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Money Matters on Campus 2019
About The Author
Daniel Zapp, Ph.D.
Daniel Zapp, PhD, is the Senior Director of Research at EVERFI and
drives the data analysis, research development, and dissemination of
findings gleaned from digital education courses concentrated on social
and personal wellness. He has extensive experience in research
methodology, advanced statistical analyses, and evaluating educational
Results Brief with Highlights
In order to understand the financial capability of those in college and preparing to become part of the future workforce, EVERFI, sponsored by AIG, surveyed a nationally representative sample of over 30,000 college students from more than 440 institutions located in 45 states. The survey instrument focused on respondents' financial knowledge, experience, behaviors, and perspectives. Students who were taking online education courses on personal wellness were given a chance to provide responses to survey items and response dates spanned across the fall semester of 2018 and early spring semester of 2019.
This report compares data collected from 2012-2018 gleaned from nationally distributed surveys on financial knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors, including a current cohort of higher education students that represent a wide age range that is representative of the shifting demographic of enrollments in post-secondary education. Researchers can start to extrapolate from this dataset and make some inferences about the developmental pathway of financial capability constructs through emerging, young, and middle adulthood for those who attend college in the United States. A selection of the most salient results from the report are listed below. Overall, these results suggest that these adults are suffering from a lack of financial capability long before they enter the workforce and employers will need to be aware of how these attitudes and behaviors may impact their job performance.
College Students are Least Prepared to Manage Money
Students were presented with a variety of challenges associated with
college and asked which they felt they were prepared to tackle.
Consistently, respondents have reported that they were and still are the
LEAST prepared to Manage their Money (only 53% felt prepared) compared
to Managing Time, Finding Resources, Keeping Up with Coursework, and
Staying Organized. Overall preparedness increases with student age and
experience in higher education, but Managing Money remains as the most
daunting challenge of college for nearly all students and has been for
the past four years. Programs need to be implemented in secondary
education curriculums to better prepare these students for their future
collegiate experiences.
53%reported that they were the LEAST prepared to manage their money
Credit Card Use and Debt are High
Nearly half (46%) of all the students we surveyed reported they currently had at least one credit card and 61% of those students acquired their first card when they were 18 or younger, suggesting many of these young adults are starting their credit card experiences around the same time they transition to higher education. Of those students with credit cards, 55% have only one card (22% have two cards) and the rest have more than two. In terms of total credit card debt, a third (36%) of this sample already have more than $1000 in credit card debt and researchers found that credit card usage and overall debt have increased substantially since we began collecting data in 2012. These unhealthy habits can compound stress and financial burden over time and delay adults in their achievement of their financial goals, decreasing their ability to develop into successful professionals in the workforce.
36%of this sample already have more than $1000 in credit card debt
Planning is Low and is Dropping
Students were asked what they plan to accomplish in the next year to help manage their finances and prepare for the future. While they were presented with 11 different healthy planned behaviors, only a third (34%) reported they would balance their checkbook and less than that (32%) would start saving for an emergency fund. Sixtypercent (60%) of all students plan to take out loans to pay for college, and while 65% of these students with loans do plan to pay off their student loans on time and the same percentage plan to pay them off in full, only 42% plan to consolidate their loans to achieve this. The percentage of students planning to engage in all planning behaviors has been decreasing for the past seven years.
60%of all students plan to take out loans to pay for college
Knowledge and Education are Low
Only 35% of this sample of adults report having ever taken a personal finance course in high school and that includes no more than 40% of students graduating from a state that claims to require such a course for graduation. To assess each student's financial knowledge, participants were asked to answer six basic financial knowledge questions, pulled from the financial literacy research and referencing topics such as credit history, net worth, interest rates, and student loans. As prior research from EVERFI and other organizations have found, respondents struggled with the basic questions, answering only two out of six multiple-choice questions correctly on average with particularly low success rates on questions about credit card use, credit history, and building an emergency fund. College students of all ages are desperately in need of education and skills related to personal finance management and future fiscal planning and their experience with a personal finance course in high school does not appear to have a major impact on their knowledge levels measured in college.
35%of this sample of adults report having ever taken a personal finance course in high school
Stress is High, Especially About Finding a Job After Graduation
The challenges of paying for one's education and engaging in personal finance management (perhaps for the first time) can represent a source of significant emotional distress for students in college so researchers presented 11 different financial issues associated with post-secondary education and asked how much anxiety they produced for respondents. Finding a Job After Graduation (68%) was the most frequently chosen challenge, followed by Tuition Hikes (69%) and the Cost of Tuition (57%) and those have remained at the top for the past four years. Students were least distressed by Personal Finance Management (32%) and Keeping Up with Peers (31%) and these stress levels remained high among respondents through their 20s. These stress levels could impact their ability to value themselves when negotiating with employers and to stay engaged in their professions.
68%reported that finding a job after graduation produced a large amount of anxiety
Although financial capability, its development, and its impact on
fiscal behaviors have been receiving increased public attention for
several years—especially the efficacy of programs designed to teach this
construct—there is a scarcity of research on how this critical skill is
developing in the U.S. Students, parents, administrators, and public
policymakers share considerable concerns about the deficiencies in
financial knowledge and capabilities among today's adult population
(Williams & Oumlil, 2015). College students are accruing high levels
of student loan and credit card debt, displaying poor understanding of
financial topics, responding variably to fiscal interventions
implemented during K-12 and Higher Education, and becoming less
proactive and responsible in their goals and plans for the future. The
economic consequences of these financial capability deficits are slowly
becoming more evident, as many of today's adults are struggling more
than older generations with basic money management skills and overall
financial literacy and skills. Institutions of higher education agree
that the development of overall financial wellness is a priority for the
sustained engagement and success of their student body, but many agree
that their programming efforts in this domain are in need of expansion
and improvement
Young adults are also of particular interest in terms of their financial capability because of the high degree of experience and development that occurs during this critical time period and individuals increasingly face financial pressures at an early age and are required to make critical fiscal decisions before gaining adequate experience or receiving any type of financial education (Lusardi, 2015). However, research by Lusardi and colleagues (2017) found that only 48% of all American adults could correctly answer at least half of a set of financial literacy questions and 52% scored a 50 out of 100 or lower. The results were even less promising for young adults in their early 20s, and we know these individuals are saddling themselves with increasing student loan debt and often becoming overwhelmed by stress regarding the challenges of personal finance management (Britt, Ammerman, Barrett, & Jones, 2017).
Year over year, the demographics of higher education are shifting, and we are seeing an increasing number of students taking a non-traditional path to college who may be coming to these institutions with more life experience including financial and career experience (CLASP, 2015). The term "college student" no longer just refers to those of a specific age range or developmental pathway. The college population now not only consists of members of Generation Z (under 24 years old), but also a sizeable proportion of Millennials (24-38 years old), Generation X (39-53 years old) and even some Baby Boomers (54-72 years old). According to the National Center for Education Statistics, non-traditional students or adult learners now constitute a majority of members of classrooms in all sectors of higher education (MacDonald, 2018). There are sizeable differences in the attitudes, behaviors, knowledge, and plans of collegiate members from each of these generations and institutions of higher education will have to adapt their policies and programming to better suit the financial wellness needs of this shifting population.
We are seeing an increasing number of students taking a non-traditional path to college who may be coming to these institutions with more life experience including financial and career experience.
This report will investigate data from a wide variety of students in higher education on their financial knowledge, behavior, attitudes, and distress in an attempt to paint a clear picture of the financial capability of adults in college. Analyses of the aggregate survey response data set paints a rather uninspiring picture of the financial capability of adults in the U.S. higher education system. Despite most students having to make their own fiscal decisions regarding loans, credit cards, and personal money management, large swaths of this population report insufficient financial experience, limited financial knowledge, unhealthy behavior patterns, high levels of stress, and minimal plans for the future (Britt et al., 2017).
Due to the demographic variations in student populations, the developmental timelines for financial wellness may be quite different for students attending different types of institutions, non-traditional student populations, and those from differing socioeconomic backgrounds. In order to completely understand how the college experience plays a role in financial knowledge, opinions, and behaviors for young adults, this report aims to thoroughly compare students on a variety of characteristics including their institution type, age, and school year across various domains of fiscal health. The findings derived from this analysis could surely help direct policies and programming designed for each type of student, as well as guide the measures used to assess financial interventions in higher education.
Methods & Demographics
This year, EVERFI, sponsored by AIG, collected survey data from a
nationally representative sample of college students, totaling over 30,000 respondents from more than 440 institutions located in 45 states.
The survey instrument focused on respondents' financial knowledge,
experience, behaviors, and perspectives. Students who were taking online
education courses on personal wellness were given a chance to provide
responses to survey items and response dates spanned across the fall
semester of 2018 and early spring semester of 2019. According to the
National Center for Education Statistics, our sample's demographics
suggest they are representative of the current population of students
currently enrolled full time in post-secondary education. Across our age
range in the sample, 82% of the students could be classified as members of Generation Z (17-23 years old) and another 12% could be classified as Millennials (24-35 years old).
