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- The growth of anti-social behaviour under this Labour Government
- The failure of the Labour Council's repairs service and its inability to do repairs
- The massive housing crisis created by Labour in Birmingham and their inaction on voids
The location was a block of flats where someone set a chair on fire in the hall about 3-4 months ago and nothing has been done. Meanwhile there is an empty cytexed flat at the side whilst thousands of households are homeless.
Later in the day we met ex Labour Councillor Amir Khan who is backing Nicola Davies to win in Hodge Hill. Amir was a PJP candidate in Nechells in June 2004. He is, therefore, the second PJP candidate to call for people to support the Lib Dems rather than the SWP.
Nicola and I then visited Shard End Carnival. Labour may claim that they cannot find Nicola, but Labour supporters complained about us talking to local residents there. Residents raised concerns about Labour's Council budget leading to cuts in teacher numbers in at least one local school. Clearly now we are involved in the City Executive we need to sort out these problems caused by Labour.
Clearly the reason Labour cannot find Nicola is that they are not looking. I did, however, find Liam Byrne and bought his son a nice yellow hat which sadly then was covered in Labour stickers, but at least for a moment it was a nice colour.


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This is one of the sheet sets my grands want for Christmas this year. A very big thank you to Dragonflyer (kim) who designed the game controller for me Konnar will be thrilled to see it. 6 set done only 6 more to do. Thanks for looking. Hugs Marian
Hello Cuties, Our little Nora has recently started piano lessons. She needed a music bag for her sheet music. She told me she wanted it pink and purple. I told her I had pinks, but not any suitable, sturdy purples. I waited for her to come and today s
A crib sheet (only the 2cd sheet I have made) for our brand new great-grand-daughter Skye. The nursery theme is Princess SO I went with this one & I think it is adorable lol. I am getting the hang of these too. Much easier to make then I originally though
Thank you so much Cuties to the rescue again. I could not have made this crib sheet without your invaluable help. I was pretty anxious & not sure how to do it... I tried to make the french seams but both sides of fabric are the same so I did it backwards
Bumper Pads and crib sheet I made for my new granddaughters crib.
This is a project/set I made for Elanora.The organizer and dust ruffle (which I lengthened) is McCalls4855.The bumper pattern came with the Fairfield Nu-Foam pcs and I used two packs to make it thicker.I think I also added a little to pattern so the pads
a bed sheet (made by us) and cloth diaper with embroidered name and a cot to sleep

subset: commoncrawl


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The star-studded cast for Mass Effect 3 includes the return of Golden Globe winner Sheen ("The Departed", "Apocalypse Now"), Seth Green ("Robot Chicken", "Family Guy") as Joker, Tricia Helfer ("Battlestar Galactica") as the Normandy's A.I. EDI, Yvonne Strahovski ("Chuck") as Miranda, and Carrie-Anne Moss ("The Matrix") as Aria T'Loak. Other returning fan favorites include Meer and Hale as Male and Female Shepard, Ali Hillis as Dr. Liara T'Soni, Keith David ("Platoon") as Captain Anderson and Lance Henriksen ("Aliens") as Admiral Steven Hackett. Prinze, Jr. ("24") and Jessica Chobot (G4 TV) as news reporter Diana Allers, are the newcomers to the series.
Yvonne isn't in the Voice Cast trailer


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We do not slow down the pace. We have just left Poland along the western border from the north to the south and we are already in Lower Silesia. We spent the weekend visiting the capital of the region, Wrocław. The weather is good all the time so we went to Opole, located several dozen kilometers east, probably still considered the capital of the Polish songs 🙂
Wrocław has been developing rapidly in recent years. An example is the magnificent communication and trade center, which was established at the train and bus stations. A completely new bus station has recently joined the railway building renovated a few years ago, and the entire area and surrounding area has changed beyond recognition.
From the station's side, along Świdnicka Street, we enter the city center. In front of us, the Renoma Shopping Center. In addition to the renovated 'old part' of the local Harrod's in the back there is a part built a few years ago, but impressive, 'new Renoma'.
Another impressive edifice of Wroclaw is the National Forum of Music between the City Fosse and the Royal Palace. Let us remind you that Wrocław was the European Capital of Culture 2016 and the Forum itself was put into use at the end of 2015, also with a view to the upcoming cultural events.
Freedom Square in front of the National Forum of Music. Another modern public space in the heart of the city.
We are on Nowy Targ Square. In 1945, the development of the square was completely destroyed and after the war it was decided that Nowy Targ would not be rebuilt in its original character. Instead of magnificent tenement houses, there were blocks that did not fit the area. A few years ago, the square was rebuilt, the parking lot was hidden underground and some buildings were systematically renovated. Today, Nowy Targ looks decent. The only surviving building is the edifice which currently houses the City Hall of Wrocław.
The Sand Bridge leads towards the islands of Wrocław – Piasek, Daliowa, Młyńska and Słodowa.
From the Odra quay we look at the two magnificent temples of Wroclaw. On the right, the cathedral of St. John the Baptist, on the left Holy Cross church.
We're getting closer. This is the Tumski Bridge.
It is surprising that he is still holding on to the amount of iron that has been hung in recent years 🙂
Cathedral towers. They did not suffer very much during the battles for the city in 1945 (they lost domes), so it can be said that in the vast majority they present their authentic appearance from before the war.
We're on Xawery Dunikowski Boulevard. We are looking towards the Peace Bridge and coastal buildings.
And this is a small, full of lush greenery Daliowa Island. There is virtually nothing on it except this interesting example of modern art. It's probably a sculpture, although who knows.
We are slowly approaching the Wrocław market. Along the way we pass full of café gardens, built up with high tenement houses and, sometimes, modern architecture downtown streets.
A view of the Market Square from Salt Square.
Sunday afternoon. Beautiful weather. Fair. Ice cream. Crowds.
A Gothic, richly decorated City Hall in Wrocław at the end of our adventure with this beautiful Lower Silesian city, which is not virtually inferior to the same size of the metropolises of Western Europe.
Nevertheless an interesting city is several dozen kilometers east – Opole. The scale, of course, is not what Wrocław is, but it is more pleasant to visit in such sunny weather, because it is smaller.
We enter the downtown with the Piast bridge. On the left you can see the cathedral.
Very nice park around the Castle Pond, right next to the amphitheater. Even the music playing here from the speakers reminds us that it is Opole that still holds the title of the Polish capital of the song.
The Piast Tower right next to. Anyone who has ever watched the Opole Festival on TV must have seen it.
We are already on the Opole market. On the left a fragment of the impressive building of the Town Hall.
There is of course an Avenue of Polish Song Stars. It is here in the pavement that 'stars' are signed with autographs of probably all outstanding creators of Polish pop music over the last several decades. Among them could not miss Krzysztof Krawczyk, who after all 'wanted to be a sailor …'
Right next to the cathedral is one of the last surviving fragments of Opole city walls. You can walk to the old artillery tower by wooden, old boards.
And this is already mentioned cathedral of Holy Cross seen from Koraszewskiego Street leading directly to the Market Square.
Opole Główne Railway Station. Equally proved both outside and inside.
And from the station only a step to the most charming corner of the city, that is Daszyński Park. In the middle of the square there is a beautiful fountain called 'Opole Ceres'.
Returning to the city center it is impossible to ignore the buildings of the University of Opole. In their area there is among others the church of Our Lady of Sorrows and Saint Wojciech from which the stairs offer a panoramic view of St. Wojciech Street and the Town Hall Tower.
We go down the stairs to the street level and rotate behind each other. The facade of the aforementioned temple is in front of us.
Only the last crossing through the Market Square and we return home, that is to Golf. Tomorrow we leave Lower Silesia and we set off on a further journey around Poland, this time to Wielkopolska and Kujawy.


