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As a primarily MG writer, I come across some interesting conversations about what makes a middle grade novel really stand out. Of course, there's no magic formula, but writers, librarians, and teachers of this dynamic age group might enjoy some of the following links:
HarperCollins children's book editor Molly O'Neill and Dystel & Goderich literary agent Michael Bourret have started an online conversation about middle grade novels, covering topics (so far) like:
- what exactly is the middle grade novel and how does it compare to young adult in content?
- what do middle grade readers look for in their books?
- what are common problems encountered while writing the MG novel?
- how to market to MG readers, and how does this differ for young adults?
- male vs. female protagonists – is one more likely to succeed?
- how are MG books incorporated into the classroom?
Part One of this conversation between Molly and Michael can be found here, with part two here. If you're into it, bookmark Molly's site and you'll most likely find part three up soon!
Agent Kristin Nelson is also running a cool video series, with a great introduction to middle grade covering the basics of defining the different age levels in middle grade books.
Finally, if you are a middle grade writer (or looking to become one), I cannot stress enough how awesome the #mglitchat hashtag on Twitter is. Sign yourself up and join an amazing group of generous writers, every Thursday at 9pm EST, where we discuss a variety of topics to strengthen your writing. The kidlit community in general is a wonderful place, so don't hesitate to make some friends and connections!
* No, pancakes are not technically a requirement of middle grade writing, although they do help.
One thought on "What Makes A Great Middle Grade Book?"
Wow! I LOVE your website! It's so shiny and new! And now I'm hungry for pancakes, thanks to you. 😛 Great post! I'll be back to read more.


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i-Fly Vamp by INTERACTIVE TOY CONCEPTS LTD.
The i-Fly Vamp's flapping wings mimic the behavior of a bird or an insect, giving the eerie illusion that the toy is alive. The two-frequency device can climb, glide, descend, make turns and fly freely for over ten minutes with just 20 to 30 minutes of charging. An R/C transmitter, a flight battery and instructions are included. No assembly is required. Launch date: December 1, 2007. ( Watch Video) 11/30/2007 (Price: $39.99) [Add to my Inquiry Basket][?]

subset: commoncrawl


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Monument preservation plan
Record of historic building fabric in Troisdorf
The monument preservation plan covers all the historic building fabric of Troisdorf. According to § 12 of the Monument Preservation Law (Denkmalschutzgesetz), cities and municipalities must draw up a monument conservation plan. This is a special plan that covers all matters of monument protection and conservation, including the conservation of urban heritage. The plan was drawn up in the form of a commissioned report, 50% of whose costs were funded by the state of North-Rhine Westphalia in order to protect and preserve the state's cultural heritage.
The aims of the monument preservation plan are an area-wide record of all the findings of importance to the protection of historical buildings and archaeological sites, a preliminary evaluation of building stock in need of preservation, and recommendations with regard to planning and courses of action.
Protection of streets and squares worthy of conservation
As well as the protection of individual historical buildings and archaeological sites, the Monument Preservation Law also provides an opportunity to list complete entities that do not consist only of historical buildings. The following are currently designated heritage sites in Troisdorf:
- the Black Colony (Schwarze Kolonie)
- the Red Colony (Rote Kolonie)
- the casino district.
The heritage sites are a testament to working and living conditions within the catchment area of the Mannstaedt Works in Friedrichs-Wilhelms-Hütte. The monument conservation plan recommends that other entities, including the market square in Sieglar and Elisabethstrasse, should be listed.
Notes on the preservation of building fabric
The monument protection plan also flags up groups of buildings and settlements worthy of conservation which may not meet the strict criteria for monument protection but do fulfil the requirements to qualify as a preservation area under § 172 of the Federal Building Code, due to their significance in terms of local character and building history. A preservation order may be issued under local planning laws in such cases. The plan also refers to individual properties and settlements that do not have the character of a monument but may nevertheless be significant contemporary witnesses of urban development.
Monument conservation plan presented to the public
The monument conservation plan was unveiled in public on 02.12.2010. This was preceded by a drafting process that took nearly two years and incorporated members of the public. In October and November 2009 the districts held public information events, at which all manner of questions on the draft monument conservation plan were answered by Prof. Werling from the assigned architectural practice Voigt-Werling and by the city of Troisdorf in its capacity as the Lower Authority for the Protection of Monuments (Untere Denkmalbehörde).
Basis for further plans
Troisdorf city council passed the monument conservation plan in its meeting held on 05.10.2010 as the basis for further plans and activities within the urban area. It must be pointed out here that the monument conservation plan was unable to carry out a thorough investigation into the suitability for preservation of the proposed historical buildings and heritage areas, which will necessitate a further specialist review. Other interests have not yet been taken into consideration in the case of buildings worthy of preservation; this must be done if recommendations for preservation are implemented by law.
The Culture Office became the Lower Authority (only in German available) for the Protection of Monuments on 01.06.2011; the Office for Urban Development and Geoinformation is responsible for drawing up preservation orders.


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2012 has already seen the biggest tech IPO in history and one of the fastest billion dollar exits in recent memory (curiously both involving the same company). But it's also shaping up to be the year that sees some important strategic changes in the kids entertainment landscape.
Amazon gets into TV production and kids entertainment
Despite this being a massively important announcement, Amazon's extremely clever move was generally under-reported. Amazon have a fulfillment and ecommerce operation which is second to none globally. Amazon's ability to create and distribute merchandise with more efficiency than any other entertainment or licensing company may make them the one-stop shop for content producers everywhere (who generally only make money from such merchandise deals). Announcing their intention to get into content production and specifically kids content production must have caused a lot of rapidly assembled strategy meetings amongst TV companies worldwide.
FB denies it's going to open up to under-13s (again)
Will they or won't they? The long-held rumours about Facebook's plans for the under-13 market suggest that a service will happen one day. Realistically it was unlikely to happen before the IPO and the most recent denial probably means it won't be this year either. In the meantime, games will remain the social centres of activity for under-13s.
Disney now distributing full-length kids tv episodes on YouTube
Although this announcement is now a little old, it's by no means less important. Reinforcing just how strategically important YouTube is to the family market, Disney are now releasing full-length episodes of their older shows for free. How long before their latest shows start to (officially) air here as well?
Republished with permission from the Fight My Monster blog.
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1 cup all-purpose flour
3 eggs
1 1/2 cups whole milk, divided use
1/4 teaspoon sea salt
1/8 teaspoon ground black pepper
3 tablespoons unsalted butter, melted, plus whole butter for cooking crepes
This recipe was provided by a chef, restaurant or culinary professional. It has not been tested for home use.
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01. photo by Tom Bomb, 02. photo by Kevin Dana
— What year did you first take up permanent residence in the States, and where?
I first came to San Diego in March of '88, when I was 17. I spent a month living at Ron Wilkerson's Enchanted Ramp house in Leucadia… it seemed like heaven; great riders, great weather, 2 halfpipes in the yard and the beach right down the street! I went back to England sold my car and moved out here in May '88. Now 21 years later I'm still here! Although I have spent a couple of years back in the UK, and five in the Bay Area when my wife and I were working for Fox.
— What made you choose vert over everything else?
It just feels the best to me, the speed and air, and I guess it came most naturally. I was really into racing when I was younger, but gave that up by 15 to concentrate on freestyle. Back then you had to do ramps and flatland in the same contest run, but as soon as ramps became its own category I focused all my energy on that. This was also around the time that I started riding half-pipes… I fell in love! I still haven't found many things in life that compare to the feeling of floating above the coping of a ramp. That's why I've been riding again!
— You rode for Haro and Airwalk; who were your other sponsors?
Trend Bike Source really helped me out after I got kicked off Hutch, Skyway wheels for a minute… that's about it. It was a weird time for getting sponsors. Plus the fact that I was living here illegally didn't help.
— Do you have any funny or scandalous stories about sponsors back then?
Ha, ha… I wouldn't want to ruin anyone's reputation!
I can tell you about the Hutch thing though… After entering my first contest in the states (2-Hip Flint, MI. 1988) I wanted to party! It was my first time meeting a lot of vert guys I'd seen magazines, and I was amped from riding. At some point Ron Stebene (Hutch Team Manager at the time) told me I needed to go to bed, I decided to stay out all night drinking instead and got kicked off the team! Actually, I got suspended but told them to stick it! No hard feelings towards Ron, he was just doing his job 🙂
— Did you still end up riding in the finals the next day, and how did you do?
I think the prelims and finals were all on the same day. I got 3rd behind Matt Hoffman and Dino Deluca. There were a ton of great riders there so I was pretty stoked. I also got really close to pulling a 900… too bad I couldn't quite hold on, no one had pulled one at a contest yet.