Student Demographics
Survey questions covered a variety of topic areas relating to financial literacy, which included their experience with checking accounts, student loans, credit cards, budgeting, saving, and planning for the future. Students were also asked about how much stress they felt when engaging in personal finance behaviors and how likely it would be they would perform certain fiscal actions in the near future and in the next five years. Finally, students were asked to answer some basic questions about their knowledge of financial topics such as interest, credit reports, and emergency savings.
School Demographics
- 93% Four-year students; 7% Two-year students
- 70% Public institutions; 30% Private institutions
School Size Breakdown
- 4% - Under 1,000 full time students
- 20% - 1,000 to 4,999 full time students
- 21% - 5,000 to 9,999 full time students
- 7% - 10,000 to 19,999 full time students
- 46% - 20,000+ full time students
College Preparedness
Our sample of higher education students were asked how prepared they felt to tackle a number of aspects of college life on a scale 1-Not at All Prepared to 7-Very Prepared. For most challenges, only a moderate majority reported they were prepared (greater than 4 on the scale of 1-7) to deal with these issues. In fact, as we have seen every year, students consistently reported being the least prepared to manage their own finances:
- 62% were prepared to keep up with coursework
- 61% were prepared to stay organized
- 55% were prepared to find help and resources to succeed
- 55% were prepared to manage time
- 53% were prepared to manage money
One might assume that personal finance education would increase students' ability to manage their money, but only 55%
of students who took such a course in high school reported feeling
prepared to do so. Students from two-year institutions reported being
slightly better prepared to tackle all the listed challenges than their
four-year peers, but this is most likely related to the general age
difference we find between students at these types of schools. As seen
in the graph on the following page, preparedness increases with age for
all of the categories, however there is not nearly as close of a
relationship between preparedness and year in school, apart from a
moderate increase after a student's first year in school.
Despite these universal increases in preparedness with age (and
subsequently between Generation Z members and Millennials), the ability
to manage money nearly consistently remains at the bottom of the list.
It is also important to note that when we review the year over year data
for this question from when we first started asking in 2014, every
student sample has reported that they were the least prepared to manage
their money of any of the college challenges.
Financial Experience
It may be the case that some of this lack of preparedness stems from a lack of actual experience with making fiscal decisions. Starting with the most basic level of financial experience, we found that a vast majority of the aggregate sample, 91%, reported having experience with a transactional bank account (i.e., a checking account). This has increased from 86% when we first started asking students in 2012. However, of these students with checking accounts, only 66% of those were personal accounts, as opposed to joint or custodial accounts. Students from two-year institutions were less likely to report having this experience (86%) and were more likely to have a custodial or joint account than their four-year peers. Comparing students from schools of varying size, we see those from larger schools are slightly more likely to have checking accounts. Having a checking account increases slightly with the age of the student from 90% to 95% from the lowest to the highest brackets, but following a jump from 89% to 94% after the first year of school, having a checking account remains steady through the higher education experience. Millennial students were more likely to report having a checking account (95% vs 90%) than their Generation Z peers, and also were more likely to have a personal account (77% vs 65%), but this is most likely driven by the age of the students in each group. Parental education is only moderately related to this financial experience but having parents with a high school diploma is especially impactful.
When asked about specific financial behaviors they have engaged in recently, only 59% claimed that they had checked their account balances and even fewer had created (40%) or used (38%)
a budget to manage their personal finances. This is especially
disappointing given our unprecedented access to technological tools that
help support healthy financial behaviors. Despite these conveniences,
only 16% of the entire sample reported using a money management app or program to support their efforts and only 15%
used a spreadsheet to generate a budget. Students from two-year
institutions were more likely to report creating and using a budget, as
well as checking their account balances, than four-year students, but
did not use technology resources any more frequently. However, students
did report increased likelihood to engage in all of these behaviors as
they aged and as they progressed through school. The following graphs
show a strong linear relationship with age and with year in school and
budgeting behaviors, however we can see there are key windows for growth
and improvement during the freshmen and senior years and also during
the mid to late 20s.
Credit Cards
Another important financial experience for young adults is the acquisition and maintenance of a credit history. In our sample, 46% reported currently having any credit cards, and 61% of those students acquired their first card when they were 18 or younger, suggesting many of these young adults are starting their credit card experiences around the same time they transition to higher education. Of those students with credit cards, 55% have only one card (22% have two cards) and 78% have never been late paying their bill. For these students with credit cards, 36% already have more than $1000 in credit card debt.
The percentage of students using credit cards in college has increased from 28% in 2012 to 46% today as has the percentage of students with more than one card from 25% to 45%.
It is clear that students in higher education are increasingly likely
to have already established a credit history and we can also see from
the graph below that their total credit card debt is increasing.
Further, those students who never paid a credit card bill late decreased
from 91% in 2012 to 78% today. Some
of these differences may simply be due to variation in the college
population, and consequently our nationally representative sample, over
time. However, this does still mean that credit card usage is becoming
an increasingly critical part of the higher education experience.
In previous years, we have also seen sizeable differences in the
credit card experience and behaviors of two-year and four-year students
and this sample is a compilation of both types of students.
Surprisingly, only 41% of two-year students have other credit cards compared to 47%
of four-year students. There was no relationship found between parental
education and credit card behaviors or any school-related
characteristics. Having experience with credit cards seems much more
likely to be related to age and experience as an active consumer. While
only 34% of students report having credit cards during their first year, this jumps to 65% by their senior year and 82%
for those in graduate school. Further, the percentage of students with
over $1000 in credit debt increases from 28%, to 38% and then 56%
respectively. The graph below also shows the direct linear relationship
between age of students and their experience with credit cards and
credit card debt, with clear differences between those in the Generation
Z and Millennial cohorts.
Student Loans
Perhaps some of the most important and impactful financial decisions
that adults will make during their post-secondary education experience
are whether or not they will take out loans, how much they are willing
to borrow, and how they will pay back those debts. Nearly 60% of the sample have or will take out loans for college, but only 35% of two-year students will have loans compared to 61%
of four-year students and have substantially less total student loan
debt upon graduation. Their anticipated total debt accumulation upon
graduation is as follows:
We also found that as school size increased, students were more
likely to report that they planned to take out loans, but total student
loan debt did not increase in turn. Fifty-nine percent of Generation Z
members reported plans to take out loans compared to 65% of Millennial
peers who also reported higher levels of expected student debt upon
graduation. Thirty percent of Millennials expected to owe more than
$50,000 in student loan debt upon graduation, compared to 14% of
Generation Z students, even though 14% of Millennials were students at
two-year institutions compared to only 4% of Generation Z students.
Further, the likelihood of taking out student loans increases with
parental education until parents have a college or graduate degree, then
it is much lower, suggesting that parental achievement is mitigating
some of this need for students.
No matter what the total balance, repayment of student loans after
graduation represents a significant financial challenge for these adults
and most do not currently feel prepared to overcome that obstacle.
While 65% of these students with loans do plan to pay off their student
loans on time and the same percentage plan to pay them off in full, only
42% plan to consolidate their loans to achieve this. Looking at the
graph on the next page, we can see an unhealthy trend in our year over
year data, such that students seem less likely to plan to pay off their
loans on time, in full, and to consolidate.
The likelihood of engaging in these behaviors increases with student
age, particularly around a student's mid-20s as seen in the graph below,
however students of all ages appear to need more education and support
around why and how to consolidate these loans in order to pay them off
on time and in full. A more disturbing finding, however, was that these
planned behaviors did not increase as students progressed through school
even though students may graduate at any age depending on when they
entered school but would certainly be closer to repayment
responsibilities during their senior year than they would be earlier in
their college career. There was no relationship found between these
planned student loan behaviors and any of the school-based
characteristics, including school size or comparing two-year vs
four-year schools. Even though having more affluent parents decreased
the likelihood for students to have to take out loans to finance their
education, it was not correlated with any increases in healthy repayment
Loan Repayment Resources
Over half of the students taking out loans (51%) reported that they "worried about their debts," while only 28% of the students without loans felt the same anxiety. This anxiety increases with expected student loan debt from 38% of those with under $5,000 to 58%
of those with $50,000 or more. To learn about how best to mitigate this
worry, we asked those students who did plan to take out student loans
which of the following resources would help them feel less stressed or
better prepared to pay off those debts. They are listed below in order
of most to least selected by students:
While it is encouraging that most students valued proactive, data-driven approaches to successful loan repayment, only 22% of students taking out loans currently felt they had the education, information, and/or support to be able to pay off those debts. It is important to note that students reported all of these to be less likely to relieve their stress or help them pay off loans compared to last year (by about 5-7% for each item) and actually increased reporting they had all the information they needed (from 15% to 22%). However, as we will see in the following results, these students don't seem any less stressed about those loans or have better plans for repayment. We also found that those students with the smallest expected loan amounts (less than $5,000) and those with the greatest (over $50,000) were the most likely to report they had all the information they needed to repay their college loans (30% and 25% respectively).
Financial Plans
While having a plan and support to repay one's college loans may seem like a distant goal for a student currently attending college, at some point that strategy will have to be formalized and prioritized. We also asked students about more nearterm financial plans regarding what they plan to accomplish in the next year to help manage their finances and prepare for the future. Students were asked about 11 different healthy planned behaviors and the likelihood they would engage in those behaviors in the next year (on a scale from 1-Not at all Likely to 7-Extremely Likely).