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There were two pieces of news that came out this week from deadmau5. First, that he decided to stop using Twitter. His account will still be open, but he has ceased to use it, leaving it in the capable hands of his management company. This is and of itself isn't really news, but a lot of magazines and sites reported it as such, so I guess that makes it news by some definition.
The more news-worthy item is that deadmau5 gave his SoundCloud account an enema, then re-loaded it with seven new songs, one for each of the seven deadly sin. They sound kind of like Trent Reznor just watched a sad movie, then decided to play piano. In a statement, he declared that he will continue using SoundCloud to push out his new music, which he will now be able to produce more of since he's cut out the distraction that is Twitter.
Here's the thing: leaving Twitter makes a lot of sense. He's released a handful of great tracks amongst a bunch of sub-par work over the past few years, and I feel like a big part of that is the fact that he's constantly trolling Facebook or Twitter and not putting much thought into his music. I'm totally in favor of deadmau5 making more and better music. But I'm not in favor of deadmau5, or Joel, as a person.
I'm guessing his sudden departure from Twitter also has to do with his random lashing out at the world around him(See Tiesto & Lady Gaga & Afrojack for starters). When Joel sees something he doesn't like, he points it out to the rest of the world. Funny, you don't see Daft Punk posting about how this fanboy from Toronto might be taking it too far after creating an alternate persona complete with light-up mask, an LED pyramid and who commissioned the same custom synthesizer they'd commissioned themselves for the Tron: Legacy soundtrack. Nor did anybody make a big fuss when deadmau5 claimed he wasn't "rolling in cash" like everybody assumes and then bought a $120,000 piano, the condo next door to him to gut and set up his studio, then start a series of inane videos of him taxiing fellow producers in a Ferrari to get coffee.
The bright side is that Twitter has one less TwitterPolice, and SoundCloud has one more dedicated producer. Now put the far-superior-to-the-original demo of 'There Must Be Coffee' back up stat.


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This Building Is Not Silent was a live performance hosted by Shift Cardiff. Set in the basement of the old Index shop at the Capitol Centre in Queen Street – the scene was set for an interesting soundscape. The concrete, minimal basement housed two main performance areas with a few more smaller areas dotted around […]Continue reading
Photomarathon 2015 – My entry 305
Below is just a brief post showcasing the actual photos that I submitted to the Photomarathon 2015 event on Saturday 6th June. Held in Cardiff for the eleventh year now the Photomarathon is an organised photography competition where entrants must take 12 photos on 12 given topic over 12 hours! Is that it? Well no […]Continue reading
Everybody Megamix
You know those Sunday afternoon's when you're feeling a bit hungover and throw yourself into something to help you get through the hangover to pass a bit of time? WELL! This is the result of too much cider one Saturday – hence no apologies – but the hangover did soon go! A few tracks mixed […]Continue reading
Green green grass of CVMK
A sunny day in The 'Diff and what better than to paint a huge bit of street art on Grangetown's 300 foot long graffiti wall! Oh yes purlease! On the first day it was unclear who was collaborating on this piece but a bright green wash had been applied to the wall and extended rollers […]Continue reading
OLD CARDIFF – 'Centreplan70' retro plans for the City
A major overhaul of Cardiff City centre was planned back in 1970 with the catchy title of 'Centreplan 70' Conceived back in the late sixties, the aim of Centreplan 70 was to redevelop the city centre by bringing new roads, pedestrian walkways, an art centre and the idea of an indoor shopping centre amongst many […]Continue reading
DR WHO – Filming in Bute Park
The familiar bright yellow signs emblazoned with the terms 'LSW' and 'LOC2' led me to Cardiff's Bute Park. These signs pop up rather sporadically around Cardiff but signify a location shoot for Dr Who around the capital city. Broadcast vehicles, cherry pickers and marquees were all situated just infront of the Royal Welsh College of […]Continue reading


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Widespread collapse of the Ross Ice Shelf during the late Holocene
Edited by Mark H. Thiemens, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, and approved January 15, 2016 (received for review August 25, 2015)
The Ross Sea is a major drainage basin for the Antarctic Ice Sheet and contains the world's largest ice shelf. Newly acquired swath bathymetry data and sediment cores provide evidence for two episodes of ice-shelf collapse. Two novel geochemical proxies, compound specific radiocarbon dating and radiogenic beryllium (10Be), constrain the timing of the most recent and widespread (∼280,000 km2) breakup as having occurred in the late Holocene. Three-dimensional ice-shelf/ocean modeling results and comparison with ice-core records indicate that oceanic and atmospheric warming caused ice-shelf collapse.
The stability of modern ice shelves is threatened by atmospheric and oceanic warming. The geologic record of formerly glaciated continental shelves provides a window into the past of how ice shelves responded to a warming climate. Fields of deep (−560 m), linear iceberg furrows on the outer, western Ross Sea continental shelf record an early post-Last Glacial Maximum episode of ice-shelf collapse that was followed by continuous retreat of the grounding line for ∼200 km. Runaway grounding line conditions culminated once the ice became pinned on shallow banks in the western Ross Sea. This early episode of ice-shelf collapse is not observed in the eastern Ross Sea, where more episodic grounding line retreat took place. More widespread (∼280,000 km2) retreat of the ancestral Ross Ice Shelf occurred during the late Holocene. This event is recorded in sediment cores by a shift from terrigenous glacimarine mud to diatomaceous open-marine sediment as well as an increase in radiogenic beryllium (10Be) concentrations. The timing of ice-shelf breakup is constrained by compound specific radiocarbon ages, the first application of this technique systematically applied to Antarctic marine sediments. Breakup initiated around 5 ka, with the ice shelf reaching its current configuration ∼1.5 ka. In the eastern Ross Sea, the ice shelf retreated up to 100 km in about a thousand years. Three-dimensional thermodynamic ice-shelf/ocean modeling results and comparison with ice-core records indicate that ice-shelf breakup resulted from combined atmospheric warming and warm ocean currents impinging onto the continental shelf.
Ice shelves are among the most rapidly changing elements of the modern cryosphere, due to their internal weaknesses, atmospheric warming, and melting from beneath by warm ocean currents. In the northern Antarctic Peninsula, accelerated atmospheric warming is the principle cause of ongoing ice-shelf retreat (1, 2), and collapse of the Larsen Ice Shelf has resulted in rapid retreat of tidewater glaciers flowing into the ice shelf (2, 3). Farther south in Pine Island Bay, thermal erosion of the floating terminus of Pine Island Glacier by impinging Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) results in basal melt rates of 6–12.5 m⋅y−1 and is causing rapid grounding line retreat that poses a threat of ice-stream collapse in the foreseeable future (4, 5). Geological evidence for ice-shelf collapse has been reported for Marguerite Bay in the southern Antarctic Peninsula (6, 7) and in Pine Island Bay in West Antarctica (8, 9), but the timing and rate of these events are poorly constrained.
The modern Ross Ice Shelf is the largest ice shelf on Earth, covering an area of ∼500,000 km2. It provides a buttress to the outflow of several large outlet glaciers and ice streams that drain the West Antarctic ice sheet (WAIS) and East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS) and thus plays a crucial role in ice-sheet stability (10, 11). Here we report compelling geomorphological, sedimentological, and geochemical evidence for widespread retreat of the Ross Ice Shelf at ∼5 ka to 1.5 ka. Modeling results and comparison with ice-core records indicate that ice-shelf breakup was triggered by oceanic and atmospheric warming.
Results and Discussion
Geological and Geochemical Reconstructions of Past Ice Shelf.