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Call for Abstracts
An ear disorder is often a bacterial or viral disease that influences the middle of the ear, the air-filled space ahead the Eardrum that contains the modest vibrating bones of the ear. Kids are more probable than grown-ups to get ear contaminations. Ear infections every now and again are difficult in view of aggravation and development of liquids in the center ear. Since ear infections regularly clear up without anyone else, management may start with overseeing torment and observing the issue. Ear contamination in babies and extreme cases by and large frequently require anti-toxin drugs. Long haul subjects identified with ear diseases tireless liquids in the center ear, determined contaminations or continuous contaminations can cause hearing issues and different genuine intricacies. In this track we practice a part of the issue related to ear issue and treatment, for instance, extraordinary outside Otitis, Perichondritis pinna-Cauliflower ear, intrinsic variations from the norm Microtia, Atresia, Otomycosis and Cochlear Implants.
With late developments in innovation, including the nasal endoscope, nose or sinus surgery is currently ordinarily performed totally through the nose, without face or mouth cuts. Today, Endoscopic Sinus Surgery is usually ended with negligible nasal pressing, mellow agony, and short recuperation times. Clinical Approaches for Nasal Disorders track examines points like surgical route and Intraoperative Imaging, Endoscopic applications in orbital Surgery, Sinuplasty, septoplasty, Ossicular chain reproduction and administration of prevalent waterway dehiscence.
Tinnitus-the sensitivity of sound in the absence of actual external sound-represents a symptom of an underlying condition rather than a single disease. Several theories have been recommended to explain the mechanisms underlying tinnitus. Tinnitus, the noise can be recurrent or continuous, and is very loud. Tinnitus is often associated with hearing loss, it does not cause the loss, nor does a hearing loss cause tinnitus. People with tinnitus experience no difficulty hearing, and in a few cases, they even become so sensitive to sound that they must take stages to muffle or mask external noises. Prolonged disclosure to loud sounds is the most common cause of tinnitus. Up to 90% of people with tinnitus have some level of noise-induced hearing loss. The noise effects permanent damage to the sound-sensitive cells of the cochlea, a spiral-shaped organ in the inner ear. A single disclosure to a sudden extremely loud noise can also cause tinnitus. This track deals some of the most important topic which comprises: Chronic sensorineural tinnitus, Tinnitus from sound exposure, Pharmacological dealing and Behavioral treatment, Electrical stimulation and vascular compression of the auditory nerve.
Skull base surgery is a highly specialized, minimally invasive surgical technique for evaluating, diagnosing and treating benign or cancerous growths located on the underside of the brain, the base of the skull and the upper vertebrae of the spinal column. It can also be advantageous in repairing congenital anomalies and malformations. Skull base surgeons use special instruments inserted through the skull's natural openings. Prior to the development of skull base surgery, it was necessary to remove relatively large portions of the skull and/or facial musculature in order to gain entry into these areas. The benefits of skull base surgery include less risk of infection and damage to cerebral structures and nerves, less risk of disfigurement and a shorter recovery time.
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery is the specialty of dentistry which includes the diagnosis, surgical and adjunctive treatment of diseases, injuries and defects involving both the functional and aesthetic aspects of the hard and soft tissues of the oral and maxillofacial region. Contemporary training in both medicine and dentistry enables oral & maxillofacial surgeons to treat conditions requiring expertise in both fields. These include a range of common oral surgical problems (eg. impacted teeth, dental implants), jaw and congenital facial disproportion, facial trauma, oral cancer, salivary gland disease, temporomandibular joint disorders, and various benign pathologies (eg. cysts and tumours of the jaws). Oral and maxillofacial surgeons work with patients of all ages from newborn babies to elderly people. They treat children who are born with or develop deformities of their skull or face including cleft lip/palate. Much of their work with young adults involves surgery following an injury or accident. In the older population, they often treat oral cancer and skin tumours of the face and head.
Ototoxicity is the property of being toxic to the ear, specifically the cochlea or auditory nerve and occasionally the vestibular system; it is commonly medication-induced. Deaf blindness is a combination of sight and hearing loss that affects a persons ability to communicate, to access all types of information, and to get around. Deaf blindness is not just a deaf person who cannot see, or a blind person who cannot catch. The two impairments together increase the belongings of each. People of all ages can have a sight or hearing impairment. It may have remained from birth, or due to deterioration later in life. But most deaf blind individuals have some vision and hearing. According to the American Academy of Audiology, one in three people over the age of 60 experience some sort of age-related hearing loss. In people over the age of 85, this number increases to one in two. Age-related hearing loss is also recognized as presbycusis. Although age-related hearing loss is not a life-threatening disorder, it can have a significant effect on your quality of life if left untreated.
Plastic surgery is the branch of medicine concerned about the remaking and repair of deformities in the body. Reconstructive plastic surgery repairs distortions or deformations caused by wounds, malady, or birth deserts. It looks not exclusively to influence a man to look more ordinary however to work better too. Restorative plastic surgery is performed exclusively with the end goal of enhancing the presence of the body. Reconstructive plastic surgery is less old, although there is composed proof that specializes in old India utilized skin joins as ahead of schedule as 3300 b.c. to repair noses and ears lost in the fight or to specific types of discipline. Roman therapeutic author Aulus Cornelius Celsus, who is known to have lived amid the rule of Tiberius, specified the reconstructive surgery of the face in his book De re medicine. It is additionally realized that amid the Chin tradition, Chinese specialists surgically repaired congenital fissures.
Sinusitis is an inflammation or swelling of the tissue which is the lining of sinuses. Normally, sinus is filled through air, but when sinuses become blocked and filled with fluid, germs can produce and cause an infection. Conditions which may cause sinus blockage comprise the common cold, allergic rhinitis, nasal polyps, or a deviated septum. In children, common environmental aspects that contribute to sinusitis include allergies, illness from other children at day care or school, pacifiers, bottle drinking while lying on ones back, and smoke in the environment. In this tracks we will come across subjects such as Acute sinusitis, Antimicrobial resistance profiles of ocular and nasal flora, Sinus headaches - Causes and treatment & Pediatric sinusitis. Fungal and Bacterial Rhinosinusitis is caused due to microorganisms affecting the nasal membranes. Irresistible Rhinitis or Rhinosinusitis can be dealt with by inoculations while hypersensitive rhinitis can be dealt with by intranasal corticosteroids and antihistamines.
Facial surgery is a cosmetic surgery that tightens up the skin, reinforcing the facial muscles, can change the shape giving a new appearance. Rhinoplasty, otoplasty, septoplasty are different facial plastic surgeries given for patient with deformities. Cochlear Implants are used for the ear disorders like Tinnitus.
The field of rhinology gives an entire scope for therapeutic and surgical administration of sinusitis and sensitivity, in addition to innovative management of tumors and other complex procedures and diseases affecting the sinuses and skull base. Technological innovations, comprising the latest in powered instrumentation and drills, computer image supervision, and balloon sinus dilation, aid in these advanced procedures and provide significant advantages over conventional methodologies. Furthermore, the division was among the first on the planet to get and use intraoperative CT imaging for continuous medical utilize.
Head and neck surgery present numerous challenges to the anesthetist. The presenting pathology may affect in airway obstruction or make intubation difficult or impossible. It is very important to maintain a secure airway when access to the patient's head may be partial and the need to be flexible about airway management during surgery, particularly in nose and throat techniques. Surgeons may obstruct or displace airway equipment. The potential for contamination of the airway needs to be noticed. Whenever an airway problem is predictable intraoperatively, correcting it is the priority, stopping surgery if necessary.
The surgery used to correct the congenital and acquired abnormalities of the skull, face, and jaws is called as Craniofacial surgery. The condition is that it usually affects the bones and soft tissues of the head and face in the child's body. These defects are treated by craniofacial surgeons. The surgery to relieve and restore the shape of the head is the treatment involved in craniofacial surgery. Some craniosynostosis defects are due to hereditary disorders such as Apart and Crouzon disorder, others disorders like Cleft lip and palate. The surgery is a multiple specialty of Plastic, Oral and maxillofacial and Head & neck surgery and deformities in the face, skull, and jaws.
Otolaryngology is a clinical subspecialty in medical terms that deals with Illnesses of the ear, nose, and throat (ENT) and related arrangements of the head and neck. Specialists who represent considerable expert around there are called Otorhinolaryngology's, otolaryngologists, ENT specialists or head and neck specialists. Patients look for treatment from an Otorhinolaryngology's for infections of the ear, nose, throat, base of the skull, and for the surgical supervision of diseases and gentle tumour of the head and neck. Physicians trained in the therapeutic and surgical management and treatment of patients with infections and disorders of the ear, nose, throat (ENT), and related structures of the head and neck. They are commonly stated to as ENT physicians.
For queries please contact at
Email: email@example.com


