text:
The Des Moines Business Record recently announced the top 25 influential leaders that appears in this year's 2017 Book of Lists. Making the list are Jay Byers, CEO, Greater Des Moines Partnership; Debi Durham, Director, Iowa Economic Development Authority; and Dr. Steve Zumbach, Attorney, Belin McCormick, who also serve on the Cultivation Corridor's board.
"The Corridor is proud that the leadership demonstrated by Jay, Debi and Steve is again being recognized by the Business Record," Corridor Executive Director Brent Willett said. "The Corridor board is stacked with statewide leaders, and these three represent some of our brightest and most influential."
The online survey of Business Record members was conducted in the summer of 2016.

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Chem. 14A Scerri
Volume I of Winter 2015 Course Reader E. Scerri
Key Concepts:
Terms in this set (111)
Formula Mass
- The sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule, or a formula unit, for ionic compounds.
- Ex. Formula Mass of C6H12O6 = 180.0 amu
- Rounding values on a periodic table to one decimal
Percentage Composition
For example, % comp. for C, H, and O in C12H22O11 is...
% C = (12 x 12.0 amu x 100)/342 amu = 41.2%
% H = 22 x 1.0 amu x 100)/342 amu = 6.4%
% O = 11 x 16.0 amu x 100)/342 amu = 51.5%
The Mole
- The unit of amount of substance in chemistry
- Exactly 12g of 12C contains a mole of atoms or 6.02214 x 10^23 (aka Avogadro's number)
- A mole of Sulfur weighs 32.07g
- A mole of C6H12O6 has a mass of approximately 180.0g
Interconversions of mass
- Calculate the # of moles of glucose, C6H12O6, present in 5.380g of the substance
- 1 mole of glucose = 180.0g
- 5.380g x 1 mol/180.0g = 0.0298 mol (4 sig figs)
Significant Figures Rules
1. Leading 0's are insignificant! Imbedded 0's always significant. Trailing 0's only significant if decimal point is specified
3. Multiplication or Division: the answer contains no more significant figures than the least accurately known number
Examples of Sig. Figs.
Example -- # of Sig. Figs. -- Scientific Notation
0.00682 -- 3 -- 6.82 x 10^-3
1.072 -- 4 -- 1.072 (x 10^0)
300 -- 1 -- 3 x 10^2
300. -- 3 -- 3.00 x 10^2
300.0 -- 4 -- 3.00 x 10^2
Empirical Formula from Analysis Data
Mass % x 1 mol/amu = mol
--> Do this for all Molecules
--> Divide by smallest mole to get ratios
= Empirical Formula
Empirical Formula to Molecular Formula
If Ascorbic acid has a formula weight of 176 amu, what is the molecular formula?
- Get the empirical formula = C3H4O3
- Substitute for atomic weights of C, H & O to determined the formula weight of the empirical weight ~ 88
- Molecular Formula = Formula Mass/Empirical Formula Mass (176/88) = 2
Calculations from Balanced Equations
How many grams of H2O are produced in the combustion of 1.00g of glucose? C6H12O6 (formula mass=180.0g)
- Step #1 Balance Equation= C6H12O6 + 6O2 ---> 6CO2 + 6H2O
- Step #2 (A=glucose, B=water); Grams of A to Moles of A -> Moles of B (mol-to-mol ratio) -> Grams of B
Limiting Reagent
*Calculations must be based on the limiting reagent.
Ex. If 1.5 mol of Al are allowed to react with 3.0 mol of Cl2.
1) What is the limiting reagent?
2) How many moles of AlCl3 are formed?
1) Balance Equation 2Al+3Cl2->2AlCl3;
- Limiting Reagent; mol-mol ratio (1.5 molAl x 3 mol Cl2/2mol Al = 2.25 moles Cl2 (needed Cl2)
2) Since there are 3 mol Cl2 and we need 2.25, Cl2 is in excess
- Use limiting reagent; 1.5 mol Al x 2 mol AlCl3/2 mol Al = 1.5 mol AlCl3
Empirical Formula from Combustion Data
CxHyNz + O2 --> CO2 + H2O
- When 0.1156g of a compound (C, H, & N only) reacted with O2, 0.1638g of CO2 and 0.1676g of H2O were collected. Determine empirical formula.
1) Calculate masses of C and H;
- 0.1638g CO2 x 12.01g (C)/44.01g (CO2) =0.04470g C
- 0.167g H2O x 2.0168g (2H)/18.02g (H2O) =0.01875g H
2) Calculate mass of N;
- 0.1156g - (0.04470+0.01875) = 0.05215g of N
3) Calculate moles of each element
4) Divide by smallest result to get mol ratios = E.F.
Percent Yield
Consider the reaction, 2H2 + CO --> CH3OH
Suppose 68.5kg of CO is reacted with 8.60kg of H2. Calculate the % yield of methanol if 3.57 x 10^4g of CH3OH is actually produced.
1) Find moles of H2 and CO; convert kg to g (1000g/1kg)
2) Determine limiting reagent
- mol-to-mol ratio => in this case, H2 is limiting reagent
3) Base calculations on moles of H2 present
4) Theoretical Yield;
- mol-to-mol ratio of 1 mol CH3OH/2 mol H2
- turn to grams (get the mass) =>6.86 x 10^4g
5) % yield = actual yield/theoretical yield ; (3.57/6.86)x100
For any one gas: PV=nRT
- At s.t.p. temp. and pressure
0 C; 1.00 atm; 22.4 dm^3/1 mol
- At n.t.p. temp and pressure
20 C; 1.00 atm; 24.0 dm^3/1 mol
25 C; 1.00 atm; 24.4 dm^3
To convert C to Kelvin= C+273=K
Calculate De Broglie λ of
a) A 0.500 kg object moving at 20.00 m/s
b) An electron moving at 1000 m/s
Assume h=6.626x10^-34kg m^2/s
m(e)= 9.109x10^-31kg
- λ=h/m(mass)v(velocity
a) λ=h/.500kg x 20.00m/s = 6.63x10^-35
b) λ=h/9.109x10^-31kg x 1000m/s = 7.274x10^-7m
Calculation of Transition Energies
En = -R (Z^2/n^2)
Calculate ΔE for the transition between levels n=1 to n=3 in a He+ ion for which Z=2.
- ΔE= E3-E1 = -R(2^2) [1/(3^2) - 1/(1^2)] = 7.75x10^-18
Problem on Induction
- Consider the statement: All swans are white.
- Impossible to prove
Karl Popper
- A theory or branch of knowledge is scientific if it can be refuted by evidence.
- If it cannot be refuted it is not scientific.
- Science proceeds via 'Conjecture and Refutation'
- All theories are eventually refuted
a highly supported body of knowledge or framework such as quantum theory or Einstein's theory of relativity.
Kuhnian Scheme
- Pre-scientific stage is chaotic and vague
- Then the paradigm is formed
- Anomalies (things that went wrong)
-ex. Newton's mechanics couldn't explain the eclipse where something orbits the sun changes (pg. 7)
- Crisis (too much anomalies, too much to ignore)
- Revolution (Happens suddenly, Quantum mechanics was next) and the cycle will continue.
Triad Importance
- the result of the repetition of 2, 8, 8, 18, 18, 32, 32
- it connects 3 elements that are similar
- every other 3 elements are a triad
- used to construct the periodic table
- the middle element has similar chemical & physical properties as the top and bottom elements
- top amu + bottom amu/2 = middle amu
Chemical Periodicity
If the elements are ordered according to Atomic Number (Z), there is an approximate repetition in chemical and physical properties after certain varying intervals (2, 8, 8, 18, 18, 32, 32)
Main Forms of 2-D Periodic Table (Pg. 21 Vol. 1)
- Short Form (8-columns); highlighted the importance of the octant rule; groups elements that form 4 bonds; Dimitiri Mendeleev's Periodic Table; had blank spaces for elements not yet discovered
- Medium-Long Form (18-columns); the model we use today
- Long form (32-columns); s, f, d, p format; disadvantage too wide; every element follows every other one in the correct sequence
- Left-step table; f, d, p, s format; He is in the right place electronically but wrong because chemically it is a noble gas and not an Alkaline Earth Metal
Transuranium Elements
- elements after 93 are synthetic (don't exist in nature)
- very unstable as the atomic # goes up
- they are of great importance because they provide a means of testing theories of nuclear stability in extreme conditions
- the study of these elements requires a combination of quantum mechanics and special relativity
- first to be synthesized was 93Np
- most recently synthesized is element 117
Stoichiometric Calculation
- does not require quantum theory or quantum mechanics
- it is classical chemistry
- modern study of what products are formed as opposed to how much products does require quantum mechanics
Combustion Reaction
CHO compound + O2 --> CO2 + H2O
Atomic and Molecular Mass
- The modern standard mass is the 12^C isotope.
- One atomic mass unit = 1.66054 x 10^-27kg (VERY SMALL)
- One a.m.u. = 1/12 the mass of the 12^C isotope
- The a.m.u. is lighter than either the p or the n because a little bit of mass turns into energy (it is lost).
- The values of relative atomic masses that appear on periodic tables are weighted averages taken over all the known isotopes of any particular element.
Quantum Mechanics
- for very small objects Newtonian, or classical, mechanics break it down
- for very fast moving objects and/or very large masses relativity theory is required
- for middle sized objects and small velocities Quantum Mechanics and relativity merge into classical mechanics
Explain the photoelectric effect briefly.
- A beam of light shine onto a metal, momentum and energy is transferred to the metal, some e-'s bound in the metal are released and acquire kinetic energy
- It shows how light energy is converted into electrical energy.
- Intensity=brightness, it makes no difference to the activity of the electrons
What was the problem with the photoelectric effect and how did Einstein solve it?
- According to the classical wave theory of light, the intensity of the light determines the amplitude of the wave, and so a greater light intensity should cause the electrons on the metal to oscillate more violently and to be ejected with a greater kinetic energy.
- In contrast, the experiment showed that the kinetic energy of the ejected electrons depends on the frequency of the light.
- Instead of assuming that the electronic oscillators had energies given by Planck's formula, Einstein assumed that the radiation itself consisted of packets of energy
What is wrong with Rutherford's model of the atom?
- Electrons orbit randomly
- does not say anything about the arrangement of the electrons
How did Bohr attempt to resolve the problems with Rutherford's model of the atom?
- his model better explains the physical presentation of the atom
- offered precise orbitals for electrons
- preserved the stability of atoms and matter
- assumed existence of a ground state (lower energy state)
- quantization of angular momentum
What is wave-particle duality?
- The concept that every elementary particle or quantic entity exhibits the properties of not only particles, but also waves
How does light behave like particles and waves? And what is the experimental evidence for both?
- To have momentum is to be a particle
- To diffract and to interfere is to be a wave
- Therefore, light is a particle and a wave
- The Double-Slit Experiment showed how particles can act as waves, just as how waves act like waves
- The Photoelectric Effect showed how waves behave as particles
Properties of Waves
- Amplitude: height
- λ: from crest to crest (360 deg.)
- Frequency: how many times per second the wave reaches its crest (measured in Hz)
