text:
Which one of the following kinds of derivation is used by LR parsers?
Consider the grammar given below:
S → Aa
B → b | $\in$
D → d | $\in$
Let a, b, d, and $ be indexed as follows:
Compute the FOLLOW set of the non-terminal B and write the index values for the symbols in the FOLLOW set in the descending order. (For example, if the FOLLOW set is {a, b, d, $}, then the answer should be 3210)
Answer: ________.
Consider the following grammar and the semantic actions to support the inherited type declaration attributes. Let X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, and X6 be the placeholders for the nonterminals D, T, L or L1 in the following table:
Which one of the following are the appropriate choices for X1, X2, X3 and X4?
Consider the augmented grammar given below:
S → $\left\langle\mathrm L\right\rangle$ | id
Let I0 = CLOSURE ({[S' → •S]}). The number of items in the set GOTO (I0 , $\langle$ ) is: ________.
T1: a? (b|c)*aT2: b? (a|c)*bT3: c? (b|a)*c
Which one of the following is correct for the given parse tree?
Consider the following intermediate program in three address code
Which one of the following corresponds to a static single assignment form of the above code?
where relop is a rational operator (e.g.,<,>,...), O refers to the empty statement, and if, then, else are terminals.
Consider a preogram P following the above grammar containing ten if terminals. The number of control flow paths in P is ________. For example, the program
if e1 then e2 else e3
has 2 control flow paths, $\style{font-family:'Courier New'}{\begin{array}{l}{\mathrm e}_1\;\rightarrow\;{\mathrm e}_2\;\mathrm{and}\;{\mathrm e}_1\;\rightarrow\;{\mathrm e}_3\\\;\end{array}}$.
Consider the expression (a-1)*(((b+c)/3)+d)). Let X be the minimum number of registers required by an optimal code generation (without any register spill) a algorithm for a load/store architecture, in which (i) only load and store instructions can have memory operands and (ii) arithmetic instruction can have only register or immediate operands. Thevalue of X is _________ .
Match the following according to input (from the left column) to the compiler phase (in the right column) that processes it
Which of the following statements about parser is/are CORRECT?
I. Canonical LR is more powerful than SLR
II. SLR is more powerfull than LALR.
III. SLR is more powerful than Canonical LR.
Consider the following expression grammar G:
Consider the following code segment.
x = u - t;
y = x * v;
x = y + w;
y = t - z;
y = x * y;
The minimum number of total variables required to convert the above code segment to static single assignment form is_________ .
Consider the following Syntax Directed Translation Scheme (SDTS), with non-terminals {S, A} and terminals {a,b}.
$ \style{font-family:Tahoma}{\begin{array}{l}\mathrm S\rightarrow\mathbf a\mathrm A\;\;\left\{\mathrm{print}\;1\right\}\\\mathrm S\rightarrow\mathbf a\boldsymbol\;\boldsymbol\;\boldsymbol\;\;\left\{\mathrm{print}\;2\right\}\\\mathrm S\rightarrow\mathrm S\mathbf b\;\;\left\{\mathrm{print}\;3\right\}\end{array}} $
Using the above SDTS, the output printed by a bottom-up parser, for the input aab is:
Match the following:
Which one of the following is TRUE at any valid state in shift – reduce parsing?
The least number of temporary variables required to create a three-address code in static single assignment form for the expression $q+r/3+s-t\ast5+u\ast v/w$ is ______.
Consider the intermediate code given below.
(1) i = 1
(2) j = 1
(3) t1 = 5 * i
(4) t2 = t1+ j
(5) t3 = 4 * t2
(6) t4 = t3
(7) a[t4] = – 1
(8) j = j + 1
(9) if j < = 5 goto (3)
(10) i = i + 1
(11) if i < 5 goto (2)
The number of nodes and edges in the control-flow-graph constructed for the above code, respectively, are
Among simple LR (SLR), canonical LR, and look – ahead LR (LALR), which of the following pairs identify the method that is very easy to implement and the method that is the most powerful, in that order?
Consider the following grammar G
F→ p | c
H→ d | c
Where S, F, and H are non – terminal symbols, p, d, and c are terminal symbols. Which of the following statements (s) is/are correct?
S1. LL(1) can parse all strings that are generated using grammar G
S2. LR(1) can parse all strings that are generated using grammar G
Which one of the following is FALSE?
A canonical set of items is given below
On input symbol < the set has
Consider the grammar defined by the following production rules, with two operators * and +
Q → Id
U → Id
Which one of the following is TRUE?
For a C program accessing X[i][j][k], the following intermediate code is generated by a compiler. Assume that the size of an integer is 32 bits and the size of a character is 8 bits.
t0 = i * 1024
t1 = j * 32
t2 = k * 4
t3 = t1 + t0
t4 = t3 + t2
t5 = X[t4]
Which one of the following statements about the source code for the C program is CORRECT?
One of the purposes of using intermediate code in compilers is to
Consider the basic block given below.
a = b + c
c = a + d
d = b + c
e = d - b
a = e + b
The minimum number of nodes and edges present in the DAG representation of the above basic block respectively are
What is the maximum number of reduce moves that can be taken by a bottom-up parser for a grammar with no epsilon- and unit-production (i.e., of type A→ϵ and A→a) to parse a string with n tokens?
Consider the following two sets of LR(1) items of an LR(1) grammar.
Which of the following statements related to merging of the two sets in the corresponding LALR parser is/are FALSE?
1. Cannot be merged since look aheads are different.
2. Can be merged but will result in S-R conflict.
3. Can be merged but will result in R-R conflict.
4. Cannot be merged since goto on c will lead to two different sets.
Consider the program given below, in a block-structured pseudo-language with lexical scoping and nesting of procedures permitted.
Program main;
Var ...
Procedure A1;
Var ...
Call A2;
End A1
Procedure A2;
Var ...
Procedure A21;
Var ...
Call A1;
End A21
Call A21;
End A2
Call A1;
End main.
Consider the calling chain: Main → A1 → A2 → A21 → A1
The correct set of activation records along with their access links is given by
For the grammar below, a partial LL(1) parsing table is also presented along with the grammar. Entries that need to be filled are indicated as E1, E2, and E3. ε is the empty string, $\$$ indicates end of input, and, | separates alternate right hand sides of productions.
S → a A b B | b A a B | ε
The FIRST and FOLLOW sets for the non-terminals A and B are
The appropriate entries for E1, E2, and E3 are
In a compiler, keywords of a language are recognized during
Consider two binary operators '↑' and '↓ ' with the precedence of operator ↓ being lower than that of the operator ↑ ; . Operator ↑ is right associative while operator↓ is left associative. Which one of the following represents the parse tree for expression (7↓3↑4↑3↓2)?
Which data structure in a compiler is used for managing information about variables and their attributes?
Which languages necessarily need heap allocation in the runtime environment?
The grammar S → aSa | bS |c is
Which of the following statements are TRUE?
I. There exist parsing algorithms for some programming languages whose complexities are less than θ(n3).
II. A programming language which allows recursion can be implemented with static storage allocation.
III. No L-attributed definition can be evaluated in the framework of bottom-up parsing.
IV. Code improving transformations can be performed at both source language and intermediate code level.
Which of the following describes a handle (as applicable to LR-parsing) appropriately?
Some code optimizations are carried out on the intermediate code because
An LALR(1) parser for a grammar G can have shift-reduce (S-R) conflicts if and only if
Which one of the following is a top-down parser?
Consider the grammar with non-terminals N = {S,C,S1}, terminals T = {a, b, i, t, e}, with S as the start symbol, and the following set of rules:
S → iCtSS1 | a
S1 → eS | ε
C → b
The grammar is NOT LL(1) because:
Consider the following two statements:
P: Every regular grammar is LL(1)
Q: Every regular set has a LR(1) grammar
Which of the following is TRUE?
In a simplified computer the instructions are:
OP Rj, Ri - Performs Rj OP Ri OP Ri and stores the result in register Ri.
OP m, Ri - Performs val OP Ri and stores the result in Ri. val denotes the content of memory location m.
MOV, m Ri - Moves the content of memory location m to register Ri.
MOV Ri, m - Moves the content of register Ri to memory location m.
The computer has only to registers, and OP is either ADD or SUB. Consider the following basic block:
t1 = a + b
t2 = c + d
t3 = e - t2
t4 = t1 - t3
Assume that all operands are initially in memory. The final value of the computation should be in memory. What is the minimum number of MOV instructions in the code generated for this basic block?
Consider the CFG with {S, A, B} as the non-term , {a, b} as the terminal alphabet, S as the start symbol and the following set of production rules:
Which of the following strings is generated by the grammar?
For the correct answer strings to Q.78, how many derivation trees are there?
This is not the official website of GATE.
It is our sincere effort to help you.


