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We are looking for volunteers to give 4 hours per year to help with keeping St. Laurence O Toole Church, Kilteel clean. Some of the present helpers have been doing it for nearly 50 years! They are getting a little tired and need assistance. Please give your name to Sheila Byrne.
Archive for September, 2018
Kilteel Church Cleaning
Posted in News on September 19, 2018|
Altar Servers
Posted in News on September 18, 2018|
Our Altar servers add greatly to our Sunday Liturgies. We are now recruiting new members and training will begin next week. Any boy or girl who has received First Holy Communion may join. Parental Consent Forms are available in the sacristy. We are able to have servers in our parish because parents supervise their activities in the church. There are many parishes bereft of servers because no supervision is volunteered.
Kilteel Church
Posted in News on September 17, 2018|
Kilteel Church 30 minutes of prayer Mondays 7.30pm to 8.00pm If you would like to have an intention included in these prayers, there is an
Hospice Coffee Morning
Posted in News on September 17, 2018|
Rathmore Hall
Thurs 20th September, 2018
10am to 3pm
Please support
Parish Camino
Posted in News on September 16, 2018|
Well done to all who took part in the Parish Camino. It was a great family day.
Painting of the exterior of Eadestown church begins 17th September.
Eadestown 50th Field Day
Posted in News on September 16, 2018|
We had a wonderful afternoon in Punchestown last Sunday and our Field Day was a great success, socially and financially. The proceeds will give a great boost to the finances of Eadestown Parish and Rathmore Church of Ireland Parish. Thank you to the organising committee, those who ran the stalls and provided food and fun for young and old, the judges and the pony jumping section, the volunteers who worked like Trojans to set everything up and clean up afterwards. It is a huge undertaking and there were many tired bodies making their way home when all was over. This Field Day is very special in the lives of our community. Long may it continue.


text: Cape Town – The executive management of South African Airways (SAA) agreed to a 5% pay cut as acknowledgment of the financial difficulty the airline is currently experiencing, acting CEO Musa Zwane said on Friday. SAA's board and management are making presentations on the airline's financial and commercial performance in the first quarter of 2017 to Parliament's standing committee on finance. Zwane said SAA managed to avoid incurring costs of about R35m per month in the past quarter while "revenue enhancement" initiatives will yield additional revenue of about R13.6bn over a five-year period. The initiatives include network and schedule changes and pricing segmentation. In addition, "cost optimisation" is expected to yield R10.1bn over the five-year period, and measures to bring this about include route rationalisation by cancelling some routes, reviewing overtime policy and rostering practices and shifting sales to online channels. SUBSCRIBE FOR FREE UPDATE: Get Fin24's top morning business news and opinions in your inbox. Read Fin24's top stories trending on Twitter: Fin24's top stories

subset: commoncrawl


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You are hereHome › NLS Annotated Bibliography ›
Search Results
Author: Jack, Carolyn
Resulting in 1 citation.
Jack, Carolyn
Master Minds: Ohioans' Research May One Day Change The World
Plain Dealer, September 3, 1995; Pg. 8
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: Plain Dealer Publishing Co.
Keyword(s): Child Development; Maternal Employment
Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.
This article reports on Parcel and Menaghan's study "Parents' Jobs and Children's Lives," which analyzes the effect of parental employment on child development. The study, which utilizes NLSY79 and Children of the NLSY79 data, found that "a combination of wage level, work hours and job complexity is what determines whether children are helped or hindered by their parents' occupations." Also, the researchers discovered that a mother staying at home only benefits her child if the job she returns to is of a low-skill level. Mothers who stay home during the first three years but then return to a challenging job were found to have children suffering from more adverse effects.
Bibliography CitationJack, Carolyn. "Master Minds: Ohioans' Research May One Day Change The World." Plain Dealer, September 3, 1995; Pg. 8.


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|Global Market
|Global Market
Tuesday, August 07, 2018 /10:50AM / Moody's Investors Service
Outflows of dollars invested in US active equity mutual funds have accelerated in 2018 and are now at their highest year-to-date rate. According to ICI data on long-term domestic equity funds, which we use as a proxy for active mutual funds, outflows from active equity funds totaled $129.11 billion as of 31 July, up from $99.88 billion a year earlier and $110.62 billion for the similar 2016 period (see Exhibit 1). This deterioration in market flows is credit negative for active US equity managers such as GAMCO Investors, Inc. (Ba1 stable), BrightSphere Investment Group plc (Baa2 stable) and Janus Henderson Group Plc (Baa2 positive).
Rising equity markets have masked the underlying weakness of many traditional asset manager business models, which have come to rely on asset market appreciation in recent years as flows into higher-fee funds remain elusive. As equity market values have risen over the past decade, asset managers have experienced stable cash flow generation. However the lack of organic AUM growth at a time when asset markets are at historical highs is a cause for concern.
Additionally, the continued decline in fee trends is worrisome for asset managers. The average active equity fee net expense ratio has declined below 60 basis points, as calculated by ICI, and active bond funds' expense ratios have declined below 50 basis points.
Because investors' shift toward passive products and the continued net expense ratio deterioration of high-fee products are trends that appear to be accelerating, asset managers are more susceptible to equity market volatility and elevated valuations.
The forces causing the shift of assets from higher-fee active products to lower-fee passive products persist. We view the movement of assets into lower-fee passive products as a low-tech form of technology adoption. That is, the underlying causes of this shift are independent of macroeconomic or financial market trends. Instead, this dynamic is largely attributable to shifting consumer preferences for transparent, efficient and lower-cost products, similar to the way a particular technology or innovation diffuses within a marketplace.
Although some market participants have argued that equity volatility would provide the need for investors to hold active funds, active managers did not generally outperform during the equity market volatility of first-quarter 2018. Instead, the performance of active funds was in line with historical behavior. In the first half of 2018, following the market turbulence in the first quarter, JPMorgan estimated that only 41% of active fund managers surpassed their benchmark year to date, compared with 52% a year earlier.
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2. Bank of England's Monetary Policy Committee Voted Unanimously to Raise Bank Rate to 0.75%
3. Run-Up to U.S. Recession Is Good Time for Emerging Markets
4. Trade War Escalation Would Knock 0.4% off World Growth
5. Barclays Africa Group Limited Changes Name to Absa Group Limited
6. Tariff Risk to US, Chinese Corporates Limited But Rising
7. The Future Relationship Between The United Kingdom And The EU
8. Financial Stability Board Issues Statement on Reforms to Interest Rate Benchmarks
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11. Could A Trade War Derail Global Growth?
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Ben Hunt, 144th Grand Marshal, holds the first meeting of the 41st Student Senate. Brian Michalski is confirmed as CIO, Senator Lee Sharma is confirmed as FFA Chair, and Andrew Neidhart is confirmed as Public Relations Director.
|Brian Michalski
|... Producer
|Brian Michalski
|... Camera Operator
|Andrew Armenia
|... Production Assistant
|Reilly Hamilton
|... Production Assistant


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The SWS initiative recognises SAF personnel who are nearing the 50-year-old retirement age, and provides new skills and knowledge to expand their horizons and help them transit to new work roles.
Some of these pioneer graduates have progressed into new capacities, while others are getting ready to embark on new roles.
In June, the SMU Warriors Scholarship (SWS) MOU was renewed, offering another 20 scholarships to eligible and retiring military officers across the next 3 years, from 2017 to 2019.
On 15 July, SMU held the SMU Warriors Graduation and Conferral Celebration, to pay tribute to 'pioneer' graduates and welcome new scholars, in the year of SMU15 and the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) 50th anniversary. 10 graduates under the SWS programme completed various postgraduate degrees with flying colours, while 8 new scholars were conferred with the Scholarship at the celebration.
On 14 January, SAF Chief of Defence Force, Lieutenant-General (LG) Ng Chee Meng signed a Memorandum of Agreement on the SMU Warriors Scholarship with SMU President Professor Arnoud De Meyer. This SMU scholarship offers retiring military personnel a "no strings attached" chance to pursue a master degree and to start a new career.
The scheme is the brainchild of SMU Dean (Postgraduate Professional Postgraduate degree) Dr Philip Zerrillo. SMU will sponsor up to 20 bond-free postgraduate scholarships annually for the next three years, at an estimated cost of $1 million a year. Applicants can enrol for 18 Postgraduate degrees. The scholarship is open to retiring SAF military personnel with at least 10 years of service.
Last updated on 21 Sep 2017 .


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Throw some weight on and a regular plank hold won't seem so bad…..
Registration for the CrossFit Open begins today – SIGN UP! Woo hoo!!
The Nutrition Challenge Finale will be on Saturday, February 11 at 10am. We will run heats of the benchmark workout and finish with a potluck, paleo-style…. Who will our winners be? Who is still going s-t-r-o-n-g?


