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Our Top 3 Office Chairs for Supporting Your Back
13th August 2018
Adequate back support is massively important
You wouldn't let your car run on the road with a wing-mirror hanging off, would you? And you wouldn't go out in a pair of shoes with holes in, would you? We take care of all the objects we use every day, to make sure they work properly and support us. So why do we neglect the place we spend the majority of our working day? Good office chairs are crucial for a whole host of factors that affect our lifestyle: productivity in the workplace, happiness in the office and how well we sleep at night. It really can impact our lives if we have an uncomfortable office chair, but if you're reading this you're probably well aware of that. For more information on ergonomics and the importance of adequate back support, check out this blog post. If you're all clued up and now looking for the right office chair, keep scrolling!
Our top 3 office chairs for good back support
Whether you spend all day on your chair or just a few hours in the evening, it's equally important to get the right one. Here are some of our suggestions from our very own online store, proven to support your back.
1. Halo office chair
Currently available for £89.99, the Halo is one of our favourite office chairs for comfort and support. It features that very important tension tilt which can match your body weight to the tension with the simple turn of a knob. Alongside that, you can adjust your height with the easy-to-use gas lift mechanism. There's no stone left unturned when it comes to the ergonomic design of this chair.
2. Scanon office chair
Featuring a generously-sized backrest and padded head section, the Scanon office chair is currently available for £89.99. For this price, you'll get a mobile office chair with supportive armrests, tension tilt, gas-lift feature and faux leather styling. You'll never have a bad night's sleep if this is the chair you're using for your daily office tasks!
3. Stratos office chair
At just £59.99 (it's on sale, hurry up!), you're getting a real bargain with the Stratos product. Out of all the office chairs, this is the perfect combination of style and support. With all the ergonomic features like tension tilt, gas-lift and arm-rests, the Stratos chair does not lack flair or beauty. This will look great in your workspace, whether a corporate office or at home.
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We, SS Dairy Farm, are a diligent dealer from the Jundla Village of Karnal (Haryana, India). We promise to bring the best livestock breeds forward in the market for our clients. Our dairy farm is dedicated towards delighting clients with premium Cows, Murrah Buffaloes and other Cattle across the country. Our mentors Mr. Gursevak Singh (Proprietor) and Mr. Gurdeep Singh (Partner), both motivates us to bring forward better livestock each year to bring happiness to our clients' faces. With their help, we plan to improve our livestock's health, delivery speed and pricing structure to become the favorite of customers. Key Facts of SS Dairy Farm:
Nature of Business
Trader and Supplier
Year of Establishment
Number of Employees
Warehousing Facility
HDFC Bank
Niche Market
Annual Turnover
INR 1 Crores

subset: commoncrawl


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Customized t-shirts have amazing benefits when you wear it for Organization
T shirts printing online portals now days are presenting themselves with huge quantities of customized t-shirts with respectable quality. Personalized t-shirts are intensely demanded in corporate organizations for promotions with company's logo and name. Every organization's agenda sets different from others, they always mean to make employees more professional and happy for their better work. There are no secrets that printing t-shirts are available in vast range for you to wear it. However, business leader ensure the quality, logo and designs of t-shirts and luckily they always found it satisfied. Most new business organizations owner assumes this true idea for business promotion and they not need to spend large amount of money for t-shirts in the part to increase the name of organization. The idea of printing Cleary signifies that the imprinted logo and name of the firm on t-shirts makes the strong awareness and allow the viewer's encircling that to see what it is and for which purpose. For brand promotion, it is not luxury fund taken for startups and settled organizations. Little amount of cost for bulk printed t-shirts in Delhi is far better than the other expensive sources for brand promotion, also, an enhanced way for communication with the target audience. The distributed t-shirts with imprinted company's name and logo wore by the employees through trade event, handed out as promotional gateways.
The simple tool to create unity in firm or team, by wearing the same customized t shirts it's possible to feel the togetherness and sense of pride. The custom or unique outfit is certain to help the company's name and fame; this will definitely increase the goodwill for firm that the company challenged some creative and special source for people's awareness and how it is helpful for them all. You can be declared as the tough competitors for rest of the organizations. While different techniques has different auspicious for their goals, in general printing t-shirts are straight forward process. A company can also plan an official trip for all employees working in their organization; allow everyone to wear company's name, logo and may be some motivational quotes on the back of the t-shirts. This will be your long distance brand promotion. The fabric, sizes and style are available according to the customer's choice.


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Australian swimwear designers took centre stage at Miami Swim Week as part of the Fashion Palette runway show.
Australian designers VDM the Label, TJ Swim, Lil & Emm and Aqua Blu premiered as part of the show's inaugural season following on from the success of similar New York Fashion Week shows hosted by the group.
Lil & Emm designer Sheree Lily Giles said that the opportunity to show Australian swimwear brands internationally highlighted a strength of the Australian fashion industry.
"Australians do swimwear best; it's our lifestyle. The SS2019 collection is meant to bring something unique to the industry that makes every customer feel sexy just by putting on the suit."
Fashion Palette founder Sonya Mefaddi said the group was committed to promoting Australian fashion on a global stage after success with their New York shows.
"Australia has some of the world's best swim brands and I am proud to be representing such an amazing cross-section of local talent in Miami for the first time.
"Fashion Palette Miami swim week will serve as a platform for eleveating and celebrating Australian fashion as a unique creative international platform."


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Oscar Betancur.
This represents a Motion Media Analysis and Application project while Betancur was working towards his MFA in Motion Media Design at Savannah College of Art and Design (SCAD).
Kandinsky's Komposition 8 painting was recreated in Illustrator, then animated in After Effects. As a representation of the seasons of the year this works really (perhaps surprisingly) well.
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War Powers Resolution
War Powers Resolution: Selected full-text books and articles
War Powers: The President, the Congress, and the Question of War Praeger Publishers, 1996
The U.S. Constitution and the Power to Go to War: Historical and Current Perspectives Greenwood Press, 1994
War Powers of the President and Congress: Who Holds the Arrows and Olive Branch? Virginia University Press, 1981
Librarian's tip: Appendix C "Text of the War Powers Resolution of 1973 and Related Documents
The American Presidency Praeger, 1995 (2nd edition)
Librarian's tip: "The War Powers Resolution: Curbing Presidential War Making" begins on p. 229
The War Powers Resolution: A Rationale for Congressional Inaction Parameters, Vol. 31, No. 1, Spring 2001PEER-REVIEWED PERIODICAL
Peer-reviewed publications on Questia are publications containing articles which were subject to evaluation for accuracy and substance by professional peers of the article's author(s).
Foreign Affairs and the United States Constitution Clarendon Press, 1996 (2nd edition)
Librarian's tip: "The War Powers Resolution" begins on p. 105
The Politics of National Security: Congress and U.S. Defense Policy Oxford University Press, 1990
Librarian's tip: "War Powers in Theory and Practice" begins on p. 171
Imbalance of Powers: Constitutional Interpretation and the Making of American Foreign Policy Oxford University Press, 1997
Clinton, Kosovo, and the Final Destruction of the War Powers Resolution William and Mary Law Review, Vol. 42, No. 4, April 2001
Looking for a topic idea? Use Questia's Topic Generator


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fastjet, the low-cost African airline, is pleased to announce that, at the General Meeting held earlier today, resolutions 1 (Authority to allot and issue shares and disapply pre-emption rights for the purposes of the Equity Refinancing, the Open Offer and the AAR Settlement Agreement) and 2 (Ongoing authority to allot and issue shares) set out in the Notice of General Meeting were duly passed. Resolution 3 (Ongoing disapplication of pre-emption rights) was withdrawn and accordingly was not passed.
The Company is also pleased to announce that the Open Offer, which closed for acceptances at 10.00 a.m. today, has conditionally raised £551,719.79. Valid acceptances have been received from Qualifying Shareholders in respect of 55,171,979 New Ordinary Shares. Qualifying Shareholders who have validly applied for Open Offer Shares will, subject to the Open Offer becoming unconditional in all respects, receive their full Open Offer application. The Open Offer has provided Shareholders with the opportunity to maintain their interest in the Company on a pro rata basis and thus avoid any dilution as a result of completion of the Equity Refinancing.
Update on satisfaction of the conditions relating to the Equity Refinancing and Open Offer
As announced by the Company on the 16 November 2018 (the "16 November Announcement"), the Equity Refinancing and Open offer are conditional upon, inter alia:
(i) the Solenta Subscription Letter becoming unconditional in all respects (as further described below); and
(ii) the Placing Agreement not having been terminated in accordance with its terms prior to Admission.
Completion of the Solenta Subscription Letter remains conditional on, amongst other things, satisfaction of the GECAS Condition, namely execution of the GECAS Settlement Agreement pursuant to which GECAS shall amend the existing leases of the two Embraer 190s leased to fastjet Africa. Despite considerable efforts, the GECAS Condition has not yet been satisfied. The Company is continuing to take action with a view to enabling the GECAS Condition to be satisfied in the next seven days. Accordingly, it has deferred application for the admission of the New Ordinary Shares to be issued pursuant to the Equity Refinancing and the Open Offer to trading on AIM.
The Company continues to review its current cash requirements and is able to continue operating until 14 December 2018. The headroom available allows the Company further time to find a solution to the GECAS Condition. As at 6 December 2018, the Group had cash balances of US$ 6.8 million, of which US$ 6.4 million is restricted cash held inside Zimbabwe.
Whilst discussions to date with the relevant stakeholders have been positive, discussions are ongoing and there can be no guarantee of a successful outcome. If the Company is unable to satisfy the GECAS Condition, the Equity Refinancing and Open Offer will not complete and the Group would be unable to continue trading as a going concern. The Directors would have no choice but to formally engage insolvency practitioners to explore restructuring options (including administration) and to commence discussions with interested parties for the sale of the business and assets of the Company.
The Company will provide further updates as appropriate. Definitions used in this announcement are the same as those used in the 16 November Announcement unless the context otherwise requires.