text:
We have a saying around here: A good sheet pan dinner is always a winner. And this quick and easy steak and veggie supper is a shining example. It's a delicious taste of what cookbook author Julie Grimes offers in $10 Dinners: Delicious Meals for a Family of 4 that Don't Break the Bank; grab a copy today for more family-friendly recipes that are equally friendly on your wallet.
How to Make It
Preheat oven to 400°F. Arrange onion on 1 end of a baking sheet lightly coated with cooking spray; drizzle onion with 1 teaspoon of the oil, and sprinkle with salt and pepper. Bake in preheated oven for 5 minutes.
Sprinkle steak with salt and pepper, and drizzle with 1 tablespoon of the oil. Toss cauliflower and broccoli with 1 tablespoon of the oil; sprinkle with salt and pepper. Arrange steak, cauliflower, and broccoli in a single layer on baking sheet with onion. Bake at 400°F for 8 minutes. Remove from oven.
Arrange top oven rack 5 inches from broiler element. Preheat broiler to high.
Toss beans with 1 teaspoon of the oil; sprinkle with salt and pepper. Arrange beans on baking sheet with steak and vegetables. Broil 7 minutes or until steak and vegetables are charred and a meat thermometer registers the steak at 135°F (for medium rare) or until desired degree of doneness. Remove steak from baking sheet; let stand at room temperature 6 to 8 minutes before slicing. Thinly slice across the grain.
Meanwhile, stir together butter, parsley, shallot, lemon zest, salt, garlic, and remaining 1 teaspoon oil. Place butter mixture on hot steak to melt as it rests; brush evenly over steak. Serve with vegetables.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Oliver Sacks's autobiography On the Move (Picador, £20) is full of surprising details —for example, the eminent neurologist was a weightlifting champion in his youth who hung out with Hells Angels. Sacks — who died in August — was an inspiring person with an extraordinary breadth of interests and enthusiasms. I also enjoyed Anne Tyler's family portrait A Spool of Blue Thread (Vintage, £7.99). People have criticised Tyler for being too gentle, but actually she has the rapier wit of a true satirist. You know exactly how awful one character is because she has soft shoes and insists on calling her mother-in-law Mother Whitshank.
Monsters by Emerald Fennell (Hot Key Books, £7.99) is absolutely great. It's about two appalling children, a sinister seaside holiday and a spate of murders. It's gripping and astonishingly, gleefully dark.
This year everyone seems to be mad about Elena Ferrante's Neapolitan novels. I disliked the narrator and her unlikely emotions, but worse still, the author sets up a mystery at the beginning and then never bothers to give a satisfactory explanation: totally unacceptable.


text:
Wednesday, October 13, 2010
Note from the Past
"October 20, 1989
Today was awful.
Erika C______"
My mom said it almost made her cry since she obviously didn't know what had been wrong so she called to ask me. I have absolutely no recollection. I know that I was 12 years old, almost 13 and in the 8th grade. At that point I don't think I had any friend problems or boy problems nor was there any other thing that stands out in my mind as particularly horrible. And I really have no recollection of stuffing a piece of paper behind the chair rail. I remember a particularly awful day in 7th grade when I cried myself into oblivion upon getting my first D on a test in pre-algebra. But it wasn't that day either as that was at least 5-7 months earlier. I also remember some bad days in the spring of 1990, but again, not October 1989. I wish I knew. Especially given how good my memory is of my childhood and how well I remember events and when they happened. (I didn't start journaling until the next year in high school and that was only off and on for those 4 years.)
My mom says I can see it, but I can't have it. She wants to keep it. That made me smile. I have other memories of doing similar things. I remember writing on the underside of my desk and my chair (the desk that is in Caroline's room right now). I remember writing on the paper that covers a dry cleaner's wire hanger when doing some ironing for my mom (that still shows up from time to time). I remember leaving little notes in my mom's makeup bag or the medicine cabinet in my parents' bathroom. But I do not remember this note.
What's funny is that it's almost 21 years to the day that it was written. I told my mom it's old enough to go out and have a drink. The other thing that really caught me off guard about it is when she told me the story - where he found it and what it said, the first thing I thought was that it sounds like something Caroline would do. (Not that she did it, but that she would do something like that now.) Gives me a little picture of myself at the tender age of 12 and my thoughts. I could totally imagine Caroline doing something like that as I know how much she likes little notes and expressing herself.
So that was me, almost 21 years ago. I had an awful day.
7 comments:
- Heather said...
At least it didn't say "I had sex with so & so today." Ha ha ha!!!!
- Katie said...
i was wondering if you had broken up with J that day. When did you two meet again???
But Wow, what a blast from the past. Bummer about the bad-day mystery, but what a cool thing to find. I hope my girls stash secret notes (and hopefully happy ones) for me to find 20 years from now.
- Bertie said...
Love this blog! Not only do we have little notes "still" in our medicine chest but also a picture of you with maternal greatgrandmother's black round eyeglasses!!! The note in our medicine cabinet is from July 1987(?) to dad as he was going to Italy for work...so cute and such keepsakes for your parental units!
Oh, BTW, the desk chair is still here...Caroline's chair is not the one you had. I'll check it out...hopefully hasn't been painted over! hehe
Love you!!
- Erika said...
Heather, I was 12!!!!!!! Ew.
@Katie, no, that was over 2 years before we started dating. At that age, I wasn't even really interested in boys yet and had very little drama in my life. I just can't figure out what made it so awful.
- Bracken said...
That is so cute but of course sad at the same time since you said you had a bad day, but what a cool way to have a blast to the past.
- Heather said...
Hey, I know you are a wild woman now...who knows what you were up to when you were 12! Ha ha ha!
- Katie said...
Maybe you didn't get tix to a NKOTB concert or something. LOL.


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Dancing may improve social and community-based activity participation.
What are the effects of dancing on activity participation and quality of life?
What was done?
62 participants aged 50 and over participated in a 6-week dance programme. Measures of activity participation, quality of life and falls were taken before and after the dance program.
What was found?
Participants in the dance program participated in significantly more activities, including domestic activities after the program.
How does this affect me?
Participating in dance may improve your overall engagement with other activities.
Article Abstract
Aims: The study examined the impact of a 6-week dance programme on frequency of activity participation, falls efficacy, and quality of life for community dwelling adults aged 50 years and over. It also explored participants' perceptions of the programme impact and delivery. Methods: The programme was delivered by two dance instructors and targeted community dwelling adults aged 50 years and over, who were independently mobile. Sixty-two participants were recruited and provided baseline data. Thirty-five participants provided immediate follow-up data. Outcome measures were conducted at baseline and immediately post-intervention. Measures included frequency of participation in activities (The Frenchay Activities Index); falls efficacy (Falls Efficacy Scale- International); and quality of life (EQ-5D-3L). Focus groups explored participants' perceptions of the programme. Results: Significant differences were found post-programme in frequency of activity participation (p = 0.036), including domestic activity (p = 0.048). No significant differences were found in falls efficacy or quality of life. Focus group data indicated participants enjoyed the programme and perceived enhanced physical abilities, emotional and psychological well-being and increased activity participation as a result of programme participation. Conclusion: Findings suggest that a dance programme may increase activity participation in social and community-based activities, however given the study limitations, further research is required to corroborate this.


