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Saturday, September 27, 2003
John Newland Maffitt (1819-1886) was one of the best-known of all Confederate naval officers. In 1861, after serving nearly 30 years in the U.S. Navy, Maffitt resigned his commission and entered Confederate service. Maffitt is best known for his command of the commerce raider Florida, which in a single cruise destroyed or captured 47 U.S. merchantmen, but he also commanded the ironclad ram Albemarle and ended the war commanding blockade runners. Maffitt was an aggressive officer. A reporter for the New York Herald who encountered Maffitt in neutral Havana wrote, "Captain Maffitt is no ordinary character. He is vigorous, energetic, bold, quick and dashing, and the sooner he is caught and hung the better it will be."
Friday, September 26, 2003
Dear Robert,
Thanks for featuring the Denbigh on the blog. Very nice, indeed.
Got the map and the bird's eye Xerox yesterday. Thank you, it looks like I'll be able to scan and stitch the map's pieces together, at least for the part of Havana of most interest. Where can I get an original of the bird's eye? I'd like to use that one, too.
Thank you for being such a big help. Please consider yourself officially appointed to the Institute of Nautical Archaeology's Denbigh research team.
Yours truly,
Call spent about two months in Havana [after arriving from Key West on January 5, 1830] and there enjoyed the pleasures of Cuban society. The American merchant Vincent Gray seems to have been his chief host, and the two men spent long hours recounting event of the War of 1812. Gray claimed that it was his intelligence which informed Jackson on British plans to attack New Orleans. In March, 1830, Call returned to the United States arriving in Tallahassee about the twentieth. He was "mortified" at the delay which had attended his mission but expressed satisfaction that he had done everything possible to protect the public interests of Florida land cases. He reported that most of the grants " bear on their face conclusive evidence of their fraudulent character", and the "prejudices in behalf of the claimants" were clearly apparant among the Spanish officials.
The papers which Call produced relating to the grant to Don Fernando de la Maz Arredondo indicated that although the grant was a genuine one, it had been made on condition that two hundred families be settled on the tract within three years. The documents relating to the Forbes grant indicated a more complex situation. In the first place, the so-called "Forbes grant" was really a series of claims based upon several alleged grants to the commercial house of Panton, Leslie and Company and its successor John Forbes and Company, as well as to John Forbes individually. One large grant, estimated at about 1,500,000 acres, and located between the Apalachicola River and Choctawhatchee River[all of the Gulf Coast between Destin and Apalachicola], was granted by the Captain-General of Cuba to John Forbes and Company for services rendered to the Spanish government and losses sustained by the company. This was the only obviously fraudulent grant, bearing on its face a clumsy alteration of the date of execution. Under the treaty by which Florida was ceded to the United States all grants made after January 24, 1818, were "declared and agreed to be null and void." the alteration of dates was attempted in an effort to validate this grant.
The other grants to Panton, Leslie and Company, John Forbes and Company, and to John Forbes individually, took in most of the land between the Apalachicola and St. Marks Rivers and were estimated to have a total acreage of about 1,200,000 acres. These grants were made by Florida Indian tribes in payment of debts owed to the commercial houses, and were confirmed by the Spanish governor of West Florida. These grants were presented for adjudication by Colin Mitchel, a Havana merchant who claimed American, English, and Spanish citizenship, who had purchased the rights of the original grantees. One historian of the Supreme Court says that the real promoters of the Mitchel claim were George Griswold, a New York shipper, "combined with other capitalists and with some of the most noted politicians in the country." A conservative historian of the Court observes that " a large number of these Spanish claims had been assigned to and were being prosecuted by bankers, financiers, and speculators in New York and London" thus giving Andrew Jackson, in his fight upon the money power, a vivid interest in the outcome of the cases...
...Many have been critical of the course of the Court in the Florida land cases and the decision in the Mitchel case did raise questions worth pondering. The Court apparantly closed its eyes to the hindrances which the Spanish officials put in the path of those who sought to uncover original documents. It would be interesting to know why, in the face of contrary evidence, the aged Chief Justice stated that no difficulty had been put in the way of American agents and that every facility had been accorded them.....
One historian of the Supreme Court, Gustavus Myers, saw the decisions in the Florida cases as part of a pattern of decisions by which "judicial dictator" John Marshall designed to strengthen the governing and capitalist classes. The more conservative Charles Warren viewed the decisions as designed to protect private property rights and preserve the national honor of the United States by strict adherence to the article of the treaty of cession which recognized property rights existing before 1818. A third historian, Ernest Sutherland Bates, points out the the rights of Spain were not at issue in any of the claims because the actual claimants were American capitalists not Spanish citizens. It is his contention that the Court was governed less by respect for treaties that by the formalisitic procedure established in the Yazoo land fraud cases whereby it refused to consider the evidence of fraud behind a formal grant....
.....After the signing of the treaty of cession in 1819 a genuine boom in Florida lands set in, Niles Register reporting a price rise of from 500 to 1,000 per cent, with city lots selling from $500 to $7000. About the time of the transfer in 1821 Call managed to secure several tracts near Pensacola. In partnership with James Innerarity he purchased 800 arpents of land on Santa Rosa sound and a like amount on Escambia Bay in partnership with Henry M. Brackenridge. An arpent in Spanish Florida was slightly more than an acre. In the city of Pensacola Call secured one town lot.
Dr. Doster:
Remember the first time we met?
I'm from Dothan.
My Daddy was born in Hartford. His Daddy, Will Young Register, was the conductor on the Judy, the east bound Atlantic Coast Line train from Enterprise to Chattahoochee, Florida via Bainbridge. (I rode with him)
My Mother was born in Baker Hill and was delivered by Dr. Wallace who had left Clio because his WWI veteran son had come home to roost, had fathered a boy named George in 1918 and the people of Baker Hill in Barbour County had told him, " Dr. Wallace, we know you are ready to retire and are sick of Clio. Come to Baker Hill and we will build you a house to live in." Which the people of Baker Hill did.
Anyway, Dr. Mazyck delivered me in Moody Hospital in 1950. I know you know Dr. Mazyck cause you had a crush on his wife, the daughter of Moody Hospital's founder, Dr. Earle Moody.(I used to work as a groundskeeper in the Dothan City Cemetery. Both of Dr. Moody's parents died in the same week in May of 1901. The oblisk that marks their grave is topped with an flaming urn draped with roses and poppies. The inscription on the tombstone says," Our Mother and Father are no more. They are wandering hand in hand over in the spirit land. Here they rest, side by side. Even Death itself could not divide.")
Dr. Doster, when I study history, I am simply studying myself.
Robert Young Register
>To: "Robert Register"
>Subject: Continued
>Date: Fri, 26 Sep 2003 18:06:29 -0500
>You seem to have all the information that I intended to convey by an earlier e-mail. More important, you have found the sources, which do not now come into my mind. --J.F.D.
From Confederate Mobile:
One Mobilian complained that the value of goods exported through the blockade far exceeded that of goods imported and that ships coming in brought too few munitions and staple goods. On the basis of statistics from the customhouse, John E. Murrell informed the War Department that from May 1862 to April 1863 cotton worth $1,823,000 had gone out of Mobile while the value of imported goods stood at only $208,168. This represented a balance of $1,614,832 against the Confederacy. Murrell, who had participated in blockade running himself, expressed concern that runners brought too much liquor into Mobile.......
Thursday, September 25, 2003
From Confederate Mobile by Arthur W. Bergeron, Jr.:
Official Confederate policy on blockade running out of Mobile began taking shape in the spring of 1862. Three or four businessmen in Mobile approached General Sam Jones and his successor in command at Mobile, General Butler, about taking cotton to Havana so they could use the proceeds to purchase military supplies for the Confederacy. Both Jones and Butler expressed reluctance to grant them permission. Jones did allow a few small cargoes to go out but under restrictions "requiring that the parties interested, the Captain and Crew, shall be loyal and indentified[sic] in interest with the Confederate States and that the return cargoes shall as far as practicable by composed of munitions of war." The Confederate Navy Department signed contracts with two or three individuals to supply munitions to the government after taking cotton out of Mobile. Secretary of War Randolph encouraged Jones to allow blockade running on the grounds that it was "good policy to exchange produce for arms and munitions of war" even though "the practice is liable to great abuse and should not be allowed indiscriminately."