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My culture is marked by its cuisine. It is no doubt a favorite take-out choice of many busy Americans and people the world-over. Many of the menu selections of a Chinese restaurant are comfort food for the billions of us who grew up eating that style of food.
Mom's devotion to her task of feeding the family marked our palates for life. Grandma double-downed on the family recipes. Daughters and daughters-in-law copied, observed, tasted and tested the ingredients for that familiar family smile and reservoir of compliments.
Now, when we celebrate we go out to a local restaurant. On a menu that seemingly needs a magnifying glass to read it, we pick out what we know. Something familiar leaps out from the pages and we wait with expectation to enjoy all the memories of family, youth and legacy.
Once in a while something new happens. It is not a completely new dish but there is a certain twist that captures our creative adventuresome spirits. That happened at a Portland restaurant with my best buddy.
We have joined him there only once before. It was so long ago no one could quite fix their finger on the occasion or date. Finally, we set that thought aside when it was time to give the waitress our order.
Bob asked about our favorites. We told him our short list. He filled in a few gaps.
"You guys like tofu, right?"
"Oh, yeah!" it was a chorus in unison. Comfort food was written all over that interchange.
"Then this will be a real treat," he smiled broadly. "I have this dish a couple of times a week. You're gonna love it."
We have been friends for decades. Our paths in life have covered many adventures. Some have been sad but most were marked with great joy.
When the dish showed up we all took a modest helping. The expectation was reserved. After each one in our family tasted the dish we were stunned.
It was very familiar to all of us. Nevertheless, it was very new. Everyone was eager for a second helping only with a bigger portion this time.
The texture was buttery smooth. It nearly had the similarity with custard. Everyone complimented this dish.
Bob was right. We loved the dish. There was some leftovers that he graciously allowed us to take home.
Excellent leftovers make it to breakfast. After that they are just a memory. Something so familiar with a new twist gave us another great memory to tuck away with a fabulous friend.
photo credit: brucefong photography


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Mahindra Insurance Brokers Ltd. Ground Floor, Sadhana House, Behind Mahindra Towers,
570 P.B.Marg,Worli, Mumbai- 400018
Mahindra Towers, Dr.GM.Bhosale Marg, P.K. Kurne Chowk, Worli, Mumbai - 400018
Board No: +91-22-66423800 Email id: email@example.com
Please Select State And City
There are 33 general insurance companies in the market. Out of these, a majority of the companies offer different types of health insurance plans for their individuals. In fact, there are standalone health insurance providers too. Health plans which are offered have varied coverage features and competitive premium rates. Health plans are popular both among the insurance companies and also individuals. Individuals buy health insurance plans because the plan pays for the substantial medical expenses which incur in case of any health related contingencies. For insurance companies, health insurance plans are favourable because these plans are in great demand and bring in good revenue. So, individuals can find hundreds of health insurance plans offers by more than two dozen insurance companies.
When making the choice of the best health insurance company, the following things should be looked at and compared:
Here are some of the best health insurance providers in India:
Follow, like, tweet or post. We would love to interact with you.
Made in India by Exegesis Infotech (I) Pvt. Ltd.


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Finance experts in Islamic law have at long last developed rules for gold transactions. This opens the way for Islamic institutions to trade gold and silver much more actively, and may impact physical demand for the metals substantially in the long run.
Although gold is much used in jewellery in the Islamic world, it has played a very minor role in finance because of uncertainty over what is religiously permissible. The new standards, which also apply to silver, could help to change this.
One of the directives is that gold transactions must be fully backed by physical metal. Another is that trades must be settled on the same day. Furthermore, gold may be purchased through agents, allowing for exchange-traded funds (ETFs). These directives are in place in order to observe Islam's distinction between real economic activity and speculation.
The guidelines will help to increase acceptance of gold products among Islamic investors while giving Islamic banks new liquidity-management tools, as the standards are expected to be followed in whole or in part by sharia-compliant banks around the world.
Sharia-compliant gold products have existed at least since 2009, but have not seen a significant level of usage. Now that rules are in place, gold dealer GoldCore plans to offer a sharia-gold trading platform for use by Islamic financial institutions in the first quarter of 2017. It is designed to offer segregated gold accounts with the option of physical delivery. Konooz Capital plans to issue gold-backed sukuk, or Islamic bonds, through a $5 billion programme it originally registered in 2014.
ETF Securities said the new standards were unlikely to change the price of gold and that it would take time for markets in new products to develop, but we expect impact on physical demand in the long run may be significant, as general acceptance sets in.


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IPPAG and its members support the Convergences Awards! Every year since 2011, the Convergences Awards reward projects that are initiated by public, private and solidarity partnerships seeking to build a fair and sustainable world. Want to be a part of it and win up to €15,000 to develop and grow your initiative? Apply from February 25th to March 25th.
For more information please visit: IPPAG Website
Applications platform:
More info:
Ref Rules and Procedures for applications:


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Oaxaca, Mexico
Where to begin? Women's Radical Pursuits far exceeded my expectations. I was excited to venture out on something new that embraced many things that I love. Biking, human connections, foreign cultures, yoga and good food and experienced all of these. The biking in the mountains of Oaxaca was phenomenal, and I am from Colorado! Amy Schweim, the trip leader, is tuned into her clients' needs and desires. She speaks fluent Spanish and is a great companion navigating the unknown in a new area. She understood the desires of the group and made sure we had the best time of our lives.
I had an unfortunate travelling snafu on my way to Oaxaca and Amy was supportive and engaged as I navigated the alternative travel plans. I highly recommend WRP and the incredible adventures Amy continues to create for her business. I felt safe, loved and supported the entire trip. It was more of a friendship outing rather than a trip for hire.
Thank you Amy! I am still reeling from my experience.
Andrea Schumacher, Crested Butte, Colorado
Peru – Sacred Valley
"Amy is amazing! I recently went on her trip to Peru and it proved itself an adventure of a lifetime. Amy is a fun and inspirational guide and she quickly became a friend. She is an incredible mountain biker and led us in the most amazing yoga sessions. We were able to watch the sun rise over the Andes in our morning yoga sessions and feel the sun's warmth as it filled the studio. The accommodations were incredible, as well. We had views of the Andes in every direction, the rooms were comfortable, and the food was amazing: organic, local, and full of flavor. The trails offered a bit of everything: breathtaking views, amazing and buffed out single track, rocky descents, drops, pastoral scenery, high alpine vistas, climbing up beyond the treeline, and riding along the ancient Incan trail complete with ruins. I couldn't have asked for a more incredible trip. I'll definitely travel with Amy again."
Kebrina Vinglas, Bozeman, Montana
Oaxaca, Mexico
"I had a truly wonderful time on the Oaxaca 2018 trip! I was motivated by the mountain biking, my true-love sport of over 25 years, and Dia de los Muertos. It was my first trip to Mexico. So many other things over and above those special events were such incredible bonuses for me: the food, ideal style yoga (and I never do yoga!), lodging, stunning day trip to Hierve del Agua, shopping, mezcal production places, and the new friendships with fun, friendly women on the trip. And Amy is one of the warmest, most genuinely kind people you could ever meet. She's so culturally knowledgeable and for sure fluent in Spanish, and she is a superbly skilled mountain biker, yet quite humble. She constantly checks in with her trip companions to make sure we are doing well emotionally and physically etc. etc. so that we make the most of our rides and other activities!"
Gretchen Konrady
Peru – Sacred Valley
"Women's Radical Pursuits trip to Peru was a once-in-a-lifetime experience filled with amazing people, rugged single track, and beautiful places. The trip was very well organized and Amy thought of everything to have a complete experience with gourmet food, a trip to Machu Picchu, and lodging in an amazing location. The bike riding was phenomenal and we were able to explore huge valleys at high altitude. I would go on this trip or any other with Amy in a heartbeat."
Lindsay Records, Boulder, Colorado
Peru and the Sacred Valley
"Amy is such an inspiration and will undoubtedly leave an imprint on your heart like she did mine! I was fortunate to be a part of the Perú maiden voyage trip in 2018. This trip will change you. Like any trip Amy offers, you will come back a better version of yourself and gratitude will be abundant. If adventure is calling you, with Women's Radical Pursuits you must go! Go. Right now."
Laura Corder Durango, Colorado
Oaxaca Day Hike
We had the most incredible time with Amy/WRP in Lachatao! There's no better word I can think of to describe that town and our experience than magical. And it's definately not a place we would have found without Amy/WRP. We enjoyed amazing views and heartfelt conversations during the 1.5 hour drive from Oaxaca, had the best chilaquiles for breakfast there, and then were guided on what was not a hike as much as a spiritual exploration. Amy introduced us to Oscar who walked our group through various Zapotec traditions that were new to us but at the same time felt innate. It was a wonderful experience that empowered a strong sense of connectedness between our new group of friends and nature. Thank you so much Amy/WRP for making this possible! We were so excited to hear that Amy/WRP did day trips as well as overnight treks (although we wished we'd spent at least one night in Lachatao) and are already making plans to come back for Dia de los Muertos!
Lachatao hiking
"From the minute we connected with Amy, we knew we had to go on an adventure with her. We had in our minds that we wanted to do a specific hike between the Pueblos but Amy suggested to us a trip to Lachatao instead (she's the expert, we figured we should listen to her). We quickly found out why she fell in love with this magical place, where I instantly felt more connected to the earth and myself than I have before. It was like Amy knew exactly what I needed in my life at the right moment. During a time of exploration, my day with Amy gave me more insight into what was holding me back and how to move forward than I had in all of the weeks prior. I feel so lucky to have been introduced to Amy and cannot wait to see the amazing things she continues to do. I'm counting down the days until I can return to Latin America for another Amy adventure :)"
Oaxaca and Dia de los Muertos
Do you love travel, cultural experiences, friends, new and old, yoga, and riding your mountain bike? May I suggest this trip to Oaxaca! It will exceed your expectations. A struggle arises when formulating words to describe a heart and soul experience. Amy met me at the airport with an infectious smile and joyful spirit that set the tone for an unforgettable trip. The warmth of Oaxaca was palpable to all the senses– the geniality of the locals, warmth of temperature, oh the brilliant and happy colors, incredible odors of food wafting through the air, the celebrations and traditions of the Day of the Dead, the richness of culture. Truly unforgettable.
Jude and Ita extended open arms and hearts at the Casa Chicatana, the resting place while in the city. The rooms at Chicatana were light, clean, quiet, and colorful with very comfortable beds and warm showers down the hall–perfect location to unwind after a day filled with activity. Each tasty meal at Casa Chicatana surpassed the previous and fully satisfied my taste buds and belly. The streets were filled with liveliness, including parades, live music, face painters, food, art, rugs, jewelry, and souvenir vendors. Did I mention the food? Absolutely amazing. Each meal stimulated all 5 senses. I am vegetarian and never felt hungry or wanting for more food options. Every meal was fresh, prepared with love, and filled with color and balance. Mezcal. Has this clean and smooth liquor touched your lips? The smoky flavor envelops the oral cavity and although it was not my beverage of choice; it deepened the experience. If dancing is your passion, your heart and body will relish in moving to the latin beats at night… and even into the morning.
Although I thrive in the mountains, you are now aware of the city of Oaxaca's impact on me and the excitement I felt walking through the streets, experiencing each moment to the fullest. Amy truly creates a space for experience. Oaxaca itself shines on its own! The Sierra Norte mountains captured my soul. Bikes were rented from a local bike shop owned by a sweet man, Pedro. He sent 2 local guides, one to ride with the gals and one to drive the truck and bring food and fluids, for the mountain bike portion. The bikes were hard tail, but fully functional and in great condition. The MTB portion was simply FUN. And inspirational. My bike took me through winding single track covered in leaves, stunning views, double track, dirt roads, rocky technical sections, narrow trails, down steep descents and up even steeper climbs, mud, rivers/streams, and moments of uncontrolled giggling. It is in this portion of the trip that bonding began with the other ladies. Nights were spent in quaint villages, sleeping in beautiful, yet simple bungalows. And yes, the food was magnificent in those villages too. We communed with locals in cafe type settings; unforgettable.
Yoga. I practice limited yoga, primarily because it hurts. Ha. I'm the least flexible female on the planet. However, Amy created a comfortable and safe environment for my unique practice. Once again, Amy's professionalism and aura of acceptance radiated from her being and encapsulated each yoga practice (the same was tangible on all the mountain bike rides). Each session clearly demonstrated Amy's thoughtful approach to yoga, personal growth, and desire for me to create my own experience and progression in growth. Each yoga practice was unique–both in location and intention. I learned about myself. I learned about the other ladies. We shared stories about our lives. We shared dreams. We laughed, cried, and laughed again. True and honest friendships formed in these moments.
In summary, I fell in love… with the people, the city, the food, the experiences, the traditions, the mountains. Can you believe it? I road my mountain bike in Oaxaca! Pinch me. It is not a question of if I will return, but when. Sign up ladies!
No matter what your situation in life, take the leap of faith as you will return a different person. Bribe your mother in law or hire that babysitter to care for your kids even if that includes a sitter for your partner. In my case, I hired a dog sitter. Sell your material goods (my "radical" personal move in order to join the trip) in exchange for a spiritual, emotional, and physical experience. Whatever your reason for not going, find a solution, and go anyway! My life changed radically. My soul reset. A fire ignited and I was reminded of my true passions. You will be enriched by the MTB, yoga, culture, the Oaxacan people themselves, the food, dancing, celebrations/traditions surrounding the Day of the Dead, and new friendships. Just go!
Janelle Stewart – Durango
Oaxaca and Dia de los Muertos
In a nutshell: If you're craving mountain bike adventure, open to practicing yoga and mindfulness to clear your head of modern-day trivialities, if you're wanting to experience other cultures, are ready for loads of laughs and to get rad, you're in the right place.
Long-ish version: Dusting off the bike in April with ambitious singletrack goals for the Summer, Fall riding wasn't remotely on my mind. Then I read a column in Mountain Flyer mag that mentioned Women's Radical Pursuits and its owner Amy Schweim. After reading about Amy's vision of empowerment through adventure and building bridges not walls with other cultures, I googled her website. The no-frills Oaxaca backcountry itinerary sounded like precisely my style and I shot an email to Amy through her website. She promptly replied, we scheduled a phone conversation and after chatting with her I determined that the trip was going to be rad indeed. With an achy healing broken arm, I was slightly hesitant to commit but was optimistic I'd be in good repair by the October departure so I sent my deposit to this rad woman whom I'd never met. I was stoked, and then the trip was placed on the back burner as Summer adventures commenced…
About a month before the trip Amy reached out to the three of us who were in. She had wanted to keep this group small, as this was to be the Women's
Radical Pursuits Maiden Voyage. Perfecto! We were provided with details of the
trip and were offered additional perks, all with the reassurance that this trip was ours and that she was completely flexible to our needs. The week prior to departure frantic emails were exchanged between us all as we scrambled to stuff our backpacks for a week of international adventure. After an overnight flight and a six-hour layover with a nap in a corner of the Benito Juarez airport, I stepped off the jet into a warm Oaxaca day and was greeted with a ginormous smile from Amy. From the moment she picked me up from the airport to the moment she dropped me off at 5 AM eight days later, Amy's guidance was seamless. Upon arrival at Chicatana Bed and Breakfast,
owners Jude and Ita gave me a tour before I settled into my private room, the "White Room". Since the other gals weren't scheduled to arrive until that night Amy and I walked to Tastavins where we each had a delicious salad and shared a bottle of Carmenere. Meanwhile, in Mexico City, Andrea from Crested Butte was stuck in customs and missed her connecting flight with no available flights for two more days. Being familiar with travel in this area Amy was able to walk Andrea through the process of navigating her way to a bus that would get her to the bus station in Oaxaca in the wee hours of the morning where Amy waited to greet her. There are certainly no guarantees in travel but Amy dealt with the situation calmly, proceeded to pick up Janelle (from Durango) from the airport, and we were all together in Oaxaca safely by Friday morning. We had the day to unwind from our travels, familiarize ourselves with Oaxaca and visit Pedro's bike shop to get our bikes before having dinner on a rooftop patio overlooking Santo Domingo and a beautiful sunset. We were back at Chicatana and passed out in our comfortable beds at a decent hour ready to wake up and ride.
Waking up to the crow of a rooster was the first reminder that I wasn't in the burbs, the second was the feral kitties roaming the empty lot behind the bed and breakfast. After a breakfast of papaya, granola, yogurt, crepes, and green juice we lugged our packs to where Roberto and Luis, our mountain guides, picked us up and zipped us out of the city. Within an hour we were winding up dirt roads as the air became noticeably cooler and cleaner. Before long Roberto pulled off amongst some dilapidated small buildings where we were to gear up and ride. With helmets and hydration packs and clipped into our pedals we took off down a dirt road and Luis led us to the first singletrack where we quickly dove in. As Colorado gals we love our singletrack- tacky, hero, smooth, or technical- but Mexican singletrack gave us a run for our money. It was awesome to be challenged on different terrain and there were many times on the first day of riding where I was grateful for my time on the Colorado Trail. Hike-a- bike? No big deal. Mud? No
problemo. We were happy to learn there were no leeches, which after a language exchange were translated from "barking worms "to" sucking worms, and eventually leeches. Many expressions and hearty laughs were had throughout our day of riding. We followed a river, had several stream crossings, popped out on dirt roads and had spectacular views. The air was ambient, a perfect temp for riding. Late afternoon we popped out on another dirt road that we followed into the village of San Miguel Amatlan. We grooved on the old church and took several photos before riding down some "singletrack" shared with a couple grazing bulls. I maintained eye contact, smiled and said hola hoping that would lessen my chances of being gored as I rolled by. The shoot opened up onto a cobblestone path where prayer flags were strewn overhead with long views of the lush mountains. Truly surreal. Mas fotos. We finally made it to our digs for the night and were bummed that we were divvied into two cabins. We all wanted to stay together, there were four beds in one cabin so we gladly cozied up in that one. After eco showers and chill time we met in the community kitchen and had a delicious and authentic dinner of soup, tortillas, and tea. Not sure how soup filled us up after a day of shredding but it sure did. Each kitchen we dined at throughout our journey accommodated those with dietary requests. With full bellies, we hobbled back to our cabin and proceeded to practice light yoga and meditation. A fire was built for us and the sweet little girl from the kitchen brought us hot tea that warmed us before we all passed out hard.
Waking up in Amatlan was my favorite morning of the entire trip. We each crawled out of our beds on our own time and tiptoed out the door to take in the awe. The mountain air was cold and crisp and the clouds lay low in the hills. As the white sun rose above the mountains it radiated warmth allowing me to shed my layers- down, flannel, wool. We took full advantage of our spectacular surroundings as Amy led us through sun salutations and meditation to calm our hearts and minds before our shred session for the day. After a breakfast of something authentic and delicious that I don't remember we got ready for another day on the bikes. The immediate decent didn't last long before we had to settle our sore tushes on the saddle for a long-ish climb to a trail called something vaca (Spanish for cow). The climb was worth the fast singletrack ahead. I think we all felt like kids again hauling ass on our bikes and during a bano break our Spanish animal names for each other were born- conejo, tortuga, colibri, y jaguar. After some rolling singletrack through the forest, we popped out into an opening where there was a fiesta going down. The little girls screamed with delight and called us funny-looking- creatures-on-mountain-bikes monsters. Another hop and skip and we were at another trailhead marked "Desenso Extremo". As we were refueling with fruit, trail mix, cookies, and left-over tamales a carload of guys pulled up, unloaded and took off. We dropped in right behind and played cat and mouse to the end. The rest of the afternoon was spent maneuvering downhill and stream crossings before popping out
on pavement, cruising into town and settling in on a patio with a table full of food and margs of course. Dirty and sweaty we piled into the truck and drove an hour-ish back into the mountains. It was dark when we got to the village (forgot name), we stumbled down the cobblestone to our cabins and decided to cozy up in one again. The lukewarm eco shower trickled, I dried off, bundled up and crawled into bed with the fire roaring. Next thing I knew the sun was shining through our window.
With another good nights rest, I hopped out of bed and snuck out the front door to another surreal sunrise on the mountain village. On our own time, we found a spot in front of the clotheslines to practice yoga and meditation. I felt the sun shine directly into my open heart and in this moment was reminded of what a guru told me while at an ashram last year- In the back of the heart there's a cave, in the back of the cave there's a light, in that light you will find your true
self. What a beautiful morning, what an incredible group of women to share it with. Once again we were warmly welcomed into the kitchen and were fed a hearty Mexican breakfast to fuel another day on the bikes. We all asked for and had seconds. We groaned a bit as we flung our legs over our saddles and settled on our sore tushes but soon forgot our aches and pains as we were quickly flying down a dirt road that led us to another climb, a couple gates we hoisted our bikes over, and then some singletrack that eventually petered out. We turned around and made our way back to catch another trail. Riding through the countryside was so peaceful. We rode up on a gringo solo hiking who was lost. After the translating I had the thought that I would never travel solo through a country where I couldn't speak at least a little of the language. On we pedaled and the sky slowly opened up and the rain began to fall. We put on our rain gear and the climbing kept us warm until we had to descend again. Wet, cold, aching arms and hands clenched to the brakes we finally made it to our final destination. Not 100 meters from where Roberto was to pick us up Andrea's tire sprung a leak and she had a flat in less than 10 seconds.
We were grateful for favorable weather up until the last day, were sad to leave the mountains but excited to head back to the city for the Dia de los Muertos festivities. After settling back in at Chicatana, Jude and Ita prepared a fabulous dinner feast where we had dinner guests from Spain and France. The flowing wine broke the language barriers, sort of. Needless to say, we took our time getting to the yoga mat the next morning followed by filling our bellies with Americanos, green juice, and flayudas at the organic market. We took the afternoon to chill out with hour-long deep body massages for every body before gearing up for Dia de los Muertos. The festivities including face painting in
the zocalo, visiting the Xoxo cemetery where families were celebrating the lives of their loved ones, and another fabulous dinner at a restaurant (forgot name) in the middle of the whole party. We were all pretty spent and walked the 12 minutes back to Chicatana and passed out. The next day we had our morning yoga practice, visited the Zapotec ruins, and had a scrumptious dinner with chocolate enchiladas at Zandugas washed down with mezcal margaritas. Stick a fork in me. The ladies stayed out all night Salsa dancing. I opted out of the visit to the petrified falls the next day and had a relaxing day at the bed and breakfast before packing my bags to go. Our last supper was at Tastavins where we feasted on tapas washed down with more Carmenere. Back to Chicatana for a few hours of shut-eye before we were up at 4 AM to head to the airport and back to our lives in Colorado.
What an adventure and what a dynamic and energetic group of women to spend a week with. I'm grateful for the experience and would do it all over again. If you thrive on adventure, like to ride varying terrain, experience different cultures, are open to practicing yoga and mindfulness and are looking to connect with like- minded women to do it with I would highly recommend traveling with Women's Radical Pursuits. Amy is well-traveled, experienced, knowledgeable, proficient in Spanish, patient, kind, and can shred! You will not regret it, it's worth it. Do it!
Hiking in Lachatao
From the minute we connected with Amy, we knew we had to go on an adventure with her. We had in our minds that we wanted to do a specific hike between Pueblas but Amy's talked us into a trip to Lachatao instead (she's the expert, we figured we should listen to her). We quickly found out why she fell in love with this magical place, where I instantly felt more connected to the earth and myself than I have before. It was like Amy knew exactly what I needed in my life at the right moment. During a time of exploration, my day with Amy gave me more insight into what was holding me back and how to move forward than I had in all of the weeks prior. I feel so lucky to have been introduced to Amy and cannot wait to see the amazing things she continues to do. I'm counting down the days until I can return to Latin America for another Amy adventure :)"
Nicole Cahill