text:
The following Hotel, Bed and Breakfast and Guest House accommodation is suitable for visiting Floridablanca
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24.00. Pensión Campoy II offers air-conditioned rooms with free Wi-Fi in central El Palmar. Just 10 minutes' drive from the centre of Murcia, it is also next to a bus stop. All of the simple rooms have TV and private bathrooms.
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30.00. Set 5 km from Murcia city centre, Apartamentos Arrixaca offers good-value studios with air conditioning and free Wi-Fi access. There is a small outdoor swimming pool on site.
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27.00. Only 1.5 km from the centre of Murcia, La Casa Verde is set in a lush garden with palm trees. The hostel offers a variety of workshops and classes, including aromatherapy and pilates.
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46.00. Hotel Entresierras is has a convenient location near the E15 road in Murcia province. It has an outdoor swimming pool and garden, and offers free private parking on site. The hotel has simple, comfortable rooms. They have air conditioning and TV.
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30.00. This functional hotel, refurbished in 2004, is situated in the city centre from where you can thoroughly enjoy the attractions and monuments Murcia has to offer.
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Frank Gehry's futuristic masterpieces are to be found all over Spain: The Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, the huge copper fish on Barcelona beach or the new conference and convention centre near Malaga Airport. The Guggenheim Museum Bilbao is a modern and contemporary art museum located in Bilbao, Basque Country. [ Guggenheim Museum ]
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text:
14 days 13 night Photo Gallery for Myanmar
Brief itinerary
Day 01:
Day 02:
Day 03: Bagan – Balloon ride – Free afternoon (B)
Day 04: Bagan –
Day 05:
Day 06: Madalay – Heho – Kalaw (B/L/G)
Day 07: Kalaw – Htee Pain Trekking (B/L/D/G)
Day 08: Htee Pain - Taung Po Gyi – Inle lake - Trekking (B/L/D/G)
Day 09: Inle – Indein – Inle - Ywa Ma Market day (B/L/G)
Day 10: Inle – Heho –
Day 11:
Day 12:
Day 13:
Day 14:
Day to day itinerary
Day 1:
Upon arrival at
Day 2:
Morning flight to Bagan. Full day sightseeing tour of Bagan with a diverse selection of the most important pagodas and temples, such as Shwezigon Pagoda, built by King Anawrahta in the early 11th century as a religious shrine; the Ananda Temple, with four huge standing Buddha images and numerous seated figures in niches around the galleried interior. Visit to Mya Thitsa Workshop to see the various stages of the technique-s of lacquer production. It's amazing to watch 50 artists using many processes and this traditions of producing lacquer ware is recorded 170 years ago... and continue sightseeing of village. Lunch at River View restaurant. Enjoy a enjoy a boat tour in the mighty
Day 3: Bagan – Balloon ride – Free afternoon (B)
In the early morning, you enjoy a baloon ride over Bagan. The rest of the day is free at your leisure for reading and swimming. If you feel like self-explored, see suggestion below
Suggested program for self-guided tour (excluded): Visit the Gu Byauk Gyi Temple (Wetkyi-in), a temple with exquisite murals of Jataka scenes, the
Information on the Balloon Tour
Day 4: Bagan –
After breakfast, transfer to airport for Mandalay Flight. Arrive
Flight: Bagan Mandalay/ YH-917 08:00-08:30/ Included
Day 5:
After breakfast, proceed to Amarapura the "City of
Afternoon is free at your leisure for reading and swimming. If you feel like self-explored, see suggestion below
Suggested program for self-guided tour (excluded): In the early evening, drive up to Mandalay Hill, a vantage-point for panoramic view of the city. One famous song in
Day 6: Madalay – Heho – Kalaw (B/L/G)
After breakfast, visit the Shwenandaw Monastery, noted for its exquisite wood carvings, Atumashi Monastery, the "Incomparable Monastery", the Kuthodaw Pagoda, known as the world's Biggest Book for its stone slabs of Buddhist scriptures. Lunch at Ko's Kitchen restaurant. Then drive to airport to take Heho flight. Arrive at Heho airport and proceed to Kalaw (approx: 2:00 hrs) and overnight at Kalaw.
Day 7: Kalaw – Htee Pain Trekking (B/L/D/G)
Note – the trek can be extended to 3 days or even longer
After breakfast, take a car to go to La Mine village for half & hour. After arrived to La Mine village, continue your trekking trip to
Day 8: Htee Pain - Taung Po Gyi – Inle lake - Trekking (B/L/D/G)
After breakfast continue the 4 hours trekking trip to the shore of the Inle lake. The trail goes through beautiful scenery of Bamboo forest. The natives of Pao and Intha along the way grow fruits; Banana, Papaya, Potato and Beans. Lunch at Taung Bo Gyi village. After lunch go by boat to Taung To, well known for the 5-days rotating market "Inle Floating Market" and the production of rice crackers. Wander around and observe these cottage industries. Overnight at
Day 9: Inle – Indein – Inle - Ywa Ma Market day (B/L/G)
After breakfast, visit one of the colorful markets in Inle Lake Area. Here in
Day 10: Inle – Heho –
After breakfast, drive to
Flight: Heho - Ngapali / W9-141 ETD 08:45 ETA 09:45/ Included
Day 11:
Relax in
Day 12:
Relax in
Day 13:
After breakfast, drive to airport to take for your Yangon Flight. Overnight in
Flight: Ngapali Yangon/ W9-141 ETD 10:00 ETA 10:50/ Included
Day 14:
After breakfast, you have enough time to wander around the sprawling Bogyoke Market through fascinating local neighborhoods. Transfer to the
Flight: Yangon -
Our trip includes
Our trip excludes
Prices contact firstname.lastname@example.com
Bagan Balloon Tour Additional Information:
Weight Restrictions:
Any Passenger in excess of 125 kg / 280 pounds, or any passenger who requires the space in the basket for 2 passengers, will be required to pay a 100% surcharge of the ticket price.
How many people can fit in one balloon?
They currently have five balloons in service. Two balloons have room for 8 passengers in four separate compartments plus a pilot. Two balloons have room for 12 passengers in four separate compartments. Newest and largest balloon can accommodate 16 passengers also in four compartments.
How long is the flight?
Flights normally last 45 minutes to one hour, or longer depending on the wind. The whole experience including hotel pick ups and light champagne breakfast lasts between 2 ½ to 3 hours. Pick up time is 5:30 am from hotel.
Is that a private ride for the family for sharing with other tourists?
Sharing with other tourists.


text:
When a mild-mannered Uber driver named Stu (Kumail Nanjiani) picks up a passenger (Dave Bautista) who turns out to be a cop hot on the trail of a brutal killer, he's thrust into a harrowing ordeal where he desperately tries to hold onto his wits, his life and his five-star rating. Directed by Michael Dowse, this action-comedy from 20th Century Fox also stars Iko Uwais, Natalie Morales, Betty Gilpin, Jimmy Tatro, Mira Sorvino and Karen Gillan.
Welcome to
Your closest cinema is
If this isn't the location you want, no drama, please select from the below.


text:
This listing is for a PDF pattern, not the actual finished quilt. Upon purchase of a PDF pattern, a link for the PDF will be immediately delivered to your e-mail address.
Skill Level: 2 out of 5 (Confident Beginner)
::: Pattern Description :::
The design inspiration for Star Cube is literally a 3D cube line drawing. It is a doodle that I have sketched for almost as long as I can remember, and it finally dawned on me that I could piece it and turn it into a quilt!
Choose your fabric to play up the 3D shape of the cubes in each quadrant or opt to show off the secondary star pattern that is created!
::: Sizing / Finished Measurements :::
Baby – 48 1/2″ x 48 1/2″
Lap – 64 1/2″ x 64 1/2″
::: Materials :::
All fabric requirements are listed on the back cover (third image).
If you are on Instagram, tag me (@QuiltingJetgirl) and any images of your quilt using #StarCubeQuilt. Or send an email to yvonne(at)quiltingjetgirl(dot)com with a photograph or a link to a blog post about your quilt.


text:
Enzyme - rate enhancement and energetic of catalysis
This content was COPIED from BrainMass.com - View the original, and get the already-completed solution here!
1. What does rate enhancement means?
2. Describe the energetic of catalysis in simplest terms?
3. How do enzymes affect forward and reverse reaction rate & what does this means?
Solution Preview
1. What does rate enhancement means? (in simplest term and in detail please )
Rate enhancement refers to increasing rate of given reaction by some means like changing physical conditions(temperature, pressure, concentration etc) or by adding ...
Solution Summary
The solution defines and explains rate enhancement, energetic of catalysis, and forward and reverse reactions in the context of enzymes.