Great stuff from John Sugden's "The Southern Indians In The War of 1812: The Closing Phase":
Before Nicolls reached Apalachicola Bay in August 1814, a new development had increased the prospects of the Indians engaging the American forces, and they were, themselves, the cause of the changing circumstances. Andrew Jackson, district commander of the American troops, had viewed with alarm the resurgence of the Indian cause. He complained to Governor Mateo Gonzalez Manrique of Pensacola that the British had been allowed to mobilize upon Spanish soil against the United States, and that the Spaniards themselves were harboring refugee Red Sticks. McQueen and Francis, Jackson maintained, should be surrendered to the Americans. In view of the aggressive attitude of Jackson and the Americans to both the Creeks and the Spaniards in recent years, these aggrieved protestations failed to impress Manrique. Nevertheless, the governor was alarmed. The solution to the problem was not easy to find. While the Spanish were too weak to successfully contest the Untied States, they feared that an attempt to improve their position might cost them any remaining American goodwill. Confronted by the threat from Jackson, but unwilling to act in any way that might antagonize the Americans, they vacillated. Governor Manrique refused to sever connections with his Creek allies and sent appeals for help to his superior, Apodaca, at Havana, but he shrank from too vigorous a defense of Pensacola. Apodaca, on his part, was willing to allow Nicolls's Indians and British to operate as they desired, provided that they recognized Spanish control of St. Marks, St. Augustine, and Pensacola, but he refused to give direct aid...
From The Life of Andrew Jackson by Marquis James:
(this commentary by James is based upon a fragment of a letter dated Havana, August 13, 1814, apparantly addressed to Jackson or intended for him, Jackson Papers, Library of Congress)
The American Commander [Jackson] had been following the moves of Colonel Nicholls since he had appeared in Havana a month before. Fortunately for Jackson, the Colonel loved the sound of his own voice. In Cuba he had talked too much for a military man, and his words had found their way to the alert Commander at Mobile. According to Nicholls the British would occupy Pensacola as a base, then seize the mouth of the Mississippi and Mobile,and, marching on Baton Rouge, cut off New Orleans from above and below. Slaves were counted on to join the black regiments of Jamaica and help was expected from the Louisiana Creoles. With the landing at Pensacola the first step in this broad program had been taken....
The first of many old houses in Pensacola, FL. I [Nedra Innerarity] am adding Robert's comment on the Panton Trading Post here which brings more current information.
Robert Register - Sep 5, 2003
Leora Sutton made a couple of mistakes in her Panton Trading Post article. She wrote "In 1812 William Augustus Bowles attempted to break the company's monopoly in the Creek country."
Bowles was seized by the Indians near present day Wetumpka, Alabama, on May 28, 1803 and turned over to Spanish authorities. He died on December 23, 1805 at Morro Castle in Havana harbor. Ms. Sutton was probably thinking about Woodbine who assisted Nichols in organizing the runaway slaves and Indians at the Negro
Fort on the Apalachicola. Woodbine was called a "second Bowles" in letters describing his activities during the War of 1812.
She also wrote " The actions between the American Indians and the British caused John Forbes to claim an indemnification of 100,000 dollars from Spanish government which was paid off by enormous land grants."
Forbes did receive a 1,276,000 acre land grant located between the Apalachicola and Choctawhatchee Rivers from the Spanish in 1818, however, it was ruled invalid because it violated provisions of the Adams- Onis treaty.
Ms. Sutton leaves the impression that the land grant known as the Forbes Purchase(land between the Apalachicola and St. Marks River)came to be owned by John Forbes & Co. as a consequence of the War of 1812.
This first Forbes Purchase land, 1,427,289 acres, was deeded over to the company to cover Indians debts and Bowles's destruction of the Wakulla store (1793 and 1800) at Indian congresses held at Chiskatalofa in present-day Houston County, Alabama in 1804 and 1810.
The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 1835 that this land grant was perfectly legal.
Robert Register
Read what others had to say:
>Nedra Innerarity Creamer - Sep 25, 2003
I am so sorry that it has taken me so long to thank you for the information on Panton Trading post. It is so good to see so many reading these postings so the can catch the mistakes. I am so happy with this site. It is "My Baby" to care for and I just love it. Thanks for taking part.
Wednesday, September 24, 2003
Tuesday, September 23, 2003
Robert Register
with his buddy,
Mr. Hugh Taylor.
photo by Michael Palmer
PLEASE SEND ALL SUGGESTIONS AND OTHER UNWANTED COMMENTS TO email@example.com
Victor Manuel was the first one; with him started our golden age.
Manuel Garcia Valdes was born in Havana in 1897 and died in 1969. Started to study painting at the age of 12 although was already painting since he was 6 or 7 years old. Studied in the San Alejandro School of Arts and at fourteen is named unofficially as a professor of elemental drawings. Studied with Roma?ac and was not until he was 19, that his own talent was revealed, as himself confessed.
Opened his first exposition in Havana, at "Las Galleries", in 1924. Traveled to France in 1925 and toured the country for two years, where a group of artist in Montparnase named him "Victor Manuel."
Opens new exhibitions in 1927 at the salons of the Sculpture and Painters Associations. This is one of the first steps for the "modern Cuban painting" era. For a year or two teaches free of charge to other painters along the island. After another trip to Europe which included Spain and Belgium, comes back to Havana in 1929.
Obtains the first prize at an exhibition in the Lyceum in 1935. Open his own exhibitions at the University of Havana, 1945; the Reporters' Association, 1951; Galeria Lex, 1956; Venice, Italy, and national galleries in 1959.
He always thought that artists should first posses expressive simplicity. He would not conceive art that was not human, as he said: "...for me art is not a refuge, but an expression."
The themes of Victor Manuel are out of time, more or less the same in all of his work, the faces of women, landscapes, parks, countrysides. "I am like any Cuban of my era, that not having that much to do, they would make love... ...I once saw a Picasso: a profile of a woman made on fabric that I thought it was wonderful; almost faint at its sight." The classics were his passion, Clouet, Signorelli, Fouquet, Van Dyck, Divino Morales, Leonardo and Giorgione. Of Brueghel he said: "That is what I want for me." Among his work: 'Gitana Tropical',1924; 'Novios',1940; 'Acuarela',1940.
collection. The jewel of Cuban art is 20th century painter Victor Manuel's ``Tropical Gipsy'', according to museum director Moraima Clavijo. ``It is the symbol of the Cuban vanguard,'' she said in an interview with Reuters. As for the foreign collection, she chose as the most remarkable item an ancient Greek amphora from the 5th century B.C. ``It is completely unharmed'', she said. The museum first opened in 1913 then closed in 1996 because of its deplorable condition. Restoration work started in 1999 at a total cost of $14.5 million. Expectation ahead of the reopening rose with rumors, mostly from Cuban exiles in Miami, that President Fidel Castro's government had sold some works during the economic crisis suffered by the island after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. ``In Miami, people were wondering what we were going to exhibit at the museum, if everything had been sold,'' Castro said at the official inauguration of the museum in July. ``Maybe I'll send them some videos so they can appreciate everything, because those who have sold their homeland think we can sell the cultural soul of our country,'' he added. An important part of the heritage is formed by the private collections left behind by rich families who, soon after the 1959 revolution, fled the Caribbean island, leaving everything behind, but hoping to return soon. Among the collections are those of the Lobo, Gomez Mena, Falla and Bacardi families, who had, among other treasures, paintings by Spanish artists Sorolla, Murillo and Zurbaran. Clavijo said the museum had maintained cordial contact with some of the descendants of those families. ``We are in touch with some of them and the origin of the works is mentioned in the catalogs,'' she said, adding that some had traveled to Cuba to see their family's former possessions.
Clock features:
•Hourly recitations of the Ten Commandments
•Features a light sensor so the clock will not go off at night
•Operates on three AA batteries.
•Comes in a shelf ready package with "try me" button
•UPC code on box
Check out Judge Roy Moore's fund raising website for the Foundation for Moral Law. He's raising money by selling Ten Commandments clocks, each one with Moses's face printed on it and reciting a commandment on the hour (except at night when you turn off the lights.....tee hee)
I would think all skypilots would be interested in seeing how Judge Roy Moore (who came within a red cunt hair of being fragged in 'Nam by his fellow MPs) is raising money. Just make out your check to $24.95 (that's $19.95 plus $5 for shipping and handling) to the FOUNDATION FOR MORAL LAW!!!!
click on http://www.intimewithgod.com
P.S. Classic quote from the futile "round-the-clock" vigil to keep Roy Moore's Rock on display in Monkeytown,"(in the loudest, most hysterical voice possible) KEEP YOUR HANDS OFF OUR GOD!!!!" http://www.intimewithgod.com
Subject :
Date :
Thu, 22 May 2003 12:17:48 -0400
Hi Nedra:
I am going thru some books about Remedios, Cuba and I saw the name
Inerarity mentioned. I had seen your posting in Cuba-L so I remembered the
In the book: "El Sr. Julio Iglesias Inerarity establece en la azotea de
su casa de la calle de Balmaseda, la primera estacion de radio-telefonia."
