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| Terms of Service (07-09-2019)
Acknowledgment & Acceptance
By seeking or redeeming points of the Homeschool Buyers Co-op SmartPoints Points Program ("SmartPoints Program"), you agree that you have read and understand this Agreement ("Agreement") and that your membership in SmartPoints Program shall conform to its terms and conditions.
The SmartPoints Program is owned and operated by Homeschool Buyers Co-op (the "Co-op").
Co-op members ("Members") may earn Points for taking surveys, making selected purchases through the Co-op, and taking advantage of Point-earning opportunities provided from time to time by the Co-op and participating suppliers.
SmartPoints awards expire two (2) years from the date the award is granted. Expiration dates for any grants are displayed on your "My SmartPoints" page in your Co-op account.
The Co-op reserves the right to send Members SmartPoints Program system updates; flash bulletins; order confirmations; administrative announcements; special requests and other similar messages ("Administrative Messages") via email.
The Co-op is under no obligation to provide Members with any particular number of Point-earning opportunities or send messages to them.
The Co-op reserves the right to limit SmartPoints Program enrollment at any time.
The Co-op Privacy Policy
The Co-op promises to maintain the privacy of members' personal information. The full extent of our commitment can be found by visiting Privacy Policy.
Terms of Participation
Only individuals 18 years or older and residing in the U.S., Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Great Britain may participate in the SmartPoints Program.
Corporations or other business entities are not eligible to become Members.
SmartPoints Program membership and its right to use is limited to one individual per SmartPoints Program account.
The Co-op allows only one email address per Member.
Member agrees to provide only true and accurate information to the Co-op (including to its advertisers and partners) at all times.
Member agrees to comply with the terms of all SmartPoints Program and SmartPoints Program advertiser and partner offers, promotions, and programs at all times.
Member agrees not to abuse SmartPoints Program privileges by conduct which is detrimental to the interests of the Co-op, including without limitation attempting to accrue Points or spend Points in a manner inconsistent with the rules of SmartPoints Program or intent of this Agreement, having multiple accounts, attempting to earn Points through other than legitimate channels, participating in purchasing or redemption fraud, or tampering with SmartPoints Program award links, etc.
The Co-op reserves the right to terminate or disable, at the Co-op's sole discretion, any SmartPoints Program membership if the Co-op believes such Member has violated or acted inconsistently with the rules of SmartPoints Program or intent of this Agreement. Member understands and agrees disabling or canceling of membership by either the Co-op or the Member will result in Member's inability to redeem and/or earn Points. Member understands and agrees termination of membership will result in the cancellation of all of Member's Points.
The Co-op shall be the sole determiner in cases of suspected abuse, fraud, or violation of its rules and any decision it makes relating to termination of membership (including cancellation of Points) shall be final and binding.
The Co-op reserves the right to adjust your Point balance with award reversals for items returned or transactions not completed or cancelled. A pattern of placing orders followed by cancellations is construed as purchasing fraud and could result in the termination of the Co-op membership.
Points may be spent only on rewards as offered through SmartPoints Program at the time of redemption.
Points have no cash or monetary value, other than that prescribed under this Agreement.
The Co-op is not responsible for lost or stolen rewards once issued.
Rewards are subject to change at any time without notice at the sole discretion of the Co-op.
The number of Points required to redeem for a reward are subject to change at any time without notice at the sole discretion of the Co-op.
Member inquiries regarding rewards ordered and not received must be received by the Co-op within 6 months after the initial redemption date. Thereafter, the Co-op will have no obligation to re-send rewards to the Member.
Points will be subtracted from Member's account once the redemption order is placed by the member and captured by the SmartPoints Program system.
Once used to claim a reward, Points will not be reinstated to Member's account.
In conjunction with spending Points for rewards, Member agrees to confirm that all information in Member's personal profile, as shown on the "My Info" page, is up-to-date and accurate.
Member agrees to promptly notify the Co-op of any change in Member's address (mail or email) or personal profile by updating his or her personal information in the My Profile section of the Co-op website under My Info. Member's discontinued participation in SmartPoints Program or failure to notify the Co-op of any address (mail or email) or profile changes may result in the termination of Member's membership and forfeiture of Member's unredeemed Points.
The Co-op reserves the right to cancel or disable accounts and expire unredeemed Points in those accounts that are inactive for a period of 6 consecutive months. Inactive shall be defined as lack of one of the following: website visit, email response (click thru), survey completion, profile update or any Point-earning or spending transaction
The Co-op reserves the right to limit the opportunities to earn Points available to Member while Member remains inactive.
Member shall comply with all laws, rules, and regulations that are applicable to Member. Member acknowledges that Member may only participate in SmartPoints Program if and to the extent that such participation is permitted by such laws, rules, and regulations. The Co-op refuses to enroll Member, or to restrict, modify, or terminate Member's participation in SmartPoints Program, without liability to Member or any other party, if Member violates any law, rule, or regulation, or if Member's participation in SmartPoints Program could violate any law, rule, or regulation.
Disclaimer of Warranties
Member expressly agrees that use of SmartPoints Program is at the Member's sole risk.
SmartPoints Program and all services offered therein are provided on a strictly "as is" and "as available" basis. The Co-op MAKES NO WARRANTY WITH REGARD TO ANY PRODUCTS, SERVICES, OR REWARDS OBTAINED BY MEMBERS THROUGH SMARTPOINTS PROGRAM OR THROUGH SMARTPOINTS PROGRAM ADVERTISERS OR PARTNERS; THAT SMARTPOINTS PROGRAM WILL MEET MEMBERS' REQUIREMENTS; OR THAT SMARTPOINTS PROGRAM WILL BE UNINTERRUPTED, TIMELY, ERROR FREE; NOR DOES THE CO-OP MAKE ANY WARRANTY AS TO THE RESULTS THAT MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE USE OF SMARTPOINTS PROGRAM OR AS TO THE ACCURACY OR RELIABILITY OF ANY INFORMATION OBTAINED THROUGH SMARTPOINTS PROGRAM.
The Co-op expressly disclaims any and all express and implied warranties, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, and non-infringement. The Co-op shall not be liable or responsible for those guarantees, warranties, and representations, if any, offered by SmartPoints Program advertisers, partners, manufacturers of merchandise, or suppliers of services. No advice or information, whether oral or written, obtained by Member from the Co-op or through SmartPoints Program shall create any warranty not expressly made herein.
Limitation of Liability
The Co-op is not responsible for damages or losses that result from participating or inability to participate in SmartPoints Program, or reliance on or use of information, services, or merchandise provided on or through SmartPoints Program.
Member acknowledges and agrees that the Co-op neither endorses the contents of advertisements or third parties' Web sites, nor assumes responsibility or liability for the accuracy of material contained therein, or any infringement of third party intellectual property rights arising therefrom, or any fraud or other crime facilitated thereby.
The Co-op is not responsible and assumes no liability for changes or discontinuances of service from providers which may affect offers or the accrual of Points.
In no event shall the Co-op's liability, either jointly or severally, exceed $0.01.
Participation in Promotions of Advertisers and Merchants
Member's correspondence with or participation in promotions of SmartPoints Program advertisers and partners are solely between corresponding Member and the advertiser or partner. The Co-op assumes no liability, obligation, or responsibility for any part of any such correspondence or promotion, including without limitation withdrawal or modification of any offer or promotion.
Member understands that, in some cases, there may be delay in the crediting of Points for promotions of advertisers or partners due to advertiser's or partner's failure to provide necessary information to the Co-op for such crediting of Points. The Co-op will not be responsible or liable for the delay or failure to credit Points in such event.
Termination of Member's membership by Member is effective upon Member submitting a termination request through the Co-op website located within the "My Info" page found in the My Profile area on the Co-op website. Member understands that, in some cases, Member may still receive messages (which may have been scheduled prior to Member's termination) after termination. Member may not earn Points after termination.
Should Member object to any of the terms and conditions of this Agreement, or any subsequent modifications thereto, or become dissatisfied with SmartPoints Program, Member's only recourse is to immediately discontinue participation in SmartPoints Program and properly terminate his or her membership. (See paragraph above.)
The Co-op reserves the right to terminate the membership of any Member who appears to be using SmartPoints Program in a manner inconsistent with this Agreement, the intent of this Agreement, or any SmartPoints Program rules.
Member's right to use SmartPoints Program is non-transferable.
Points are non-transferable and are void if transferred.
Member's membership will terminate immediately in the event of Member's death.
Points and/or rewards may not be bartered or sold.
SmartPoints Program accounts and Points are not transferable upon death or as part of a domestic relations matter or otherwise by operation of law.
Proprietary Rights to Content and other Intellectual Property
Member acknowledges that SmartPoints Program content (including but not limited to text, sound, photographs, graphics, or other material contained in any SmartPoints Program communication, advertisements, or messages, whether by the Co-op or the Co-op's advertisers or partners), service and software are protected by copyrights, trademarks, service marks, patents, and/or other proprietary rights and laws; therefore, Member is only permitted to use content, service, or software as expressly authorized by the Co-op, its advertisers and partners, as the case may be.
Member agrees not to forward any SmartPoints Program offers or promotions to others without first obtaining the express written permission of the Co-op; SmartPoints Program offers are specific to Member's membership unless otherwise stated.
The Co-op reserves the right to change this Agreement, and/or any part thereof, at any time. Member understands the most recent version of this Agreement will be via a link located on the "My Points" page in the "My Profile" area of the Co-op website.
Member's non-termination or continued use of SmartPoints Program constitutes an affirmative acknowledgment by Member of any modification to the Member Terms of Service Agreement and consent to abide and be bound by any terms thereof. At any time, if Member does not agree with the Member Terms of Service, Member may terminate Member's membership.
The Co-op reserves the right to modify or discontinue the SmartPoints Program service with or without notice to Member.
The Co-op shall not be liable to Member or any third party should the Co-op exercise its right to modify or discontinue the SmartPoints Program service.
Member's continued participation in the Program shall constitute an affirmative acknowledgment by Member of any amendment or modification to this Agreement and Member's consent to abide and be bound by said this Agreement as amended or modified.
All notices given by the Co-op to you will be given by email or by general posting on the Co-op website.
Member agrees to indemnify and hold the Co-op, its affiliates, officers, and employees harmless from any claim, demand, expense, or damage, including reasonable attorneys' fees relating to use of SmartPoints Program or violation of this Agreement.
Any dispute or claim arising out of or in relation to this Agreement, or the interpretation, making, performance, breach, or termination thereof, shall be finally settled by binding arbitration in jurisdiction chosen by the Co-op at its sole discretion, under the Commercial Arbitration Rules of the American Arbitration Association by three arbitrators appointed in accordance with said Rules. Judgment on the award rendered by the arbitrators may be entered in any court having jurisdiction thereof.
This Agreement shall be governed by the law of the State of California, excluding its conflict of law principles. The arbitration proceedings shall be governed by federal arbitration law and by the Rules, without reference to state arbitration law.
Member and the Co-op agree that, any provision of applicable law notwithstanding, neither party will request, and the arbitrators shall have no authority to award, punitive or exemplary damages against the other party.
This Agreement constitutes the complete and exclusive understanding between the Co-op and Member relating to the subject matter hereof and supersedes all prior or contemporaneous understandings, agreements, communications, and/or advertising with respect to such subject matter.
If any provision(s) of this Agreement is held by the arbitrators to be contrary to law, then such provision(s) shall be construed, as nearly as possible, to reflect the intentions of the parties with the other provisions remaining in full force and effect.
The Co-op's failure to exercise or enforce any right or provision of this Agreement shall not constitute a waiver of such right or provision unless acknowledged and agreed to by the Co-op in writing.


