symptoms persist for more than 1 week or clear up and occur again within a few days; rash or other allergic reaction develops. Keep out of reach of children. If swallowed, get medical help or contact a Poison Control Center right away.