Below are the percentage of students who reported each of these
behaviors at least moderately likely to be conducted (above 4 on a scale
of 1 to 7). They are listed here in order of the most to least likely
to be carried out:
To reduce this long list of data and make comparisons based on personal and school characteristics, a Planning Score
was created for each student. This was done by summing responses (1
through 7) for these eleven planned behaviors. These scores ranged from 11 to 77, with an average score of 50 and a standard deviation of 15,
with higher scores representing higher levels of reported financial
plans. Certain types of financial experience played a role in increasing
planning behaviors including having a credit card (51 vs 48) and having a checking account (50 vs 45) but there was no impact of having student loans. Students from two-year institutions were more likely to have plans (51) than those from four-year institutions (49),
but there was no difference comparing students from schools of varying
size. There was also no correlation between planning behaviors and
reported parental education or experience with a personal finance course
in high school. There was a fairly consistent linear relationship
between planning behavior and school year as first year students planned
the least (48), then students in their second through sixth year planned slightly more (50), and graduate students reported the highest levels of planned financial behaviors (55).
As we have previously seen with many other financial constructs,
planning behaviors significantly increased with age, particularly in the
mid to late 20s, as seen below, driving a distinct difference between
Generation Z members (48) and Millennials (53).
Perhaps the most disturbing trends we found in this analysis were
when we examined planning behaviors in the year over year data. Since we
began collecting data in 2012, there has been a marked decrease in the
percentage of students planning to engage in all healthy personal
finance behaviors in the next year. While it appears to have flattened
at present, financial planning behaviors among college students dropped
dramatically from 2012 to 2016, with all actions showing a similar
decrease based on our samples of thousands of students in higher
education each year. This could have been due to the shifting economic
conditions of the United States during this time as we recovered from
recession and individuals felt less likely to have to plan for the
future, but is likely not related to the shifting collegiate population
as we have consistently found that older students tend to have healthier
plans for personal finance management. Regardless, this suggests that
while many types of experience with personal finance management are
increasing in the college population from credit card usage to student
loan debt and the average age of the typical student in higher education
is increasing, students are not choosing to prioritize planning for
their financial futures.
While not nearly as dramatic, there has also been a slight increase
in students' reported likelihood to engage in unhealthy financial
behaviors in the next year, but the percentages still remained almost
entirely below 15 percent. The unfavorable planned behaviors that saw
the largest relative increases during the past few years were related to
credit cards, specifically, having more than two credit cards and
making only the minimum payment on credit card bills.
Financial Education
One explanation for the concerning trends we are finding in our data related to fiscal planning and behaviors is that adults simply do not have the education and understanding to succeed in this area of their lives.
This year, only 35% report having ever taken a personal finance course, and this statistic has wavered in between 34% and 39% during the time we have been collecting this data. These findings are not entirely surprising as the Council for Economic Education has found in their bi-annual Survey of the States that only 17 of the 50 states requires a personal finance course as a mandate for high school graduation and only seven of those require testing of those skills for graduation. Further, there has been almost no change in state-level policies across the U.S. in the past four years in regard to economic or personal finance education. Even more disturbing is that no more than 40% of students surveyed in our sample who graduated from a state that required personal finance education reported to us that they ever had such an experience. This suggests that either state policies are not being enforced at a school level or that the education was so minimal that it was entirely forgettable for the majority of students or that the programs did not ring as relevant to the participants at the time of implementation.
These adults seem desperately in need of knowledge, skills, and resources to help promote healthy fiscal decision making and ensure positive development throughout and beyond higher education. However, the impact of a personal finance course on financial capability appears to be limited in our analysis. Those who took a personal finance course in high school were slightly less likely to worry about their debts, but not any more likely to create or use a budget. They were slightly more likely to have a checking account (92% vs 90%) and to report living paycheck to paycheck, but they were actually LESS likely to check their account balances (43% vs 48%) or to have a credit card (42% vs 48%). They also weren't any more likely to plan to engage in healthy fiscal behaviors or to feel that they were prepared to manage their money in college. While our investigation did not take into account any of the details of the personal finance course including content, length, quality, or student engagement, it is not encouraging to see such limited results and such minimal impact and scale even in states where a course is required for graduation. As shown below, older students are generally even less likely than their contemporary peers to have taken a personal finance course in high school, though they have consistently shown healthier attitudes and behaviors in regard to fiscal decision making. This is clear when comparing Millennials' experiences with personal finance courses (26%) to those of their peers from Generation Z (37%).
To assess each student's financial knowledge, along with their attitudes and behaviors, participants were asked to answer six basic financial knowledge questions, developed by Annamaria Lusardi, Director of the Global Financial Literacy
Excellence Center (GFLEC), referencing topics such as credit history, net worth, interest rates, and student loans. These questions and the rate of correct responses selected are listed below:
As a general rule, how many months' expenses do financial planners recommend that you set aside in an emergency fund?
- 1 to 3 months' expenses
- 3 to 6 months' expenses
- 6 to 12 months' expenses – 15% correct
- 12 to 15 months' expenses
If you have too many credit cards, what should you do?
- Close as many as possible
- Request a higher credit limit
- Be cautious about closing cards – 32% correct
- Close cards with the lowest balances
If a late payment is sent to a collections agency, how long will it remain on your credit history even if you have paid it off?
- Less than a year
- 1 to 3 years
- 4 to 5 years
- 6 to 7 years – 20% correct
What is the formula for calculating your net worth?
- Assets plus liabilities
- Liabilities minus assets
- Assets minus liabilities – 59% correct
- Assets divided by liabilities
Imagine that the interest rate on your savings account was 1% per year and inflation was 2% per year. After one year would your ability to buy something with the money in this account be:
- More than today
- Exactly the same
- Less than today – 42% correct
- Don't know
Which of the following about federal student loans is not true?
- For certain federal loan programs, the interest on your loans is paid for by the federal government while you are in school and during grace periods
- Your parents must sign a promissory note before loan funds are distributed – 34% correct
- Entrance loan counseling for all first-time borrowers is required
- You will have to pay back your student loans even if you do not complete your degree or find employment after college
As prior research from EVERFI and other organizations have found, respondents struggled with the basic financial literacy questions, answering only two out of six multiple-choice questions correctly on average (with a standard deviation of 1.3). While students fared better on some of the more complex financial questions, it is concerning how few correctly answered questions about credit card use, credit history, and building an emergency fund. Knowledge scores were not found to increase with parental education level and were also not impacted by a student's experience with a personal finance course or with taking out student loans. However, those with credit cards had higher scores (2.1) than those without (1.9), as did those with transactional bank accounts (2.1) compared to those without (1.7). Students in their first year of post-secondary education had an average score of 1.9, while upperclassmen had a higher score of 2.1 and graduate students were the highest with 2.5. Again, as student age increased, we found that those students displayed healthier measures in this construct as well, shown below. Millennial students had an average score of 2.3 and Generation Z students had an average score of 1.9. The oldest students in our sample showed some of the highest levels of raw financial knowledge out of any of the students we have surveyed in this analysis over the past seven years, suggesting that life experiences have imparted on these students the importance of financial literacy and capable behaviors.
Students from two-year schools had the same financial knowledge scores as those from other institutions, and they were MUCH more likely to have taken a personal finance course (46% of two-year students vs 24% of four-year students). Interestingly, students from the largest schools had the highest financial knowledge scores (2.1) and those from the smallest had the lowest scores (1.7), though 52% of students from the smallest schools took a personal finance course and only 33% of those from the largest did the same. Finally, we found that those students who engaged in healthy basic fiscal behaviors like budgeting and checking their account balances showed higher scores (2.2) than those who did not (1.8), but this same pattern was not as clear with more complex behaviors like using a money management app or utilizing a spreadsheet for budgeting. This data clearly highlights the strong impact of direct foundational experience on financial knowledge as compared to a vague educational experience or state mandates.
Financial Stress
Obviously, the challenges of paying for one's education and engaging in personal finance management (perhaps for the first time) can represent a source of significant emotional distress for students in college. Our instrument provided students with a list of 10 financial tasks associated with higher education and asked them to rate how much anxiety they generated (on a scale from 1-Not at all stressful to 7-Extremely stressful).
Below are the percentage of students who found each of the tasks at
least moderately stressful (above 4 on a scale of 1 to 7). They are
listed here in order of the most to least selected as stressful:
Respondents reported the highest levels of stress when considering
finding a job after graduation and how they will finance their
education. Comparing these data points year over year in our datasets
(below), we consistently find these financial decisions to be the most
stressful while keeping up with peers and managing a bank account to be
the least stressful. It may be that the lack of stress students feel in
regard to personal finance management hinders their initiative to engage
in those activities, though the other stressful obstacles don't seem to
be encouraging action either.
For this construct, researchers also generated an overall Stress Score for each student by summing responses (1 through 7) for these ten financial tasks. These scores ranged from 11 to 69, with an average score of 43 and a standard deviation of 15,
with higher scores representing higher levels of reported financial
anxiety. Students attending two-year schools were significantly less
stressed (40) than those from four-year schools (44)