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Happy New Year awesome action taker!
I love New Year because it's a great time to say – 'out with the old and in with the new!'
There really is something in feeling like we can start again and gain momentum in our lives that heightens happiness.
So we want to ensure we can gain momentum to keep those happiness juices flowing!
It's so easy to set a goal for the end of the year and then forget about it until the next year is looming and then feel like a failure because once again we didn't achieve our goals.
So this year, I'm trying something a bit different. Rather than setting results based goals this year, why not try processed based goals instead!
Watch this weeks episode to see what I mean…
Ride 4 Kids – Click Here to Sponsor Me. Thank You!
Comment below and tell me;
1. What's your biggest goal this year?
2. Using what I say in the video, how can you turn that into a goal you'll follow all year long?
Please get into as much nitty gritty detail as you like as your comment could be the spark of inspiration someone else reading this needs!
Thank you so much for your openness & honesty!
Jo :)
Starting this week, I'm going to be publishing weekly videos taking you through every facet of starting & growing your lifestyle business.
We'll be looking at your vision for here you want to be by the end of next year, your business model, your target market, your strategy and most importantly step by step what you need to do to get it up and running.
Whether your business is ecommerce, authority marketing, service provider etc, this is for you and it's completely free, no catch whatsoever!
So come over, join the group and let's make 2019 phenomenal! :)
How to Build a Business you Can Run From Anywhere in the World
Also, please share with your friends if you think this Make It Happen Monday episode has been useful and of course have an amazing week, live life on purpose and Make It Happen.
Thanks for watching. Jo :)


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You are here
The role of graphene in enhancing the stiffness of polymeric material: A molecular modeling approach
The role of graphene in enhancing the stiffness of polymeric material: A molecular modeling approach
R. Rahman
Amorphous epoxy is considered for investigating the role of graphene in
enhancing elastic stiffness of polymers. Graphene is incorporated in the
amorphous epoxy in order to develop graphene-epoxy systems. The
mechanical properties of crosslinked graphene-epoxy (G-Ep)
nanocomposites have been investigated using molecular mechanics (MM) and
molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The influences of graphene
nanoplatelet weight concentrations, aspect ratios, and dispersion on
elastic constants were studied. Both randomly oriented and stacked
graphene-epoxy nanocomposites were considered. A polymer consistent
force field (pcff) was used in the analysis. The G-Ep nanocomposites
system underwent MD equilibration followed by uniform deformation. The
stress-strain responses were evaluated in order to determine Young's
modulus. MM simulation was also used to calculate the Young's modulus
and shear modulus at 0 K. The results from MD and MM simulation showed
reasonable improvement in Young's modulus and shear modulus for G-Ep
system in comparison to neat epoxy resin. The graphene concentrations in
the range of 1%-3% and graphene with high aspect ratio are seen to
improve the Young's modulus by 82% approximately. The results from the
simulations were compared with the results from micromechanics based
analysis and nanoindentation tests. It was observed from both the
atomistic scale simulation and nanoindentation tests that incorporation
of graphene in neat epoxy at low weight concentration improves the
elastic properties. Using similar MD scheme, it was also seen that the
dispersed graphene-epoxy system possesses enhanced in-plane elastic
modulus compared to the agglomerated graphene-epoxy system.
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Da flightglobal:
The E-Jet E2 family, as the airframer is dubbing it, will include three variants: an 80-seat E-175, 97-seat E-190 and 118-seat E-195. One row of seats will added to the E-175 and three rows to the E-195, while the smallest variant, the E-170, will be dropped.
The E-190 E2 will be the first to enter service, in the first half of 2018. The E-195 E2 will follow in 2019 and the E-175 E2 in 2020, says Embraer
http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articl ... et-387169/