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BLU Vivo XL now available at Best Buy
If you are interested in an unlocked Android smartphone and you are not hung up on buying something from one of the "name" manufacturers, then Best Buy may have a new option available for you. Introduced earlier this month at CES 2016, the BLU Vivo XL is now available for online orders from the retailer.
The BLU Vivo XL is equipped with a Mediatek processor running at 1.3GHz and is backed by 2GB of RAM and 16GB of internal memory that can be expanded by another 64GB using a microSD card. This processing power drives a 5.5-inch Super AMOLED display running at 1280 x 720 resolution. The Vivo XL has a 13MP rear-facing camera and a 5MP front-facing camera, supports 4G LTE speeds and is running Android 5.1 Lollipop.
Although the Vivo XL is unlocked, it currently only supports GSM based networks like AT&T or T-Mobile. Best Buy is taking orders for the Solid Gold or Midnight Blue versions and they indicate the phone typically ships within 1 business day.
As a special launch offer, Best Buy has knocked $50 off the normal retail price, so you can grab this smartphone for only $99. Best Buy anticipates adding the BLU Vivo V to the product lineup in February.
source: Best Buy
Come comment on this article: BLU Vivo XL now available at Best Buy

subset: commoncrawl


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Share this wine
Chiara Boschis has an incredible story. In a region where women winemakers are far from the norm she has built a collection of wines that is the envy of many. The E Pira e Figli estate was passed from father to son for centuries, until the late 1980's when Luigi Pira passed away. At that time his sisters who inherited the vineyards felt that they could no longer maintain the estate. Hoping to keep the tradition alive they sold the estate to Chiara Boschis whose family had long been friends of...
See the E. PIRA & FIGLI - CHIARA BOSCHIS detail page for more information on this brand}?>
- 97 Points -
November 2016
Pure roses on the nose. Hints of raspberries and lemon rind. So pure. Full body and ultra-fine tannins. Powerful yet so ethereal and soul-touching. A fabulously crafted Cannubi.See detailed press review
- 95 Points -
Antonio Galloni, March 2016
A great example of site, the 2012 Barolo Cannubi is deep, sensual and beautifully perfumed. The aromatics and pure, creamy texture of Cannubi comes through loud and clear. The Cannubi is a wine of pure texture and voluptuousness, qualities that it shows as layers of fruit blossom in all directions. A host of dark red cherry, plum, mint and spice accompany the generous, caressing finish.See detailed press review
- 95 Points -
October 2016
The 2012 Cannubi is a gorgeous wine in this vintage, which is impressive for its wonderful elegant, refined character and lovely purity throughout. At the moment, this is the most restraint of the bottlings from Chiara Boschis, but does however reveal simply striking aromatics of fresh strawberries and red berries which are laced with rose petals, eucalyptus and a mineral character. On the palate this is medium-bodied, silky and beautifully structured, before finishing up with an exceedingly long, tight gripping finish. While this will require some serious bottle age before it will become fully accessible, it certainly looks to have an extremely promising future ahead for those willing to wait.See detailed press review