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How to Create a Literature Evaluation for a Research-Paper0
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Are you highly creative but lacking the clarity, focus and plan of action to actually move forward so you won't stay paralyzed by perfectionism, comparison and procrastination?
Do you need to TAKE ACTION and test to get results?
Do you know how to IDENTIFY what to outsource and what to do yourself. Learn from our panel of experienced women entrepreneurs who have launched, broken and fixed more times than they want to admit? Be inspired to get your ideas into motion.
Join Melody Biringer - founder of the CRAVE Company and startup junkie and Angela Shen founder of Savor Seattle for an in depth discussion on just going for it and relying on a bit of serendipity along the way.


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Tata Ace in Chennai
Tata Ace popularly known as Kutty yanai in Chennai, is one of the top in demand commercial vehicles for FMCG to its logistics requirements. Its length is of 7 ft and has carrying capability of upto 750kg. It can be used to move light and medium weighing goods such as Laminates, home equipments, food items and restaurant supplies.
Fares starting from ₹ 200.0
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- Road tax, parking etc as applicable over and above ride fare.


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Faculty Profile
Elizabeth Hudson, MPH, RD
- Lecturer I, Nutritional Sciences
- Department of Internal Medicine
- Domino's Farms Allergy Specialty Clinic
- 24 Frank Lloyd Wright Drive
- Suite H-2100
- Ann Arbor, MI 48105
Professional Summary
Liz has been an RD for 9 years with experience providing medical nutrition therapy in a variety of clinical settings with diverse patient populations. Her clinical work has provided nutrition care to adults in the inpatient setting as well as in outpatient cancer care. Liz currently works with pediatric patients in the area of allergy and immunology. Liz is pursuing a doctorate in epidemiology and plans to focus her research in the area of dementia disorders.
Courses Taught
NUTR 636: Medical Nutrition Therapy I
- MPH, Public Health, Wayne State University, 2012
- BS, Dietetics, Michigan State University, 2005


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San Francisco, CA
Food & Hospitality
Do you know someone at
Wipeout Bar & Grill
? Connect to find out!
For over 30 years, Simmons Family Restaurants have been a part of San Francisco.
Since 1978, we've created and developed a broad range of unique Bay Area
restaurants and destinations, including San Francisco's own PIER 39. Today, we are
pleased to offer some of the finest waterfront dining in town.
San Francisco, CA


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Call now on0207 183 8204
A family in London is looking for a Full Time Live In Housekeeper to take charge of the housekeeping duties around the house. The working hours for this job would be full time from Monday to Friday, plus an hour and a half on Saturdays.
Duties for this position would include
Nice and comfortable accommodation will be provided for the Housekeeper. The family would like someone to start as soon as possible. To learn more about this role, please complete the form below and a consultant will contact you with more information.


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Mar 30, 2018
In episode #607, Eric and Neil
discuss what happened when they purchased backlinks. Tune in to
hear whether this is still a valid marketing method.
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Neil Patel and Eric Siu bring you daily ACTIONABLE digital marketing lessons that they've learned through years of being in the trenches. Whether you have a new website or an established business, learn the latest SEO, content marketing, social media, email marketing, conversion optimization and general online marketing tactics that work today.
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About a month ago one of my professors, also a friend, met D for the first time at a reading in Santa Fe.
The following day I ran into her in the basement of the student center and eagerly approached, seeking validation.
"He's cute, right!?"
"Yeah, totally. So it's going well?"
"Yeah, really well."
"So now you're trying to find everything that's wrong with it?"
I frowned, legitimately bewildered by her comment. I thought for a second–was I looking to find things wrong with him, or with us?–and quickly concluded that in fact, no, I wasn't. Somehow, I was actually managing to enjoy that things were indeed going well.
They still are. But now, as he and I edge up to our three month mark, I absolutely know what she meant.
The explanation for this is that there is something you may not know about me–something that I, periodically, rediscover about myself and each time experience the sort of startled confusion I expect you will as well:
I'm a secret commitment-phobe.
I know. This is likely not a category into which you would normally place a person who considers insta-relationships a form of amateur sport: who is, sometimes within days, willing to wager that another person is a potential life partner; who thinks nothing of introducing a guy to friends after a few minutes and parents after a few weeks.
I know. I'm eager. But once I'm actually in something, it usually sputters out before I have a chance to even consider the idea of commitment.
S reminded me of this over dinner the other night, during which I grasped to articulate anything that might be wrong with D–only to realize that everything I said was actually a good thing.
"He's just kind of the opposite of anyone you've ever dated," she said. In other words, it's not that the fact that I know how he feels about me is bad–just that it's not something I'm particularly used to.
"I might be secretly terrified of commitment," I admitted.
"Yeah," she said. "I think you might be right."
She asked how I dealt with J–my long term ex, the only other person to whom I've really, truly, ever committed. I told her that I have no clue. Also, that I was nineteen.
"I had no idea what was going on," I said. "All I knew was that there was a lot of pot around and that my boyfriend was a minor rock star who took me backstage at shows. I thought that was cool." I literally have no recollection of how things with him got serious.
(A realization that, if nothing else, should make me more sympathetic to my grandmother's response when I once asked her why, at nineteen, she married my grandfather: "I have no idea.")
For the record, I'm sure I did love J–in that first-love way that means I always, in some capacity, will. I just, apparently, had not yet developed the highly elaborate set of neuroses about men and relationships with which I currently am beset. (You see? Before craziness comes innocence–I'm not sure we are ever without one.)
Now, of course, it's another story. And as happy as I am to be with someone, especially someone wonderful who treats me extremely well, I am also properly terrified of it: what if this is the right thing? What if it isn't? How will I know? (This is the point at which I hear my brother R weighing in, accusing me of my "typical over-thinking." I have no defense besides saying: at least, both of us are consistent.)
On more than one occasion various girlfriends have asked me, with some combination of jealousy, frustration and awe: "Is there anything wrong with D?" The best answer I've come up with is that he sometimes forgets to put the toilet seat up.
Give me a little time, and I'm sure I'll have a more satisfying answer. He's pretty great, but no one's perfect. Nor is any relationship–at least, any relationship longer than three months.
I should enjoy the "perfect" part while it lasts, I know. It's just that the fact that this territory is so darn unfamiliar, it's sometimes hard. Forgive me. I think I can get used to it.