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The detonation and handiness of the cyberspace have seen immense promotions in the universe of communications and concern. However, along with the benefits the cyberspace has created a new environment for felons to prosecute in condemnable activity. Larceny and fraud are the more common offenses committed on the cyberspace but a more distressing offense is on the addition.
Child maltreatment has been around for centuries but with promotions in engineering, the rush in societal networking sites and instant courier services, kids are now at greater hazard from on-line sexual maltreatment within their ain places as the Personal computer, bet oning consoles and even nomadic phones become the gateways for maltreaters and organised webs of felons to feed.
This reports aims to look at the manner the United Kingdom legal system alongside national and international bureaus are working together in order to undertake the turning job of on-line kid maltreatment. This study will besides foreground instances of maltreaters who have been jailed for their offenses and besides highlight the functions played by Internet Service suppliers, the media, charities, instruction and households who all have a function to play in maintaining kids safe online.
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What Constitutes Child Abuse?
In order to discourse the prosecution and sensing of kid maltreatment, it is of import to chiefly specify the term kid maltreatment. Harmonizing to the World Health Organisation ( WHO, 1999 ) the term kid maltreatment refers to the sick intervention of kids which includes " sexual maltreatment, physical maltreatment, emotional maltreatment, disregard and development that consequences in existent or possible injury to the kid 's wellness, development or self-respect " ( World Health Organisation, 1999 ) or in its purest signifier " when an grownup deliberately hurts a kid under the age of 18 " ( NSPCC, 2011 ) . It is hard to specify the term " on-line kid maltreatment " as it encompasses all of the charcteristics of the current definition of kid maltreatment as already described nevertheless, the term " on-line " reflects the methodological analysis deployed by the wrongdoers. Online kid maltreatment has many features, e.g. , intimidation, and more serious offenses such as making and downloading images of sexually abused kids or nearing kids to prosecute in sexual behavior either online or offline ( HUWY, 2011 ) now lawfully known as preparing under The Sexual Offences Act 2003 ( s14 & A ; s15 ) .
A well publicized illustration of this was witnessed In Durham Crown Court, March 2010, where Peter Chapman was convicted of sexually assailing and slaying 17 twelvemonth old miss Ashleigh Hall who he had lured through the societal networking site Facebook. He created the character of a teenage young person in order to entice Ashleigh Hall into run intoing him ( Stokes, P, 2010 ) . At the test it is estimated Chapman had used the societal networking site to do contact with " 2981 females between the ages of 13 and 31 " ( Armstrong, et al. , 2010 ) .
Internet Use
Since 2001, the figure of kids utilizing the cyberspace has increased dramatically. A study commisioned by the London School of Economics in 2005 ( UK Children Go Online ) estimated in the 9 to 19 old ages age group, 75 % of kids had internet entree at place, lifting to 92 % entree at school ( Livingstone, et al. , 2005 ) . A study by Ofcom in 2008 indicated that 35 % of all 12 to 15 twelvemonth olds had entree to the cyberspace in their sleeping rooms, 16 % of 8 to 11 twelvemonth olds and even kids in the 5 to 7 twelvemonth age group accounted for 3 % ( OFCOM, 2009 ) . As engineering has developed and the cyberspace is now more accessible through other platforms such as nomadic phone engineering and online gambling consoles, the UK Council for Child Internet Child Saftey 's Click Clever Click safe run highlighted the Ofcom study by uncovering that of the 44 million people who presently have internet entree in the UK, 99 % were in the 8 to 17 twelvemonth age group ( OFCOM2009 cited in UKCCIS, 2009 ) .
Although it is virtually impossible to quantify the entire figure of unprosecuted online kid maltreatment offenses, a study conducted in 2000 by the Internet Crime forum ( ICF ) estimated that 1 in 5 kids online had been " approached by pedophiles or other undesirables online " ( cited in Childnet, 2001 ) .
In position of the increasing use of the cyberspace and mounting offense against kids committed online, in 2007, the Labour Government sanctioned an independent reappraisal into child on-line safety and commissioned Dr Tanya Byron to bring forth a study detailing the hazards and effects of kids surfing online. The Safer Children in a Digital World study was published in April 2008 and recommended " a national scheme for Child Safety and a shared civilization of duty " in order to prolong safety ( Byron, 2008 ) . The study focused on the demand for statute law, instruction and parents to all play their function in internet safety.
The childrens charity Barnardos every bit late as January 2011 reported in their publication Puppet on a String, ( Barnardos, 2011 ) the dangers of kid development both on and offline. Using figures recorded by CEOP, Barnardos revealed a 16 % twelvemonth on twelvemonth addition of reported offenses of which 25 % were straight of an on-line nature. In 2008/9, 5411 offenses were recorded and by 2009/10 that had increased to 6291 ( CEOP, 2010 ) .
Equally good as potency for condemnable contact between grownups and kids, the cyberspace has become a portal for wrongdoers to upload and position images an picture of kids engaged in sexual Acts of the Apostless. There are no official or unofficial figures on the figure of child maltreatment images on the cyberspace but of the 34,871 web sites reported to the Internet Watch Foundation in 2007, 85 % of those contained images of kids in a sexual nature ( IWF, 2008 ) .
Undoubtedly the rise in cyberspace usage and handiness of web services will make chances for wrongdoers to administer indecorous exposure and picture of abused kids, therefore the figure of images will necessarily increase. ( Taylor, et Al, 2003 cited: Byron, 2008, 3.41, p51 ) .
As the usage of the cyberspace by kids additions and its portability through engineering progresss further, its is progressively more of import that kids, parents and instructors are more cognizant and knowing of the dangers of being on-line. This goes manus in manus with mechanisms in topographic point to forestall and describe unasked or condemnable activity and equal statute law to convict wrongdoers of these flagitious offenses.
Online Child Abuse and UK Law
Legislation created to protect kids and later prosecute those guilty of kid maltreatment offenses in the United Kingdom falls under many Acts of the Apostless of statute law in the UK legal system.
The Children and Young Persons Act of 1933, ( portion 1, c12 ) still in force today, states the legal duty to protect kids from " the bar of Cruelty and Exposure to Moral and Physical Danger " ( Childrens and Young Persons Act 1933, c12, 2011 ) . Section 1 ( 1 ) of The Indecency with Children Act of 1960, goes farther by saying it " is an offense to separately or with another incite or engage in Acts of the Apostless of gross indecency with a kid " ( Childnet, 2001 ) and is hence apt for strong belief.
Today the statute law for the protection of kids online or offline is rooted in The Children Act ( 1989 ) and the Sexual Offences Act of 2003. Section 31 of The Children Act states that injury to a kid lawfully constitute " the maltreatment, damage of wellness or development of a kid which can include sexual maltreatment and non physical ailment intervention " ( The Children Act 1989, 2011 ) S31, [ f3, ( 9 ) .
The Protection of Children Act 1978 ( England and Wales ) ( c.37 ) states it is illegal " to take, possess, distribute or publish indecorous exposure of kids under the age of 16 " [ f22, ( 6 ) . In May 2004, The Sexual Offences Act ( 2003, S.45 ) , amended the age bound to include kids up to the age of 18 unless suspects could turn out they were a ) in a relationship with the kid involved ( subdivision 1A ( 1 ) and B ) the kid had consented to the exposure being taken ( subdivision 1A ( 4 ) . In April 2008, The Police and Justice Act ( 2008, s39, ) revised subdivision 11 of The Protection of Children Act 1978 farther by giving the constabulary the powers to take and retain indecorous exposure of kids under the age of 18 unless the suspect could turn out they had a legitimate ground for being in ownership of such stuff ( IWF,2011 ) .
In August 2008, Paul Hagan was charged and convicted in Teesside Crown Court for possessing 15,000 child maltreatment images and administering about 4400 to others. It is estimated that the web site jointly had about a million indecent images and video cartridge holders associating to child maltreatment ( Hunter, 2010 ) .
Computer generated Images, non needfully snap that depict or deduce kids prosecuting in sexual activity are besides illegal and autumn under the remit of the Coroners and Justice Act ( 2009 ) pt2, ch2, ( 65 ) . This Act defines an image as " a moving or still image produced by any agencies " ( legislation.gov.uk, 2011 )
Where the offense involves engineering, Online Child maltreatment is still dealt with as an offense against the kid and is determined and punishable besides under many Acts of the Apostless of the UK legal system in both the felon and civil tribunals. However, new statute law incorporates the new methodological analysiss of Child abuse non applicable in for illustration the creative activity of The Children and Young Persons Act of 1933 ; a clip when information engineering was non invented.
The Sexual Offences Act of 2003 was produced as a consequence of a authorities probe in 2000 into sexual offenses. The Home Secretary at that clip, David Blunkett, viewed the bing statute law and lawfully and socially outdated and unequal to cover with mounting public force per unit area to cover earnestly with sex wrongdoers and besides to reflect altering societal attitudes. ( Batty, D, 2003 ) .
The Sexual Offences Act ( c42, Part 1 subdivisions 14 & A ; 15 ) relates to the comparatively new offense of sexual training. Sexual training in the UK is lawfully defined as " pass oning with a kid with the purpose of meeting in order to perpetrate a sexual offense " ( The National Archives, 2010 ) . If an grownup ( a individual over the age of 18 ) is seen to hold attempted to do contact and arrange to run into with a kid on more than one juncture with the purpose of perpetrating a sexual act, they will be apt to prosecution under the Sexual offences Act of 2003 s15, ( 1 ) ( a ) . Successful prosecutions of this offense can take to prison sentences of ten old ages ( Sexual Offences Act 2003 s15, ( 4 ) ( B ) . Further to this alteration, another new jurisprudence came into force to further protect kids further. Under Section 42 of the Sexual Offences Act 2003 portion 2, 123 ( a ) ( B ) , A senior constabulary head can use to the tribunals for a civil Hazard of Sexual Harm Order ( The Crown Prosecution Service, 2011 ) against an grownup who has antecedently been involved in illicit behavior with a kid on more than one juncture even if they may non hold needfully been convicted of such offense. The Hazard of Sexual Harm order serves to protect kids by puting a lower limit of a 2 twelvemonth order on an grownup considered to be a menace to non prosecute in any signifier of sexual activity, whether it is verbal, via instant messaging services or in internet confab room ( Blackburn City Council, 2011 ) .
On strong belief of any sexual offense whether online or offline affecting a kid ( post 1997 ) , the wrongdoer is placed on the Sexual activity Offenders Register and will hold to follow with orders governed under Sexual Offences Act ( 2003 ) c42, portion 2, Section 81 ( 1 ) that relate to the Sex Offenders Act ( 1997 ) pt1. Under this act the wrongdoers must describe to a Police station within 3 yearss of strong belief and inform of any address alterations or motion which may affect them being off from their current reference for more than 7 yearss. Failure to follow can ensue in a 5 twelvemonth gaol term ( CPS, 2011 ) . Wrongdoers can stay on the sex wrongdoers register indefinitely if their strong belief for this offense resulted in a 30 month or more jail sentence. For gaol sentences of a lesser term, the length of clip spent on the registry is seven to ten old ages or half that clip if the wrongdoer is less than 18 old ages old ( Batty, 2006 ) .
Having served gaol sentences and being placed on the Sexual activity Offenders registry, under the Proceeds of Crime Act ( 2002 ) and the Serious Organised Crime and Police Act ( 2005 ) ( SOCA, 2011 ) , the constabulary now have the power to remove/seize assets of wrongdoers that have been made through Child maltreatment offenses. This act enables constabularies to impound goods through any condemnable behavior deemed so in UK jurisprudence. ( The Guardian, 2009 ) .
Detecting Online Abuse
Duty for the sensing and prosecution of offline and progressively more on-line Child maltreatment offenses in the UK involves a myriad of specialized bureaus. The sensitive nature of this offense requires specialist, sensitive and professional direction from the start of an probe to the terminal from the kid 's position and the alleged wrongdoer. Successful strong beliefs are to be commended ; yet instances where there has been an apprehension but no strong belief can hold baleful effects for those involved.
The Government, Crown Prosecution Service, E offense units at local constabulary forces, Internet Service Providers ( ISP 's ) , charities such as The Internet Watch Foundation, local governments and instruction all play a function in the protection of kids from kid maltreatment.
The UK collaborates with European directives and international administrations in order to portion information and specializer advice.
At European degree, the Council of European Convention on the Protection of Children against sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse came into force in July 2010 ( CET.201 ) , saying each member states duty to protect kids and implement the jurisprudence on kid maltreatment offenses ( EU, 2010 ) in conformity with Section. Further to this, there are presently proposals to widen the powers each authorities 's clasp further to coerce internet service suppliers to adhere to the Internet Watch Foundations ( IWF ) block list of piquing web sites and take the site from the host ( Williams, 2011 ) .
On a world-wide degree, The Virtual Global Taskforce is an illustration of one such administration that operates on an international degree. The Global Virtual Taskforce was formed in 2003 and consists of 7 transnational constabulary forces from states such as The UK, Canada and Australia who pool information and schemes in order to protect and educate kids and guarantee prosecution of wrongdoers ( VGT, 2011 ) .
Interpol besides have a cardinal database of suspects and the motion of wrongdoers whom it portions with specialized units within constabulary forces worldwide known as the International Child Sex Exploitation image Database ( ICSE-DB ) ( INTERPOL, 2010 ) . Interpol besides let go of what are termed as green notices to administrations involved in Child maltreatment sensing to warn of the motion of a convicted wrongdoer who may hold located in their country ( INTERPOL, 2010 ) .
Child Exploitation and Online Protection Service ( CEOP )
The cardinal taskforce presently runing in the UK today created specifically to describe, observe and undertake the turning job of on-line kid maltreatment is the Child Exploitation and Online Protection Service, otherwise known as CEOP.
CEOP was created in 2006 as an independent cardinal unit for observing persons and pedophile rings that use the cyberspace to perpetrate such offenses. All UK reported instances of Child abuse whether associating to on or offline offenses are reported to CEOP.