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- large nonstick skillet with lid
- wooden fork or equivalent
|In the large nonstick skillet, warm the olive oil over medium-high heat. Add the potatoes and chorizo. Toss to coat then cover and cook for 2-3 minutes or until the potatoes brown and start to become tender.
|Bump up the heat to high and add the mushrooms, scallions, and garlic. Saute uncovered for about 2 minutes. Transfer the skillet off heat.
|Preheat the broiler. Combine the eggs, salt, pepper, and chives and beat. Add the egg mixture to the potatoes and cook over high heat. Stir with the wooden fork for about 1 minute until the eggs are partially set.
|Sprinkle the Parmesan over the tortilla and broil the skillet for about 2 minutes to set the top.
|Glide the tortilla onto a cutting board or serving plate. Cut into wedges and serve.


text: This trend is an old acquaintance who feels he raises his head every few seasons and creeps into the designer collections. What is the best way to keep this classic style modern? The ladies' low top sets the example: Autumn Bordeaux and muted brown tones create a warm atmosphere, while the striped design in the background of the leo print offers a real surprise effect. Muted autumn tones are also the ideal companion for this model. Cream-coloured chinos and brown winter coats simply get a stylish update. The Mid Top model with leopard pattern shines similarly. The accent colour here is blue, which makes it super easy to combine with jeans or a dark blue suit. Black and white is always possible! So what is better than a monochrome eye-catcher than a striking zebra pattern? The design of the boot gets by without any extras and convinces by its simple simplicity. The styling possibilities are almost endless and make the shoe a trustworthy all-rounder with that certain something. Finally, a gaudy version: the low top for men dares the combination of zebra print and bright yellow, which makes it particularly extravagant and eye-catching. Yellow is the current trend colour and is an indispensable part of wardrobes. This model is especially good for fans of fashionable understatements.


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Arduino Forum
Science and Measurement
Does ADC in + PWM out = trouble?
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Topic: Does ADC in + PWM out = trouble?
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Faraday Member
Posts: 3,257
Karma: 398
Now retired. 40+ years experience in RF, professional audio, FPGA, software development in various languages, instrumentation and large project management
Re: Does ADC in + PWM out = trouble?
Aug 28, 2016, 11:07 pm
found this link to the ERNIE specifications. http://www.tnmoc.org/sites/default/files/Ernie.pdf
It seems my guesses were right. The amplified noise was sent to a data slicer - much as my Schmidt does - and the pulses counted over a timing period.
perhaps I'll build a modern version ( using a semiconductor noise source, amplifier , Schmidt and arduino digital input ) and see what I get - perhaps we could compare results!
How did you test the data you obtained using a PC for randomness?
Full Member
Posts: 186
Karma: 18
Re: Does ADC in + PWM out = trouble?
Sep 04, 2016, 06:30 pm
I didn't test it per se. I did it the dirty way. I know from experience and information theory that a random stream is in compressible. I also know that a hash based extractor running on compression levels like this will pass all the standard tests. So I recorded the noise from one CV4014 stage with the capacitor changes you suggested. I like the glow of the valves.
60 seconds recording generated a 5.5MB WAV file. I then compressed it with 7z to produce a 4.3MB file. I then divide the size of the compressed file by 2 for luck*. This means that my prototype generates about 39% pure entropy but that's sucking it up via a 32bit / 44.1kHz PC sound card.
I'm toying with the idea of fronting the Arduino with an ADC chip. Something like a Maxim MAX166CCPP. 50kHz bandwidth and 8 bit parallel interface. Interfacing /protocol looks simple and runs off 5V. Even with an Ethernet shield, there should be enough available pins on a standard Uno. Actually, I might order one tonight...
You see that the entropy rates change depending on how I measure it. That's why most of my production rate estimates are totally rubbish
* - actually this is to allow for future improvements in compression algorithms. Don't forget that they're asymptotic so there is actually a lower bound for source's entropy. You see this in the literature and Shannon's own work.
Brattain Member
Posts: 34,173
Karma: 1753
Arduino rocks
Re: Does ADC in + PWM out = trouble?
Sep 24, 2016, 11:57 pm
a random stream is fundamentally incompressible, but for any compression algorithm failure to
compress does not imply randomness. Many PRNGs and all CSPRNGs produce output that doesn't
compress, but the output is completely deterministic containing no more entropy than the PRNG
state. Proving randomness is hard. 7z failing to compress something is basically uninteresting.
For a hardware random source I'd first think about using statistical tests like DIEHARD to search
for correlations between samples.
Quality hardware random sources have to continuously monitor themselves for faults (loose
connection could otherwise cause the output to drop to all zeroes thereafter).
BTW an SPI ADC uses fewer pins and is still fast.
[ I will NOT respond to personal messages, I WILL delete them, use the forum please ]
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Arcaea Mod Apk is a Musical game for android
Download latest version of Arcaea v2.3.1 Mod Apk + Obb Data [Unlocked All Songs] for Android 4.1 and up from androidlegends.xyz with direct link developed by lowiro
Arcaea Apk Description
New Dimension Rhythm Game
"A harmony of Light awaits you in a lost world of musical Conflict."
Touch, hold and slide to the rhythm through a challenging, unforgettable arcade-style rhythm game experience featuring artists from Japan and across the Entire World.
Experience brand new 3-dimensional 'Arc' gameplay: taking your touch screen to its limits swiping and following to the rhythm.
Lose yourself in songs of Light and Conflict within a forgotten world
⚏Play anywhere and anytime with no limitations. Internet connection not required⚏
All songs playable on phone or tablet!
Both free to play and paid songs available! Freely play many songs any time as well as unlocking Arcaea-exclusive original songs.
⚏Features ⚏
– A high difficulty ceiling – experience personal growth as you develop skills in arcade-style progression
– Over 90 songs from more than 50 artists famous across other games
– 3 rhythm difficulty levels for every song
– An expanding music library through content updates
– Full song jacket illustrations
– Online friends and scoreboards
Download now and experience a brand new music game experience!
⚏Story ⚏
Two young girls wander in a broken world filled with remnants of its former self: Arcaea.
Arcaea are melodical shards of the past that call out to the girls, but each chooses to be experienced only by one or the other. Over time, the girls begin to notice inconsistencies in the Arcaea that choose them and develop conflicting views about the world as it once was.
What's New
– Fixes startup issues affecting Android 9
– New song contest pack: "Sunset Radiance" with 5 new songs
– New Partner (included with Sunset Radiance): Kanae
– Multiple Ether Drops can now be used at once
– Higher friend limit
– Note sounds can now be set to a higher volume
note: extract the zip and move or copy the obb data folder "moe.low.arc" to "internal storage/android/obb/"


