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Have you been in the business realm for a long time but have not noticed any types of changes yet? Perhaps, you have to find a new way to manage your business. You will never know what this can bring you and your business.
The employ of the conventional means of advertising is usually fine. However, you have to take note that this program has a great deal of disadvantages that could hinder your administration of the company. As opposed to home company, the conventional technique of managing your company consists of getting to relentlessly keeping in touch with your prospects. As outcome, they receive irritated and will even resist your tips to a partnership with them. Because of the, you are able to be at risk of losing your prospects in an accelerated way. This, therefore, may predispose to the continuous decline in the kind of company where you ventured. As you are able to see, these occasions are all connected to each different. And the finish outcome, that is failing in your company, could possibly be caused by anything that is reasonably easy.
Usually, this event arises in stalls and alternative establishments. How does doing house company sound? You may be thinking that house company is a sort of bad method to do your company. But, house company has been proven to be growing across different businesses from different components of the globe. Home company is a promising method to reinvent your advertising approach because it entails particular tips that could have your prospects clamoring for more. One of the tips that house company capitalizes on is the utilization of "non-force methods" to keep them hooked in your company. A easy secret of house company is by offering them the freedom to choose what they need.
This really is opposed to the typical advertising approach that you need to force your means towards your prospects' hearts.
The point that house company supports is the fact that you need to provide your customers or prospects a pleasurable advertising experience for them to return for more. One of the ways to do this really is by offering them leeway on selecting what they certainly need without imposing your inspirations on theirs. The logic behind this idea is the fact that when they find their experience pleasurable, they might consider coming back for more. This really is because they were considered a "true customer" instead of a bag of strolling dollars.
When you're looking towards creating more funds from house, you need to remember that day 1 is difficult. You won't be capable to create millions on your initial day, thus make sure you don't have unrealistic expectations. You have to make sure you're focused and moving forward, whether or not you're not creating a great deal of funds. It's crucial for the future of the company to stay focused on days when you're not creating too much funds. If you do this, you'll create more later in your company endeavors. Remember, it takes time to create severe income, thus don't worry if you're not wealthy on day 1.


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Written by Neena Newberry
Updated over a week ago
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A Beijing Escape – Heilongtan Natural Scenic Area or Black Dragon Pond (黑龙潭)
Being able to connect with the locals, allows for one to access a ground level view of a city from through the eyes of the resident populace. While blogs can uncover the hard to reach places, the obscure museums, they gloss over mundanities and other unassuming treasures, that may be kept secrets only locals are privy to. Not that they are necessarily hiding them, like a Smegal-ish character and a ring, they just never had due cause to tell anyone of them and never considered them as anything out of the ordinary or worth mentioning. One of these places is Black Dragon Pond, located in Miyun County, some 93KM northeast of Beijing.
The reason I found out about this place is that we were going there on a work outing with the company I was with. In fact, even as we headed there, trying to a get the name of the place and it's location were a difficult task, as no one on our bus seemed to know where we were going and if they did, they weren't able to translate it into discernable English. The ride on a rented bus, went through some beautiful countryside, mountainous, lush green covered cliffs overhead and even a glimpse at small, crumbling watch towers, curiously peaking out over the foliage like fearful, but interested rodents, their black window eyes, part of the Jiangjun Pass of the Great Wall. The ride was accompanied by a barrage of Chinese singing, laughter, charades, mocking of the three foreign teachers who understood nothing and were attempting to sleep off hang overs, which was near in possible by the vocal screeching, the over zealous chants and the electronic screech of an unnecessary amplification device.
Finally, the suddenly subduing of the amplified yammering and sing-song indicated that we had arrived. The group waddled off the bus. First stop was the barely distinguishable rest room. We cued in a line for the single revolting stall, with mixed emotions. The two foreign male teachers sought elsewhere to relieve themselves, knowing of the terror that waited them in that bog of horrors. When the foreign teachers had finished, we scampered over (trying to find creative movement terms) to an unmarked white building, and upon entering it, realized we were in some sort of information center for the Miyun area, complete with a Houston Control like archaic observance display.
After everyone had completed their one, twos or a combination of both, we entered the Heilongtan area through an ominous structure that served as a ticket booth. The Natural scenic area comprises of a 4km hike, through a cavern, along what appears to be a manmade river. This isn't a rural hike through nature. There are well-maintained stairs, benches and trash bins as well as the occasionally overpriced food and chachkas kiosk for all your necessary and unnecessary needs. You can also rent boats to survey the small droplets of water by boat. Oh, also, none of the drops of water are connected, so the boat rides are constrained to the area of a children's pool to pouring out the contents of bottle water into a bread tin. Surprisingly, there were English signs, that are ultimately comedic components to their Mandarin counterparts. What one can draw from this, is that no matter how vast China is and how little the components that make it up are, China's pride and drive to dominant and control, make naming even the most bereaved of interest things, an important undertaking. The names of each tiny pond and cave echoes this concern, with names like The Miren Caves, the Suspending Pond and what it titled "the masterpiece", the underwhelming "Black Dragon Pond". Oh, but don't miss the "Dripping Pool", the mysterious "Reed Pool" and the where the fuck is it? "Hedgehog Stone". All worth to read the signs and stare down upon these stagnant beauties.
After several steps, many of my coworkers, who never take more than several steps, were exhausted. But with a lot of encouragement and several taunts, most of them were rallied to make it to the top. On the top, we admired the pools from above from the viewing platform, had a snack, one of 85 snack breaks we had that day and headed down the same stairs, greeting other coworkers who were sill trying to make it to the top. Dejected, many of those who were ascending, started to descend with the rest of the group. Lucky no one had to be fireman carried. I was prepared to do so. Never the bottom, a red foam pad bridge, attached by ropes, had several of us attempting to cross it, without flipping the pads and sending yourself into the drink. It tempted several of us, including my boss and myself, to attempt, fail and fail some more, soaking our prides and clothing, in water that smelled of the sweat of the elderly. After leaving Heilongtan, we drove for ten minutes for a 100-course lunch and beer. After consuming ten times my weight, we went to a pool, where we were allowed to boat, play ping pong (which I actually was able to hold my own against others, which surprised myself), as well as go in this big inflatable ball that floats on the water, which you run in to make it spin. It's hysterical, when several people are in it and are completely out of sync, flipping each other laughing at their incompatibility. Several drop kicks to the face it's not as fun. Yet even more amazing than this wondrous tool of revelry was that some of my coworkers opted out participating in this part of the day because the hike had tired them out and they needed to sleep in the bus. Wow. Wheelchair 'em now, Dan-O.
Directions are below, as well as an additional gallery. If you liked this please follow, like and share as well as follow me on twitter @pedaleachmile. Follow my adventures on here and at https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL59E469A3DF414464.
I have to say, I have not personally gone here by public transit, so what I am pulling off the internet is a conference of several sources.
- Take bus 980 or 980 (express) at Outside Dongzhimen Station, and then get off in Miyun Drum Tower Station. Walk southwest about 656 feet (200 meters) to Miyun Theatre Station. Then take buses Mi-60, Mi-61, Mi-62, Mi-63, Mi-65, Mi-66, Mi-67, Mi-68, and get off at Black Dragon Pool Station. A
Again, before getting on a bus, show them the symbols for Black Dragon Pond, just to verify as buses change frequently.
Checklist Traveling – Seeing the World as Opposed to Experiencing It
Tourism in China is a weird thing. The Olympics of 2008 in Beijing spotlighted this once stigmatized powerhouse in a new light and the influx of tourists, curious to discover it's rich history and culture, came pouring in from all directions. And the Chinese government sort of understands the process to deal with this. People want to be able to access the sites, the flavors and people that Maoist China tried to subjugate, repress and ultimately uniform (They use none of those terms, nor did the Maoist government do ANYTHING like that).
Their solution to this semi-new venture, tourism, is what's strange. Like a flawed translation on many English signs throughout China, there seems to be a bit of a miscommunication of what international tourists are interested in seeing and how what their interested in seeing is expected to be presented. That's a vast generalization, but for myself, if fly half way around the world to see something, I want to see something that is at least somewhat authentic and real. That's the difference between seeing it in person and via media. Attached to this authenticity is an indescribable feeling of achievement, a connection to something beyond one's own world, and the thrill of experiencing, immersing and discovering something new for yourself. Yet China's approach to their unique cultures, languages and especially places, is reconstituting, rebuilding, modifying rather than preservation. Many of the historical sites that survived the Red Guard are being remodeled to provide a Disneyland-like, rather than an emerging experience in history. The grit, the real businesses, even the buildings themselves, have been replaced by five star accommodations, vendors selling chachkies and pre-fab, historical facades. One of China's famous UNESCO heritage sites, Lijiang, almost lost it's heritage status for attempting to rebuild the ancient black tiled roofed town as a resort, after one of it's many earthquakes. It's everywhere. Look in your China guidebooks. 9 times out of 10, the historical building you are standing in has been rebuilt. From Qianmen Business District in Beijing (torn down and rebuilt exactly the same) to large sections of the Great Wall.
Though maybe this is a very North American stance on tourism. Maybe China is focused on local tourism, since for Chinese nationals, it's very difficult to impossible to leave the country. On that subject, I simply have my observations of large buses, unloading their leader with their volumed up megaphones and umbrellas, followed by hoards all wearing the same hats, so they know who they should follow, blending into an earthen colored mass, filling up quaint, quiet and historical places with bursting commotion, noise and refuse. Pictures are snapped, mechanically, fingers are held in peace signs, or two hands come together to complete an unbelievable heart, occurring in no matter what venue, winding cobblestoned street or tranquil holy temple. I fear though that the "real" China that the international community strives to locate is fast becoming theme parks, parades or simply, like the hutongs of Beijing and Shanghai, being demolished for shinier, newer facilities, that cheaply emulate something that could have stood for a thousand more generations.
Photo of the Day – Dutch Crash Museum
We were rushing for the border. Day 3 and we were crossing from The Netherlands into Germany. And yet, our Dutch friends never ceased to amaze us. This museum sign is literally in the middle of nowhere on some back country road. Since of our hurry we never did get to check it out. Lucky for me, the internet let me have a second chance. PS, my friend biked all the way to Budapest, this being his only faux injury. No poles with museum signs were harmed during the taking of the picture.
The crash museum website:
Photo of the Day – Apocalypse Now San Symphony
Camp Pendleton, California. America is scared, in a constant state of readiness. The enemy is not an outside virus, but a cancer, unrecognizable deep in the capillaries and veins of the each state. And though, the painting looks unified from a distance, closer up, you can see the harsh hatch work of troops in green fatigues in well drilled marches, odd white bubble satellites on the side of arid landscape hills monitoring each phone call where Russia is mentioned and Apocalypse Now helicopters, dark brushstrokes in the sky, up and down, every moment taking off and landing. It's not entirely true and just gave me a chance to be a bit floral with language without getting too abstract, but there is something to it. Why is there this massive base in Southern California? A militarized city in the desert? A helicopter, so big, that if you hadn't noticed it's approached, you'd feel it, darken your skin to ash, eclipsing the circumference of the sun.
Photo of the Day- Apocalypse Now Sans Symphony
Camp Pendleton, California. America is scared, in a constant state of readiness. The enemy is not an outside virus, but a cancer, unrecognizable deep in the capillaries and veins of the each state. And though, the painting looks unified from a distance, closer up, you can see the harsh hatch work of troops in green fatigues in well drilled marches, odd white bubble satellites on the side of arid landscape hills monitoring each phone call where Russia is mentioned and Apocalypse Now helicopters, dark brushstrokes in the sky, up and down, every moment taking off and landing. It's not entirely true and just gave me a chance to be a bit floral with language without getting too abstract, but there is something to it. Why is there this massive base in Southern California? A militarized city in the desert? A helicopter, so big, that if you hadn't noticed it's approached, you'd feel it, darken your skin to ash, eclipsing the circumference of the sun.
Photo of the Day – Beautiful Foliage
The exact point of change seems to not exist. Maybe it happens in minute evolutions, so pint size that only if you were paying close attention and knew what to look for you'd see it. Trees in the north, grew even larger by Northern California and transformed into mammoth sequoias, muting the light from the sun, a natural roof of green and brown. Wild flowers were more colourful in So Cal, yellow, purple floral lining between the road and the endless stretch of baked white beach. Even bushes, one of the most unrecognized plant for it's beauty, now grew up the side of steep inclines, A Van Gogh of dotted, precise colours, that as that landscaper could tell you quite frankly, needed constant maintenance or it would burst forward, a continuous growth of foliage, enveloping all living and inanimate things in it's path, a picturesque, less gelatinous blob. Kudos California bushes, Canadian bushes….take note, that's how you get attention, not by being prickly.
Photo of the Day – Rare Pines in the City
This piece of beauty lies within the city limits of a sprawling mecca. San Diego to be exact, the last big American city before Mexico (there are a few smaller places before California ends and Mexico begins….unexpected, smaller places that you only find out when you think you've made it to Mexico by bicycle once you've hit San Diego only to realize you have four more cities, a least, to pedal through before your victory dance commences). Torrey Pines State Natural Reserve only is what it is because a few nature enthusiasts saw the importance of maintaining the rugged, natural landscape that existed before it was dipped in concrete, sprinkled with bits of steel and sold to aimless suits and ties and skirts, who meant to make it by building skyscrapers with windows facing other viewless windows on even bigger skyscrapers.
Don't read into the description wrong, I love those big skyscrapers and their histories. I love hearing of the odd personalities that once sat behind the old oak desks and spewed out decisions to their underlings or the shoe shop owner who lost it all by investing in two million pairs of the shoes that didn't make the fall fashion. The millions of continuous stories and people watching, make these buildings as vitally interesting to me as the "landmarks", the religious centres, the "must see before you die"s. History is not too much different from gossip, with our interests lying in the unabashed, the more display filled and unbelievable epics, but also in the minutia of day to day life. I find the functional and dysfunctional, the awe of the past and how the present came to be, the rust and the sheen, as equally as enticing and question riddled.
Anyways, I'll get into that when I am not as zonked out as I am right now. Nature was something I had little to no desire seeking out before traveling. I liked history and nature to me was just untapped land that would look way better with, I dunno, a temple to Zeus to engage your imagination or an aqueduct running through it's tundra or mountain scape. That's before I travelled a realized that the shapes that I had associated with nature were as varied as the building styles of all cultures and that they too had their stories. In fact, much of what I respected in the man made monoliths, the variance, the impossibilities of balance, were stolen from their larger, and more natural predecessors.
Torrey Pine Sate Natural Reserve was one of those places where it was as if nature took offense to my attitude toward it and and flung open it's insides to reveal the dramatic curves of it's jutting rock edges, where these rare pines cling desperately perched over thousand foot drops into the banging percussion of the emotionally churned blue sea's clambering waves. Such a fool I was to doubt the thousands and thousands of whispering words that nature's picture drenched my soul in. And yet with all the words merry go rounding in my innards, I stood silent, letting the my surroundings piously brag to me.