- Period: number of complete cycles/sec.
- frequency>wavelength; frequency<wavelength
Diffraction and Interference
- Constructive Interference: when two waves follow each other, they combine and become a big wave and thus brighter [nλ]
- Destructive Interference: when two waves have a path length distance of 1/2, when they combine they become a line and thus darkness [(n+1/2)λ]
Different Models of the Atom
- J.J. Thomson discovered the electron (the first sub-atomic particle)
- J.J. Thomson: Plum pudding model; atom is positive and there are electrons embedded in the atom
- R.A. Millikan determined the charge of an electron
- Mass could now be calculated
- E. Rutherford examined the scattering of alpha radiation by atoms of gold (fired alpha particles on a thin gold sheet, some went through and some bounced off) Nuclear atom was born
Louis De Broglie
- Assumed that particles behave as waves
- When electrons are fired at an obstacle waves are formed
- De Broglie's equation for wavelength of particles
Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle
- ΔxΔp ≥ h/4 π
- there will be a large amount on uncertainty
- if you know position it's hard to know momentum and vice versa
- indeterminacy rules
- emerges as a natural consequence of confinement or boundary conditions
- This is how the Schrödinger equation goes beyond the Bohr model.
- Bohr assumed electron energy was quantized, Schrödinger derived it
- Standing wave solutions of the Schrödinger equation are called ORBITALS (name is deceptive, there is no path or literal orbit)
Quantum Numbers
n - principle quantum number
ℓ - azimuthal or angular momentum quantum number
mℓ - magnetic quantum number
Orbital Numbers (must memorize)
* n = 1, 2, 3; for ex., 3p = 3 is n
* ℓ = (n-1), (n-2).... 0
* mℓ = -ℓ .... 0 ..... ℓ
s orbital: ℓ = 0
p orbital: ℓ = 1
d orbital: ℓ = 2
f orbital: ℓ = 3
g orbital: ℓ = 4
Radial and Planar Nodes
Total nodes = n-1
Radial nodes = [n - ℓ -1]
Planar nodes = ℓ
ex. 2p; total nodes = 1; radial nodes = 0; planar nodes = 1
Calculations of Transition Energies
E = -R (Z^2)/(n^2)
Orbitals of Hydrogen Atom
Degeneracy: for a given n value, all the orbitals have the same energy
*only occurs if you have one electron
- Degeneracy movement: when they are not the same for a given n (two or more electron systems)
Pauli Exclusion Principle
- No two electrons in an atom can have the same 4 quantum numbers (can share 3 but not 4)
- Applies to electrons, protons and neutrons, but NOT photons
- Exclusion Principle: only two electrons can occupy the same orbital and they must have opposite spins
Hund's Rule
When filling a set of orbitals with equal energies as many different orbitals as possible are occupied and spins are parallel.
Electronic Configurations
1) Aufbau Principle: electrons in increasing energy in accordance to Hund's Rule; add 1p and 1e, following order of increasing energies
2) Pauli's Exclusion Principle
3) Hund Principle (Hund's Rule)
All three are based on experiment and not on theory
What is the standard atom for the mass of the a.m.u.?
Carbon 12
What are pair reversals? Why do they occur in terms of protons and neutrons?
Occurred when the periodic table was ordered by atomic weight. Even though the second element had fewer protons the neutrons made the atomic weight higher. This caused confusion because both elements were placed in columns that did not share their chemical or physical properties. This is why the periodic table is now lined up by atomic # and not weight.
What are the atomic radii trends?
- Atomic Radii is the size of the atom
- Increases as you go down the table because filling larger orbitals
- Decreases as you go to the right of the table because proton (+) charge in the nucleus increases, pulling electrons closer to the center
pre-scientific, paradigm, anomalies, crisis, revolution
Kuhnian scheme dictate that for any science, there was a:
1. ________ stage (vague, colliding ideas, chaotic, no body of knowledge)
2. _________ (science takes shape, begins to become solid, has some evidence)
3. __________ (doesn't follow the pattern)
4. __________ (number of anomalies increase)
5. ___________ (overthrow of original scientific theories once anomalies increase)
up, let it be
When rounding sig figs:
If the number before the 5 is odd, round ___.
If the number before the 5 is even, ______.
The periodic law
When elements are ordered according to Z or the atomic number of atoms, there is an approximate repetition in chemical and physical property after certain varying intervals.
Karl Popper
___________'s philosophy of science state that a theory or branch of knowledge is scientific if it can be refuted by evidence. Also, laws are beneath theories, and theories can't be proven.
The most significant conclusion to be drawn from the observations of the photoelectric effect is that light is contained in discrete packages called photons, which means that light energy is _________. It showed the particle nature of light.
nλ, 1/2nλ
Constructive interference is ______, whereas destructive interference is _______.
Energy, hydrogenic
The ___________ of any orbit En = -R(Z²/n²), where R is the Rydberg constant 2.18 x 10⁻¹⁸ J. However, this equation only works for ____________ atoms.
modes, nodes
Vibrations occur in a number of ______ or n half cycles (half of a wavelength), and each mode contains n-1 _______.
De Broglie's equation
λ = h/(mv), where m is mass, and v is velocity.
In using this equation, make sure that mass is in
and velocity is in
. You should be left with wavelength in meters.
Shrodinger believed that if an electron is like a wave, its motion should be expressible by a wave equation. Thus ________ emerges as a natural consequence of confinement or boundary conditions.
standing wave solutions of the Shrodinger equation
Aufbau Principle
Orbitals are filled in order of increasing energy.
Pauli's Exclusion Principle
Two electrons can occupy a single orbital, but they must have opposite spin. Each electron in an atom also has a unique set of four quantum numbers describing it.
Hund's Rule
When electrons occupy orbitals with the same energy, they are put in one by one in separate sub-orbitals first so that repulsion between the electrons are lessened.
19, 21
At z=_____, the 4s orbital fills first because the 4s orbital has a lower energy than the 3d orbital. However, at z=_____, the original ordering occurs (3d lower energy than 4s).
Planck's solution to the UV catastrophe (curve of intensity against wavelength shows that there is maximum intensity at a lower wavelength or higher frequency, as seen in classical mechanics) was that he assumed that energy could be __________. Thus energy could be any multiple of hv, but nothing in between. E=hv
The kinetic energy of an _______ being ejected from the absorption of electromagnetic radiation onto a metal plate is
KE = 1/2(mass of electron)(velocity)²
photoelectric effect
The equation explaining the __________ is as follows:
E = psi + KE
(Light energy absorbed by metal) = Work Function + (Kinetic Energy of Electron)
hv = hv₀ + KE.
The replacement of E and psi with hv showed the relationship between frequency and kinetic energy, and also implied that a threshold energy is needed to eject electrons from metal.
p = h/λ,
where p is the momentum of _______
Two problems with the ______________ model include:
1. Electrons would emit electromagnetic radiation and collapse into the center of the nucleus.
2. Model didn't explain discrete atomic spectra; The spectra is not continuous; there are gaps in the wavelength that are absorbed or emitted.
Two problems with the ______________ model include:
1. Why do electrons occur in specific energy levels in the first place?
2. The model only applies to the hydrogen atom or hydrogenic (one-electron) systems
The ________ Model attempted to solve the problems of the Rutherford model by assuming that:
1. Electrons in orbit do not radiate. They only emit energy when they change orbits.
2. Discrete atomic spectra exist because when electrons move from one energy level (orbit) to another, a particular energy is emitted which corresponds to a specific frequency in atomic spectra.
n-1, l, n-l-1
total number of nodes in orbitals = ________
total number of angular nodes/planes = _________
total number of radial nodes = __________
____________ energy problems:
∆E = -R∞(z)²[1/(nfinal)²-1/(ninitial)²]
set this equal to h∨, and solve for frequency;
then input ∆E into the equation λ = hc/E and solve for wavelength.
Electron configuration for Copper:
[Ar] ____________
Note that 3d fills first, because 3d has a lower energy than 4s.
meter, frequency
wavelength has a unit of one ______________.
planck's constant has the unit of kg m²/s.
___________ has the unit of 1/s or Hz.
The presence of electron-electron ___________ in many electron systems removes the degeneracy in H atom, where all orbitals which share the same n value have the same energy.
Ions of transition metals involve loss of _____ electrons first. This orbitals also fills last.
3d⁵ 4s¹
The electron configuration of Cr is:
[Ar] ___________
Note that 3d fills first, because 3d has a lower energy than 4s.
h (planck's constant)
In going from work function of an element to the minimum frequency required to eject an electron, divide work function by ____________.
psi/h = mu
kinetic energy
When asked to find the ____________ required to eject electrons, use the equation
h∨ - h∨₀
Input the frequency found in the previous part and multiply by planck's constant. Then subtract by the given work function.
When asked to find the maximum ____________ of which the electrons are traveling at, use the equation
√[(2KE)/mass of electron]
Input the kinetic energy found in the previous part and divide by mass of an electron, which is 9.1 x 10⁻³¹ kg.
frequency, wavelength, velocity
Given ∆E and asked to find the ____________ corresponding to this change in energy, use the equation
∆E/h, where h is Planck's constant.
Given the frequency and asked to find the relative ____________, use the equation
c/mu, where c is the speed of light in m/s.
Given the wavelength and asked to find the ____________ the electron travels at, use
h/(mv), also known as De Broglie's Equation.
Pair reversals
_______________ occur because of the isotopes used to calculate the average mass of an element. The number of protons corresponding to atomic number is the same for all isotopes, but the number of neutrons varies. One element may have a higher atomic number, but lighter weighing isotopes, and thus its atomic mass is lower than an element with a lower atomic number, and arranging the elements by atomic mass would put it in front of the other element when it should really be behind it.
f,d, p, s, periodicity, He