text:
Reading and literacy is a foundation for learning. However, many students struggle. Reading and Literacy professionals work with students and adults to diagnose and treat reading disabilities. They work one-on-one with people as well as research new methods to improve literacy rates across communities.
A Master's in Reading and Literacy is an advanced degree meant for adults who already have some experience in education. Going back to school can be expensive and time-consuming, but these 35 online degrees are meant for the busy adult on a budget. Keep reading to see College Choice's top pick of the most affordable online degrees for this field.
What kind of Master's in Reading and Literacy should you get?
The two major types of degrees for this major are a Master's in Education degree or a Master of Arts degree. Some schools may even offer a Master of Science. While all programs will generally teach the same content, MEd degrees will have a strong teaching component that are either for already licensed teachers or for future teachers. The MA and MS degree will focus more on research.
An online degree may be a good option for busy working professionals. Classes are primarily asynchronous, meaning that students can complete lectures, coursework, and tests on their own time. If classes are occasionally synchronous at set meeting times, they will usually be in the evenings and only meet a few times throughout the week. Online degrees are also generally more affordable, too.
Check out our ranking of the Best online Master's in Reading and Literacy degrees here.
How much money do people make with an online Master's in Reading and Literacy?
According to PayScale, the average salary of those who hold an MEd in Reading and Literacy make $52,000 annually. In general, special education teachers make an average of $56,800. Reading specialists who focus more on curriculum development and policy make slightly more, with an average salary of $62,270. It should be noted that these statistics do not directly account for experience and location.
Teachers employed in generous school districts will also receive several other benefits such as healthcare, paid-time off for vacation or sick days, bonuses, and retirement plans. Generally, teachers who stay in their school district over several years will see a positive growth in their salaries. Thus, future educators should not just look at the starting salary before deciding to get in to the business, but factor in all the benefits.
What can you do with an online Master's in Reading and Literacy?
This degree will prepare professionals to understand, diagnose, and treat various reading and literacy disabilities. Depending on the certification, educators will be able to work with students anywhere from the preschool level to 12th grade. Some people may also work with adults. Therefore, those working in this field will need to have a solid understanding of the various types of literacy issues that exist, how to test for them and improvement, and how to implement solid learning plans of action.
Other professionals may not work directly with students but may work in school districts or other educational learning facilities. These people do research on literacy studies and develop standards and common curriculum for schools to follow. Both career paths are very rewarding and require passionate people who hope to see improved literacy confidence.
What are the requirements for an online Master's in Reading and Literacy?
Most MEd degrees will require applicants to already have some teaching experience (usually about three years) and have a teaching license. Because this major is more of a specialization degree, applicants will need to show that they have basic classroom knowledge. However, some programs do not require a certification and have pathways where students can get their basic teaching certification and the Reading and Literacy specialization.
In addition to a certification, applicants will also need letters of recommendation, a personal statement, transcripts, and possibly submission of the Graduate Record Examination (GRE) test scores. Throughout the program, students will take a variety of theory and teaching courses, and may be required to do an on-site practicum or internship for credit. These hands-on learning experiences will be held in local schools or other educational facilities.
Northeastern State University
Average Net Price: $8,833
Program Website
Northeastern State University has a long history that dates back to 1846 when it began as the Cherokee National Female Seminary. Its roots and strong connection to the Cherokee Nation make it one of the most prominent state universities within Oklahoma today. Since 1909, NSU became officially recognized as a state institution and is the fourth-largest public institution within the state. Students at NSU are encouraged to reach new borders in their academic life and beyond. In 2017, over $36 million in scholarships and grants were given to its students.
Program Features
Earn the necessary competencies needed to be a successful teacher who aids in children's reading and writing skills through NSU's online MEd in Reading degree.
- 32 credit-hours with a capstone project
- Meets competencies of the International Literacy Association (ILA)
- Research component
Graduates are eligible to take the state certification test to become a classroom teacher upon graduation.
Louisiana State University-Shreveport
Average Net Price: $9,393
Program Website
Known for its unusual mascot, the "River Monster," Louisiana State University Shreveport is a four-year university that is part of the LSU system. LSUS is known for its active campus life – students are engaged in a variety of sports, faith-based organizations, academic associations, and other extracurriculars. Online students are able to be fully-immersed in the campus while meeting their career goals. Students can complete their MEd degree in as little as ten months.
Program Features
LSUS's online MEd in Reading & Literacy degree focuses on practical knowledge through hands-on experiences.
- In partnership with the International Reading Association
- Personal advisor
- Payment options available
Some students may be eligible for a federal TEACH grant that can award over $3,000 per year.
Eastern New Mexico University-Main Campus
Average Net Price: $9,830
Program Website
Eastern New Mexico University is a highly affordable four-year institution, ranked as having the #5 best tuition within the state. Not only that, but over $400,000 worth of scholarships are awarded to students annually. At ENMU, students are encouraged to learn the necessary skills for their career through liberal learning. There are over 60 degrees to pursue from the bachelor's to master's degree, both offered online and on-campus.
Program Features
An affordable program that will give students the foundation they need to succeed as an educator is ENMU's online MEd with an emphasis in Reading and Literacy.
- Grants and assistantships available
- Blackboard online system with recorded lectures
- Option to write a thesis or take comprehensive exam
Out-of-state students who enroll with only six or less credit-hours can qualify for in-state tuition.
California State University-San Marcos
Average Net Price: $10,454
Program Website
As a relatively new institution that was founded only 28-years ago, California State University San Marcos is all about innovation and preparing students for the challenges ahead. San Marcos is located only an hour from the U.S.-Mexico border, and thus offers a diverse setting filled with rich cultural exchange. As of fall 2018, over 17,000 students are enrolled in CSUSM, with 90 percent of its students receiving some form of financial aid. Seventy-eight percent of graduating students are employed within six-months of graduation.
Program Features
Graduates of CSUSM's online MA in Reading, Language, and Literacy degree will be prepared to take on the challenges of teaching reading and literacy in a preK-12 setting.
- 36 credit-hours
- Basic teaching credential + three years of full-time teaching experience required
- Spring and summer terms
Upon graduation, some potential jobs include department chair, literacy coach, or curriculum specialist.
Appalachian State University
Average Net Price: $10,473
Program Website
Appalachian State University is one of 17 schools in the University of North Carolina state system. Located in the Blue Ridge Mountains, the beautiful campus showcases the state's beauty. Appalachian State was founded in 1899 with the goal of creating the state's next generation of teachers. Through community outreach, enhanced technology, and research, the school expanded to offer other degrees. Appalachian is still known for its small classes and strong community ties.
Program Features
Interested in becoming a reading specialist for children from K-12? Appalachian State's online hybrid MA degree in Reading Education is designed for motivated professional educators.
- Part-time degree
- Classroom/Clinical concentration available
- Scheduled class meetings + coursework on your own time
As a licensure program, graduates will be eligible for the Master teaching licensure.
University of Houston-Victoria
Average Net Price: 11,305
Program Website
The University of Houston – Victoria was founded in the late 1960s with the goal of bringing higher education to the city of Victoria. As a medium-sized school, over 4,400 students are enrolled among their 70 undergraduate and graduate degrees. UHV is known for its affordability and strong athletics teams. In fact, UHV boasts a tuition rate that is among the lowest within the state. Annually, more than $37 million worth of financial aid is given out to students.
Program Features
Offered through the School of Education, Health Professions and Human Development, UHV's online MEd in Curriculum & Instruction is a flexible degree for working adults.
- Specialists: Reading Specialist and Literacy Studies
- Ideal for experienced teachers
- External scholarships available
Students can choose to just concentrate on Literacy Studies or both Literacy Studies and a Reading Specialty.
West Virginia University
Average Net Price: $11,486
Program Website
West Virginia University is a nationally-recognized research institution whose main campus is located in Morgantown. It is currently classified as an R1: Doctoral University, the highest category for research as stated by the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education. Across WVU's three campuses, over 31,000 students are enrolled both online and on-campus. WVU Online is a fully-functioning distance learning campus utilizing the Blackboard system. Students have access to resources 24/7 along with active support from faculty.
Program Features
WVU's online MA in Literacy Education is a certification-granting degree that is recognized by the state board.
- Curriculum following the International Literacy Association
- $594 per credit-hour for in-state and out-of-state residents
- Sample Courses: Literacy Leadership, Developing Reading Interests, Assessment of Reading Ability
Students who do not yet have a Master's degree will take 30 credit-hours, while those who already possess it will only take 24.
The University of West Florida
Average Net Price: $11,550
Program Website
The University of West Florida is a campus that encourages students to think bigger and strive higher. UWF began classes in 1967, and over the decades began to offer new programs and on-campus organizations. Today the university operates five colleges with about 13,000 enrolled students. To the people in the state and the surrounding city of Pensacola where UWF is located, the university represents change and a commitment to learning. According to research UWF has an annual economic impact of $1 billion within the state.
Program Features
An innovative program to the subject of Reading and Literacy is offered online through UWF's MEd in Reading degree.
- For current teachers
- Curriculum based on the International Reading Association
- Fall, Summer, Spring start dates
Degree holders will be eligible for the K-12 Reading Endorsement and Reading Certification within the state of Florida.
Sam Houston State University
Average Net Price: $11,742
Program Website
Named after one of Texas's greatest heroes, Sam Houston, Sam Houston State University has over 130 years of history in higher education. SHSU went through a lot of changes over the years, beginning as a Methodist school for boys, then becoming a full-fledged co-educational university. SHSU strives to offer education to the modern student, and thus has several distance learning programs to choose from. SHSU Online is one of the nation's leaders in e-learning, with several nationally-recognized programs and affordable tuition.
Program Features
Actively practice the skills you will need to assist students with reading through SHSU's online MEd in Reading/Language Arts degree.
- 36 credit-hours
- Graduate scholarships available
- Fall, Spring, and Summer sessions
Graduates will be eligible for the Texas Reading Specialist Certification. Successful candidates will have a teaching certification and two years of teaching experience.
University of South Florida-Main Campus
Average Net Price: $11,766
Program Website
The University of South Florida prides itself on being a leader in higher education within the state. Located in the vibrant city of Tampa, the university offers 14 colleges with over 180 majors. More than 50,000 students are currently enrolled at USF. Diversity and cultural understanding are a huge aspect emphasized on USF's campuses, with 128 countries around the world represented among its student population. Excellent research and graduate programs also characterize USF, with its research expenditure being ranked among the top 25 among public institutions within the nation.
Program Features
Learn effective literacy practices through USF's online MA degree in Reading.
- Focus on media literacy and technology
- Prepares teachers for public, private, and online schools
- Interdisciplinary
This program offers multiple plans. While Plan II is for those with a teaching certificate, Plan III is for non-certified teachers who may wish to be employed outside the school system.
Western Kentucky University
Average Net Price: $11,817
Program Website
Western Kentucky University was founded in 1906 as a normal school for teachers. In 1927 it became a state college after it merged with Ogden College. Since 1998, WKU began offering distance learning classes in order to reach out to more of the population. Online courses are offered year-round and at affordable prices. Through WKU's online platform, students can choose the regular option or classes that are called "On Demand," which can be finished in as little as seven weeks.
Program Features
Through WKU's online MAE in Literacy Education, students will understand the theories and modern practices of helping students attain literacy.
- 30 credit-hours
- Thesis and non-thesis option
- In-person testing centers for exams
Ninety percent of students at WKU receive some form of financial aid.
Western New Mexico University
Average Net Price: $12,500
Program Website
Since its founding in 1893, Western New Mexico University has grown to become a major public institution within the state. Its 83-acre campus is located in the artistic city of Silver Lake. Life here is full of delicious food, interesting museums, and diverse people. WNMU is also in close proximity to the Gila National Forest, giving students the chance to experience fun outdoor activities. Even online students are encouraged to take part in local experiences. Currently over 150 online courses are offered each semester.
Program Features
WNMU's online MA in Reading offers several specializations to direct one's career path.
- 33 credit-hours
- Specializations: Early Childhood and Elementary Literacy, Secondary Informational Reading and Developmental English, Dyslexia
- Required practicum
Mentors who have experience teaching K-20 are readily available to help you with your graduation and career plan.
Eastern Kentucky University
Average Net Price: $12,659
Program Website
Eastern Kentucky University is a public university that is located in the city of Richmond. Offering a comprehensive online school, students attending EKU will get the education they need as well as feel prepared for their future career. All online programs offer a flat tuition rate, short terms, and several resources from faculty and staff. In addition, several of its programs have been nationally recognized for its affordability and quality of teaching.
Program Features
Develop the necessary skill set needed to be a literacy specialist for students from Preschool to 12th grade in EKU's online MA degree in Education – Literacy P-12.
- Certification program
- Eight-week classes
- Personalized curriculum
This program was ranked among the best online graduate education degrees in 2018 by the U.S. News & World Report.
University of Texas at Tyler
Average Net Price: $12,776
Program Website
The University of Texas at Tyler is one of 14 universities that are part of the University of Texas system. Its 259-acre campus enrolls more than 10,000 students annually. Although a big campus, UT Tyler gives off a small campus feeling with an average student-to-teacher ratio of 18:1. UT Tyler also offers several 100 percent online degrees taught by the same faculty who are on-campus.
Program Features
Gain expertise as a reading specialist by enrolling in UT Tyler's online MEd Reading degree.
- No resume, admission essay, or letters of rec required
- Offered part or full-time
- Three Tracks: Reading Specialist Certificate, Certificate only, or Teaching Certificate
By offering three tracks, the school can cater to students with no experience as well as practiced teachers. Those who wish to get a teaching certificate must have at least three years of teaching experience.
University of Wisconsin - La Crosse
Average Net Price: $13,045
Program Website
With the motto "mind and body," the University of Wisconsin – La Crosse is dedicated to developing students both mentally and physically through meaningful educational experience. Students at UW – La Crosse learn in a diverse and engaging environment, engaging in various community projects on and off campus. The university's online programs are developed to help adults balance their busy working lives while getting their degree.
Program Features
UW – La Crosse's online MS in Education in Reading degree trains future passionate leaders to serve various communities through literacy education.
- Follows International Literacy Associationstandards
- Earn licensure or certification within the state
- Sample Courses: Supervision in Reading, Research Methods, Children's and Adolescent Literature
This program can be completed for certification, non-certification, or an add-on certification.
East Carolina University
Average Net Price: $13,327
Program Website
Since its founding more than 100 years ago, East Carolina University had a mission of offering an education that would serve the people. To this day ECU's various undergraduate and graduate programs, both on campus and online, have fulfilled this goal. The university is located in the city of Greenville, the 10th largest city within the state. According to the U.S. News & World Report, ECU's online graduate programs in education are ranked among the top 25 percent in the nation.
Program Features
Earn the K-12 reading specialist license after completing ECU's online MA in Education – Reading Education degree.
- Offered part or full-time
- Ideal for already licensed teachers
- Cheaper than on-campus programs
If taken full-time, the program can be completed in two-three years.
Arkansas State University
Average Net Price: $13,420
Program Website
Beginning as an agricultural school in the 1910's, Arkansas State University has become a prominent, growing university with over 14,000 enrolled students. As the second largest university within the state, A-State is an economic leader within the Delta and Mid-South regions. With several partnerships with private and public businesses, students get the opportunity to make professional connections. A-State's online Reading and Literacy program is offered through the College of Education and Behavioral Science.
Program Features
A-State's online MS in Education in Reading is a flexible, transfer friendly program that focuses on professional skills.
- Completion Time: as little as 12 months
- No out-of-state tuition
- Multiple start dates
Within the 30 credit-hours, students will not only complete coursework but also clinical work.
Minnesota State University-Mankato
Average Net Price: $13,704
Program Website
Minnesota State University, Mankato is a leading research institution with the goal of providing the state with innovative thinking. Students not only partake in meaningful research, but also are active members of the community. Founded in 1868 with only 27 students, MNSU is now a place with over 15,000 students from 90 countries. The city of Mankato is southwest of Minneapolis and St. Paul, giving students the opportunity to engage with the larger region.
Program Features
With an emphasis on diversity, MNSU's online MS degree in Reading will prepare students as an educator for K-12 positions
- Thesis or project option
- Reading practicum
- Sample Courses: Effective Reading for Content Areas, Implementing Response to Intervention, Scholarly Writing
Students taking the reading practicum in their final semester will demonstrate that they can fulfill the ability to score and interpret reading assessment tests.
Pittsburg State University
Average Net Price: $13,841
Program Website
An online degree from Pittsburg State University allows students to complete their degree on their own time, while still receiving the much-needed support. Other than academic support, Pitt State is also known for its generous financial support as well – not only is tuition affordable, but part-time students pay the in-state tuition. The online Master's in Reading and Literacy program is offered through the College of Education, which has over 1500 students at the undergraduate and graduate level.
Program Features
Pitt State's online MS in Reading (Reading Specialist Licensure) program is a state-recognized program that is based on standards for literacy professionals.
- 39 credit hours
- Completion Time: seven semesters
- Apprenticeship during the last semester
Students have several opportunities to engage in internships or further research. This is usually done during the apprenticeship course.
University of Central Arkansas
Average Net Price: $14,005
Program Website
Located in the city of Conway just 30 miles from Little Rock, the University of Central Arkansas strives to be the premier comprehensive university that provides 21st-century education. Known for its mascot as the Bear, the school enrolls more than 11,000 students annually. Currently, 35 Master's degrees are offered both online and on-campus. Students can complete their online Master's degree in a timely manner while gaining meaningful hands-on experience. UCA's Department of Teaching and Learning is dedicated to developing and supporting new and experienced teachers.
Program Features
UCA's online MSE in Reading degree is a licensure-seeking program that is accredited by the International Dyslexia Association.
- 30 credit hours
- Only one face-to-face mandatory class
- Sample Courses: Multisensory Approach to Language, Clinical Practicum, Literacy Strategies for Advanced Readers
Graduates will be eligible for the Arkansas Reading Specialist License K-12 and the Arkansas Dyslexia Endorsement K-12.
Northern Michigan University
Average Net Price: $14,005
Program Website
Northern Michigan University was founded in 1899 and is located in the dynamic city of Marquette. The school offers 177 degree programs from the undergraduate to doctorate level. Throughout the years, NMU has gained recognition for its cutting-edge research and quality programs. It has been named a college of distinction, recognized for its affordable online teaching degrees, and been ranked among the top 30 public universities in the Midwest.
Program Features
Offered through the NMU Global Campus, the MA in Education Reading Specialist degree prepares future K-12 educators to assist young children and adults with literacy skills.
- Research or thesis option
- Clinical practicum
- Sample Courses: School and Community Relations, The Teaching of Reading for Secondary Teachers, Literature for Young Adults
During the practicum, students will learn how to diagnose and treat reading disabilities.
Jackson State University
Average Net Price: $14,116
Program Website
Jackson State University was established in 1877 as a seminary school by the American Baptist Home Mission Society. Today the university is a public institution where people of all faiths are welcome. As a historically black university, JSU supports issues of diversity and cultural awareness. Over 8,500 students are currently enrolled, with 90 percent of the population identifying as African-American. JSU's online Master's in Reading and Literacy program is offered through the College of Education & Human Development.
Program Features
Students can obtain their online MS degree in Reading Education at an accelerated rate.
- Eight-week courses
- No teaching certificate required
- Sample Courses: Psychology of Literacy, Supervised Practicum, Leadership in Literacy
Students can either complete a thesis or a project to graduate.
Fresno Pacific University
Average Net Price: $14,235
Program Website
Fresno Pacific University is a private Christian school with over five regional locations and online courses. The school was established in 1944 with the goal of increasing the education rate of the area. In doing so, FPU has intentionally served underprivileged communities, provides financial aid to 98 percent of its students, and offers rigorous coursework. FPU has been included in the best Regional Universities – West ranking by the U.S. News & World Report.
Program Features
Get the opportunity to practice real-world literacy learning strategies through FPU's online MA in reading and Language degree.
- Reading Certificate obtained upon graduation
- Hybrid option available
- Fall and summer start dates
If students choose to participate in the summer residency program, they may be able to finish their degree early.
University of West Georgia
Average Net Price: $14,351
Program Website
Students enrolled in the University of West Georgia are always encouraged to challenge themselves. Beginning as an agricultural and mechanical school in 1906, UWG became a comprehensive university in 1996. It is currently the sixth largest public university within the state with over 13,000 students and 87 degrees offered. UWG is estimated to give $577 million worth of economic impact annually. It was recognized as a Best Regional College in 2018 by the Princeton Review.
Program Features
Offered through the Department of Learning and Teaching, UWG's online Med in Reading Instruction degree is for certified teachers who wish to specialize in the field.
- Curriculum based on the International Reading Association
- Graduates qualify for the Reading Specialist certificate
- No extra charges for out-of-state students
Students are able to do an independent study project as approved by a faculty member.
University of North Dakota
Average Net Price: $14,478
Program Website
The University of North Dakota was founded even before the state itself. Today it is a reputable research institution with over 225 programs offered. UND offers accessible and affordable education, having a 13 percent lower tuition rate among peer institutions within the region. UND also offers several online classes, where students can view classes "live" and participate via computer. The U.S. News & World Report ranks UND's online graduate education programs as #21 in the nation.
Program Features
Obtain an MS or MEd degree online at UND and prepare for a career either in research or teaching.
- Completion Time: 2+ years
- Practicum experience
- Small class sizes
Teachers with a license will be eligible for the North Dakota Reading Credential upon graduation.
University of Colorado Denver
Average Net Price: $14,586
Program Website
Known as one of the nation's best urban public research universities, the University of Colorado Denver offers higher education programs to more than 14,000 students. It is estimated that UC Denver contributes $3.3 billion to the state's economy annually. The online Master's program in Reading and Literacy is offered through the School of Education & Human Development. The school is ranked among the top education schools in the nation by the U.S. News & World Report.
Program Features
UC Denver's online MA in Curriculum and Instruction: Reading and Writing, K-12 offers several options in order to fit your career goals.
- Two Options: Reading Teacher endorsement versus no endorsement
- Six scholarships annually offered by The Responsive Literacy Education program
- Tuition rate discounted 120 percent the resident rate
The non-endorsement path allows you to take 15 credit-hours in reading and writing concentrations. The other credits will be personalized based on one's own interests.
Black Hills State University
Average Net Price: $14,807
Program Website
Offering a liberal arts education, Black Hills State University is a public university located in South Dakota. Before its founding, the people of Black Hills always had a passion for education and dreamed of creating a school of higher learning. Now as a 21st century institution, BHSU remains committed to growing students intellectually using the latest teaching methods and technology.
Program Features
The goal of the online MEd program in Reading at BHSU is to advance educators' knowledge of literacy needs from grades K-12.
- Meets the International Reading Association standards
- Cohort style of learning
- Practicum experience
Ninety-two percent of BHSU students receive some form of financial assistance.
University of North Carolina at Charlotte
Average Net Price: $14,811
Program Website
The University of North Carolina at Charlotte overachieves in research, community outreach, and on-campus activities. In 2017, almost $60 million worth of research grants were awarded in one year alone. The 29,000 on-campus and online students are engaged in meaningful projects in and outside their communities. Through UNC's distance learning platform, students receive the same quality education in a more flexible manner.
Program Features
UNCC's MEd in Reading Education degree is designed for experienced teachers who wish to improve literacy among learners. The program uses a four phase delivery:
- Foundations of Reading and Technology
- Expanding Content and Pedagogical Knowledge
- Developmentally Appropriate Assessment and Instruction
- Reflective Leadership
The program consists of 33 credits and offers spring, summer, and fall admission.
Wilmington University
Average Net Price: $14,955
Program Website
Wilmington University is a private institution that serves adult learners around the country with affordable and flexible education. With several online degrees offered full or part-time, students can also take control of their schedule by choosing classes that follow either the 15 or 7-week course. WilmU's degrees are also highly career-focused with several chances to gain hands-on experience before graduating. Students of the online Master's degree in Literacy and Reading will have plenty of time to feel prepared before they earn their specialization.
Program Features
WilmU's online MEd in Reading degree is a nationally accredited program for future licensed K-12 educators.
- Meets four standards (national and state)
- Required practicum
- Field experience
The field experience at the end of the program is held in content area classrooms. Afterwards, students will participate in local, state, or national organizations.
Missouri State University-Springfield
Average Net Price: $15,173
Program Website
Missouri State University – Springfield is the main campus of the MSU state system. Beginning as a normal school in the early 1900s, MSU has expanded beyond education to offer liberal arts programs as well as the sciences. Inclusiveness, innovation, and student-centered learning are just a few of the things the university values. MSU Online offers several 100 percent online undergraduate, graduate, doctorate, and certification programs.
Program Features
You can earn a degree and certification with MSU's online MS in Literacy degree.
- 39 credit-hours
- Personal advising
- Scholarships offered through the College of Education + outside grants available
Upon graduation, successful candidates will receive the Department of Elementary and Secondary Education Special Reading Teacher Certification for K-12.
Edinboro University of Pennsylvania
Average Net Price: $15,513
Program Website
With online graduate programs that are ranked among the best in the nation according to the U.S. News & World Report, Edinboro University of Pennsylvania is the ideal place to get your online Master's degree. Its Master's in Reading and Literacy degree is offered through the School of Graduate Studies and Research. Students can enjoy courses led by experienced faculty while receiving full-support. Although online, students are still encouraged to participate in on-campus events and organizations.
Program Features
Become an experienced reading specialist through Edinboro's MEd in Reading program.
- 30 credit-hours
- Graduate financial aid and assistantships available
- Employer-paid education benefits available to participating workplaces
By passing the PRAXIS exam, students will receive the reading specialist certification.
Capella University
Average Net Price: $15,667
Program Website
Founded in 1993, Capella is a comprehensive online university that offers two online learning formats. Students can choose from the traditional learning path or a more flexible one where students finish courses truly on their own pace. In addition, with several ways to save through scholarships and grants, students will not feel overwhelmed while finishing their degree.
Program Features
Capella's online MS in Education degree with a Reading and Literacy specialization exposes future teachers to theories, assessments, and teaching practices related to literacy.
- Year-round start dates
- In standard with the Minnesota Board of Teaching
- Earn scholarships that can reduce your tuition by $3,000
Capella's original online learning track, Guided Path, operates on a pay-as-you-go system.
University of Nebraska at Kearney
Average Net Price: $15,909
Program Website
The University of Nebraska at Kearney is a residential university in one of the "top places to live" within the country. Students get to live in a modern and growing place that still has its old pioneering heritage. Over 7,000 students are enrolled across UNK's four colleges. A UNK degree is career-centered, with almost 100 percent of its graduates receiving a job. Those who are educators with a special endorsement have particularly high job placement rates.
Program Features
UNK's online MA in Education, Reading PK-12 degree covers literacy issues and how to improve those skills in children and young adults.
- Project and examination
- Networking opportunities with educators around the nation
- Reading PK-12 endorsement within Nebraska
UNK's online graduate programs were ranked among the best in the country in 2018 by the U.S. News & World Report.
University of Georgia
Average Net Price: $15,934
Program Website
The University of Georgia was chartered by the state government in 1785. With over 200 years of history providing higher education, UGA is a premier public research institution of the state. Over 37,000 students are enrolled throughout the universities 17 colleges. UGA Online is the school's comprehensive distance learning platform. Online programs here are challenging, highly-ranked, and taught by respected faculty.
Program Features
UGA's online MEd in Reading Education with an emphasis in New and Digital Literacies program teaches educators how to broaden their students' literacy skills through a variety of sources.
- Tuition assistance program
- Up to 9 credit-hours may be transferred
- 12-course sequence
The U.S News & World Report ranks UGA's online graduate education degrees the #3 in the country.
University of Northern Iowa
Average Net Price: $15,942
Program Website
The University of Northern Iowa has always had humble roots, beginning as an orphanage for children affected by the Civil War. It later became a normal school for teachers. UNI has always pushed for hands-on learning through acts of service. Students on campus are encouraged to be active in the community, in on-campus organizations, and in their classes.
Program Features
Those with an MA in Education – Literacy Education degree will be prepared to lead in enhancing students' literacy skills within the education system or directly in the classroom.
- Reading Endorsements: K-8, Secondary Reading grades 5-12, or Reading Specialist K-12
- Offered online through interactive video conferencing
- Coursework completed using Blackboard system
UNI is also a nationally-recognized university for its excellence in teaching. It has been ranked among the best public regional universities in the Midwest by the U.S. News & World Report and Princeton Review.


