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Notion of an 'event horizon', from which nothing can escape, is incompatible with quantum theory, physicist claims. Most physicists foolhardy enough to write a paper claiming that "there are no black holes" — at least not in the sense we usually imagine — would probably be dismissed as cranks. But when the call to redefine these cosmic crunchers comes from Stephen Hawking, it's worth taking notice. In a paper posted online, the physicist, based at the University of Cambridge, UK, and one of the creators of modern black-hole theory, does away with the notion of an event horizon, the invisible boundary thought to shroud every black hole, beyond which nothing, not even light, can escape. In its stead, Hawking's radical proposal is a much more benign "apparent horizon", which only temporarily holds matter and energy prisoner before eventually releasing them, albeit in a more garbled form. "There is no escape from a black hole in classical theory," Hawking told Nature. Quantum theory, however, "enables energy and information to escape from a black hole". A full explanation of the process, the physicist admits, would require a theory that successfully merges gravity with the other fundamental forces of nature. But that is a goal that has eluded physicists for nearly a century. "The correct treatment," Hawking says, "remains a mystery." Hawking posted his paper on the arXiv preprint server on 22 January1. He titled it, whimsically, 'Information preservation and weather forecasting for black holes', and it has yet to pass peer review. The paper was based on a talk he gave via Skype at a meeting at the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics in Santa Barbara, California, in August 2013 (watch video of the talk). Fire fighting Hawking's new work is an attempt to solve what is known as the black-hole firewall paradox, which has been vexing physicists for almost two years, after it was discovered by theoretical physicist Joseph Polchinski of the Kavli Institute and his colleagues (see 'Astrophysics: Fire in the hole!'). In a thought experiment, the researchers asked what would happen to an astronaut unlucky enough to fall into a black hole. Event horizons are mathematically simple consequences of Einstein's general theory of relativity that were first pointed out by the German astronomer Karl Schwarzschild in a letter he wrote to Einstein in late 1915, less than a month after the publication of the theory. In that picture, physicists had long assumed, the astronaut would happily pass through the event horizon, unaware of his or her impending doom, before gradually being pulled inwards — stretched out along the way, like spaghetti — and eventually crushed at the 'singularity', the black hole's hypothetical infinitely dense core. But on analysing the situation in detail, Polchinski's team came to the startling realization that the laws of quantum mechanics, which govern particles on small scales, change the situation completely. Quantum theory, they said, dictates that the event horizon must actually be transformed into a highly energetic region, or 'firewall', that would burn the astronaut to a crisp.This was alarming because, although the firewall obeyed quantum rules, it flouted Einstein's general theory of relativity. According to that theory, someone in free fall should perceive the laws of physics as being identical everywhere in the Universe — whether they are falling into a black hole or floating in empty intergalactic space. As far as Einstein is concerned, the event horizon should be an unremarkable place. Beyond the horizon Now Hawking proposes a third, tantalizingly simple, option. Quantum mechanics and general relativity remain intact, but black holes simply do not have an event horizon to catch fire. The key to his claim is that quantum effects around the black hole cause space-time to fluctuate too wildly for a sharp boundary surface to exist.In place of the event horizon, Hawking invokes an "apparent horizon", a surface along which light rays attempting to rush away from the black hole's core will be suspended. In general relativity, for an unchanging black hole, these two horizons are identical, because light trying to escape from inside a black hole can reach only as far as the event horizon and will be held there, as though stuck on a treadmill. However, the two horizons can, in principle, be distinguished. If more matter gets swallowed by the black hole, its event horizon will swell and grow larger than the apparent horizon.Conversely, in the 1970s, Hawking also showed that black holes can slowly shrink, spewing out 'Hawking radiation'. In that case, the event horizon would, in theory, become smaller than the apparent horizon. Hawking's new suggestion is that the apparent horizon is the real boundary. "The absence of event horizons means that there are no black holes — in the sense of regimes from which light can't escape to infinity," Hawking writes."The picture Hawking gives sounds reasonable," says Don Page, a physicist and expert on black holes at the University of Alberta in Edmonton, Canada, who collaborated with Hawking in the 1970s. "You could say that it is radical to propose there's no event horizon. But these are highly quantum conditions, and there's ambiguity about what space-time even is, let alone whether there is a definite region that can be marked as an event horizon."Although Page accepts Hawking's proposal that a black hole could exist without an event horizon, he questions whether that alone is enough to get past the firewall paradox. The presence of even an ephemeral apparent horizon, he cautions, could well cause the same problems as does an event horizon.Unlike the event horizon, the apparent horizon can eventually dissolve. Page notes that Hawking is opening the door to a scenario so extreme "that anything in principle can get out of a black hole". Although Hawking does not specify in his paper exactly how an apparent horizon would disappear, Page speculates that when it has shrunk to a certain size, at which the effects of both quantum mechanics and gravity combine, it is plausible that it could vanish. At that point, whatever was once trapped within the black hole would be released (although not in good shape).If Hawking is correct, there could even be no singularity at the core of the black hole. Instead, matter would be only temporarily held behind the apparent horizon, which would gradually move inward owing to the pull of the black hole, but would never quite crunch down to the centre. Information about this matter would not destroyed, but would be highly scrambled so that, as it is released through Hawking radiation, it would be in a vastly different form, making it almost impossible to work out what the swallowed objects once were."It would be worse than trying to reconstruct a book that you burned from its ashes," says Page. In his paper, Hawking compares it to trying to forecast the weather ahead of time: in theory it is possible, but in practice it is too difficult to do with much accuracy.Polchinski, however, is sceptical that black holes without an event horizon could exist in nature. The kind of violent fluctuations needed to erase it are too rare in the Universe, he says. "In Einstein's gravity, the black-hole horizon is not so different from any other part of space," says Polchinski. "We never see space-time fluctuate in our own neighbourhood: it is just too rare on large scales."Raphael Bousso, a theoretical physicist at the University of California, Berkeley, and a former student of Hawking's, says that this latest contribution highlights how "abhorrent" physicists find the potential existence of firewalls. However, he is also cautious about Hawking's solution. "The idea that there are no points from which you cannot escape a black hole is in some ways an even more radical and problematic suggestion than the existence of firewalls," he says. "But the fact that we're still discussing such questions 40 years after Hawking's first papers on black holes and information is testament to their enormous significance." Nature doi:10.1038/nature.2014.14583 References Hawking, S. W. Preprint at http://arxiv.org/abs/1401.5761 (2014).
My goal is simple. It is a complete understanding of the Universe, why it is as it is and why it exists at all." -Stephen Hawking
Born inside black holes, "Planck stars" could explain one of astrophysics' biggest mysteries and may already have been observed by orbiting gamma ray telescopes, say cosmologists Black holes have fascinated scientists and the public alike for decades. There is special appeal in the idea that the universe contains regions of space so dense that light itself cannot escape and so extreme that the laws of physics no longer apply. What secrets can these extraordinary objects hide?Today, we get an answer thanks to the work of Carlo Rovelli at the University of Toulon in France, and Francesca Vidotto at Radboud University in the Netherlands. These guys say that inside every black hole is the ghostly, quantum remains of the star from which it formed. And that these stars can later emerge as the black hole evaporates.Rovelli and Vidotto call these objects "Planck stars" and say they could solve one of the most important questions in astrophysics. What's more, evidence for the existence of Planck stars may be readily available, simply by looking to the heavens.Black holes arise naturally from Einstein's theory of general relativity which predicts that gravity influences the trajectory of photons moving through space. Indeed, when gravity is strong enough, light shouldn't be able to escape at all. That region is then a black hole.Astrophysicists have long believed that black holes form when stars a little bigger than the Sun run out of fuel. No longer supported by thermal energy, the star collapses under its own weight to form a black hole. Since there is no known force that can stop this collapse, astrophysicists have always assumed that it eventually forms a singularity, a region of space that is infinitely dense.But this has never been entirely satisfactory. The laws of physics break down in a region of infinite density, leaving physicists scratching their heads over what must be going on inside a black hole.Even worse, many physicists believe black holes slowly evaporate and disappear. That raises problems because the information that describes an object must fully determine its future and be fully derivable from its past, at least in principle. But if black holes disappear, what happens to this information?Nobody knows, a problem known as the "information paradox" and one of the hottest mysteries in astrophysics.Now Rovelli and Vidotto have the answer. They begin by revisiting some ideas about what might happen should the universe end in a big crunch, the opposite of a big bang. Their key insight is that quantum gravitational effects prevent the universe from collapsing to infinite density. Instead, the universe "bounces" when the energy density of matter reaches the Planck scale, the smallest possible size in physics.That's hugely significant. "The bounce does not happen when the universe is of planckian size, as was previously expected; it happens when the matter energy density reaches the Planck density," they say. In other words, quantum gravity could become relevant when the volume of the universe is some 75 orders of magnitude larger than the Planck volume.Rovelli and