(Rough Translation: Julio Iglesias Inerarity established the first
Radio-Telepnone station in Cuba called Balmaseda.)
Mariela Fernandez
Founding Member of the Cuban Genealogy Club of Miami, Florida, Inc.
Monday, September 22, 2003
Thank you for the Denbigh info on your blog. I love to see her story getting out to the public.
Yours truly,
rom :
"Barto Arnold"
To :
"'robert register'"
Subject :
RE: Slight Delay On the Havana Map
Date :
Mon, 22 Sep 2003 15:16:41 -0500
You are quite right about the movie. Many more thanks for the other image, sounds absolutely fabulous.
Yours truly,
-----Original Message-----
From: robert register [mailto:firstname.lastname@example.com]
Sent: Sunday, September 21, 2003 3:43 PM
To: email@example.com
Subject: Slight Delay On the Havana Map
Kinko's postage meter was down so I will mail the map tomorrow. Looking through my papers today I found what looks to be an 1860's aerial view of the harbor as if you were looking toward the ocean from Regla. I will copy it and send it separately. I have no idea where I found it but I found another engraving very similar to it that was labeled "Hazard, 1865). Of the many ships in the harbor, at least three appear to be sidewheelers. With the map as a guide, you can really identify many of the buildings and streets of the city.
Sorry about the delay.
I'm gonna go back and tune up the blog with some Denbigh/blockaderunner stuff.
Should have something on there by about 6 P.M. Central this evening.
You know the whole financial speculation that paid for the construction of the blockaderunners would make a great movie. Especially the ships captains who went to Europe to sell Erlanger bonds and contract for the shipbuilding. Somebody ought to be able to get real good "Spy Vs. Spy" story out of all that.
Sunday, September 21, 2003
Dr. Bergad:
On page 62 of your 1990 book on Matanzas, you mention John Forbes owning a cafetel along the Canimar River. Your notes which include a reference to the map reproduced in Marrero have helped me a lot. If you have anything else on John Forbes or any of the Inneraritys who owned plantations along the Canimar, I'd appreciate you passing it along to me.
In February of this year, I found out that the University of Alabama was sponsoring an Alabama-Cuba Week in November http://cuba.ua.edu
This stimulated me to start an Alabama-Cuba weblog called "Cuba, Alabama" http://www.robertoreg.blogspot.com
I am very interested in the lives of individuals associated with John Forbes & Company in Cuba. There is a letter dated August 2, 1818 from Colin Mitchel to John Innerarity which states that John's brother James had bought some land on the Canimar. Right now I don't know of anyone who knows where that plantation was located, however, it became known as "Heloisa" and I believe it was located near Forbes's plantation at the mouth of the Canimar River.
A June 9, 1820, letter from James Innerarity in Cuba to his brother John in Pensacola stated that he had 200 to 230 acres on the Canimar River being cultivated by 53 slaves.
John Forbes died on May 13, 1823 at sea en route to New York City.
On August 26, 1823, James wrote his brother John from the Canimar. James wrote that he believed John Forbes had taken money from the company. I am very interested in the Forbes estate because of large Spanish land grants Forbes had received in Florida. Archives concerning this Florida land may still sit undiscovered in Cuba.
May 25, 2004, will mark the 200th anniversary of a 1.2 million acre land cession John Forbes & Company received from the Indians in Florida. This entire acreage was later purchased by Colin Mitchel from Havana and litigation concerning this land exists in Cuban archives.
Please feel free to forward this to anyone who may be interested. If you have any suggestions, I would appreciate hearing from you.
Robert Register
Wilkes reached St. Thomas on October 13, 1861,where he took command of two other cruisers, and then sailed onward, arriving at Cienfuegos, Cuba eleven days later. While in port Wilkes learned of the arrival of the Confederate commissioners in Havana. He then set sail in the hopes of catching the Theodora, but by the time he reached Havana on the last day of October the Theodora had already left. Rather than attempt a near futile chase of the Theodora (which had a two week head start), Wilkes turned his attention towards the two Confederates.
The Captain sent to of his officers to call upon Mason to try and ascertain through casual conversation what the Confederates' plans were. Mason, however, realized their intent and made sure to thwart their efforts. Wilkes, however, discovered through the United States consul-general in Havana, Robert Shufeldt (himself a formal naval officer), that the Confederates were planing to sail November 7th on board the British mail packet Trent. Wilkes began making preparations for the capture of Mason and Slidell and provisioned his ship with supplies for their comfort.
His executive officer, Lt. Daniel Macneill Fairfax, however, objected to Wilkes' course of action. He felt that the capture of the Trent could ignite a war between the United States and European powers such as Britain and France. Fairfax urged Wilkes to consult an expert in maritime law before continuing. Wilkes, however, was confident in his own interpretation of the law and was unmoved by Fairfax's arguments. Fairfax, realizing the futility of further reasoning with his commanding officer, dropped the issue.
On November 2nd the San Jacinto departed Havana, making sure to leave the impression that she was sailing directly for the United States, as per her original orders. However, during the night Wilkes had the ship double back towards Key West. There Wilkes planned to take on additional supplies for the planned "guests" and he hoped to find additional Navy vessels to aid in the capture of the Trent. Unfortunately, no vessels were then at Key West, so Wilkes turned the San Jacinto around and set a course to intercept the Trent in the Bahama Channel, 300 miles east of Havana.
At 11:40 am on November 8th, the San Jacinto's lookout spotted the Trent less then 10 miles away. Wilkes called his officers to his quarters and explained to them his plans. He put a number of them whose loyalties he doubted under arrested and then selected the members of the boarding party, to be commanded by Lt. Fairfax. The boarding party was authorized and ordered to board the Trent and demand her papers. If Mason and Slidell were on board, Fairfax was to make them and their secretaries prisoners, seize their possessions and dispatches, and make the Trent a prize of war.
At 1:15 pm the San Jacinto fired a shot across the Trent's bow, and that vessel stopped and received the boarding party. Fairfax encountered no resistance beyond the verbal variety and the reluctance of the Confederate commissioners to leave the Trent. However, they eventually realized the futility of resistance and allowed themselves to be taken prisoner. Then, disobeying his orders, Fairfax departed the Trent without making it a prize. He was able to convince Wilkes, however, to overlook that fact by claiming that put a prize crew on the Trent would inconvenience its innocent passengers and would also impair the San Jacinto's fighting ability.
Unfortunately, as the San Jacinto sailed back to a hero's welcome in the United States, Wilkes and Fairfax had no way of knowing that the British didn't appreciate their generous act of allowing the Trent to go rather than making it a prize. Little did they know that their actions would bring the United States and England to the brink of war.
Black Warrior
The two-masted wooden ship Black Warrior was built in New York City by William Collyer and was launched on 1 July 1852. She weighed about 1,900 tons and was 248 feet long, 18 feet deep and had a 37 foot beam. Her engine was constructed by Allaine Works and had a 65 inch cylinder and a full 11 foot stroke which was used to power her two side-mounted paddle wheels. Her total value at the time of the launch was $135,000, which was a considerable amount of money in 1852. The Black Warrior's main lot in life was to ferry passengers, cargo, and mail between New York, New Orleans, Mobile, and Havana.
Now, I said earlier that the Black Warrior was historically interesting. I guess what I should have said was that the Black Warrior had a flair for getting itself into trouble. In fact, the Warrior got into trouble for the first time just 8 months after she was launched. On Feb. 18, 1853 just a mere 4 hours after leaving the port of Havana on a routine trip to New York, the Warrior came across three Spanish ships. One of these ships was a Spanish warship which for unknown reasons was not flying a pennant that indicated it to be a man-of-war. As the Warrior passed alongside the brig, the Spanish ship fired its leeward gun. The shot missed, but before the Captain Shufeldt could hoist his flag, the ship fired another shot that barely missed the forward stay. The Warrior eventually hoisted its colors and the brig stopped firing. The New York Times indicated that this act was a "...very arbitrary act, as Capt. Shufeldt had not time to hoist his ensign between the firing of the lee and the loaded guns-nor was he aware of her being a man-of-war, as she had no pennant flying." Nothing further became of this incident.
The second incident the Warrior got itself into was later dubbed the "Black Warrior Affair" and nearly brought the United States to war with Spain. On 28 February 1854 the Black Warrior set anchor in the port of Havana, Cuba while on her way to New York from Mobile. As was customary, custom house officials boarded the Black Warrior to check the cargo manifest against the cargo on the ship. The ship's manifest listed the cargo it had on board, which was over 900 bales of cotton, as ballast. This is not as unusual as it may first appear since the Warrior and many other ships routinely listed cargo as ballast if they were not planning to unload any of it in Cuba.