but were more worried about the cost of books and supplies than their
peers. As might be expected, financial stress decreased as parental
education level increased, again suggesting affluence is reducing stress
levels for students with more financial resources, below.
Reported financial stress remained stable through undergraduate years in school (43 or 44) and then actually dropped for graduate students (39).
There was a relationship between stress and preparedness in that
students who reported they were Very Prepared to manage money in college
reported lower stress scores (39) than those who reported they were Not at All Prepared (46).
Although we found most financial constructs changed in a linear fashion
with age, stress scores showed a decidedly non-linear relationship over
time. They remained very stable through the 20s then only really
decreasing when a person was in their 30s or older. They remained very
stable through the 20s then only really decreasing when a person was in
their 30s or older and Millennial students had slightly lower stress
scores on average (43) compared to Generation Z students (44).
While experience with a personal finance course did not have a major impact on reported stress (43 vs 44), researchers found a strong, negative linear relationship between financial knowledge scores and financial stress scores, r = -.67, p < .001. Put another way, as financial knowledge scores increased in this sample, reported stress experienced from fiscal decision making decreased. Despite there being little variance in knowledge scores among this population, these findings clearly indicate a relationship between what adults know about fiscal decision making and how much they are distressed by those challenges.
Implications and Conclusion
While we sincerely hope that this report serves as a starting point
for conversations about how organizations can best collaborate around
this concerning topic, there are also several actionable implications
that can be suggested. In terms of research, questions still exist
regarding exactly where college students are acquiring their credit
cards. Are they starting them through banks, stores, or predatory
on-campus services or are these students still simply utilizing their
parents' accounts after they matriculate to college? This will have a
huge impact on the degree to which these students suffer consequences of
unhealthy behavior patterns or reap the rewards of building credit as
they use these cards through their post-secondary education. Further,
NCES (2018) data shows that currently a majority of college students
(64%) are working either full or part time while they attend school. To
date, we have not queried students about their work experience and it is
very likely that these students have very different perceptions and
behaviors in regards to financial capability than those that can focus
entirely on their academic career. As the average age of the college
student population continues to increase, institutions of higher
education will have to compete with time and resources for other aspects
of personal and professional life and also need to prepare their
students for those challenges earlier.
In 2019, the National Endowment for Financial Education (NEFE) reported that they found an impact of state-mandated financial education graduation standards and exposure to financial education on student loan and credit card behavior, while our results in the Money Matters reports have been less encouraging or consistent. Further research should be conducted to examine these mixed findings and to better align resources for studying the impact of high-school financial education on post-secondary fiscal behaviors. Do all college students recognize these benefits or do certain subgroups realize more impact? We also have yet to consider student engagement in the financial aid process, which was another area NEFE (2019) found positive correlation with state education standards and financial education exposure.
Finally, it is essential that we continue to investigate the mechanisms that link age with so many of these financial constructs. Is it solely increased experience with financial products and facing money management challenges that drives the development of financial capability in adulthood? How can we provide training and resources to young adults that promote more mature and seasoned behaviors and plans? We can certainly see a developmental trajectory of these skills in our data comparing students cross-sectionally by age, but further research is necessary to decipher what specific blend of instruction and personal experience is driving shifts in knowledge, stress, preparedness, and behaviors.
These results also have implications for campus-based financial literacy education and support programs—strongly suggesting that it is important for colleges and universities to be aware of demographic differences within their student populations in order to account for them when refining curriculum and/or delivery methods. There is obviously room for education and growth in regard to the financial capability of young adults in higher education in the United States. However, increased knowledge alone is not the solution and interventions to develop financial literacy should include objective information as well as subjective personal experience. Financial stress has been shown to be a consistent predictor of retention rates among college students as those with the highest reported stress are the most likely to drop out prior to graduation (Britt et al., 2017). Our data shows that stress is linked to knowledge and to the availability of financial resources, so it is imperative that institutions also measure student stress levels along with other outcomes when assessing the instruction and resources they provide to students on campus.
Peer to peer counseling has shown some impact on shifting attitudes and behaviors in college students (Britt, Canale, Fernatt, Stutz, & Tibbetts, 2015) and those efforts should continue, but it is important to consider how difficult it may be to find true "peers" for many current college students given vast differences in age, experience, socioeconomic backgrounds, and future goals. Financial counseling and education services will need to continue to diversify the resources they provide, the strategies they employ, and the differentiated student backgrounds they will need to consider as they move toward the future. Like most constructs incorporated in the academic experience, full potential can likely only be achieved for students with continuous, developmentally appropriate content and exercises that build on previous knowledge and allow for direct interaction to increase engagement. It is a high bar for higher education institutions to strive for, but it is the best way financial literacy education can improve knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to personal finance management and increase students' feelings of self-efficacy and reduce the distress they experience.
As the number of students attending institutions of higher education has steadily increased over the past decade, tuition rates have concurrently swelled in kind, pushing an unprecedented number of adults with sizeable student loan debt into the job market. It is more important than ever that college students are equipped with the knowledge, perspectives, skills and habits to successfully navigate the fiscal burdens that stand in the way of their financial independence. The findings gleaned from this report are valuable for professionals working to improve the state of financial capability among America's adults. Overall, the data suggest that financial experience among incoming college students is increasing, but there has not been a related increase in basic finance management skills or fiscal planning. This is worrisome as students continue to take out more and higher student loans, affecting their lives both before and after graduation from college.
Certain domains of financial capability seem very tied to general development in adulthood, such as financial plans, preparedness, and fiscal experience, while others seem to vary greatly in response to personal context and experience, including financial stress. We found many of these differences were evident when comparing Millennial students to those in Generation Z as well, but because cohort members were not measured at the same age, we cannot separate generational differences of experience from developmental differences related to age. Findings indicate that financial capability tends to develop in a similar fashion for most adults and the growth of those constructs are predictive of behavior, but actions can also be greatly influenced by feelings and emotional reactions, which are more closely related to environmental challenges and obstacles. These results also indicate that special attention should be paid to the vulnerability of traditional learners who may have more unique personal and financial difficulties than older students in the same academic programs. It is also important to highlight the similarities and differences in financial health between students from varying institutions, as this will guide programming to support the development of fiscal skills during and following their academic careers. This study's results suggest that these students have more in common than first expected, especially when considering the influence of their unique socio-demographic backgrounds and the fact that they are generally entering and exiting their academic rograms at different points on the age spectrum.
More than anything, this research raises the question of how best we all can prepare students for their post-secondary journey and beyond. The poor financial capability of future generations is a national concern and we need to work together across business sectors and institutions of education to help prepare college students to become future professionals. No matter what the total balance, repayment of student loans after graduation represents a significant financial challenge for these adults and most do not currently feel prepared to overcome that obstacle. What is still unknown is how much of these problematic planning and management behaviors have become the burden of parents, spouses, and families of these students and have prevented them from achieving their financial goals. Further, it is unclear how much of these unhealthy behavior patterns have been learned by modeling parents and peers who may be struggling under massive amounts of consumer credit or mortgage debt. College students, and really all adults, need strong role models of behaviors, appropriate educational services, and lifelong support to plan for and reach their personal and financial goals and this research suggests we have room for improvement in how we are promoting student wellness and success throughout higher education. While we may not all share the same direct responsibility to mentor and educate these students, all of us will share in the consequences of their lack of knowledge and skills when they enter the workforce and participate in the development of the economy.
- Britt, S. L., Ammerman, D. A., Barrett, S. F., & Jones, S. (2017). Student loans, fnancial stress, and college student retention. Journal of Student Financial Aid, 47(1), 3.
- Britt, S. L., Canale, A., Fernatt, F., Stutz, K., & Tibbetts, R. (2015). Financial Stress and Financial Counseling: Helping College Students. Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning, 26(2), 172-186.
- CLASP (2015). Yesterday's Non-Traditional Student is Today's Traditional Student. Center for Postsecondary and Economic Success. Retrieved from CPES-Nontraditional-students-pdf.pdf.
- Lusardi, A. (2015). Financial literacy: Do people know the ABCs of finance? Public Understanding of Science, 24, 260-271.
- Lusardi, A., Oggero, N., & Yakoboski, P. (2017). The TIAA Institute-GFLEC Personal Finance Index: A New Measure of Financial Literacy. TIAA Institute. Retrieved from (MacDonald, 2018).
- McFarland, J., Hussar, B., Wang, X., Zhang, J., Wang, K., Rathbun, A., ... & Mann, F. B. (2018). The Condition of Education 2018. NCES 2018-144. National Center for Education Statistics.
- NEFE (2019). Better Borrowing: How State-Mandated Financial Education Drives College Financing Behavior. Retrieved from Better-Borrowing-Report-v9-fnal.pdf.
- Shaulskiy, S., Duckett, K., Kennedy-Phillips, L. & McDaniel, A. (2015). Exploring differences in college student fnancial wellness by institution type. Journal of Student Affairs Research and Practice, 52, 250-261.
- Williams, A. J. & Oumlil, B. (2015). College student fnancial capability: A framework for public policy, research and managerial action for fnancial exclusion prevention. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 33, 637 – 653.