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Rutgers professor improves prostate cancer treatment with data-driven therapy
Antonina Mitrofanova wanted to become an oncologist, but a life change prevented her from being able to afford medical school. After switching her major to computer science, Mitrofanova, an assistant professor at the Rutgers School of Health Professions and research member of the Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, is now using big data to fight cancer, according to Rutgers Today.
In her lab, Mitrofanova uses computer algorithms and mathematical models to predict how patients with prostate cancer will respond to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), which reduces the amount of androgen hormones and prevents cancer cell growth to treat prostate cancer.
ADT has been reported to improve the health of only approximately 50 percent of all prostate cancer patients and cause aggressive cancer in the other 50 percent. Mitrofanova's computer algorithm, whose patent is still pending, analyzes a patient's initial biopsy by looking at genetic and non-genetic markers. Knowing how the patient will respond before he or she undergoes ADT can potentially save lives and prevent suffering.
"When the patient is diagnosed with prostate cancer, part of the biopsy is put aside and screened for these markers," Mitrofanova said. "From there, we can determine which patients will respond favorably and which will be at risk in order to inform both the patient and physician if this will be the best treatment for that patient."
ADT outcomes were predicted successfully 90 percent of the time using the data from biopsies and removed prostates of patients.
"This approach builds a strong foundation for a more personalized therapy and, in the long term, can be included to improve clinical decision making, patient survival and cancer management," she said.
Although Mitrofanova's study focuses only on ADT for prostate cancer, she believes her algorithm will broaden to other cancers and treatment types.
Mitrofanova first became interested in oncology when her grandfather was diagnosed with prostate cancer. When she was 9 years old, her grandfather, a cab driver, volunteered as 1 of 60,000 "liquidators" who were recruited by the Soviet government to reduce the harmful consequences of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster in 1986. Volunteers were exposed to massive amounts of radiation and Mitrofanova's grandfather was diagnosed with cancer shortly after the cleanup.
In order to help people like her grandfather, Mitrofanova completed four years of medical school in Ukraine, where she was born. She later emigrated to the United States to marry her husband, whose half-Jewish family fled to the country as refugees. In the United States, Mitrofanova was unable to afford medical school, so she switched to computer science and obtained a merit scholarship to study the subject at Brooklyn College. Later, she received a Ph.D. in computer science from New York University and post-doctoral training at Columbia University Cancer Center.
Earlier this year, her research on the predictive algorithm for prostate cancer was published in the biomedical journal, EBioMedicine.
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Earlier in the year, I made the decision to periodically devote a post to a television show or movie when it hits a significant event in its history (i.e. series premiere, series finale, film release, anniversary of a release, etc.). Much like books, these mediums just as effectively provide the power of storytelling themselves, and I find it wisest to explore that aspect of them. Previously, I gave my input on the latest Disney and Pixar creation, "Inside Out." Today's scenario will be a little different, for not only will I provide my thoughts about Disney itself, but also my thoughts about four films I will be seeing from its Disney Screen event that's currently taking place in select movie theaters.
Many of us have more or less grown up with hearing the name "Disney" as an entity of our lives. Who would have thought that a young boy growing up in Kansas City would one day be the founder of the biggest conglomerate in the world. There are theme parks baring his name, TV channels as well, recording companies, as well as the film productions and franchises it owns now like Marvel and Lucasfilm.
But of course at the core root of it all, the testament to Disney's legacy that just as well continues on to this day are the films; from "Snow White and the Seven Dwarves" and "The Jungle Book," to "Frozen" and "Big Hero 6." These films have been loved and hated, admired and debated, for as much as the films have been loved overall, that's not to say that their family-friendly take makes them without flaws, for many of these films are actually quite flawed.
There are many to name, but these are just some that dominate the numerous thought pieces written about Disney films nowadays:
- A huge chunk of the human characters are not that diverse. Someone once asked me to look up all the Asian/Asian American characters in Disney films, and needless to say it was a very quick search.
- For the longest time, the female characters have been very ill portrayed; often restricting them to very limited activities, never being able to fend for themselves, and for the most part, always falling in love in the end.
- Many of the films are adaptations of previously written works; in particular, fairy tales and classic literature. In fact, it's so much of a common occurrence that when watching a behind-the-scenes feature on the 2003 film "Brother Bear," the co-directors even went as far as to say how much creative control they found themselves in, because of the fact that the story they were telling was an original one.
Have the films gotten better over the years? Definitely so. As of the Disney Renaissance era, there's been a shift for more diverse characters, better written female characters, better written story lines (though still not exactly original), and more. Within recent years, even more so, and from the looks of things ahead, it's likely to improve even more. It's a sign of the times, and if anything, it shows just how Disney can adjust to that; by improving the content geared to its audience. The many makers that have since filled in the large shoes Walt Disney himself has left behind are starting to understand now how the content they create is very influential, and even define a generation for that matter. That's why I was so happy to see an animated film from Disney, where its lead was Hapa, won Best Animated Feature at the Academy Awards this year, and that's why I'm really looking forward to see an animated film come out next year that takes place in the South Pacific called "Moana." Many of the Disney films from decades past have their share of flaws, but I'm glad to see how the makers can improve it in the future to come.
Needless to say though that many of these films are nostalgic to look back on for sentimental reasons; whether it be for the songs, a funny character, and what not; and as of last month, in select theaters across the country, they're actually showing some of these past Disney films over the course of a few months. It's called Disney Screen. Each week features a set of four films that fall under a certain theme, and this changes from week to week. I am very fortunate to live near one of these theaters that's doing Disney Screen, and while I haven't seen any films offered from this limited programming yet, I'm about to over the course of the next four weeks. Each week features at least one film that I intend to see on the big screen, and many of which highlight the improvements Disney has made in making stronger, better movies. I would like highlight which films I have my eyes set on for watching on the big screen:
"Lilo and Stitch" (2002)
This is definitely one of my favorite animated Disney films. Set on the Hawaiian island of Kauai, it follows the story of a girl named Lilo who adopts a runaway alien experiment she names Stitch. Over the course of the film, we see the bond between the two develop, as both are ostracized in their communities, and the meaning of ohana plays out into fruition.
I remember seeing this movie when it came out. Being ten years old at the time, it was nice for a weird kid like me to see a movie about a weird kid who gains a friend. Not to mention that the setting of Hawaii was a clever idea, for how the movie went about with incorporating cultural elements into the plot made the film that much more effective. I look forward to seeing this movie within the coming days.
"Mulan" (1998)
This is another one of my favorite animated Disney films, as it retells the Chinese legend of woman warrior, Fa Mulan. In the movie, we see Mulan as a young woman struggling to bring honor to her family by "traditional" means of doing so for the times- to become a bride. However, when her ailing father, who is the only man in her family, is called out to war, Mulan secretly takes his place by disguising herself as a man.
I also saw this in movie theaters at the time of its release. I was six at the time. Even for my young age then, I knew how various "Disney princesses" that came before Mulan were not exactly the most proactive women in movie history. To see a woman like Mulan take action the way she did to protect someone she loves was really amazing to see. Plus, let's be real, who hasn't broken out into "I'll Make A Man Out of You" whenever possible?
"Wall-E" (2008)
"Wall-E" is one of the many collaborations between Disney and Pixar Animation Studio, and it's also my favorite by them as well. Set 700 years in the future when humans have abandoned Earth after it has become heavily trashed, we find Wall-E, a lone trash-cleaning robot who falls in love with a sleek probe robot EVE. However, his admiration for her suddenly pulls Wall-E into a whirlwind of adventure as he suddenly finds himself working together with EVE with returning the human race back to Earth.
Pixar has to be one of the most innovative film companies in the world, and I found this one to be the most innovative one by them yet. Apart from telling a really cute love story, it also touches on issues that are prevalent to even today's time, such as consumerism, pollution, nostalgia and technology. Also, while a relatively small element, I loved how for the first half hour of the film, there's very little dialogue, for it shows that dialogue isn't always needed to tell a good story. It's funny about the timing "Wall-E" had came out, for I had actually visited Pixar a few weeks before its release. Just from the "Wall-E"-themed decor up at the time, that alone was likely a sign that this film was going to be something special.
"Robin Hood" (1973)
Regardless of whether or not you've read the books about him, the name Robin Hood hones familiarity on some level or another. With the characters as anthropomorphic animals rather than human characters, Disney's retelling of this classic English character touches on the elements that Robin Hood is known for: he may be an outlaw, but the robberies he commits are for giving back to the poor and putting the rich in their place.
Given the year of its theatrical release, this is the only film out of the four that I have named that I was not alive to see at the time. However, I did watch this film a lot as a kid, and I always found it a really interesting movie to see, perhaps out of Robin Hood's cleverness to get away with his doings and the thoughtfulness behind his actions as well. I personally have not read the books about him, so while I don't know exactly how accurate Disney's portrayal was to the actual story, I find it to at least be a good overview of him nonetheless. I await to see what this film looks like on the big screen.
So what do you guys think? Do you live near a theater that's doing Disney Screen and if so, which movies have you already seen or plan to see? Even if you don't live near a theater that's doing this, which past Disney movies would want to see on the big screen if you had the opportunity to do so?
Also, what are your thoughts about the evolution of Disney movies? Do you think they're getting better? Plus, how can they improve in the future to come?
Please note that I am not sponsored by Disney nor am I being paid to write this piece about Disney Screen. I did it because I love Disney films and I figured that this would make an interesting, prevalent topic. If you do want to learn more about Disney Screen though, I'd advise you check out the Cinemark website.