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We regularly hear about the housing affordability crisis in the news. It's said that this trend will continue in Sydney and Melbourne for the next 40 years, due to demand pressures and limited supply. However, it's not all doom and gloom – there are steps we can take to make the best of this challenging situation.
What is important to you
This will help you decide which way to go. A simple, yet challenging task would be to write a list of pros and cons and then think outside of the box for a solution. For example, write a list of pros and cons of continuing to live in a particular suburb or relocating to a nearby suburb, or relocating further away to have more space. Based on what you have decided, write a list of 'must haves' versus 'nice to haves' and determine what you can compromise on eg: living in a unit instead of a house. You might also consider different strategies to help you save eg: some young families have moved back in with their parents while trying to save a deposit. This may be an option for some but may not be workable for others.
Rent vs buy
Once you have decided where to live, you need to decide if renting or buying will work out better for you financially. To do this, you will have to add up all the buying costs (eg: stamp duty, solicitors fees, other fees and charges) and ongoing costs (eg: mortgage repayments and including possible interest rate increases, council, water, insurance, strata levies where applicable). Once you have this total figure, work out what your rent will be by researching the rent for similar properties in the suburb you want. You can do this on realestate.com.au under the rentals section. Then compare the costs of both options and this will help you decide to rent or buy.
Author: Deposit Power, October 12, 2017.
For more information contact me on 0402 203 303 or email@example.com.