During the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), a much expanded ice sheet extended across the Antarctic continental shelf (12, 13). In the Ross Sea, the LGM ice sheet left its mark on the sea floor in the form of spectacular subglacial geomorphic features, including drumlinoids and megascale glacial lineations and subglacial deposits (till), which have been sampled in many sediment cores across the shelf (14). These combined results demonstrate that the LGM ice sheet was nourished more or less equally by the WAIS and EAIS. Timing of ice sheet retreat since the LGM remains controversial due to limited age constraints (15⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓–22).
Newly acquired (NBP1502A; NBP indicates the research ship Nathaniel B. Palmer) high-resolution multibeam swath bathymetry data from the outer continental shelf in the western Ross Sea reveal fields of iceberg furrows that are concentrated in water depths around −560 m (Fig. 1B). These features mark an early episode of ice-shelf collapse when the calving line reached the grounding line. Back-stepping grounding line marginal features, including grounding zone wedges and recessional moraines, extend continuously southward for nearly 200 km within the JOIDES Trough and indicate "runaway" grounding line conditions following ice-shelf collapse (Fig. 1C). A single radiocarbon age from core NBP 01502A-KC48 in outer JOIDES Trough (Fig. 1A) constrains this initial ice-shelf collapse and onset of open marine conditions at this location as having occurred after 18 ka.
Along the eastern flank of Crary Bank, grounding line marginal features curve around and migrate up the flanks of the bank (Fig. 1C). The marginal features terminate at the bank margin where a prominent grounding zone wedge exists. Linear furrows occur seaward of this bank-margin wedge and indicate that calving was occurring at a water depth of ∼250 m. These observations corroborate previous results indicating that an ice shelf was grounded on banks in the western Ross Sea and shed sediments into adjacent troughs (14, 23).
Sediment cores from across the Ross Sea sampled a general stratigraphic succession of till and grounding line proximal deposits overlain by subice shelf sediments and capped by diatomaceous open marine sediments (14⇓⇓–17). Till and grounding line proximal deposits are poorly sorted mixtures of mud, sand and gravel with little or no biogenic material or organic carbon. They display little stratigraphic variability in texture and composition within individual cores.
Till and proximal glacial marine sediments are overlain by a thin (0–30 cm) mud unit with subtle grain size sorting, isolated occurrences of foraminifera, no diatoms, and only minor concentrations of ice-rafted material. We interpret this as a subice shelf deposit (16, 24). Resting above, and typically in sharp contact with, subice shelf sediments are diatomaceous sediments that contain variable concentrations of ice-rafted material, higher organic carbon, diatoms, and foraminifera. The contact between subice shelf and diatomaceous sediments marks the retreat of the ice shelf and the onset of open marine conditions. Analysis of cores collected during NBP cruises revealed that diatomaceous sediments extend across Ross Sea but are thickest on the outer, western continental shelf (Fig. 1A). This thickness trend is consistent with geomorphic evidence for an early phase of ice shelf retreat on the outer, western continental shelf.
Unfortunately, Ross Sea sediments are notoriously lacking in carbonate material needed for radiocarbon dating and AIO (acid insoluble organic) bulk radiocarbon dating is seriously biased by old (radiocarbon dead) carbon that is ubiquitous in Ross Sea sediments (14⇓⇓⇓–18). As a result, prior attempts to constrain the timing of ice-shelf retreat and onset of open marine conditions have met with limited success.
Using select cores from the Ross Sea (Table S1), we measured 10Be concentrations to further document ice-shelf breakup and compound-specific (CS) radiocarbon ages to constrain the timing of ice-shelf collapse (Materials and Methods, SI Materials and Methods, and Tables S2 and S3). Eastern Ross Sea cores show an abrupt down-core change in 10Be concentrations, which is associated with a sharp contact between diatomaceous and terrigenous glacimarine sediments (Fig. 2 and Fig. S1). Core KC11, the most offshore site, displays a dramatic increase in 10Be concentration (0.33 ± 0.15 × 109 to 3.40 ± 0.30 × 109 atoms 10Be per g) at 18-cm depth in the core, which is accompanied by a rapid increase in the abundance of diatom frustrales (Fig. 2A and Fig. S2). This change occurred at ∼5 ka, based on our CS radiocarbon chronology (Table S3), and is interpreted to indicate the timing of ice-shelf retreat landward of the core site. A similar but more gradual transition is observed in core TC07, recovered from the midshelf. At this site, 10Be concentrations started to increase at about 4 ka (Fig. 2B and Fig. S2). The low concentration of 10Be found in the lower sections of these cores implies (i) the last exposure of these sediments occurred before the Quaternary and inherited 10Be has nearly completely decayed and (ii) there was little 10Be advection under the ice shelf from the open ocean. Because inherited 10Be is transported by glacial processes to the subice shelf environment, we argue that these sediments also contain abundant "old carbon" (i.e., >50,000 y old) similar to tills.
Core TC04 was recovered closest to the modern ice-shelf margin (Fig. 1A) and contains in excess of 0.25 × 109 atoms 10Be per g in the shallower section (<9-cm depth in core), whereas low, constant 10Be concentrations occur below that depth and indicate subice conditions (Fig. 2C). Although only one CS radiocarbon date is available for this core, the results indicate that the Ross Ice Shelf had retreated south of this location by 1.5 ka.
In the western Ross Sea, 10Be concentrations and CS ages acquired from three cores (TC17, TC31, and GC1604; Fig. 3 and Fig. S3) are used to constrain the onset of open marine conditions. Core TC31 sampled the upper part of the transitional contact between subice shelf and diatomaceous sediments, based on correlation with associated piston core PC31. CS radiocarbon ages indicate that the calving line of the ice shelf retreated across this site at ∼5ka (Fig. 3).
Core TC17 sampled only open marine deposits, but based on correlation with associated piston core PC17 it bottomed-out just above the contact between diatomaceous sediments and subice shelf sediments. It therefore provides a minimum age constraint for ice-shelf collapse at ∼5 ka (Table S3), consistent with late Holocene AIO ages from this core (Fig. 3B).
Core GC1604 records onset of open marine conditions in the westernmost Ross Sea (Fig. 1A). It sampled the ice-shelf retreat surface, which is manifest as an abrupt increase in 10Be at 155 cm. CS radiocarbon ages for this core indicate onset of open marine conditions at ∼8 ka (Fig. 3C). The earlier timing of ice-shelf collapse suggests that an embayment existed in the ice front along the North Victoria Land coast. This is consistent with radiocarbon dates from shell, seal skin, and penguin remains from nearby Terra Nova Bay that indicate ice-free conditions by ∼8.2 cal ka B.P. (25) and the initiation of beach formation at ∼7 ka due to sufficient coastal wave energy resulting from reduced sea-ice cover (26).
CS age determinations on bank cores were not possible due to limited material available for dating. AIO ages of diatomaceous sediments from Pennell Bank (KC22) and Crary Bank (KC44) in the western Ross Sea (Fig. 1A) are both ∼6.5 cal ka B.P. (uncorrected for surface age). Using commonly reported surface corrections for AIO ages (∼2–4.5 ky; e.g., ref. 16), suggests that open marine conditions on the banks were established in the late Holocene, which is consistent with our CS ages from the other cores, with the exception of core GC1604.
The stages of grounding line and ice-shelf retreat in the western Ross Sea are illustrated in Fig. 4.
Controls on Ice-Shelf Collapse.
To date, work has yielded no direct evidence of why the ice shelf retreated from the Ross Sea continental shelf. We use a recently developed 3D thermodynamic ice-shelf model (27) that addresses oceanographic influence on ice-shelf instability. Temperature records from ice cores are used to assess the influence of atmospheric warming on ice-shelf retreat in the mid-to-late Holocene.