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Fr. Arturo Sosa arrived in Panama on Saturday, January 19. It is a way for him to accompany the participants in the MAGIS experience, an Ignatian journey offered before each of the WYD gatherings. On Sunday, Father General spent time at the novitiate of the Central American Province. He met not only the novices and the formation team but also the Jesuits of the region, including Costa Rica, who were gathered for the occasion
Another activity on the programme was the celebration of the Eucharist at the church of the Colegio Javier for all members of the "Ignatian family". You can see the first photos that we received from this trip to Central America.

subset: commoncrawl


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Recently on E&C's Pod Of Awesomeness, professional wrestling legends Edge and Christian weighed in on WWE's newly minted 24/7 Championship. While Edge appreciates the concept for the 24/7 title, the originator of the Rated-R Spinner title called WWE's newest belt "the ugliest championship ever created". Christian said people will get used to the 24/7 title's design in time. Edge indicated he prefers the 24/7 branding over a revival of the WWE Hardcore Championship.
The WWE 24/7 Championship has been criticized since its unveiling by WWE Hall Of Famer Mick Foley on Monday Night RAW. Even Waffle House poked fun at WWE's newest championship. On E&C's Pod Of Awesomeness, Edge called the WWE 24/7 Championship is the ugliest title ever. With that said, the 11-time world champion likes that the title will create more opportunity for talents.
"I think it's the ugliest championship ever created," Edge stated. "I will start off by saying that. I will start off with the negatives. That thing is brutal; however, I think it's great. I really do. I always thought the Hardcore title was fun. And I think, right now, programming, that's exactly what it needs is fun because it was just a way to get characters that aren't on the show necessarily all the time on the show and to show that they've got some character. So a guy like Bobby Roode, who's super talented, he's all of these things, but you can show that he's an entertaining guy. I just think it's a really good opportunity for a lot of people. You look and see Crash Holly and Jerry Brisco, like, all of these people back when it was the Hardcore title, that made it fun."
Edge continued, "I remember that whole thing fondly. I was never involved in it at all, but I remember always wanting to watch it, and see what they were going to do, and to also just to come up with fun stuff. I think that's what it boils down to. And most importantly, it gets some people into the mix, and on the show, that maybe aren't getting that opportunity."
Christian suggested that fans will get used to the lacklustre appearance of the 24/7 title.
"It's one of those ones too where you'll get used to it and then you won't mind," Christian stated. "It was like that before with the Intercontinental Championship before this [current] one, right? I was like, 'oh, why did they change it?' And then, you just kind of got used to it."
Given the poor crowd reaction to the unveiling of the 24/7 Championship, Christian wondered whether WWE should have just reintroduced the WWE Hardcore Championship instead. In Edge's view, we are past labelling things as hardcore nowadays.
"I think we're past that. And I think it dates it and this kind of makes it a little more contemporary. And yeah, I kind of like the 24/7 deal. I just don't like the actual championship. Like, I could have made that." Edge added, "it's in no way a commentary on who made the belt at all. I'm sure it's made amazingly."
Listen to the podcast here or via the audio player below. If you use any of the quotations from this article, please credit E&C's Pod Of Awesomeness with a H/T to Wrestling Inc. for the transcription.


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IT systems management software provider, Kaseya, has launched a new integrated disaster recovery solution in conjunction with StorageCraft, which is designed for IT professionals and managed service providers on the back of requests from channel partners and the market.
This is the first product the companies have created together since the commencement of their partnership at the end of 2011, beginning of 2012.
The Kaseya System Backup and Restore (KSBR) module is based on OEM integration with StorageCraft's ShadowProtect product, and has the ability to backup as well as configure and deploy remotely to provide the benefit of restoring an entire system, according to Kaseya. This includes the operating system, all applications, configuration settings, and data.
Kaseya also said that, as a result of its single pane of glass approach, KSBR will monitor and alarm the IT department if a disaster occurs, while providing the technician with the ability to immediately restore and provide uninterrupted access to systems and critical business information.
"What's unique about this particular model is that channel providers who already have StorageCraft licenses and bring in or already have Kaseya, can just bring those under management and won't have additional costs," Kaseya president, Mark Sutherland, told ARN.