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Opioids Data
Race Rate Disparity in Drug Overdose Deaths
View/download the report - Race Rate Disparity in Drug Overdose Death (PDF).
Why this report is needed: African American and American Indian populations are dying from drug overdose deaths in Minnesota at disproportionate rates compared to whites. All program and policy decisions about substance use disorder must include a racial equity lens in order to address the race rate disparity within African American and American Indian populations.
These data and information is intended to inform opioid epidemic response and substance use disorder prevention efforts. The race rate disparities in drug overdose death mirror other racial disparities in Minnesota, in, for example, graduation rates, infant mortality, poverty, incarceration, removal from home, unemployment, home ownership, and suicide.
Who's included in this report: This report is an analysis of disparities based on race within Minnesota in drug overdose death. This report does not focus on nonfatal overdose or opioid use disorder treatment. The three groups included are African American,1 American Indian, and whites. Other racial groups are not included because they have lower drug overdose mortality rates relative to whites.
How a drug overdose death is determined and counted: Drug overdose death data come from Minnesota death certificates.2 After a death occurs, a death investigation is completed, along with an autopsy3, and a medical examiner or coroner makes a determination of the cause and manner of death. The medical examiner or coroner lists specific drugs on the death certificate determined to be involved or that caused the death.
- Minnesota's overall drug overdose mortality rate masks racial disparities.
- In 2016, African Americans were two times more likely to die of a drug overdose than whites.
- In 2016, American Indians were almost six times more likely to die of a drug overdose than whites.
- Drug overdose mortality rates increased for all groups, and the race rate disparity increased from 2015-2016.
- The age distribution of drug overdose deaths differs between African Americans, American Indians, and whites.
- For whites, African Americans, and American Indians, opioids are the leading cause of drug overdose death. Over the last 15 years, however, there were increases in all drug categories, including benzodiazepines, psychostimulants (e.g., methamphetamine), heroin and synthetic opioids (e.g., fentanyl and carfentanyl).
Understanding race rate disparity
Overall, Minnesota has a relatively low drug overdose mortality rate. When compared with other states in the nation, Minnesota does not rise to the top as a state needing extra support or resources to address the opioid epidemic. In other words, many states are suffering even more from the opioid epidemic than Minnesota. However, when the mortality rate is divided by race, then the disparity between whites and African Americans, and between whites and American Indians can be seen.
In Minnesota, African Americans make up 7% of the total population and American Indians make up 1.5% of the total population. If only the number of drug overdose deaths was counted, the number would be relatively small in the African American and American Indian populations compared to whites, simply because of the low percentage of the population overall.
Understanding polysubstance use
Polysubstance use is the intentional or unintentional consumption of more than one drug at once. Polysubstance use may occur when:
- multiple prescriptions are being taken, such as benzodiazepines and opioids,
- a prescription is being taken, along with an illicit drug,
- multiple illicit drugs are being taken, such as methamphetamine and opioids, commonly known as speedballing, or
- one illicit drug is laced with multiple other illicit drugs, such as heroin laced with fentanyl or methamphetamines laced with heroin. Another recent trend is counterfeit prescriptions laced with cocaine, fentanyl, and/or carfentanyl. When someone buys counterfeit prescription or illicit drugs on the street, the buyer is unaware of the actual drugs contained in the counterfeit prescription or illicit drug.
Understanding self-medicating
Self-medicating is when people take medications and/or drugs that they have self-selected (rather than been prescribed) to cope with mental health symptoms, physical pain, and/or trauma.
There are many reasons why African Americans and American Indians are dying from, and using prescription and illicit opioids to self-medicate, including, but not limited to:
- higher incidence of historical trauma
- higher incidence of adverse childhood experiences
- lack of access to medical care and/or non-opioid treatment options
- stigma in pursuing chemical health treatment and recovery supports
- lack of access to culturally responsive treatment programs
- lack of trust with Western medicine interventions
- failure to appropriately diagnose physical or mental health symptoms
- lack of research about the effectiveness of interventions within people of color and American Indian communities
- access to illicit drugs within the community
- racial bias on the part of providers who prematurely and/or abruptly discontinue opioids
- illicit drugs are currently addressing symptoms
- cultural acceptance of sharing prescription medications with loved ones
Understanding social determinants of health
The realities of poverty, racism, classism, social isolation, sexual exploitation and other social inequities affect people's vulnerability to and capacity for effectively dealing with drug-related harms.
Risk factors for developing a substance use disorder add up over the lifetime starting with historical trauma, genetics, substance exposure during pregnancy, adverse childhood experiences, early exposure to drugs and social contexts where drugs are used, and early initiation to drug use.
For example, if a person has a good paying job, safe living environment, and quality health care, their ability to seek treatment for medical, mental, and chemical health needs is greater than a person who is financially struggling, living in toxic or unsafe conditions, and lacks health coverage.
Conditions of life are connected to outcomes, especially when it comes to the treatment of chronic pain, mental health and trauma. Life and health potential is affected by a countless number of factors, down to the quality of the mattress a person sleeps on, to the quality of the shoes someone stands in all day, to the price of co-pays for medical treatments.
Minnesota ranked eleventh lowest among all states and the District of Columbia in drug overdose mortality rate in 2016 (12.5 per 100,000 residents). Minnesota moved slightly higher in the rankings from 2015 where Minnesota ranked fifth lowest among all states and the District of Columbia. The increasing trend in drug overdose mortality rates in Minnesota parallels continued mortality rate increases across the U.S.
In 2016, African Americans were two times more likely to die of a drug overdose than whites.
In 2016, American Indians were almost six times more likely to die of drug overdose than whites.
While Minnesota has one of the lowest drug overdose mortality rates in the nation, Minnesota also has some of the worst race rate disparities in drug overdose mortality in the nation. African American Minnesotans were two times more likely to die from a drug overdose than white Minnesotans. Native American Minnesotans were six times more likely to die from a drug overdose than white Minnesotans. Other states have disparities based in race, however, the rate disparity between Native Americans/whites is the greatest rate disparity based on race in the United States; the rate disparity between African Americans/whites is the second greatest rate disparity based on race in the United States.
Racial Group
Percent Change in Drug Overdose
6.8 per 100,000
11.7 per 100,000
72% increase
American Indian
29.0 per 100,000
64.6 per 100,000
123% increase
African American
11.7 per 100,000
24.0 per 100,000
105% increase
Drug overdose mortality rates increased for all groups, and the race rate disparity grew more disparate from 2015-2016.
American Indian drug overdose mortality rate increased 123% from 2010-2016.
African American drug overdose mortality rate increased 105% from 2010-2016.
The mortality rate disparity between American Indians and whites has continued and worsened in 2016. From 2010 to 2016, the American Indian mortality rate more than doubled from 29.0 per 100,000 to 64.6 per 100,000 (123% increase), and was almost six times as high as the white mortality rate. For comparison, the white mortality rate increased from 6.8 per 100,000 to 11.7 per 100,000 (72% increase).
The mortality rate disparity between African Americans and whites has continued and worsened in 2016. From 2010 to 2016, the African American mortality rate increased from 11.7 per 100,000 to 24.0 per 100,000 (105% increase), and was two times as high as the white mortality rate. For comparison, the white mortality rate increased from 6.8 per 100,000 to 11.7 per 100,000 (72% increase).
American Indian deaths are primarily occurring within the 25-34 year age group.
African American deaths are primarily occurring within the 45-54 year age group.
For whites, drug overdose deaths occur primarily within the 25-54 year age groups. Among American Indians, the greatest percentage of deaths has been in the 25-34 year age group. For African Americans, the 45-54 year age group has had the greatest percentage of deaths.
For whites, African Americans, and American Indians, opioids are the leading cause of drug involved deaths. Over the last 15 years, however, there were increases in all drug categories, including benzodiazepines, psychostimulants (e.g., methamphetamine), heroin and synthetic opioids (e.g., fentanyl and carfentanyl).
Drug Categories of Drug Overdose Deaths among whites: From 2002-2004 to 2014-2016 for all age groups, the mortality rate increased across all drug categories for whites. Cocaine-involved mortality rates remained relatively stable. Psychostimulant-involved (e.g., methamphetamine) and benzodiazepine-involved deaths increased significantly. All opioids, including prescription, synthetic, and heroin, increased significantly. Within the white population, other opioids and methadone (i.e., prescription opioids) were the leading cause of opioid-involved death in 2014-2016. Opioids were involved in 59% of all drug overdose deaths in 2014-2016.
Drug Categories of Drug Overdose Deaths among African Americans: From 2002-2004 to 2014-2016 all drug categories increased for African Americans. Psychostimulant-involved (e.g., methamphetamine) deaths, benzodiazepine-involved deaths, and cocaine-involved deaths increased significantly. All opioids, including prescription, synthetic, and heroin, increased significantly. Within the African American population, heroin was the leading cause of opioid-involved death in 2014-2016. Opioid were involved in 54% of all drug overdose deaths in 2014-2016.
Drug Categories of Drug Overdose Deaths among American Indians: From 2002-2004 to 2014-2016, all drug categories, except for cocaine, increased for American Indians. Psychostimulant-involved (e.g., methamphetamine) deaths and benzodiazepine-involved deaths increased significantly. All opioids, including prescription, synthetic, and heroin, increased significantly. Within the American Indian population, heroin was the leading cause of opioid-involved death in 2014-2016. Opioid were involved in 70% of all drug overdose deaths in 2014-2016.
Discussion of Drug Categories among African American, American Indian and white Drug Overdose Deaths:
In the African American and American Indian community, there were zero benzodiazepine-involved deaths in 2002-2004. Benzodiazepine-involved death rose significantly over the next 15 years in African American, American Indian, and white communities. Concomitant benzodiazepine and opioid use is linked to a significant increase in risk of opioid overdose.
While prescription opioid involved deaths have begun to stabilize statewide, synthetic opioid- and heroin-involved deaths are increasing rapidly. The shift from commonly prescribed opioids to illicit forms of opioids bring additional challenges in stigma, and consequently, access to treatment and recovery supports.
The rapid increase in psychostimulant- and heroin-involved deaths points to an increase in injection drug use. Injection drug use bring additional risk factors including the spread of infectious disease and additional physical health problems.
A greater percentage of American Indian and African American drug overdose deaths involved more than one drug, compared to whites:
- 60% of drug overdose deaths among whites involved greater than one drug.
- 62% of drug overdose deaths among African Americans involved greater than one drug.
- 67% of drug overdose deaths among American Indians involved greater than one drug.
Knowing that there are multiple drugs showing up on death certificates has several implications, including, but not limited to:
- Addressing an overdose is more challenging when multiple substances are present, especially if there are opioids and non-opioids mixed.
- Tapering, withdrawal management, and treatment have additional considerations when polysubstance use is present.
Medical examiners and coroners must know what drugs are available in the community in order to know what to test for in toxicology during the drug investigation.
For more information on intersecting topics, please visit:
- Opioid Dashboard: a one-stop shop for opioid-related data and information
- MDH Health Equity Report: a report to the legislature that includes recommendations for advancing health equity in Minnesota
- Pain Management: finding effective, long-term solutions for acute and chronic pain
- Prescription Pills and Street Drugs: how prescription opioids and illicit substance are interrelated
- Language of Substance Use Disorder: terms related to opioid use, misuse, and substance use disorder
- Injection Drug Use: additional risk factors and considerations when drugs are injected
- Infectious Disease: the relationships between substance use and infectious disease
- MDH Drug Overdose Death among Minnesota Residents 2000-2016: MDH report and analysis of data regarding drug overdose deaths, by drug category, and by county for 2000-2016.
1African American includes U.S.-born and African-born decedents.
2 During data analysis, to identify drug overdose deaths and the specific drugs involved from the entire death certificate file, a two-step analysis is completed. First, only death certificates with an underlying cause of death in the ranges of X40-X44, X60-X64, X85, or Y10-Y14 are selected to identify drug overdose deaths. From there specific ICD-10 drug codes in the contributing cause of death fields are searched to identify all drug overdose deaths that involved each drug category of interest (T36-T50). The drug categories are not mutually exclusive, meaning, for example, that a death with heroin (T40.1) and cocaine (T40.5) will be counted in both drug categories.
3 94% of drug overdose deaths had an autopsy completed in 2016.