CEOP was the consequence of the creative activity of the Serious Organised Crime Agency ( 2006 ) ( SOCA ) which in bend overhauled the National Hi-tech Crime Unit of 2001 ( NHTCU ) . The NHTCU was originally created to undertake the turning job of all offense committed on the cyberspace. With the creative activity of SOCA, the NHTCU was incorporated into SOCA 's E offense unit and on-line offenses against the kid fell under the remit of CEOP.
CEOP is a multi professional unit of the constabulary force which operates aboard and with the full power of the jurisprudence. Based on information received, CEOP has the authorization to look into and on successful cogent evidence of grounds, prosecute wrongdoers The administration consists of extremely trained constabulary officers, IT experts, with aid from internet service suppliers ( ISP ) , local governments, psychologists and educational bureaus who collaborate in order to place, locate and protect kids from possible maltreatment ( CEOP, 2006-10 ) . The administration has an online coverage mechanism on their web site for the populace to utilize if they suspect or have been a victim of kid maltreatment. It besides holds a database of the most wanted suspects who are presently wanted for oppugning in relation to child sex maltreatment offenses.
CEOP have besides created with the aid of societal networking sites like Facebook, a panic button known as " ClickCEOP " enabling kids to snap and describe unasked or potentially condemnable activity ( Allan, 2010 ) .
The chief map of CEOPS is the sensing of on-line offense against kids. Intelligence assemblage is one of the cardinal activities of the administration and involves working nationally and internationally with constabulary forces and experts to organize information and path activity across computing machine webs. CEOP besides with the aid of other bureaus efforts to follow convicted wrongdoers who have contravened their conditions determined under the Sex Offenders registry.
With the authorization from The Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2002, ( RIPA ) , CEOP is able to portion information with other constabulary governments and non constabulary bureaus e.g. local authorities governments and councils, as the knock on effects of Child maltreatment frequently will necessitate intercession from Social services sections.
CEOP is a multi faceted administration. Equally good as offense sensing CEOP operates preventive steps and plants aboard other administrations e.g. NSPCC and package companies like Microsoft to assist eliminate on-line kid maltreatment. It besides plays a major function in the instruction and preparation of professionals who work within this field, e.g. constabulary officers, societal workers and respects itself as a genuinely holistic administration that non lone trades with the duty of observing offense but works as an bureau that endeavours through research and sensing methods to follow motion of wrongdoers and offenses. This technique known as offense function facilitates in turn uping persons and organised packs and pinpoints countries where these offenses have been committed in order to previse local constabulary forces and proctor wrongdoers before they offend once more. CEOP besides aim to educate and advance consciousness of safely utilizing the cyberspace through its runs such as its thinkuknow web site which was developed to educate kids and grownups responsible for the web safety of kids ( Thinkuknow, 2007 ) .
Since its launch in 2006, CEOP and its associated bureaus have seen dramatic rises in the Numberss of wrongdoers successfully brought to justness. Official figures from the CEOP web site indicate in the old ages 2009-10, 1121 wrongdoers were arrested compared to 83 in 2006-07 ( CEOP, 2010 ) . In the same period, the administration has besides been responsible for nailing 262 paedophile webs in comparing to 29 in 2006-7 ( CEOP, 2010 ) .
The creative activity of a National Crime Agency in 2013, proposed by the current Government will see the amalgamation of CEOP with SOCA and the UK Border Agency into one lone unit. This has been met with in trepidation by those involved as there are frights CEOP will lose its independency and ability to supply a holistic service. The former caput of CEOP, Jim Gamble resigned his station believing the move off from a dedicated kid maltreatment unit will earnestly but kids at hazard and return the service to a constabulary section with small range for all the other services the administration presently provides ( Booth, 2010 ) ( Police Oracle, 2011 ) .
The Internet Watch Foundation
Another cardinal administration involved in the battle against on-line kid development is the Internet Watch Foundation ( IWF ) . The IWF is a registered charity formed in 1996 by members of the cyberspace industry. Funded by the EU, the IWF operates aboard jurisprudence enforcement bureaus including CEOP and the cyberspace industry and attains to undertake, block and take illegal content on the web. The IWF does non hold the legal powers of CEOP as it is non portion of the UK constabularies force but plants and studies to the constabulary on all website activity it investigates and is considered illegal under UK Law.
THE IWF operates in concurrence with CEOP and operates a " notice and takedown policy " ( IWF, 1996-2011 ) which enables them to barricade or take UK web sites which host illegal content. Where the images are hosted internationally the IWF can barricade UK entree and so informs the relevant bureaus of the state where the stuff is hosted. The IWF does non hold the authorization to take content held on international waiters and different Torahs apply in different states, i.e. what the UK may hold violative or incorporating condemnable content might non be the instance in another state. Amongst its other remit the IWF operates an on-line coverage mechanism on their cyberspace home page asimilar to the 1 provided by CEOP that enables cyberspace users to describe web sites that may incorporate indecorous images of kids or condemnable content. The IWF maintain a database or block list of web sites believed to host illegal content which it distributes to internet services suppliers, nomadic phone and communications operators both nationally and internationally. This enables those in the industries to take action to interrupt up webs of offense.
Since its Launch in 1996, the IWF has dramatically reduced the volume of kid maltreatment content hosted by UK web sites. In 2003 condemnable content known to the IWF stood at 1 % compared to 18 % in 1997 ( IWF, 1996-2011 ) . In 2007, the IWF 's one-year study revealed they were cognizant of 2755 publically available web sites non hosted in the UK that were exposing kid maltreatment images ( IWF, 2008 )
Case Study: Operation Ore
One of the largest and most controversial UK probes into on-line kid maltreatment occurred in 1999 and resulted in the apprehension of over 3700 work forces in the UK for on-line kid maltreatment offenses ( Hirsch, et al. , 2010 ) . The branchings of this probe are still ongoing today and heralds the demand for those involved in Child maltreatment sensing and prosecution to guarantee technological progresss and considerations are at cardinal to the question in order to reflect that the grounds is proven beyond a sensible uncertainty.
The National Criminal Intelligence Service ( NCIS ) , which preceded CEOP ran an question termed as Operation Ore and was the consequence of an bing probe into on-line kid erotica in the United States knows as Operation Avalanche. Operation Avalanche was an probe affecting a married twosome from Dallas, Texas in April 1999. Thomas and Janice Reedy had amassed a personal luck by making a web of web sites merchandising as Landslide productions, which enabled users to subscribe to entree preponderantly adult porn sites. Within the web site there was an chance to entree kid maltreatment images. Although Thomas Reedy had non created, uploaded or hosted the images or web sites, he had facilitated others to utilize the Landslide web site as a portal to child erotica web sites based in other states. On their apprehension, US police officers discovered a list of 300,000 recognition card holders from 60 states who had subscribed to the Landslide web site ( CBC News, 2003 ) . On reception of this list, the US constabularies governments informed the UK constabularies that within those recognition card Numberss found, about 7000 of those were UK based and proceeded to supply the UK constabularies force with the names of those involved ( BBC, 2002 ) .
On the confirmation of the recognition card inside informations provided by the US governments, the UK constabularies began the largest probe into on-line kid maltreatment offences of all time witnessed in the UK. Of the 7000 names exchanged, it is estimated that more than 2600 of those have been convicted of kid maltreatment offenses ( Wardrop, 2009 ) and all of those cautioned and convicted have been placed on the sex wrongdoers register ( The Yorkshire Post, 2009 ) .
Operation Avalanche was heralded as a victory in the battle against kid maltreatment offenses in the United States. The US probe was commended for the professional mode in which it handled the operation. Of the 35,000 suspected wrongdoers, following punctilious probes, 144 places were searched and 100 people arrested ( Campbell, 2005 ) . In the UK, all of the names on the list were instantly placed on the sex wrongdoers register before probes had been completed ( The Yorkshire Post, 2009 ) .
CEOP who took over the probe from the NCIS besides judge the on-going operation to be a complete success holding cautioned or convicted 2600 wrongdoers ( Laville, 2009 ) .
The Operation Ore probe is non without contention. Many believe that the footing for prosecution was entirely placed on the recognition card inside informations passed to UK governments with small thought given to the actuality that endorsers may non hold consciously accessed the links directing them to child maltreatment images or cognize the web site presented such a service. As the web site was preponderantly directed at grownup erotica, the huge bulk users would hold admitted to paying for grownup services.
The names of those alleged wrongdoers were besides leaked to a national newspaper, the Sunday Times, ( Cullen, 2003 ) and included professionals and high profile names from the music industry of which many were publically named doing widespread hurt. This in bend besides victimised those on the list before they had the chance to support themselves. It is estimated that over 30 of those accused of sing kid maltreatment images have committed self-destruction in the aftermath of Operation Ore ( Oates, 2006 ) . Gibraltar based Forces Commodore, David White, was suspended of his responsibilities and took his ain life in 2005 holding been investigated under Operation Ore. At the inquest, the Ministry of Defence constabulary has written to the Navy to confabulate there was " no substantial grounds " ( Herbert, 2005 ) to turn out that Commodore White had partaken in any of the offenses he was accused of.
An extra concern of the question was that no consideration had been given to the possibility of recognition card individuality larceny. One such case of this was the instance of Consultant Dr Paul Grout who was under probe and in April 2004 successfully proved his artlessness in Hull Crown Court. Dr Grout had paid for a eating house repast in the UK by the agencies of his recognition card ; his inside informations had been fraudulently stolen and had fallen into the custodies of a user in the United States ( Leppard, 2005 ) .
In a recent instance non under the remit of Operation Ore, a adult male was acquitted of downloading kid erotica at Southwark Crown Court in October 2010 and awarded ?180,000 in amendss after his Personal computer had been affected by a virus. In the procedure of the probe the accused, Chris Singam, had been originally investigated by the Fraud squad instead than specializers in on-line kid sex maltreatment offense. Mr Singam had been found non guilty based on the grounds of a computing machine specializer who provided proficient grounds to turn out that the computing machines in his office had been attacked by a virus and he had non deliberately download illegal images ( Welham, 2010 ) . In the procedure of the probe, Mr Singam 's concern had collapsed and he had been ostracised by the local community ( Shorter, 2010 ) .
Although these instances should non reflect off from the successful strong beliefs for these offenses, Operation Ore has exposed the human effects of those involved in Child maltreatment probes. The effects on household life and calling patterned advance will hold far making effects even if the accused is found non guilty. An adept informant, Duncan Campbell, who gave grounds in one of the many Operation Ore probes, reflects on the stigma attached to persons in these instances and argues that cyberspace users in such instances can go the victims through a " combination of proficient naivete and fright " ( Campbell, 2005 ) .
It is besides clear that engineering raises many issues than is apparent in offline kid maltreatment instances. Establishing guilt through a user 's Personal computer or nomadic phone records may turn out hard. Although engineering can supply the trails of informations grounds, it can non needfully turn out the activity was paved through the actions of the accused. That will necessitate the usage of extremely trained specializers to work alongside traditional policing methods to successfully turn out liability.
Undoubtedly the Internet has given those who partake in on-line kid sex maltreatment, a gateway to see adult images and an effortless transition through societal networking sites and courier services the possible to sexually mistreat kids offline. Keeping safe 99 % of kids in the UK between the ages of 8 and 17 old ages old with internet entree is a colossal undertaking.
In position of the rise in cyberspace service and the figure of kids utilizing the cyberspace, it is apparent that the Government through statute law and policing, alongside the cyberspace industry, educational and charitable administrations are proactively working to do the cyberspace a safer topographic point. Revisions of out-of-date Acts of Parliament are enabling the tribunals to prosecute wrongdoers under new Torahs as engineering progressively plays its function in offense. However, engineering moves faster than statute law and the Law may non be prepared for technological progresss.
Educating kids and parents through on-line safety runs such as the thinkuknow run will alarm users non merely to the dangers of cyberspace usage and will authorise them to describe suspected offenses doing the cyberspace a safer topographic point for others. This could be improved farther by telecasting runs to make a wider audience.
Dedicated UK specialist administrations such as CEOP and the IWF are working in coaction with national, European and International administrations to pool informations resources as webs of internet offenses operate on a planetary degree. This can merely profit the battle against child on-line maltreatment as webs cover planetary countries. However, there is non a planetary scheme or administration in which all states participate. The Virtual Global taskforce could widen to include other states in order to be genuinely international.
And eventually, Operation Ore reminds us of the affectional nature of engagement in Child maltreatment instances whether on or offline. Although a big figure of wrongdoers were successfully and justly prosecuted under this probe, big Numberss of those have been left with a womb-to-tomb stigma which surrounds this type of offense due to blemish in proficient grounds.
The demand for extremely specialized experts is paramount to guarantee non merely the safety of kids on the cyberspace but to convey wrongdoers to justice for their offenses and to protect those non guilty of these offenses from persecution.