Vidotto say the same reasoning can be applied to a black hole. Instead of forming a singularity, the collapse of a star is eventually stopped by the same quantum pressure, a force that is similar to the one that prevents an electron falling into the nucleus of an atom. "We call a star in this phase a "Planck star"," they say.Planck stars would be small— stellar-mass black hole would form a Planck star about 10^-10 centimetres in diameter. But that's still some 30 orders of magnitude larger than the Planck length.An interesting question is whether these Planck stars would be stable throughout the life of the black hole that surrounds them. Rovelli and Vidotto have a fascinating answer. They say that the lifetime of a Planck star is extremely short, about the length of time it takes for light to travel across it.But to an outside observer, Planck stars would appear to exist much longer. That's because time slows down near high-density masses. For such an observer , a Planck star would last just as long as its parent black hole.It then becomes possible for the black hole to interact with the Planck star it contains. Rovelli and Vidotto point out that as the black hole evaporates and shrinks, its boundary will eventually meet that of the Planck star as it expands after the bounce. "At this point there is no horizon any more and all information trapped inside can escape," they say.That immediately solves the information paradox. The information isn't lost or trapped inside an unimaginably small region of space but eventually re-emitted into the universe.There's yet another exciting consequence of these ideas. Rovelli and Vidotto say this release of information would generate radiation with a wavelength of about 10^-14 cm. In other words, gamma rays.The universe is filled with a foggy background of gamma rays that astrophysicists have already observed in considerable detail with orbiting telescopes. Could it be that they have already detected the signature of Planck stars releasing their information into the cosmos?There will certainly be no shortage of astrophysicists willing to comb through the data to find out. Worth watching in the near future.Ref: http://arxiv.org/abs/1401.6562 : Planck Stars
A team led by astronomers at The Australian National University has discovered the oldest known star in the Universe, which formed shortly after the Big Bang 13.7 billion years ago.The discovery has allowed astronomers for the first time to study the chemistry of the first stars, giving scientists a clearer idea of what the Universe was like in its infancy."This is the first time that we've been able to unambiguously say that we've found the chemical fingerprint of a first star," said lead researcher, Dr Stefan Keller of the ANU Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics."This is one of the first steps in understanding what those first stars were like. What this star has enabled us to do is record the fingerprint of those first stars."The star was discovered using the ANU SkyMapper telescope at the Siding Spring Observatory, which is searching for ancient stars as it conducts a five-year project to produce the first digital map the southern sky.The ancient star is around 6,000 light years from Earth, which Dr Keller says is relatively close in astronomical terms. It is one of the 60 million stars photographed by SkyMapper in its first year."The stars we are finding number one in a million," says team member Professor Mike Bessell, who worked with Keller on the research."Finding such needles in a haystack is possible thanks to the ANU SkyMapper telescope that is unique in its ability to find stars with low iron from their colour."Dr Keller and Professor Bessell confirmed the discovery using the Magellan telescope in Chile.The composition of the newly discovered star shows it formed in the wake of a primordial star, which had a mass 60 times that of our Sun."To make a star like our Sun, you take the basic ingredients of hydrogen and helium from the Big Bang and add an enormous amount of iron – the equivalent of about 1,000 times the Earth's mass," Dr Keller says."To make this ancient star, you need no more than an Australia-sized asteroid of iron and lots of carbon. It's a very different recipe that tells us a lot about the nature of the first stars and how they died."Dr Keller says it was previously thought that primordial stars died in extremely violent explosions which polluted huge volumes of space with iron. But the ancient star shows signs of pollution with lighter elements such as carbon and magnesium, and no sign of pollution with iron."This indicates the primordial star's supernova explosion was of surprisingly low energy. Although sufficient to disintegrate the primordial star, almost all of the heavy elements such as iron, were consumed by a black hole that formed at the heart of the explosion," he says.The result may resolve a long-standing discrepancy between observations and predictions of the Big Bang.The discovery was published in the latest edition of the journal Nature.
QuoteIt could be time to bid the Big Bang bye-bye. Cosmologists have speculated that the Universe formed from the debris ejected when a four-dimensional star collapsed into a black hole — a scenario that would help to explain why the cosmos seems to be so uniform in all directions.
It could be time to bid the Big Bang bye-bye. Cosmologists have speculated that the Universe formed from the debris ejected when a four-dimensional star collapsed into a black hole — a scenario that would help to explain why the cosmos seems to be so uniform in all directions.
For the first time, scientists have found direct evidence of the expansion of the universe, a previously theoretical event that took place a fraction of a second after the Big Bang explosion nearly 14 billion years ago. The clue is encoded in the primordial cosmic microwave background radiation that continues to spread through space to this day.Scientists found and measured a key polarization, or orientation, of the microwaves caused by gravitational waves, which are miniature ripples in the fabric of space.Gravitational waves, proposed by Albert Einstein's General Theory of Relativity nearly 100 years ago but never before proven, are believed to have originated in the Big Bang explosion and then been amplified by the universe's inflation."This detection is cosmology's missing link," physicist Marc Kamionkowski, at Johns Hopkins University, told reporters during a webcast press conference on Monday."It's something that we thought should be there, but we weren't really sure. It has been eagerly sought now for close to two decades," he said.Because gravitational waves squeeze space as they travel, they imprint a specific pattern in the cosmic microwave background. Like light waves, gravitational waves have "handedness" that correlates to left- and right-skewed polarizations.ANALYSIS: Big Bang, Inflation, Gravitational Waves: What It MeansUsing a special telescope located at the South Pole, scientists not only detected gravitational waves in the universe's fossil radiation; they also found that the telltale polarization signals are much stronger than expected."This has been like looking for a needle in a haystack, but instead we found a crowbar," team co-leader Clem Pryke, with the University of Minnesota, said in a press release.In addition to providing the first direct evidence of the universe's inflation, the measurements can be used to date the process and determine how much energy it took."This is not something that's just a home run, but a grand slam. It's the smoking gun for inflation. It hints at unification of the fundamental forces at energies 10 trillions of times higher than those accessible at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN," Kamionkowski said.Computer models indicate that the universe expanded by 100 trillion trillion times in .0000000000000000000000000000000001 (10 to the minus-34) seconds after the Big Bang explosion 13.8 billion years ago.The telescope used to detect the gravitational waves is called Bicep, short for Background Imaging of Cosmic Extragalactic Polarization."These results are as extraordinary as they get, and they will require the most extraordinary scrutiny," Kamionkowski said."If these results hold up … then we've learned only that inflation has sent us a telegram, encoded on gravitational waves and transcribed on the cosmic microwave background sky. It will be essential in the years to come to follow through with more detailed and precise measurements to infer fully what this telegram is telling us," he added.
[/size]Earlier this year,[/size] [/size][color=rgb(0, 51, 153) !important]Stephen Hawking revised his theory of black holes[/color][/font][/size] [/size]to state that the "event horizon" which is a point of no return for everything—including light—cannot exist because it goes against everything that is known about information preservation in quantum physics. However, there were still some unresolved issues with Hawking's theory; issues which Chris Adami from Michigan State University claims to have resolved. The results of this study have been published in an open access format in the journal[/size] [/size][/color][color=rgb(0, 51, 153) !important]Classical and Quantum Gravity[/color][/size].[/size]Nearly 40 years ago, Hawking proposed a radiation that is emitted from black holes, now known as Hawking radiation. The radiation was believed to slowly evaporate the black hole and then disappear, effectively eliminating it and everything that has ever entered the black hole.[/size]Unfortunately, this creates an information paradox and does not agree with any known law of physics. If this were true, it would mean that the Universe itself was fundamentally unpredictable. If it doesn't disappear, then where does the information go? Adami's groundbreaking new study incorporates all of Hawking's original calculations and combines them with what is now known about quantum systems. [/size]The missing link, it seems, was the radiation's stimulated emission. This process was first described by Albert Einstein in 1917: when a photon hits an electron, the electron can be forced from the excited state down to the ground state and that energy difference manifests as another photon. Essentially, it works like a copy machine: one photon in, two photons out. This is the same principle that allows us to have Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation; more commonly known as laser. Before light is drawn into the black hole, Adami determined, a copy is made that does not get destroyed. Thus, the information is preserved.[/size]Though it will take some time for other scientists to check over the math and verify Adami's work, it has already received some support. Paul Davies, a theoretical physicist from Arizona State University agrees with the conclusion. "In my view Chris Adami has correctly identified the solution to the so-called black hole information paradox," Davies said in a press release. "Ironically, it has been hiding in plain sight for years. Hawking's famous black hole radiation is an example of so-called spontaneous emission of radiation, but it is only part of the story. There must also be the possibility of stimulated emission – the process that puts the S in LASER."[/size]According to Adami: "Stephen Hawking's wonderful theory is now complete in my opinion. The hole in the black hole theory is plugged, and I can now sleep at night."