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Serixen Male Enhancement – Make Your Bedroom Special
Getting old can be awful, but it doesn't have to be. Even though age-related sexual decline is a natural part of life, what if there was a way to stop it? You shouldn't have to put up with embarrassing or uncomfortable incidents in your bedroom. Luckily, there are ways to prevent such decline, and what we do is look into these solutions to make sure that you have all the info you need before you order. The last thing we want you to do is spend money on a product that doesn't do what it claims. Today, we're going to look into a new supplement – Serexin Male Enhancement pills. We've done the research so that you don't have to. If you'd like all the info we dug up about Serexin Male Enhancement formula, keep reading. If you'd like to order the #1 male enhancement supplement right now, click any of the links on this page, and they'll take you right to the order form.
As we get older, our bodies begin to shutdown certain functions. Unfortunately, sexual decline is part of that. Serexin Male Enhancement for ED was designed to stop and reverse the effects of that decline. It wants to get you back in bed and keep you there like you're in your twenties all over again! How does it do that, and can it really help you out? Well, that's what we're here to find out. In our Serexin Male Enhancement review, we'll tell you everything you need to know about this male enhancement supplement, its benefits, ingredients, price and much more! Let's get started!
Serexin Male Enhancement Info
There are a lot of products out there that claim to be able to put a stop to age-related sexual decline, but a lot of them are just blowing smoke. We took a close look at this one, and this is what we found. According to the Serexin Male Enhancement official website, this is what you may notice after you begin taking this particular supplement:
- Long-lasting Sexual Experiences
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- Enhanced Staying Power
- Boosted Stamina
- Greater Sex Drive
- Larger Size
- You may Become Bigger and Harder
Serexin Male Enhancement Ingredients
A Lot of supplements don't tell you what's in them. We've always found that suspicious. This isn't one of those supplements. The manufacturers are very upfront with what Serexin Male Enhancement contains. Here's the list of ingredients:
- Boron
- Epimedium
- Tongkat Ali Extract
- Wild Yam
- Orchic Substance
- Nettle Extract
- Sarsparilla
- Saw Palmetto
Many of these ingredients are natural testosterone booster. Part of what causes age-related sexual decline is that the male body stops producing as much testosterone as it does when guys are younger. Serexin Male Enhancement is designed to boost that T level back to where you need it for healthy sexual activity. The ingredients are all-natural and may help put that spring back in your step!
Serexin Male Enhancement Instructions
If you've never taken a supplement like this, it's as easy as any daily vitamin. You just take one Serexin Male Enhancement capsule in the morning with food and water. Take a second one at night or before going to bed with someone. There are supposed to be some immediate effects, but some long-term ones may take up to a month to become noticeable. Take the supplement for thirty days and check out your results! It's that easy!
Serexin Male Enhancement Side Effects
The website makes no mention of side effects, but there is always a slight risk of side effects when adding this or any other supplement to your daily routine. Luckily, we've provided a list of ingredients for you, so if you'd like to be extra careful, take that list of ingredients to your primary physician and they'll be better equipped to tell you how this supplement might affect you personally.
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The manufacturer is offering a free trial (as of the writing of this). For $4.95 in shipping and handling, you can get a free Serexin Male Enhancement month's supply and see if this is the product for you. If it is, just stick with the program. If it isn't, you haven't lost anything but the small shipping charge. It's a great way to try a product without committing to something long-term.
Serexin Male Enhancement Results
We're not going to speculate on what you'll observe while taking the supplement. We don't want to promise anything that may not come true. Since every guy is different, every guy will notice slightly different results. Honestly, nothing beats first-hand experience, so the best way to figure out what you'll see with Serexin Male Enhancement sexual booster pills is to try them and find out! What do you have to lose?
Serexin Male Enhancement Summary
This supplement has all the things we look for in an ED solution. It's got the natural ingredients, and you might see incredible benefits from it. Serexin Male Enhancement is available now, and ready for you to order it. Click any of the links on this page, and you'll be taken right to the order form. You can begin your purchase of the #1 male enhancement supplement right there! Thanks for reading and good luck out there!
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Reliable Hydrogen Generation to Improve Site Availability
Critical Infrastructure
In our increasingly connected world, power outages are severely disruptive. Reliable and cost-effective fuel cell backup power solutions ensure critical infrastructure availability during unexpected power outages. Fuel cell backup power systems integrated with e1's hydrogen generators allow operators to harden networks and improve customer satisfaction while reducing operating costs.
Fuel cell backup power systems incorporating e1's S-Series Hydrogen Generators offer some important advantages. Extended run times, low noise and emission levels, all combine to make a fuel cell supported by an e1 hydrogen generator the preferred choice of power providers globally.
Key Advantages for Fuel Cell Backup Power Systems
- Versatile Solution: Scalable hydrogen generation and flexible run times from a few minutes to several months.
- Reliable Operation: Few moving parts, low maintenance requirements, and remote monitoring.
- Low Operating Cost: Lowers the cost of hydrogen, long lifetime and minimal maintenance visits.
- Environmentally Friendly: Quiet and reduced emissions with no particulate matter, and low CO2 emissions.
- Easy Siting: Compact design has a small footprint, low weight and easy integration with existing fuel cell solutions.
Target Uses
- Telecommunications
- Building security
- Critical commerce
- Railroad and highway safety signaling
If you are a fuel cell OEM, distributor or system integrator looking to use fuel cell products for backup power please contact us with your project details.


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If you can't find any evidence, just find a bigger soapbox and scream even louder. Michael Mann is long on hysteria, but short on evidence. Even his cited evidence does not support his loudly proclaimed conclusion, from Guardian [1](UK):
Extreme weather has struck across Europe, from the Arctic Circle to Greece, and across the world, from North America to Japan. "This is the face of climate change," said Prof Michael Mann, at Penn State University, and one the world's most eminent climate scientists. "We literally would not have seen these extremes in the absence of climate change."
Mann points out that the link between smoking tobacco and lung cancer is a statistical one, which does not prove every cancer was caused by smoking, but epidemiologists know that smoking greatly increases the risk. "That is enough to say that, for all practical purposes, there is a causal connection between smoking cigarettes and lung cancer and it is the same with climate change," Mann said.
Hat tip: Watts Up with That [2].
What a scientist does to adapt his theory to explain the evidence. What Mann does is alter his evidence to explain his theory. Call what you will. It is not science.