text: On Friday 17th November, the children and staff at Oaks Primary Academy took part in various different activities to raise money for Children in Need. The day was a huge success, with the school raising an impressive £219.60! Well done and thank you to everyone, you all did an amazing job.


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It is that time of the year again! The DIG employees got together to celebrate in the summer heat with a cool quarterly company party, complete with delicious foods, drinks and a chock full of exciting company news! Read on to find out more about what our DIG companies have been working hard on: Devon… [ Continue Reading ]
DIG Celebrating Summer with a Cool Company Party
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Thursday Afternoon's Quarterly Office Party
View PostJune 27, 2014 by at 11:06 am Leave a Comment
It's the time of the year for another quarterly party! The DIG employees gathered together last Thursday to catch up on each company's latest news and to interact with each other. Dr. John A. Bennett started off the event by showing his appreciation to everyone working in the company, especially to his new assistant, Adrienne,… [ Continue Reading ]


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New to Perrywood, Playmobil are must-have toys for imaginative play – see the full range in-store!
We have two Playmobil sets to give away – a Fairies set and a Dinosaurs set, each worth £24.99.
To enter our competition, all you need to do is like, share and comment on the competition post on Facebook:
The closing date for entries is Sunday 16th September. The winners will be drawn at random and notified on Tuesday 18th September.
For more information, including terms and conditions, visit https://www.perrywood.co.uk/competition-terms/
PLEASE NOTE: The prizes must be collected from Perrywood Garden Centre.