Scientists have been analyzing high-energy gamma rays originating from the center of the Milky Way and have presented the most convincing case so far that at least some of this may come from dark matter.Dark matter is a type of matter that is thought to account for apparent effects due to mass where no mass can be observed. It behaves differently to normal matter, such as planets and stars, which only accounts for approximately 5% of the universe. It neither emits nor absorbs light or other forms of electromagnetic energy, so a simple definition is that it is matter that does not react to light. The total mass-energy of the known universe is estimated to contain approximately 27% dark matter.Using data collected from NASA's Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, scientists from different institutions generated maps of the center of the galaxy. They found that some of the high-energy gamma rays could not be sufficiently explained by known sources. There are numerous known sources of gamma-rays in the center of the galaxy, such as supernova remnants, but it is also predicted to be rich in dark matter. Although scientists know dark matter exists, they are not entirely sure of what it is composed of. Weakly Interacting Massive Particles, or WIMPs, are a strong candidate. It is thought that collision of WIMPs may produce a quickly decaying particle, which could produce gamma rays detectable by Fermi.Once they removed all the known sources of gamma rays from the Fermi observations, some emission was leftover. If dark matter particles with a particular mass are destroying each other, this would be a remarkable fit for the remaining emission. Despite this, the scientists err on the side of caution since alternative sources may still exist. Further sightings are also required to make this interpretation more convincing.The Fermi scientists have also turned elsewhere in an attempt to detect dark matter by looking at dwarf galaxies orbiting the Milky Way. Dwarf galaxies are rich in dark matter and lack other types of gamma-ray sources present in the center of the Milky Way which make detection of dark matter problematic. On the flip side, their distance from us and the fact that the dark matter present is still considerably less than that in the center of the Milky Way means that the signals are weak. But according to Elliott Bloom, a member of the Fermi collaboration, "If we ultimately see a significant signal, it could be a very strong confirmation of the dark matter signal claimed in the galactic center."While at this stage the signal cannot be confirmed or refuted as dark matter, it represents an exciting step towards the detection of dark matter at the galactic center.
Physicists aren't afraid of thinking big, but what happens when you think too big?This philosophical question overlaps with real physics when hypothesizing what lies beyond the boundary of our observable universe. The problem with trying to apply science to something that may or may not exist beyond our physical realm is that it gets a little foggy as to how we could scientifically test it.A leading hypothesis to come from cosmic inflation theory and advanced theoretical studies — centering around the superstring hypothesis — is that of the multiverse, an idea that scientists have had a hard time in testing.In its most basic sense, the multiverse is a collection of universes popping in and out of existence, bustling around in a foamy mess, embedded in a vacuum of non-zero energy. Through quantum fluctuations, universes are born while others die — each universe taking on different forms and different kinds of physics.But, if the multiverse hypothesis has any shred of reality behind it, how can scientists prove (or at least gather some observational evidence) that we exist inside one of an infinite ocean of universes?This question is a tough one for scientists as many critics will argue that the multiverse hypothesis is nothing more than metaphysics, or a philosophical discussion. We are forever cocooned inside our universal 'bubble' and can therefore never experience what is going on 'outside' — if, indeed, there is an outside -- so what's the point in thinking about it?But in a thought-provoking news release from the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, in Ontario, Canada, theoretical physicists are working hard to marry the multiverse with observational science collected from the furthest-most frontiers of the Cosmos."We're trying to find out what the testable predictions of (the multiverse) would be, and then going out and looking for them," said Matthew Johnson of the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics.If the multiverse is real, it stands to reason that, in this rampaging mess of neighboring universal "bubbles," there should be frequent collisions, much like the jostling balls in a ball pit. Johnson's team has specifically set out to look for observational evidence of neighboring universes colliding with our own, thereby supplying some hint of observational evidence that we may have universal neighbors.But to do this, Johnson must model the entire Universe."We start with a multiverse that has two bubbles in it, we collide the bubbles on a computer to figure out what happens, and then we stick a virtual observer in various places and ask what that observer would see from there," said Johnson."Simulating the universe is easy."Although you have to admire his can-do attitude, the team aren't simulating every atom, star or galaxy in the Universe; in fact, the computer simulation only models the largest scale structures and forces. "All I need is gravity and the stuff that makes these bubbles up. We're now at the point where if you have a favorite model of the multiverse, I can stick it on a computer and tell you what you should see," he said.This is where, according to the researchers, their work is so important if we are to understand what is going on in the regions beyond our Universe.For example, if we consider a collision-filled multiverse, Jonson's model predicts that observations of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation should exhibit rings, or 'bruises', where next-door universes are pushing against ours. The CMB is the ubiquitous (yet very faint) 'echo' of the Big Bang that can be seen at the most distant reaches of the Universe. If there's some interaction with universal bubbles (as some multiverse hypotheses suggest), these circular bruises should be present in the CMB signal – -representing distortions in the outermost edge of our 'bubble.'Through a brief analysis of CMB maps of the entire sky, it appears that these circular rings are not present, potentially disproving a multiverse filled with colliding universes. Or it at least suggests the collisions aren't happening now — perhaps the multiverse is in some quiescent state?As pointed out by the Institute press release, this research isn't setting out to prove whether or not the multiverse exists, it's merely identifying possible observational cues that we could look out for. And this pulls extra-universal studies into a scientific endeavor rather than leaving it in a metaphysical funk.
Black holes have long captured the public imagination and been the subject of popular culture, from Star Trek to Hollywood. They are the ultimate unknown – the blackest and most dense objects in the universe that do not even let light escape. And as if they weren't bizarre enough to begin with, now add this to the mix: they don't exist.By merging two seemingly conflicting theories, Laura Mersini-Houghton, a physics professor at UNC-Chapel Hill in the College of Arts and Sciences, has proven, mathematically, that black holes can never come into being in the first place. The work not only forces scientists to reimagine the fabric of space-time, but also rethink the origins of the universe."I'm still not over the shock," said Mersini-Houghton. "We've been studying this problem for a more than 50 years and this solution gives us a lot to think about."For decades, black holes were thought to form when a massive star collapses under its own gravity to a single point in space – imagine the Earth being squished into a ball the size of a peanut – called a singularity. So the story went, an invisible membrane known as the event horizon surrounds the singularity and crossing this horizon means that you could never cross back. It's the point where a black hole's gravitational pull is so strong that nothing can escape it.The reason black holes are so bizarre is that it pits two fundamental theories of the universe against each other. Einstein's theory of gravity predicts the formation of black holes but a fundamental law of quantum theory states that no information from the universe can ever disappear. Efforts to combine these two theories lead to mathematical nonsense, and became known as the information loss paradox.In 1974, Stephen Hawking used quantum mechanics to show that black holes emit radiation. Since then, scientists have detected fingerprints in the cosmos that are consistent with this radiation, identifying an ever-increasing list of the universe's black holes.But now Mersini-Houghton describes an entirely new scenario. She and Hawking both agree that as a star collapses under its own gravity, it produces Hawking radiation. However, in her new work, Mersini-Houghton shows that by giving off this radiation, the star also sheds mass. So much so that as it shrinks it no longer has the density to become a black hole.Before a black hole can form, the dying star swells one last time and then explodes. A singularity never forms and neither does an event horizon. The take home message of her work is clear: there is no such thing as a black hole.The paper, which was recently submitted to ArXiv, an online repository of physics papers that is not peer-reviewed, offers exact numerical solutions to this problem and was done in collaboration with Harald Peiffer, an expert on numerical relativity at the University of Toronto. An earlier paper, by Mersini-Houghton, originally submitted to ArXiv in June, was published in the journal Physics Letters B, and offers approximate solutions to the problem.Experimental evidence may one day provide physical proof as to whether or not black holes exist in the universe. But for now, Mersini-Houghton says the mathematics are conclusive.Many physicists and astronomers believe that our universe originated from a singularity that began expanding with the Big Bang. However, if singularities do not exist, then physicists have to rethink their ideas of the Big Bang and whether it ever happened."Physicists have been trying to merge these two theories – Einstein's theory of gravity and quantum mechanics – for decades, but this scenario brings these two theories together, into harmony," said Mersini-Houghton. "And that's a big deal."
Cosmologists assume that natural quantum fluctuations allowed the Big Bang to happen spontaneously. Now they have a mathematical proof
Welcome to HL Tauri — a star system that is just being born and the target of one of the most mind-blowing astronomical observations ever made.Observed by the powerful Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) in Chile, this is the most detailed view of the proto-planetary disk surrounding a young star 450 light-years away. And those concentric rings cutting through the glowing gas and dust? Those, my friends, are tracks etched out by planets being spawned inside the disk.PHOTOS: Monster Desert Telescope Construction CompleteIn short, this is the mother of all embryonic star system ultrasounds. But this dazzling new observation is so much more — it's a portal into our solar system's past, showing us what our system of planets around a young sun may have looked like over 4 billion years ago. And this is awesome, because it proves that our theoretical understanding about the evolution of planetary systems is correct.However, there are some surprises."These features are almost certainly the result of young planet-like bodies that are being formed in the disc. This is surprising since such young stars are not expected to have large planetary bodies capable of producing the structures we see in this image," said Stuartt Corder, ALMA Deputy Director.NEWS: It's Always a Windy Day Around This Baby Star"When we first saw this image we were astounded at the spectacular level of detail," said Catherine Vlahakis, ALMA Deputy Program Scientist. "HL Tauri is no more than a million years old, yet already its disc appears to be full of forming planets. This one image alone will revolutionize theories of planet formation."After a star sparks to life from the gravitational collapse of a star-forming nebula, the leftover gas and dust will collect around the star, creating a disk. Conventional theory suggests that, over time, the disk cools and small particles begin to accrete, forming small pebbles, then asteroids, then planetesimals and, eventually, planets.PHOTOS: ALMA: New Jewel of the Atacama DesertAs these embryonic planetary bodies orbit the star, they clear a track in the remaining disk of dust, 'vacuuming' up the remaining debris with their increasing gravitational dominance, continuing to bulk up their mass.And this is exactly what we are seeing here. HL Tauri has a protoplanetary disk that is being populated with planets carving out their individual orbital paths. Eventually, the majority of the dust in HL Tauri will be consumed by the growing population of asteroids and planets, maturing into a stable star system like ours. However, the star system seems to be growing up fast, a puzzle that astronomers will no doubt be trying to understand for some time to come.ALMA is nearing completion and this is the first precision observation in it's near-fully commissioned configuration. Using the technique of long-baseline interferometry, ALMA is composed of many individual antennae spread over a large area. The distance between the antennae mimics one large antenna spread over a huge area. ALMA can therefore beat the precision of any other observatory on Earth or even in space, including Hubble.PHOTOS: The Most Mind-Blowing Space Spirals"The logistics and infrastructure required to place antennas at such distant locations required an unprecedented coordinated effort by an expert international team of engineers and scientists," said ALMA Director Pierre Cox. "These long baselines fulfill one of ALMA's major objectives and mark an impressive technological, scientific and engineering milestone.""Most of what we know about planet formation today is based on theory," added Tim de Zeeuw, Director General of the European Southern Observatory. "Images with this level of detail have up to now been relegated to computer simulations or artist's impressions. This high resolution image of HL Tauri demonstrates what ALMA can achieve when it operates in its largest configuration and starts a new era in our exploration of the formation of stars and planets."