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Evidence of common descent
|Part of the Biology series on
|Mechanisms and processes
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The wide range of evidence of common descent of living things strongly indicates the occurrence of evolution and provides a wealth of information on the natural processes by which the variety of life on Earth developed, supporting the modern evolutionary synthesis.
Fossils are important for estimating when various lineages developed. As fossilization is an uncommon occurrence, usually requiring hard body parts and death near a site where sediments are being deposited, the fossil record only provides sparse and intermittent information about the evolution of life. Evidence of organisms prior to the development of hard body parts such as shells, bones and teeth is especially scarce, but exists in the form of ancient microfossils, as well as impressions of various soft-bodied organisms.
Comparison of the genetic sequence of organisms has revealed that organisms that are phylogenetically close have a higher degree of sequence similarity than organisms that are phylogenetically distant. Further evidence for common descent comes from genetic detritus such as pseudogenes, regions of DNA that are orthologous to a gene in a related organism, but are no longer active and appear to be undergoing a steady process of degeneration. Since metabolic processes do not leave fossils, research into the evolution of the basic cellular processes is done largely by comparison of existing organisms. Many lineages diverged at different stages of development, so it is possible to determine when certain metabolic processes appeared by comparing the traits of the descendants of a common ancestor.
Evidence from genetics
Although it has only recently become available, the best evidence for common descent comes from the study of gene sequences. Comparative sequence analysis examines the relationship between the DNA sequences of different species, producing several lines of evidence that confirm Darwin's original hypothesis of common descent. If the the hypothesis of common descent is true, then species that share a common ancestor will have inherited that ancestor's DNA sequence. Notably they will have inherited mutations unique to that ancestor. More closely-related species will have a greater fraction of identical sequence and will have shared substitutions when compared to more distantly-related species.
The simplest and most powerful evidence is provided by phylogenetic reconstruction. Such reconstructions, especially when done using slowly-evolving protein sequences, are often quite robust and can be used to reconstruct a great deal of the evolutionary history of modern organisms (and even in some instances such as the recovered gene sequences of mammoths, Neanderthals or T. rex, the evolutionary history of extinct organisms). These reconstructed phylogenies recapitulate the relationships established through morphological and biochemical studies. The most detailed reconstructions have been performed on the basis of the mitochondrial genomes shared by all eukaryotic organisms, which are short and easy to sequence; the broadest reconstructions have been performed either using the sequences of a few very ancient proteins or by using ribosomal RNA sequence.
This evidence does not support the rival hypothesis that genetic similarity of two species is the product of common functional or structural requirements, and not common descent (for example, if there is one best way to produce a hoof, all hoofed creatures will share a genetic basis even if they are not related). However, phylogenetic relationships also extend to a wide variety of non-functional sequence elements, including repeats, transposons, pseudogenes, and mutations in protein-coding sequences that do not result in changes in amino-acid sequence. While a minority of these elements might later be found to harbor function, in aggregate they demonstrate that identity must be the product of common descent rather than common function.
Finally, a deeper understanding of developmental biology shows that common morphology is, in fact, the product of shared genetic elements. For example, although camera-like eyes are believed to have evolved independently on many separate occasions, they share a common set of light-sensing proteins (opsins), suggesting a common point of origin for all sighted creatures. Another noteworthy example is the familiar vertebrate body plan, whose structure is controlled by the homeobox (Hox) family of genes.
Evidence from paleontology
When organisms die, they often decompose rapidly or are consumed by scavengers, leaving no permanent evidences of their existence. However, occasionally, some organisms are preserved. The remains or traces of organisms from a past geologic age embedded in rocks by natural processes are called fossils. They are extremely important for understanding the evolutionary history of life on Earth, as they provide direct evidence of evolution and detailed information on the ancestry of organisms. Paleontology is the study of past life based on fossil records and their relations to different geologic time periods.
For fossilization to take place, the traces and remains of organisms must be quickly buried so that weathering and decomposition do not occur. Skeletal structures or other hard parts of the organisms are the most commonly occurring form of fossilized remains (Paul, 1998), (Behrensmeyer, 1980) and (Martin, 1999). There are also some trace "fossils" showing moulds, cast or imprints of some previous organisms.
As an animal dies, the organic materials gradually decay, such that the bones become porous. If the animal is subsequently buried in mud, mineral salts will infiltrate into the bones and gradually fill up the pores. The bones will harden into stones and be preserved as fossils. This process is known as petrification. If dead animals are covered by wind-blown sand, and if the sand is subsequently turned into mud by heavy rain or floods, the same process of mineral infiltration may occur. Apart from petrification, the dead bodies of organisms may be well preserved in ice, in hardened resin of coniferous trees (amber), in tar, or in anaerobic, acidic peat. Fossilization can sometimes be a trace, an impression of a form. Examples include leaves and footprints, the fossils of which are made in layers that then harden.
Fossil records
It is possible to find out how a particular group of organisms evolved by arranging its fossil records in a chronological sequence. Such a sequence can be determined because fossils are mainly found in sedimentary rock. Sedimentary rock is formed by layers of silt or mud on top of each other; thus, the resulting rock contains a series of horizontal layers, or strata. Each layer contains fossils which are typical for a specific time period during which they were made. The lowest strata contain the oldest rock and the earliest fossils, while the highest strata contain the youngest rock and more recent fossils.
A succession of animals and plants can also be seen from fossil records. By studying the number and complexity of different fossils at different stratigraphic levels, it has been shown that older fossil-bearing rocks contain fewer types of fossilized organisms, and they all have a simpler structure, whereas younger rocks contain a greater variety of fossils, often with increasingly complex structures.
In the past, geologists could only roughly estimate the ages of various strata and the fossils found. They did so, for instance, by estimating the time for the formation of sedimentary rock layer by layer. Today, by measuring the proportions of radioactive and stable elements in a given rock, the ages of fossils can be more precisely dated by scientists. This technique is known as radiometric dating.
Throughout the fossil record, many species that appear at an early stratigraphic level disappear at a later level. This is interpreted in evolutionary terms as indicating the times at which species originated and became extinct. Geographical regions and climatic conditions have varied throughout the Earth's history. Since organisms are adapted to particular environments, the constantly changing conditions favoured species which adapted to new environments through the mechanism of natural selection.
According to fossil records, some modern species of plants and animals are found to be almost identical to the species that lived in ancient geological ages. They are existing species of ancient lineages that have remained morphologically (and probably also physiologically) somewhat unchanged for a very long time. Consequently, they are called "living fossils" by laypeople. Examples of "living fossils" include the tuatara, the nautilus, the horseshoe crab, the coelacanth, the ginkgo, the Wollemi pine, and the metasequoia.
Extent of the Fossil Record
Despite the relative rarity of suitable conditions for fossilization, approximately 250,000 fossil species are known[4]. The number of individual fossils this represents varies greatly from species to species, but many millions of fossils have been recovered: for instance, more than three million fossils from the last Ice Age have been recovered from the La Brea Tar Pits in Los Angeles[5]. Many more fossils are still in the ground, in various geological formations known to contain a high fossil density, allowing estimates of the total fossil content of the formation to be made. An example of this occurs in South Africa's Beaufort Formation (part of the Karoo Supergroup, which covers most of South Africa), which is rich in vertebrate fossils, including therapsids (reptile/mammal transitional forms)[6]. It has been estimated[7] that this formation contains 800 billion vertebrate fossils.
Evolution of the horse
Due to an almost-complete fossil record found in North American sedimentary deposits from the early Eocene to the present, the horse provides one of the best examples of evolutionary history (phylogeny).
This evolutionary sequence starts with a small animal called the Hyracotherium which lived in North America about 54 million years ago, then spread across to Europe and Asia. Fossil remains of Hyracotherium show it to have differed from the modern horse in three important respects: it was a small animal (the size of a fox), lightly built and adapted for running; the limbs were short and slender, and the feet elongated so that the digits were almost vertical, with four digits in the forelimbs and three digits in the hindlimbs; and the incisors were small, the molars having low crowns with rounded cusps covered in enamel.
The probable course of development of horses from Hyracotherium to Equus (the modern horse) involved at least 12 genera and several hundred species. The major trends seen in the development of the horse to changing environmental conditions may be summarized as follows:
- Increase in size (from 0.4 m to 1.5 m);
- Lengthening of limbs and feet;
- Reduction of lateral digits;
- Increase in length and thickness of the third digit;
- Increase in width of incisors;
- Replacement of premolars by molars; and
- Increases in tooth length, crown height of molars.
Fossilized plants found in different strata show that the marshy, wooded country in which Hyracotherium lived became gradually drier. Survival now depended on the head being in an elevated position for gaining a good view of the surrounding countryside, and on a high turn of speed for escape from predators, hence the increase in size and the replacement of the splayed-out foot by the hoofed foot. The drier, harder ground would make the original splayed-out foot unnecessary for support. The changes in the teeth can be explained by assuming that the diet changed from soft vegetation to grass. A dominant genus from each geological period has been selected to show the progressive development of the horse.
The fossil record is an important source for scientists when tracing the evolutionary history of organisms. However, because of limitations inherent in the record, there are not fine scales of intermediate forms between related groups of species. This lack of continuous fossils in the record is a major limitation in tracing the descent of biological groups. Furthermore, there are also much larger gaps between major evolutionary lineages. When transitional fossils are found that show intermediate forms in what had previously been a gap in knowledge, they are often popularly referred to as "missing links".
There is a gap of about 100 million years between the early Cambrian period and the later Ordovician period. The early Cambrian period was the period from which numerous fossils of sponges, cnidarians (e.g., jellyfish), echinoderms (e.g., eocrinoids), molluscs (e.g., snails) and arthropods (e.g., trilobites) are found. In the later Ordovician period, the first animal that really possessed the typical features of vertebrates, the Australian fish, Arandaspis appeared. Thus few, if any, fossils of an intermediate type between invertebrates and vertebrates have been found, although likely candidates include the Burgess Shale animal, Pikaia gracilens, and its Maotianshan shales relatives, Myllokunmingia, Yunnanozoon, Haikouella lanceolata, and Haikouichthys.
Some of the reasons for the incompleteness of fossil records are:
- In general, the probability that an organism becomes fossilized after death is very low;
- Some species or groups are less likely to become fossils because they are soft-bodied;
- Some species or groups are less likely to become fossils because they live (and die) in conditions that are not favourable for fossilization to occur in;
- Many fossils have been destroyed through erosion and tectonic movements;
- Some fossil remains are complete, but most are fragmentary;
- Some evolutionary change occurs in populations at the limits of a species' ecological range, and as these populations are likely to be small, the probability of fossilization is lower (see punctuated equilibrium);
- Similarly, when environmental conditions change, the population of a species is likely to be greatly reduced, such that any evolutionary change induced by these new conditions is less likely to be fossilized;
- Most fossils convey information about external form, but little about how the organism functioned;
- Using present-day biodiversity as a guide, this suggests that the fossils unearthed represent only a small fraction of the large number of species of organisms that lived in the past.
Evidence from comparative anatomy
Comparative study of the anatomy of groups of animals or plants reveals that certain structural features are basically similar. For example, the basic structure of all flowers consists of sepals, petals, stigma, style and ovary; yet the size, colour, number of parts and specific structure are different for each individual species.
Homologous structures and divergent (adaptive) evolution
If widely separated groups of organisms are originated from a common ancestry, they are expected to have certain basic features in common. The degree of resemblance between two organisms should indicate how closely related they are in evolution:
- Groups with little in common are assumed to have diverged from a common ancestor much earlier in geological history than groups which have a lot in common;
- In deciding how closely related two animals are, a comparative anatomist looks for structures that are fundamentally similar, even though they may serve different functions in the adult. Such structures are described as homologous and suggest a common origin.
- In cases where the similar structures serve different functions in adults, it may be necessary to trace their origin and embryonic development. A similar developmental origin suggests they are the same structure, and thus likely to be derived from a common ancestor.
When a group of organisms share a homologous structure which is specialized to perform a variety of functions in order to adapt different environmental conditions and modes of life are called adaptive radiation. The gradual spreading of organisms with adaptive radiation is known as divergent evolution.
Pentadactyl limb
The pattern of limb bones called pentadactyl limb is an example of homologous structures (Fig. 5a). It is found in all classes of tetrapods (i.e. from amphibians to mammals). It can even be traced back to the fins of certain fossil fishes from which the first amphibians are thought to have evolved. The limb has a single proximal bone (humerus), two distal bones (radius and ulna), a series of carpals (wrist bones), followed by five series of metacarpals (palm bones) and phalanges (digits). Throughout the tetrapods, the fundamental structures of pentadactyl limbs are the same, indicating that they originated from a common ancestor. But in the course of evolution, these fundamental structures have been modified. They have become superficially different and unrelated structures to serve different functions in adaptation to different environments and modes of life. This phenomenon is clearly shown in the forelimbs of mammals. For example:
- In the monkey, the forelimbs are much elongated to form a grasping hand for climbing and swinging among trees.
- In the pig, the first digit is lost, and the second and fifth digits are reduced. The remaining two digits are longer and stouter than the rest and bear a hoof for supporting the body.
- In the horse, the forelimbs are adapted for support and running by great elongation of the third digit bearing a hoof.
- The mole has a pair of short, spade-like forelimbs for burrowing.
- The anteater uses its enlarged third digit for tearing down ant hills and termite nests.
- In the whale, the forelimbs become flippers for steering and maintaining equilibrium during swimming.
- In the bat, the forelimbs have turned into wings for flying by great elongation of four digits, while the hook-like first digit remains free for hanging from trees.
Insect mouthparts
The basic structures are the same, including a labrum (upper lip), a pair of mandibles, a hypopharynx (floor of mouth), a pair of maxillae, and a labium. These structures are enlarged and modified; others are reduced and lost. The modifications enable the insects to exploit a variety of food materials (Fig. 5b):
(A) Primitive state — biting and chewing: e.g. grasshopper. Strong mandibles and maxillae for manipulating food.
(B) Ticking and biting: e.g. honey bee. Labium long to lap up nectar; mandibles chew pollen and mould wax.
(C) Sucking: e.g. butterfly. Labrum reduced; mandibles lost; maxillae long forming sucking tube.
(D) Piercing and sucking, e.g. female mosquito. Labrum and maxillae form tube; mandibles form piercing stylets; labrum grooved to hold other parts.
Other arthropod appendages
Insect mouthparts and antennae are considered homologues of insect legs. Parallel developments are seen in some arachnids: The anterior pair of legs may be modified as analogues of antennae, particularly in whip scorpions, which walk on six legs. These developments provide support for the theory that complex modifications often arise by duplication of components, with the duplicates modified in different directions.
Analogous structures and convergent evolution
Under similar environmental conditions, fundamentally different structures in different groups of organisms may undergo modifications to serve similar functions. This phenomenon is called convergent evolution. Similar structures, physiological processes or mode of life in organisms apparently bearing no close phylogenetic links but showing adaptations to perform the same functions are described as analogous, for example:
- Wings of bats, birds and insects;
- the jointed legs of insects and vertebrates;
- tail fin of fish, whale and lobster;
- eyes of the vertebrates and cephalopod molluscs (squid and octopus). Fig. 6 illustrates difference between an inverted and non-inverted retina, the sensory cells lying beneath the nerve fibres. This results in the sensory cells being absent where the optic nerve is attached to the eye, thus creating a blind spot. The octopus eye has a non-inverted retina in which the sensory cells lie above the nerve fibres. There is therefore no blind spot in this kind of eye. Apart from this difference the two eyes are remarkably similar, an example of convergent evolution.
Vestigial structures
A further aspect of comparative anatomy is the presence of vestigial organs. Organs that are smaller and simpler in structure than corresponding parts in the ancestral species are called vestigial organs. They are usually degenerated or underdeveloped. The existence of vestigial organs can be explained in terms of changes in the environment or modes of life of the species. Those organs are thought to be functional in the ancestral species but have now become unnecessary and non-functional. Examples are the vestigial hind limbs of whales, the haltere (vestigial hind wings) of flies and mosquitos, vestigial wings of flightless birds such as ostriches, and the vestigial leaves of some xerophytes (e.g. cactus) and parasitic plants (e.g. dodder). It must be noted, however, that vestigial structures have lost the original function but may have another one. For example the halteres in dipterists help balance the insect while in flight and the wings of ostriches are used in mating rituals.
Evidence from geographical distribution
Data about the presence or absence of species on various continents and islands (biogeography) can provide evidence of common descent and shed light on patterns of speciation.
Continental distribution
All organisms are adapted to their environment to a greater or lesser extent. If the abiotic and biotic factors within a habitat are capable of supporting a particular species in one geographic area, then one might assume that the same species would be found in a similar habitat in a similar geographic area, e.g. in Africa and South America. This is not the case. Plant and animal species are discontinuously distributed throughout the world:
- Africa has short-tailed (Old World) monkeys, elephants, lions and giraffes.
- South America has long-tailed monkeys, cougars, jaguars and llamas.
Even greater differences can be found if Australia is taken into consideration, though it occupies the same latitude as much of South America and Africa. Marsupials like the kangaroo, the wallaby, and the wombat make up over 80 percent of Australia's indigenous mammal population. By contrast, marsupials are totally absent from Africa and are only represented by the opossum in South America and the Virginia Opossum in North America:
- The echidna and platypus, the only living representatives of primitive egg-laying mammals (monotremes), can be found only in Australia and are totally absent in the rest of the world.
- On the other hand, Australia has very few placental mammals and most of these either migrated from elsewhere (e.g. bats) or were introduced by human beings (e.g. rabbits).
The main groups of modern mammal arose in Northern Hemisphere and subsequently migrated to three major directions:
- to South America via the land bridge in the Bering Strait and Isthmus of Panama; A large number of families of South American marsupials became extinct as a result of competition with these North American counterparts.
- to Africa via the Strait of Gibraltar; and
- to Australia via South East Asia to which it was at one time connected by land
The shallowness of the Bering Strait would have made the passage of animals between two northern continents a relatively easy matter, and it explains the present-day similarity of the two faunas. But once they had got down into the southern continents, they presumably became isolated from each other by various types of barriers.
- The submersion of the Isthmus of Panama: isolates the South American fauna.
- The Mediterranean Sea and the North African desert: partially isolate the African fauna.
- The submersion of the original connection between Australia and South East Asia: isolates the Australian fauna.
Once isolated, the animals in each continent have shown adaptive radiation (Fig. 7) to evolve along their own lines.
Evidence for migration and isolation
The fossil record for the camel indicated that evolution of camels started in North America, from which they migrated across the Bering Strait into Asia and hence to Africa, and through the Isthmus of Panama into South America. Once isolated, they evolved along their own lines, giving the modern camel in Asia and Africa and llama in South America.
Continental drift
The same kinds of fossils are found from areas known to be adjacent to one another in the past but which, through the process of continental drift, are now in widely divergent geographic locations. For example, fossils of the same types of ancient amphibians, arthropods and ferns are found in South America, Africa, India, Australia and Antarctica, which can be dated to the Paleozoic Era, at which time these regions were united as a single landmass called Gondwana. [8] Sometimes the descendants of these organisms can be identified and show unmistakable similarity to each other, even though they now inhabit very different regions and climates.
Oceanic island distribution
Most small isolated islands only have native species that could have arrived by air or water; like birds, insects and turtles. The few large mammals present today were brought by human settlers in boats. Plant life on remote and recent volcanic islands like Hawaii could have arrived as airborne spores or as seeds in the droppings of birds. After the explosion of Krakatoa a century ago and the emergence of a steaming, lifeless remnant island called Anak Krakatoa (child of Krakatoa), plants arrived within months and within a year there were moths and spiders that had arrived by air. The island is now ecologically hard to distinguish from those around it that have been there for millions of years.
Evidence from comparative physiology and biochemistry
Universal biochemical organisation
All known extant organisms are based on the same fundamental biochemical organisation: genetic information encoded as nucleic acid (DNA, or RNA for viruses), transcribed into RNA, then translated into proteins (that is, polymers of amino acids) by highly conserved ribosomes. Perhaps most tellingly, the Genetic Code (the "translation table" between DNA and amino acids) is the same for almost every organism, meaning that a piece of DNA in a bacterium codes for the same amino acid as in a human cell. ATP is used as energy currency by all extant life.
Molecular variance patterns
A classic example of biochemical evidence for evolution is the variance of the protein Cytochrome c in living cells. The variance of cytochrome c of different organisms is measured in the number of differing amino acids, each differing amino acid being a result of a base pair substitution, a mutation. If each differing amino acid is assumed to be the result of one base pair substitution, it can be calculated how long ago the two species diverged by multiplying the number of base pair substitutions by the estimated time it takes for a substituted base pair of the cytochrome c gene to be successfully passed on. For example, if the average time it takes for a base pair of the cytochrome c gene to mutate is N years, the number of amino acids making up the cytochrome c protein in monkeys differ by one from that of humans, this leads to the conclusion that the two species diverged N years ago.
Comparison of the DNA sequences allows organisms to be grouped by sequence similarity, and the resulting phylogenetic trees are typically congruent with traditional taxonomy, and are often used to strengthen or correct taxonomic classifications. Sequence comparison is considered a measure robust enough to be used to correct erroneous assumptions in the phylogenetic tree in instances where other evidence is scarce. For example, neutral human DNA sequences are approximately 1.2% divergent (based on substitutions) from those of their nearest genetic relative, the chimpanzee, 1.6% from gorillas, and 6.6% from baboons.[1] Genetic sequence evidence thus allows inference and quantification of genetic relatedness between humans and other apes.[2][3] The sequence of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene, a vital gene encoding a part of the ribosome, was used to find the broad phylogenetic relationships between all extant life. The analysis, originally done by Carl Woese, resulted in the three-domain system, arguing for two major splits in the early evolution of life. The first split led to modern Bacteria and the subsequent split led to modern Archaea and Eukaryote.
The proteomic evidence also supports the universal ancestry of life. Vital proteins, such as the ribosome, DNA polymerase, and RNA polymerase, are found in everything from the most primitive bacteria to the most complex mammals. The core part of the protein is conserved across all lineages of life, serving similar functions. Higher organisms have evolved additional protein subunits, largely affecting the regulation and protein-protein interaction of the core. Other overarching similarities between all lineages of extant organisms, such as DNA, RNA, amino acids, and the lipid bilayer, give support to the theory of common descent. The chirality of DNA, RNA, and amino acids is conserved across all known life. As there is no functional advantage to right- or left-handed molecular chirality, the simplest hypothesis is that the choice was made randomly by early organisms and passed on to all extant life through common descent. Further evidence for reconstructing ancestral lineages comes from junk DNA such as pseudogenes, "dead" genes which steadily accumulate mutations.[4]
There is also a large body of molecular evidence for a number of different mechanisms for large evolutionary changes, among them: genome and gene duplication, which facilitates rapid evolution by providing substantial quantities of genetic material under weak or no selective constraints; horizontal gene transfer, the process of transferring genetic material to another cell that is not an organism's offspring, allowing for species to acquire beneficial genes from each other; and recombination, capable of reassorting large numbers of different alleles and of establishing reproductive isolation. The Endosymbiotic theory explains the origin of mitochondria and plastids (e.g. chloroplasts), which are organelles of eukaryotic cells, as the incorporation of an ancient prokaryotic cell into ancient eukaryotic cell. Rather than evolving eukaryotic organelles slowly, this theory offers a mechanism for a sudden evolutionary leap by incorporating the genetic material and biochemical composition of a separate species. Evidence supporting this mechanism has recently been found in the protist Hatena: as a predator it engulfs a green algae cell, which subsequently behaves as an endosymbiont, nourishing Hatena, which in turn loses its feeding apparatus and behaves as an autotroph.[5][6]
Since metabolic processes do not leave fossils, research into the evolution of the basic cellular processes is done largely by comparison of existing organisms. Many lineages diverged when new metabolic processes appeared, and it is theoretically possible to determine when certain metabolic processes appeared by comparing the traits of the descendants of a common ancestor or by detecting their physical manifestations. As an example, the appearance of oxygen in the earth's atmosphere is linked to the evolution of photosynthesis.
Out of Africa hypothesis of human evolution
Mathematical models of evolution, pioneered by the likes of Sewall Wright, Ronald Fisher and J. B. S. Haldane and extended via diffusion theory by Motoo Kimura, allow predictions about the genetic structure of evolving populations. Direct examination of the genetic structure of modern populations via DNA sequencing has recently allowed verification of many of these predictions. For example, the Out of Africa theory of human origins, which states that modern humans developed in Africa and a small sub-population migrated out (undergoing a population bottleneck), implies that modern populations should show the signatures of this migration pattern. Specifically, post-bottleneck populations (Europeans and Asians) should show lower overall genetic diversity and a more uniform distribution of allele frequencies compared to the African population. Both of these predictions are borne out by actual data from a number of studies.[citation needed]
Evidence from antibiotic and pesticide resistance
The development and spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria, like the spread of pesticide resistant forms of plants and insects is evidence for evolution of species, and of change within species. Thus the appearance of vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and the danger it poses to hospital patients is a direct result of evolution through natural selection. The rise of Shigella strains resistant to the synthetic antibiotic class of sulfonamides also demonstrates the generation of new information as an evolutionary process[7]. Similarly, the appearance of DDT resistance in various forms of Anopheles mosquitoes, and the appearance of myxomatosis resistance in breeding rabbit populations in Australia, are all evidence of the existence of evolution in situations of evolutionary selection pressure in species in which generations occur rapidly.
Evidence from studies of complex iteration
"It has taken more than five decades, but the electronic computer is now powerful enough to simulate evolution" [9] assisting bioinformatics in its attempt to solve biological problems.
Computer science allows the iteration of self changing complex systems to be studied, allowing a mathematical understanding of the nature of the processes behind evolution; providing evidence for the hidden causes of known evolutionary events. The evolution of specific cellular mechanisms like spliceosomes that can turn the cell's genome into a vast workshop of billions of interchangeable parts that can create tools that create tools that create tools that create us can be studied for the first time in an exact way.
For example, Christoph Adami et al. make this point in Evolution of biological complexity:
- To make a case for or against a trend in the evolution of complexity in biological evolution, complexity needs to be both rigorously defined and measurable. A recent information-theoretic (but intuitively evident) definition identifies genomic complexity with the amount of information a sequence stores about its environment. We investigate the evolution of genomic complexity in populations of digital organisms and monitor in detail the evolutionary transitions that increase complexity. We show that, because natural selection forces genomes to behave as a natural "Maxwell Demon," within a fixed environment, genomic complexity is forced to increase. [10]
For example, David J. Earl and Michael W. Deem make this point in Evolvability is a selectable trait:
- Not only has life evolved, but life has evolved to evolve. That is, correlations within protein structure have evolved, and mechanisms to manipulate these correlations have evolved in tandem. The rates at which the various events within the hierarchy of evolutionary moves occur are not random or arbitrary but are selected by Darwinian evolution. Sensibly, rapid or extreme environmental change leads to selection for greater evolvability. This selection is not forbidden by causality and is strongest on the largest-scale moves within the mutational hierarchy. Many observations within evolutionary biology, heretofore considered evolutionary happenstance or accidents, are explained by selection for evolvability. For example, the vertebrate immune system shows that the variable environment of antigens has provided selective pressure for the use of adaptable codons and low-fidelity polymerases during somatic hypermutation. A similar driving force for biased codon usage as a result of productively high mutation rates is observed in the hemagglutinin protein of influenza A. [11]
"Computer simulations of the evolution of linear sequences have demonstrated the importance of recombination of blocks of sequence rather than point mutagenesis alone. Repeated cycles of point mutagenesis, recombination, and selection should allow in vitro molecular evolution of complex sequences, such as proteins." [12] Evolutionary molecular engineering, also called directed evolution or in vitro molecular evolution involves the iterated cycle of mutation, multiplication with recombination, and selection of the fittest of individual molecules (proteins, DNA, and RNA). Natural evolution can be relived showing us possible paths from catalytic cycles based on proteins to based on RNA to based on DNA. [13] [14] [15] [16]
Evidence from speciation
Hawthorn fly
One example of evolution at work is the case of the hawthorn fly, Rhagoletis pomonella, also known as the apple maggot fly, which appears to be undergoing sympatric speciation.[8] Different populations of hawthorn fly feed on different fruits. A distinct population emerged in North America in the 19th century some time after apples, a non-native species, were introduced. This apple-feeding population normally feeds only on apples and not on the historically preferred fruit of hawthorns. The current hawthorn feeding population does not normally feed on apples. Some evidence, such as the fact that six out of thirteen allozyme loci are different, that hawthorn flies mature later in the season and take longer to mature than apple flies; and that there is little evidence of interbreeding (researchers have documented a 4-6% hybridization rate) suggests that this is occurring. The emergence of the new hawthorn fly is an example of evolution in progress.[9]
See also
- ↑ Two sources: 'Genomic divergences between humans and other hominoids and the effective population size of the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees'. and 'Quantitative Estimates of Sequence Divergence for Comparative Analyses of Mammalian Genomes' "[1] [2]"
- ↑ The picture labeled "Human Chromosome 2 and its analogs in the apes" in the article Comparison of the Human and Great Ape Chromosomes as Evidence for Common Ancestry is literally a picture of a link in humans that links two separate chromosomes in the nonhuman apes creating a single chromosome in humans. It is considered a missing link, and the ape-human connection is of particular interest. Also, while the term originally referred to fossil evidence, this too is a trace from the past corresponding to some living beings which when alive were the physical embodiment of this link.
- ↑ The New York Times report Still Evolving, Human Genes Tell New Story, based on A Map of Recent Positive Selection in the Human Genome, states the International HapMap Project is "providing the strongest evidence yet that humans are still evolving" and details some of that evidence.
- ↑ Pseudogene evolution and natural selection for a compact genome. "[3]"
- ↑ Okamoto N, Inouye I. (2005). "A secondary symbiosis in progress". Science. 310 (5746): 287. doi:10.1126/science.1116125.
- ↑ Okamoto N (October 2006). "Hatena arenicola gen. et sp. nov., a Katablepharid Undergoing Probable Plastid Acquisition". Protist. 157 (4): 401–419. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2006.05.011. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=ignored (help)
- ↑ Tanaka T, Hashimoto H. (1989). "Drug-resistance and its transferability of Shigella strains isolated in 1986 in Japan". Kansenshogaku Zasshi. 63 (1): 15–26.
- ↑ Feder; et al. (2003). "Evidence for inversion polymorphism related to sympatric host race formation in the apple maggot fly, Rhagoletis pomonella". Genetics. 163 (3): 939–953.
- ↑ Berlocher, S.H. and G.L. Bush. 1982. An electrophoretic analysis of Rhagoletis (Diptera: Tephritidae) phylogeny. Systematic Zoology 31:136-155; Berlocher, S.H. and J.L. Feder. 2002. Sympatric speciation in phytophagous insects: moving beyond controversy? Annual Review of Entomology 47:773-815; Bush, G.L. 1969. Sympatric host race formation and speciation in frugivorous flies of the genus Rhagoletis (Diptera: Tephritidae). Evolution 23:237-251; Prokopy, R.J., S.R. Diehl and S.S. Cooley. 1988. Behavioral evidence for host races in Rhagoletis pomonella flies. Oecologia 76:138-147. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA - Vol. 94, pp. 11417-11421, October 1997 - Evolution article Selective maintenance of allozyme differences among sympatric host races of the apple maggot fly.
- Darwin, Charles November 24 1859. On the Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. London: John Murray, Albemarle Street. 502 pages. Reprinted: Gramercy (May 22, 1995). ISBN 0-517-12320-7
- Mayr, Ernst. What Evolution Is. Basic Books (October, 2002). ISBN 0-465-04426-3
- Gigerenzer, Gerd, et al., The empire of chance: how probability changed science and everyday life (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989).
- Williams, G.C. (1966). Adaptation and Natural Selection: A Critique of some Current Evolutionary Thought. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
- Biological science, Oxford, 2002.
- CJ Clegg, 1999, Genetics and Evolution, John Murray. ISBN 0-7195-7552-4
- Y.K. Ho, 2004, Advanced-level Biology for Hong Kong, Manhattan Press. ISBN 962-990-635-X
- Paul, Christopher R. C. (1998) The Adequacy of the Fossil Record, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 0-471-96988-5
- Behrensmeyer, Anna K. (1980) Fossils in the making: Vertebrate taphonomy and paleoecology, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-04169-7
- Martin, Ronald E. et al. eds. (1999) Taphonomy: A Process Approach, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-59833-8
External links
- 29+ Evidences for Macroevolution: The Scientific Case for Common Descent
- National Academies Evolution Resources
- Evolution by Natural Selection — An introduction to the logic of the theory of evolution by natural selection
- Evolution — Provided by PBS.
- Howstuffworks.com — How Evolution Works
- Evolution News from Genome News Network (GNN)
- National Academy Press: Teaching About Evolution and the Nature of Science
- Transitional Vertebrate Fossils FAQ
nl:Wetenschappelijk bewijs voor de evolutietheorie
- Pages with citations using unsupported parameters
- CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al.
- Pages with broken file links
- All articles with unsourced statements
- Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007
- Articles with invalid date parameter in template
- Creationist objections to evolution
- Evolutionary biology
- Theories