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Buying a diamond ring is really a frightening business. Regardless if you are buying for the future fiancee or if you're one from the 65% of brides who take part in the acquisition. In either case, it's the abiding symbol of the most basic relationship of the existence. Would you like to make certain you understand it properly!
Today we're likely to be focussing on what you ought to learn about buying an old-fashioned diamond engagement ring. Before we explore this there is a quick recap on a few details to become done! Since 75% of diamond engagement rings purchased possess a gemstone gem, here's a fast rundown from the 4 important aspects to understand when choosing a diamond ring having a gemstone:
Some C'S OF DIAMONDS
The standard, and for that reason value, of the gemstone is dependent upon four key elements referred to as 4 C's.
A carat may be the unit of weight through which a gemstone is measured, with .2 grams equalling one carat, and the need for a gemstone rising tremendously to the size.
Most diamonds contain both outer and inner flaws, that are measured on the sliding scale and referred to as diamond's clearness. Less flaws clearly mean more quality, but it's worth noting that up to and including certain point flaws aren't visible towards the eye, so purchasing a gemstone with flaws which are only visible within microscope can help to save a substantial amount of money!
Unlike what may appear apparent – this doesn't really make reference to the precise colour of a gemstone (pink along with other colored diamonds are classified as fancy colored) but is really a sliding scale that refers back to the existence of yellow color in white-colored diamonds. The purer the colour white-colored the higher the value.
Once more, unlike what may appear apparent this doesn't make reference to the form the gemstone continues to be reduce, however refers back to the excellence of the depth and size of the cut which have a big effect on a diamond's sparkle and lustre. The greater the cut, the greater sparkle and greater value.
All trustworthy jewelers ought to be prepared to talk you thru some C's of the gemstone, however if you simply need further assurance you are able to request to simply see "cert diamonds". They are diamonds that include an accreditation to demonstrate their authenticity, most abundant in well-known certificate from the Gemological Institute of the usa. The GIA also offers an incredible iPhone application describing some C's in greater detail, a very handy tool to possess when visiting jewelers!
Right! Using the gem lesson taken care of let's explore why is antique diamond engagement rings different. The primary affect on design for antique diamond engagement rings may be the period once the ring is made. Each jewellery period features its own distinct style as well as way jewellery is made.
The Georgian period spans over the reign of 4 nobleman of England (George I – IV) from roughly 1714 – 1837. Buying jewellery out of this period ensures you're going to get a really unique piece, just about all pieces were handcrafted by makers making before any mass production techniques were utilised.
Diamond engagement rings out of this period were heavily affected by nature, frequently crafted in to the shapes of leaves, wild birds as well as insects! Therefore if you're a nature lover you'll love designs in the Georgian period.
The Victorian period spans the reign of Queen Victoria of England, roughly 1836 – 1901. The Queen were built with a great passion for her family which romanticism demonstrated within the jewellery and diamond engagement rings from the period. Flowers, hearts, bows and wild birds were prominent as was the gem Opal, that the Queen would be a great admirer of.
Midway with the Victorian period, 1867 to become exact, huge gemstone mines were found in Nigeria and diamonds grew to become very popular. The invention of platinum in Russia as well as vast reserves of gold in California in 1849, permitted the diversification karat levels in gold, which makes it readily available and cheaper. A diamond ring out of this period will make sure a vintage romantic look, while still maintaining some natural influence so prominent within the Georgian period.
The Skill Nouveau period lasted from roughly 1890 – 1919, really encompassing the second Edwardian period. This era defined the turning from the last century and also the dawning of the modern day. Using the suffragette movement entirely pressure by 1900 the time celebrated the feminine form and free-flowing asymmetrical lines defined many pieces.
Design and craftsmanship of pieces was vital, and materials and gemstones required on the secondary importance. What this means is diamond engagement rings in the period possess some truly beautiful designs and artistry, while arriving a variety of materials and gemstones. If you like the style of the time and also have your heart focused on a specific stone, a great search should mean you'll find the ideal ring!
Lasting from roughly 1895 – 1914, the Edwardian period was flanked by the skill Nouveau period, together with was based on incredibly high amounts of craftsmanship. Hearing aid technology reign of King Edward of England and the Danish bride designs were frequently more elegant, with fine filigree work popular. Unlike the skill Nouveau period which used a multitude of materials and gemstones, diamonds and platinum were an order during the day for that Edwardian period.
Delicate and cosmopolitan designs defined diamond engagement rings from the period and if you want to choose a elegant look, then you definitely can't fail here.
The Skill Deco period lasted from roughly 1920 – 1935 and marked an enormous transfer of style. While previous periods frequently stored same stylistic elements the skill Deco period was marked by vibrant colours and sharp straight lines. Emeralds, rubies and sapphires were the preferred gemstones and were conspicuously utilized in diamond engagement rings.
The time was based on the liberation from the jazz era and popular culture heavily influenced the edginess from the jewellery. If you are a sucker for big retro style and also have always had a real love for jazz a skill Deco diamond engagement ring could hold an especially special meaning for you personally.
The Retro period lasted from roughly 1935 – 1950 and it was marked through the Great Depression and The Second World War. Platinum was wasn't open to jewelers during this period and artificial rubies and sapphires grew to become popular. Designs grew to become chunky and square and illusion settings – giving the look of a bigger stone – grew to become famous diamond engagement rings, reflecting the poverty of shoppers at that time.
A few of the more famous makers for example Tiffany & Co, Cartier and Van Cleef & Arpels made their mark around the jewellery world during this time period. As a result diamond engagement rings in the Retro period are bold and when you're keen on a few of the more famous jewellery brands, you will find a selection of looks which were popular inside the Hollywood elite at that time.
Where You Can BUY?
It may seem buying an old-fashioned diamond engagement ring or estate jewellery means visiting independent antique jewellery shops personally, even though there's no replacement for seeing the product you're buying with your personal eyes before purchase, this isn't the only method to get it done. Nowadays there are numerous websites where independent jewelers list their stock – for example Etsy, Libertons, and first Dibs – enabling you to research jewelers' stock just before organizing appointments with see diamond engagement rings personally, saving money and time.
The vital factor when purchasing a diamond ring is you feel at ease putting on it. This is a diamond ring you put on throughout your existence, so make certain you receive something that best suits you. Antique ring styles span a lot of looks, materials and gemstones, by understanding what period suits your thing and spending some time to analyze options online you are able to narrow your research lower and extremely save your time to sharpen in your dream ring. Couple this understanding by having an knowledge of some C's and just what questions you should ask a jewelry expert when choosing, and you'll make sure to get a top quality ring that you could enjoy for life!


text: Weddings at Eden We come up with fabulous designs for your day! * Wedding Flowers Gallery * Real weddings We have years of wedding experience and expertise! *Ceremony Flowers *Reception Flowers *St.Audries We make the most of your budget & season! *Price List *How It works *Seasonal *Inspiration *Themes We deliver and give outstanding product and service! *Testimonials *About us *Photographer friends *Hen Party Workshops Contact Us We would love to hear from you, whether its for that first initial chat or to book a consultation.


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Happy Thursday! And look! I'm on time! Magical. Here's your challenge:
It's our last sketch challenge of the year...a few more challenges to go though!
This sketch is the base of a Christmas layout in the current (and final ) issue of Scrapbook Inspirations.
Digital scrappers, you can download this as a free layered PSD file here.
Paper or pixels...let's see it!
(And we're going to do way more layouts this week, right? Last week was clearly for the super-dedicated only! Let's have everyone come out to play so we can do a fabulous wrap-up at the end of the week!)
Go on...Scrap like you mean it!!!


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- Availability:
- Out Of Stock
- Product Code:
- Woof Wear Colour Fusion Close Contact Pad (Powder Blue)
- Brand:
- Woof Wear
Woof Wear Colour Fusion Close Contact Pad (Powder Blue)
This new range of Woof Wear saddle cloths features a high wither and poly cotton fabric to create a durable, smart pad. It has been designed to fit the contours of the horse and mirror the latest saddle styles. The ballistic nylon girth pad means it will withstand the inevitable wear and tear of that area and the Velcro ring straps ensure it is secure and stays in place. The whole look is finished with a stylish silver binding.
• High wither design offering freedom of movement
• Breathable polycotton with stylish silver binding
• Ballistic Nylon Girth Pad for durability
• Webbing girth straps for minimal bulk beneath leg
Available in Full Size only (Full size to fit 16.5" - 18" saddles)
Lisa's Notes: This new range of saddle pads are part of Woof Wear's colour fusion collection and are extremely smart looking. They are a really decent weight and are perfect for embroidering on with a smart, yet restrained silver binding. They have the high wither style that is the preferred choice of most riders as they give more freedom of movement and for the quality and design are really well priced. They look fantastic teamed with the other products from the range and we offer 10% off any purchase over £50 from this range. Just use code FUSION10 at the checkout to claim your discount. (Please note that the code can only be used once and not in conjunction with any other offer)


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WATERVILLE, Maine – The North Atlantic Conference (NAC) has announced its preseason poll for men's soccer and Thomas College was picked to finish first in a vote conducted by the league's coaches.
Thomas won its fifth NAC Championship in program history and fourth under Head Coach Chris Parsons, who returns for his ninth season. He brings back an experienced group led by 2018 NAC All-Conference First Team defender Benjamin Vigue (Yarmouth, Maine), MacQuille Walker (Hamilton Parish, Bermuda) and 2018 NAC Rookie of the Year Kyle Patterson (Gorham, Maine), while a mix of transfers and first-year newcomers will add depth and experience.
Thomas opens the season on the road at Gordon College on August 30.
2019 NAC Men's Soccer Preseason Poll
1. Thomas – 77 Points (6 first place votes)
2. Maine Maritime – 70 (2)
3. Husson – 57 (1)
T4. SUNY Delhi – 51
T4. SUNY Canton – 51
6. NVU-Johnson – 40
7. UMaine-Farmington – 31
8. NVU-Lyndon – 16
9. UMaine-Presque Isle – 12


text: Home > Programs & Services > Publications > AABB News AABB News Page ContentAABB News is the association's monthly print magazine offering news and feature stories on critical issues affecting transfusion medicine, cellular therapies and patient blood management. Also featured are expert opinions on technical and clinical topics, information on AABB events and member news.The magazine is available in a digital format offering search capabilities as well as hyperlinks to online content. AABB News is a member benefit. This month's issue can be accessed using your member login. Nonmembers can view a preview of the issue. Past issues are accessible through links along the left side of the page. To receive the full version of AABB News on an ongoing basis, join AABB.Two compilations of feature articles from AABB News are provided as convenient resources for members. The topics addressed include blood donation and blood components.


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Barzylovych O. M., Hryhorova Z. V. (Natsionalnyi tekhnichnyi universytet Ukrainy «Kyivskyi politekhnichnyi instytut» (Kyiv, Ukraina)
Features of influencing of stages of life cycle of commodity on the life cycle of single- and multifood organizations. — 2007. — № 1—2(15—16). — pp. 150—155.
In the article on the basis of analysis of theories of life cycle of commodity and organization the feature of their imposition on the results of activity of single- and multifood enterprises is explored.
Language — Ukrainian.
Illustrations — 4.
Bibliography — 5 titles.