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By JOHN HOFHEIMER
Leader senior staff writer
Nearly 70 percent of Arkansans eligible for private option signed up in the first six months, according to Amy Webb, communications director for the state Department of Human Services.
Demographics show most enrollees likely would not have had insurance without new program, she said.
A total of 155,567 of the estimated 225,000 Arkansans who qualify for health insurance through the private option had applied and been determined eligible as of March 31, surpassing expectations of the level of acceptance in the program's first year.
Most of them – 82 percent – had incomes too low to pay for for insurance through the Health Insurance Marketplace. About 5 percent of the people in central Arkansas counties have qualified for private option, which is a Medicaid program that pays for private insurance.
In Pulaski County, the state's largest county with 389,000, 20,281 people enrolled, 60 percent of them women, 40 percent men.
Eighteen percent of enrollees were in the 19-24 year age group, with 27 percent bewtween 25 and 34 years old. Twenty-two percent of enrollees were 35 to 44, 20 percent were 45 and 54 and 13 percent of enrollees in Pulaski County were in the 55-64 year age group.
Of enrollees in Pulaski County, 83 percent were at or below the federal poverty level.
In Lonoke County, which has a population of 68,356 in the 2010 census, 2,739 signed up successfully for private option, 63 percent of them women, 37 percent men. Of those, 16 percent were in the 19-24 year age range, 29 percent in the 25-34 age group, 22 percent in the 35-44 age group, 21 percent in the 45-54 age group and 12 percent aged 55-64. Income was 100 percent of the federal poverty level or less for 80 percent of those.
In White County, with about 78,000 people, 3,770 signed up. Women accounted for 61 percent and men, 39 percent.
The 19-24-year-olds ac-counted for 17 percent of enrollees, with those 25 to 34 accounting for 25 percent. Those in the 35-44 age group accounted for 21 percent, those in the 45-54 group 22 percent and those in the 55-64 age range 14 percent. Eighty-one percent of enrollees were at or below the federal poverty level.
Unlike the health insurance marketplace, which has an open-enrollment period that ended March 31, people who are eligible for the private option can apply at any time throughout the year.
"We now know that an overwhelming majority of Arkansans in the program would have likely gone without health insurance had the Legislature not passed the private option," according to John Selig, director of the Arkansas Department of Human Services. "Clearly there was a real need in a lot of these families."
The private option, signed into law last April and funded in March this year, allows the state to use federal Medicaid funding to pay the private health insurance premiums for those making up to 138 percent of the federal poverty level, or about $16,105 for a household of one. Arkansas was the first state in the country to place people in private plans rather than expand the traditional Medicaid program. Several other states are now exploring similar options.
Statewide, 61 percent of Arkansans in the program are women and 64 percent are ages 19 to 44 years old, a somewhat younger population than those getting coverage through the federal insurance marketplaces, said Arkansas Medicaid Director Andy Allison.
"The average age and sheer number of people in the private option will have a significant impact on competitiveness and strength of the state's insurance market moving forward," Allison said.
Of the 155,567 people enrolled statewide for private-option health insurance under the Affordable Care Act, females accounted for 61 percent. Males were 59 percent.
On the young end of the scale, 18 percent of enrollees were between 19 and 25 years old, with another 25 percent between 26 and 34.
That's 43 percent in the younger demographic, near the number desired to make the new system work. Those between 35 and 44 accounted for 21 percent of the total, with those between 45 and 54 being another 21 percent.
The oldest category, 55-64, accounted for only 15 percent of the total. Those 65 and older qualify automatically for Medicare.
Those 18 and younger are either on their parents' plans or are on ARKids First or other Medicaid.
Friday, April 25, 2014
TOP STORY >> Thousands enrolled in counties
Posted by THE LEADER at 9:41 PM


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In 2009 a plan was presented to open a hotel with casino along the A67. This plan was put in the refrigerator almost immediately. This was due to the economic crisis. Now that the economy is doing much better, the plan has been taken off the shelf again, according to 18 January 2018. This means that in the short term a four-star hotel with 110 rooms and a casino will be located along the A67, at the Helden exit.
Operated by Novo Gaming
The new casino that will be part of the hotel is operated by Novo Gaming. This is a company from Waalwijk and part of an Austrian multinational. This Austrian company is called Admiral Casino.
Little is known about the project along the A67. This is because negotiations are still ongoing, including with a number of potential operators for the four-star hotel that will be part of the casino. It is clear, however, that the plan is now finally coming out of the fridge and that a hotel with casino will be on the A67 in the short term.
Casino with machine casino games
All the games of chance that you can find in other casinos will be placed in the casino. The only difference is that there are no people behind this, but that all games are operated by machine. For example, there is no person behind the roulette table to make the wheel spin, but the table is operated automatically.


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The Chicago Fire added to their new-look roster on Wednesday with the announcement they have acquired defender Rodrigo Ramos on loan for the season from Brazilian club Coritiba. Ramos will be added to the roster upon receipt of his International Transfer Certificate and P-1 visa.
Ramos, 19, is a Brazilian Under-20 international and participated in the 2015 U-20 World Cup, the same tournament that current Fire head coach Veljko Paunovic won as Serbia's head coach.
"I saw Rodrigo play during the FIFA U-20 World Cup in New Zealand and he left an impression with me. He is a young player with lots of potential and we hope he will seize this opportunity with the Fire," Paunovic said in a team statement.
Ramos made his pro debut for Coritiba in June, making nine appearances for the Coxa Branca.
"Rodrigo is a dynamic outside back with lots of range," said Fire general manager Nelson Rodríguez. "He can cover the flank and gets into the attack consistently well."


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21 januari 2016
The Cyber Security Division (CSD) of the US Department of Homeland Security (DHS) has informed us about a couple of solicitations, and asked us to forward this to our Dutch national research community:
1. Two New BAA Solicitations - Static Tool Analysis Modernization Project (STAMP) and Application Security Threat Attack Modeling (ASTAM). Both can be found at https://baa2.st.dhs.gov/portal/BAA/ under the Current Solicitations tab over the Solicitations header.
2. CSD has established a DHS Silicon Valley Office (SVO). This includes a first Other Transaction Solicitation (OTS) for technologies to provide security for the Internet of Things (IoT). The overarching solicitation can be found at https://www.fbo.gov/spg/DHS/OCPO/DHS-OCPO/HSHQDC16RB0005/listing.html and the first topic call can be found at https://www.fbo.gov/spg/DHS/OCPO/DHS-OCPO/HSHQDC-16-R-00035/listing.html. These solicitations are focused on startups that have never done government business before. Also interested Dutch companies are welcome to respond to the call. In case of questions, please mail to email@example.com.