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Hat-trick for Ryan Farquhar at Tandragee
Ryan Farquhar marked his return to the Irish Road Racing Championship, and in particular the Superbike class, in superb style at the weekend as the SGS International/KMR Kawasaki rider took a superb hat-trick at the Tandragee 100 road races .
Back on a 1000cc machine for the first time since 2012, Ryan qualified fourth for the Superbike class and with bad weather forecast for Saturday, the 5-lap Open race was brought forward to Friday evening. With changes to the set-up of the machine on the warm-up lap, Ryan was feeling a lot more happier with his ZX-10R Kawasaki Superstock machine and a good start saw him locked in battle with Jamie Hamilton and William Dunlop.
When Dunlop hit the front, Ryan slotted into his slipstream and the two continued to exchange the lead as they circulated close together. Going into the final lap though, Ryan was in front and he held on for a superb win, 0.4s clear of Dunlop with his best lap being just over 107mph.
As expected, Saturday dawned wet and cold and Ryan opted out of the Superbike and Supertwin – where he'd qualified on pole – races due to the forthcoming North West 200 and Isle of Man TT Races. However, he did contest the Moto 3/450/400 and Classic races, taking a hard fought win over Ian Morrell in the former and a comfortable win on Roger Winfield's 500cc Paton in the latter.
Fellow team-member Connor Behan also had a good meeting finishing fourth on his 600cc machine in Saturday's Superbike race and qualifying fourth in the Supertwin race. Team-mate Jeremy McWilliams, making his debut at the 5.3-mile circuit, qualified eighth and went on to take a good third in the Classic race.
Ryan Farquhar: "Everything's gone really well this weekend and I was over the moon with the Superbike result on Friday evening. Having been away from the class for so long, it was great to mark my comeback with a win and although I was having a few set-up issues in practice, the two warm-up laps before the race allowed me to make further changes and when we came under starters orders I was really up for it. I knew on the first lap William was up for it too and we had a great battle so I was chuffed to bits to get the better of him in what was a great race."
"I had no problems with riding in the conditions on Saturday but with the North West and TT coming up, going out on the big bike and Supertwin would simply have given me too much work to do in terms of getting the bikes ready. As it was I took out the Paton and the little 450 and whilst the former was a relatively straightforward win, the latter was anything but as Ian pushed me really hard. His 400 had more top end than my 450 and I'd say it was the hardest I've ever had to ride in the wet to win a race!"
"I've made a lot of changes to the Supertwin, going down a completely different route, and it was flying in practice so I can't wait to ride it at the North West and TT. I've learnt a lot with the Stocker both here and at Scarborough too so, hopefully, I can transfer what I now know to the Superbike and we'll be on the pace at the North West and TT right from the word go."
Practice for the International North West 200 road races gets underway on Tuesday May 12th with the opening races taking place during the evening two days later. The feature race day takes place on Saturday 16th May.