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Exactly How Small Can Small Toilets Be?
Small bathroom is always a pain to work on. Especially when you are choosing the right size toilet to fit in. Ask any bathroom designer.
Unless you know where to look, and a clear idea of what you want, it can really frustrate the hell out of you. What's worst is getting the wrong size toilet that looks awkward in your mini bathroom, and you may also be breaching the law.
But physics being physics. There is a limit to how small a porcelain commode can be. If that limit is reached, you just need more space. Period.
Take Me Straight to the Smallest Tank and Bowl Toilet Review
Have You Exhausted All Options?
If you are only interested in the smallest toilets in the market place, that pretty much sums up your problem.
You have an extremely small space for a toilet.
But sometimes it's just how you plan the layout of the bathroom. And the main thing, of course, is in getting the right size fixtures. But let's not get into the design detail, which is not the main focus here.
In this article, we are going to explore what's the smallest gravity flush toilets in the market place. And what alternatives are at hand to save those precious inches of your bathroom real estate.
So let's take a step back and look at what are the options. And hopefully, you can take away a solution or found the right size toilet for your prized bathroom.
You will soon find out:
- How you should determine the minimum space required for a toilet.
- Among the width, height and length, which dimension is the most critical.
- A comparison of the small toilets from the established manufacturers.
- A review of America's 3rd smallest floor mount gravity flush toilet.
- A roundup of 6 floor-mount gravity-flush siphonic small toilets. Including an update of the popular Galba and a 23-inch shortest length model.
- If all else fail to meet your requirements, there's an alternative or perhaps three.
So. Ready to explore? Let's begin.
Do You Have The Space Even For Small Toilets?
You may skip to the next section if you are familiar with the building code and the minimum space rule.
Regardless of the toilet size, you need space to install it. And talking about that, there are regulations about how much space you need for a toilet.
The first step you should take is to find that space. The area in your bathroom where you intend to install the water closet. Or it can be a small area in the house you plan to convert it into a restroom or powder room. Whatever.
So first thing first, get to the local building code in your area. Find out what is the least acceptable space area you need. If you are hiring a plumber to do your plumbing, he should be able to advise you on the minimum space rule.
This minimum space requirement is a crucial step to take. This is to make sure you have the space that is safe and comfortable when using the facility and you are not running against the law.
As a quick guide, you may want a space area of:
- Left to Right Distance = 30 inches minimum
- Front to Back Distance = Total Length of Toilet + 21 inches minimum
That should set you on the right track to meet the minimum space rule. However, please confirm with the local building code to make sure you comply 100%. Since not all local codes adopt the same minimum.
The Dimension That Set You Off Looking For The Smallest Toilet
In most cases, the width and height are not much of an issue. However, if you have a width less than 30 inches, you better scrap the idea of having a toilet in that space. Already the minimum 30 inches width is rather cramped. Just can't imagine how you are going to do your business in an area narrower than that.
Any narrower, you will be looking at the squat toilet. But that's not practical and you will have a hard time with the regulation and getting it installed.
So that leaves us with the length. And that's precisely why you are here.
You've got a space issue, lengthwise (front to back distance). There isn't enough clearance of 21 inches at the front. So to comply with the rule, you will need a shallow back to wall toilet or simply a short toilet. That's the best thing to do first before resorting to a remodel.
However, one fact you need to bear in mind. The shorter the length you need, the more expensive the toilet gets. But that's true to some extent. It'll depend on how many more inches you need to save. Fear not, competition is good at keeping prices affordable.
If you just needed an inch or two to save the day, you are lucky. That's because you can opt for a round bowl model, which typically is about 2 inches shorter than the elongated ones.
But if you needed a little more, say 3 to 4 inches, there's still hope without bleeding your wallet too much. And anything more than that, you've got to make sure you have enough in the bank for possibly a remodel.
Now let's explore the least wallet-bleeding option first, in the next section.
Compact Toilets From The Top 3 Toilet Manufacturers
In this section, you will see the various short length toilet models from TOTO, American Standard, and KOHLER.
But before you start crunching the numbers, here's how American Standard measures its toilet length differently from the rest.
Notice the length is measured from the wall to the front tip of the bowl. The overall length includes the clearance gap between the wall and the back of the tank. That's how American Standard measures its toilet length. So you will need to minus away the clearance distance to get the actual length of the throne.
So here's a compact toilets comparison for your easy reference. And yes, the clearance gap for all American Standard models have been removed. Please also note that any length that is 28 inches or more will not be on the list. And more importantly, only those with decent reviews get onto the table.
Toilet Length Comparison
Wait. Hang on!
What's that last item in the table? What's Galba? Where is it from? Who is selling it? And How much is it? You asked.
If this is the year 2013, these are valid questions people asked. But now it's probably one of the best selling compact toilets on Amazon. And possibly the smallest floor mount gravity-flush crapper in the United States.
Is this the first time you heard about it? Maybe you have heard it before, but probably by another name. Some folks call it the 24-inch toilet. Anyway, here's a review that answers all the questions you may have about this Galba toilet.
Tiny Little Galba Toilet Review
Don't be fooled by its size. This compact flush toilet has every feature of a regular size commode. And even put some to shame.
Let's begin with its physical appearance.
It's not hard to gather from the image above that little Galba is of a one-piece skirted design. Isn't it sleek and pretty streamlined from the look of it? Now that also tells you a lot about how much work you need to keep its exterior clean. It's a breeze!
With all that flat surfaces and a quick release detachable seat, cleaning is easy with a few wipes. You will love it.
Now let's explore its features and performance.
G-Max Flushing System… Is That TOTO?
Now that certainly sounds like TOTO. But they are not the same flushing system. Anyway, there is little to no information about how the flushing works. Well, maybe nobody cares because it works like a charm. And it really does.
Nonetheless, it's a siphonic flush toilet that is comparable to the likes of TOTO and American Standard. And with a 3-inch flush valve diameter, you can expect the flush to be strong. This is an inch bigger than the 2-inch industry norm, which is desirable.
What about bowl cleansing?
This Galba has a Self-Cleaning glazed surface which helps in preventing skid marks from forming and assist in a cleaner flush. According to the maker, the bowl surface will not scratch, rust, fade, or discolor.
Oh really?
Well, nothing bad was heard from the reviews on Amazon, so it must be that good. No complaint is always a good thing, especially on Amazon.
And in case you haven't visited Amazon yet, little Galba scores an impressive 4.8 stars out of 5 at the time this article was written. Of the total 51 reviews, none are from the 1, 2 and 3 stars rating, which is rare with Amazon reviews.
So despite the lack of design information from the maker, most users are happy with this Galba small toilet. That speaks a lot about its build quality and performance.
As long as it clears your wastes well, who cares how it works. Right?
Decent Dual Flush Efficiency On A Small Crapper
Just when you thought you have found the holy grail of smallest toilet hunters, the dual flush feature feels like Christmas on steroid.
There are 2 flush buttons on top of the tank cover. One is for the 1.6 gpf full flush and the other for 0.8 gpf half flush. And both are adjustable with the floater and flush cistern, respectively.
So if you think you don't need the full 1.6 gallons, you can adjust it lower. That will save you more water and money, of course.
Cool right?
If that's how you feel, Congratulations! Your quest for the smallest toilets is finally over. And the best thing is you are not bleeding your wallet too much to solve a teething space problem.
Thanks, Bill.
Free Toilet Seat And Compatible Bidet Option
This smart-looking Galba comes with a soft closing seat. So that saves you the trouble of having to buy one separately.
But what if you need a replacement seat later? The bowl shape of this Galba toilet doesn't look like an elongated bowl at all. And since the length is short (shortest), surely a standard size seat will not fit.
So, can a standard elongated seat be used as a replacement?
That's a good question Bill. And this is the answer from Luxury Modern Home (the original seller),
"Yes, it's elongated as stated by the supplier* . But I believe any standard seat (not elongated) should fit well on it." – Luxury Modern Home
There you have it. But if you don't feel assuring enough from the seller's answer, you may want to contact them directly. They are quite responsive in answering customer queries. So no worries, you are in good hands, always.
OK, but I'd prefer to have a bidet seat instead. Does Galba has a bidet or any compatible models I can buy?
No, Galba doesn't have a bidet seat to its name. But there is no lack of alternatives if you intend to have one installed on this compact toilet. (Learn more here ► Bidet Toilet Seats – A Comprehensive & Quick Buying Guide)
The 2 bolts that secure the seat is at 5.75″ apart. As long as the bidet seat has the same bolt distance is a good match for Galba. Or if the bidet has an adjustable bolt distance, say 5.5″ +/- 0.25″ will fit as well.
As recommended by Luxury Modern Home, the Brondell Swash 900 with adjustable bolt distance will be good to go. But you can check for more options as long as the bolt distance can match 5.75″ no less.
*Presumably the OEM who makes the Galba toilet for Luxury Modern Home.
The Near Comfort Height Sitting Level
The next feature is the bowl height. There are clarifications sought on Amazon about whether the Galba is a comfort height toilet.
The short answer is no. But almost.
The bowl height without the seat is 15.5″, from the floor to the top of the bowl rim. So when you put on the seat, it will add up to 16.5″. That's half an inch short of being a comfort height, or more precisely, an ADA compliant toilet.
Comfort height or ADA height begins at 17″ right up to 19″, measured from the floor to the top of the toilet seat.
Some folks don't prefer the comfort height, but some do. It's kind of a meet-in-the-middle for this little Galba. So is this smart design or an excellent job at consumer research? You decide.
But seriously, with just half an inch short, can you really feel the difference?
What About The Water Surface Area?
This Galba toilet has a water surface area of 6″ x 4″ (150mm x 100mm). And the depth, from the bowl outlet to the water surface is 5.5″ (140mm).
Pretty close to TOTO Aquia series, which is at 6″ x 5.5″.
Not a great surface area size, but coming from a tiny toilet, what more can you ask for. Any larger, you will be pooping underwater.
Dimension, Dimension, Bad Documentation, Dimensions
The right image shows the dimensions of Galba. Yea it's kinda crappy. It was downloaded from LMH site and no modifications were made to it.
But it does show the correct dimensions, though.
Luxury Modern Home must be making heaps that they have no time to create proper product documentation. You probably would have seen the product details on their site. Do you feel like it was written by a non-English speaking person from somewhere in China? There are spelling mistakes, misleading and conflicting info. Fortunately, these shortcomings have no bearing on little Galba's performance.
And speaking of China, besides the material that Galba is made of, it is indeed made in China. So are some of those from American Standard and KOHLER.
Luckily the customer support at Luxury Modern Home is commendable. Which makes up for its poor documentation standard.
So what would you rather have?
A third world documentation standard with top-notch support. Or a world-class technical write-up with non-existent customer service?
You want both, of course – An excellent product documentation and with immaculate support.
So make sure you comment this on Amazon reviews when you decide to go for it. There's a 99.9% chance that LMH will respond to you.
Installing The Galba Is Like A Walk In The Park
Says who?
Whoever says that he's got to be a plumber.
And that's because little Galba has a standard 12″ rough-in and standard sized flange. Now, if you have to ask what rough-in means, you better get a plumber to do the installation for you. No offense here, because every plumber in America knows what a standard rough-in is like.
But relax. It won't take the whole day for installation. Your Galba will be ready to take the first flush even before you are done with your laundry.
Unless you are a DIYer and enjoy installing toilets (that'll be weird), yea go ahead and do it yourself. You shouldn't take more than an hour to complete the job.
Yes. Installing little Galba is that easy. Again, Congratulations! Your wallet is safe now.
Galba Features & Specifications Overview
- G-Max flushing system
- Dual Flush 1.6 gpf (6 lpf) & 0.8 gpf (3 lpf)
- One-piece design
- Self-cleaning glazed surface
- Fully glazed trapway
- Skirted design for easy cleaning
- Shortest length (24.5″)
- ELONGATED bowl (sort of) and seat
- Slow closing designer seat included
- MaP rating: >=300
- cUPC approved
- Surpasses National GB standard cleaning water test
- One year manufacturer parts warranty
- Water consumption: 1.6 gpf (6 lpf) & 0.8 gpf (3 lpf)
- Trapway type: S-trap
- Water Surface 6″ x 4″ (and 5.5″ high)
- Trap Diameter: 2″
- Seat height: Top of seat is 16.5″ from the floor
- 12″ rough-in
- Material: Vitreous china
- Weight: 90lbs
- Dimensions: 24.5″ L x 14″ W x 27″ H
Is The Price Right For Galba?
So, do you have a good impression about little Galba, the popular small gravity flush toilet in America?
Is it a good fit for your small bathroom? Do you think it'll solve your toilet space problem?
What about the features, do you like what you read so far?
When your answers are YES, here's how much it costs.
You find Galba expensive?
In fact, all one-piece toilet cost more than the 2-piece models. Besides, this Galba is a concealed-trapway design, which is another factor for the higher price.
Unless Luxury Modern Home decides to make a 2-piece version of the Galba, this is the only one right now. But bear in mind, in a two-piece design, the bowl must have additional support for the tank. And that will cause the overall length to be longer (probably by another 3 or 4 inches long). This is the main reason why Galba is made one-piece to be one of the smallest of all siphonic flush toilets.
Well then, what about the other compact toilets from TOTO, American Standard, and KOHLER? The 2-piece models should be able to meet your budget. And hopefully, they can also meet the minimum length space you need.
What Are The Other Options?
This may well be your last-ditch effort to circumvent your frustrating small bathroom space problem. If Galba is not tiny enough, you should abandon the idea of a floor mount gravity flush toilet.
Oh, wait. How about a toilet with 23 inches of front-to-back dimension?
Not small enough? But this is the smallest toilet you can get in the marketplace right now. No? Well, then you should really scrap the whole idea of having a floor-mounted water closet.
But there's still hope…
How does saving up to 9 inches of length space sound to you?
If that interest you, then you are looking at these 2 options:
- Wall Hung toilet (read review here)
- A compact macerating toilet (read review here)
OR, how about a corner toilet? They don't belong to the smallest toilets class, but they sure can be a way to make space when you need it the most.
You have reached the end of this smallest toilets overview (a.k.a. Galba Toilet Review). And hope you have found what you are looking for. Otherwise, you are most welcome to leave a comment about your thoughts below.
Thanks for reading.