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The instability of simple tandem repeats, such as human minisatellite loci, has been suggested to arise by gene conversions. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a double-strand break (DSB) was created by the HO endonuclease so that DNA polymerases associated with gap repair must traverse an artificial minisatellite of perfect 36-bp repeats or a yeast Y′ minisatellite containing diverged 36-bp repeats. Gene conversions are frequently accompanied by changes in repeat number when the template contains perfect repeats. When the ends of the DSB have nonhomologous tails of 47 and 70 nucleotides that must be removed before repair DNA synthesis can begin, 16% of gene conversions had rearrangements, most of which were contractions, almost always in the recipient locus. When efficient removal of nonhomologous tails was prevented in rad1 and msh2 strains, repair was reduced 10-fold, but among survivors there was a 10-fold reduction in contractions. Half the remaining events were expansions. A similar decrease in the contraction rate was observed when the template was modified so that DSB ends were homologous to the template; and here, too, half of the remaining rearrangements were expansions. In this case, efficient repair does not require RAD1 and MSH2, consistent with our previous observations. In addition, without nonhomologous DSB ends, msh2 and rad1 mutations did not affect the frequency or the distribution of rearrangements. We conclude that the presence of nonhomologous ends alters the mechanism of DSB repair, likely through early recruitment of repair proteins including Msh2p and Rad1p, resulting in more frequent contractions of repeated sequences.
MINISATELLITES are tandem repeats of a few dozen nucleotides that display an unusually high rate of instability, manifested by changes in number of tandem repeats. In humans, these changes arise during germline formation (Armour and Jeffreys 1992; Jeffreyset al. 1994; Richards and Sutherland 1997) and some alleles are found to change in as many as 13% of the gametes (Vergnaudet al. 1991). As with expansions of microsatellite sequences, expansions of minisatellites have been associated with human disease (Laliotiet al. 1997; Virtanevaet al. 1997) and with chromosome fragility (Yuet al. 1997; Hewettet al. 1998).
Human minisatellite instability apparently arises through gene conversion events during or shortly after meiosis, many of which involve interallele transfers of information (Buard and Vergnaud 1994; Jeffreyset al. 1994; Mayet al. 1996; Buardet al. 1998). Most likely these events result from the gene conversion repair of double-strand breaks (DSBs), as recent evidence suggests that meiotic recombination in mammals as well as yeast is initiated by the Spo11p endonuclease (Bergeratet al. 1997; Keeneyet al. 1997; Baudatet al. 2000; Romanienko and Camerini-Otero 2000). Similar intra- and interallelic recombination events are found in MS32 and CEB1 minisatellite sequences, when they are placed close to a meiotic hotspot in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Appelgren et al. 1997, 1999; Debrauwèreet al. 1999). Recently, a natural yeast minisatellite was also shown to be unstable during meiosis (Bishopet al. 2000).
We previously studied frequent rearrangements of repeated sequences associated with mitotic gene conversion in budding yeast, using both 375-bp repeats and trinucleotide repeats (Pâqueset al. 1998; Richard et al. 1999, 2000). The experimental system was similar to the one shown in Figure 1. The HO-cleaved ends of the DSB can invade homologous regions on a plasmid and then DNA polymerases can traverse the intervening region on the template that may contain various repeated or unique sequences. We consistently found a much higher rate of both expansions and contractions of the repeated sequences during gene conversion than during replication. Moreover, the rearranged array was nearly always found in the recipient (repaired) molecule, suggesting that the gene conversion events occur by a synthesis-dependent strand annealing (SDSA) pathway, where nearly all newly synthesized DNA sequences are predicted to be in the recipient (Figure 2, E-H and I-M).
In this study, we provide direct evidence for DSB-induced rearrangements of minisatellite sequences in yeast, using arrays of either perfect or imperfect 36-bp repeats. Both expansions and contractions of minisatellites were induced by recombination, but their ratio, as well as the overall rearrangement frequency, is affected by the presence of nonhomologous sequences surrounding the DSB, and by mutations in the RAD1 and MSH2 genes affecting the removal of such sequences. We suggest that the early recruitment of Rad1p and Msh2p and associated repair proteins needed to trim off the nonhomologous DSB ends affects the subsequent steps of DNA repair, in a way that favors the contraction pathway.
Strains: The S. cerevisiae strains studied in this work all derive from YFP17 (Pâqueset al. 1998), which contains a GAL::HO fusion inserted into the chromosomal ADE3 locus (Sandell and Zakian 1993), a deletion of the HO endonuclease cleavage site in the MAT locus, and a 117-bp HO cut site in the KpnI site of the LEU2 gene on chromosome III. We used a one-step disruption method described by Wach et al. (1994) to knock out the MSH2, MSH6, PMS1, and RAD1 genes in YFP17 with a KAN gene. All transformations were performed with the one-step method described by Chen et al. (1992).
Plasmids: A series of five plasmids, described in Figure 1, were derived from Ted, a centromeric plasmid marked by the URA3 gene (provided by W. Kramer). In pFP14 (Figure 3C), a genomic XhoI-SalI fragment including the LEU2 gene was inserted into the polylinker of a URA3-marked centromeric plasmid, as described by Pâques et al. (1998). Part of the Bluescript (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA) polylinker, including XbaI, BamHI, and XhoI, was inserted into the KpnI site of LEU2, resulting in plasmid pFP36, to allow the subsequent insertion of the repeated arrays shown in Figure 1. Insertion of a XbaI-XhoI fragment from plasmid pPS8.4 (Robinettet al. 1996), containing eight copies of the Escherichia coli lac operator, resulted in pFP59 (Figure 1D). Insertion of a dimer of the former insert resulted in pFP58 (Figure 1E). To obtain pFP46 (Figure 1F), a 530-bp fragment containing the natural yeast minisatellite arrays found in Y′ subtelomeric regions (Horowitz and Haber 1984) was amplified by PCR and cloned into pFP36. In pFP225 (Figure 1G), two half-HO cut sites were introduced on each side of the repeated array to restore perfect homology to the template.
DSB induction and characterization of recombinants: YEPD and synthetic dropout media used for the growth of S. cerevisiae were made according to Sherman et al. (1986). YEP-galactose contains 2% galactose (wt/vol) instead of glucose as a carbon source. YEP-glycerol contains 2% glycerol (wt/vol) instead of glucose. Yeast were grown for 24 hr in YEPD, or in synthetic medium lacking uracil or tryptophan if plasmid selection was required. This culture was then used to inoculate 50 ml of YEP-glycerol, at an initial concentration of 106 cells/ml. The YEP-glycerol culture was grown overnight, to a final concentration of 1-5 × 107 cells/ml, to prepare the cells for galactose induction. Then, cells were plated on YEPD and YEP-galactose plates, at a concentration of ∼200 cells/plate. In the absence of any DSB, colonies appear on YEPD and YEP-galactose with the same efficiency (not shown). For strains with an HO cut site in the chromosomal LEU2 gene, DSB repair efficiency was scored as the ratio of the number of colonies on YEP-galactose to that on YEPD. Independent colonies were patched, and the patch was used to inoculate 2-ml cultures. PCR was performed directly on cells: about one-tenth of a 3-day-old colony was boiled 5 min in the PCR mixture, and then 5 units of Taq polymerase were added; PCR involved 35 cycles, including 1 min at 94°, 2 min at 42°, and 4 min at 65° for elongation. For precise rearrangement mapping (Figure 3B), PCRs were done on DNA and not cells. The DNA sequences of the oligonucleotides shown in Figure 1 are: TCAT TTAATTGGTGGTGCTGCTATC (oligo 1), GATAAGTCTA AAAGAGAGTCGGATGC (oligo 2), TTGCAGATTCCCTTTT ATGGATTCC (oligo 3), and GCTGCTTCCTAATGCAGG ATCG (oligo 4).
For statistical analysis, we used Fisher's exact test. With pFP59 and pFP225 in the wild-type, rad1, and msh2 backgrounds, two independent experiments were performed. We first tested the homogeneity of two sets of results, and then pooled all the events in Tables 1 and 3, to compare them with other substrates and/or genetic backgrounds.
A perfect 36-bp repeat undergoes frequent rearrangements during DSB repair: Using the experimental system described in Figure 1, we examined gene conversion-associated rearrangements of 36-bp repeated sequences. A DSB was induced by the HO endonuclease in the yeast LEU2 gene (see materials and methods). When there is no donor template (Figure 1B), the vast majority of cells die, because homologous recombination is impossible and most cells lose the broken chromosome. Cells were transformed with plasmid pFP59 (Figure 1D) that contains an octamer of directly oriented 36-bp repeats of the E. coli Lac operator (Robinettet al. 1996) inserted into a leu2 gene at the KpnI site. The ends of the DSB at the chromosomal leu2 locus begin with 47 or 70 bp of the HO cleavage site that are not homologous to the template, followed by leu2 sequences that can engage in recombination with the donor template on either side of the minisatellite array. The presence of these homologous leu2 sequences on the plasmid allows 15-28% of cells to repair the DSB by homologous recombination, depending on the insertions into the template (Figure 1).
We studied the outcome of the gene conversion events in the survivors by the PCR assay illustrated in Figure 3, which allowed us to identify the structure of both the plasmid donor template and the chromosomal recipient molecule. The DSB was indeed repaired by a gene conversion event wherein the repeated locus was transferred into the broken molecule. Note that this gene conversion is necessarily not associated with crossing over, because such an event would integrate the donor plasmid in the chromosome, resulting in an unstable dicentric chromosome III. As shown in Table 1, 11 rearrangements among 69 products were found only in the recipient molecule (the chromosomal copy). These rearrangements are considered to occur during DSB repair and amount to an average of 15.9% of the repair events. In another case, both the donor and recipient had the same altered number of repeats, suggesting that the donor had rearranged prior to gene conversion, although we cannot exclude that both molecules were concomitantly rearranged during DSB repair. One survivor colony carried on two different donor molecules, and in the recipient, the tandem array had the same size as in the rearranged donor. In this case, prior rearrangement of the donor may have appeared during the S phase that preceded a gene conversion induced in G2. In a control experiment, where HO was not expressed, there was only one rearrangement of plasmid sequences among 176 cells, an expansion of one repeat.
The same experiment was done with pFP58 as a template donor. pFP58 contains an array of 16 repeats, interrupted in the middle by 32 bp of a polylinker. Among 38 recombinants, 10 exhibited rearrangements in the recipient molecules (26.3%), 9 of 10 being contractions (Table 2). One expansion was also found in the donor. Since the recipient molecules of the same cells display a nonrearranged tandem array, this rearrangement in the donor is likely to be a consequence of DSB. However, a spontaneous event occurring immediately after DSB repair cannot be ruled out.
3′ nonhomologous ends affect the DSB-induced rearrangement distribution and frequency: With the pFP58 and pFP59 templates, one of the early steps of gene conversion is the efficient removal of the nonhomologous sequences at the ends of the DSB by a MSH2- and RAD1-dependent process (Pâques and Haber 1997; Sugawaraet al. 1997). These sequences correspond to the two halves of the 117-bp cleavage site. In plasmid pFP225, full homology with the 3′ ends of the DSB was restored, by inserting two half-HO cut sites surrounding the repeated array (Figure 1G). With this plasmid, repair was substantially more efficient (46.5 vs. 28.0%) than with pFP59, consistent with previous results showing that perfect homology between the DSB ends and the template improves significantly the efficiency of the repair process (Pâques and Haber 1997).
However, the rearrangement rate using pFP225 was four times lower than with pFP59, dropping from 15.9 to 3.8% (Table 3). Nevertheless, these rearrangements still kept the signature of SDSA, for they were mostly found in the recipient molecule. An intriguing feature was that the ratio of expansions and contractions was significantly shifted toward expansions, which now represented one-half (three out of six) of the rearrangements. In contrast, 11 contractions but no expansions were found among 69 DSB repair events with pFP59. By Fisher's exact test, the contractions are clearly more frequent in pFP59 than pFP225 (P = 1.8 × 10-4), but the expansion rates are not distinguishable (P = 0.55). Thus, the difference between pFP59 and pFP225 lies essentially in the higher rate of contraction among successful recombinants in pFP59.
Requirement for the Msh2 and Rad1 proteins in the DSB-induced tandem repeat rearrangements: We have previously shown that the excision endonuclease Rad1p-Rad10p and the mismatch repair proteins Msh2p and Msh3p (Fishman-Lobell and Haber 1992; Ivanov and Haber 1995; Pâques and Haber 1997; Sugawaraet al. 1997; Colaiácovoet al. 1999) are required for the removal of nonhomologous 3′-ended tails from intermediates of recombination. We proposed that such branched intermediates, shown in Figure 2, F-H and L-M, are responsible for DSB-induced tandem repeat rearrangement (Pâques and Wegnez 1993; Pâqueset al. 1998). In addition, Rad1p and Msh2p, and presumably Rad10p and Msh3p, are required for the removal of heteroduplex loops formed during gene conversions (Kirkpatrick and Petes 1997; Clikemanet al. 2001). Intermediates containing heterologous loops could arise by replication slippage during gene conversion where the polymerase must traverse a set of repeats (Figure 2C).
We therefore tested the impact of msh2 and rad1 mutants on the rearrangement process. With pFP58 and pFP59, the HO-cleaved ends of the DSB have 47 and 70 bp of the HO recognition site that are not homologous to the donor templates, and that must be excised by Rad1p and Msh2p (Sugawaraet al. 1997). Thus, msh2 and rad1 mutants decreased repair 10- to 15-fold (Figure 1). As expected, rad1 had little effect on the repair of pFP225, where the HO-cut ends are homologous to the template; however, msh2 does reduce repair by 2.5-fold. This small drop might depend on the repeat structure, for it was not observed in previous assays measuring gene conversion between nonrepetitive sequences (Pâques and Haber 1997).
We then analyzed the survivors. In the rad1 strain, we characterized 71 survivor cells from two independent experiments with pFP59. Six proved to have repaired the DSB by nonhomologous end-joining, a RAD1-independent process (Moore and Haber 1996). Only one of the remaining 72 colonies showed a rearrangement, which was found in both donor and recipient and thus is not necessarily a rearrangement associated with gene conversion. Assuming that this one rearrangement event is recombination associated, it corresponds to an estimated rate of 1.4% instead of 15.9% in wild-type cells. In the msh2 strain, three events were found out of 126 survivors (2.4%). Similarly, with pFP58, msh2 cells had 2.9% rearrangements instead of 28.9% in wild type.
The three events found in the msh2 strain with pFP59 are all +1 expansions. This contrasts with wild-type cells, where only contractions were seen in 11 cases. The higher rate of contractions in the wild-type strain is clearly significant (P = 6 × 10-6), but the expansion rates are not distinguishable (P = 0.81), indicating that—as with the comparison of events in templates that did or did not contain homology to the DSB ends—only the contraction rate is affected by msh2. It is also important to note that in two of the three cases of expansion in msh2, the expansion was found in a mixed colony in which one-half of the cells had an unrearranged number of repeats and one-half had an expansion. Sectored colonies could be attributed to the lack of Rad1p- and Msh2p-dependent mismatch correction of a heteroduplex containing a 36-bp loop, analogous to postmeiotic segregations that were shown to have a similar dependence on Rad1p and Msh2p (Kirkpatrick and Petes 1997).
We also tested deletions of MSH6 and PMS1. These two genes act with MSH2 in the mismatch repair pathway but do not participate in nonhomologous tail removal. In addition, PMS1 is required together with MSH2 and RAD1 for heteroduplex loop correction during HO-induced mitotic gene conversion (Kirkpatrick and Petes 1997; Clikemanet al. 2001). The rearrangement rate among the gene conversion events also decreased, but less than twofold (see Tables 1 and 2); this effect is much weaker than the effect of the msh2 mutation. As in wild-type cells, most of the rearrangements were contractions, although two expansions were found in pms1. These results show that, although Msh6p and Pms1p are required for full rearrangement efficiency of pFP58 and pFP59, Msh2p and Rad1p have a much greater role in the process.
A completely different situation was observed with plasmid pFP225 (see Tables 1 and 3). Rearrangements were already relatively rare in a wild-type strain, but neither msh2 nor rad1 mutations affected the contraction rate (P = 0.16). This is clearly different from the effect in pFP59. There was also no significant change in the expansion rate. A single expansion was observed in msh2 and none in rad1 out of 363 total colonies, vs. 3/157 in wild type; however, the result is statistically not significant (P = 0.08).