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Thursday, October 22, 2009
"First Itty Bitty" -Sold
This baby is small!! Well, it's 3 inches square, that is small relative to a 6 inch square. Silly me I thought it would be easy, you know, it's small! Well it was a little tricky... I managed.
This is a small flower I found along side of the road, not sure what it is called but it did remind me a little bit of a daisy. Baby Daisy, that is what I should call this one!! Okay, settled... "Baby Daisy" : )
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Yesterday's announcement that Trinity has moved up 10 places to 88th in the QS World University Rankings should certainly be welcomed. After years of continuous decline, the reversal of this longstanding trend is a significant step for Trinity, and other Irish universities, in regaining their strong standing on the international stage. What is most notable about this achievement is the fact that it occurred at a time when Irish universities continue to face severe funding shortages. In this sense, it is very much a victory for individual institutions and should not create a narrative that the Irish third-level sector is in a strong position – it is not.
The international rankings compiled by QS and Times Higher Education are largely seen as a useful tool to gauge the performance of universities. Trinity has placed a strong focus on improving its ranking position in recent years. In March 2016, it was announced that College was to establish a Rankings Steering Group, chaired by Provost Patrick Prendergast, in order to improve its ranking position by focusing on areas such as outputs, citations, funding levels, staff composition and reputation. Much of this year's result can be attributed to the work done by this group along with other initiatives such as a greater focus on internationalisation.
Trinity was not the only Irish university to see an improvement in its ranking position. Both University College Dublin (UCD) and NUI Galway also moved up the QS scale by eight and six places respectively. The positive news, in UCD's case, however, was accompanied with a caveat amidst warnings that the university will have to reduce the number of places available for Irish students if it does not receive more funding from the state.
This warning from UCD is arguably more important than the climb of Irish universities in the ranking tables as it sheds light on how serious the funding crisis facing third-level institutions currently is
President of UCD, Andrew Deeks, highlighted that "unless there is movement on the funding of Irish students soon, the university will have to seriously consider the option of reducing the number of places available to Irish students in order to preserve quality". A move like this would see an increase in international students who typically pay between €18,000 to €24,000 for undergraduate courses per annum compared to the €3,000 paid annually by Irish students.
This warning from UCD is arguably more important than the climb of Irish universities in the ranking tables as it sheds light on how serious the funding crisis facing third-level institutions currently is. The timing of Deeks's announcement was undoubtedly an intentional attempt to stress the need for the government to act imminently on implementing a new and sustainable funding model for higher education, especially when the publishing of positive rankings today could have overshadowed the severity of the funding crisis.
In last October's budget, the government made its first investment in higher education since 2011 by allocating an extra €36.5 million to the sector. Although any increase in funding to our depleted third-level institutions would have been seen as a welcome step, this figure was widely recognised as barely scraping the surface of the current levels of funding needed for the sector.
It has been nearly a year since Peter Cassells published his detailed report on the future of funding for Irish third-level education in which he outlined three potential funding models including a fully state-funded model as well as an income-contingent loan scheme. Many different interest groups have outlined their preference to the Oireachtas Committee on Education and Skills over the past few months with many – including the Irish Universities Association (IUA) – advocating for a loan scheme.
This small success, however, should not obscure the fact that our universities remain under severe financial pressure. Trinity and other Irish universities will only return to their pre-crash rankings if politicians find the courage to put a sustainable funding model in place
It is now up to both the Oireachtas committee and the government to find the political will to include a new funding model in Budget 2018 as it has previously promised.
QS also referred to a "series of seismic political changes around the world" that have had a "major impact on higher education". The most pertinent, in Ireland's case, being Britain's decision last July to leave the EU. In order for Irish universities to attract students – especially those from fellow EU countries, who would have previously seen the UK as their destination of choice – it is imperative that our third-level institutions are in a strong financial position.
Trinity and other institutions should be commended for the specific work they have done that has seen them regain lost ground in the QS World University Rankings with limited resources and funding. This small success, however, should not obscure the fact that our universities remain under severe financial pressure. Trinity and other Irish universities will only return to their pre-crash rankings if politicians find the courage to put a sustainable funding model in place. Let's hope they do, and soon.


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What is blockchain and will it transform the energy industry?
If you've heard of blockchain technology, but don't really get it, you're not alone. And breaking it down into blocks and chains won't help. Instead, picture a decentralised digital ledger for peer-to-peer transactions. Where all information is shared and totally transparent. With each transaction verified by all participants. So there's no need for an intermediary. That's blockchain in brief.
This revolutionary concept has fueled the crusade for a decentralised power grid full of smart devices, where everyone can contribute, or trade, power. This puts pressure on the energy industry which has an obligation to offer an essential service to every Australian. The Clean Energy Council and the Monash Energy Materials and Systems Institute recently held a forum probing the impact of blockchain technology on the energy market.
Out of this discussion, a thorny question arose: Can blockchain keep our lights on?
Dr Lawrence Jones, Vice President International Programs at Edison Electric Institute in the US and an Honorary Industry Fellow within Monash's Department of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering, responded with a shrug. "Until you get the physical kilowatt hours in your house, it's just a financial transaction between two people. Electricity needs wires, it needs infrastructure, to get the physical product from point A to point B… So do we not need someone to orchestrate this infrastructure to make sure it's there?"
Lawrence felt that the average person has no interest in blockchain and just wants certainty that power will flow when they flick a switch. Elisabeth Brinton, Executive General Manager of New Energy for AGL Energy Limited, on the other hand, insisted that many people would like to share electricity. She gave a real-life example from AGL's peer-to-peer pilot in South Australia, where some have the full battery solar kit and others have no kit at all:
One of our participants has a young niece in the area who is just starting out and has a lower income. So when that aunt says, 'I want to provide when I have extra from my system – I want to designate, essentially trade, to that family member,' we can enable her to do that.
The AGL pilot looked at peer-to-peer transactions without blockchain because security protocols were not yet robust enough at scale. Blockchain is not particularly good in privacy because you can keep track of transactions and everybody can see who's doing what explained Carsten Rudolph, Associate Professor at Monash University. Most of the blockchains that are on the market don't encrypt any data because they would be less efficient if they do.
Hurdles notwithstanding, the energy industry continues to evolve. Bruce Thompson, General Manager Product Strategy at GreenSynch, revealed that by 2027, about 40% of households in Australia will have some type of distributed energy resource that is in some way intelligent. This led Kane Thornton, CEO of the Clean Energy Council, to wrap up the panel discussion with one last question: In 20 years' time, what portion of transactions on the energy market will be blockchain transactions?
Most hedged, but Lawrence predicted 5%.
Yet we often scoff at technologies when they first emerge. After all, we found it hard to imagine a personal computer in every home. And even harder to imagine one that could communicate wirelessly. Who knows for sure what lies ahead for blockchain. Let's come back in a decade or two.


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For those who love purple
Tag: Valentine's Day
Happy Valentines Day Stickers
This really is one of my favorite holidays. It always reminds me of the cute little Valentine's Day cards we would share in elementary school. Find these stickers HERE You can find the entire Valentine's Day Collection Here
Valentine's Day WordART
This is a FTU kit with a Scrap for Others permission. See the TOU in the file. When you click the image below, you will be taken to where you can download the kit, (669kb), my MEGA acct. If you have any issues, please email me: firstname.lastname@example.com


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Rubio's Restaurants is bringing back its Chimichurri Tacos with added variety and flavor, now available with Wild Alaska Coho Salmon, all natural steak, and all natural chicken. The Coastal Grill chain is also expanding its craveable burrito line with Rubio's new Chipotle Chicken Ranch Burrito. The new dishes will be available beginning April 4 for a limited time.
The Chimichurri Tacos feature Rubio's chimichurri sauce—a savory blend of basil, parsley, garlic, and olive oil—fire-roasted corn, Rubio's signature white sauce, red chilies, and mixed greens. Served atop flour tortillas, the Chimichurri Two Taco Plate is available with sustainable Wild Alaska Coho Salmon, all natural steak, or all natural chicken. Guests looking for more variety also have the option to mix and match any two.
Rubio's new Chipotle Ranch Chicken Burrito is loaded with all natural chicken, fire-roasted corn, Mexican rice, black beans, crispy tortilla strips for a craveable crunch, and creamy chipotle ranch sauce all wrapped in a warm flour tortilla with melted cheese.
"Our culinary team creates recipes with global flavors that will resonate with our guests locally," says Ralph Rubio, cofounder of Rubio's Coastal Grill. "Inspired by traditional Argentinian flavors and spices, the Chimichurri Two Taco Plate with All Natural Steak and Chipotle Chicken Ranch Burrito feature bold, savory flavors that complement our land-based side of the menu."
As part of the company's Made With a Mission commitment—to serve coastal food that not only tastes great, but that its guests can feel great about eating—Rubio's is also introducing fresh greens drizzled with lemon agave vinaigrette as a new side option. Guests can now choose between the fresh greens or no-fried pinto beans and sea salted tortilla chips with any two taco plate or burrito.


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The next Community Council meeting is to be held tomorrow at the Royal Oak Community Club. The meeting will start at 6:00pm to officially recognise and award the Citizen of the Year and the Young Citizen of the Year for 2011.
After the Citizen of the Year ceremony, it will be business as usual with the Community Council business starting from 7:00pm.
We do not have an agenda for the meeting, but top of the agenda will be selecting a secretary for the Community Council.
Without a secretary the Community Council cannot legally function as a community representative group, and the last meeting failed to fill the role. Without a secretary the public cannot get in touch with the Community Council.
If the secretary role is not filled, we are unsure if the meeting will be continued or if the meeting will have to be closed.
Mossmorran & Little Raith Updates
If the meeting is to continue, there will probably be an update regarding Mossmorran, and the survey local councillor Mark Hood is conducting regarding the issues surrounding Mossmorran. If you haven't completed the survey yet, you can fill it online at: http://www.markhood.org/mossmoran-survey
Little Raith is also likely to be discussed, as the previous meeting, health issues were raised from members of the public and we have raised our own issues of concern regarding the time line of the consultation process.
Public Meetings
The Community Council represent the views of Lochgelly to Fife Council, so we are trying to encourage more people to attend the meetings to raise any issues of concern, and to hold the Community Council accountable and transparent to the local community for decisions they make on behalf of everyone in Lochgelly.