text: Submitted by Sisse on 10. December, 2011 I love this, makes me giggle :-D This tree ornament is an acorn, decorated with a crocheted Santa hat and a yarn beard. Very quick to make and really cute :-) As usual, you download the pattern pdf by clicking the image below. Add new comment Your name Kommentar * CAPTCHAThis question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.


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You can search for local businesses by entering the whole or part of a business name or contact name. Search by keywords as well. Just enter information in the search box below:
Eastern Shore Chamber Directory
Our Partners
ARK Builders LLC
ARK Builders serves the beautiful Eastern Shore in South Alabama by building custom homes and assisting in remodeling existing homes.
Search our chamber directory by category:
Call us today at +251 928-6387 or Email us at email@example.com
Whether your visit is a short trip or a long stay, we want to help make your time along the Eastern Shore the best it can be.


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VAN RYSEL RC 500 Cycling Gilet - YellowVAN RYSEL
From To
* From To
- The front is wind and waterproof
- The back is breathable mesh
- Compartments so there's no need for a backpack
Technical Information
To determine whether a fabric is breathable, we measure its evaporative resistance (test based on standard ISO 11092).
The lower its resistance, the more the fabric will let water vapour produced by the body escape, and therefore the more breathable it is.
For example: RET < 9 = extremely breathable fabric
Waterproofing is a fabric's ability to prevent rain water from passing through. A fabric's waterproofing is determined by measuring its resistance to the pressure exerted by a water column, measured in mm (test based on ISO 811 standard). The higher the pressure, the more waterproof the fabric.
A material with a waterproof rating of 2000mm resists the pressure exerted by 2000mm of water (which roughly corresponds to a 2-hour rain shower).
Machine wash at 30°C. Synthetic programme. Turn the garment inside out. Use minimal laundry detergent. Do not add softener. Line dry in a warm, ventilated area. Do not tumble dry. Do not dry clean. Do not bleach. Do not place on a heater to dry.
Our team of product designers is based at the B'Twin Village in Lille (France). All year round, we conceive and develop new products that are easy to use, look great, and have the technical features needed for your cycling experiences.
They are then mercilessly put to the test by users in the field, as we are convinced that only by subjecting our products to real world conditions, such as the ones you will experience on your bike, can we continuously improve them.
A product's environmental impact is calculated for its entire life cycle using various indicators.
An overall rating (ABCDE) is given, allowing you to easily identify products with the best environmental performance by comparing similar products to each other (T-shirts, trousers, backpacks etc.).
Decathlon openly displays the environmental ratings of its products.
To find out more: http://sustainability.decathlon.com/


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NET Programming Certificate
North Hennepin Community College
Program Details
The .NET Programming Certificate provides students with an opportunity to learn .NET application development. It targets students who want to acquire skills needed for .NET programming, web programming, and web site development. It also covers ASP.NET, a technology for creating Web applications. The Certificate's database management course utilizes Microsoft SQL Server.
A high school diploma or GED is required. Official transcripts.
School Accreditation Statement
North Central Association of Colleges and Schools, The Higher Learning Commission


text: Human Factors and Their Optimization Source: CCPS - Center for Chemical Process Safety Type: Conference PresentationConference Type: AIChE Spring Meeting and Global Congress on Process Safety Presentation Date: April 2, 2012 Duration: 30 minutes Skill Level: Basic PDHs: 0.50 Share This Post: Weak control of human factors leads directly to error. An error can result in an initiating event of an accident sequence (directly by the mistake made or indirectly such as by a process control loop failing prematurely). Human error also is the cause of failure of each layer of protection. This paper discusses each of the 10 primary human factors and describes what we know about their relative importance in accident causation. The data presented is from basic research (previous research by others, and also by the authors) and review of the root causes of more than 1000 accidents and near misses. The paper lists where focus should be placed (i.e., which human factors tend to be key) and provides proven ways to optimize these human factors so that the base human error rate at a site is as low as possible. Tie-in to other applications, such as determining the probability of human error for risk analysis is also presented. Case studies and examples are used throughout the paper to illustrate key points. Preview Presentation: Presenter(s): William Bridges Once the content has been viewed and you have attested to it, you will be able to download and print a certificate for PDH credits. If you have already viewed this content, please click here to login. Checkout Checkout Do you already own this? Log In for instructions on accessing this content. Pricing Individuals AIChE Member Credits 0.5 AIChE Members $15.00 AIChE Graduate Student Members Free AIChE Undergraduate Student Members Free Non-Members $25.00 Language: English


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The Sound of Inside Out
In this exclusive SoundWorks Collection sound profile they talk with Director Pete Doctor and Producer…
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The cookie settings on this website are set to "allow cookies" to give you the best browsing experience possible. If you continue to use this website without changing your cookie settings or you click "Accept" below then you are consenting to this.