The universe may be a lonelier place than previously thought. Of the estimated 100 billion galaxies in the observable universe, only one in 10 can support complex life like that on Earth, a pair of astrophysicists argues. Everywhere else, stellar explosions known as gamma ray bursts would regularly wipe out any life forms more elaborate than microbes. The detonations also kept the universe lifeless for billions of years after the big bang, the researchers say."It's kind of surprising that we can have life only in 10% of galaxies and only after 5 billion years," says Brian Thomas, a physicist at Washburn University in Topeka who was not involved in the work. But "my overall impression is that they are probably right" within the uncertainties in a key parameter in the analysis.Scientists have long mused over whether a gamma ray burst could harm Earth. The bursts were discovered in 1967 by satellites designed to spot nuclear weapons tests and now turn up at a rate of about one a day. They come in two types. Short gamma ray bursts last less than a second or two; they most likely occur when two neutron stars or black holes spiral into each other. Long gamma ray bursts last for tens of seconds and occur when massive stars burn out, collapse, and explode. They are rarer than the short ones but release roughly 100 times as much energy. A long burst can outshine the rest of the universe in gamma rays, which are highly energetic photons.That seconds-long flash of radiation itself wouldn't blast away life on a nearby planet. Rather, if the explosion were close enough, the gamma rays would set off a chain of chemical reactions that would destroy the ozone layer in a planet's atmosphere. With that protective gas gone, deadly ultraviolet radiation from a planet's sun would rain down for months or years—long enough to cause a mass die-off.How likely is that to happen? Tsvi Piran, a theoretical astrophysicist at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and Raul Jimenez, a theoretical astrophysicist at the University of Barcelona in Spain, explore that apocalyptic scenario in a paper in press at Physical Review Letters.Astrophysicists once thought gamma ray bursts would be most common in regions of galaxies where stars are forming rapidly from gas clouds. But recent data show that the picture is more complex: Long bursts occur mainly in star-forming regions with relatively low levels of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium—low in "metallicity," in astronomers' jargon.Using the average metallicity and the rough distribution of stars in our Milky Way galaxy, Piran and Jimenez estimate the rates for long and short bursts across the galaxy. They find that the more-energetic long bursts are the real killers and that the chance Earth has been exposed to a lethal blast in the past billion years is about 50%. Some astrophysicists have suggested a gamma ray burst may have caused the Ordovician extinction, a global cataclysm about 450 million years ago that wiped out 80% of Earth's species, Piran notes.The researchers then estimate how badly a planet would get fried in different parts of the galaxy. The sheer density of stars in the middle of the galaxy ensures that planets within about 6500 light-years of the galactic center have a greater than 95% chance of having suffered a lethal gamma ray blast in the last billion years, they find. Generally, they conclude, life is possible only in the outer regions of large galaxies. (Our own solar system is about 27,000 light-years from the center.)Things are even bleaker in other galaxies, the researchers report. Compared with the Milky Way, most galaxies are small and low in metallicity. As a result, 90% of them should have too many long gamma ray bursts to sustain life, they argue. What's more, for about 5 billion years after the big bang, all galaxies were like that, so long gamma ray bursts would have made life impossible anywhere.But are 90% of the galaxies barren? That may be going too far, Thomas says. The radiation exposures Piran and Jimenez talk about would do great damage, but they likely wouldn't snuff out every microbe, he contends. "Completely wiping out life?" he says. "Maybe not." But Piran says the real issue is the existence of life with the potential for intelligence. "It's almost certain that bacteria and lower forms of life could survive such an event," he acknowledges. "But [for more complex life] it would be like hitting a reset button. You'd have to start over from scratch."The analysis could have practical implications for the search for life on other planets, Piran says. For decades, scientists with the SETI Institute in Mountain View, California, have used radio telescopes to search for signals from intelligent life on planets around distant stars. But SETI researchers are looking mostly toward the center of the Milky Way, where the stars are more abundant, Piran says. That's precisely where gamma ray bursts may make intelligent life impossible, he says: "We are saying maybe you should look in the exact opposite direction."
(Phys.org) —The universe may have existed forever, according to a new model that applies quantum correction terms to complement Einstein's theory of general relativity. The model may also account for dark matter and dark energy, resolving multiple problems at once.The widely accepted age of the universe, as estimated by general relativity, is 13.8 billion years. In the beginning, everything in existence is thought to have occupied a single infinitely dense point, or singularity. Only after this point began to expand in a "Big Bang" did the universe officially begin.Although the Big Bang singularity arises directly and unavoidably from the mathematics of general relativity, some scientists see it as problematic because the math can explain only what happened immediately after—not at or before—the singularity."The Big Bang singularity is the most serious problem of general relativity because the laws of physics appear to break down there," Ahmed Farag Ali at Benha University and the Zewail City of Science and Technology, both in Egypt, told Phys.org.Ali and coauthor Saurya Das at the University of Lethbridge in Alberta, Canada, have shown in a paper published in Physics Letters B that the Big Bang singularity can be resolved by their new model in which the universe has no beginning and no end.Old ideas revisitedThe physicists emphasize that their quantum correction terms are not applied ad hoc in an attempt to specifically eliminate the Big Bang singularity. Their work is based on ideas by the theoretical physicist David Bohm, who is also known for his contributions to the philosophy of physics. Starting in the 1950s, Bohm explored replacing classical geodesics (the shortest path between two points on a curved surface) with quantum trajectories.In their paper, Ali and Das applied these Bohmian trajectories to an equation developed in the 1950s by physicist Amal Kumar Raychaudhuri at Presidency University in Kolkata, India. Raychaudhuri was also Das's teacher when he was an undergraduate student of that institution in the '90s.Using the quantum-corrected Raychaudhuri equation, Ali and Das derived quantum-corrected Friedmann equations, which describe the expansion and evolution of universe (including the Big Bang) within the context of general relativity. Although it's not a true theory of quantum gravity, the model does contain elements from both quantum theory and general relativity. Ali and Das also expect their results to hold even if and when a full theory of quantum gravity is formulated.No singularities nor dark stuffIn addition to not predicting a Big Bang singularity, the new model does not predict a "big crunch" singularity, either. In general relativity, one possible fate of the universe is that it starts to shrink until it collapses in on itself in a big crunch and becomes an infinitely dense point once again.Ali and Das explain in their paper that their model avoids singularities because of a key difference between classical geodesics and Bohmian trajectories. Classical geodesics eventually cross each other, and the points at which they converge are singularities. In contrast, Bohmian trajectories never cross each other, so singularities do not appear in the equations.In cosmological terms, the scientists explain that the quantum corrections can be thought of as a cosmological constant term (without the need for dark energy) and a radiation term. These terms keep the universe at a finite size, and therefore give it an infinite age. The terms also make predictions that agree closely with current observations of the cosmological constant and density of the universe.New gravity particleIn physical terms, the model describes the universe as being filled with a quantum fluid. The scientists propose that this fluid might be composed of gravitons—hypothetical massless particles that mediate the force of gravity. If they exist, gravitons are thought to play a key role in a theory of quantum gravity.In a related paper, Das and another collaborator, Rajat Bhaduri of McMaster University, Canada, have lent further credence to this model. They show that gravitons can form a Bose-Einstein condensate (named after Einstein and another Indian physicist, Satyendranath Bose) at temperatures that were present in the universe at all epochs.Motivated by the model's potential to resolve the Big Bang singularity and account for dark matter and dark energy, the physicists plan to analyze their model more rigorously in the future. Their future work includes redoing their study while taking into account small inhomogeneous and anisotropic perturbations, but they do not expect small perturbations to significantly affect the results."It is satisfying to note that such straightforward corrections can potentially resolve so many issues at once," Das said.Explore further: Did the universe originate from a hyper-dimensional black hole?More information: Ahmed Farag Ali and Saurya Das. "Cosmology from quantum potential." Physics Letters B. Volume 741, 4 February 2015, Pages 276–279. DOI: 10.1016/j.physletb.2014.12.057. Also at: arXiv:1404.3093[gr-qc].Saurya Das and Rajat K. Bhaduri, "Dark matter and dark energy from Bose-Einstein condensate", preprint: arXiv:1411.0753[gr-qc].Journal reference: Physics Letters B search and more info website
All galaxies are thought to have supermassive black holes at their center. These start out small—with masses equivalent to between 100 and 100,000 suns—and build up over time by consuming the gas, dust, and stars around them or by merging with other black holes to reach sizes measured in millions or billions of solar masses. Such binge eating usually takes billions of years, but a team of astronomers was stunned to discover what is, in galactic terms, a monstrous baby: a gigantic black hole of 12 billion solar masses in a barely newborn galaxy, just 875 million years after the big bang. The researchers report online in Nature today that they were scouring through several astronomical surveys looking for bright objects in the very early universe called quasars, galaxies that burn very bright because their central black holes are consuming material so fast. The monster they found (depicted in this artist's impression) is roughly 3000 times the size of our Milky Way's central black hole. To have grown to such a size in so short a time, it must have been munching matter at close to the maximum physically possible rate for most of its existence. Its large size and rate of consumption also makes it the brightest object in that distant era, and astronomers can use its bright light to study the composition of the early universe: how much of the original hydrogen and helium from the big bang had been forged into heavier elements in the furnaces of stars.