text:
Haryana government has launched 7 Star Village Scheme for Gram Panchayats. Subsequently, the state govt. will assess works of gram panchayats and will provide them awards & incentives. Accordingly, gram panchayat work details will be the sole criteria for identification purposes. In addition to this, all those villages which scores maximum scores in all parameters will get recognition of "Indradhanush Gram Panchayats".
Haryana govt. will carry out the identification process in a systematic manner. Henceforth, each selected gram panchayat will receive special grants from Development and Panchayat Department. Govt. will assign them stars of different colours on the basis of their developmental activities.
This scheme will benefit the rural people to a great extent as every gram panchayat will work hard and carry out development activites in their villages.
7 Star Village Scheme – List of Colors of Stars & Development activities
|Star Color
|Development Activities of Gram Panchayat
|Outstanding Performance for improving sex ratio
|Environment Protection Activities
|Cleanliness related activities
|Crime Free Villages / gram panchayat efforts for crime reduction
|No drop outs in villages
|Good Governance (Maximum governance, Minimum govt.)
|Maximum Participation in village development activities
Moreover, if a gram panchayat scores maximum in all the above mentioned parameters, then state govt. will give special consideration. It will get recognition of Indradhanush Gram Panchayat and will receive special incentives / grants.
7 Star Village Scheme – Details
Haryana govt. will identify these gram panchayats in every district after assessment of work details and developmental activities carried out them in their respective villages. Subsequently, each village will get incentives on the basis of star color assigned to them.
The state govt. will assign star ratings on the basis of developmental activities taking place in villages. Henceforth, this scheme will promote "Ease of Living" in villages and improve living standards of rural people.
7 Star Village scheme will improve sex ratio, cleanliness, reduce drop out rates, good governance, environment protection activities in villages. Furthermore, Haryana govt. will honour these villages on 23 March 2018 as per their star ratings.