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NVC Facilitators
View the GaNVC Recognized Facilitators Guidelines. (pdf)
Following is a list of GaNVC Recognized Facilitators.
- Cynthia Moe
- CNVC Certified Trainer
- GaNVC Recognized Facilitator
- MFA (Art) University of Georgia, BS (Business Education) University of Florida
- 400+ Hours of NVC Training
- Adjunct Professor, Thomas University
I have focused my learning, sharing and growth on Nonviolent CommunicationSM skills since 2003. I feel hopeful that these tools can contribute to harmony, collaboration and satisfaction in all relationships – both personal and professional. Since focusing on incorporating NVC principles and consciousness into my daily life, I experience increased connection, understanding and satisfaction in my own relationships and interactions. I have experienced the relationship and consciousness transformation and enrichment that can occur by using Nonviolent Communication, and I'm interested in offering these tools wherever and whenever possible.
I most enjoy developing and offering long-term NVC learning and support programs for schools, community organizations, businesses, families and individuals. Areas of special interest include Relationship Enrichment, NVC-based Mediation, NVC/Sociocracy-based Meeting Effectiveness and Cultivating Inner and Outer Peace. I find NVC learning can occur effectively thru either individual consultations or in group sessions.
- cynthia at sacredspaceinc.com, or 678-438-3331
- Location: Tucker, GA
- Faye Landey
- CNVC Certified Trainer
- GaNVC Recognized Facilitator
- BA Emory University
- 400+ Hours of NVC Training
- Adjunct Professor, Thomas University
- A door opened for me and I had an incredible "aha" the first time I was introduced to the concepts of NVC. You know that kind of "aha" that radiates and wakes up every cell and bone in your body. It happened when the concept of universal human needs was brought into my consciousness. I somehow had known, ever since I was a little girl, that all humans share basic yearnings, desires, joys. Yet, I had lost my awareness over the years. Mine was a world where norms and mores were valued more than individuality. Now I am learning to relish my own humanness, which allows me to be present with others even in challenging situations.
- Here in Georgia we are building a committed network of people who have a vision to bring our planet to a more peaceful way of communicating and to end the violence that grows out of blame, judgment and evaluation. Toward that aim, my personal goal is to offer the NVC model to those folks who have capacity to reach others exponentially. I see these folks as "change agents" because they are the ones who can teach and influence others. My intention is to contribute to an awareness and consciousness in our culture that will foster more respect of each other's basic humanness.
- fayelandey at mindspring.com, or 404-863-3289
- Location: Sandy Springs, GA
- Mark FeinKnopf
- GaNVC Recognized Facilitator
- BS Yale University, M Architecture Harvard University
- 400+ Hours of NVC Training
I have such a strong need to connect and contribute to another person's well being that I feel deep joy in sharing NVC whenever possible. My personal excitement flows when I see the joy in the eyes of another as they feel the shift of deep clarity that is possible when they truly connect with themselves.
For over 50 years, as an architect, urban planner and community-involved citizen, I have been privileged to work in collaborative relationships with people of all ages from diverse backgrounds. NVC, in concert with Sociocracy and Appreciative Inquiry have enhanced my understanding of the possibilities that each of us has to create a more peaceful world for ourselves and each person whom we touch. I can not imagine a more fulfilling way to enjoy these precious years of my life.
- mark at sacredspaceinc.com, or 404-444-7006
- Location: Tucker, Georgia
- Sherri Boles-Rogers
- GaNVC Recognized Facilitator, ACPI Certified Parenting Coach
- BA (Journalism) UNC-Chapel Hill
- 400+ Hours of NVC Training
- Adjunct Professor, Thomas University
I believe we can transform our homes and our world into more peaceful places by how we raise our children. That's why I'm passionate about supporting parents, grandparents, caregivers and teachers in raising the next generation with NVC awareness.
I'm a working mother of two boys, ages 18 and 16, and I know about the challenges of trying to incorporate peaceful parenting into daily hectic living. On top of that, our society isn't set up to support those who are trying to integrate the NVC approach into parenting and teaching. My goal is to provide awareness, understanding, and support to move away from power over strategies with children and move into power with relationships based on mutual respect and trust.
As a Certified Parenting Coach and Parent Educator, I help parents shift their focus from managing behaviors to nurturing relationships (based on NVC principles). This shift, in turn, helps decrease the struggles and increase the joys of parenting!
- sherri at parentingheart.com, or 678-362-3889
- Location: North Atlanta
- Carolyn Steinhaus
- GaNVC Recognized Facilitator
- M Div Starr King School for the Ministry, BS (Mathematics) Emory University, MS & PhD Candidacy (Computer Science) University of Michigan.
- 350+ Hours of NVC Training
I seek a vital connection to life – activities which stimulate me, which delight me and which meet important needs of myself and others. I value relationships and ways of relating which support them. Nonviolent CommunicationSM is a primary support for approaching life this way. In my experience, an effectively facilitated NVC practice group can be a place for healing and growth – real and positive personal change, deep friendships and a tremendous amount of fun. Because of my underlying belief in the value of the integrity of the whole person, I approach my work with others with a priority on healing and recovery from repression, transformation of denial, and personal integration in the depths of our beings.
A recent graduate from the Starr King School for the Ministry, I am developing a small group ministry practice as I pursue both ordination within the Unitarian Universalist Association and Candidacy with the Center for Nonviolent Communication. NVC practice groups and workshops are presently at the heart of this ministry. In my small group ministry, outreach education and consulting, I involve a mix of skills, dreamwork exploration and active listening to empower clients. Earlier life study and interest in the Computer and Communication Sciences continues to serve me well in my current endeavors.
- carolyn.steinhaus at me.net, or 404-401-5722
- Location: Emory Area, Atlanta