Later, when the owner of the boat sent a clerk to the custom house to get clearance for the ship to leave, the ship was refused clearance. Captain Bullock, the captain of the Warrior at the time, in an attempted to correct the problem went to the custom house. He soon discovered that the problem was with the manifest and immediately asked to alter the manifest to include the cargo. The Cuban government would not allow it even though their law stated that a ship could alter its manifest for a full 12 hours after laying anchor in the port. The next morning, Cuban authorities went to the Warrior to demand that the cargo be turned over to them. Captain Bullock, recognizing this to be an illegal seizure, told them that if he was forced to turn over his cargo, that he would lower his flag and abandon the ship. The Cubans were a little shaken by his proposal, but after conferring with their superiors, boarded the ship and began removing the cargo. Captain Bullock lowered his flag and abandoned his ship to the Cubans.
The passengers and crew of the Warrior went aboard the steamship Fulton which happened to be in Havana at the same time. Captain Bullock was fined for bringing the cargo into Cuba and the Warrior was seized. The ambassador to Cuba, William Robertson, sent a letter to the Secretary of State, William Marcy, detailing the situation and then things started to get really bad.
To rectify the problem, the Governor of Cuba hastily wrote a memo that suspended the regulation which allowed captains to alter their manifests after arriving in port. The memo was post-dated to make it appear that the rule was in effect before February 28, which made the seizure legal. The United States was enraged by this ex post facto law and demanded retribution for the crimes that had been perpetrated against its citizens. The United States also demanded that Cuba be sold to prevent an imminent conflict. The Spanish refused, of course, and America was brought to the brink of war. Remember, these were volatile times and the southern states really wanted Cuba annexed to make it another slave state. Fortunately for Spain and Cuba, the Kansas-Nebraska act was being debated at the same time and diverted the attention of the American public and the Legislature away from the Black Warrior Affair. After things cooled down a bit, the Spanish Government conceded its mistake and paid retribution to the Captain, owners, and passengers of the Warrior in the amount of $59,000.
In the winter of 1857, the warrior was on a trip from Havana to New York when she encountered a gale between Havana and Cape Hateras. The Gale was so bad that the wheel house, life boats and bulwarks (sides of the ship above the upper deck for you land lubbers) were destroyed. All of the coal on the ship was consumed during this gale and the captain of the ship, Captain Smith, was forced to burn all the furniture, light woodwork, and the remaining spars. The Warrior eventually reached Old Point where she took on additional coal and went on to complete her trip.
The last voyage of the Black Warrior ended with a close encounter with the shore line of East Rockaway, NY on February 20, 1858. The ship was making a cargo and passenger run from Havana to New York and encountered heavy fog as it approached New York Harbor. While under pilot and during a high tide, the boat simply ran aground. In a New York Times article on February 22, 1858, it was assumed that the Warrior was a total loss since it ran aground during a high tide and that the expected low tide was going to be particularly low since a strong westerly wind had been blowing for several days. After several attempts, the Black Warrior was freed and then immediately stuck again. A storm eventually smashed the Warrior to pieces.
Today, the Warrior sits in 30-35 feet of water. The wreck is quite broken up and is scattered. The only recognizable parts of the ship are the engine, boiler and one of the paddle wheels. The ship is considered a novice dive due to the shallow depth, low current and about 15 feet of visibility. The most common artifacts still found are brass spikes and pins. With a little digging and some good luck, however, silverware and port holes can still be found. The ship is frequented by most of the local dive boats and is sometimes used as the first open water dive by some instructors. I have not yet had the pleasure of visiting the Warrior, but after doing this article I am inclined to say that I will be visiting it very soon. Just the rich history of this short lived ship makes it an interesting ship to add to any dive calendar. Who knows, maybe I'll see you down there
http://www.civilwar-photos.com/images/maffitt.jpgIn 1862 John Newland Maffitt was given command of the Confederacy's first commerce raider, Florida. May 4, 1862, then commanded her until October 1863. At some point during his command he was photographed by a Northern firm, C.D. Fredericks & Co., based in New York. However, they had branch operations in Havana, Cuba, and Paris, and it is at one of these that Maffitt sat for his photograph. On August 7, 1863, Maffit was promoted to commander. The commander's cap badge bore two stars, while the cap badge in Maffitt's photograph bears the single star of a lieutenant.
Maffitt was twice in Havana when in command of the Florida. The first time was in early August 1862, when the crew was struck with yellow fever. Maffitt had to put into a port. On August 19 he anchored off Cardenas, Cuba. The local Confederate official then reported to Richmond that Maffitt was "prostrated by yellow fever" and unable to comply. He was deathly ill for ten days, but recovered to take the ship to Havana on September 1. Unable to get necessary help there, however, a still ill Maffitt put to sea that night for Mobile. It's unlikely the photo was taken then.
The second time was on January 20, 1863. The log entry for January 21, reads, "Many persons visited the ship. We were enthusiastically welcomed at Havana." On January 22 the Florida left Havana. Certainly Maffitt would have had a chance to have his photograph taken between the 21st and the 22nd, while leaving his executive officer to oversee coaling operations.
In August 1863 the Florida, badly needing repairs, put into Brest, France. Maffitt left the ship there in October to return to the Confederacy. He was then a commander, with a new cap badge, but could have visited Paris with his old hat to be photographed then. However, Maffitt is more likely to have taken advantage of being in Europe to obtain a new uniform
JANUARY 16,1863- C.S.S. Florida, Lieutenant John N. Maffitt, ran the blockade out of Mobile in the early morning after having remained in that port for some 4 months in order to complete repairs to her equip-ment. Confusion in the blockading fleet enabled Florida to escape, for the Confederate commerce raider passed within 300 yards of U.S.S. R.R. Cuyler, Commander George F. Emmons. Upon her arrival at Havana on 20 January to debark prisoners from her first prize, U.S. Consul-General Robert W. Shufeldt described the raider: ''The Florida is a bark-rigged propeller, quite fast under steam and canvas; has two smoke-stacks fore and aft of each other, close together; has a battery of four 42's or 68's of a side, and two large pivot guns. Her crew consists of 135 men . . . is a wooden vessel of about 1,500 tons." Farragut was concerned by Florida's escape: "This squadron, as Sam Barron used to say, 'is eating its dirt now'-Galveston skedaddled, the Hatteras sunk by the Alabama, and now the Oreto [Florida] out. . . . The Admiral's son, Loyall Farragut, com-pleted the letter: ''Father's eyes have given out; so I will finish this letter. He has been very much worried at these things, but still tries to bear it like a philosopher. He knows he has done all in his power to avert it, with the vessels at his disposal. If the Government had only let him take Mobile when he wished to, the Oreto would never have run out."
Captain Semmes, with a keen interest in the advancement of scientific knowledge, recorded the following observation from on board C.S.S. Alabama.' . . . the old theory of Dr. Franklin and others, was, that the Gulf Stream, which flows out of the Gulf of Mexico, between the north coast of Cuba, and the Florida Reefs and Keys, flows into the Gulf, through the channel between the west end of Cuba, and the coast of Yucatan, in which the Alabama now was. But the effectual disproof of this theory is, that we know positively, from the strength of the current, and its volume, or cross section, in the two passages, that more than twice the quantity of water flows out of the Gulf of Mexico, than flows into it through this passage. Upon Dr. Franklin's theory, the Gulf of Mexico in a very short time would become dry ground. Nor can the Mississippi River, which is the only stream worth noticing, in this connection, that flows into the' Gulf of Mexico, come to his relief, as we have seen that that river only empties into the Gulf of Mexico, about one three thousandth part as much water, as the Gulf Stream takes out. We must resort, of necessity, to an under-current from the north, passing into the Gulf of Mexico, under the Gulf Stream, rising to the surface when heated, and thus swelling the volume of the outflowing water."
Here are two notes of interest to you I have on Robert W. Shufeldt.
U.S. Navy lieutenant, "resigned from the service to become a merchant ship captain for the New York and Alabama Steamship Company while John Quitman was planing the Cuba expedition. He quit the conspiracy fearing that the Spanish authorities might detain him in Cuba during his biweekly voyages to Havana. (Robert May, Manifest Destiny's Underworld, 34)
"Havana. Arrival of the Quaker City." The United States Mail steamship Quaker City, R. W. Shufeldt, Commander, left New-Orleans on the morning of the 12th inst. for New York via Havana at which port she arived at 9 A.M. of the 14th after a rapid run of forty-eight hours from city to city; left Havana evening of same dayfor this port and arrived at her wharf at 6 o'clock last evening. The Quaker City brings 174 passengers, $118,000 in silver spicie, a full cargo for this port. (N. Y. Times, May 19, 1859, 4).
I have also enjoyed your website.