(Phys.org)—Physicists have proposed a mechanism for "cosmological collapse" that predicts that the universe will soon stop expanding and collapse in on itself, obliterating all matter as we know it. Their calculations suggest that the collapse is "imminent"—on the order of a few tens of billions of years or so—which may not keep most people up at night, but for the physicists it's still much too soon.In a paper published in Physical Review Letters, physicists Nemanja Kaloper at the University of California, Davis; and Antonio Padilla at the University of Nottingham have proposed the cosmological collapse mechanism and analyzed its implications, which include an explanation of dark energy."The fact that we are seeing dark energy now could be taken as an indication of impending doom, and we are trying to look at the data to put some figures on the end date," Padilla told Phys.org. "Early indications suggest the collapse will kick in in a few tens of billions of years, but we have yet to properly verify this."The main point of the paper is not so much when exactly the universe will end, but that the mechanism may help resolve some of the unanswered questions in physics. In particular, why is the universe expanding at an accelerating rate, and what is the dark energy causing this acceleration? These questions are related to the cosmological constant problem, which is that the predicted vacuum energy density of the universe causing the expansion is much larger than what is observed."I think we have opened up a brand new approach to what some have described as 'the mother of all physics problems,' namely the cosmological constant problem," Padilla said. "It's way too early to say if it will stand the test of time, but so far it has stood up to scrutiny, and it does seem to address the issue of vacuum energy contributions from the standard model, and how they gravitate."The collapse mechanism builds on the physicists' previous research on vacuum energy sequestering, which they proposed to address the cosmological constant problem. The dynamics of vacuum energy sequestering predict that the universe will collapse, but don't provide a specific mechanism for how collapse will occur.According to the new mechanism, the universe originated under a set of specific initial conditions so that it naturally evolved to its present state of acceleration and will continue on a path toward collapse. In this scenario, once the collapse trigger begins to dominate, it does so in a period of "slow roll" that brings about the accelerated expansion we see today. Eventually the universe will stop expanding and reach a turnaround point at which it begins to shrink, culminating in a "big crunch."Currently, we are in the period of accelerated expansion, and we know that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old. So in order for the new mechanism to work, the period of accelerated expansion must last until at least this time (needless to say, a mechanism that predicts that the universe has already collapsed is obviously flawed). The collapse time can be delayed by choosing an appropriate slope, which in this case, is a slope that has a very tiny positive value—about 10-39 in the scientists' equation. The very gradual slope means that the universe evolves very slowly.Importantly, the scientists did not choose a slope just to fit the observed expansion and support their mechanism. Instead, they explain that the slope is "technically natural," and takes on this value due to a symmetry in the theory.As the physicists explain, the naturalness of the mechanism makes it one of the first ever models that predicts acceleration without any direct fine-tuning. In the mechanism, the slope alone controls the universe's evolution, including the scale of the accelerated expansion."The 'technically natural' size of the slope controls when the collapse trigger begins to dominate, but was it guaranteed to give us slow roll and therefore the accelerated expansion?" Padilla said. "Naively one might have expected to have to fine-tune some initial conditions to guarantee this, but remarkably that is not the case. The dynamics of vacuum energy sequestering guarantee the slow roll."The idea is still in its early stages, and the physicists hope to build on it much more in the future."There is much to do," Padilla said. "Right now we are working on a way to describe our theory in a way that is manifestly local, which will make it more conventional, and more obviously in keeping with some of the key principles behind quantum theory (namely, linear superposition). We would also like to devise more tests of the idea, both cosmological and astrophysical."Over the longer term, we would like to understand how our theory could emerge from a more fundamental theory, such as string theory. It is also important to ask what happens when we consider vacuum energy corrections from quantum gravity."If there was ever a justification that more work is needed, it may be in the paper's conclusion:"The present epoch of acceleration may be evidence of impending doom. . . A detailed analysis to better quantify these predictions is certainly warranted." (Phys.org)—Physicists have proposed a mechanism for "cosmological collapse" that predicts that the universe will soon stop expanding and collapse in on itself, obliterating all matter as we know it. Their calculations suggest that the collapse is "imminent"—on the order of a few tens of billions of years or so—which may not keep most people up at night, but for the physicists it's still much too soon. Read more at: http://phys.org/news/2015-03-universe-brink-collapse-cosmological-timescale.html#jCp
Despite the harsh environment created by the monster black hole lurking in the center of the Milky Way galaxy, new observations show that stars — and, potentially, planets — are forming just two light-years away from the colossal giant. Bright and massive stars were spotted circling the 4-million-solar-mass behemoth more than a decade ago, sparking a debate within the astronomy community. Did they migrate inward after they formed? Or did they somehow manage to form in their original positions? ANALYSIS: Rare 'Medium-Sized' Black Hole Creates Galactic Dead Zone Most astronomers had said the latter idea seemed far-fetched, given that the black hole wreaks havoc on its surroundings, often stretching any nearby gas into taffylike streamers before it has a chance to collapse into stars. But the new study details observations of low-mass stars forming within reach of the galactic center. The findings lend support to the argument that "adult" stars observed in this region formed near the black hole. [Images: Milky Way's Monster Black Hole Shreds Space Cloud] The new evidence for ongoing star formation near the black hole is "a nail in the coffin" for the theory that the stars form in situ, said lead author Farhad Yusef-Zadeh, of Northwestern University. The observations, if accurate, make it unlikely that the stars migrated from elsewhere, the researchers said. Birth Near a Black Hole Stars are born within clouds of dust and gas. Turbulence within these clouds give rise to knots that begin to collapse under their own weight. The knots grows hotter and denser, rapidly becoming protostars, which are so-named because they have yet to start fusing hydrogen into helium. ANALYSIS: Why Our Galaxy's Black Hole Didn't Eat Mystery Object But a protostar can rarely be seen. It has yet to generate energy via nuclear fusion, and any faint light it does produce is often blocked by the disk of gas and dust still surrounding it. So, when Yusef-Zadeh and his colleagues used the Very Large Array in New Mexico to scan the skies near the central supermassive black hole, they didn't spot the protostars but rather the disks of gas and dust surrounding them. "You could see these beautiful cometary-shaped structures," Yusef-Zadeh told Space.com. Intense starlight and stellar winds from previously discovered high-mass stars had shaped these disks into cometlike structures with bright heads and tails. Similar structures (called bow shocks) can be seen anywhere young stars are being born, including the famous Orion Nebula. ANALYSIS: Our Galaxy's Black Hole Does NOT Have the 'Munchies' "There is, of course, one big catch here — and that is that the tidal force on the black hole is so strong that it's hard to see how these stars would form," Yusef-Zadeh said. "Many people think that star formation is forbidden near a supermassive black hole. But nature finds a way." Astronomers have managed to find a way as well. Over the last decade, they've come up with two scenarios, both of which use the nearby black hole to simulate star formation.