DSB-induced rearrangements appear with a low frequency in a natural diverged yeast minisatellite: Natural minisatellites generally contain diverged repeats. To determine if base pair differences within the repeats have an effect on minisatellite stability during mitotic recombination, we replaced the artificial perfect repeat by a natural yeast minisatellite locus, normally found in subtelomeric Y′ sequences (Horowitz and Haber 1984). The repeats are 36 bp in length, as in the artificial minisatellite we used, but are very polymorphic. Although the Y′ 36-bp repeats fall into three main categories, there are only two pairs of perfectly identical units; the other ones differ by up to eight substitutions scattered among 16 sites of polymorphism. The repeat copy number at different Y′ elements within a single strain varies from 8 to 20 copies (Horowitz and Haber 1984). The minisatellite locus we cloned in the pFP46 plasmid contains 12 copies.
When we induced DSB repair with pFP46 as a donor template, the repair efficiency did not change compared to the result obtained with a perfect repeat (Figure 1); however, the frequency of rearrangements was greatly reduced. Among 194 gene conversion events, only two rearrangements, one expansion and one contraction, were found within the minisatellite, both in the recipient molecule (Table 4). This 1% rate of rearrangement is 16 times lower than what was observed with a perfect repeat. We conclude that the difference in the rearrangement rate is very likely to be due to the sequence divergence, although we cannot rule out that the difference results from some sequence-specific features.
In yeast and bacteria, recombination between diverged sequences is inhibited by the mismatch repair system (Rayssiguieret al. 1989; Bortset al. 1990; Selvaet al. 1995; Chamberset al. 1996; Datta et al. 1996, 1997). In our system, repeat rearrangement is likely to reflect repeat misalignment at some point of the DSB repair process. In the context of a diverged tandem array, such misalignment would include many mismatches. Therefore, we tested if mismatch repair mutants would display a higher rate of expansions and contractions in our assay. Since the divergence in the Y′ minisatellite is only from base substitutions (Horowitz and Haber 1984), recombination between two different repeats might be inhibited by Msh2p-Msh6p, as the Msh6p-Msh2p heterodimer has been implicated in correcting single base mispairs, whereas heteroduplexes involving frameshift mutations are primarily recognized by the Msh2p-Msh3p heterodimer (for review, see Kolodner and Marsischky 1999). Pms1p forms a dimer with Mlh1p, which interacts with both Msh6p-Msh2p and Msh3p-Msh2p, and is thus involved in the processing of all types of mismatches.
Neither msh6 nor pms1 mutations had much effect on this system; the frequencies of rearrangements were 1.4% (1/72) and 2.7% (2/74), respectively, which are not statistically significantly different from the 1% observed in wild type and still far from the 18.5% contractions observed with a shorter but perfect repeat. We also tested a msh2 mutant. As with the other templates, a low rate of survivors was obtained because of the requirement of Msh2p to remove nonhomologous tails. We tested 40 survivors, and no rearrangement was observed.
Gene conversion as a major source of tandem repeat rearrangements: Expansions and contractions of tandemly repeated sequences, from micro- and minisatellites to gene-sized repeats, occur during or around meiosis (Welch et al. 1990, 1991; Fuet al. 1991; Buard and Vergnaud 1994; Jeffreyset al. 1994; Malteret al. 1997). As reviewed in the Introduction, there is growing evidence that, at least for human minisatellites, the rearrangements occurring during germline formation are the consequence of DSB repair.
We developed a mitotic system in Saccharomyces, where it is possible to examine repeat instability accompanying DSB repair in great detail and provide a paradigm for the study of the mechanism and genetic requirements of this instability. This approach was used to examine rearrangements in 375-bp repeats (Pâqueset al. 1998), artificial and natural 36-bp minisatellites (this work), and CTG microsatellites (Richard et al. 1999, 2000). In all three cases, gene conversion is frequently associated with rearrangements of tandem repeated sequences.
An examination of the rates and types of rearrangements with different templates provides some further insight into the origins of expansions and contractions of repeated sequences. First, the rearrangement rate is not strongly a function of the total length of the interval between the ends of the DSB. With 8 375-bp repeats (total length 2900 bp) ∼36% of gene conversions had either fewer or >8 repeats (Pâqueset al. 1998). With 8 36-bp repeats (288 bp) 16% of gene conversions produced contractions, whereas 43% contractions and expansions were observed with a CAG98 repeat of approximately the same length (Richardet al. 2000). However, rearrangements appear to be more frequent when the number of repeats increases, rising from 16% with 8 36-bp repeats to 26% with 16 repeats and from 16% with a CAG39 to 43% with a CAG98.
On the other hand, either the size of the repeats or some sequence-specific feature influences the nature of the rearrangements. With 8 375-bp repeats, more than one-third of the events were expansions, whereas virtually all the changes with 8 36-bp repeats were contractions. A few expansions were seen with pFP58, which has 16 repeats, whereas all events with a template carrying 8 repeats were contractions. Similarly, with a donor template carrying (CAG)39, all rearrangements were contractions (Richardet al. 1999), but with (CAG)98, 30% were expansions (Richardet al. 2000). In contrast, with a template harboring (CAA)87, all of the rearrangements were contractions (Richardet al. 2000).
It appears that those sequences that have high frequencies of recombination-associated expansions are capable of forming stable single-stranded secondary structures. CAG repeats are known to form hairpin structures in vitro and show frequent rearrangements, whereas CAA repeats, which do not form stable single-strand hairpin structures, have low rates of rearrangement (Gacyet al. 1995; Yu and Mitas 1995; Richardet al. 2000). There is growing evidence that large expansions of human simple repeats also depend on the ability of single-stranded tandem repeats, including micro- and minisatellites, to form secondary structures (McMurray 1999). Similarly 5S RNA encoded by the 375-bp repeats has a complex secondary structure involving large hairpins (see Correllet al. 1997, and references therein); and it is possible that single-stranded 5S rDNA also adopts such a conformation, which could account for the frequent expansions we observed.
Ratio of expansions vs. contractions: In many previous studies on tandem repeat instability in yeast, contractions were generally found to be the major class of events (Richard and Pâques 2000). Yet we seek a model in which expansions are as frequent as contractions, or even more frequent, as is seen in the changes of unstable human minisatellites (Buard and Vergnaud 1994; Jeffreyset al. 1994; Mayet al. 1996). In this study, we found two situations where expansions were as frequent as contractions, or even in the majority.
The first case concerns plasmid pFP225. When an HO-cleaved chromosomal site is repaired using plasmids pFP59, pFP58, and pFP46 as the template, there is no homology with the HO cut site, and the two nonhomologous sequences must be excised. In pFP225, two half-HO cut sites restore perfect homology with the DSB extremities. pFP59 and pFP225 are identical in all other respects, and yet yield strikingly different results. The overall rearrangement frequency is fourfold higher with pFP59, but this difference is due entirely to a very high rate of contractions. These contractions are suppressed in pFP225, but expansions are now found and amount to one-half of the events. Thus the presence of nonhomologous tails profoundly influences what kind of repair events are seen.
A second case where expansions are also prevalent is when there are nonhomologous tails, using pFP59 as the template, but in msh2 and rad1 derivatives, where efficient removal of such tails is prevented. In fact, only expansions were found, whereas the frequent contractions observed in wild type were completely suppressed. Why should nonhomologous ends result in a substantially higher rate of contractions? One possibility is that such 3′ overhangs, which have to be removed by a Msh2p-Rad1p complex, would channel DSB repair in a specific, contraction prone, recombination process. But curiously, in the few survivors we recover with pFP59 in the msh2 and rad1 mutant strains, contractions are infrequent. We previously showed that there is a relatively inefficient Rad1p-, Msh2p-independent pathway to remove nonhomologous DNA tails (Colaiácovoet al. 1999; Holmes and Haber 1999). Although this backup excision process seems especially effective when one end has homology, it probably accounts for the remaining gene conversions we observed here with two nonhomologous ends. Thus it appears that a high contraction rate is observed only when 3′ overhangs are cut by Msh2p and Rad1p early in the recombination process. We propose that the early recruitment of Msh2p-Rad1p influences the contraction pathway in a subsequent step.
Mechanisms of expansions and contractions: Recently, two groups tested the impact of msh2 on minisatellite rearrangement in yeast meiosis (Debrauwèreet al. 1999; Bishopet al. 2000). Bishop et al. (2000) did not find any significant changes in the overall rearrangement rates, and Debrauwère et al. (1999) found a small increase (threefold) in one case and no effect in two others. In meiosis, the DSB ends generally match their homologous template; hence these results are mostly in agreement with what we find with pFP225.
In a yeast strain defective for both msh2 and pms1, Debrauwère et al. (1999) observed a new class of meiotic rearrangements, likely resulting from unrepaired heteroduplex loops. Heteroduplex loops appear in most replicative models of simple repeat rearrangements, because they can result from polymerase slippage (see Figure 2, C and D). However, they might also arise during annealing, as pointed out by Debrauwère et al. (1999). With minisatellite repeats, these loops should be at least 36 bp long and therefore are likely to be processed by the Rad1p/Msh2p complex (Kirkpatrick and Petes 1997), which, for HO-induced gene conversion, also involves Pms1p (Clikemanet al. 2001). In our system, such loops would result in an increased number of mixed colonies containing both a rearranged minisatellite locus and an unrearranged one, in rad1, msh2, or pms1 strains. We found a few sectored colonies indicative of such heteroduplex loops in the mutant strains: three events with pFP59 in msh2 and pms1, one event with pFP58 in pms1, and three events with pFP225 in msh2 and rad1 (scoring donor as well as recipient molecules). Hence, we think such events are not the majority. In addition, they do not appear to be favored by mutations in the MSH2, RAD1, or PMS1 genes, for they were found in the wild-type strain with a comparable, if not higher, rate (one event out of 69 for pFP59, two events out of 157 for pFP225).
Instead, we interpret most of the observed rearrangements in terms of out-of-frame annealing or out-of-frame reinvasion during SDSA. SDSA models (reviewed in Pâques and Haber 1999) were proposed to account for DSB-induced rearrangements of tandem repeats (Pâques and Wegnez 1993; Buard and Jeffreys 1997; Pâqueset al. 1998). Several different versions of this class of model were proposed, differing in whether DNA synthesis initiates at one or both ends of the DSB (Ferguson and Holloman 1996; Pâqueset al. 1998; Holmes and Haber 1999; Pâques and Haber 1999). One class of SDSA models is shown in Figure 2, E-H, in which the two ends of the DSB initiate new DNA synthesis and then the two newly synthesized single strands anneal to repair the recipient. Out-of-frame annealing would result in expansions (Figure 2H) and contractions (Figure 2, F and G). An alternative repair mechanism (Figure 2, I-M) suggests the invasion of only one end, leading to the establishment of a complete replication fork involving leading and lagging strand synthesis, as is seen in HO-induced gene conversion of the MAT locus, where one end of the DSB has a long nonhomologous tail (Holmes and Haber 1999). In this case, the second end may be a more passive partner, needed to anneal to the migrating replication D-loop to terminate the process. Here, the source of rearrangements must be from replication slippage-like events rather than from misaligned strand annealings. Such events can result from branch migration events that would dissociate the newly synthesized strands from their template or from dissociation of the DNA polymerases from the template (Pâqueset al. 1998; Figure 2, I and J), followed by out-of-frame reinvasion of the template (Figure 2, L or M). Although formally equivalent to classical replication slippage (as featured in Figure 2C), this process does not involve any heteroduplex loop.
A number of SDSA intermediates leading to repeat rearrangement require the processing of 3′-overhangs by Msh2p-Rad1p (Figure 2, F and L). One possibility is that the early recruitment of Msh2p and Rad1p favors the later processing of these intermediates, maybe because Rad1p and Msh2p remain somewhat associated with the replication proteins. Without this early interaction, these proteins would have to be recruited de novo, and the potentially unstable intermediates shown in Figure 2, F and L, would dissociate most of the time before Rad1p and Msh2p have a chance to process them. In this case, only contractions would depend on Rad1p and Msh2p, because most of the intermediates leading to expansions (Figures 2, H and M) can right away initiate new DNA synthesis.
Another possibility is that the recruitment of Msh2p and Rad1p to the end of the DSB, when nonhomologous tails must be removed, facilitates the loading or retention of proteins that decrease the processivity of repair DNA synthesis. When there are no nonhomologous tails, repair synthesis proceeds with only occasional dissociation. Then most gene conversions should be accurate, provided one-ended strand invasion (Figure 2, I-L) is the major pathway. When Rad1p-Rad10p and Msh2p-Msh3p are recruited (along with the participation of both Rad59p and Srs2p; Sugawara et al. 1997, 2000; Evanset al. 2000) to enable the excision of the nonhomologous tail, the polymerase falls off the template more often, leading to an increased rate of rearrangement. The preference for contractions over expansions might be explained if strand invasion occurs preferentially at one of the two ends of the DSB, thereby establishing a biased direction of the repair synthesis in traversing the repeat sequences. Such a bias was observed in the formation of contractions in CTG/CAG microsatellites, depending on the orientation of the array relative to the direction of replication (Maureret al. 1996; Freudenreichet al. 1997; Balakumaranet al. 2000; Irelandet al. 2000). Indeed we found such a bias when the HO-cleaved LEU2 locus used in our experiments copied a template containing CAG vs. CTG repeats (Richardet al. 2000).
DSB-induced repeat rearrangements are less frequent in a heterogeneous repeat than in a perfect one: We also examined the effect of sequence divergence on repeat rearrangement. Although we observed nearly 16% of DSB-induced rearrangements in a perfect 36-bp repeat, the rearrangement frequency was only 1% with a heterogeneous 36-bp repeat, encompassing even more repeat units (12 instead of 8). This result is not surprising, for homeologous recombination is usually impaired by the mismatch repair machinery. In the human CEB1 locus, the very heterogeneous alleles are more stable than the rather (but never fully) homogeneous ones (Buardet al. 1998).
Mismatch repair proteins discourage recombination between mismatched substrates. However, msh2, msh6, and pms1 mutations did not restore a level of recombination-induced rearrangements similar to that observed with perfect repeats. Previous studies suggested that sequences diverged by 10% would be outside the range that could be suppressed by mismatch repair mutants during mitosis (Datta et al. 1996, 1997). Indeed, Bishop et al. (2000), who studied the stability of the same Y′ minisatellite during meiosis, did not see any increased instability in msh2, msh3, mlh1, and pms1 mutants. A human CEB1 minisatellite does not display any increased meiotic instability in a yeast msh2 pms1 mutant either, when the minisatellite locus is homozygous (Debrauwèreet al. 1999). However, the same mutations induced a threefold increase in the rearrangement rate when the two homologous chromosomes carry two different CEB1 alleles. Nevertheless, mismatch repair proteins seem to contribute only weakly in the inhibition of rearrangement between short diverged tandem repeats.
Nevertheless, we do see an ∼1% rate of change in the size of the Y′ sequences during recombination, which is an evolutionarily significant rate. In meiosis, the same minisatellite array is rearranged in 0.5% of the tetrads (Bishopet al. 2000). It is difficult to compare directly the results we obtained in mitotic cells with these meiotic results, because we would have to know the frequency of DSBs that occur in the vicinity of the Y′ sequences in meiosis. We note also that our mitotic system is a gap repair system in which repair DNA polymerases must traverse the entire Y′ array, whereas the events in meiosis are likely to be initiated by DSBs outside the array itself. Buard et al. (1998) observed 0.1-4.4% of rearrangements per gamete for human CEB1 minisatellite alleles ranging from 10 to 14 repeats in length, which would thus correspond to a minimum rate of 1% to a maximum of 44% rearrangements per DSB, assuming a uniform 10% DSB rate. Thus, during DSB repair, our Y′ yeast minisatellite would be relatively stable, but comparable to its human analogs during meiosis.
The results we presented provide evidence that, depending on the exact nature of the DNA ends and of the template sequences, both expansions and contractions can be obtained. Several different mechanisms appear to be important, depending on these different variables. The development of a mitotic recombination system in which virtually all cells can be induced to undergo recombination at the same time, from a defined DSB, now provides us with a way of exploring in greater detail the process of minisatellite repeat rearrangements.
We thank T. Grange for critical reading of the manuscript and D. Higuet for statistical analysis. This work was supported by National Institutes of Health grant GM20056. F.P. was a fellow from the American Cancer Society.
Communicating editor: L. S. Symington
- Received December 12, 2000.
- Accepted February 10, 2001.
- Copyright © 2001 by the Genetics Society of America