Regarding my review of Tom Chaffin's book, not only is it badly researched and written because he does not understand Spanish, but I have compared where he ripped off every single reference to Portell Vila from my Ph.D. dissertation. That makes him an "authority" on rip-offs.
This is the biography of Robert Wilson Shufeldt who negotiated with Quitman in Mobile in 1854 for the command of the filibuster navy the junta planned to send to Cuba. At the time Shufeldt was commander of the side wheeler, Cahawba(I believe this should read "Catawba"), which the junta negotiated to purchase from the New York and Alabama Steamship Company
SHUFELDT, Robert Wilson, naval officer, born in Red Hook, Dutchess County, New York, 21 February, 1822. He entered the navy as a midshipman, 11 May, 1839, was attached to the naval school at Philadelphia in 1844-'5, and became a passed midshipman, 2 July, 1845. He was promoted to master, 21 February, 1853, and to lieutenant, 26 October, 1853, but resigned from the navy, 20 June, 1854, and was connected with the Collins line of Liverpool steamers as chief officer for two years. He then commanded the steamers "Black Warrior" and "Catawba" on the line between New York and New Orleans, and had charge of the party that surveyed the Isthmus of Tehuantepec for a railroad and interoceanic canal. When the civil war began he was in command of the steamer "Quaker City," of the New York and Havana line of steamers, and was appointed United States consul-general at Havana. In April, 1863, he resigned, and was reinstated in the navy with a commission of commander, dated 19 November, 1862. He was given the steamer " Conemaugh," on the blockade at Charleston, where he participated in the engagements on Morris island. He commanded the steamer "Boteus," of the Eastern Gulf blockading squadron, in 1864-'6. After the war he had the "Hartford" of the East India squadron, in 1865-'6, and the "Wachusett," of the Asiatic squadron, in 1866-'8. He was commissioned captain, 31 December, 1869, and commanded the monitor "Miantonomoh " in 1870, after which he had charge of the Tehuantepec and Nicaraguan surveying expeditions of 1870-'1. He was chief of the bureau of equipment and recruiting in the navy department in 1875-'8, and was commissioned commodore, 21 September, 1876. In 1879-'80 he sailed in the "Ti-Conderoga" oil a special mission to Africa and tile East Indies, to ascertain and report on the prospects for the revival of American trade with those countries. While he was on this expedition the sultan of Zanzibar, Said Barghash, presented him with a sword. He was promoted to rear-admiral on 7 May, 1883, and was retired, 21 February, 1884.
Click on http://fcit.usf.edu/florida/movies/006/spanam09.htm
From Bergeron's Confederate Mobile:
Although Mobile occupied a stategic position in the Confederacy because of its railroad connections, of almost equal importance was the city's status as a major port for blockade runners. New Orleans outranked Mobile as a port early in the war, but the fall of the Crescent City in April 1862 made Mobile the leading port on the Gulf. The vessels that ran the blockade in and out of Mobile took their cargoes to and from HAVANA,CUBA, the best base in the Gulf for this trade. The trip between Mobile and Havana took about three days if the runner encountered no problems. Taking out of Mobile primarily loads of cotton, the runners exchanged their cargoes for both military supplies and items for consumption by the civilian populace of the Gulf South. Running the blockade was very dangerous, but attempts to get by the blockading squadron increased as the war progressed. Of the men who engaged in the trade, one author has written: "Some of the blockade runners were patriots who wished to aid the Confederacy, but many were in the business only for money, and they made profits equal their risk."
from page 123
During 1864, British side-wheel steamers dominated and revived the blockade-running business at Mobile. The most prominent of these ships were the Denbigh, Donegal, and Mary. A description of the Denbigh fits almost all of these vessels, which had been specifically designed to run the blockade:
Only the presence of large numbers of Federal warships off Mobile Bay in February and March 1864 and the capture of the forts at the bay entrances in August 1864 slowed and eventually ended the highly successful trade conducted by these steamers.
Abner M. Godfrey: Denbigh's First Master
Abner M. Godfrey was born in 1825 or 1826 in Maine. Sometime prior to 1859 he relocated to Mobile, Alabama , for in that year's City Directory he is listed as a stevedore, with lodgings at the Battle House Hotel. In the 1861 edition of that same work, he is again listed as a stevedore, at that lodging at the boarding house of one Silas Bower, on Center Street. His listing as a stevedore seems odd, however, for that same summer, shortly after the Union blockade was declared, he sailed for England to serve as a Confederate agent there.
By mid-1863, Godfrey and his wife were living in Cardiff, where he served as a coal agent for the Confederacy, purchasing good Welsh coal for blockade runners. In the fall of 1863 he was appointed to command the new runner Denbigh. Captain and Mrs. Godfrey sailed in her on October 19 for HAVANA.
Masters of ship attempting to run the blockade faced considerable risks, but THE REWARDS WERE VERY HIGH The salary of a successful captain might amount to several thousand dollars in gold for a successful round trip through the Federal fleet. It seems a safe assumption that Captain Grodfrey amassed a small fortune during his command of Denbigh, for after the war he purchased the Battle House Hotel in Mobile (left), the same hotel were he'd rented lodgings as a stevedore just a few years before.
Godfrey died on October 14, 1869 of natural causes, and was buried in Lot 12, Square 19 of the Magnolia Cemetery in Mobile .
The following chronology is adapted from Stephen R. Wise's Lifeline of the Confederacy (Columbia: University of South Carolina, 1988), Robert E. Denney's The Civil War Years: A Day-by-Day Chronicle (New York: Grammercy, 1992), and U.S. Navy's Civil War Naval Chronology, 1861-1865 (Washington: Navy Department, 1971). Note that some dates of Denbigh's arrivals and departures are unknown, and so have been left out of this chronology.
Date Denbigh Elsewhere
September 10, 1863 Denbigh is written up in a Liverpool area newspaper as being fitted out "to go to China." This attempt at what a later generation would call "disinformation" fools almost no one, least of all U.S. Consul Thomas Dudley, who's been keeping a close eye on this particular vessel.
October 19, 1863 Denbigh sails from Liverpool for Havana.
December 7, 1863 Assistant Secretary of the Navy Gustavus V. Fox forwards to the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron intelligence reports on Denbigh and other suspected blockade runners.
January 10, 1864 Denbigh arrives at Mobile on her first blockade-running voyage. Confederate officers in Mobile are discussing the previous day's message from President Jefferson Davis, warning that Mobile will soon be attacked by Admiral Farragut's West Gulf Blockading Squadron.
March 14, 1864 Denbigh arrives at Mobile on her second blockade-running voyage.
March 16, 1864 Denbigh clears Mobile for Havana.
April 14, 1864 Denbigh arrives at Mobile on her third blockade-running voyage, carrying (among other things) a large lot of cobbler's tools.
April 16, 1864 Denbigh clears Mobile for Havana.
April 30, 1864 Denbigh arrives at Mobile on her fourth blockade-running voyage.
May 7, 1864 Denbigh clears Mobile for Havana.
May 18, 1864 Denbigh arrives at Mobile on her fifth blockade-running voyage.
Confederate Admiral Franklin Buchanan, "Old Buck," manages to get the new ironclad ram Tennessee over Dog River Bar and into Mobile Bay. C.S.S. Tennessee greatly increases the strength of Confederate forces on the bay, and sets the stage for one of the most dramatic naval actions of the war.
May 26, 1864 Denbigh clears Mobile for Havana.
Union Rear Admiral Farragut, watching Confederate boats setting out mines at the entrance to Mobile Bay, writes that he has "come to the conclusion to fight the devil with fire, and therefore shall attach a torpedo to the bow of each ship, and see how it will work on the rebels -- if they can stand blowing up any better than we can."
June 7, 1864 Denbigh arrives at Mobile on her sixth blockade-running voyage.
June 14, 1864 Denbigh clears Mobile for Havana. At Cherbourg, France, Captain Semmes of the Confederate raider Alabama concludes that he will have to fight the U.S. Navy's steamer Kearsarge, which is waiting for him outside the harbor. Semmes judges that the ships are about evenly matched, and that he has a good chance of defeating the Union ship. He will be proven wrong five days later.
July 26, 1864 Denbigh clears Mobile for Havana. Mobile is now cut off from the sea – Denbigh is the last blockade runner to safely escape Mobile. In just over a week's time, Admiral Farragut will lead his ships into Mobile Bay.
We recently received this email from Barto Arnold, DENBIGH Project Director.
Very nice site and very interesting material. Thank you for sending it to me.
Yours truly,
Barto Arnold
Barto Arnold
Principal Investigator and DENBIGH Project Director
Austin, Texas
Barto Arnold is a native of San Antonio and studied anthropology and archaeology at the University of Texas at Austin. Arnold's introduction to nautical archaeology came when, as a graduate student, he was hired to work at the conservation laboratory handling artifacts taken by salvors from the 1554 Spanish wrecks on Padre Island. Arnold served for more than 20 years as the State Marine Archaeologist for the Texas Historical Commission, and in 1997 moved to the Institute of Nautical Archaeology as Director of Texas Operations.