Like stars that can be ejected from galaxies, resigned to an eternity floating through the darkness of intergalactic space, astronomers have discovered entire galaxies — 11 in total — that underwent some unpleasant gravitational turbulence and flung from their home clusters, marooned in intercluster space."These galaxies are facing a lonely future, exiled from the galaxy clusters they used to live in," said Igor Chilingarian, an astronomer at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics and Moscow State University.ANALYSIS: 'Missing' Evolutionary Link for Compact Galaxies FoundRunaway stars can be ejected from their host galaxies if they are travelling at a greater speed than that galaxy's "escape velocity." Like a rocket leaving Earth's gravitational well, escape velocity can only be achieved if the rocket is supplied with enough energy to exceed 11.2 kilometers per second (25,000 miles per hour). In the case of a star being ejected from our galaxy, it would need to be traveling a speed of 537 km/s (over 1.2 million miles per hour!).So you can probably imagine the astronomical speed an entire galaxy would need to travel to leave the gravitational heft of an entire galaxy cluster — a velocity of up to 3,000 km/s (6 million miles per hour), depending on the mass of the cluster.The 11 runaway galaxies were found by chance while Chilingarian and co-investigator Ivan Zolotukhin, of the L'Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planetologie and Moscow State University, were scouring publicly-available data (via the Virtual Observatory) from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and the GALEX satellite for compact elliptical galaxies.ANALYSIS: The Grown-Up Galaxy Among KidsThese tiny galaxies are rare, but the researchers were able to uncover 200 previously unknown compact ellipticals, 11 of which were found to be alone and separated from any galactic cluster. And they are moving really, really fast."The first compact ellipticals were all found in clusters because that's where people were looking. We broadened our search, and found the unexpected," said Zolotukhin. Elliptical galaxies are thought to originate from larger galaxies that go through gravitational interactions with neighboring galaxies; ellipticals are therefore expected to be clustered near larger 'parent' galaxies.So how did these tiny galaxies, which are approximately 1,000 times smaller than our galaxy, end up so far away from home?The researchers think that a similar gravitational mechanism that produces runaway stars may be also slingshotting these ellipticals."We asked ourselves, what else could explain them? The answer was a classic three-body interaction," said Chilingarian.NEWS: Weird Little Galaxy Hides a Giant Black HoleOne way a hypervelocity star can be produced is if one star in a binary pair strays too close to a black hole. When the star gets swallowed, its binary partner is flung away. In the case of a hypervelocity compact elliptical galaxy, should a massive galaxy collide with the elliptical's parent galaxy, the elliptical could be flung away as the two larger galaxies merge.For the compact elliptical galaxy, this galactic merger is the start of its long and, potentially, infinite journey into the cosmic abyss.
Ali pre nego što stignemo do crnih rupa, da te pitam, veruješ li u Ajnštajnovu opštu teoriju relativiteta?
... nikakve konkretne vajde mi nemamo od svih tih teorija,i da su sve one vise fantastika nego nauka...


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flowering bushes hilly wet area
Home › Forums › Regional › Hudson Valley-Berkshires Forum › flowering bushes hilly wet area
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- May 4, 2010 at 12:30 pm #29026AnonymousInactive
We own a beautiful Federal style inn in the southern Berkshires and I am working on a "wow factor" area behind the inn where our guests drive in and park. The sunny, steep sloped area is very challenging with heavy clay and very moist soil. Since the area is difficult to garden, I want plants that are fairly maintenance free so I am thinking flowering bushes might be best with a lot of ground cover. [Presently, the area is simply grass.] Any suggestions as to what plants would give maximum color and impact especially during the summer months, our busiest season? Thank you!May 5, 2010 at 2:25 am #29423AnonymousInactive
Can't say these will all look good together but here is a quick list of large wet feet and sun lovers with showy summer features: Salix integra 'Hakuro Nishiki', Hardy Hibiscus, Eupatorium maculatum, Filipendula rubra, Viburnum nudum, Itea virginica. And some smaller plants: Mazus reptans, Myosotis scorpiodes, Iris versicolor, Iris ensata.May 6, 2010 at 3:03 am #29424AnonymousInactive
two more: Highbush Blueberry for great fall color. and Clethra alnifolia for fall blooms and scent. Also you might try Bog Rosemary (Andromeda polifolia) for year round attractive foliage. This can be a bit tempermental, but provided your soil is acidic, it should love the spot.May 24, 2010 at 12:42 am #29465AnonymousInactive
It was good to meet you at the Conservancy sale today at Margaret's! Thank you again for all the suggestions…very helpful. Hope to see you at Loomis Creek sometime!
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Helsinki Metro Morning Shutdown
There's been commuter chaos this morning on the Helsinki metro after an early morning shutdown. Travel on the whole network was suspended just after 06:00 due to a technical failure. Replacement bus services were activated on parts of the line, and irregular metro service started up again after about 45 minutes. However, problems persisted in the new Länsimetro western extension of the network, with replacement bus services in operation until 10:00.
Presidential Numbers
With the presidential election coming up at the end of the month, one candidate is disputing polling numbers. Veteran politician Paavo Väyrynen – running as an independent this time, his fourth shot at the presidency – said on a Monday night TV programme that his numbers are really much higher than reported. Väyrynen told state-funded broadcaster YLE that he thinks he is in second place, and that President Sauli Niinistö's popularity is not as high as people imagine. The first round of voting takes place on January 28th.
Trump Book Coming In Finnish
More presidential news – if you've been eagerly following the circus that is American politics, then you might want to get to a book shop in the next few months. A Finnish translation of Michael Wolff's book 'The Fire and Fury' – which touts itself as an insider account of the first year in Donald Trump's White House – will be translated to Finnish. The book has become an instant best seller in the USA, and a translation should be available in March or April.
Tuesday Morning Weather
The sub-zero temperatures continue across almost the whole country this morning, according to the Finnish Meteorological Institute FMI. In northern Lapland in general temperatures will be warmer than in recent days, but still down to -20°C in the far north. There's snow forecast in the extreme northerly parts of Finland as well. In central and eastern areas, temperatures will be a few degrees below freezing with cloud cover and fog in places And down the west coast and in the capital city area expect temperatures at +2°C this morning.


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Meet the 2016 Committee
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Karen Mutton (President)
As a Primary School Teacher Librarian I see the promotion and engagement of students in high quality Australian Literature as an essential part of my role. To help young students develop the skills to become independent readers and a love of reading is one of my passions.
While I am currently the Teacher-Librarian and a classroom teacher at Saint David's Parish School in Tea Tree Gully I have worked at a number of different Primary Schools during my career.
I have been a member of the CBCSA branch for a few years now and have recently taken on the role of President with the intention to do all I can to continue it's role in the promotion of literature to young Australian's.
Linda Guthrie (Vice President and Website Manager)
A Teacher Librarian and Research Project teacher, I am actively involved in Teacher Librarian professional associations and The Children's Book Council of Australia (South Australia).
I have always had a love of children's literature and reading, so the opportunity to be more involved in The Children's Book Council of Australia was one not to be missed.
Through my membership I have seized the moment to build on my interests and skills, meet talented authors and illustrators, and collaborate in organising some of the marvellous events the branch supports.
Anna Angelakis (Treasurer)
Since helping at my high school library, I have always been interested in Librarianship. Working in the State Library of South Australia since 1983, I have had the pleasure of working firstly in the old Children's Library and the Young Adult Services, and more recently in the reference area. My interest in children's books and young adult books led me to the The Children's Book Council. A member since 1992, in that time I have assisted as a general committee member, Secretary and now the Treasurer and Merchandise Officer. It has been a very enjoyable and rewarding time.
Judy Miller (Secretary)
As a teenager I attended a boarding school where reading wasn't encouraged in the boarding house. It wasn't until I attended a course on Children's Literature as an adult with children of my own that I rediscovered the joy of children's books. What a lot of wasted reading years! This led me to begin training as a teacher librarian so that I could share my love of reading and help motivate young readers. Later I was encouraged by an amazing bookseller to extend this interest by becoming a member of the CBCA. I have been associated with the committee for a while now and this year I return to the position of secretary.
Val Van Putten
I have been a member of the CBCA Branch Committee for nearly twenty-five years. In the course of that time I served as Branch President for nine years and National President for two. I edited the Newsletter for nineteen years and the now-defunct Book Week Ideas Book for twelve. I have been judge for the Children's Book of the Year Awards, and involved with the organization of two national conferences. Out of all of this the things I enjoyed the most and am most proud of were the Newsletter and the Ideas Book.
Julie Wells
I have been a member of the CBCA for over 16 years, joining as an interested teacher and librarian.
For those of us passionate about all things to do with books and reading, CBCA is a great organisation with a wonderful history and fine reputation, and it offers us all the opportunity to spread the word to readers and promote creators!
Nola Uzzell
I have been a teacher librarian for more than 40 years in a variety of guises and schools. I am currently part of the Teacher Librarian team at Golden Grove Primary School. A major part of my teaching and learning program has always been the 'Literacy through Literature ' component, building confident and critical readers with a love of literature and I have drawn heavily from the Childress Book Council programs, resources and PD to achieve this. This year I have reduced my teaching load and had some spare time so thought I should give back to the organisation by contributing to the committee in whatever role I can be useful.
Maria Komninos
I've been a teacher for over 20 years in a variety of roles and schools.
Background in PE and science and children's literature.
In the last 10 years I have been involved in different things involving promoting authors and books. From book clubs, community TV and reviewing books.
My main love is children's literature and thought what a better way to do that but by joining the CBCA because all kids so look forward to the annual book week. And I wanted to see how we could promote reading in schools and the community better.
Katharine England
I have been accepted as one of three judges for the Older Reader category in 2017/18, the only South Australian to apply.