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text: I am venturing into a new area, so I am lacking in in a few things. I am experimenting with making some shallow platters. Starting 4/4 wood. Platters 6-8" in diameter. I seem to be able to get forms and shapes I want but finishing has become a challenge for me. When I am sanding, I can't get rid of the bumps in the bottom. I think the variations in the grain are the issue. Some of the grain seems harder than others and as a result sanding varies across the grain or with it. Any suggestions or approaches?


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Respecting patients' wishes regarding advance planning for end-of-life care was the focus of a June 26 hearing by the Senate Special Committee on Aging.
In opening remarks, ranking member Sen Susan Collins (R, Me) cited statistics showing that although more than 90% of individuals say that advance care planning should be a priority, only about a third of the adult population has completed an advance directive. Collins said that because most patients and their physicians do not discuss death or routinely make advance plans for end-of-life care, about a quarter of Medicare funds are spent on care that is geared toward expensive, high-tech rescue interventions.
Mitka M. Senate Hearing Focuses on Advance Care Planning for the End of Life. JAMA. 2013;310(6):572. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.192622
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Have you been missing Valerie Spencer on GH? Get ready to see her portrayer, Brytni Sarpy in a new gig. Click here to get the details-->
It's been quite a while since fans have seen Valerie Spencer on 'General Hospital' and while there is no telling at the moment when we will see her again, fans can look forward to seeing portrayer, Brytni Sarpy on the big screen this fall. Sarpy after doing an amazing job as Maddie Sotarez in the 2017 SyFy film "Truth or Dare", just completed work on another SyFy film called "Karma". Sarpy will play the role of Alicia Hudson in the upcoming horror film written by Daniel Gilboy and directed by Nick Simon. Other cast members include; Mandela Van Peebles, Kanoa Goo, Sandra Cevallos, Tim Russ and more. Stay tuned for updates!