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Hooks are an easy way to add storage to a room that needs it, or to have grab and go access to items you use every day. With these sleek and modern hooks from Umbra, you don't need to worry about putting holes in the wall in order to hang it up. These easy to use over-the-door hooks are an instant solution. Introducing SCHNOOK from Umbra. SCHNOOK is a sleek and modern over-the-door hook made of stamped metal in a sleek nickel finish. Both ends of the SCHNOOK have protective black rubber. The rubber on the over the door hook serves as a bumper for your door, which also prevents the hook from sliding. The end of the hook where you hang your clothes has rubber to protect your clothes from snagging or slipping. Each hook holds up to 5 lbs. and SCHNOOK comes in three sizes: Single hook: 1 x 8 inches (2.5 x 20.3 cm). 3 hook: 9 x 8 inches (22.9 x 20.3 cm) 5 hook: 17 x 8 inches (43.2 x 20.3 cm). SCHNOOK comes in black/nickel. For an easy way to add simple, additional storage to just about any room in your home, order SCHNOOK today. About Umbra: A global product design company providing original, modern, casual, and functional design for the home.
Schnook Over The Door 5 Hook
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Hot Topics
Oct. 13, 2018
Expanding 40 indoor golf schools mainly in the Tokyo metropolitan area
The number of members exceeds 7,000, and it is growing rapidly. While the golfer population is on a downward trend, and as many golf-related businesses including golf courses and golf schools are forced to struggle, 40 stores have been deployed in the 6th year of their founding mainly in the Tokyo metropolitan area. All you can learn from 4,980 yen. https://www.asahi.com/and_M/information/pressrelease/CPRT201886336.html


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In 2008, several Cambodian NGOs along with a group of donors began discussions about the county's nascent extractive industry (EI) sector. With Chevron's discovery of offshore oil and the influx of mining companies operating in Cambodia's provinces, civil society groups identified a need to begin advocacy efforts to ensure that revenues from oil, gas and mining be used transparently and responsibly. This series of discussions represented the birth of CRRT, with the official launch taking place in early 2008 with a mission to ensure that State revenues from non-renewable resources, namely oil, gas and mining, are collected, managed and spent to equitably benefit all Cambodians. Youth Resource Development Program (YRDP), The NGO FORUM on Cambodia (NGOF), Development and Partnership in Action (DPA), Economic Institute of Cambodia (EIC) and Center for Social Development (CSD) became the founding members, with representation on CRRT's the Board of Directors.
Objectives of the assignment
- To conduct an assessment of the Extractive Industry (EI) sector and identify opportunity for CRRT to effectively work on this sector
- To develop the six-year strategic plan 2020-2025 for CRRT
- To develop the three-year proposal 2020-2022 for CRRT
- At least 10 years of work experience in institutional development and strategic plan development
- Profound competences in different data collection methods and data analysis (qualitative and quantitative);
- Proficiency in English or/and Khmer
- Excellent communication skills;
- Experience in and/or sensitivity to the Cambodian context;
- Experience and knowledgeable about Extractive Industries
The duration of the assignment process is 36 working days, starting from May to June, 2019. The final documents will be submitted not later than the end of June, 2019.
How to apply
Individuals, companies, or organizations with relevant expertise and interest, should send us the following:
- An expression of interest;
- A proposal describing the method of the assignments, curriculum vitae, schedule, work testimonials of the similar assignment and a detailed budget to the following address by 5:00 pm May 17, 2019.
YRDP, #93, St. 590, Boeung Kak 2, Tuol Kork, Phnom Penh or by email: [email protected]. For detailed information of the Terms of Reference, please email to
[email protected]
Office #93, St. 590, Sangkat Boeung Kak 2, Khan Tuol Kork, Phnom Penh,
Tel: (855-23) 880 194 / Fax: (855-23) 881 605,
P.O Box: 462 Phnom Penh CAMBODIA. CCC Box: 240,
E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.yrdp.org


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For your information, an anonymous donor has generously offered to match donations made to this initiative up to RM10,000.
Phase 1 / Fasa 1: RM20,000 (by 31st May 2018)
Phase 2 / Fasa 2: RM21,141.25 (July 2018)
Phase 3 / Fasa 3: RM21,141.25 (January 2019)
Funds will be raised in phases. Once the previous phase has been successful, funds will be disbursed and the next phase will be made open to receiving donations. We also welcome in-kind donations.
Total Funds Needed / Jumlah Dana Diperlukan: RM62,282.50*
*A more extensive breakdown can be requested at the email listed below.
Through our work teaching in school and now working with bright students to help them access higher education, we met one exceptional boy who grew up on the outskirts of Kuala Lumpur. His name is V, and he will turn eighteen this year.
V was born here in Malaysia, and adopted as a baby. Due to some complications, he has wound up as one of the many stateless children in this country.
In spite of not having an IC, the teachers in the secondary school he attended recognised his potential, and ensured that he was able to sit for SPM and graduate with a certificate. V did really well in SPM, scoring straight As (2A+, 4A, 3A-). This is no mean feat, especially knowing his socioeconomic circumstances and the low-income community in which he grew up. He has shown incredible resilience and determination to beat the odds in his life.
V has overcome tremendous odds to get here; it does not seem right that his promising trajectory should stop here.
Because V is stateless, there seemed to be no way he could further his studies even with such excellent SPM results. He spent the entirety of last year (2017) working full-time at a restaurant to support himself while figuring out how to overcome his challenges (V could not expect to rely on his foster family for much longer after SPM ended).
When this year rolled around, we could not afford to see V in this limbo anymore.
We decided the best way forward was to crowdfund for his school fees and living expenses as V is ineligible for scholarships due to his statelessness.
In early March this year, we reached out to a private college, and thanks to the strong support from the Head of the A Level programme, we got V enrolled, and he was finally able to pick up his studies.
V's dream is to become a doctor and dreams of the day when he would be able to travel overseas to further his studies. For now, we simply want to see him being able to continue with his studies while we continue helping him separately on getting him his citizenship.
Why A Levels?
Here are our chief reasons for choosing the A Level programme:
What happens after A Levels?
While V is going through his studies, we will continue to pursue his citizenship case to try to get it resolved by the time he completes A Levels. (If you know anyone who might be able to advise V's case, please let us know.)
The worst case scenario is that V would be done with his A Levels in mid-2019, and still have not obtained citizenship. If that happens, we will explore local options for V to continue his undergraduate studies; already one private university has kindly offered a possible opportunity (subject to his results).
An anonymous donor has generously offered to match donations made to this initiative up to RM10,000.
This is a special, one-off fundraising initiative to help V pursue higher education, and not directly connected to Closing The Gap's core activities at present. We are doing this because we feel very strongly about helping a remarkable young man who is still holding his head high in spite of what seems a bleak future.
The funds will be safeguarded by the Closing The Gap team and donors will receive periodic updates on the funds and where it has been spent.
For more details, please contact us directly at [email protected].
About Closing The Gap
Closing The Gap is a programme that aims to improve access to higher education for young people from disadvantaged backgrounds. We provide support for post-schooling options for our scholars, personalised mentoring and career guidance to help them achieve their fullest potential.


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Academic counseling is available to all students to help them understand their individual strengths, set goals, and assist them in planning an appropriate program of studies. Counselors, teachers and parents work together to support and encourage all students in reaching their full potential.
Some of the areas in which a counselor can work with students and parents are:
- Planning a high school program relevant to the student's interests, abilities and post-high school plans
- Assisting students in selecting appropriate courses each year
- Checking each student's progress through a review of quarterly report cards and interim progress reports
- Consult with teachers and other school staff regarding student performance
- Counseling students experiencing academic difficulty and developing strategies for improvement, including referrals to various academic resources at the high school
- Reviewing credit status leading to graduation


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Polish lessons – a great way to learn a new abroad language
From: http://www.flickr.com
Learning foreign languages for many people is just their hobby. Being able to speak with foreign people is for them in general an attractive experience. It is implied by the fact that improving our skills regards a language of another country may help us better understand the mentality of people from another culture. Consequently, we are recommended to generally not forget for example in order to learn more demanding languages, it is advised by people with wide experience in this field, to invest in for instance Polish lessons.


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Professor Askew
Professor Daniel Askew is the Chief Scientist and Director of Research & Development at the New York City-based Verity Corp. As Director it his responsibility to provide the financial firm with new technology that clients can invest in with the idea of getting in on the ground floor. While this role is genuine, he leaves the labor and administration to others while he focuses his attention on his real purpose: overseeing the massive underground laboratory in his pursuit of saving the human race from the machinations of the mysterious Station Masters.
Back to Characters.


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VS Music Supplies
Home > Saxophone
Bar Code: 9789043154208Part Number: DHP 1185864-401Brand: De Haske
Kobolds are mischievous, gnome-like sprites from German mythology and folklore. Kobold Dance, written by Belgian composer Tom De Haes for Eb or Bb saxophone and piano, is inspired by these creatures. The work contains great musical diversity in connection with character, dynamics, articulation, rhythm and range, enabling the saxophone player to demonstrate his or her talents to the greatest extent.