The blocks of the left-step periodic table are arranged as follows: __________________
One possible advantage to using the left-step periodic table is that the ____________ of the elements is more consistent (2,2,8,8,18,18,32).
One possible disadvantage to using this periodic table is that ______ doesn't belong with the alkaline earth metals, because those elements are highly reactive, yet He is a gas and is un-reactive (its properties don't match up with the elements below it.
s, f, d, p, atomic number
The blocks of the long-form periodic table are arranged as follows: __________________
One possible advantage to using the long-form periodic table is that the elements are arranged based on ____________ in an orderly fashion without any jumps or skips. It also relates the position of an element in the table with its electronic configuration.
One possible disadvantage to this is that it's inconvenient or too long to reproduce in a textbook or other text.
n, n², 2n²
Each shell with principle quantum number = n has ______ subshells and ______ orbitals. Thus the maximum number of electrons in each shell is _____.
increases, decreases
Going down the periodic table, there are more filled energy levels between the nucleus and the outer electrons therefore the outer electrons are more shielded from the attraction of the nucleus, so the electrons in the outer energy levels are further from the nucleus and the atomic radius______________.
Going across the periodic table from left to right, Z effective increases, so the pull on the outer electrons increase as well, therefore the radius___________.
increase, decrease
Across any period, an overall __________ in ionization energy occurs due to increasing Z effective.
Down any group, an overall ____________ in ionization energy occurs due to an increase in atomic radius, which makes it easier to ionize electrons.
The two anomalies within the overall trend in increasing IE across the 2nd period are ____ and ____. The first anomaly occurs because removing the one electron from the 2p orbital would return the atom to a lower energy state, which is more stable and desirable. The second anomaly occurs because putting two electrons into one suborbital increases electron-electron repulsion, which makes the element unstable, thus removing that extra electron decreases E-E repulsion.
Asked to figure out whether an element _____ in with a certain group. Consider:
Triad, Types of ions it forms, and What type of element it is (gas, nonmetal, metal)
Explain what a triad is, its characteristics, and give an example.
* Triad groups were observed before the periodic table
* Way or organizing elements into sets of threes
* In the same vertical column in periodic table
* Middle element has characteristics approximately average of the top and bottom
* Atomic weight, reactivity, density, atomic number
* Reactivity increases down the triad
* EX: Lithium, Sodium, Potassium (Li, Na, K)
* EX2: Potassium, Rubidium, Cesium (K, Rb, Cs)
* These triads never start at the top of the block
* What ideas lead to the periodic table?
* Prout discovered that many elements had whole number multiples of the weight of Hydrogen
* Prout's Hypothesis: other elements made up of H-atoms
* True in the sense of protons
* Astrophysically, all elements literally formed from H and He
* What was Mendeleev's Periodic Table like?
* Originally ordered by atomic weight, because atomic numbers were not discovered yet
* Mendeleev actually made several predictions on the properties of undiscovered elements (Gallium, Germanium, Cesium)
* Had gaps in the table
* No noble gases
* Now known as the "short-form" table, with eight columns
* What is a pair reversal? Give an example.
* Certain elements get sorted into the wrong periodic group (column)
* Happens because atomic weights are averages of the isotopes
* This is solved when rearranging elements by Z, or atomic number
* Example is Argon and Potassium, or Tellurium and Iodine
* What numbers are associated with periodicity?
* 2,8,8,18,18,32,32
* 2n^2
* Define periodic law.
* Chemical properties of elements are a periodic function of their atomic numbers
* What are the main types of periodic tables?
* Left-step uses orbital filling, not valence filling
* f-block, d, p, s
* Long form has the Lanthanides and Actinides included in the main body of the table, organized by valence shell filling
* Medium-long form is long form with the Lanthanides and Actinides separated and placed below
* Short form has 8 columns
* What are transuranium elements?
* Uranium is the last naturally occurring element, so anything after that
* Currently from 93 to 118, inclusive
* Few have practical applications
* Plutonium: nukes, Americium: smoke detectors
* Higher atomic numbers are more unstable
* Help test theories of nuclear stability
* Relativistic velocities of inner electrons make it difficult to study super-heavy elements
* Do not behave as expected based on periodicity
* First was neptunium in 1940
* Possible up to 137, or 172, or 173
* What is stoichiometry based on?
* Calculations based on the nucleus (protons and neutrons), because electrons are so light
* Depend on law of conservation of matter
* What is the modern standard for standard mass?
* Originally, it was H
* Now, it's based on the 12C isotope, the most abundant carbon isotope
* One amu appx. 1.66054 x 10^-27
* It's 1/12 the mass of the 12C isotope
* Why is the amu lighter than the proton or the neutron?
* Binding energy (theory of relativity)
* Some mass must be converted into energy just to keep the nucleus together
* What is a mole?
* Unit amount of substance
* Avogadro's Number: 6.02214 x 10^23
* Exactly 12g of 12C
* Moles help scale up super small amounts, because it's impossible to measure most of these quantities
* How are atomic masses calculated?
* They are weighted averages taken from all known isotopes of the element
* What is the formula mass?
* The sum of the masses of all atoms in a molecule (formula unit for ions)
* also known as molecular mass or molecular weight
* What is the empirical formula? How is it found from Mass%?
* The simplest ratio of atoms in a compound
* Go from Mass % -> Grams of each -> Moles of each -> Find ratios -> Get empirical formula
* To find ratios, divide each amount by the smallest amount of moles
* Must be whole numbers
* How can you find the molecular formula using the empirical formula and formula weight?
* The molecular formula shows the actual number of atoms
* Multiply the empirical formula by whole numbers until you get close to the given formula weight
* What is the limiting reagent?
* The substance that is totally consumed during a chemical reaction
* The reactant that determines the amount of product made
* What general formula does combustion analysis follow?
* CxHyOz + O2 -> CO2 + H2O + other product
* How do you calculate percent yield?
* Actual yield ÷ Theoretical yield
* Theoretical yield is calculated using the balanced equation
Transuranium Elements
93 -118 inclusive. (26 elements) Those with higher atomic #'s esp. are very unstable (only exists for a short time), but they are of great scientific importance because they provide a means of testing theories of nuclear stability in extreme conditions.
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Witch hazel is known for being great with cuts and scrapes. The benefits don't just end with wounds. It is also known to soothe emerging pimples, loosen blackheads, relieve hemorrhoids, stop bleeding, prevent razor burns, and reduce puffy eyes. Believe it or not, the benefits don't end there. You'll find countless uses for this first aid and cosmetic staple.
Coconut Oil
This natural oil is one of those things that just don't stop giving. Lately, it's made a huge impact in media for some reason, but coconut oil isn't anything new. It's been acting as a natural makeup remover, antifungal treatment, diaper cream and skin salve for natural products lovers for years. Coconut oil is great for dry skin, chapped lips and dry hair. If you're a foodie, you can definitely whip up some amazing dishes with this oil as well. Now that's a multipurpose product.
Aloe Vera
Aloe vera is often an active ingredient in many commercial products aimed to help with burns and blisters. Aloe vera can work just as well on house burns as any Neosporin can. Your skin and hair will love aloe vera for its endless cosmetic benefits too.
Baking Soda
I've got baking soda in my first aid kit for severe heartburn and urinary tract infections. Taking about ¼ tsp of baking soda can offer some quick relief.
Epsom Salt
If you are experience muscle pain of any sort then a good soaking in Epsom salt will do your body good. In addition to helping with pain, epsom salt can also help to remove splinters!
Cayenne Pepper
In addition to adding a spicy kick to some of your favorite dishes, cayenne pepper may deserve a spot in your medicine cabinet too after hearing these benefits. Applied topically, cayenne powder helps to stop bleeding quickly. Some say cayenne better can also help increase internal blood flood and clear blockage.
Written by Christine Barlow, Inventor of 5 Phases Eco-Friendly Baby Bottle System
Mom Christine Barlow is the inventor of 5 Phases eco-friendly and non-toxic baby bottles, the safest and healthiest way to bottle feed your baby. Her inspiration in creating an alternative to traditional feeding bottles came after the birth of her 1lb 7oz micro-preemie baby. Having a compromised child, she became aware how environmental factors were affecting our children. With all the concerns of plastics and infants being the most vulnerable, she felt there was a need for more options for parents who wanted to use glass. She knew she had to act – and the 5 Phases Hybrid Glass Baby Bottles were born.
5 Phases is dedicated to helping families achieve a healthier and organic lifestyle. Starting with baby, they develop products keeping both the environment and health of your family in mind. And when it comes to your baby nothing else will do – Christine knows, she's a mom too!
For more information on 5 Phases, visit www.5phases.com!
Interested in writing a guest blog for 5 Phases? Send your topic idea to firstname.lastname@example.com.
All data and information provided on this site is for informational purposes only. 5 Phases makes no representations as to accuracy, completeness, current-ness, suitability, or validity of any information on this site and will not be liable for any errors, omissions, or delays in this information or any losses, injuries, or damages arising from its display or use. All information is provided on an as-is basis.