The numerical model calculates 3D ocean circulation and the ice shelf–ocean thermal interaction under a fixed ice-shelf configuration and is used to estimate basal melt rates of the Ross Ice Shelf with a 15-km horizontal grid spacing. When run under the present-day configuration (ocean bathymetry, ice front line, grounding line, and ice shelf draft and climatological atmospheric condition), this model reasonably reproduces modern melt rates for all of the ice shelves fringing the Antarctic continent. Past melt rates are calculated at four stages of ice-shelf retreat, listed using the ice front (i.e., calving line) and grounding lines indicated therein (Fig. 5). Ice-shelf thickness is assumed to be 200 m and 450 m within 50 km and outside of 500 km, respectively, from the ice front and changes linearly in between. Atmospheric conditions for these runs are the same as in the present-day run. We perform a 30-y simulation for each experiment. After ∼15 y, modeled basal melting of the ice shelf reaches a quasi-steady state, and thus we use the model results averaged over the last 5 y.
There are primarily three types of water in the Ross Sea including shelf water (SW), CDW, and Antarctic surface water (AASW). SW is produced during the winter due to brine rejection in near-freezing or freezing surface water. CDW is converted to modified CDW (MCDW) as it flows southward toward the ice shelf and mixes with colder ambient waters on the continental shelf. Sea ice melt produces AASW, which is a low-salinity water mass. Among these water masses, CDW and MCDW have the highest temperature and the greatest potential for causing basal melting of the ice shelf (28).
The ratios of temperature and total volume transport of inflowing water masses for each experiment are shown in Fig. S4. More warm water reaches the subice shelf cavity when the grounding line is located in a more seaward location. The results of our modeling effort suggest that the melting rate at the bottom of the Ross Ice Shelf was ca. 180 Gt⋅y−1, equivalent to ca. 1.5 times larger than present basal melt estimated in the control run (i.e., present case: Fig. S4). The most pronounced ice-shelf melting occurs in the western Ross Sea due to warmer CDW, a consequence of shorter residence time of MCDW on the continental shelf. In fact, analysis aimed at estimating subice shelf water temperatures during the Holocene indicate much warmer water beneath the ice shelf at 5 ka compared with the present Fig. S4 (SI Materials and Methods), consistent with widespread ice-shelf collapse across the Ross Sea.
Ice core δ18O records from the EAIS suggest that Holocene warming occurred around 8 ka (29). In contrast, the Byrd δ18O record from West Antarctica shows a rapid increase in atmospheric temperatures of about 2 °C at around 4.5 ka. This perhaps reflects differences in local ice thickness or changes in the moisture source (30, 31). However, the Siple Dome ice core contains abundant melt layers that began to increase in frequency around 7 ka and became more prominent by 4 ka, suggesting elevated summer air temperature during the late Holocene (32). The timing of final collapse of the ancestral Ross Ice Shelf is consistent with rapid thinning of an EAIS outlet glacier initiating at ∼7 ka followed by gradual thinning well into the late Holocene (33). Additionally, these observations are consistent with glaciological observations at Roosevelt Island that indicate division of flow around the island followed by thinning of ∼9 cm⋅y−1 since ∼4–3 ka (34, 35). Thus, ice-shelf retreat in the Ross Sea is consistent with ice-core records of atmospheric warming in the region. Timing of ice-shelf retreat observed here is also well correlated with far-field Holocene sea level records (36⇓–38). Further CS radiocarbon age constraints of grounding-line retreat and ice-shelf collapse around Antarctica will help identify the relationship and phasing of regional and global climate, oceanographic, and sea-level variations in the late Pleistocene and Holocene.
SI Materials and Methods
The fatty acids are formed mainly by marine primary producers. The Δ14C of the modern C14, C16, and C18 fatty acids are the same as the surface waterΔ14C values (39). Thus, the reservoir corrections need to be applied. We used the number reported, 1,300 ± 100 y (44). The numbers are based on various marine organisms that recorded pre-bomb signals. This is slightly larger but consistent with a recently reported value (1,144 ± 20 y) (45), but the original numbers that Hall et al. (45) reported ranged from ca. 1,400–1,000 y and are identical to the number that we use.
Because Antarctic sediment cores contains small amount of carbon in sediments, our age estimations are accompanied with typically 500–1,000 y of uncertainties due to sampling thickness of cores. Future analyses using large volume of sediments recovered from similar regions can increase the temporal resolution.
The geologic record provides compelling evidence of widespread and rapid ice-shelf retreat in the Ross Sea. An early episode of ice-shelf collapse was confined to the outer continental shelf of the western Ross Sea and was followed by an episode of continuous grounding-line retreat. This was followed by an extended period when an ice shelf covered the entire eastern continental shelf and most of the western shelf. Newly acquired 10Be measurements and diatom abundances from select cores provide supporting evidence for ice-shelf retreat and CS radiocarbon ages constrain the onset of the most widespread retreat as occurring at ∼5 ka. Modeling results coupled with ice-core temperature records indicate that ice-shelf collapse was caused by combined atmospheric warming and warm ocean currents impinging on the continental shelf. Initial ice-shelf retreat in the western Ross Sea was slowed by the stabilizing effect of shallow banks; however, the modern ice shelf has fewer pinning points than its late Holocene predecessor, making it more vulnerable to climate and oceanographic influences. The sensitivity of the Ross Ice Shelf in the late Holocene to atmospheric and oceanic warming suggests modern accelerated warming may lead to instabilities in the modern ice shelf.
Materials and Methods
Carbonate material in Ross Sea sediments is sparse and AIO fraction ages have proven unsuitable for constraining ice-shelf retreat and the onset of open-marine conditions. Ross Sea sediments are known to contain enough old carbon (radiocarbon dead) to seriously bias AIO ages, especially terrigneous glacimarine sediments (14⇓⇓⇓–18, 34). To more accurately determine the marine components of glacimarine sediments and better constrain ice-shelf retreat, we used CS radiocarbon dating of C14, C16, and C18 fatty acids isolated from the bulk sediment in six cores, three from the eastern Ross Sea and three from the western Ross Sea (Fig. 1A and Table S1). Although these compounds are derived from various organisms, they contain very little relict organic matter due to rapid decomposition (39). Thus, CS radiocarbon dating can provide accurate ages that are unaffected by reworked organic material from interior Antarctica.
We further measured the concentration of cosmogenic 10Be (half-life of 1.387 My) in the sediments to identify the timing of ice-shelf edge retreat across the core locations. Following ice-shelf retreat, atmospherically produced 10Be, which quickly attaches to ambient aerosols, immediately begins to accumulate at the seafloor. This proxy was first applied to sediment taken from underneath the WAIS and revealed that the Ross Embayment previously experienced open-marine conditions (40). Subsequent systematic analysis reveals a significant difference in seafloor 10Be concentrations, depending on whether the site was covered by a permanent floating ice canopy (41). Thus, down-core 10Be variations are a proxy for reconstructing ice-shelf retreat history, and this has not been previously applied to Antarctic marine sediments. Complementary to the 10Be measurements as a proxy for ice-margin retreat, diatom abundance was also determined (Fig. S1).
Radiocarbon Dating on Sedimentary Fatty Acids.