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Today I'm sharing a recipe from Sweet Paleo, the latest cookbook from blogger Lea Valle who is the author, recipe-developer and photographer behind Paleo Spirit.
Tag Archives: Apple
Flourless Pear & Apple Cobbler
When I have family visiting, I cook dessert.
Carmelised Crockpot Pork Loin
I'm calling this one 'carmelised' because when I scooped out the pork after a long afternoon of gentle cooking, the sauce had turned to a rich, thick, sweet, slightly smokey jam that was just the right side of burnt.
Apple Fritters
The kind folks behind Good Morning Paleo, which I reviewed yesterday have allowed me to share one more recipe with you.
Sausage & Green Apple Smash
It smells like something has died in my fridge. Seriously.
Tuna & Red Apple Salad
Tuna, or toon-a as you people on this side of the pond like to pronounce it, is something I've loved since childhood.
Bratwurst, Green Apple & Sauerkraut Skillet
In my quest to find ways of sneaking sauerkraut into my diet (neither hubs nor I like it enough to eat it straight from the jar), I've had to get very inventive.


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Having read The God Delusion this second time, I have come to appreciate much of what he says. While there is no doubt that much of the content is intellectual drivel, most of his criticisms of the church hit the nail on the head.
The God Delusion to me seemed to act as a very efficient 'Occam's' razor to various religions, and various practices within religions. I really think that if the Christian church implemented this razor to their theology and to their general practices, they would come out much stronger and fitter as a result. Though this is certainly not Dawkins intention!
The thing that shocked me the most was that this particular work by Dawkins is surprisingly short scientific evidence while being long on grand speculation. Page and page went by where Dawkins indulged in fantastic speculation as to the origin and possible Darwinian reason for religion, yet he never substantiated any of his arguments with anything remotely resembling empirical data. It is for this reason alone that religious people can simply ignore this book and it's claims, because they are nothing more than spectacular speculation.
Most people seem to think that this book is an argument against the existence of a god, specifically the Christian God. This is certainly how it is portrayed. Yet this couldn't be further from the truth. The basic arguments that Dawkins uses against the existence of God falls in to the trap of the Genetic Fallacy, that is to say that denigrating the origin of an idea or the people who believe it, does not address it's actual existence. Dawkins quite rightly bemoans the ill that religious people cause, but wrongly assumes that just because some religious people do bad things, that God mustn't exist. The second argument that falls into this fallacy is Dawkins' attempt to explain the belief in God as being just a delusion in the human's brain. But yet again, speculating as to the workings of the human mind doesn't even begin to address the actual existence of God Himself.
The main bone that I have to pick with Dawkins is his extreme intolerance towards those who disagree with him. He seems to be a hardcore anti-pluralist. He seems totally unwilling to even consider the idea of just living with people who disagree with his own worldview. In critiquing religion his chosen method is to throw the baby out with the bath water. He isn't interested in letting those religions who shun all forms of violence to live beside him. No, instead he tarnishes all religions with the dirtiest brush that he could find, and proclaims that even the most benignly pacifist religions must be eliminated. This type of dogmatic intolerance sadly reminds me of the oppression techniques of communist China and Russia where everybody who disagreed with the rulership was systematically eradicated. Dawkins rhetoric is shockingly similar to this horrible time in history.
It is disconcerting that this book is in the hands of the pleb. While I recommend it to those properly educated in religion (specifically Protestants), 'The God Delusion' is a dangerous propaganda tool in the hands of those people whose only real knowledge of religion is from these types of biased books. These people are totally unable to critically evaluate Dawkins claims, and balance them against what the Bible really teaches.
As a Protestant young earth creationist, I found that virtually nothing in this book that Dawkins criticised was applicable to my worldview. I could almost feel the bullets rapidly bounding off of me! Virtually all of his attack was directed against the various Catholic beliefs and practices which clearly don't apply to Protestants. His other major point of attack was against the various inconsistencies that arise by trying to marry ones belief in God to the theory of evolution, and again, none of this applies to the YEC worldview. For me, I came out the other end of this book smiling. Dawkins razor was only ever directed at the dross that holds Christianity down as a credible alternative to atheism. If you eliminate all that Dawkins recommends, you get YEC; a worldview tempered in the crucible of Dawkins vociferous attacks; a worldview, by virtue of Dawkins tempering, that is immune to all weapons that he has in his arsenal.