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I am looking to add another bar raiser to my ZR750. I am hoping for a more upright riding position similar to a Vstrom. I maxed out the throttle cable length when I install the first bar raiser.
Does anyone know what the length of the OEM throttle cable is?
Is there a set of cables from another Kawasaki model that may be 2 to 3 inches longer than that of ZR I can use?
Thank you in advance.


text: Student Employment Services Employer Information Session 2014 Topics to Cover Hiring Student Employees (Hourly & Work-Study) SERP Work-Study Tips JobX HIRING STUDENT EMPLOYEES ELIGIBILITY FOR STUDENT EMPLOYMENT Admitted to degree-seeking program at CSU (Fort Collins) Registered by Census each Semester Student Hourly – At least 1 credit or Continuous Registration Work-Study Undergraduate – At least 6 Resident Instruction Credits Graduate – At least 5 Resident Instruction Credits Summer – No enrollment required but must have attended spring and be returning fall, or a new admit for fall. Required Forms must be submitted to Student Employment Services upon hiring student 1. Form I-9 Check I-9 Status on Employment Tab of People Screen 2. Employment Verification Affirmation Form Copies of original documents. 3. SSA-1945 (SERP) BACKGROUND CHECKS All new employees must have a background check Required for existing student employees who change positions if they have not had a background check previously: • A criminal history background check IF the position: I. II. works with vulnerable populations (e.g., children, animals); works with controlled substances, select agents or other sensitive research materials/information; III. IV. has unsupervised access to buildings, resident halls or other secure facilities; has access to sensitive information. or • Motor vehicle check IF the position: I. is responsible for operating a University owned or controlled vehicle; II. III. requires driving of children, patients, students, clients or others in a private vehicle; or requires renting a vehicle on a regular or routine basis to conduct University business. If there is a 6 month (or greater) break in service and student is returning to a position that meets the above criteria. http://www.hrs.colostate.edu/background-checks/background-checks.html SERP What is SERP? The Student Employee Retirement Plan is a state-mandated retirement plan requiring contributions from gross pay by all "eligible" student employees in lieu of traditional Social Security contributions What is Social Security? Social Security is a federally mandated supplemental retirement system in the US CSU is NOT a Social Security Employer Important: If we did not have SERP, a student would have to pay into Social Security. Is participation in SERP mandatory? Yes, unless certain conditions are met What conditions must be met to be exempt? Summer • Undergraduate & Graduate Students – must be officially admitted as a degree-seeking student at CSU (Fort Collins) and enrolled at least half-time (defined as 3 credits) for a summer term running concurrently with your work schedule. Fall & Spring • Undergraduate Students – officially admitted as a degree-seeking student and enrolled at least half-time (6 credits) • Graduate Students – officially admitted as a degree-seeking student and enrolled at least half-time (5 credits) A retirement savings account will be established in the student's name at TIAA/CREF for all SERP contributions. When will a student have access to the money contributed to SERP? • SERP allows for a refund of contributions and any interest upon termination of employment AND departure from the University as a student. • Warning: If funds are withdrawn, those funds will likely be taxed as ordinary income in the year it is withdrawn and may also be subject to an additional 10% early withdrawal penalty. Train Students on SERP Explain SERP when they fill out the SSA-1945 Provide students the website about SERP: • http://ses.colostate.edu/student-employeeretirement-plan-serp Utilize the "SERP – Medicare Info Slides" • http://ses.colostate.edu/employment-guidelines Ending Assignments Assignments are systematically ended for: • All Graduating Students • No pay for at least 18 months • Zero Credits at Census To request reactivation, send Email to [email protected] with: • Effective Date • Assignment Number • Requested Change WORK-STUDY TIPS Work-Study Awards REMINDER – Confirm Work-Study Award each academic year. Assignments stay active from year to year, so be sure to verify student's award each year. Obtain verification from student prior to beginning work. • • Students can send email or print work-study award confirmation. Verify in JobX. Monitor on work-study earnings report. Check with Student Employment. Work-Study Earnings Breakdown of Wages Employers pay 30% of wages: • $900 per year on $3,000 Work-Study Award Work-Study covers the remaining 70%: • $2,100 per year on $3,000 Work-Study Award Fifty Percent Rule Only 50% of a student's Work-Study Award can be earned during the fall semester. • Any earnings over this 50% will be billed to your Department as Time Entry Wages (TEW). Transferring Work-Study Assignments Do Not transfer Work-Study to Hourly or Hourly to Work-Study Hiring department initiates transfer in Oracle • Previous department approves request • Refer to important dates for beginning of semester • Make effective on first day of pay period WORK-STUDY REPORTS Work-Study Earnings by Department • Should run this report every pay period • Displays students' award amounts and amounts earned • Changes to Work-Study awards reflected on this report Expense Distribution Report • • • • Should run this report every pay period Watch for email from Payroll Confirms pay for your student employees Confirms what is billed to your Department account JOBX Introducing JobX – A Total Solution JobX helps schools automate the job posting, hiring, and reporting process for students, employers, and administrators. Job Posting Control Customized employment applications Work-Study award & class schedule Email tools for communicating with students COMING SOON! – streamlined hiring to Oracle ses.colostate.edu HOW TO USE JOBX PLEASE REFER TO USER GUIDE ON OUR WEBSITE After the student employee is hired through JobX, enter the assignment into Oracle. JobX User Guide Available on ses.colostate.edu Please sign and return these documents to Student Employment Services: Memo of Understanding Compliance Review Oracle Training and Assistance Contact HR IS Oracle Help Desk by email at: [email protected] Training opportunities will be emailed out to the HR system user listserv when classes are available Hourly Payroll Questions can be directed to: Jacqueline Derrick [email protected] 970.491.0951 QUESTIONS? Frank H. Martinez Karri White Jillian Zucosky Phone – 970.491.5714 Fax – 970.491.1975 1065 Campus Delivery Email – [email protected] ses.colostate.edu THANK YOU FOR JOINING US TODAY