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THE State Emergency Service is still on the lookout for a Local Controller and Deputy Local Controller for the Tumut, Tumbarumba and Khancoban units, four months after advertising the positions.
"Yes we are still looking for people to fill these positions," SES Murray Region Controller Bernard Kates said. "It needs to be sorted out; we need to fix it.
Things have been ticking along but we need to be more active. We have unit controllers for the three units but what we need is overall strategic leadership."
Mr Kates confirmed that that they had held a "couple of interviews" with candidates for the two jobs, but hadn't found anyone suitable.
"There are a couple of people who are probably suitable, but it is a matter of persuasion," Mr Kates said.
"We are still working on it."
The positions arose due to the merger of the Tumut and Tumbarumba Shires.
"The SES had Local Controllers in both locations and after the amalgamation we only require one (plus a deputy), so the fairest way to make the appointment was to conduct a recruitment and merit selection process," Mr Kates previously told the Tumut and Adelong Times.
"The Local Controller and Deputy Local Controller will support the three Units by providing leadership at the strategic level.
Unit Controllers have their hands full in managing the day-to-day business of running their Unit, but there is more that needs to be done above that in order to develop and maintain operational capability across the Snowy Valleys Council area as a whole.
Likewise when the Units are operational, responding to emergency incidents, the Unit Controllers are busy dealing with the impacts in their own local areas, but there is a need to maintain a strategic overview to ensure a coordinated response, and that resources are directed to the appropriate places."
The Local and Deputy Local Controller will be supported by the full time staff at Region Headquarters, in Wagga Wagga for the Tumut unit and Albury for the Tumbarumba and Khancoban units.