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Waukegan Carpet Cleaning Service
For a 24 Hour Carpet Cleaning Service in
Dynamik Carpet Cleaning's carpet cleaners are some of the best in the business; stop by to see why so many choose us in Waukegan. Need carpet cleaning services for your home or companies workspace? Our team of contractors are on hand to help. Simply call now to speak to our friendly staff today.
Quick response times, often as little as a day, sometimes hours, and being available to help our clients whenever they need us are just two of the things that we aim to prioritize. We've helped plenty of customers in Waukegan through the years since we started our business, from home to company owners; countless individuals maintain clean carpets with our help.
We are a professional company that offers a swift service in the Waukegan. We offer our services to individuals in areas ranging from the coast to Skokie Hwy plus everything in the middle, and may be able to help you right now. Our service area covers all of Waukegan, so if you're in this location, we can help you.
If you need more information on carpet cleaning services and costs in Waukegan (or rug and upholstery maintenance services), we're here to help; both online, over the phone and in person. We aim to provide everything you need right at your fingertips, but if we've missed any info online, be sure to give us a call; we're happy to help! By giving us a call, you could get a free quote today.
Why Choose the Dynamik Carpet Cleaning Company?
Our Residential Carpet Cleaning Process
Even though we have a team of professional contractors on hand, you may still be asking yourself what to expect when hiring us.
Well, the moment you call us for a quote you become our primary focus. If you want to know what an expert would suggest for your current situation, why not give us a call for an appraisal? We'll suggest the services we believe would be ideal to clean your carpets. Worried that you'll have to pay too much for our services? Don't worry; we understand that affordability can be just as crucial as quality.
What happens when you are happy with our estimate? We'll book you in with one of our professionals, who will come to help you equipped with everything they need to get the job done. Additionally, once the expert has finished their job, they'll make sure that you're happy with the service.
What comes next? With the work complete, you'll have carpets that feel, smell, and look fresh.
How Do You Know If You Need Professional Carpet Cleaning
Stained Carpets
If you've had an accident in your home and the carpet has been stained it's best to deal with the stain as fast as possible. Stains can often cause more damage the longer they're left untreated. Stains can often be harder to get out over time, which can make it more difficult to return the carpet to normal.
Carpet for Property Owners
Getting the help of experienced cleaners yearly to maintain your carpets is often one of the best ways to ensure that they look good and stay fresh. With the correct care, they can and will last much longer. But that isn't the only benefit of yearly servicing. In most cases, the main purpose is to keep them looking clean and healthy.
Carpet for Rental Properties
Living in a leased property? It might be worthwhile to consider the idea of following the advice provided above, and opting for yearly servicing. When your contract is up, we also advise that you should get your carpets deep steam cleaned by an expert for maximum results. And if it's not part of your agreement? Then you won't have to – but you may want to consider doing it anyway. While this may not always be the case, you'll often have a higher chance of getting your security deposit back in full.
Heavy Traffic Carpeted Areas
This is one of the most common problems our customers come to us for. Without proper cleaning, the soiled and stained areas may become more and more prominent on your carpet. On the other hand, you may be dealing with a lot of foot traffic causing issues instead. Either way, we'd be happy to help you to bring your carpet back to its former glory.
There are a number of different carpet issues that you could be dealing with; we can deal with all of them! Once we've finished cleaning your carpet, there won't be a trace of the mess that was there before.
How Much Should I Expect to Pay for Waukegan Carpet Cleaning?
Inquiries like these are often one of the first that comes to mind, along with speed and quality.It's not surprising that you'd want to ask this question. When it comes to Dynamik Carpet Cleaning (and any contractors that we may work with), we'll be able to give you the information you need regarding your quote.
No Fluff – No Hype – No Nonsense – Upfront Attitude About Fees
With details on the situation at hand, our team of experts will be able to provide you with their professional advice on the most viable solutions.
As well as an assessment of what services may be best, our experts will be able to provide you with the costs. If you're unsure of something by the end of the call, we'll be happy to clarify anything for you.
How accurate are our over-the-phone quotes? With nearly 30 years of experience, our team has become quite skilled at calculating the costs of different jobs. In almost every instance, the quote we give over the phone is the price you'll be looking to pay for the job. If there is something the contractor finds at your property after he arrives that was not discussed on the phone it will be discussed with you before they get to work.
We are in the business of long term relationships. Because of this, we want to ensure that you'll come to us in the future should you need anything. With us, you won't have to worry about any hidden fees or drastic price changes.
Related Cleaning Services
In need of something else? You may be glad to hear that we offer other services, too. Alongside our main cleaning services, we can also help with upholstery, rug, and furniture cleaning. In need of mattress restoration? Or need a warranty clean? You'll be glad to hear that we also offer this type of service also. Thanks to our commercial services, both home and company owners alike can benefit from the expertise that we have to offer.
Rug Cleaning & Restoration
Upholstery & Furniture Cleaning
Mattress Cleaning Service
Commercial Carpet Cleaning
Did you know that dirty carpets can not only look unpleasant, but can also pose a health hazard? Some health concerns of prolonged exposure to dirty carpets are:
– Breathing or Lung Related Issues
– Triggered Allergies (Coughing, Sneezing)
– Respiratory Problems from Mold
– Skin Problems from Bacteria and Fungi
Call today for an obligation free quote. Our friendly staff are happy to discuss your needs to help determine which one of our services will benefit you and help resolve your issues.
The local Waukegan experts you can put your trust in
(833) 315-5005 (Toll Free)
Would you prefer a call back?
Just fill in the form below and we'll be in touch ASAP
Dynamik Carpet Cleaning Waukegan
2835 Belvidere Rd, Unit 32
Waukegan, IL 60085
(833) 315-5005 (Toll Free)


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Tyler Perry's "For Colored Girls" opened at No. 1 on the latest national DVD sales chart, beating a pair of other new releases that did better at the box office.
"Girls" ($38 million box office), which documents the struggles endured by women of color as expressed in a series of 20 poems, overshadowed "Life As We Know It ($53 million) at No. 2 and "Paranormal Activity 2″ ($85 million) at No. 3.
Last week's leader on the Nielsen VideoScan sales chart, "Beverly Hills Chihuahua 2," fell to No. 4. A fourth new release, "You Again" ($26 million) debuted at No. 5.
On Nielsen's dedicated Blu-ray Disc chart, "Paranormal Activity 2″ debuted at No. 1, bumping "RED" to No. 2. "Life As We Know It" debuted at No. 3, and "For Colored Girls" at No. 4.
On Home Media Magazine's rental chart for the week ended February 13, "RED" remained No. 1 for the third consecutive week. "Paranormal Activity 2″ bowed at No. 2, "You Again" at No. 3, and "For Colored Girls" at No. 4. "Life As We Know It," available only at brick-and-mortar rental stores, failed to crack the top 20.