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If you're craving cool, creamy indulgence in Austin, look no further than Vicecreme. This all-vegan ice cream shop masterfully creates a myriad of soft serve and hard pack flavors. I've heard that they always have banana-based soft serve, with the option for chocolate twists. But they also make a big range of coconut milk-based flavors with ethically-sourced, vegan ingredients.
The flavor menu does change. On any given day, you might find brownie batter, root beer float, cold brew coffee, milk + cereal, apple pie, peaches and creme, cookies 'n creme, or snickerdoodle. And they do have classic flavors like vanilla, chocolate, and strawberry, too.
Their toppings are far from boring, with options like nostalgic cereals, vegan marshmallows, nutter butters, chocolate syrup, sprinkles, and more. And you can enjoy the dairy-free ice cream in a cup, classic cone, or waffle cone.
In addition to scoops, swirls, and sundaes, Vicecreme serves banana splits and a big range of milkshake flavors, including birthday cake! And you can make your own donut ice cream sandwich. Yes, they also serve several varieties of vegan donuts and brownies.
They are open during the afternoon and into the late evening, five days a week. But they are closed on Mondays and Tuesdays.
Where to Find Vicecreme
Location: 6550 Comanche Trail #109, Austin, TX
Phone: (512) 531-9811
Website: vicecreme.business.site


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What Should I Know About Teaching Kids To Share?
Sharing is caring…isn't it? Older generations certainly thought so. There probably isn't an adult alive who wasn't frequently told to share their toys. Naturally, we feel the need to mimic this type of parenting with our own children. The impulse to teach children to share is understandable – the act is a sign of kindness, and that's just what we want our kids to be. However, there's a difference between teaching kids to share and forcing them to do so. The former is a healthy process, while the latter might compromise your child's sense of agency.
Wait…it's okay to say "no"?
You may not know her by name, but Alanya Kolberg is rocking parenting circles. Back in April, she wrote a Facebook post detailing an experience she and her child shared on the playground. Kolberg's son was approached by several children who demanded he share his toys. Her son clearly didn't want to part with them, but instead of speaking to the other kids directly, he looked to his mother for guidance.
Kolberg told her son he could say no.
This, in her words, earned her some dirty looks from other parents. However, Kolberg's explanation for her decision makes sense.
"The goal is to teach our children how to function as adults," she wrote on Facebook. "While I do know some adults who clearly never learned how to share as children, I know far more who don't know how to say no to people, or how to set boundaries, or how to practice self-care."
With that statement, Kolberg hits an important point many parents overlook. When we force our children to share and deny them the opportunity to say no, we take away their ability to define their own boundaries. We also imply that children are entitled to the toys of another – in the story, the boys immediately turned to Kolberg, believing she'd force her son to give them what they wanted simply because they wanted it.
So what do we do?
Nothing is more heartwarming than seeing kids sharing, but as parents, we need to encourage this behavior in a healthy manner. The key is to build empathy and make your children want to share, not demand they do so. As your kids learn to be kind, they'll naturally open up to the idea of sharing. At the same time, they'll still have the agency to guard their own boundaries.
Pregnancy and parenting brand What to Expect had some great tips for encouraging sharing in a healthy way. Set a good example by sharing things yourself or asking your children to share with you. Promote their self-esteem, teach them about ownership and above all, be patient.
Ultimately, teaching your children to share is about striking a delicate balance. Focus on building empathy, not sharing for the sake of it, and your kids will understand the importance of being kind.
Autumn Green is an artist-turned-writer who traded the sweet tea of the south for the deep dish pizza of Chicago. Her favorite subjects include art, culture, design, small business/entrepreneurship and healthful living.


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The Double-Handled Mug is a twin handle cup with spout designed for use by individuals with upper extremity tremors or disabilities and/or swallowing disabilities. This 10-ounce mug is equipped with handles large enough to accommodate adult fingers. The drinking spout in the included lid prevents spills. This cup is afe for dishwasher, microwave, and autoclave. COLOR: Clear with white lid.
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text: Let your store stock speak of sophistication as you add the grey wholesale luxury towel set range crafted by the dexterous team of Oasis Towels. Made of high quality and fine textured fabrics, this towel set range comes in packs of three and is specialized by self-structure all over the bodies. The elegant style is quite fresh, and the towel set collection embodies the features of quick absorbency, fluffiness, with soft and irritation free feel on the skin.


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SGA legislation to become the official student news outlet
Cyler Frost, congressperson for the college of graduate studies, is bringing Resolution J-19 to SGA next Wednesday at 5:15 p.m. in the nursing building. This resolution moves to make Texan News Servicethe official student news outlet of Tarleton State University, not the official student newspaper.
Texan News Servicebrought this idea to Frost when the staff recognized that they were not receiving the recognition that the JTAC, the official student newspaper, does from the university. Because the JTAC is the official student newspaper, they can get information from the administration and work closely with the school to get information. Texan News Servicedoes not have the same opportunities.
Texan News Service has provided the students, faculty, staff, alumni, parents of students, and those in Erath County with news about what is happening on the Stephenville campus, in the city, and across the Cross Timbers region. It has done so through its monthly newspaper, digital website, daily television broadcasts, daily radio spots, and semiannual magazine.
Texan News Service is also striving to branch out to become the voice of all students, faculty, and staff for all college campuses in the Cross Timbers region. This includes working to include stories about Ranger College, Cisco College, and Weatherford College.
Texan News Service strives to keep its audience informed through factual, timely stories about subjects that matter to them. We are not attempting to take the JTAC's title as official student newspaper. We are trying to obtain our own title. We respect the tradition that the JTAC represents. We hope to start a new tradition of making Texan News Service the official news outlet of Tarleton State University.


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Youth Groups
Marin Weisblatt, Youth Group Advisor
Kol Shalom sponsors two youth groups to support programming for our students outside of the classroom setting. The Kadima group is for students in grades 6 – 8 while the USY group is for students in grades 9 – 12. If you would like more information about membership and upcoming events please call 410-266-6006 or send an email to the Youth Group Advisor.
Download the Kadima/USY Youth Group Registration Form.
View the Kadima/USY Youth Group Calendar for current school year.
Kadima (Grades 6-8)
Students in Kadima have an opportunity to socialize with their fellow students and students from other synagogues in the area, and learn about life, friendship, religion and leadership. Kadima offers age appropriate social programming, sports leagues, opportunities to perform community service, and fun overnight weekend retreats.
USY (Grades 9-12)
Students in USY have similar opportunities as the Kadima group. USY provides older students an opportunity to explore, celebrate and practice ethical values, Jewish Living, and community responsibility while also learning about life, friendship, religion and leadership. USY also offers leadership training, social programming, sports leagues, semi-annual conventions and formal events that are attended by USY Chapters in the Mid-Atlantic region.
Upcoming Events
Thursday Morning Minyan (Live-Stream)
June 4 @ 9:00 am
Torah and Tabloids (Live-Stream)
June 4 @ 9:30 am
Shabbat Evening Services
June 5 @ 7:30 pm
Shabbat Morning Services
June 6 @ 9:30 am


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We Stand in Solidarityadmin Sep, 28, 2017
IFS stands in solidarity with all of the victims of the storms in the Caribbean & the US & the earthquakes in Mexico.
Youth Ready to Live Independent Livesadmin Sep, 25, 2017
Independence: A Family of Services (IFS) recently hosted a Rites of Passage graduation and recognition ceremony for young participants who have completed course work to…
East Orange Family Success Center Launches "Read-to-Lead" Barber Shop Literacy Campaignadmin
East Orange Family Success Center Launches "Read-to-Lead" Barber Shop Literacy Campaign Barber shop owners are getting involved and giving back by helping children learn the…
New Home to Serve Families at IFSadmin Sep, 24, 2017
East Orange Family Success Center Relocates to Ambrose Ward Mansion On August 1, 2017, the IFS East Orange Family Success Center moved to its new…
Words from Our Youthadmin Sep, 23, 2017
"Saying goodbye can be one of the most traumatic experiences one can go through, but I'm proud to say goodbye. I'm also excited too.Through my…
12th Annual Lincoln Park Music Festivaladmin Aug, 08, 2017
For the 3rd year, IFS participated in the Sustainable Health & Wellness Village, which brings together a network of health resource organizations to provide education,…
IFS East Orange Family Success Center moved to our new homeadmin
As of August 1, 2017, the IFS East Orange Family Success Center moved to…
Couple Relieves Child from the Nightmare of Too Many Foster Homesadmin Aug, 03, 2017
After raising children of their own, James and Jacqueline Parker chose to become foster parents and offer a home to children in need. Since 2003,…
West Orange student attends summer STEM programadmin Jul, 26, 2017
By Christina Giannantonio email@example.com The Star-Ledger WEST ORANGE -- Jaelynn Stewart of West Orange, a student at The Hudson School in Hoboken, was among a group of…
The Merits Of A Culturally Sensitive Community-Based Programsadmin Jun, 13, 2017
Supporting cultural differences provides for greater impact Margaret L. Woods, President/CEO, Independence: A Family of Services. V 2 I 2 - May 2017 Youngsters who…