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How to Make a Homemade Natural Fabric Softener
Did you know that commercial fabric softeners could actually be bad for your health? Find out more, and learn how to make a great natural homemade softener in 5 easy steps.
Fabric softeners have become one of the most commonly used products while washing clothes. They protect the fabric in your favorite clothes, neutralize bad odors and leave them feeling pleasant for the next time you wear them. Currently there are a lot of commercial products available that come in different sizes, fragrances and prices. However, there are homemade options, and this homemade natural fabric softener is not only eco-friendly, but also helps you get rid of excess lime in the washing machine.
Below we are going to share the benefits of using an organic product, how it can save you money, and the steps you should take to make your own homemade natural fabric softener.
Let's take a look!
Why use homemade natural fabric softener on your clothes?
Some people think there's no reason to go to the trouble of making your own homemade natural fabric softener. After all, they're so easy to buy ready to use in the supermarket. However, this one is very easy to make and has a number of extra benefits that you should consider.
What we want to share with you today is a great product for leaving your clothes soft, stain-free, and with their colors intact. It is recommended for darker toned clothing but it's also great for getting rid of sweat stains, which generally affect white clothing.
Unlike other softeners, this organic product is great for the washing machine because it helps remove lime from water, along with soap residue and mold. Because it doesn't contain any chemicals that are harsh on the environment or your skin, it's a great alternative for people who suffer from allergies or sensitivities.
And if that weren't enough, it's a great option for softening baby clothes, leaving them in perfect condition.
Read more: 5 Home Remedies to Unshrink Clothes
It doesn't contain fragrances or harmful substances
Although we may not be aware of it, a lot of fragrances and chemicals that are found in chemical softeners can cause health problems. Even though the smell is appealing, these chemicals have been proven to worsen rhinitis and skin irritation for some people.
As is common with other commercial home cleaning products, most of their negative effects are not noticed immediately. These reactions can start days or even weeks after coming into contact with these substances.
Many of them contain phthalates, which are chemical compounds that help make the fragrance last longer. But studies are coming out that show these could cause hormone imbalances.
That's why there's no doubt about it, organic alternatives are better in every way. If you're convinced, make sure to use the following homemade natural fabric softener whenever you want to take advantage of these benefits.
See also: 5 Natural Remedies for Allergic Rhinitis
Steps for making a natural clothing softener
This natural softener utilizes basic ingredients, like baking soda and white vinegar, which are widely known as great natural cleaning solutions. The two combine their active ingredients to leave clothing clean and bright.
- 2 cl. water
- 1 cl. vinegar
- 1/3 cl. baking soda
- 6 drops essential oil, your fragrance of choice.
Step 1
Firstly, dilute the cup of white vinegar with the 2 parts of water, and pour into a container.
Step 2
Then carefully add the baking soda. Try not to spill anything.
Keep in mind that this is going to create an effervescent effect, which will only increase if you add all the baking soda at once.
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After that, mix with a spoon and make sure that everything is dissolved. Then add the drops of your favorite essential oil to give it a special fragrance.
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Finally, add the softener to your wash, just as you would add commercial products.
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Run through the normal wash cycle, then spread out your garments and see the difference.
Advice to keep in mind
- If you want your product to be thicker, as an option you could add a bit of hair conditioner to the mixture.
- If you have stains around the armpits or neck, then soak the garment in the softener for 30 minutes prior to your normal wash. You could also apply white vinegar to the affected area.
- To set colors in dyed clothing, add one cup of vinegar to the last rinse cycle.
As you can see, you don't need to spend much or risk your health to wash your clothes and to keep them soft. Go ahead and try this trick, and see the change right away.


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Otago Polytechnic New Zealand
Bagi anda yang ingin kuliah dan studi di Otago Polytechnic New Zealand berikut informasinya sekolahnya :
We're proud that the quality of our programmes, and the work-readiness of our graduates, is recognised far and wide.
The New Zealand Government's Tertiary Education Commission ranked us:
- Top in New Zealand polytechnic sector for qualification completions (2011, 2012)
- Top equal in New Zealand polytechnic sector for course completions (2012).
This means that students beginning a qualification at Otago Polytechnic are more likely to successfully complete it – and there are good reasons for this. Our surveys reveal student satisfaction ratings of 90 per cent and international student satisfaction ratings of 98 per cent (2011). In the 2012 Australasian Survey of Student Engagement (AUSSE), which polled more than 25,000 students across 41 universities and polytechnics in Australasia, we led all benchmark groups in:
- Active learning
- Staff-student interactions
- Enriching educational experiences
- Supportive learning environments
- Work-integrated learning
- Overall satisfaction
- Overall average grade
- Higher order thinking
- General learning outcomes
- General development outcomes.
Not only do our students have an incredible experience, they can feel confident in the quality of our education. NZQA's External Evaluation and Review in 2011 gave us their highest possible rating: "highly confident" in our educational performance, and "highly confident" in our ability to assess our own performance. The AUSSE survey also showed that the qualities of an Otago Polytechnic degree are exceptional, far exceeding expectations.
Add this together, and it's no wonder so many of our students carry on to fantastic careers. When we surveyed those who graduated at the end of 2011 less than a year later, 93 per cent were either employed or in further study. And out survey of employers showed that:
- 96 per cent of employers rated Otago Polytechnic graduates as moderately to very highly demonstrating the attributes they value
- 95 per cent of employers rated Otago Polytechnic graduates as the same or better than graduates from other tertiary education institutions.
Ingin mengetahui informasi lebih lanjut mengenai kuliah dan studi di Otago Polytechnic New Zealand ? silahkan menghubungi para konselor profesional kami di nomor bawah ini :
- (021) 5421.0200
- (021) 6667.0204
- (021) 5422.0200
- (021) 6667.0206
List of Departments
Berikut adalah daftar fakultas/ jurusan bagi Anda yang ingin melanjutkan kuliah dan studi di Otago Polytechnic New Zealand :
- Health, Community & Education
- Creative
- Hospitality
- Business, Tourism and IT
- Trades and Technical
- Sport and Adventure
- Life Sciences
- Sustainable Practice
- English Language


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"We want to deliver Italy from its gangrene of professors, archaeologists, tourist guides and antiquaries.
Italy has been too long the great second-hand market. We want to get rid of the innumerable museums which cover it with innumerable cemeteries.
To admire an old picture is to pour our sensibility into a funeral urn instead of casting it forward with violent spurts of creation and action. Do you want to waste the best part of your strength in a useless admiration of the past, from which you will emerge exhausted, diminished, trampled on?"
Taken from 'The Futurist Manifesto' 1909, F.T Marinetti
"For me 'the past' does not exist, because I consider that everything is simultaneous in our culture and similarly in judging architecture I do not see any fracture between ancient & modern."
Gio Ponti, Amate l'architettura, 1957
"For me 'the past' does not exist, because I consider that everything is simultaneous in our culture and similarly in judging architecture I do not see any fracture between ancient & modern."
Gio Ponti, Amate l'architettura, 1957
^Universita degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata Administrative Centre, the totemic Stack project, together with Calatrava's pools dominating the city's eastern suburbs
"The past is no longer a burden. It is no longer an immense archive of untouchable and superior achievement that presses down on an unworthy present. It isn't the dead weight of millennia that must be cast-off before anyone can be free enough to do anything. We no longer need to unburden ourselves of the knowledge that nothing we will ever do will ever compare to anything in the countless multitudes of past perfections.
Historians no longer have a monopoly on our history, they cannot continue to tell us where we come from, who we were and therefore what we are. They are not the guardians of a one and only unitary truth, or of sterile debates about fine distinctions in polite disagreements. They have lost their gatekeeper status, they were caught unawares, asleep on the job, their chickens have flown the coop.
Their libraries and primary sources and secondary sources and boxes of files, and opinions and finely framed debates have escaped, they have dispersed on the wind for any of us to catch. The old wise men are just old men now that anyone can share what they had always before kept locked up for themselves. Like the shrivelled and tiny Wizard of Oz behind his screen and the magician without his secrets, they are revealed to be the terrified little humans that they are once stripped of their magical hoard.
History is not in Museums any more either. The carefully crafted didactic order, the geographic hierarchies, the chronological sequencing, the derisory narrative summaries, it is all over. It has all run into the streets. It has all escaped into the ether, onto the internet, for our delectation, for our use, for our own ideas and madcap creations, it has run away from the convent and is discovering the joys of the world.