text:
When William B. Flinn (Bill to his friends) spoke to the head coaches of Penn State and USC before the Rose Bowl Game on New Year's Day, he had to chuckle. It was the CEO and Executive Director's last Rose Bowl Game before retiring from The Tournament of Roses Association, and an amusing reminder of his past, versus his present and future. One team hailed from the state of his birth and youth, the other from the place where he built his life. "God has a sense of humor," said Bill.
Bill is a fourth-generation Salvationist, born in Philadelphia and raised by his officer parents in small communities throughout the Eastern Pennsylvania and Delaware Division. His roots trail all the way back to Western Pennsylvania and a 12-year-old paperboy who met a Salvation Army officer, turned his life over to God, and became a commissioned officer at age 15. That boy grew up to be Bill's grandfather, Bernard E. Flinn, who rose through The Salvation Army ranks and was a faithful corps officer for 50 years. His grandfather's example of service to community is still being passed down to his descendants. In fact, Bill's second cousin is Robert Myers III, the Eastern Pennsylvania and Delaware Division's director of Emergency Services. On his maternal side, Bill's first cousin is a retired Major Ken Wilson who resides in Lancaster.
A talented musician, in his late teens Bill found his rhythm as director Pendel Brass and Singers and studied music at Temple University. Bill determined that music would always be a part of his life, but perhaps not his ideal career path. As a young boy, he'd had his first lesson in media relations 101 when he accompanied his father to the Pottstown Mercury newspaper. He watched and listened as his father pitched story ideas about The Salvation Army and community events to the editor. Bill's talent and experience seemed in tempo with a job in public relations.
"When you are a music leader, you are communicating and bringing people together to achieve something they cannot achieve on their own," said Bill. "Similarly, public relations is all about communication and collaboration."
Bill gained foundation-building skills and experience working for The Salvation Army's Eastern Pennsylvania and Delaware Division Service Extension Department. Later, he transitioned to public relations at division headquarters where he continued to develop his professional expertise.
"Growing up in a Salvation Army family, I saw everything the Service Extension Department did to meet human needs in small communities like Honesdale, Coatesville, and Boyertown," said Bill. "Every experience with Rotary and Kiwanis Clubs, and creating auxiliaries and campaigns gave me a framework and foundation that helped me in my career."
On a whim, he decided to apply for a public relations internship in Los Angeles. With the encouragement of his mother, he bought a one-way ticket to California and never looked back. Bill soon found public relations work he enjoyed as Director of Public Relations for The Salvation Army of Southern California, and fellowship at Tabernacle Corps. When he was asked to direct The Salvation Army band to march in the annual Rose Bowl Parade in Pasadena, he rose to the occasion. Soon after, he joined the Tournament of Roses Association and was a parade volunteer. When the association was looking for a new director of public relations, Bill applied, and was hired.
During his 36 years with the Tournament of Roses Association, Bill's career blossomed. He held multiple leadership positions, serving as the Association's first Director of Marketing, and eventually, CEO and Executive Director. His leadership positions required talents and aptitude for communicating and bringing people together, whether it was at the negotiating table with ESPN Worldwide Television, or meeting with two U.S. Presidents, movie stars, and Olympians.
Bill is quick to add, however, that his career is only about what he has done, and not who he is. "I'm a Christian saved by grace. I'm a Salvationist, son, grandson, husband, father, grandfather. Those are the things that define me."
Bill is looking forward to retirement, though he will remain active with consulting work and serving on four different boards, including chair of the Governance Board of The Salvation Army Training College of Western Territory. He is also the first lay person Salvationist to sit on The Salvation Army's National Advisory Board. Music remains an important part of his life and Bill will continue as bandmaster of the 42-piece Salvation Army Pasadena Tabernacle Corps.
Retirement will also provide Bill with more time to spend with his family. Bill's wife, Catherine, a fourth-generation Salvationist herself, is an accomplished nurse educator. Their son is a First Lieutenant in the U.S. Army. Daughter Meredith has followed in her father's footsteps both professionally and musically. Meredith and her husband are also new parents to Madeline Rose, Bill and Catherine's first grandchild.
Married for 38 years in May of this year, Bill and Catherine, who coincidentally share the same first names as The Salvation Army's founders, William and Catherine Booth, have a plaque in their home that reads, "bloom where you're planted." It's a message that speaks to both the life they built together in Pasadena, and their Salvation Army Roots.
"My mother often said, 'You have an obligation to leave more than you received,'" said Bill. "If the Lord is gracious enough to give us another day, what are we going to do with it?" For Bill Flinn, the answer is: bloom.


text:
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