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The Barnsley and Dearne & Dove Canals are derelict, with plans for restoration. Together they will form a through route between the Aire & Calder Navigation and the Sheffield and South Yorkshire Navigation.
There are two branches, the Elsecar Branch and the Worsbrough Branch, both from the Dearne & Dove Canal. With help from members of the Barnsley, Dearne & Dove Canals Trust I've produced the next maps in my series, covering these canals. Like all my maps for restoration projects, these are free to download.
The maps show the original route with the proposed restoration route clearly marked to show where they differ. Much of the Barnsley Canal route is still available, but it will require some new sections such as at Walton (shown above) where the original route has been built over. Much of the route of the Dearne & Dove Canal has been lost to modern developments, meaning most of the route will be on new alignments, although the Elsecar and Worsbrough Branches are largely intact.
I've produced one map covering both the Barnsley and Dearne & Dove Canals. It's available to download in the usual Acrobat (pdf) and Memory-Map (qct) formats. There's a choice for the Acrobat (pdf) format
- Single page Great for viewing on screen but too large to print
- Seven individual pages Great for printing A4 (or A5 if your eyesight is good enough)
Visit the Barnsley and Dearne & Dove Canals map page on my website to download the free maps. Eagle-eyed readers may spot there are discrepancies in the levels, particularly for the Elsecar and Worsbrough Branches between the old and new alignments as the old and new lock depths don't match. I'm waiting for clarification about this.


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The President of the Nigerian Bar Association (NBA), Barrister Abubakar Mahmud has said that the NBA is to launch an endowments and appeal fund for members affected by Boko Haram insurgency and internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) in the northeast with a view to cushion their hardships.
The National President of the NBA, Barrister Abubakar Balarabe Mahmud (SAN) who disclosed this when he paid a courtesy call on Governor Kashim Shettima at the Government House, Maiduguri yesterday said "the endowment fund which is scheduled to be launched on 10th August 2018, is to raise fund to assist our members affected by Boko Haram insurgents and IDP in the Northeast." "We also have Northeast Task Force Committee aimed at training our members and also strengthen legal profession in the Northeast, as a tool for sustainable peace.
We are also supporting the peace building process through offering of free legal services to IDPs, Mahmud added.
Responding, Governor Shettima said there is direct coronation between illiteracy and Boko Haram insurgency and that was why his administration is investing heavily in education adding that the state has 54,911 widows and 52,211 orphans, ASA result of insurgency and that if the elite fail to educate them they will be the next monster that will consume all.
"These herdsmen famer clashes and Boko Haram insurgency are as a result of climate change.
We have to join hand to find a solution to it rather than to play politics with it.
Because if we fail to do so this is the beginning of our problem, as Boko Haram crisis will be a child's play.
So we have to put our thinking caps on and act now", Shettima said.
Earlier, the Chairman of Northeast Task Force Committee, Professor Mohammed Tsbiu said the task force has been working in Borno in training members of the NBA on how best to assist in the ongoing peace building process and how to ensure sustainable peace in the state.
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GPs to be covered by new 'zero tolerance' policy against abuse from patients
GPs will be protected by a new 'zero tolerance' policy aiming to reduce the number of assaults on NHS staff.
The measures are part of a new violence reduction strategy launched by the Department of Health and Social Care to better protect NHS staff from attacks and abuse.
A new zero-tolerance approach will be adopted and a partnership between the NHS, police and Crown Prosecution Service will aim to see offenders prosecuted quickly.
The strategy, which health secretary Matt Hancock will launch today in a speech at the Royal College of Nursing, will see NHS staff given training on how to deal with a violent situation, and victims of violence will be able to access mental health support.
One in eight NHS employees have experienced violence from patients, their relatives or the public in the past year, which is the highest figure for five years, according to the latest NHS staff survey.
Going forward, the CQC will scrutinise NHS trusts based on the quality of plans to reduce violence against staff.
Last year, an investigation by Pulse publisher Cogora revealed that two thirds of GPs had experienced some form of abuse from patients.
Mr Hancock said: 'NHS staff dedicate their lives to protecting and caring for us in our times of greatest need and for any one of them to be subject to aggression or violence is completely unacceptable.'
'I have made it my personal mission to ensure NHS staff feel safe and secure at work and the new violence reduction strategy will be a key strand of that.'
'We will not shy away from the issue – we want to empower staff and give them greater confidence to report violence, knowing that they will see meaningful action from trusts and a consistent prosecution approach from the judicial system.'
The new measures follow the Assaults on Emergency Workers (Offences) Bill, which increased the maximum prison sentence for assaulting an emergency worker from six months to a year.
The BMA welcomed the new measures and called for tougher sentences to try and reduce the number of assaults on NHS staff.
BMA junior doctors committee chair, Dr Jeeves Wijesuriya, said: 'The BMA has long been concerned about the risk and impact of violence on NHS staff and is particularly concerned by the rising numbers of attacks taking place against frontline staff…
'We believe that tougher sentences for attacks on emergency service workers will make a real difference in reducing the number of serious incidents that staff are subjected to and we support the violence reduction strategy, which sends out a strong deterrent message to those who wilfully assault NHS staff.'
Following a change to the GP contract this year, practices are able to refuse to register patients if they have a violent flag against their record. They can also remove 'mistakenly registered' violent patients under the normal procedures.
BMA GP Committee chair Dr Richard Vautrey said: 'GP practice staff are all too often subjected to unacceptable abuse and even attacks from patients who they are trying their best to help.
'As pressures increase within the NHS, with waiting times increasing as practices and hospitals struggle to manage rising workload within inadequate funding, it can be understandable why patients can be frustrated but that can never justify taking that frustration out on those on the frontline trying to care for them.
'This year we secured improvements to the way the violent patient/safe haven DES operates but there are still too many incidents where commissioners are slow to support practices seeking to take appropriate action when patients overstep the line with their behaviour, and the initiative announced today must address this.'
Readers' comments (17)
Saj 1:54pm. Patient 1 with a history of serious violence under court order should have been SAS scheme. No argument.
Patient 2 allocated and violent and a home visit? Are you bloody mad? Just paint the word "VICTIM' on your forehead.
NHSE are not your friend EVER. They don't want to know and frankly they don't care.
Has anyone sought legal help to sue those allocating violent patients who then cause harm to that GP or staff? Seems open and shut case m'lud.
The most pressing need is for legal protection for clinicians, hospitals and GP surgeries if care is denied. Everyone (staff, hospitals, surgeries) are too worried about the risk of litigation or complaints if a medical problem develops after denying treatment to a violent patient.
The law needs to change so that
1 - A clinician who feels a threat (regardless of the nature of that threat) is protected from litigation, complaints and GMC/ NMC sanction if they change or withdraw treatment as a result of violence (add racism/ sexism/ etc).
2 - That must include those cases where an illness contributes to the violence - for example delirium, head injury or mental health. Because without that extension a clinician will still be worried about stopping treatment and put themselves at risk.
There must be no obligation on the clinician to 'prove' that the threat existed or was significant, or else the clinician will be too worried about withdrawing treatment.
I have only seen one case of a patient being chucked out of hospital (when a house officer) and that was for severe racism (jumping around making monkey noises.... with a charcot foot as well). I have seen 100s of cases of violence.
Cobblers at 4.36pm makes an interesting point about the potential legal liability of those allocating violent patients. Violent/'challenging' patient clinics seem to be closing, presumably for financial or staffing reasons. Perhaps prior to allocation such patients should all be assessed by a forensic psychiatrist regarding their current level of risk. Waiting time and cost might encourage reopening of the clinics!
GPs are (sometimes inappropriately) much more tolerant of such behaviour than hospitals where there is an increasing tendency to call the police for quite trivial reasons. Any new zero tolerance policy will no doubt be implemented vigorously in secondary care - carted off to the cells for looking at a nurse with a grumpy facial expression. However, as others have said, we need the right to refuse to see violent, aggressive or threatening people without fear of litigation or primary care will be no better off.
Any 0 tolerance policy whilst healthcare provision is socialised, and quangos like the GMC and government involved won't work. Scrambling for a solution? Just look at places where abuse against healthcare professionals is almost non-existent. Same places where the public are directly and at least partially responsible for their access to health care. Where the professional regulator is much more limited in their role. If you or your family member have to pay for it via insurance/co-payments, you would value the service more. And in the cases of mental health issues, there are specialised services i.e. SAS schemes, both privately and publicly funded
It should also cover gratuitous complaints. There should be legal redress. The whole complaints procedure is ridiculously slanted towards patients. We should also be able to chuck patients off lists more easily.
We abase ourselves because we have to and the way the system works it makes our lives easier.
"I'm a complete idiot and you are absolutely marvellous" is our normal response and it's sickening.
quite agree with policenthieves:= the complaints system is not fit for purpose.
There should be the right to demand an apology for a malicious complaint and we should have the right to have them removed from our list. The biased complaints system is highly damaging to morale as it always seems so unfair.
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Any sprite using the default unity sprite material in the 2D sprite renderer will appear broken when it should have transparency.
In the screenshot attached, the 2 sprites on the left are using 2 different custom sprite shaders.
The one on the right is using the default shader.
The last time I uploaded a world with sprites was on Saturday. So something went wrong with vrchat inbetween then and now.
I've also tested 2 different sdks with blank projects and the results were the same.
SDKs tested on:
Also this only happens to new uploads/updated worlds.
I've also linked to the world with all 3 sprites shown in the screenshot if it makes it easier to test:
I could reproduce.
Three screen shots are:
1. Unity Editor
2. client
3. local test
Three sprites are:
Left: Built in Sprites-Default material
Center: A material with Sprites/Default shader
right: Another material with Sprites/Diffuse shader
Sprites/Diffuse could be a workaround if diffuse matches your needs.
If that's is what I think it is, this made one of my favorite features that make a world I'm working on look super trippy, and I'd like to have an option to keep it this way if possible.
@Pan Diman: just turn off alpha is transparency in import settings and it should work the same way Pan :)