Dried sediment was extracted with dichloromethane/methanol (CH2Cl2/MeOH, 7:3, vol/vol), and the total extract was saponified with 0.5 M KOH/MeOH under reflux. Neutral components were removed from the saponified material by extraction with n-hexane. Then, the acidic fraction was extracted with CH2Cl2 after the remaining solution was acidified to <pH 2 with hydrochloric acid (HCl). The acidic fraction was esterified with HCl/MeOH. Silica gel column chromatography of the methylated acidic fraction was used to separate the fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) with n-hexane/CH2Cl2 (2:1, vol/vol) from other polar compounds. Reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to isolate the saturated C14, C16, and C18 FAMEs from the rest of the FAME fraction. We used three columns (Develosil C30-UG-5, 4.6 × 250 mm, 5.5-µm particle size; Nomura Chemical) connected in series. The mobile phase was MeCN/MeOH (1:2, vol/vol) with 0.5% pyridine. The column oven temperature was 15 °C from 0 to 35 min, ramped at 2 °C⋅min−1 from 35 to 52.5 min and held at 50 °C until 80 min. The HPLC system comprised a binary pump (Agilent G1312A), on-line degasser (Agilent G1379B), auto sampler (Agilent G1313A), total temperature controller (Polaratherm Series 9000), evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD; Polymer Laboratories PL-ELS 2100), and fraction collector (Agilent G1364C). Data were collected and processed using Agilent Chemstation software. Conditions for the ELSD were as follows: nebulizer, 30 °C; evaporator, 35 °C; gas flow, air; 1.2 SLM (standard liters per minute; l min−1 at 25 °C, 414 kPa in the mass flow controller). The flow rate of the mobile phase was 1 mL⋅min−1.
The isolated fraction was then subjected to the above described silica gel column chromatography conditions to remove impurities introduced during HPLC. The C14, C16, and C18 FAMEs can be eluted with n-hexane/CH2Cl2 (2:1, vol/vol). An aliquot of the silica gel elute (up to 1% of the total amount) was transferred to another vial, concentrated, and examined using GC/MS and NMR to evaluate the purity of the target FAMEs.
Typically 30–110 μg of C14–C18 FAMEs were collected and converted to graphite (Table S2). Target graphite samples were then measured at the W. M. Keck Carbon Cycle Accelerator Mass Spectrometry facility at the University of California, Irvine. Radiocarbon for total organic carbon was measured at the accelerator MS facility of the University of Tokyo (42). All radiocarbon values were corrected for the contribution of methyl carbon obtained from MeOH (Δ14C = −991‰) during the esterification by isotope mass balance. We have monitored the blank by various methods including gas chromatography, NMR, and elemental analyses. NMR spectroscopy using a 1-mm microliter NMR probe should be useful for detecting contaminants (10 μg or less), such as compounds whose molecular weight is greater than 600 Da. As demonstrated in Fig. S5, a proton NMR spectrum of C-16 FAME (61 μg) isolated from the sediment with the method described in the paper shows that all spectra can be assigned to either from C-16 FAME or NMR solvent and did not observe peaks originating from other compounds. Therefore, impurities should be lower than the detection limit of NMR spectroscopy (less than ca.1 μg).
Parallel blank experiments were conducted simultaneously with the samples using the same procedure, including solvent extraction, liquid/liquid extraction, silica gel column chromatography, and derivatization (i.e., methyl esterification). During these blank experiments, we observed two major fatty acids in the gas chromate/mass spectrometry analysis. They are C16 fatty acid (palmitic acid) and C18 fatty acid (steric acid). We quantified these peaks and found that the total amount of these fatty acids is ca. 0.2 μg C on average. This amount corresponds to only 0.2–0.7% of the actual sample size for radiocarbon dating (cf. 30–110 μg C). Assuming that the real sample age is 5,000 y B.P., and that above blank (i.e., contaminants) exhibits an extreme age, such as either modern or 14C-dead, such a low blank level could shift age younger or older only less than 100 y. Thus, we conclude that chemical extraction step blank will not have a significant effect on the results presented here.
Graphite sample sizes are significantly correlated with the background, requiring correction of this effect. A correction was applied to each sample using the sample size–background relationship obtained from measurement of IAEA-C4 (wood: Δ14C = –998.0 to –995.6‰). Calibration of 14C ages was performed with CALIB 7.0 and the Marine13 calibration curve (43) with a total reservoir age of 1,300 ± 100 y (44, 45).
Coupled Ice Shelf–Sea Ice–Ocean Model Experiments.
We use a sea-ice–ocean model ("COCO") (46) with an ice-shelf component. The coupled model is the same as in ref. 27, so only a brief outline of the model setup is presented here. The model domain is the Southern Ocean and the artificial northern boundary is placed at 35° S. We use an orthogonal, curvilinear, horizontal coordinate system. The singular points are placed on East Antarctica (82° S, 45° E) and the North Pole. The horizontal grid spacing over Antarctic coastal regions is between 10 and 20 km; thus, we represent almost all of the Antarctic ice shelves in a single model. The horizontal grid spacing around the Ross Ice Shelf is about 15 km. The present-day bathymetry and ice-shelf draft are calculated from the RTopo-1 dataset (47). Initial values for temperature and salinity fields are derived from Polar Science Center Hydrographic Climatology (48), and the ocean velocity is set to zero over the model domain. In the northern six grids, temperature and salinity are restored to the monthly climatology throughout the water column. Surface boundary conditions on the open ocean and sea ice are wind stresses, wind speed, air temperature, specific humidity, downward shortwave radiation, downward longwave radiation, and freshwater flux. These boundary conditions are calculated from the atmospheric surface dataset of ref. 49. With this configuration, the model can reproduce the distribution and amount of basal melt of the Antarctic ice shelves, in particular the Ross Ice Shelf, in the present-day configuration (27).
We performed four experiments for past ice-front configurations (5,000 y B.P., 4,000 y B.P., 2,500 y B.P., and 1,500 y B.P.; Fig. 5). Past ice-front locations are estimated from this study using cores obtained from the Ross Sea. In the past configurations, ice-shelf thickness is assumed to be 200 m and 450 m within 50 km and outside of 500 km, respectively, from the ice front and to change linearly in between. For simplicity of comparison, the atmospheric conditions for past configurations are assumed to be the same as the present-day conditions. We perform a 30-y simulation for each experiment. After about 15 y of integration, modeled basal melting of the ice shelf reaches a quasi-steady state, and thus we use the model results averaged over the last 5 y.
We thank C. Sawada, M. Toyoda, M. Iwai, and H. Matsuzaki for laboratory assistance and S. Obrochta for discussion. This work was supported by National Science Foundation Polar Programs Grant ANT-0837925 (to J.B.A.), Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) NEXT program Grant GR031, JSPS Grant KAKENHI-26247085 (to Y.Y.), and Rice University (Wiess Visiting Professorship, to Y.Y.).
- ↵1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: yokoyama{at}aori.u-tokyo.ac.jp.
Author contributions: Y.Y., J.B.A., and N.O. designed research; Y.Y., M.Y., L.M.S., Y.M., T.Y., M.K., H.S., K.K., L.P., H.H., and J.R.S. performed research; Y.Y. and N.O. contributed new reagents/analytic tools; Y.Y. analyzed data; and Y.Y. and J.B.A. wrote the paper.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
This article is a PNAS Direct Submission.
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Freely available online through the PNAS open access option.
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text:
Subtitle: Awarding Jobs to the Lowest Bidder
For years Verizon has subtly questioned my ability to use my own two-line phone.
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Sub-Subtitle: Please Hold On to the Bar, the Ride is About to Begin
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Okay, let's start digging
This interesting situation presented when I called home from my parent's house. Busy. I called back later. 1, 2, then 6 hours later. Busy. Busy. Busy.
There are no more teenagers in the house.
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(To do this junction box test, you'll need one of those old fashion push-button phones that doesn't require wall power. Always keep one in your house for this purpose. There's generally no outlet on the side of the house. Swallow your pride. Pink Princess phones with the "rotary dial fashion plate with Push Button technology" work just fine.)
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And do you think two engineers would ever consider purchasing the "Inside Wiring and Inside Wire Protection" Service?" (You hear maniacal laughter in the distance.)
So Lisa, get to it. It's Friday Night and I've got an important phone call to make.
Gathering up all those Symptoms
Here's a situation where you have before and after symptoms. Always cool.