text:
J Hepatol. 2014 Mar;60(3):530-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.11.009. Epub 2013 Nov 19.
Younossi ZM1, Singer ME2, Mir HM3, Henry L4, Hunt S4.
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Hepatitis C (HCV) is a common cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. Current standard treatment for genotype-1 patients uses a triple combination of pegylated-interferon alpha (IFN), ribavirin (RBV) and a direct-acting antiviral agent (DAA) with 75-80% sustained virologic response (SVR) rates. The aim is to determine cost-effectiveness of staging-guided vs. treat all HCV genotype-1 patients with interferon-based vs. interferon-free regimens.
METHODS: A decision analytic Markov model simulating patients until death compared four strategies for treating HCV genotype-1: Triple therapy (IFN, RBV, DAA) with staging-guidance or treat all, and oral IFN-free regimen with staging-guidance or treat all. Strategies with staging initiated treatment at fibrosis stages F2-F4, with staging repeated every 5years until age 70. The reference case was a treatment-naïve 50-year-old. Analysis was repeated for 50% increase in cost of oral therapy. Effectiveness was measured in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs).
RESULTS: Treatment of all patients with oral IFN-free regimen was the most cost-effective strategy, with an ICER of $15,709/QALY at baseline cost of oral therapy. The ICER remained below $50,000/QALY in sensitivity analyses for baseline and +50% cost of oral therapy scenarios. The treat all strategy was also the most effective strategy; associated with the lowest risk of developing advanced liver disease.
CONCLUSIONS: Treating all HCV patients with oral IFN-free regimen reduced the number of patients developing advanced liver disease and increased life expectancy. Additionally, IFN-free regimen without staging may be the most cost-effective approach for treating HCV genotype-1 patients. The efficacy and safety of these regimens must be confirmed using randomized clinical trials.
Copyright © 2013 European Association for the Study of the Liver. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
KEYWORDS: BOC, CHC, CMS, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, Cost-effectiveness analysis, DAA, F0, F1, F2 or F4, GT, HCV, HIV, ICER, IFN, IFN, BV, DAA, Interferon-free oral treatment, Markov model, NADAC, National Average Drug Acquisition Cost, QALYs, RBV, SVR, TVR, Triple therapy, WAC, boceprevir, chronic hepatitis C, direct, acting antiviral agent, genotype, hepatitis C, immunodeficiency virus, incremental cost, effectiveness analysis, mild fibrosis, moderate or advanced fibrosis, pegylated, interferon alpha, quality, adjusted life years (a standard metric that incorporates both length and quality of life), ribavirin, sustained virologic response, telaprevir, wholesale acquisition cost
PMID: 24269472 [PubMed - in process]