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CanAlaska Uranium, Cameco begin drilling at West McArthur
Canadian junior miner CanAlaska Uranium (TSX-V:CVV) reached a milestone this week as partner Cameco Corporation (TSX: CCO; NYSE: CCJ), the world's top listed uranium producer, kick started summer drilling at the West McArthur uranium project.
Work at the asset, located immediately next to Cameco's Fox Lake uranium discovery, will be carried out by a helicopter-supported team based at Cameco's nearby majority-owned McArthur River, the world's largest high-grade uranium mine.
The company hopes West McArthur turns to be as promising as the neighbouring Fox Lake, which has reported inferred resources of around 68.1 million pounds based on 387,000 tonnes at 7.99% uranium.
"The detailed geophysical survey carried out in June by Cameco's team has now given us well defined targets in two highly prospective areas of the West McArthur property," Peter Dasler, CanaAlaska president, said in a statement.
Cameco is carrying out the current work as part of an option to earn a 60% interest in West McArthur.
"It is encouraging to see the priority that Cameco's team has given this project during challenging times," Dasler said.
Hard times indeed, as top producers including Cameco itself have closed several mines in the wake of falling prices.
The situation briefly improved early this year, when the world's largest uranium producer, Kazakhstan-based Kazatomprom, announced it was cutting output by 5.2 million pounds, equal to 3% of global production. The price rallied, hitting $26.75 a pound by mid-February.
But shortly after, Japanese utility TEPCO declared force majeure on a key uranium delivery contract from Cameco, dampening enthusiasm.
Russian state nuclear corporation Rosatom did little to buoy sentiment and early this month suspended its Mkuju River uranium project in Tanzania for at least three years due to depressed uranium market
While the commodity remains technically in a bear market, trading down more than 20% from its February peak to slightly over $20 a pound, most forecasts for uranium price are pointing up.
The positive outlooks are based partly on the fact that there are 60 new reactors currently under construction in the world, and about 170 new ones on backorder.
Additionally, Japan plans to restart at least seven of its dormant reactors this year alone. The figure may grow as high as 14 depending on inspection results.


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Pink Assymetrical Kurta with Slim Pants
This set features a muslin pink asymmetrical kurta having hand block print, sleeves are detailed with cotton mesh with embroidery. It is paired with stripe slim pants.
Style Code: A594PINK
Set of 2: Kurta + Pants
Composition: Cotton Silk, Muslin
Fit: Cut for Relaxed Fit.
Care: Dry clean only
Disclaimer : This product will be shipped to you after 15 days from the date of order placed.


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Identity Pre-Interview Report | Secretarial Role (R-5)
£67.00 (Ex. Tax)
Identity Pre-Interview report: An interview guide to support PA, Secretarial and Administrator recruitment. Includes suggested questions to probe more deeply at interview. We also provide a Candidate Feedback Reports for unsuccessful candidates.
For secretarial and administrative roles it is not just the individual's ability and technical knowledge that leads to outstanding performance. Consequently, recruiting managers need to understand the individual's preferred styles of working in three key areas:
- The individual's capacity to work effectively to influence and motivate others
- Their preferred thinking style in dealing with business information and issues
- Personal drive to make things happen
Identity, the Self-Perception Questionnaire is a leading personality questionnaire that measures these aspects extremely well. It has proven to be extremely useful in supporting interviews for secretarial and administrative roles.
The report helps recruiting managers to gain real evidence on how a candidate has demonstrated and delivered in their role. Therefore, Managers will gain real insights about what it is about the person, their approach, and what they have done, that made a difference.
In recruitment, the challenge is to assess and really understand your candidates in a short space of time. This personality report will quickly assess the candidate's overall suitability for the job. It assesses their work behaviours and personality to identify strengths and weaknesses against the role requirements. As a result, the Pre-Interview report is an ideal interview aid for PA, secretarial and administrator recruitment. The report provides:
- A quick summary of the areas that need further probing at interview
- A neat page of information for each competency area
- Identifies useful information on key areas to probe
- Behavioural interview questions that you can adapt for use at interview
The Identity Pre-Interview report is a leading interview support tool for assessing secretarial and administrative roles. Ensure that you select the right person for the role, avoiding costly mistakes.
The purchase of a Pre-interview report also includes a free Candidate Feedback Report. This can be sent to the Candidate after the recruitment has been finalised.
Key competences addressed:
- Change
- Dealing with Pressure
- Decision Making
- Influencing
- Leadership
- Motivation
- Organisation
- Team Working
- Easy to understand results to help you make informed decisions
- Helps you to probe the vital qualities required for good performance
- Quickly identify potential strengths and weaknesses
- Guides you to the key areas to probe at interview
- Provides interview questions
- No formal training required, we provide interpreted reports
- Predicts job performance
- Includes free candidate feedback report for unsuccessful candidates


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Hindko, also Panjistani, is a north western dialect of Lahnda language of the Indo-Aryan language family spoken in Northern Pakistan. Wikipedia
Traveling doesn't have to be as expensive as vacation packages suggest. We hope to arm you with the knowledge you'll need to travel the world without breaking the bank.
Please leave us suggestions, feedback, or questions using the form to the right.


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Brian Romney, DMD
Dr. Romney graduated with distinction from the University of Kentucky College of Dentistry with a Doctorate of Dental Medicine. Previously, he was a student-athlete at Cornell University as a member of the Big Red's football team where he graduated cum laude with a Bachelor of Science. Dr. Romney is an active member in the Academy for Sports Dentistry and the American Academy of Implant Dentistry. He is also a member of the American and Texas Dental Associations as well as their local Capital Area chapter. He and his wife Angela are proud parents to Rylee, Tannen, Reese and Beck.
Matthew Lassen, DMD
Dr. Lassen graduated from the University of Kentucky college of Dentistry with a Doctorate of Dental Medicine. Previous education includes a MS in Neuroscience focusing on drug and alcohol addiction, and numerous certifications in fire fighting and emergency medicine. Dr Lassen focuses his practice to rehabilitating patients with lost or missing teeth and is also an active member in the American Academy of Osseointegration as well as both the American and Texas Dental Associations. He is married with four children Max, Sam, Joe and Kit.


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Georgia. Caucasis Mountains Trekking (Svaneti, Tusheti)
Georgia. Caucasis Mountains Trekking (Svaneti, Tusheti)
On the southern side of the Caucasus Mountains towering snow-white glaciers crowning is Georgia — a beautiful country with wonderful nature and Hospitable people. This video includes a few autumn days spent in three different parts of the mountain Georgia Samtskhe-Javakheti (region Vardzia), Samegrelo (Martvili district) and Svaneti (Svaneti Ridge).
Source: Youtube


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Queens Park Cafe
Overlooking the main playgrounds of Queens Park and a hop skip and a bow from the Japanese gardens, this spacious casual eatery with dining area opening via bi-folds to a lengthy cool verandah makes a great refreshment stop for park visitors.
And while at first glance it may seem that it's an impersonal order-at-the-counter crowd-feeding affair, it's not. The menu is extensive but it's prepared with care and this extends to the service. On offer are burgers, sandwiches (including gluten free options), desserts, cooked breakfast, and, on Thursday evenings, dinner.
There's also a decent sized children's menu as well as a line-up of old-fashioned lolly jars at the counter and just outside the entrance, the family cockatoo – Cocky Goodsir – continues to entertain visitors as he has done for 28 years.