- Line 1 in the house is dead. Perhaps a faint buzzing can be heard.
- We canceled Line 2 service a week or so earlier. And as requested, Line 2 is now truly dead.
- Calling Line 1 gets a busy signal for over 6 hours. Still ringing busy.
- Calling Line 2 gets the "The number you have dialed is no longer in service" canned message.
- The phone company thinks Line 1 is Line 2. Or vice versa. I'm not quite sure what's going on there.
Hmph. I just couldn't get that "we just disconnected Line 2″ coincidence thing out of my head. This, despite my just confirming correct signals at the junction box for both Line 1 (service) and Line 2 (barren death and despair). If I plugged a phone into "Line 1″ in the box and called 1681, the phone rang. And Line 2 - "dee Dee DEE…the number you have dialed…"
Hold up - we need background info before any more digressions
I mentioned we have two lines coming from the phone company. We have 5 phone jacks in the house. Three are wired for Line 1 and Line 2. Two are wired only for Line 2 (Clearly the kids' old bedrooms.)
- Line 1 phone number is 1681
- Line 2 phone number is 1682
- Line 1 and Line 2: Master bedroom, Kitchen, Den (Computer room)
- Line 2 only: Two kid's guest bedrooms
We've got two places to start looking around and learning stuff if you aren't already a handy phone guru.
This time, the internet is a great place to start, but look for a reputable reference.
<standard disclaimer> It's your choice to muck around in there. But inspecting the phone lines is not too complex and pretty safe. I am not a doctor but I play one on TV. Seek professional help, etc.</standard disclaimer>
What connects to what - Episode 1: The Junction Box (outside)
Go outside. Here's what you see at the (my) junction box (BTW, it IS User Serviceable). On the right are numbers - the bottom row is Line 1, and the top row is Line 2. The right side (with the familiar phone plugs) is the "Phone company side" and the left side is the "Customer side."
First you see Red and Green screw terminals - these are the two connections needed for each line. For Line 1 (bottom) you see blue and white wires connected. For Line 2, you see orange and white wires connected. This is very important in all aspects of this mystery. (Please note also, that this is the BEFORE picture.)
The black phone-like cable with the jack is what connects the phone company's signal to your house lines. Kinda jumps the bridge connecting you to the rest of the world. So, you can see that what the phone company delivers as Line 1 is connected to our Blue&White wires. Line 2 is connected to our Orange&White wires.
Now, The Test as Verizon suggests. To see if the phone company is providing service, remove the black cable from the jack on the right side. Plug your Princess phone into the same jack. See if you have service.
We did. We also had appropriate (lack of) service on Line 2.
My husband ran into the house to check our phones inside. Swapping back and forth, I got a dial tone; he got the big goose egg. Cue scary music.
So, to summarize, including the last four digits of our two lines for future reference.
- Line 1 = 1681 = Blue/White and White/Blue.
- Line 2 = 1682 = Orange/White and White/Orange.
Ignore the rest of the wires in the cable. They can be used for additional lines and are not relevant here.
A tad of nomenclature to prevent my soon-to-be annoyingly-repeated use of the phrase "Blue wire with the White stripe, and the "White wire with the Blue stripe"
- Orange&White means the two Orange and White wires that carry Line 2 service. One is orange with white stripes, and the other is white with orange stripes.
- Blue&White means the two Blue and White wires that carry Line 1 service. Ditto on the stripe-age.
Some references just use "Orange" to refer to the Orange and White wire, because Orange is the predominant color. Capisci?
But how the hell could turning off service on one line screw up the other line INSIDE the house, but NOT at the junction box? (Chill out, Ms Impatient!)
What connects to what - Episode 2:The Phone Wall Jack (inside)
Now it's time to go inside and open up a wall jack. Turn it over. You'll see 4 incoming wires from the wall cable (from the bottom). These 4 wires (the incoming Blue&White combo and the Orange&White combo) - the run to the screw terminals on each of the four corners. Remember, this is the service from the phone company that we saw in the junction box outside.
Four other wires (Red, Green, Black, Yellow) also connect to the screw terminals. They come in from the top. These connect to the socket on the front side of the jack plate where you plug in your phone. So these four lines go straight to your phone. The guts of your jack may look different but each has 4 screw terminals, an incoming cable from the Junction box, and a phone jack connector.)
This picture of a wired phone jack illustrating this mapping.
Rather than blather on with all the "this is connected to that" brain-numbing stuff, the picture below shows all the connections in my house for two-line phone service. It matches (or is supposed to match) the picture and table above. **(Dispute on this mapping appears in references by reputable sources. See the end of this post.)
Here's another thing you gotta know.
- The middle two lines for any jack are Red and Green. So, whatever incoming wires are connected to these two become the primary line for that jack.
Armed with Useful Information, start digging evidence
I went to the 5 jacks in my house and made a chart for each jack. Establishing the State of the State.
I found 4 different wiring combinations for 5 jacks.
Three were wrong.
That's when I had the big WTF moment.
Somehow for 10 years, both Line 1 and Line 2 worked. People calling Line 1 got Line 1. And vice versa. (Except for the whole "No Ma'am, you are calling from Line 2″ thingie, which I had chalked up to a bad mapping entry in some database somewhere.)
Below is the initial wiring chart I made. The phone company's incoming lines come into the four screw terminals (indicated by circles). The wall jack wires come from the bottom. All jacks have the same Black/Red/Green/Yellow mapping as I sketched for the Kitchen.
B/W - wire with the Blue with White stripes
W/B - wire with the White with Blue stripes
O/W - wire with the Orange with White stripes
W/O - wire with the White with Orange stripes
Let's break it down - comparing it to the jack picture and my wiring table above.
Line 1 vs Line 2
Is the primary line for each room wired correctly? The Kitchen, Master Bedroom and Den all should have the two Blue&White wires (Line 1) connected to the top center terminals ( red and green - primary line for that phone jack. ) The guest bedrooms should have the Orange&White wires on the top. So 4 of 5 rooms are correct.
- The Den is BACKWARDS! It's got Orange&White on the top - Line 2. The primary line is supposed to be Line 1.
Proper wire orientation
Each pair of wires also needs to be connected to the correct terminal. For example, B/W should be connected the red wire (upper left on my jacks), and W/B to green wire (upper right) … for rooms where the primary line is Line 1.
Two line rooms: Kitchen, Master Bedroom, Den
- Kitchen and Master Bedroom: wired correctly in all regards. For both Line 1 and Line 2. Check - it matches the photograph above.
- Den: Orientation of wires is correct, even though Line 1 and Line 2 are switched.
One line rooms: Bedrooms
- Bedroom 1: wired correctly for the primary line (Line 2). Even though Line 1 is not used, the Blue&White wires are reversed.
- Bedroom 2: wired for Line 2 as the primary line, although the Orange&White lines are reversed (W/O and O/W). Compare to Bedroom 1. The secondary line (the Blue&White) are wired correctly, if they were to be used.
What does this mean? Eeeesh.
Three of the 5 jacks are wired incorrectly. AND SOMEHOW THE HOUSE STILL WORKED.
( … and no, I did not install Smart-House 2.0.)
Doing some Brainstorming
Let's think about this. Some folks on the internet have reported common mis-wirings (See Definition of Correct below), but as long as the mistakes canceled one another out (kinda like that "double negative" thing,) Life in Phone Land was Good.
And the phone company would have reported, "Why yes Ma'am, you ARE calling from Line 1."
Sadly, this is not the case, because any "mistake" is not the same on all jacks. No canceling out.
- This is not simply a combination of swapped wires.
Oooohhhh, and I remember something else! When we first moved in, the phone in the master bedroom didn't work right. We had to rewire it and then everything worked fine. (Unfortunately, this being 10 years ago, I've no recollection of what we did to "fix" the problem.)