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Paul Digby – Transcending the Figure – Saul Hay Gallery
Exhibition 15th – 30th June
Art in Manchester: Saul Hay Gallery present 'Transcending the Figure'. A celebration of the front line of the public sector; this exhibition is part of a three year project, 2016 – 2019, by artist Paul Digby. Paul worked with the emergency services drawing and sculpting them in classical poses. These classical poses highlight the heroic nature of his subjects, statuesque and isolated from context like a Greek God or Roman Emperor. In contrast the individual subjects see themselves as just ordinary people going about their work. We're really pleased to be part of this collaborative and accessible project, a subject close to the heart of Co-Director Catherine Hay who previously worked in the NHS for almost 30 years.
The project has also involved a series of collaborations with different community groups including schools, universities, galleries and museums. The exhibition incorporates small clay figurative sculptures made by children who attended school workshops.
Paul Digby will be running a small workshop for children 22nd June 2pm – 4pm. more info: Saul Hay Gallery
Eileen Simpson and Ben White: Open Music Archive – Castlefield Gallery
14 June – 18 August 2019
Art in Manchester:
Everything I Have Is Yours is an ambitious film and sound work by Eileen Simpson and Ben White (Open Music Archive) that looks back to the first decade of the UK pop charts (1952-62). Working with a group of older musicians – many of whom are the 'original teenagers' of the Greater Manchester music scene, now in their 70s and 80s – the film focuses on this diverse group as they re-engage with public-domain samples from the formative era of the 'birth of pop', and incorporate these timeless sounds into new musical creations.
When the musicians play, they individually and collectively interact with digital technology, recalling archive sounds ripped from 1950s and early 1960s shellac and vinyl chart hits. Copyright-controlled elements of the original records are separated out and copyright-expired samples are released through an algorithmic process to enable collective use for the project and for future sharing.
As the group trigger sounds from the past, the camera continuously tracks its way through the assembled musicians, echoing the circular loops of the music itself. What results is a vivid sonic conversation, an intergenerational call and response that traverses the private, personal and public.
Everything I Have Is Yours has been commissioned by Film and Video Umbrella, Contemporary Art Society, University of Salford Art Collection and Castlefield Gallery. An edition of the film will enter the University of Salford Art Collection.
To coincide with the launch of Everything I Have Is Yours, Castlefield Gallery will present Eileen Simpson and Ben White: Open Music Archive, the first UK survey show of the artists' work from 14 June – 18 August 2019. The exhibition presents a selection of projects developed over the last ten years in which the artists explore the performative potential of the archive by reanimating copyright-expired archive material. Featuring sound recordings gleaned from the genesis of the music industry in 1920s Atlanta, a lost feature film from 1950s Jordan, and samples from the very edges of the public domain ripped from 1960s UK chart hit records – the artists deploy rich archive material to produce an open source body of audio-visual work and invite a range of collaborators to produce and perform the public domain.
Manifest Arts Festival 2019
12th – 21st July – Contemporary visual arts festival – Manchester, Salford, Bolton and Wigan
Art in Manchester: Absolutely delighted to see that Manifest Arts Festival will return to the North West for the third time from the 12th-21st July. Showcasing the talent of artists based in the region, the biennial festival has doubled in size, featuring over 50 events, exhibitions, workshops and talks across venues in Manchester, Salford, Bolton and Wigan.
With 25 premieres of new work and exhibitions, 15 open studios, 3 workshops, 4 artist/curator talks, 4 performances, several specially extended exhibitions, and over 350 artists – this year is set to be even bigger and better than the previous two. What's more, everything remains free to attend.
Festivalgoers will be treated to an eclectic programme of events at unique and unusual artist spaces such as Rogue Artists' Studios, which is housed in an old primary school, and AWOL Studios, which is based in a former Mancunian mill. Events are also taking place at some of the most prestigious institutions in the region, including Manchester Art Gallery, to host the return of popular quick-fire artist talks 'Manifest Calling', and Manchester Craft and Design Centre, where Redeye's professional speed networking for photographers will be held.
Other highlights include Richard Shields' tragicomic Opera and exhibition at Chetham's Library, and Rowland Hill's premiere live performance, incorporating British Sign Language and spoken word, at The Portico Library – both of which are Manifest Arts Granada Foundation Micro Commissions, new to this year's programme.
The festival was set up and is run by local visual artists, Elisa Artesero, Roger Bygott and John Lynch.
"The vibrant culture of different artistic practices in the North West region contains spaces that most people don't get to see ordinarily, and some don't know exist at all. It's a melting pot of different types of people with a whole range of interests and approaches to their artwork. This is our third festival and we just keep growing with more artists wanting to be involved and show their work to the public, and more visitors wanting to come and experience the festival." said John.
"Whether you're a seasoned arts professional, or you've never been to something like this before and are curious to know what lives are being lived in big and small artist studios across the region – everyone is invited to attend. Grassroots art is going on right under your nose, and Manifest Arts Festival is an opportunity that opens the doors to this culture. The best part is that it's free to go and see. We hope you'll like it – maybe you'll even want to join it!" Elisa explained.
Roger added: "For me, the inspiration and spirit of Manifest is about community association, trusting grassroot links and mutual encouragement. As artists, practicing within this broad vibrant community, we aim to help strengthen those connections and to share more widely and publicly the artistic fruits emerging from it."
Link below for Manifest programme: Full Festival Programme