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Inpatient Care
Inpatient care focuses on a 30-bed acute care unit and more than 100 telemetry beds. More than 3,000 patients a year are cared for in these units. Patients are also seen in the clinical decision (chest pain) unit and the emergency department. When assigned to the in-patient service, the fellow is part of a team consisting of an attending cardiologist, two to three internal medicine and emergency medicine residents as well as additional trainees (medical students, a pharmacist and often a social worker).
- Evaluation and treatment of acute cardiac illness.
- Diagnostic evaluation and management of non-acute cardiac problems.
- Consultation service for assessment of concomitant cardiovascular diseases in patients admitted to other hospital services including evaluation and treatment of patients with heart disease undergoing non-cardiac surgery.
Outpatient Care
Outpatient care includes diagnostic evaluation of new patients referred by non-cardiologists as well as follow-up of patients after discharge from in-patient cardiology services. During clinical cardiac electrophysiology rotations, fellows also participate in the evaluation and follow up of patients with pacemakers and defibrillator devices. An adult congenital heart disease clinic is also available and can be attended by fellows interested in the subject. The outpatient clinic services more than 12,000 patients annually. An attending cardiologist supervises the fellow during out-patient clinic activities. A special heart failure clinic is present and fellows are allowed to participate in the activities of that clinic on an elective basis.
Diagnostic & Therapeutic Services
- Fellows actively participate in all aspects of diagnostic and therapeutic services provided throughout the cardiology department. The following is a brief description of the available services:
- There are three cardiac catheterization laboratories; 2,400 cardiac catheterization procedures are done annually, including diagnostic catheterization and coronary intervention. When needed, intracoronary ultrasound and Doppler, as well as pressure wires are used to assess physiologic significance of coronary luminal stenosis. The cardiac catheterization laboratory is available 24 hours a day for emergency procedures (1,600) especially for treatment of 800 ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction and insertion of intra-aortic balloon pump and other assist devices as needed.
- A dedicated electrophysiology laboratory and a minor procedure room are available within the cardiac catheterization area; 200 pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators are implanted annually. The electrophysiology service also provides a wide range of services including ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring, tilt-table studies, diagnostic and therapeutic invasive electrophysiological studies such as catheter ablation of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias. Last year 950 electrophysiology studies were performed. Assistance is provided to the fellows for insertion of temporary pacemakers when needed on off hours.
- Electrocardiographic laboratory and pacemaker clinic are also quite active. Last year 38,000 electrocardiographic studies were performed. Routine pacemaker and device evaluations are done as part of the outpatient clinic or in-patient services on a daily basis.
- The exercise laboratory provides a range of services including treadmill exercise test usually in combination with an imaging modality such as echocardiography or nuclear myocardial perfusion study. More than 4,000 cardiac exercise stress echocardiographic and nuclear cardiology studies are done annually. Pharmacologic stress tests are done with the use of vasodilators (adenosine) or inotropic agents (dobutamine) in combination with echocardiography, nuclear imaging (99mTc-sestamibi) or cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. The program provides all fellows with the opportunity to obtain Level II certification in nuclear cardiology.
- The fully digital echocardiographic laboratory is equipped with state-of-the art ultrasound machines with capabilities for performance of out-patient and bedside transthoracic and transesophageal studies, stress and three-dimensional echocardiography and assessment of ventricular dyssynchrony. The annual volume of procedures in the echocardiography laboratory exceeds 13,000 studies, not including stress echocardiography.
- The hospital also provides high quality non-invasive vascular studies with a volume of 5,500 annually. Cardiology fellows have the opportunity to take part in the activities of the non-invasive vascular laboratory during elective rotations.
- The outpatient clinic services more than 12,000 patients per year. This includes diagnostic evaluations of new patients as well as the opportunity to provide ongoing care to categorical patients such as those with pacemakers, cardio defibrillator devices, postoperative care of patients who have had valve and coronary artery bypass surgery, adult patients with congenital heart defects, as well as selected research clinic patients.
The cardiology department is supported by many specific specialty services such as:
- Cardiac and thoracic surgery
- Vascular surgery
- Adult congenital heart disease
- Pediatric cardiothoracic surgery


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Grace Santos is a call center agent at Sykes who treated her boyfriend to a romantic evening. Her boyfriend was having a migraine when they arrived. But when he tasted my Tofu Goon Soup, his migraine quickly disappeared. Soon after, he was back to his jolly old self. Perhaps my cooking has healing powers I'm not aware of...
Wednesday, September 12, 2007
Grayce Santos
Posted by Joanie at 11:47
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Senatore Cappelli" Spaghetti, cod, diced tomato pulp with basil and peppers
- 320g Alce Nero "Senatore Cappelli" Spaghetti
- 300g Alce Nero diced tomato pulp with basil
- 300g of desalted cod
- 1 clove of garlic
- 2 small onions
- 1 small yellow pepper
- Alce Nero extra-virgin olive oil
- salt
Remove the skin from the cod and dice it. Wash the pepper, cut down the sides around the stem and then dice evenly. Heat a splash of oil in a non-stick frying pan with the crushed garlic and the thin slices of onion. Add the tomato pulp, the cod and peppers after 2 minutes. Cook until the sauce thickens. Season with salt, only if needed. Cook the pasta in a generous amount of salted water, drain it al dente and add it to the pan with the sauce.
Stir the pasta with a drizzle of oil and serve straight away.
30 minutes