- A wiring problem was detected 10 years ago at one 2-Line jack. Moving around some wires fixed the problem. (This rewiring my husband did while I cheered enthusiastically from the Peanut Gallery.)
Divergence of Future Intent - Engineers versus Pragmatists
It is at this point that most of humanity will simply rewire all the jacks and get on with life. Others of us will rewire the jacks, but continue to ponder What The Heck Really Happened.
So, I rewired the house. Kitchen, MB, Den all with the requisite two lines, Line 1 being primary. Both guest bedrooms with a single line, Line 1 being primary. 'Cause all we want is Line 1 Always and Forever.
Drum roll. Didn't work.
The "hungry-let's-call-in-the-pizza" part of me said, Dammit, I want my pizza.
The engineer said, "Hey, if a simple rewire had fixed this, then how the hell did it ever not work so bizarrely in the first place?"
We quickly used the cell phone to call in a plain pie with a side of spicy mussels marinara. (You know, that little tiny red slice of the pie chart up there far behind "locating your cell phone.")
- "Fixing" the wiring didn't fix the problem
- Something else, perhaps simple crossed wires was somehow to blame. ("Ma'am, you're calling from…")
Simplify by Removing Permutations
Swap everything.
I removed the blue wires from every jack in the house. The "good" one according to both Verizon and my junction box. Then I wired every jack with the Orange&White wires (previously referred to as Line 2), as the primary line. Then I (brrr) ran out to the junction box and swapped the jumpers for Line 1 and Line 2. So, every phone in the house should ring (using the Orange&White combo) when I dial 1681 on the cell phone (after calling in for pizza of course).
Nooooo. GMAFB.
Heh heh. Thank you for playing!
But you're not leaving empty-handed! No, you're going home with our fabulous Consolation Prize! Tell our lucky losing contestants what they've won!
Okay, the Blue&White combo is still "live" in the house. If there is a short or something, let's take those wires out of the equation. (Third quick (brrrr) run back down to junction box. Disconnect the jack from Verizon now connected to Line 2 on the right, thereby removing all Blue&White wires (and their bad bad signals) from all circuits in the house (I hope). Confirm Orange&White are correctly connected.)
Still no good.
One bedroom worked. Not the other.
Abandon Hope All Ye Who Enter Here
Then my husband (the pragmatist for this particular situation, and also somewhat amused at my running all over the house stripping wires and dropping ages old chunks of Sheetrock embedded in the jacks all over the floors) announced that the phone installers must have run a staple through one of the phone cables and shorted a couple lines.
Ahhh, at last, that thinking outside the box thing.
(Hmmm. He used to do this kind of stuff. I wonder why his suggestion jumped so easily to mind?)
I figured he was right, but then (re-enter Lisa the Engineer) … where in the wall was the short?
Testing with the Right Tools
Another permutation is the phone I was testing with. Old touch tone phones required no external power - you just plugged them into the wall jack and they used the existing voltages provided by the phone company. So when these phones were popular, the polarity of the two wires (Tip and Ring) was important. The two wires make a complete circuit with the phone company. Ring is ground, and Tip is -48V. When the phone is on-hook (hung up), there is no connection between these - like two terminals of a battery. When you pick up the phone, these two wires are shorted with a resistance - minimum of 30K - the phone company detects this and provides dial tone.
The polarity of these two is important for the older touch tone phones. Like the Trimlines. But newer phones these days have a polarity detect that compensates and works with either polarity presented.
Our guest rooms use the Princess phones where polarity matters (Okay, they were really Trimline phones). The rest of the house uses two line modern phones (polarity does not). So my "test" phone was not exactly the right tool. So, perhaps I was seeing "problems" (IN SOME ROOMS) where polarity mattered/no longer mattered.
Oh, the permutations of this tangled web!
.. and I'd like to add here that I used a green Trimline phone … Surely, manly engineers should always be armed with the delightful pretty pink Princess phone forever, although Trimlines work equally well and were really the standard for many years.
(So release breath and exhale in relief. Stick a few more screwdrivers in your back pocket and you'll still be savvy cool for the chicks.)
Maybe it's OK for the two lines (O/W and W/O) to be swapped in one jack and still have the whole mess work - IF I had more modern phones in the guest bedrooms.
Since Tip and Ring were wired backwards in one the bedrooms, and both used Trimline phones…how could both have worked? If they did, could both kids talk on their phones with a third party at the same time (hey, pick up your phone - Mom's on the line)?
Seems like zzzt-zzzt short-circuit-land to me.
And some other miscellaneous stuff gone wrong all summed up to reduce the growing boredom factor (both yours and my own)
I removed all evidence of the Blue&White wires that I could, without actually ripping them out of the walls. I rewired everything Orange&White, as primary, and connected Orange&White to Line 1 at the junction box.
This allowed 4 of the 5 jacks to function.
Without more gory details, the den was used as a connection point between the junction box and the bedrooms, so TWO identical cables came from the Junction box (I think) to the Den. Three of the required lines, (two O/W and one B/W) were broken. One at the end of the cable sheathing, and the other to up inside the cable. Perhaps a short in there as well.
Oh, it just keeps getting better and better, doesn't it?
(Wafting up from the TV room from my ever-supportive husband - **snicker snicker**, time for another episode of Ghost Hunters…)
So, I went around to ALL THE JACKS AGAIN and stripped back the cable and wires about 1 inch, and now the whole house works!
The Big Reveal: The Final State of the State
The final wiring for all the jacks in my house now looks like the picture below. (Well, except for the fact that I wound all the non-Orange&White wires nicely (and non-shortingly) around the incoming cables.
Now when someone calls x1681, every phone in the house rings. To accomplish this, Line 1 (in our house) now is delivered completely on the old Line 2 wireage. In other words, my house is wired using the Orange&White pair. The Blue&Whites have all been banished into pretty-colored coated copper hell.
You can see two incoming cables instead of one (with double the wiring fun). When two cables have to be spliced together, it's just easier to do it at the jack. This is the Den - the offending jack with the three wire breaks and reversal of Line 1 and Line 2. Heh heh - and this is the cable that goes to the bedrooms.
And here is a pic of the Junction Box's final state
You see I've now taken what the phone company provides as Line 1, and jumpered it to the Orange&White pair going into my house that used to supply Line 2 … but what I rewired my house to think of as Line 1. The jumper cable that USED to supply Line 1 into my house now dangles uselessly. I've no need for a second line in the house, and it would have provided a phone service on the Blue&White wires, which we know are hosed.
Reflect on the Proposed Solution
We've observed many symptoms. Spaghetti'ed problems like this often cause other oddnessess that we don't originally consider to be relevant. So I pondered. And fell further and further into the rabbit hole.
- Periodically our DSL (Line 2) would crash. Often. Verizon, of course, knew nothing (admitted nothing I seethed). So I'd reset everything. Again. And again.
- Our TiVo would magically lose the ability to download new scheduling information (Line 2). About every 3 months, it would connect, but transfer at some ungodly rate that I estimate to be about .1 kbps. We regularly fed it new phone numbers to try, further and further outside our Local Calling Area. One phone bill was $82!
- Sometimes I noticed that the Master Bedroom phone would ring with the Line 1 ring tone, but would say Line 2 on the display.
Confirm - does this solution appear to address all the original symptoms?
Don't forget this important part of the debugging process!!! Often, we fix PART of the problem, and in our utter joy and happiness at our own brilliance, we don't bother to verify the rest. (Kinda like the original phone installers saying, "Oh shit. The phones don't work. Switch some of those lines…ok, seems good enough!")
To be annoyingly didactic, forgive while the professor regurgitates the original symptoms for our perusal, plus additional info we learned along the way:
- Line 1 in the house is dead. Perhaps a faint buzzing can be heard.