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Aims/priorities: The Naturesave Trust was formed to promote and encourage the protection, preservation and improvement of the environment for the benefit of the public.
It does this by encouraging the greater adoption of sustainable development through the funding of specific environmental and conservation projects. Grants are available to environmental and conservationist groups in the UK for projects that deal with specific environmental and/or conservationist problems and that encourage the greater commercial adoption of sustainable development.
The funding is for projects which specifically address the promotion and implementation of sustainable development, environmental and/or conservationist improvement or general 'green issues
Who can apply? Any organisation, including charities, voluntary organisations and businesses based in the UK, may apply Grant amount: Grants are available up to £10,000; however, the average grant size is £1,500
Application process: Application forms are available to complete online at the Trust's website
Deadline: Applications may be submitted at any time
Tel: 01803 864 390 Email: [email protected]


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Wednesday, 3 June, 2020
A passer-by walks through motorbikes parked illegally on a footpath in front of TCB Bhaban in the capital's Karwan Bazar area. Because of the phenomenon, sometimes passers-by are compelled to walk on the main street risking their lives. The photo was taken on Thursday. —Kamrul Islam Ratan


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Army Recognition Online show Daily News and Web TV
International Defence Industry Fair
9 - 12 May 2017
Istanbul, Turkey
Aselsan at IDEF 2017
New ETI counter-IED and interrogation vehicle introduced by Aselsan
At IDEF 2017 International Defence Industry Fair, the major Turkish defense contractor Aselsan is showcasing for the first time the new ETI 4x4 armoured interrogation vehicle designed to provide road and convoy security against IEDs.
Aselsan's ETI System interrogation and counter-IED vehicle at IDEF 2017
Dubbed ETI System, Aselsan's new counter-IED platform includes IED detection, IED interrogation, IED desactivation and a Security Management system that allows remote control.
The system is based on one armored security vehicle and involves Aselsan ÇAKI robotic arm, GERGEDAN RF Jammer system, FALCONEYE-MW thermal camera, YANKI-V acoustic gunshot detection system, as well as seismic detectors and the company's SECANS security management center.
Aselsan's ÇAKI interrogation arm system is designed to be mounted over all kind of armoured vehicle. By usage of ÇAKI robotic arm, detection and interrogation of IED's placed at roadsides or vents is achieved. The system is equipped with an integrated cable detection sensor, cameras, video/image recording systems, cutter equipment, and driller and harrow equipment. It can be directed to different locations of the vehicle without affecting mobility. ÇAKI has a length of 8 m and can lift up to 200 kg of payload.
YANKI-V acoustic gunshot detection system
Aselsan's YANKI is designed to detect supersonic projectiles and to calculate shooter's location under all environmental conditions (day/night/fog/rain/snow), using acoustic detection technology. The system main features are an easy integration with geographical information system, alarm generation on GIS, low power consumption and interoperability with cameras and remote controlled gun systems. The moving vehicle variant, the YANKI-V, detects more thant 95% of supersonic projectiles in a response time of less than 2 seconds.
ETI System also includes the FALCONEYE-MW EO/IR system, which is equipped with thermal camera, day TV, laser range finder digital magnetic compass and GPS-based location finding. The system's seismic detector can be mounted on culverts and other critical places. It wireless transmits recorded data to the ETI System.