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Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE
|Porous PSAs offer uniform, isolated pore structures to control flow and movement of liquids or gases.
Component and material suppliers in the in vitro diagnostics (IVD) industry are facing pressure to develop technologies that address the demand for fast-performing, highly sensitive, accurate, and more affordable products in a short development cycle. Understanding the special needs of the IVD industry allows suppliers such as adhesive manufacturers to embrace this challenge through the development of enabling adhesive and coating technologies. This article discusses some of the design challenges related to formulating adhesives for diagnostics and how adhesives can bring added design benefits and enhanced capabilities to device manufacturers beyond simply bonding substrates together.
Pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) have been used for decades in a range of diagnostic device applications. In recent years, technology has evolved to create a more customized adhesive delivering enhanced performance capabilities. Today, PSAs are not only suitable for lateral-flow devices but also for many molecular diagnostic applications, including high-throughput screening, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR), cell culture, and compound storage.
Device manufacturers primarily choose PSAs for their performance characteristics and because their continuous roll format enables efficient manufacturing for batch and in-line processing operations. The adhesives provide an immediate bond without the need for water, solvents, or heat that could potentially damage a device's sensitive enzymes and reagents. Although several off-the-shelf medical-grade PSA products are currently available, OEMs will benefit most by working with a contract manufacturer that specializes in adhesive formulation and offers custom product capabilities that overcome the challenges of these specialized applications.
Inertness and Compatibility
Formulating adhesives for diagnostic applications is challenging, and adhesive manufacturers must first ensure component compatibility to the biological sample and assay. This responsibility becomes even more complex when considering the variety of available assays and how biomarkers or reagents can be combined as device designs broaden into new fields of disease detection.
When considering adhesive or component materials for any test system, formulators must ensure that the chemistry of all raw materials is inert and remains inert to the chemistries of the device and specimen. The system must be free of residual volatiles (such as solvents; )and monomers, leachable components, and reactive materials to assure chemical compatibility.1 Processing components must also be considered. For example, most PSA systems are manufactured with a release liner to aid in processing. Silicone from the liner's release coating can potentially be transferred from the adhesive to the IVD device, causing contamination that may affect growth in cell culturing applications.
Environmental contamination, which potentially affects compatibility, can also occur during the handling and manufacturing of the PSA system. Cleanliness during material handling and manufacturing is equally important for maintaining compatibility and component chemistry, particularly in molecular diagnostic applications. Any bacteria, yeast, or fungi that are transferred to test components can introduce biological contamination that may negatively affect results in biotech testing. Because compatibility can change as components age, accelerated and real-time aging studies are required to ensure that the adhesive properties are maintained during the shelf-life of the device.2
Controlling Thickness Tolerance
Tight tolerances for adhesive and substrate thickness control within product rolls and from lot to lot are critical for microfluidic devices and lateral flow applications. Any thickness variations can affect sample volume and test results. PSAs are a proven component in lateral-flow immunoassays that are used in many disposable IVD devices and biosensors. PSAs offer precise and accurate bond lines that improve the reproducibility of these devices, so one or more layers of PSA tape product may be used to bond, laminate, or assemble components within a test strip.
For example, in microfluidic devices and biosensors, a spacer tape defines the height of the microfluidic channels, which are formed by die- or laser-cutting, while the lid of the channel is made of another adhesive tape or a hydrophilic film.3 Adhesive thickness and tight tolerances can be monitored and maintained by integrating sophisticated vision systems and state-of-the-art online coating controls into the manufacturing equipment train to ensure product quality.
Eliminating Cold Flow
Adhesive migration, known as cold flow or creep, is one of the many design challenges adhesives manufacturers must address in IVD device design. The delicate balance of an adhesive's viscoelastic properties for proper laminating and cutting can have serious effects on manufacturing efficiencies if the formulation is not well-suited for an application's production processes. During conversion, a roll of adhesive may be processed in a number of ways, including high-speed laminating, slitting, sheeting, guillotining, and laser, rotary, or flatbed die-cutting. Although the PSA format offers many manufacturing efficiency benefits for high-speed conversion, the viscoelastic characteristics can also present challenges. If the adhesive is too hard, it will provide clean cuts but less-than-optimal bonds for laminating. If the adhesive is soft, it will laminate well to other component parts. However, residue may adhere to machinery blades during conversion, affecting the precision of individually cut parts. When adhesive builds up on the blades, the result can be increased cutting cycle time, reducing overall conversion throughput.4 Additional loss of productivity occurs when cutting equipment is shut down and dissembled for manual removal of adhesive buildup on the cutting blades.
Small sample volumes and quantities of biomarkers are influencing the design of devices that use small capillary channels. As a result, the viscoelastic properties of the adhesives used in device designs with large sample flows may not be suitable for smaller-channel designs. In these instances, a dual-stage UV-curable PSA is a good substitute. It cures in less than one second without the risk of damaging sensitive components. Compare that to heat activated-systems, which require pressure and dwell time for bonding. The uniqueness of this tape construction allows it to function like any other PSA for in-line processing with high-tack properties for bonding, laminating, and assembling components within an IVD device.
Once assembled, the laminated construction is briefly exposed to UV radiation, which further cross-links the adhesive and makes it more cohesive to eliminate the risk of cold-flow. The cohesive strength of the UV-cured adhesive prevents cutting blade gumming with low shrinkage. Although the cured adhesive presents increased cohesive strength, the overall system remains flexible.
Sample Wicking
Strong intermolecular attractive forces exist between molecules to create surface tension. These intermolecular forces create high surface tension in aqueous biological samples. In comparison, the surface energy of a solid substrate is low. The membranes used in IVD devices also have low surface energy and are not compatible with aqueous biological fluids. To achieve lateral flow and, ultimately, wicking of the fluid sample, the difference between the surface energy of the biological fluid, substrates, and membranes used in the diagnostic device must be overcome.5
Two approaches can improve the flow of biological fluids through a diagnostic device. One approach is to increase the surface energy of the substrate with various surface treatments. A second approach is to reduce the surface tension of the biological fluid, which can be accomplished through the incorporation of a hydrophilic PSA.
Adhesives may be formulated with a range of hydrophilic and hydrophobic capabilities to control fluid flow in a device while also providing increased design flexibility using a small biological sample. When an adhesive's surface is hydrophilic, it reduces a fluid sample's surface tension, improving wicking consistency and enabling rapid fluid transfer from the inlet port to a remote reactant area for fast test results. Hydrophilic PSAs may also be used as a wicking surface that allows increased separation between the sampling port and test reagents to reduce the risk of chemical interference.
Alternatively, by slowing hydrophilicity to create a hydrophobic surface, device designers can control reaction times as a sample wicks through a device. Surface treatment techniques can be applied to the adhesives or coatings used in a device's backing material to customize the physical character to include areas with hydrophobic characteristics and reduced surface energy. Fluid wicking through devices that use this approach can be slowed over areas of low surface energy by using a single coating. This approach permits adequate time for the required reaction or complex formulation. The technique also avoids rapid fluid wicking in devices where insufficient reaction times can cause inaccurate test results. It is possible to create a series of reaction zones of various shapes and configurations on a single adhesive film.6
Adhesives with tailorable fluid transfer properties are available in a number of forms, including PSA, heat seal, and film coatings. These forms make them an attractive material choice for lateral flow, microfluidic, microtiter plates, and point-of-care devices that require good bonding to a variety of substrates (see Table I).