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Provo, Utah
From WilhelmWiki
Provo is the third-largest city in the U.S. state of Utah, located about 43 miles (69 km) south of Salt Lake City along the Wasatch Front. Provo is the county seat of Utah County and lies between the cities of Orem to the north and Springville to the south. With a population at the 2010 census of 112,488, Provo is the principal city in the Provo-Orem metropolitan area, which had a population of 526,810 residents at the 2010 census.


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The past couple of weeks have been crazy that I almost feel close to a breakdown. Exhaustion can't even begin to describe how I feel.
So anyway, I can now afford a slight breather and will try to catch up on my posts. Try I certainly will.
x x x
It was just the third day in Hong Kong and I could already feel that the whole trip was really just about eating. Ok, to be honest, we did do some shopping and as it was really meant to be a chillax trip, there wasn't any need to rush around. It is Hong Kong after all, not too far from home and where we had been a number of times, so again, it meant that we could just chill.
Although vacations in Hong Kong are typically about their local fare, or perhaps in recent years, the various hipster cafes not unlike those that have sprouted up in Singapore, I still like checking out the chain cafes for what they serve, which is often very much different from what we get here due to the different local food supplier they have. And by virtue of it being a holiday for me, I will tend to find what they have more interesting, as compared to what I am used to seeing day-in and out at our Starbucks or the likes.
So this is breakfast at Pacific Coffee. There are just a handful of them left here, but they are pretty much in many places all over Hong Kong. The lemon tart, with a latte and yogurt pot. You can tell how much I am into my yogurts because even while travelling, I still want to have them on a daily basis if I can. The apple crumble tart that I ordered, which was not too bad but nothing spectacular.
After this supposed first breakfast, I proceeded for a brunch of sorts. Met my cousin at Elephant Grounds' new outlet (at least to me) at Fashion Walk, which boasted proper seating and food menu. We being rather mindful of what we eat sometimes, ordered the healthy options. He ordered a rice bowl topped with greens and chicken, while I opted for a quinoa salad. Or was it cous cous, I couldn't remember. The food was pretty decent, and portion looked quite generous, however they were quite stingy on the grains. The leaves took up real estate in the large serving bowl, leaving a lot of space without much of the quinoa/cous cous, so I was left feeling half-full even after this. Hmmph. It was more like a sprinkling of grains rather than it being the main feature of the salad… -_-
But coffee is still very good! And weather that day was perfect for al fresco dining; though it was winter in Hong Kong, it didn't feel like a typical December day. The sun was out and the air was just nice and breezy with a cool feel. Of course to me, that is already considered a little cold, as usual. But to everyone else, I think the temperature is comfortable.
So because the mains we had at Elephant Grounds weren't enough to fill us up, we proceeded for desserts. A brought me to this sweet-soup shop near Times Square, called 'Cong Sau (聪嫂)', where I ordered a papaya-based dessert with white fungus, while he took an almond paste item with gingko nuts. Both were really nice, and he told me that their 'tang yuan' was good too, that I made a mental note to return the next day since it's winter solstice, time to eat 汤圆! Close-up of my choice.
After spending a few precious hours catching up with the cousin, I went to meet my friend for dinner. Yes… more eating! It seems like I'm eating non-stop…
We went to Tin Loke Lane (in the Wan Chai / Causeway Bay vicinity) for 烧腊! This was what we ordered, a set meal that included 双拼 (2 types of meat) where my friend chose roast pork and something which I couldn't quite get/remember what it was, a bowl of watercress soup, a plate of sauteed vegetables and rice. I was quite disappointed with the veggies, because I was half-expecting something like our 油菜, but apparently it wasn't so. It feels like lightly stir-fried cabbage or something.On top of that, I ordered an ala carte char siew rice, since I was really craving for some nice char siew. The char siew in Hong Kong is different from what we are used to having in Singapore, which is slightly more dry and tough to a certain extent, probably because they are roasted more thoroughly? The edges are usually a bit burnt which makes it really nice, and the colour is generally darker. The ones in Hong Kong tend to be lighter in colour and is juicier, also generally with more fat. I had to consciously cut/slice away the fats because I really don't like the feel and taste of fatty meat. No matter how nice everyone tells me they are, I just get myself to eat it. I found out later that this is also the shop that my cousin frequents when he wants to get his char siew fix, and his tip for me, "ask for 瘦叉烧". Oh I see.
Here's a close up of all that juicy goodness. I guess that's why we always see their char siew being called 密汁叉烧 because it feels juicy?
This was what my friend ordered. I had some of the roast pork too, and it is also not as tough/hard as what we have here. Ok, I don't know if the roast pork in Singapore is hard, because I don't think I have ever ordered this at any of the hawkers back home, haha! After dinner, it's time for dessert again! We headed to this 糖水 shop near our hotel, which was also where a friend brought me to once. It serves a wide variety of sweet soups and there are sometimes queues forming outside the tiny shop where patrons wait patiently (or not) for their turn to enjoy their desserts! The most popular items would probably be the 桑记莲子茶, which comes in various versions with or without hard-boiled egg, lotus seeds, etc. I should think that their black sesame paste, or whatever other paste for that matter, should be pretty good because they are made in large pots. I ordered the almond paste that was so smooth and fluid while my friend took the bestseller (or what I think should be their bestselling item). Prices here are generally a bit higher, as compared to where my cousin brought me to earlier that day anyway. At 聪嫂, it's probably less than or about HKD20 per bowl, but here, each bowl could cost more than HKD30, though to be fair, the portion here is bigger too.
And so that concludes Day 3 of eating. We did some walking too, in our attempt to walk off the bloated feeling of all the good stuff that we had in us, but I seriously think that we were not giving our stomachs and digestive systems sufficient time to rest and recuperate!


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Typhoon shares the official no walk face – that look the Hu-Dad gets when he tries to explain the rains are interfering with our regular walk.
We are getting heavy rains and will continue to get them through tomorrow. While others are worried about flooding, power outages, and other damage, we are upset our walk has been postponed. And we are masters at giving Hu-Dad guilt looks when we don't get our way.
Trying to explain to the Little Prince that the world does not revolve around him is a thankless task.


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Brenda Boyd, PhD, developed the Sweet Spot With God Framework (TM) out of her personal desire to find out if God is really real, and if He cared about her. Through her journey, she found out so much more, and she developed this blog site so she could share that journey with you.
Even though I may not know you, you need to know that I am already praying for you. The desire you have to come to terms with God is normal. What you need and what you are going through is all part of this life's journey. It has to happen. Stay with it. The reward is great. The joy is immeasurable. The peace is lasting. The blessings are just what you've been looking for. – Brenda Boyd
About Brenda Boyd
Brenda Boyd, PhD, is a speaker, author, and photographer. She writes and speaks on the topic of living with a relevant and present God. Her desire is to inspire a desire in everyone to live vibrant and colorful lives because they are loved and wanted by a good, good God. Brenda lives to spread hope that our human experience is part of something bigger.
Brenda holds a PhD in Leadership, and has education in family counseling, teaching and learning, religion, communication, and sociology. Her hobbies are photography, video-making, wood working, camping, acrylic painting, marketing and branding, and writing.
She is a self-proclaimed "pet-person" and is the dog- and cat-mom to two rescued dogs (Bayleigh and Gracie), and three cats (Dude, Charlie, and Emily). Brenda is married and lives in Murrieta, California, near San Diego. She is a proud aunt, sister, and daughter.


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Cal Crutchlow has admitted he does not know if he will be able to race in this weekend's Misano MotoGP round after sustaining a finger injury using a knife.
The LCR Honda rider sliced his left index finger while cutting parmesan cheese earlier this week, requiring him to undergo surgery to reattach a severed tendon.
Sporting a custom-made splint, Crutchlow rode a motorcycle during a promotional event organised by LCR sponsor Castrol at the Barcelona circuit on Wednesday.
But, speaking on Thursday at Misano, he conceded he was unsure whether he would be able to ride his MotoGP bike normally.
"Honestly, I don't know if I can ride," Crutchlow said. "It's fucking painful.
"I'll have to try and ride and see what we can do.
"I rode on Wednesday, but cruising around in Barcelona. I did five laps, that's it.
"In everyday life, it's OK. Trying to ride one of these things, it's going to be difficult.
"I think it'll be tough. It's going to be uncomfortable, how I can manage the situation.
"I'm not allowed to bend my finger, because the tendon has been reattached.
"It has to stay like that for one month, or else the internal stitches will just break."
Crutchlow added that his finger injury will inevitably affect the way he grips the handlebar of his Honda, something he expects to cause him discomfort.
"In the old two-stroke days, you have to ride with your finger on the clutch," he explained.
"I can do it that way, I've tried it, but it's not comfortable.
"I will have my hand down, like normal, I just won't be able to bend my finger.
"It's that finger you don't keep on the handlebar. So now I have to keep that finger on the bar, and grip with three fingers."