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Here are today giveaway! Those are some stuff , you just going to want to have for your little cutie :)
Brooke @ Girl Boy Girl Inspired
Glass Pendant Necklace + a surprise
Ashley @ Ashley Creation
Loopy Bow
My daughter would love that lady bug! Adorable! New follower from the Monster Blog Hop. Hope you can stop by too! http://yankeeturnedtexan.blogspot.com
Hey there! I am your newest follower!! VERY creative blog! :) I Have three blogs I hope you will follow back!
Happy Tuesday . They are all so beautiful!!! I am a new follower from the monster blog hop and I look forward to following your blog!...Hope u can come by for a visit! http://adventuresatgreenacre.blogspot.com


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Samsung H6203 Expert Picture Settings Calibrations
by Robert Wiley, Senior Editor
A television in the process of being calibrated before we begin our review.
Calibration Equipment: Sencore OTC1000 Meter, AV Foundry VideoForge Source, Direct Display Control
Post Calibration Settings
|Having reviewed and written about Television Technology for over 10 years, Wiley never tires of researching the newest qualitative trends related to the technology. Most people do not get excited about possibilities behind the latest video engine...Wiley does. Read more about Robert


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Automotive Tips from Tuffy Charlotte (Tryon St): Signs of an Alignment Problem
Posted in Automotive News on November 17, 2019
When properly aligned, all of your wheels are pointed in the same direction. Your vehicle will track true and handle the way it is designed. Charlotte drivers often associate our wheels being "knocked" out of alignment with an event like an accident, hitting a pothole, curb or some other object.
While these can certainly take your wheels out of alignment, the bumps and bounces of everyday Charlotte driving take their toll on wheel alignment as well.
In addition, your vehicle can lose alignment over time with just normal driving. When your wheels are out of alignment, Tuffy Charlotte (Tryon St) in Charlotte can return your wheels to the vehicle manufacturer's factory settings. Most owner's manuals suggest an alignment check every year or two.
Give us a call.
Tuffy Charlotte (Tryon St)
8516 South Tryon St.
Charlotte, North Carolina 28273


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Music MMus
Music MMus
MMus - full time: 12 months, part time: 24 months
The MMus offers a flexible route to advanced musical study including classical, popular, world, contemporary, early, folk and traditional. You can pursue this research-based courses through creative practice (eg composition, performance, improvisation, or a blend of these) or musicological study in a field of your choosing.
Practitioners are able to study in areas such as performance, composition, studio-based work, improvisation, sound-art and mixed media – focusing in any one of these or blending them according to their creative needs. Musicologists are able to study in areas such as critical and cultural musicology, ethnomusicology and world music, folk music studies, early music, popular music studies, and music theory and analysis. It is also possible to combine practice-based and musicologically orientated projects.
The Music Masters Research Training module teaches essential skills and methodologies for the rest of the research-focused course. A series of four Elective Projects allows you to pursue research selected from a range of topics taught in staff-led seminar groups, or undertake supervised solo study in practice-based or musicological research.
The list of projects varies from year to year, but the following is a typical menu:
- Debates in the Philosophy and Theory of Music
- Popular Music and the Politics of Authenticity
- Advanced studies in Musics of the Holocaust
- Popular Music before Sound Recording
- Advanced Studies in Ethnomusicology
- Wild Pop
- Indian Music for Postgraduates
- Studies in Early Music
- Case Studies in Music History
- Popular Music Policy: Context and Case Studies
- Music Analysis for Postgraduates
The MMus can be regarded as a qualification in its own right, but also offers preparation for doctoral study, not least because of the strong research emphasis.
Quality and RankingQuality and Ranking
We rank in the top 150 for Arts and Humanities - QS World University Rankings by Subject 2020
This course is delivered on the Newcastle campus (with options for a short period of study abroad). You will attend seminars and tutorials during semesters one and two. As an MMus student you spend the third semester working on your final dissertation or major creative project.
The flexibility of our course benefits part-time students, though staff-led research projects normally take place during normal working hours. All students – part-time and full-time – are required to complete the Music Research Training module across their first two semesters of study.
The MMus course comprises of compulsory and optional modules.
The course is delivered through a series of one-to-one teaching (eg with an instrumental or composition teacher), lectures, seminars, specialist presentations, masterclasses, workshops and conferences in which you will have the opportunity to share your experiences and debate your ideas with other students.
You will also be able to attend music research seminars in which visiting experts address the postgraduate community. The International Centre for Music Studies (ICMuS) provides information about research-related events (including research seminars), research projects, ICMuS researchers and the impact of their research in the wider world.
You will normally be assessed by a combination of:
- portfolio work, eg composition or examples of academic writing
- essays
- commentary on creative practice work
- oral examinations
- unseen written examinations
We have outstanding specialist music facilities, including our £4.5m purpose built Music Studios, designed with performance, multimedia and studio-based work in mind.
Additional facilities include:
- two professional grade recording studios
- a large student common room, including a work area with PCs featuring specialist music software
- a range of recently refurbished rehearsal spaces
- a full range of recently refurbished teaching facilities, including a 100-seat lecture theatre, two 50 seat lecture theatres and three 25-seater seminar rooms
- 12 practice rooms with integrated recording facilities
- a dedicated postgraduate workspace
- a project room equipped with 5.1 mixing system
The University Library also has extensive music collections (including a number of important manuscript and microfilm collections), subscribes to many specialist Music journals, has access to a significant body of online resources, and is widely recognised for the supportive service it offers students and staff.
Contact UsContact Us
Karen Robb
School Postgraduate Research and Operations Administrator
School of Arts and Cultures
Telephone: +44 (0) 191 208 3509
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
In the news
How much do you know about the benefits of postgraduate study?
published on: 1 July 2019
How much do you know about the application process? Try our application quiz!
published on: 26 June 2019
You will study modules on this course. A module is a unit of a course with its own approved aims and outcomes and assessment methods.
Modules for 2019 entry
Compulsory modulesCompulsory modules
You choose one of the following modules:
You also choose further modules from the following list, to a value of 80 credits:
- MUS8160 Elective Project 1
- MUS8161 Elective Project 2
- MUS8162 Elective Project 3
- MUS8167 Elective Project 4
Subject to the Degree Programme Director's approval, you may choose one or more of the modules listed below in place of one or more of the Elective Projects.
Module changes
Course content changes
The information above is intended to provide an example of what you will study.
Our teaching is informed by research. Course content changes periodically to reflect developments in the discipline, the requirements of external bodies and partners, and student feedback.
Optional module availability
Student demand for optional modules may affect availability.
Full details of the modules on offer will be published through the Programme Regulations and Specifications ahead of each academic year. This usually happens in May.
To find out more please see our terms and conditions.
Curious about what our graduates have gone on to do? Find out about opportunities they've pursued, and how we can help you develop your career.
Careers Service
Our award-winning Careers Service will help you to explore your options and make informed choices to achieve your career goals.
Work experience
Work experience placements are a great way to develop relevant skills to excel in your chosen career.
Find out about paid and unpaid work experience options and other ways you can add to your degree.
Fees & Funding
2020-2021 fees
The fees displayed here are per year. If your studies last longer than one year your fee may be subject to an annual inflationary increase.
Full time: £5,800
Part time: £2,900
Full time: £5,800
Part time: £2,900
Full time: £17,340
Find out more about our tuition fees, including how to pay them and available discounts.
EU students starting at Newcastle in 2020 will pay the UK (Home) tuition fee for the full duration of their course.
Entry Requirements
A 2:1 honours degree, or international equivalent, in music or a related subject.
We will also consider applicants on an individual basis with degrees in other areas and those with appropriate evidence of musical and general critical knowledge and ability.
Find out the equivalent qualifications for your country.
Use the drop down above to find your country. If your country isn't listed please email: email@example.com for further information.
English Language Requirements
Select an English language test from the list to view our English language entry requirements.
Please email us at email@example.com for further information.
If you have lower English Language scores, you may be accepted onto a Pre-sessional English course.
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, we will be offering our Pre-sessional courses online only from June to September 2020.
Pre-sessional English Course RequirementsPre-sessional English Course Requirements
- 8 week Pre-sessional entry:Not accepted
- 12 week Pre-sessional entry: IELTS 6.5 overall (with a minimum of 6.0 in all sub-skills)
How to Apply
You apply online, track your application and contact the admissions team via our applicant portal. Our step by step guide can help you on your way.
When you apply you need to select the relevant degree code on the 'Programme of Study' page:
- MMus - full time: 5811F, part time: 5811P
If you apply for the Creative Practice route you need to submit recent and representative examples of your work. We suggest that you provide two contrasting examples. These may include:
- scores
- audio recordings
- video recordings
- any other type of document that best represents the nature of the work
Please ensure that your files are compatible with both Windows and Apple operating systems.
For the academic Musicology route, you need to submit a sample of written work or an essay on a musical topic.
Start dates
The course starts in September. There is no application closing date for this course.
We suggest international students apply at least two months before the course starts. This is so that you have enough time to make the necessary arrangements.
If you live outside the UK/EU you must:
- pay a deposit of £1,500
- or submit an official letter of sponsorship
The deposit is payable after you receive an offer to study at Newcastle University. The deposit is non-refundable, but is deducted from your tuition fees when you register.