|Table I. Hydrophilic adhesives offer tailorable features.
Optical Transparency and Spectral Properties
PSA manufacturers are faced with a long list of chemical compatibility and physical bonding challenges when formulating products for diagnostic devices. In addition, many biological testing applications rely on diagnostic determination by using fluorescent emissions.
Careful consideration must be given to materials when selecting cover tapes for PCR, real-time PCR, microfluidic, biochip, microarray, and microwell applications. Any interference or background fluorescence from an adhesive coating or accompanying film carrier can affect the detection of optical characteristics. Sealing or cover layers must exhibit little or no spectral emission at the biomaterial detection wavelength (typically 400–800 nm). Low fluorescent film substrates include materials such as polyolefin (PMP), cyclic polyolefin (CPO), polyacrylates (PMMA), polycarbonate (PC), polystyrene (PS), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) (see Figure 1). From an adhesive standpoint, chemistries with high levels of acrylic acid should be avoided, and low coat weights should be used.
Going with the Vertical Flow
The availability of a porous PSA technology that provides the ability to bond multiple layers while enabling the free exchange of fluids or gasses is a relatively new concept.7 The technology was originally developed for applications requiring secure containment of fluids while providing ventilation for gas exchange, such as in microtiter plates or microarrays. Now it is being considered for IVD devices where a conventional, impermeable PSA was not previously a viable component. This customizable adhesive technology offers open pores or cells of relatively uniform size and distribution to create a low-density, highly permeable structure. The pores are isolated channels that control flow and movement of aqueous-based fluids and gases. They typically range in diameter from approximately 200 to 500 µm and have 30–50% porosity. They enable flow from one substrate to the next through the z-direction of the adhesive, while acting as a gasket seal in the x-y direction.8
Pore Structure: A Microscopic View
The porous adhesive's ability to provide bonding capabilities while allowing the free transport of fluids and gases across the two surfaces of the adhesive film could create new PSA application areas in IVD. The adhesive forms instant bonds to join film substrates, membranes, pads, filter elements, or plastic parts without the need for curing or clamping during production of the finished product. The typical pore size of 200 µm is large enough to allow the passage of a whole blood sample. Alternatively, the adhesive may be laminated to a porous membrane to filter red blood cells. For example, the porous PSA can enable the construction of a stack of filtration membranes for cost-effective sample preparation. In vertical flow or combination lateral flow IVDs, the adhesive layer can provide a physical separation between materials while enabling the rapid passage of fluids through the adhesive.9
|Figure 1. The effect of excitation energy on the fluorescence of various substrates.
Dissolvable Films
Assay developers are evaluating ways to reduce cost by improving assay stability and yields of expensive reagent-laden components, and aqueous-based dissolvable films. At the same time, a related technology to PSAs that uses similar coating and processing approaches is gaining attention as a viable means for incorporating reagents into diagnostic devices such as lateral flow test strips, microfluidic devices, and microplates. These films provide a means for containing, storing, transporting, and processing reagents in a simple solid-state form. The reagents are made available by simply redissolving the film in an aqueous medium. Dissolvable films can be tailored to meet the specific needs of an application and offer significant formulation flexibility for achieving physical properties such as film thickness, dissolution rate, surface characteristics (texture), and mechanical properties (film strength). 10
Conventional preparation techniques for test strips, such as spraying, coating, or striping, can result in the costly loss of reagent. They can also limit the effective distribution of active components throughout a membrane or conjugate pad. Dissolvable films are formulated as a homogeneous mixture of a film former and reagent(s), so consistent dispersion of the active component is an inherent benefit of the film technology, translating to increased yield and reduced costs for device manufacturers.11 The film is provided in a continuous reel and may be cut into any size or shape to fit the end product design. Each precisely die-cut film component is a premeasured single dose that is easier and safer to handle than aqueous solutions of reagents. Higher dose concentrations can be obtained by increasing the loadings within the film itself or by increasing the film's overall mass and thickness. Reagent-loaded dry films do not require refrigeration or preservatives. Increased stability of the reagent when it is integrated into a film format results in less waste and requires fewer resources for device manufacturers to properly store and handle the sensitive and fragile reagents.
For diagnostic applications that require a controlled and timed reaction, dissolvable films may be incorporated as isolation barriers formulated with longer disintegration rates. Alternatively, the films may be used in multiple-layer constructions and vertical flow devices that contain or separate one or more reagents for their controlled release when exposed to an analyte within a device.
Enhancing Conductivity
PSAs provide custom bonding with added performance benefits in electrochemical sensors, such as blood glucose or lactose test strips, or biofeedback devices that incorporate an electrical current or potential for diagnosis. Electrically conductive PSAs enable small and thin effective bonds because they not only bond components together, but also provide the added functionality of supplying pathways for electrical signals. By eliminating the need for other conductive elements, electrically conductive PSAs present options for simplifying electronic component designs.
When uniformly dispersed within an adhesive, conductive particles create pathways within the adhesive matrix to make contact from one surface to another. The conductive fillers may be comprised of a number of materials, such as nickel, silver, and carbon or a combination of these materials. The adhesive matrix may be formulated from silicone, acrylic, or rubber polymers to ensure the maximum flexibility and compatibility with metal, film, and potentially low surface–energy substrates.12
Depending on the application, a number of adhesive or film formulations can be created in combination with the carbon particles, including
- Carbon-filled adhesive matrix.
- Carbon- and metal-filled adhesive matrix.
- Carbon and silver compound adhesive.
- Adhesive-embedded composites for x-y versus z-conductivity control.
- Conductive films and laminates.
A number of factors are driving IVD manufacturers to reduce the cost of their current products and develop next-generation devices for current and new applications. As device manufacturers maneuver through shortened product development cycles, they turn to their material suppliers for the latest technologies for enhancing product performance and value.
Suppliers face many technological challenges in developing innovative new products and efficient and reliable manufacturing processes that produce high-quality products that meet or exceed regulatory requirements. Custom adhesives manufacturers are uniquely positioned to develop and implement technologies that provide reliable bonding for a multitude of IVD testing platforms, and deliver enabling technologies to address the challenges IVD manufacturers are facing today and in the future.
1. WG Meathrel and J O'Mahoney, "Customized Adhesive and Coating Technologies Enable Drug Delivery Methods," Pharma, September (2009): 20–23.
2. WG Meathrel and R Malik, "Advanced Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives Enable Advent of Next-Generation IVD Products," European Medical Device Technology 2, no. 1 (2011): 19–21.
3. P Hilfenhause and T Meigs, "Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive Tapes for IVD Applications, 16.2" IVD Technology (2010): 33–38.
4. E Lakitosh, "Die-Cuttable Adhesive Development," Internal company document. Adhesives Research, Glen Rock, PA.
5. H Hand and W Meathrel, "The Effect of Hydrophilicity on the Flow Properties of Biological Fluids in Diagnostic Devices," IVD Technology (2001); available from Internet:
6. W Meathrel et al., 2002, Hydrophilic diagnostic devices for use in the assaying of biological fluids, U.S. Patent 7,476,533, filed April 19, 2002, and issued Feb 25, 2004.
7. R Malik, R and K McKinney, Porous pressure-sensitive adhesives and tapes, U.S. Patent 60/978,591, filed October 8, 2008, and issued April 9, 2009.
8. R Malik, "Porous Adhesive Technology for Diagnostic Applications," IVD Technology 15, no. 2 (2009): 27–32.
9. R Malik, "Porous Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives," European Medical Device Technology 1.2, (2010): 41–43.
10. W Meathrel and C Moritz, "Dissolvable Films and Their Potential in IVDs." IVD Technology 13, no, 9 (2007): 53-58.
11. W. Meathrel et al., Disintegrable films for diagnostic devices, U.S. Patent 7,727,466, filed Nov. 21, 2008, and issued June 1, 2010.
12. D Hariharan, "Electrically Conductive Adhesives Charge Forward," Design Fax 4 (2009); available from Internet: www.designfax.net/news/archive/04-28-2009/stories/feature-1.asp#.
William G. Meathrel, PhD, is senior scientist at Adhesives Research Inc. (Glen Rock, PA). Ranjit Malik, PhD, is group leader of core technology at the company.


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