- We canceled Line 2 service a week or so earlier. And as requested, Line 2 is truly dead.
- Calling Line 1 gets busy signal forever
- Calling Line 2 gets the "The number you have dialed is no longer in service" canned message.
- The phone company thinks Line 1 is Line 2.
- Some rooms have two lines (using modern phones), others have one line (using older phones).
- DSL on Line 2 crashes frequently needing complete reboot.
- TiVO barfs on Line 2 periodically.
- We added line filters to Line 2 (makes sense, DSL) but also had to add to Line 1. Hmmm.
Okay - did we address all of these? I suspect that the house worked correctly 10 years ago for the following reasons:
- Crosses in the line didn't matter for all two-line phones (Kitchen, MB, Den) because newer cordless phones were used. So phone service in these rooms seemed ok.
- Crossed lines in the guest rooms DID matter because old-style phones were used. Recall that the these two bedrooms were wired opposite of one another, so one was bound to crash. And near the end when nearly everything worked, it was one of THOSE bedrooms that was the last to surrender.
- Line 2 (then Orange&White) was partially shorted to Line 1. This accounts for both lines dying when service Line 2 was removed, and also for the original Line 1 on-hook/off-hook(busy signal) problem. (Line 1 Tip and Ring shorted when they should not have been.)
- Line 1 and Line 2 were reversed in the Den, where the DSL signal came into the house supposedly on "Line 2." Which was mis-wired as Line 1. Which then fed the bedroom phones on Line 2. I think. Likely causing all the DSL disconnects and TiVO bills.
Unresolved Questions - "Ma'am, you're calling on Line 2″?
Amazingly, this is the only symptom that I can't conclusively figure out.
Well, I told my husband I COULD figure it all out if I could just see all the cables in the walls. I REALLY wanted to unravel this.
He said no. Humph.
For example - The Trimline phone I tested with at one point (sorry, Princess Phone) showed that one bedroom worked and not the other. Makes sense - the two wires for Line 2 were wired backwards. But then how did both bedrooms ever work right in the first place?
Could both kids have ever talked on their Trimline phones to a third person at the same time? (Oh I wish I knew the answer to this question!!!) But I think not.
The kitchen was wired correctly, and I was calling from what our PHONE said was Line 1. Verizon insisted for 10 years otherwise. Was I really calling Verizon on Line 2?
I believe the remaining issues have to be blamed on shorts between the two lines on Line 2, and also shorts on lines between Line 1 and Line 2. The evidence supports this on both sides.
Inside the walls. Where I have been forbidden to wander.
I don't think We'll ever know. I don't have a multimeter with long enough probes to stretch from the Den to the junction box.
Okay, so how did this happen?
This was not Verizon. (Again, another pause in awe of a second occurrence of this rare and shocking event.) No, this was caused by our home builder who subcontracted the idiots who wired our house when it was originally built.
(But these phone idiots are not the idiots who apparently had no clue what a T-square is, as a significant number of corners in our house are a smidge ±shy of 90°. My I present my favorite framing and sheetrock job in the entire house?)
But I digest.
ANYWAY, someone must have shorted out a line driving staples into a stud, and they just "compensated" by-trial and-error until everything worked okay. Except the Master Bedroom. That original first symptom. (Change random line of code, recompile, test, change random line of code…)
For 10 years the bug has hidden in the house.
Verifying the Fix
The fix is verified. Line 1 works everywhere. I want nothing to do with Line 2 ever again.
But there is nearly NO WAY to verify Verizon's claim. Did our friends and family view their caller ID and see Line 1 or Line 2? Maybe they called on 1682 and our house rang on 1681? Or vice versa and we mis-heard the ringer for Line 2 as Line 1 all along?
But the pizza guy knows our number. He never asks for our name because we're on some extended master caller ID "accepted" list. I'd kinda like to call and ask what number he thinks calls and orders all the plain pies and spicy mussels marinara.
Can you just imagine what Verizon would have charged to fix this mess?
PS - Friendly Consumer Warning Brought to You By Yours Truly
I noted earlier that engineers tend not to subscribe to "Inside Wiring and Inside Wire Protection" Services. To satisfy yet another layer of my warped curiosity, I decided to check this out. Turns out, it probably wouldn't be covered if I just gave them a call. Please allow me to quote:
Some things are not covered by IWIR service. The exclusions include:
- Replacement of nonstandard wiring or telephone wiring that does not meet FCC guidelines, National Electric Code and Electronic Industry Association standards for either installation, wiring standards or both. (You know, that whole whacked installation thingie with shorts, crossed wires, broken wires, etc.)
- Repair of malicious damage to inside wiring or jacks. (Builder's inappropriate use of staple guns and trial-and-error testing and correction?)
HOWEVER, the following scenerio IS covered:
- Correction of accidental damage to inside wiring and jacks caused by customers.
So, if I blame all the problems on my own meddling rather than on the incompetence of my builder, Verizon will happily cover my incompetence.
Interesting Definitions of "Correct" - Be warned Dear Reader
To complicate the matter, let me just say - if you search the internet for the correct Tip/Ring - Incoming color - Jack color combination, you will find many different "official" references. As compared to the generally agreed upon table above, here are some disagreements.
- At the VoIP My House, Jerry Jongerius describes a similar (although much less spaghetti-ified) scenerio where the original phone installers swapped Red and Green. Twice. Two wrongs sort of make a Right.
- Here's another individual who's house is wired incorrectly - Blue/White and White/Blue are reversed.
- At Wiring Phone Jacks, Orange/White and White/Orange are reversed, but the author notes, "It may be necessary on some systems to "flip" the Orange/White & White/Orange pair to make the phone work." (That appears to be one of those "double negative" situations, or rooms with Trimline or Princess Phones.)
- Red and Green are incorrectly assigned to the White&Black combination here but hey…that polarity stuff doesn't really matter anymore, right?
- A typical website presenting this mapping is How Do I Install Home Wiring?.
Bottom Line: So if you happen to open a phone jack in your house and find it wired differently than the "correct" version I present here, and your phones work correctly, DON'T CHANGE IT!!!
You've probably got spaghetti in your walls as well.
≈ ♦ ≈
See the comprehensive list of All the "Let's Debug It" Mysteries
Let's Debug It: A Rabid War between Technology and Nature (Jet Skis vs Mangroves)
Let's Debug It: My Internet Security Software HATES me, TOLERATES me, REVILES me. Evil BitDefender
Let's Debug It: Alaskan Scuba Stuff and iPods Don't Exercise
Let's Debug It: A Cat's Plea to Microsoft - "Can You Hear Me Now?"
Let's Debug It: "No Ma'am (Idiot), You're Calling from Line 2″
Let's Debug It: Keyboards and Endothermic Mammals
Let's Debug It: Hacksaws are Your Friend
Let's Debug It: My Computer Plays "I'm Ignoring You Now"


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Clubhouse Community in the South Fulton Area near prestigious Enon Rd. in the Westlake school District, Camp Creek Amphitheater and Golfing. Featuring the sought-after Georgetown floorplan which is a 5 Bedroom/3 full bath plus 3 car garage and a front porch. Formal living and dining room w. coffered ceiling and signature trim. The home also has an open kitchen/b'fast area, family rm with tile FP. Designer kitchen with 42' Cabs, b'splash, granite c'tops, pendant lights & dbl wall ovens. SS appliances. Owner's Ste/Bath has tiled shower, dbl vanity & Large walk in closet.
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Attached, Driveway, Garage, Level Driveway
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Dishwasher, Disposal, Double Oven, Electric Range, Gas Range, Gas Water Heater, Microwave
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Factory Built, Family Room, Gas Log
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Brick-Front, Cement Siding - Not Stucco
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