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|Main Page
|The great Gospel of John Volume 6
Chapter 79 - The farewell from the innkeeper at Capernaum. The inner word as God's secret in the human heart
79,1. On this morning also Judas Ischariot came back to us and wanted to begin to tell all the things which he has spoken and accomplished in My name.
79,2. But I said to him: "Leave it, since nothing is unknown to Me! See to it, that you are not lying! So that this does not happen, do not speak; because if you speak, half of it is untrue!"
79,3. Thereupon he was quiet and looked around if he could get something to eat.
79,4. But I now said to the innkeeper: "Listen, friend, there is nothing further to do here and after the midday meal I will leave here! Since towards evening a lot of foreigners will arrive here, among them also many Jews from Jerusalem and with them I want to avoid any meeting because of very wise reasons. But prepare a good midday meal for us; it then is up to you to prepare a bill for us, perhaps not for Me and My old disciples, but for the twenty new disciples who carry quite a lot of gold and silver with them!"
79,5. Said the innkeeper: "No, Lord and Master, and even if Your disciples would be many more and stayed for ten years in this my inn, noone would be allowed to pay me only one bad stater! I am so deeply indebted to You, o Lord, that I could never repay You, not even with a mountain size gold lump. Just think of the fish catch, then the miraculous filling of the large hole and finally the reawakening of my dearest child! With what treasures of the world can such be repaid according to value?!"
79,6. Said I: "Now then go, and let them prepare a good midday meal for us!"
79,7. And the innkeeper went and arranged everything.
79,8. But now also the disciples came to Me and said: "Lord, to where will You go now? In Galilee we have visited every place and went from house to house. Only Judea, Samaria and Little Mesopotamia and also Syria and the area towards Damascus has been visited by us scarcely or not at all. How about it if we would go there?"
79,9. Said I: "That the countries named by yourself are in need of light, above all the most severely degenerated Judea, I know; but I nevertheless will not go there, because there they are endeavour the most to kill Me. Although it is so that nobody can cause Me any harm before a predetermined time, of which I have given you many proofs already, - but I do not want to make the Judea people even more worse by My presence, as it is the case anyway. But the other countries are not ripe enough for Me, and therefore we will stay in Galilee and fan the light even more." {Jn.04,43; b Jn.07,01}
79,10. The disciples agreed to this, since also they did not wanted to have too much to do with the actual Jews. For the Jews despised nearly everything that came from Galilee. The new disciples thought that Little Mesopotamia, Syria and Zöle-Syria were still the most suitable countries where the light from heaven could be spread with a lot of usefulness.
79,11. Said I: "Do not teach Me recognizing those countries. There, for every - say - one bad Jew, there are at least ten Greeks and Romans who are pure heathens stuck in the darkest superstition. How would they understand the true, spiritual light of life?! In Samaria we already poured out the light and it grows there quite considerable. Damascus is a large trade city. The people there only think about how to sell their produce in the best manner, and for the time being there is very little to do with the light; but later the light will also get there, and thus we now have to stay in Galilee, visit our light friends and build them up even more!
79,12. If a ruler wants to rule a nation, it requires that he first has to build for himself a solid castle, which cannot be conquered by his enemies. And if the people see that the ruler is not defeatable, they submit to him and follow his commandments. And as such also Galilee should become a solid castle for us, which the enemy of the light should not that easily bring to a fall. I Myself as a Galilean am the foundation stone, and your faith is the rock on which I build the castle of God. - Now the innkeeper has arrived to invite us to the meal. Thus lets go!"
79,13. The innkeeper came and invited us to the meal, although it was not yet the middle of the day, and we went and consumed the well prepared meal, at which opportunity some aspects of our forthcoming travels had been discussed.
79,14. After the meal we quickly got up and went our way. The innkeeper asked Me if he could accompany us up to the next little town.
79,15. But I said to him: "You also have become one of My disciples now; since you have recognized Me well. Stay for now at home and you will be of more use to Me, than accompanying us! Today still many people will stay in your inn and you will find an opportunity to represent Me and this will repeat itself quite often in the coming days. Within a few weeks however, I will again come to you and stay with you for a few days; you then will find another opportunity to learn more about My new teaching. If however you speak from now on in My name, you will not need to think what you shall speak, since I will place the words in your mouth, which you have to speak!"
79,16. Said the innkeeper: "Lord, how should, how will I feel and perceive it?"
79,17. Said I: "Thoughts, so clear like pronounced words, you will feel in your heart and will pronounce them very easily with the mouth. Therein lies the secret of God in a person's heart. - And finally I still say something else to you:
79,18. If you find anyone who is ill, lay on him your hands in My name and he will be better! If you have healed someone in this manner, do not asked for any payment, but say to the healed: 'Thank God the Almighty in His Son Jesus! Go and do not sin anymore! Keep the commandments and do good!" Thereby you will awaken many believers for Me."
79,19. Hereupon I laid My hands on him and gave him thereby the power to act in My name.
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Welcome to the TEDx Buffalo Speaker Stage!
Apr 18, 2018
We are excited to add a TEDx Buffalo live speaker stage to the 5th Annual Buffalo Mini Maker Faire! If you have something innovative or compelling t
We call it the Greatest Show (& Tell) on Earth! A celebration of the Maker Movement… it's a family-friendly all ages showcase of invention, innovation, creativity, and resourcefulness.
It brings together curious people who enjoy learning and love sharing what they can do. Faire gathers together adult and child tech enthusiasts, crafters, educators, tinkerers, food artisans, hobbyists, engineers, science clubs, artists, students, and commercial exhibitors.
Glimpse the future and get inspired!
Apr 18, 2018
We are excited to add a TEDx Buffalo live speaker stage to the 5th Annual Buffalo Mini Maker Faire! If you have something innovative or compelling t
Apr 1, 2018
Kindness is cool in all languages! Come to the Buffalo Mini Maker Faire on May 12th to make your own Kindness Rock! Visit the Kindness Rock booth an c
Apr 1, 2018
Richard has been designing, building and managing data driven software solutions and web applications for manufacturing, education and nonprofit organ
Apr 1, 2018
Battlebots? We got em! The 5th Annual Buffalo Mini Maker Faire is excited to have several 120 pound Battlebots that competed in Robogames 20
A half size model of the Apollo lunar Lander to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the moon landing.
Learn the unique art of transforming old tech into modern decor using simple crafting techniques.
Come see and interact with a variety of robots built by our students! Meet Howard the Fish Robot!
Custom open-back banjos, mountain banjos, and gourd banjos made from new and used materials.
I express my passions for the natural world through the process of printmaking.
Make your own slime from common household ingredients! Add a variety of slimetastic ingredients!
Teaching technical and practical life skills to students through craftsmanship and communication.


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Lars Rockne and his family, including his four year old son Knute, emigrate to Chicago in 1892 from their native Norway. Read More »
Tag Archives: William K. Howard
Klondike Fury (1942) William K. Howard, Edmund Lowe, Lucile Fairbanks, William Henry
A neurosurgeon is thrown out of the medical profession after he performs a daring but unsuccessful surgery. Read More »
Over the Moon (1939) Thornton Freeland, William K. Howard, Merle Oberon, Rex Harrison, Ursula Jeans
Young Jane Benson just about manages to make ends meet running the large family house in Yorkshire. Read More »
Fire Over England (1937) William K. Howard, Laurence Olivier, Flora Robson, Vivien Leigh
Queen Elizabeth is running this show. The men in her court should be thinking about how to add to the glory of the Elizabethan Age Read More »
Money and the Woman (1940) William K. Howard, Jeffrey Lynn, Brenda Marshall, John Litel
The City Trust and Savings Bank sends Vice President Dave Bennett to a branch office to check on a Charles Patterson. Read More »
The Power and the Glory (1933) William K. Howard, Spencer Tracy, Colleen Moore, Ralph Morgan, Drama
A guy's life is retold only after his funeral. Starting as a monitor walker, Tom Garner climbed through all kinds of railroad jobs to go the corporation. Read More »
This Side of Heaven (1934) William K. Howard, Lionel Barrymore, Fay Bainter, Mae Clarke, Drama, Romance
A family man. (Lionel Barrymore) becomes innocently involved in an embezzlement. Read More »
Bullets for O'Hara (1941) William K. Howard, Joan Perry, Roger Pryor, Anthony Quinn, Crime, Drama, Romance
A detective (Roger Pryor) courts a gangster's (Anthony Quinn) ex-wife (Joan Perry) to lure him into a trap. Read More »
The Trial of Vivienne Ware (1932) William K. Howard, Joan Bennett, Donald Cook, Richard 'Skeets' Gallagher, Crime, Drama
Rendezvous (1935) William K. Howard, Sam Wood, William Powell, Rosalind Russell, Binnie Barnes, Comedy, War
In 1917 Lt. Bill Gordon is headed for France when he meets and becomes friendly with Joel Carter, niece of the Asst. Secretary of War. Read More »
The Valiant (1929) William K. Howard, Paul Muni, Marguerite Churchill, Johnny Mack Brown, Drama
After accidentally killing the key witness to a crime, a mysterious drifter turns himself to the law, under a false name intending to protect his own family. But when the news of his conviction break, an inspector investigates about the man's past at the same the drifter's sister looks on the possibility that the man is her long lost brother, and she wants to prove his innocence.
Read More »
The Cat and the Fiddle (1934) William K. Howard, Sam Wood, Ramon Novarro, Jeanette MacDonald, Frank Morgan, Comedy, Musical, Romance
Victor Florescu is a talented, Brussels-based composer of serious music under the tutelage of respected Professor Bertier at the Music Conservatory. He is hoping to have his yet uncompleted operetta, "The Cat and the Fiddle", produced by famed impresario, Jules Daudet. Victor's focus in life changes when he meets Shirley Sheridan, a New Yorker just arrived in Brussels, she who moves into the pensione next to his own. He falls in love at first sight with her. She is also a composer – of the type of music more often heard in Tin Pan Alley – and is hoping to study with Professor Bertier. But it is Victor who helps her with her music. She also catches the attention of Daudet, who publishes her music although he is more interested in her as a woman. Regardless, she becomes rich and famous, and is required to move to Paris. In the short term, Victor, who moves to Paris with her, is more than willing to forgo his own musical aspirations to help her.
Read More »
The Princess Comes Across (1936) William K. Howard, Carole Lombard, Fred MacMurray, Douglass Dumbrille, Comedy, Mystery, Romance
A Swedish princess boards an ocean liner in Europe en route to an acting career in America, and finds herself getting inconveniently attached to a bandleader returning home. To complicate matters, a blackmailer on board apparently knows she is not who she claims to be – and he has his sights set on other passengers with secrets of their own. In the meantime an escaped killer has stowed away under someone else's identity, and is killing again to cover his tracks; five international police detectives on board are heading the investigation to find him. When evidence points to the princess and bandleader, they must find the killer themselves – before he finds them.
Read More »


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MuseScore allows you to transpose the playback of a staff, without affecting the music notation. This simulates the effect of a capo (Wikipedia) on the instrument.
To add a capo:
Capo playback will apply from the note that the staff text is attached to, until either the next staff text with "Capo Settings" enabled, or until the end of the score. A Capo fret setting of "No capo" will remove any capo previously set for a staff, returning it to its original tuning.


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