History is a lithe, liberated, vivacious young woman who is free to mingle with whomever she so wishes, is free to sleep with whoever tickles her fancy. She is lush and fertile and whimsical and serious and silly and capricious and profound and in turns she pirouettes between wanting to go to the Opera House, the Gallery and the Library, and other times the fetish club, the protest and the beach.
The entirety of the past is now as light as a smartphone, and as fun as a theatre's wardrobe.
History belongs to us. Each of us. We can cut it up and put it back together in whatever manner we choose. It doesn't belong to those who made it: they bequeathed it to us in the very act of dying. It definitely doesn't belong to an Oxford Don, or in an ivory tower. It is our gift, it is our head start, it is what makes us uniquely twenty first century human, it means we do not need to begin each time from scratch, it means we have material with which to build our future.
History is our quarry. History is an ancient monument on our doorstep that is ripe for plunder. It is our Colosseum from which we get bricks and blocks and metal to put together our own churches. Only in this case the Colosseum isn't diminished by our rapaciousness, it is nourished by it, it gets bigger every time something new is formed from its bones, it grows and fattens. Every stone we remove sows the seed for three more in its place.
Our acts of creation with the stuff of the past transforms the whole of history. We keep it alive. We keep it growing. We save it from the Historians and the Museums. It is us who make sure that the most obscure medieval painter is as much a part of our lives as the latest dancing puppy video.
The past is out. The bible has been translated, published and distributed and we can all interpret it however we like. The priests be damned.
The past is now, and it is ours."
Taken from 'The Doge-storia Manifesto', 2014 or '15, un-attributable collective
^detail of the stack in the Ministry of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Policies Tower
As a designer, artist or architect in Rome, positioning oneself in relation to the past has always been of primary importance, its all-pervasive everywhereness sort of forcing the issue. Each successive generation hosts its own debate with its own set of positions expounded throughout the period in texts, works, academic positions and public commissions.
There are always the progressives and the reactionaries. Or as some would rather say there are the philistines and the civilised. Or perhaps it is always just a divide between those who are eager for dramatic change and those who favour continuity. Then again, maybe it's the aesthetic manifestation of a perennial tension between those who have vested interests in keeping things as they are and those who don't.
A consensus of sorts is normally achieved, a status quo, an equilibrium of mutual disagreements in which either party agrees to look the other way so long as any territory they have staked out is not infringed upon, clients are not stolen, sectors not entered into.
Things can however sometimes get a bit vicious. Occasionally civility and decorum break down, descending into petty recriminations, and a truce needs to be enforced.
As was well documented at the time in the pages of the quarterly journal "Estetica Epiche" (whose online archive I have been delving into), the controversy between the popularly labelled 'Stacks' & 'Slices' was not an amicable affair of respectfully disagreeing parties. It was more a playground turf war dressed up as academic debate, a mud-slinging affair in which both sides repeatedly accused each other of being the perfect embodiments of everything they considered wrong with society at large.
The whole drama was perhaps quite so nasty because the camps happened to be much closer to each other than had any previously arguing oppositional pair. The proximity made them mad. Although they would never admit it, they felt tarnished by association.
Both accepted the primacy of history. Both rejected abstraction. Both believed in continuity. Both used collage. They simply defined it differently. Very, very differently. In their texts anyway. To the amateur bystander the results were often interchangeable, the disagreements comic.
The 'Stacks' (known to themselves as "I Conservazionisti Ricostruttivi") liked the history books, the museums, the grand narratives. Continuity for them was the reiteration of an epochal historic sequence, the elaboration through design of a series of sacred chronologies in which one thing led to another, which gave birth to the next thing and so on in a scientific enumeration of civilization's progress through time.
They saw their job as the perpetual reiteration of moments within that great story, the re-construction in miniature of sections from within the eternal sequence which would function as didactic displays, educational reminders to the rushing commuter of our place in a formidable history, our rootedness in a proud past.
Each project became an opportunity to construct the layered historical strata of Rome anew, but this time more clearly, not just an incomprehensible crush of rubble, but a legible text in architecture, clearly legible to the average passer-by. Hence the stacking. Each project was to have a sequence, a set of styles, was to represent the progress from one period to the next. But clearly, with each era in its carefully allocated place, discrete and beautifully complete, with the relationships between these separate but neighbouring parts absolutely determined, absolutely set. Like in a Museum. Only stacked one on top of each other in piles, like layers of uncovered ruins.
^detail of the slice in the Ministry of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Policies Tower
The 'Slices' (known amongst themselves as the "History Whores") were directly inspired by the Doge-storia movimento, the manifesto of which I have partially appended above, and which sought to radically alter the way in which the past was dealt with by the progressive sector.
They were firmly in the camp of creatives who were of the belief that to not acknowledge the past, to reject it and attempt to start again each time with a clean slate, was only to be unwittingly ruled by unquestioned beliefs, habits and assumptions from that very past itself. To truly break free of the hegemony of history required a new kind of ownership of history itself.
Doge-storia were particularly influential and eloquent, but they were just one of many contemporary groups calling for history, for heritage, for the past to be disrupted, democratised, blown apart and reborn in the same way so many other sectors had been rendered completely unrecognisable since the advent of the digital era.
So the History Whores sliced, they diced, they wilfully upended, mirrored, flipped upside down, monstrously recombined at entirely incongruous scales the elements, the facades, the materials and languages of every single architectural style that could be found through a google image search. Sequence meant nothing, the overall effect, the juxtaposition of parts, the dynamism of contrasting and contradicting elements meant everything.
The Stacks were the Museum, the academy, row after row of orderly cabinets, while the Slices were the wild illogic and pure joy of a private collection, the plastic pig next to the roman fragment, they were the profuse abundance of over-stacked living room cabinets.
^elevation of the Ministry of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Policies Tower
Both became highly successful. And they despised each other. To the point at which public competitions became unmanageable, or rather unbearable, for those organising them. Every decision was either overturned or disputed, endlessly, and if a commission was awarded, slander, personal denouncements, lies, sympathetic newspaper editors commandeered to discredit the individual members of each and every management committee, their names dragged through the mud.
There were two deaths in rapid succession. the murder of a prominent Slice and of a young Stack. They most probably had nothing to do with the controversy, and nothing was ever proven, but the atmosphere was so poisonous that everyone involved believed foul play.
^Aerial view from the South of the Ministry of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Policies tower on Piazza Venezia
As the general chaos began also to negatively affect a host of public procurement projects, from the new City Subway line to the new school program, the Mayor stepped in to force a resolution to what he saw as an utterly ludicrous situation. Their buildings looked so similar anyway, it was an absurdity that they could not work together.
Which meant that the Slices and Stacks were forced to work together. Always. On every single new public project in the City of Rome. Forced to work together, with neither running the show, instead with an engineer in charge making all the final calls. There was a rigidly imposed new code of conduct and set of procedures and criteria to follow for every stage in every project.
That was it. Controversy over. The fights could continue on the pages of 'Estetica Epiche' if they so desperately wanted to vent their accumulated bile, but not in the professional sphere.
The new protocols were worked out on the Ministry of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Policies Tower that replaced the Palazzo in front of Piazza Venezia which was heavily damaged in the Latina earthquake and the subsequent tremors.
The tower effectively marked the end of both movements, with the explosive passions that had propelled an exciting period of formal innovation, rapidly simmering into a tepid bureaucratic approach in which the fundamental formal approaches were maintained, and half-heartedly incorporated into each project, but all the vivacity was lost, all the ideological fervour was extinguished. No more towering columns of historical literacy, nor vast, coruscating slabs of dynamically intersecting architectural epochs. Just a couple of things on top of each other here, a diagonal slice there. The exhausted iterations of mutual failure. The tower on Piazza Venezia, the token slice, the sad stack, whilst still not entirely devoid of interest, absolutely embodied all the failings of the generation of projects that were to follow.
^Aerial view from closer
The topping-out ceremony for the new Ministry building marked the resolution of a controversy (which had lasted little more than five years), the death of two ideologies, and the birth of an undead official style that dominated the city for the next decade and a half.
N,B. In case you hadn't realised this is a post based in Fiction.
http://vserver1.cscs.lsa.umich.edu/~crshalizi/T4PM/futurist-manifesto.html Text of translation taken from James Joll, Three Intellectuals in Politics


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NKEC teacher accused of sex offences released on bail following Kentville court appearance
KENTVILLE, NS - A teacher at Northeast Kings Education Centre (NKEC) in Canning facing sex-related charges has been released from custody.
39-year-old David Harrison, of Canaan, was present in Kentville provincial court in custody on Nov. 21. Following a bail hearing, he was released on a $3,000, non-cash recognizance with a surety and conditions. His matters have been adjourned to Dec. 18 for plea. Judge Ronda Van Der Hoek has ordered a publication ban to protect the identity of the alleged victim.