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The Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy convened the emergency meeting with local oil refiners -- S-Oil, Hyundai Oilbank, GS Caltex and SK Innovation -- to inspect supply issues, after President Moon Jae-in ordered the government to promptly respond to the incidents in order to minimize the negative impact on the nation's oil supply and consumer prices.
"We found there will be no supply setback in oil adoption in Korea in the short term," said Joo Yung-joon, chief of the Energy Ministry's office of energy and resources.
Currently, most oil from Saudi Arabia is imported through long-term contracts of up to 20 years, and the Saudi Arabian government has announced that it will release its emergency oil reserves, he said.
"But we will closely monitor developments because the oil refining industry may face supply issues and the volatility of international oil prices if the disruption lasts over a prolonged period of time," he said.
|This image provided Sunday by the US government and DigitalGlobe and annotaed by the source, shows damage to the infrastructure at Saudi Aramco'a Abaqaiq oil processing facility in Buqyaq, Saudi Arabia. (AP-Yonhap)
|Joo Yung-joon, chief of the Energy Ministry's office of energy and resources (MOTIE)
Saudi Arabia is Korea's biggest oil exporter. Last year, Korea imported about 323 million barrels of oil from Saudi Arabia, accounting for 29 percent of the nation's total oil imports, according to the Korea Petroleum Association.
Aramco is the largest shareholder of S-Oil and the second-biggest shareholder of Hyundai Oilbank. Two other oil refiners, SK Innovation and GS Caltex, also import oil from Saudi Arabia.
Korean oil refiners, meanwhile, were cautious about making official comments for the time being.
International oil prices directly affect their refining margins. Refining margins are the difference in value between the products produced by a refinery and the cost of the crude oil used to produce them.
S-Oil said it sees no supply issues at the moment but will "closely monitor the oil price market."
SK Innovation said, "We do not worry about supply because we already diversified supply chains to the US, Europe and Africa. But we are monitoring the situation because international oil prices affect our refining margins."
Cho Sang-beom, a communications team manager at the Korea Petroleum Association, said major concerns have eased for the Korean oil refining industry, as Saudi Arabia and the US have hinted they will release some oil reserves if needed.
"But it still depends on how fast oil-producing countries weather the setback. The Korean oil refining and related industries should also be on the alert, as there are many unpredictable variables," he said.
By Shin Ji-hye (email@example.com)


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Because developers have no shortage of job opportunities, they're always looking to learn more about what makes one company more exciting to work for than the competition. While tech recruiters could pitch benefits and perks until they're blue in the face, your organization's most influential brand storytellers are often your current developers themselves. A talented developer has heard just about every sales pitch in the book, but when a fellow programmer speaks glowingly of his or her company or the projects the team is working on, it's difficult for even the most in-demand candidates to ignore that type of review. Turning your developers into brand storytellers won't happen overnight, but here are a few tips to help you get started.
Before you can reach out to your current developers about becoming brand advocates, it's important to know what you're asking of them. Sure, you could have them wax poetic about your company's amazing perks and culture, but this is one of the biggest mistakes to avoid when describing your culture to developers. Not surprisingly, your current developers also want to tell potential candidates about much more than these types of perks.
Turning your developers into brand storytellers is often as simple as listening to what they have to say. Some of them might rave about your fully-stocked kitchen, but you'll likely find that the majority of them think your engineering culture is incredible because of the risks they're allowed to take or the overall sense of collaboration across the team.
One of the most satisfying parts of a developer's job is seeing real consumers using the products they build. Of course, many of them say this in the context of writing code. But when they're passionate about working for your company, developers can be just as enthusiastic about helping you create your employer brand.
The Marketing and Recruiting teams at Lever realized that they could turn their employees into brand storytellers by using their input to create candidate-facing messaging that articulated what makes them a great place to work. Using a tool called Brand Amper, they created an online exercise that prompted them to create a simple, yet compelling story about themselves and why they came to work for Lever based on pre-populated "brand statements." Based on their employees' reactions to each statement, they were able to create employer branding materials that resonated with their staff. More importantly, each employee walked away with a clear idea of why they were passionate about the organization—and 80 percent of the staff ultimately upgraded their LinkedIn profiles with summaries that firmly established them as brand advocates.
When developers have strong opinions about most things, they're not bashful about sharing them. But when it comes to brand evangelism, it can be difficult for developers to know which platforms are appropriate for sharing even the most positive opinions about their companies. The good news is that many developers I've spoken to are open to acting as brand storytellers when they're excited about the companies they work for. However, it's up to you to give them an easily accessible outlet on which to do so.
Many companies have started encouraging their developers to share stories about why they decided to join the team and what makes them excited to come to work. Although many developers maintain personal blogs and know how to craft compelling stories, you can make it even easier for them to contribute by implementing a content calendar and providing editorial support. Alexis Sheehy, Brand Communications Manager at Klara, tells us that opening up their blog to developers has proven to be an easy way to include their product team in its brand evangelism strategy. She adds, "We have our editorial team help whenever possible, but this process encourages developers to lend their voice to our brand, which is very important."


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Posted on May 10, 2018
A May 7, 2018, article by Dawn Geskus for watchdog.org takes a look at legislation that would require able-bodied adults to work a minimum of 29 hours per week to keep their Medicaid benefits. The bill is currently under consideration in the Michigan House of Representatives after winning the approval of the Michigan Senate a few weeks ago.
"The hospital community in Michigan believes this bill could have a serious impact on patients and families across Michigan who rely on Medicaid and the Healthy Michigan Plan for access to care," Ruthanne Sudderth, vice president, public affairs at the Michigan Health & Hospital Association, told Watchdog.org.
"Nearly 700,000 residents use Healthy Michigan Plan coverage for preventive care, prescription coverage, behavioral health services and more. We believe that taking away a patient's access to these services because he or she either could not – despite trying – meet the required hours, or for some reason failed to check a box indicating they had done the work – is a step backward for the health of our state and our people."
Read the article
Tags: Healthy Michigan Plan, Medicaid, Medicaid Work Requirements, Senate Bill 897
Posted in: MHA In The News
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Plasmids are supercoiled DNA molecules present in most species of bacteria. These are not integrated into the host chromosome and are much smaller in length.
Plasmids are not necessary for the survival of a bacteria but can contain genes that are advantageous in changing environmental conditions, an example would be antibiotic resistance genes [1].
Plasmids have no replication machinery of their own and are reliant upon the host for duplication.
Plasmids are very useful as vectors and in recombinant DNA techniques. Desired genes can be inserted in and amplified up.
Examples of plasmids include the puC18, or the F plasmid. Note that the F plasmids are unusually large. This property allows large scale genetic exchange between bacteria.
Plasmid Conformation
Plasmids exist in three forms: Open circle, supercoiled and linear. Supercoiled is when the plasmid has is tightly wound round itself in order to fit inside the cell. Open circle is when there is a nick in the outer ring of the plasmid and linear is when the plasmid is cut with a restriction enzyme.
When run on an agarose gel, linear runs the fastest down the gel, then supercoiled then open cirlce.
- ↑ Maloy (1987), Microbial Genetics, 2nd edition, Jones and Bartlett Publishers.