I have had a lifetime relationship with books: I was brought up in a very small flat and in self-defence my book-loving parents took me to a children's library at a very early age. As a teenager I worked in a fine and famous bookshop, (Clay's, now sadly no more) in Sydney's Kings Cross. I have an honours degree in English Literature from the University of Sydney and have been a book reviewer ever since I arrived in South Australia in 1968. I currently review Australian and overseas fiction and children's books regularly for The Advertiser and children's books for Magpies. I was a CBCA judge in 1993/4 and an Eve Pownall Judge in 1997/8. I'm really looking forward to being forced to read a whole stack of fabulous Australian teenage and YA novels, although not so much to having to choose between them!


text: AIM: To test the feasibility of a system for monitoring children's obesity and overweight based on data from electronic health records in the school health services. METHODS: Data on weight and height from electronic health records at school health services were collected for 10-year-olds in 2003-2004, 2004-2005 and 2005-2006. School health personnel extracted group-level data with a simple program installed on the computer containing the health records. Four Swedish municipalities were included in the study: Karlstad, Umeå, Västerås, and Ystad. RESULTS: The system achieved coverage of 92-96% of all children in 2005-2006. The overall prevalence rates were 4.2% (3.8-4.7%) obese and 22.0% (21.1-23.0%) overweight, including obesity. CONCLUSIONS: A system based on electronic health records from the school health services can successfully provide data. The system has practical, economical and ethical strengths.


text: Traditional 8 Posted November 2, 2012 (edited) Two young officers are marked for death after confiscating a small cache of money and firearms from the members of a notorious cartel, during a routine traffic stop. Brilliant movie... I wouldn't be afraid of saying, the best movie I've ever seen. Great story line, depicted extremely well, it's defiantly a 10/10 and one to see at the movie.. I love Action movies which portray a form of realism, and I almost teared up at the end. Perfection if there was such thing. Edited November 2, 2012 by Traditional Share this post Link to post Share on other sites


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Real World article
(written from a Production point of view)
(written from a Production point of view)
In the script for the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "Violations", Sector 22139 was a sector. The Federation starship USS Enterprise-D was on a mapping survey of this sector. It was transporting a delegation of Ullian telepathic historians to Kaldra IV. The most unusual thing seen by the crew was a binary system.
The name of this sector was not mentioned in the episode.
Community content is available under CC-BY-NC unless otherwise noted.


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This past series against LIU Brooklyn was definitely a mixed bag for the College of Charleston baseball team. The series, which started on Friday evening, stretched over the weekend and concluded on Tuesday.
Friday evening resulted in a 7-2 loss for Charleston. LIU Brooklyn scored five runs in the first three innings and Charleston was unable to recover.
Despite the loss, the College out-hit Brooklyn by a 12-9 margin as Luke Morgan and Danny Wondrack picked up two runs each for the Cougars. Strong pitching was seen from Carter Love, who pitched three and two-thirds scoreless innings, and Justin Baker, who pitched a perfect eighth and ninth inning.
On Saturday, the Cougars brought home a splintering victory with the final score being 11-4. Charleston recorded a season-high 15 hits, 11 runs and nine extra-base hits.
In game two, Luke Morgan hit his first two home runs since he started playing for the College. In addition, Logan McRae, Wondrack and Morgan hit back-to-back-to-back homers, a phenomenon that hasn't been seen in Charleston baseball since 2011.
Pitcher Jack Collins pitched a shut-out in the ninth inning, securing the win for Charleston.
Charleston finished on top again on Sunday with a 7-0 steal against Brooklyn. Pitcher Jakob Frishmuth lead the defense with a six-inning shutout and struck out a career-high six batters.
Dupree Hart, Tommy Richter and McRae each smashed two hits and Riley Knudsen scored a run batted in to give Charleston the victory.
The series closed out on Tuesday afternoon with another victory for the College. Camron was MVP of the offense with two runs and two RBI's. Luke Manzo chipped in two runs as well, contributing to the Cougars 8-2 victory. Carter Love was the hero of the bullpen after throwing two and one-third scoreless innings, earning him the title of All-time leader in relief appearances for the program.
After this series, Charleston is 6-2 on the season and looks to extend their win streak against Georgia on Friday at Patriot's Point.


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Purse/Wallet With Crystal Decoration – LSP1041A
₨ 2,375
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Purse Wallet With Crystal Decoration
Meet your new everyday essential, this fabulous Purse Wallet With Crystal Decoration has a uniquely embellished design featuring faux crystals. The divided interior has ample slots for your cards and notes. Keep your cellphone inside as well and secure with magnetic closure. The prominent stitching doesn't just look classy but is fine too.
- H 10 cm x W 19 ½ cm x D 3 ½ cm in dimensions
- Magnetic closure for ease
- Zipper opens to reveal a divided compartment.
- Divided compartment has one zip coin section and multiple card slots
- Brand: Anna Grace, comes with branded packaging and dust bag
Want to keep your cash, cards, and other important documents all safe and secure in a stylish way? The wallet is the answer. Women are particular about their wallet and it makes sense too, because it is something that a woman will be using every day. It's important that your wallet is multi functional however it should be stylish too. Soft, textured leather or velvet wallets in either two-sided or double-fold design is perfectly proportioned for any event. Twist Lock Crocodile Purse Wallet With Tassel are super stylish and an incredible way to add a little personality to you.
Purse Wallet With Crystal Decoration. Women in the U.K call it purse which they use to keep some small accessories and some amount of money not many accessories. They are quite smaller in sizes than handbags and shoulder bags.
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Teaser Tuesdays is a weekly bookish meme. Read the rules at Books and a Beat. Anyone can play along!
Psychological thrillers two weeks in a row. This one is a little different from As Night Falls last week. The Singing Bone by Beth Hahn is a retrospective by the main character to her involvement with a cult murder twenty years before. A fascinating look at a Manson family style scenario and the psychology behind it. Be prepared for mature themes and language.
Alice liked "Alice-Alice" better than "head" or "freak"—which is what kids at school called her. She pretended not to care. She'd stopped talking to them ages ago. And her grades were high; people thought of her as "smart"—or that's what she heard from Molly and Trina. The smart one. Really? Alice didn't think she was so smart.
Beth Hahn, The Singing Bone
A convicted killer's imminent parole forces a woman to confront the nightmarish past she's spent twenty years escaping.
I found you. That's what Mr. Wyck told her: I found you.
1979: Seventeen-year-old Alice Pearson can't wait to graduate from high school so she can escape the small town in upstate New York where she grew up. In the meantime, she and her friends avoid their dysfunctional families while getting high in the woods. There they meet the enigmatic Jack Wyck, who lives in the rambling old farmhouse across the reservoir. Enticed by his quasi-mystical philosophy and the promise of a constant party, Alice and her friends join Mr. Wyck's small group of devoted followers. But their heady, freewheeling idyll takes an increasingly sinister turn, as Alice finds herself crossing moral and emotional boundaries that erode her hold on reality. When Mr. Wyck's grand scheme goes wrong, culminating in a night of horrific violence, Alice is barely able to find her way back to sanity.
Twenty years later, Alice Wood has created a quiet life for herself as a professor of folklore, but an acclaimed filmmaker threatens to expose her past with a documentary about Jack Wyck's crimes and the cult-like following he continues to attract from his prison cell. Wyck has never forgiven Alice for testifying against him, and as he plots to overturn his conviction and regain his freedom, she is forced to confront the truth about what happened to her in the farmhouse—and her complicity in the evil around her.


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You are here
Tax reflections for the keenly awaited Budget 2017
SINGAPORE is, at least from a tax perspective, living in interesting times. With the Budget 2017 announcement just around the corner, it is opportune to reflect on the confluence of externalities and domestic forces that have led to this point; their impact on Singapore and some thoughts on measures that can be taken to cushion some of these forces.
We start with the observation that recent developments, notably with Brexit in the United Kingdom and the presidential election in the United States, have created uncertainties for the global economy. This poses risks for Singapore, which has a highly trade-oriented and small economy. In spite of the possible road-blocks that may be put up against free trade as a result of these developments, businesses in Singapore have little choice but to press on with their internationalisation plans, as growth in the Singapore economy is expected to remain low in the coming years.
The government is well aware of this constraint and has done much in recent Budgets to encourage businesses to go overseas. For example, expenses incurred to identify overseas investment opportunities and to send staff overseas, amongst others and subject to conditions, qualify for double tax deductions. High-potential Singapore companies that continue to anchor their key functions in Singapore, whilst expanding abroad, may also enjoy concessionary tax treatment on income derived from overseas.
There is more that the government can do in the area of financing such overseas investments. Some effort has already been made to address the access to funding. For example, the government, recognising that it is generally difficult for Singapore businesses to source for funding in the investment jurisdiction or even in Singapore, especially if the Singapore group does not have a track record or sizeable operations in that country, has stepped in to offer risk-sharing of loans for overseas investments under the Internationalisation Finance Scheme.
Perhaps more can be done from a tax perspective. For instance, to defray part of funding costs, the government can consider granting a special tax deduction on interest or related borrowing costs incurred to acquire or set up overseas equity investments. These costs are generally not tax deductible currently. The special deduction could also be targeted at small and medium enterprises to encourage them to expand, and this may also benefit Singapore financial institutions.