Harrison is charged with sexual assault; touching the body of a young person who he was in a position of trust or authority toward for a sexual purpose and child luring – specifically, using a telecommunication device to communicate with a person believed to be under the age of 18 for the purpose of facilitating an offence under Section 153.1 of the Criminal Code. This section of the code relates to sexual touching.
Charges against Harrison have not been proven in court. It's alleged that he committed the offences in Kings County between Sept. 1, 2013, and Aug. 28, 2015.
Harrison's release conditions include having no direct or indirect contact or communication with the alleged victim. He is not to be within 25 metres of the residence, place of employment or school of the alleged victim. Harrison is to report by telephone to the New Minas RCMP every Friday and he is to have no contact with anyone under the age of 18, with the exception of family members or when accompanied or supervised by another adult age 21 or older.
NKEC principal Kevin Veinot sent a notice to parents and guardians regarding the situation on Nov. 21. In the notice, he states that school administration has been informed by the RCMP that they have laid charges against Harrison, who according to an online staff listing teaches Grade 11 Math, Grade 11 and 12 Pre-Calculus and Grade 12 Calculus.
"We know no further details than what has been shared by the RCMP," Veinot stated in the notice. "We recognize at this time the RCMP and the legal system are dealing with this situation."
The notice states that Harrison has been placed on leave and all appropriate policies and procedures are being followed.
Veinot said their primary concern is the safety and wellbeing of their students and the school administration understands that this situation may be difficult for the school community. The school's counselling staff is committed to supporting students in the best way possible.
Veinot said that parents or guardians concerned with how a child is handling this news can call him at 902-582-2040.
According to a Nov. 21 news release issued by the RCMP, this past July, the complainant, who was 16 years old when the alleged incidents began, contacted police.
The RCMP Technological Crime Unit assisted with an investigation and were able to recover evidence that supports the complainant's allegations.
The RCMP executed a search warrant at Harrison's home on Nov. 20 and arrested him. Harrison was remanded into custody pending his initial court appearance on Nov. 21.
Anyone with information about these incidents is asked to contact the Kings District RCMP at 902-679-5555. Should you wish to remain anonymous, call Nova Scotia Crime Stoppers at 1-800-222-TIPS (8477). Secure web tips can be submitted at www.crimestoppers.ns.ca or use the P3 Tips App.
Commenting is not available for this article.


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It's been a few months since the incredible, game-changing news of X Cargo hit our desks and, we'll be honest, we're still not nearly over it. A totally new and progressive dining-come-bar multi-level destination set to open in Fortitude Valley, X Cargo is set to rival some of the biggest and best open air bar and dining concepts in the world (we're looking at you, POP Brixton in London!).
And, now, FINALLY, we have an opening date. Hold on to your iPhones, Brisbane, and mark your diaries, X Cargo is set to open on July 28!
Connecting James Street and lower Ann Street to the rest of Fortitude Valley, X Cargo has been making headlines ever since it was announced earlier this year. In essence, X Cargo will be made out of shipping containers, and will be the first of its kind in Brisbane on such a large and seriously luxe scale: multiple outdoor bar and dining areas, rooftop terraces, tropical garden areas, an outdoor cinema, pop-up food trucks—it'll even serve breakfast and lunch!
To rev you all up just that little bit more, we've got our hands on an exclusive sneak peak at X Cargo's final look! For your viewing pleasure, please take your time to peruse the following eye candy (CAUTION: severe social life envy-inducing may occur).
We still have a good three weeks before X Cargo opens its doors, so until then, enjoy...
The multi-level bar-come-dining venue, where you'll find us stuffing our faces on fancy food truck fare, and working on our tans.
The gorgeous bar that overlooks the tropical gardens and lawned area, and the chic AF rooftop bars that overlook, well, everything.
Just another stunning rooftop bar to knock bar an Aperol Spritz (or three...).
The lawned, open-air cinema area: BYO bestie or bae for date nights under the stars.
Image credit: X Cargo


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Stuart - membership No. 60
We will need an 8ft Christmas Tree, nice and bushy, please. Needed for the week before Christmas, freshly dug.
Susan K - membership No. 37
Does anyone need a lift to Lanarkshire?
I'm driving up to Lanarkshire on Friday, so if anyone would like a lift please get in contact. Where I'm going is on the main Glasgow bus route, easy enough and cheap enough to get into the city. I'll be returning on Monday morning if you need a lift home.
Contact details in the directory or through website at www.frugaldom.com
Nicky - membership No. 13
WANTED, old clothes ! If you are having a clear out,before you take bags to the charity shop, I'll buy them off you! Thanks . Will collect .
01671 402 322
After sorting out our home brew equipment today. We have a surplus of wine bottles (empty). Most have the screw tops still, can be corked also.
12 bottles for 3 Crees
Can collect from me or I should be attending the meeting next week. Please email to make arrangements email@example.com
If members haven't put their contact details in their advert please use your Galloway LETs membership directory to look up their telephone number &/or email/Skype address or use the comments section with each advert.
Goods & Services Notice Board


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Rapper "Big Sean" Donates $10,000 To The Flint Crisis
|Big Sean Has Donated $10,000 To The Flint Crisis
Big Sean's non-profit the Sean Anderson Foundation, in partnership with CrowdRise, is launching the #HealFlintKids campaign to aid Flint families who have been exposed to toxic water.
All proceeds from the fund drive will go towards the Community Foundation of Greater Flint Michigan (CFOGFM).
|Big Sean
According to reports, Sean has made a personal donation of $10,000 to kick things off.
With the help of CrowdRise, Sean has started #HEALFLINTKIDS, which is raising money for the Community Foundation of Greater Flint Michigan's "Flint Child Health & Development Fund."
There's no specific goal, but the baseline is a pretty solid one: Sean donated $10,000 to launch the initiative.
|Rapper Big Sean Live
Flint's water supply has been contaminated by lead, causing a health crisis that has reportedly affected the city's children, who could face long-term effects.
"I am devastated by the water crisis that has put the entire city of Flint in a state of emergency," Sean said in a release.
"In recognizing the great work that the Community Foundation of Greater Flint Michigan has been doing, it is my hope we can help by raising the money needed to ensure that the children who have been hit the hardest receive the care that they need today and well into the future."


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iOS, Android, Blackberry, Windows mobile, etc. are leading the Operating system market these days. These Operating systems are widely used in smart devices like mobiles and tablets. With more than 1M apps in the iOS store, more than 780,000 apps in the Google Play Store and around 250,000 apps in Windows Store and Blackberry's Play Store, there's a great buzz among the business owners to create innovative and exciting apps. The users can have access to 1 operating system depending on the device they use.
Today most of the business owners and developers face the problem to choose the right platform for developing the mobile app. They get confused whether they should develop a native app of a hybrid app. This is surely an old debate which has no perfect answer. Let us understand how native and hybrid apps are different.
Native app:
A native app is written to a specific platform such as Android or iOS. iOS app can be accessed by iOS users only while Android apps can be accessed by Android users. The portability of the code to other platforms is dependent on how it has been written by the developers. It would need some level of rewriting to use it on the other platform.
While writing native app, you would be getting the access to all the hardware features exposed to the native code APIs. One such example is Apple push notification that is an iOS feature and not supported by a web app.
Native apps are considered to be quite expensive and time consuming because one needs to develop an app for a specific store at a time.
Hybrid app:
The major advantage of developing hybrid app is consistency, cross platform UI which is compatible with most of the devices. Hence, it is less expensive method of developing apps. The limitation of hybrid apps is that it cannot be used for all the types of the apps.
Here are some factors that can be used to determine whether you should opt for hybrid app or native app:
Development time and cost:
Hybrid apps take the minimum time for development and they are considered to cost lesser than the development of native apps. When you build a hybrid app, you would need to maintain just one code and native apps may need individual code for every platform. This doesn't mean that native apps are bad. They have their own advantages that make it a preferred choice of many programmers worldwide.
User Experience:
It is considered that native applications offer the best user experience because they are designed exclusively for a single app store they're compatible with. The screen size can be adjusted accordingly. On the other hand, Hybrid apps give a good user experience with just one app on multiple platforms.
Paid of Free App:
Native apps have the best UI and so, most of the users develop such apps as paid ones. Most of the free apps can be developed as hybrid apps.
Still confused? Consider all the pros and cons and choose the best option that suits your requirements and budget.
Let us know if you need help in building native or hybrid app.


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If we can recognize that change and uncertainty are basic principles, we can greet the future and the transformation we are undergoing with the understanding that we do not know enough to be pessimistic.
quote by Hazel Henderson
Added by Lucian Velea
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