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A New Market Study, titled "2G and 3G Switch Off Market Upcoming Trends, Growth Drivers and Challenges" has been featured on WiseGuyReports.
PUNE, MARKETERSMEDIA, INDIA, November 8, 2019 /EINPresswire.com/ — Summary
A New Market Study, titled "2G and 3G Switch Off Market Upcoming Trends, Growth Drivers and Challenges" has been featured on WiseGuyReports.
This report provides in depth study of "2G and 3G Switch Off Market" using SWOT analysis i.e. Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and Threat to the organization. The 2G and 3G Switch Off Market report also provides an in-depth survey of key players in the market which is based on the various objectives of an organization such as profiling, the product outline, the quantity of production, required raw material, and the financial health of the organization.
This market report offers a comprehensive analysis of the global 2G and 3G Switch Off market. This report focused on 2G and 3G Switch Off market past and present growth globally. Global research on Global 2G and 3G Switch Off Industry presents a market overview, product details, classification, market concentration, and maturity study. The market value and growth rate from 2019-2025 along with industry size estimates are explained.
Key manufacturers are included based on company profile, sales data and product specifications etc.:
AT&T, Verizon, China Mobile, NTT, Telefonica, Deutsche Telekom, America Movil, Orange, China Telecom, KDDI, China Unicom, AIS, T-Mobile, Bell Canada, Telus, Telenor, Swisscom, SK Telecom, Korea Telecom
Request a Free Sample Report @ https://www.wiseguyreports.com/sample-request/3859615-global-2g-and-3g-switch-off-market-data-survey-report-2013-2025
This research report gives a detailed prognosis and prospects of the 2g and 3g switch off-market. The report highlights the major market events including market players, latest trends, technological advancements and growth opportunities in the global 2g and 3g switch off the market that helps industry experts and investors to take vital business decisions. Additionally, the report focuses on why the interest for 2g and 3g switch off is expanding and all the imperative factors that contribute to overall market growth.
Second-generation (2G) technology was launched in 1991 in Finland. It is based on the technology known as the global cellular system. Thanks to this technology, all text messages are digitally encrypted, so that only the intended recipient receives the message. 3G technology usually refers to the standard for accessibility and speed of mobile devices. It was first used in Japan in 2001. Technological measures have been set by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). This technology allows the use of various services, such as GPS (global positioning system), mobile television and video conferencing.
Besides, the report discusses 2g and 3g switch off business strategies, sales and profit, market channels, market volume, raw material suppliers and buyers information, demand and supply ratio across the globe. The report segments the worldwide 2g and 3g switch off market based on the type of product, end-users, and regions. It describes the performance of an individual sector in 2g and 3g switch off market growth. Also, geographic segmentation of 2g and 3g switch off is based on North America, Asia-Pacific, Europe, South America, Middle East & Africa and others.
Market Segmentation
In the first section, 2g and 3g switch off report adds an executive summary that contains a precise market overview and gives the significant market numbers based on the in-depth forecast. In the next section, market dynamics of the 2g and 3g switch off the market has been studied comprehensively, includes industry drivers, market restraints, latest developments and opportunities available to upcoming market players. The market segment is based on type and application. Basing on the type, there are 2G and 3G. By application, there is Data, Message and Voice.
Factors affecting the growth prospects
A notable feature of the 2g and 3g switch off report offers the detailed company profiles of some of the prominent market players, which will remain active in forthcoming years. Along with 2g and 3g switch off product launches, key developments, financial details, product sale and gross margin, 2g and 3g switch off business short-term and long-term marketing strategies and SWOT analysis of the companies.
Major geographies
The study covers Global (Asia-Pacific[China, Southeast Asia, India, Japan, Korea, Western Asia], Europe[Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain, Netherlands, Turkey, Switzerland], North America[United States, Canada, Mexico], Middle East & Africa[GCC, North Africa, South Africa], South America[Brazil, Argentina, Columbia, Chile, Peru]).
Latest News
The 2g and 3g technology is enabling several networks by offering services like multimedia messaging, video conferencing and text messaging.
Major Key Points in Table of Content
1 Global Market Overview
2 Regional Market
3 Key Manufacturers
4 Major Application
5 Market by Type
6 Price Overview
7 ConclusionFig Global 2G and 3G Switch Off Market Size and CAGR 2013-2018 (Million USD)
At Any Query @ https://www.wiseguyreports.com/enquiry/3859615-global-2g-and-3g-switch-off-market-data-survey-report-2013-2025
Report Summary:
In the first section, the Global 2G and 3G Switch Off Market report presents industry overview, definition, and scope. The second part briefs about the Global 2G and 3G Switch Off industry bifurcation by Type, Application and Geographical regions. The top industry players, revenue analysis, and sales margin are explained. The production and consumption scenario is specified.
The SWOT analysis by players, the growth rate for each type, application, and the region is covered. A 5-year forecast Global 2G and 3G Switch Off industry perspective will lead to profitable business plans and informed moves. Towards, the end data sources, research methodology, and findings are offered.
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Source: EIN Presswire


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Classic Elegance: Vintage Finds
by Elle
Hello All,
Hope you are having a great day. I've always had a love for vintage clothing; the structure, the fabric and the details on vintage pieces are not often found in pieces today. Last summer, I popped into Barrio Vintage to browse their amazing collection of vintage pieces. I stumbled about this gorgeous vintage high low skirt made of taffeta with flock. I could not pass up such an amazing find.
It is perfect for dressier events. In honesty, I bought the skirt mainly for the beautiful fabric.
I paired the skirt with a bustier top that I thrifted a couple of years back. The pairing looked so amazing together. The perfect outfit for a formal or a ball.
Thanks agains for reading. Let me know what you think.
TOP bcbgmaxazria (thrifted)
SKIRT vintage find at barrio vintage
SHOES christian louboutin
NECKLACE tj maxx find
Photography by Balbino and Melissa from VIVIDFoto


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Bay Air Conditioning LLC
Bay Air Conditioning LLC is your quality partner for all your heating products, services, and/or repairs.
Air Conditioning
Commercial Air Conditioning
Air Conditioning
With so many choices for air conditioning contractors, it can be especially hard to decide who you should trust with your air conditioning...
Bay Air Conditioning LLC is a professional Dayton, TX heating contractor that provides several heating services to homeowners in Dayton...
Bay Air Conditioning LLC is your listening, caring partner when it comes to commercial air conditioning.
Welcome to Bay Air Conditioning LLC
Bay Air Conditioning LLC is dedicated to providing the best possible solutions for your business or home. You can definitely count on us to provide you with solutions that fit your unique requirements. Since we have been installing many systems in this area for a long time, we have earned a reputation for doing the job right the first time.
We are service professionals! As licensed specialists and contractors in the field of heating and air conditioning, we have the equipment, the tools, and the experience to keep your AC equipment running smoothly all year.
If you require emergency assistance, we are available 24 hours a day, seven days a week. In order to help you reduce service emergencies, we offer service agreements that will keep your systems running at optimal levels, no matter the season. At Bay Air Conditioning LLC, we provide "Unsurpassed Customer Service 10 year Warranty."
We have a wide variety of products to choose from that will keep your family feeling comfortable and healthy. We carry a comprehensive line of energy efficient systems with innovations meant to raise the standards of reliability and comfort in your office and home. Systems available include air cleaners, heat pumps, gas furnaces, air conditioners, ventilators, and evaporators.
Let the experts at Bay Air Conditioning LLC help you create a customized solution that is just right for you! When it comes to air conditioners, we consider ourselves the go-to experts. We have the capability to handle all aspects related to air conditioning; therefore, consider us as the ultimate one-stop shop for all your air conditioner needs.
Are you ready to experience the services and products of an excellent air conditioning company? Call us now, and with the purchase of a furnace and evaporator system, you receive a free outdoor air conditioning unit! Join the bandwagon, and find out why we have so many happy customers in the Dayton, TX area.
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Dayton, TX 77535
Telephone: (832) 877-9256


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Essential Oils: Moment by Moment Stress Support
by Rachel RabaEverything about Washington, D.C. is fast-paced and highly-charged, constantly assaulting residents' emotions. Not surprisingly, the metro area tops Movoto's list of stressed-out cities.
Humans function as a whole, with mind, body and spirit inseparably connected, each requiring balance and nourishment for total wellness. The body's cells are wired to self-heal. Stress interferes with this self-healing process. Anyone who eats, encounters people, uses a cellphone, drives a car or follows politics experiences it. According to the American Institute of Stress, numerous emotional and physical disorders are linked to stress, such as depression, anxiety, heart attack, stroke, hyptertension, autoimmune conditions, peptic ulcer, GERD and degenerative neurological disorders. This makes learning to manage stress imperative.
Smell is the fastest way to affect emotions and reduce stress. When the aromatic molecules of plant-derived essential oils (EOs) are inhaled, they travel quickly to the part of the brain that impacts emotions, behavior and memory. Commonly used for respiratory health, digestion, immune support and pain reduction, this makes EOs equally powerful for relaxation, mood enhancement, emotional balance and sleep support.
EOs offer a safe and easy way to cope with stress. They not only provide immediate relief through their ability to calm and uplift, but work to eliminate the deep-rooted causes of stress without side effects. In 2015, for example, two clinical trials concluded that inhalation of geranium and orange EOs was effective for reducing anxiety during labor, an incredibly stressful life event.
Other EOs useful for counteracting stress include bergamot, cedarwood, frankincense, lavender, roman chamomile, rose, vetiver and ylang ylang. They can be inhaled, diffused, used in baths and massages, or applied to the temples, back of neck, shoulders or chest, transporting one from frayed nerves to an elevated well-being.
Rachel Raba is a doTERRA Wellness Advocate and aromatherapy student who teaches classes locally on what essential oils are, how they work, and how they can be used to support overall health and wellness. She helps people rid their homes of toxic cleaning and personal care products, as well as stabilize their emotions, get better sleep, improve their digestion and increase their energy. For more information, email [email protected] or visit HolisticallyHealthyHome.com.


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|return to location list print
Mahurangi Shopping Centre
280 Mahurangi East Rd, Snells Beach, Pakuranga, Auckland
Phone: 09 425 6683
rvexplorer id: 20400
Lat-Long: -36.42011, 174.72358
The Freedom Camping Trial is now finished, and you might not be able to stay at this location
The Council is presently reviewing their Freedom Camping Bylaw
The freedom campling locations at Snells Beach and Algies Bay are still available
It's hard to find suitable parking for a long van
One of the local restaurants
Public toilets next to the Four Square grocery store
Mahurangi Shopping Centre is in the centre of Snells Beach, where self-contained motor caravanners can park overnight, do some shopping, or eat out at a restaurant or cafe.
However, the parking area is quite busy during the day, so you might not find a suitable space for a large motorhome or caravan, unless you come later.
You can top up on groceries at the Four Square, and there is a choice restaurants, and other shops, as well as public toilets.


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We've scoured the earth for the best KidSafe content and delivered it to you on-demand & ad-free.
Learn about how your body works with the StoryBots. Discover how your food journeys through your body and how your digestive system works.
In this book kids will learn why food is important and how their digestive system works to help their body function.
Through funny rhymes and quirky illustrations, little ones can learn how food is turned into energy in a fun and easy way.
Discover more great books like Read StoryBots – The Digestive System, amongst our growing library.


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We Got That 0:00
Joe is back in the Fox Valley again after 3 years living in Nashville! He stayed busy writing and producing demos for other artists in the heart of Music City. Some of those songs even found their way into the Smooth Operator setlist, including this one written with Mary Beth Stone of Stone Pulse Music. To hear more of what Joe Sly has been producing lately, head on down to his SoundCloud page.
If you seek the latest sounds from Sly Joe, you've come to the right place. These fresh goods may wind up on a new album or in a live show. Or not. But they're right here, right now, HOT and free for the listening! Enjoy.