2017 marks the last financial year for businesses to enjoy the Productivity and Innovation Credit (PIC) Scheme, a broad-based government initiative to support investments in a range of activities along the innovation value chain. Since 2010, businesses have gradually grown accustomed to the generous tax deductions and, to a lesser extent, cash payouts offered for a gamut of activities - ranging from buying a laptop to undertaking research and development (R&D) - and may wonder if the government would continue supporting such expenditure post-PIC.
Perhaps with a view to combating this perception, in Budget 2016, the government introduced the Automation Support Package, which comprises grants, additional tax allowances and enhanced financing support for approved projects undertaken by businesses to automate and scale up. With the "P" in PIC addressed, we feel that the 'soft-landing' from PIC should also be extended to the "I".
Innovation is an all-encompassing term. It does not necessarily entail the creation of something 'new' from scratch. An archetypal case would be Uber, which by combining existing technologies (global positioning system, online payment systems, etc) is able to offer new value for customers. This is precisely the 'value' that Singapore is trying to emulate in a 'value-creating' economy.
Whilst there are well-defined rules to grant enhanced deductions for undertaking research and development (R&D) activities, taxpayers who undertake innovative activities or projects by combining existing technologies to create new products or services may not be viewed as engaging in R&D; and as a consequence are also ineligible for PIC claims, unless some automated equipment or computer software is created.
With the PIC scheme expiring, the taxpayers may find no additional broad based support for such projects in future, unless these projects qualify as R&D activities, for which an additional 50 per cent tax deduction is available, where the R&D is conducted in Singapore. However, the issue is that what a businessman views as innovative may not constitute R&D for tax purposes.
As such, the government could consider granting enhanced tax deductions for spending incurred on "innovative activities" that lead to the creation of new products or services. We acknowledge that such innovation projects may be of a much broader scope, and hence the tax incentives of encouraging such activities could be set at a lower tier vis-à-vis existing R&D incentives.
No article on topical tax issues would be complete without mentioning the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) Project - an ambitious revamp of international tax rules by the world's major economies to ensure multinational corporations pay their 'fair share' of taxes. With the recent completion of a multilateral instrument that allows countries which sign up to swiftly implement tax treaty measures aimed at preventing cross-border tax avoidance, there is no doubt that we are now firmly in the implementation phase of BEPS.
Singapore has taken a principled stance with regard to the BEPS Project. It has consistently voiced support for the fundamental BEPS principle that profits should be taxed where substantive economic activities generating the profits are performed and where value is created, whilst also stressing that it is every country's sovereign right to determine its tax policies to attract investments. That said, collateral damage is perhaps unavoidable as countries big and small vie for their share of the tax pie.
One of the practical considerations of the BEPS Project on Singapore, amongst others, is that some of its tax incentives may need to be tweaked or dropped in order to stay kosher in a post-BEPS world. Previous Budgets have seen selected tax incentives lapsing upon expiry or being removed, especially those that may not require substantive business activities to be carried out in Singapore.
Tax incentives are a key plank of Singapore's tax policy and we do not expect the authorities to give them up in the foreseeable future. Nevertheless in the long run, with developed countries such as the UK and neighbouring countries such as Indonesia lowering their headline corporate tax rate to stay attractive to investments and thus closing the gap to Singapore's 17 per cent corporate tax rate, could we one day see Singapore adopting a lower flat tax rate sans incentives? Only time will tell.
What we can tell with reasonable certainty is that, as budgets go, Budget 2017 will certainly be a keenly awaited one as it comes on the back of soon-to-be-released recommendations by the Committee on the Future Economy. This Committee was tasked with charting the course of Singapore's economic future and we, along with other stakeholders in Singapore, are eagerly awaiting the outcome of its discussions.
- Daniel Ho is a tax partner and Chua Kong Ping, a tax senior manager, at Deloitte Singapore. The views expressed are their own.
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My grandfather, Willie Green lived just outside of Selma, Alabama. My mom was his only daughter and we went to see him at least four times a year. One of the things I loved about visiting "granddaddy" was going into town. The Negroes had the businesses on Broadway and the Caucasians had businesses on Main St. My grandmother was a tailor at a dry cleaners in an alley between Broadway and Main. Granddaddy knew every business owner on Broadway and they knew him. As a matter of fact, everyone knew each other and I was proud to be Willie Green's granddaughter.
I did not realize until I was much older the power of the Negroes doing business with each other. My grandfather sold meat from his cattle and hogs to the community. Ms. Lucille that owned diner on Broadway cooked for so many. The produce she used at the diner came from the community farms. Yes, that was in the 1960s and times were different? Or were they really? The difference we HAD to do business with each other because we were not allowed in "white" establishments. My parents even traveled with "The Green Book". That was a book that told road warriors safe places to stop for food, gas, and lodging.
Incredible? Oppressive? What is true; segregation forced us to be economically empowered. The dollar turned over in our Community at least three times then. That was then and this is now. Since desegregation, the dollar turns over in our Community one time, unemployment is at an all time high, property ownership is low and literacy rates have slightly improved but the quality of our education is questionable.
How can we turn our communities around? Support our businesses. We need to consciously "buy black". It is proven, people preferably employ people that look like them. That would be a dent in unemployment. With more jobs, we can hold on to our legacy properties that are passed down to our generation while purchasing more properties. Staying in our neighborhoods provides school connections. Everyone knows the people that has lived in the corner house for years.
"Buying black" seems small but the impact is huge. So...
Seek out three black businesses to support and post the results on our Facebook page.
Your participation with this challenge will cause a ripple effect in our community.


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Mr. Kennedy…Kennedy, was on the fast track to being one of the top stars in the WWE. He had truly obnoxious attitude which was emphasized with great mic skills and an annoying yet hilarious catch phrase. He was also on the fast track to becoming one of my favorite wrestlers. However, a couple of major injuries and a dull face turn ruined his career and he was released by the WWE. He would sign with TNA, and just when it looked like he was going to tread water with his same WWE character, he stepped up his game and is now one of TNA's top players.
On the surface, Mr. Anderson really isn't a whole much more than Mr. Kennedy. He uses the same style on the mic, pretty much the same in-ring work, and the same drop down mic gimmick. But a few things seem different about his character. For starters, his attitude is jacked up 100%. In the WWE, he was your standard loud mouth heel, then turned into a watered down baby face. He came into TNA using the "I didn't get my chance in WWE" deal, and he used it to push himself to the top. He has this huge chip on his shoulder, and he doesn't want any help from anybody.
Also, he's playing the role of a tweener beautifully. He's doing more than just attacking Sting and RVD one minute, then attacking Immortal the next. He makes it so confusing as to whether or not you want to cheer him or boo him. There was a period for about 3 weeks when every time he was on camera, he was getting his ass kicked by someone new. Who doesn't love seeing a loud mouth obnoxious a$$hole get what's coming to him? You actually want to see him get beat up because he makes it look so good. At the same time, he gets cheered every time he walks to the ring.
Anderson being stuck in the middle of the Sting/RVD/Immortal angle clawing for his own spot at the top is brilliant. Every week, Anderson seems like he's getting screwed over by someone because there is so many people in the main event seen. Yet Anderson is compelling people to cheer for him and continues drawing fans to his cause.
Anderson is one of the very few bright spots in TNA right now. He has solid ring work plus a unique comedy style makes fans love him. At the same time, he is constantly a jerk, which also makes fans not totally on his side. This duel nature he's created for himself keeps his character fresh, and is helping to keep a floundering TNA product interesting.


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Stalybridge's Christmas lights switch on takes place on Saturday, November 18.
THE activities centre on Armentieres Square, though there will also be other things taking place in the town centre.
Local singers, cheerleaders, choirs and brass bands are on the main stage from 1.30pm.
The main event will be between 5pm-6pm with the lights switched on by former Coronation Street actor Scott Wright, a patron of Cancer Warriors, the charity the switch on is supporting.
There will be a display from a dance school, performance of Cinderella, opera singer and other local talent.
During the afternoon there will be canal boat trips and Father Christmas will have a grotto on one of the boats. Admission will be free with donations to Cancer Warriors.


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27 Montgomery Street, Sale
- 3 bedrooms
- 1 bathroom
- 2 car spaces
- Approx 843 Square metres
This attractive three bedroom home is superbly located in the popular south eastern residential precinct within walking distance to the Lake, Botanical Gardens, numerous sporting facilities, hospital, shops and Araluen school.
From first home buyers and small families to empty nesters and investors this property is an excellent choice as it ticks most of the boxes.
The home offers two living areas, three bedrooms, semi en-suite, functional kitchen, separate laundry with 2nd toilet, a good sized north facing, covered outdoor entertaining area, a large, private back yard with two garden sheds and a double garage with auto doors. It's a home that can be extended easily if and when required. Bonuses include a reasonably new gas HWS, two air conditioners and two gas heaters.
The home has just been painted inside, new carpet and blinds have been installed and is now clean and fresh and ready for the lucky new owner to move in with virtually nothing to do.
If you have been waiting for an affordable three bedroom home in good condition and in a great location then wait no longer, here it is!!!