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Stacking The Shelves is all about sharing the books you're adding to your shelves, be it buying or borrowing. From 'real' books you've purchased, a book you've borrowed, a book you've been given or an e-book they can all be shared!
Book images go to Goodreads!
I enjoy Robin Benway's writing and I've heard good things about this book!
Super excited about this book! It sounds fabulous.
I love a thriller… as you can see. I'm intrigued by this one. I requested it on its description of disturbing…what does that say about me?


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INDIANAPOLIS, Ind. — The Young Democrats of America and Indiana Young Democrats announced Sunday that Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Nancy Pelosi will headline the 2019 Young Democrats of America Convention in Indianapolis.
Pelosi made history when she was elected as the first woman to serve as Speaker of the House. Now in her third term as Speaker, Pelosi made history again in January 2019 when she regained her position second-in-line to the presidency, the first person to do so in more than 60 years.
"Speaker Nancy Pelosi has made history time and again, and today's announcement is a historic one for our organization. We are thrilled to announce that Speaker Pelosi will address the YDA National Convention in Indianapolis this month," said Katherin Chi, member of the YDA National Planning Committee and Vice-President of the Marion County Young Democrats. "After a period of record growth, IYD has worked for nearly two years to bring the largest gathering of young Democrats in the country to Indiana and we are incredibly honored to have a groundbreaking leader like Speaker Pelosi join us."
"Speaker Pelosi is the kind of leader who can inspire any generation, and ours is no exception. Young people across the nation were the deciding factor in key races across the nation in 2018 and we are a vital constituency for efforts in 2020," said Louis Elrod, Young Democrats of America President. "We're honored to have an icon like Nancy Pelosi address the Young Democrats of America National Convention to talk about what's next for our party and our country."
Speaker Pelosi will join the national convention on Friday, July 19, for the 7 p.m. general session.
The Indiana Young Democrats are bringing the National Convention of the Young Democrats of America to Indianapolis July 17-20. Over 1,000 attendees are expected, with Speaker Pelosi headlining the convention on Friday evening. The convention will be held July 17 through July 20 at Union Station and is announcing a robust line-up of high-profile speakers and trainings throughout the coming weeks.
This is the first time Indianapolis will host the national convention in its 90-year history, and the first time the Young Democrats of America have come to Indiana in over 25 years.
Speaker Pelosi is the 52nd Speaker of the House of Representatives and was first elected Speaker of the House in 2007.
IYD is the premier youth-led grassroots political organization in the state of Indiana. As the official youth caucus of the Indiana Democratic Party, IYD mobilizes young people between the ages of 18 and 35 to participate in the electoral process, influence elections, promote the ideals of the Democratic Party, and develop the skills of the youth generation to serve as leaders on local, state, and national levels.
The Young Democrats of America have over 150,000 members in 48 states and U.S. Territories. The last convention was held in Dallas, Texas.


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Every year, City of Red Deer administration builds a budget based on City Council's priorities and financial direction. This year, citizens and community groups have another opportunity to share their ideas in the form of a written submission.
"We talked with several residents at the Budget Open House, have been recording input through the budget online survey and heard from many through the comments of citizens and groups in our community, but we want to make sure everyone has had the opportunity to tell us their ideas," said Craig Curtis, City Manager. "Balancing the needs of Red Deer with the current economic situation remains a strong priority when planning for our community's prosperous future, and working with you, our citizens, is an imperative part of this plan."
The City invites residents, community members and community groups to submit thoughts, ideas and concerns for consideration for the 2019 capital and operating budgets in the form of a written brief. The input submitted will ensure The City's agenda reflects the community's needs.
Budget 2019 submissions can be written and mailed to the address below, or submitted via email at email@example.com. There are no restrictions to length, format or content of the submission – The City just wants to hear from residents in whatever way makes the most sense. Written submissions must be received by Monday, June 18, 2018.
Letters can be mailed to:
Legislative Services department
The City of Red Deer
PO Box 5008, Red Deer, AB
For more information about The City's budget and current opportunities for input, please visit www.reddeer.ca/budget.
For more information, please contact:
Craig Curtis
City Manager
The City of Red Deer
Communications & Strategic Planning
The City of Red Deer


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Jolanta Zwolińska, Andrzej Kwolek
Introduction. Traditional electrodiagnostic methods are not fully used in diagnosing and monitoring the outcomes of rehabilitation. These are non-invasive methods which are commonly available in all physiotherapy rooms and may be helpful in taking decisions related to therapy.
Purpose. The study aimed at accessing the usefulness of electrodiagnostic parameters in monitoring the process of rehabilitation in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome.
Material and method. The study group included 6 patients referred for physiotherapy due to carpal tunnel syndrome. Altogether 8 hands were analysed: 6 right and 2 left hands. The study applied quantity-based electrodiagnostic methods. Nervous excitability of thenar muscles was assessed. The following values were measured: rheobase, chronaxie, accommodation threshold, and accommodation index. The assessment also included subjective clinical symptoms, and a computer method was used to measure the range of motion in hand joints, and hand grip strength. Examinations were performed before the rehabilitation programme was initiated and after it was concluded. The rehabilitation programme included sonication, whirlpool massage, and neuromobilization of the median nerve.
Results. The study showed statistically significant correlation between the assessment of self-care ability and the value of accommodation index (lower ability coincided with a lower value of accommodation index). None of the electrodiagnostic parameters were significantly changed as a result of the therapy.
Conclusions. Due to the small size of the study group, at this stage of the research the obtained results did not confirm the usefulness of the traditional electrodiagno-stic methods.
Keywords: Carpal tunnel syndrome, elektrodiagnostics, nerve conduction, rheobase, chronaxie.
Full article: Przydatność tradycyjnych metod elektrodiagnostycznych … (PDF)
Adam Topolski, Rafał Sapuła, Marta Topolska, Marta Barbara Topolska, Sebastian Chrzan, Marta Soboń, Krzysztof Marczewski
Background. Clinical studies confirm that depression is a common consequence of pain. Early detection of depression in people with low back pain could contribute to obtaining better results of rehabilitation.
Goal. Evaluation of the prevalence of depression in people with low back pain.
Materials and methods. The study was conducted in the Rehabilitation Clinic of University of Management and Administration in Zamość from August to December 2010. We studied 101 subjects (80 women and 21 men) aged 25 — 75 years (mean age – 54,7 years). The occurrence of depression was examined using Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Own survey concerned: social history, gender, height, weight, age.
Results. The prevalence of depression in the group was 60.4% (62.5% women and 52.4% men). The average age of people with depression and without depression differed significantly and was respectively 56.59 and 51.63 years (p= 0.015).
Conclusions. Depression applicable 6 in 10 people treated for low back pain. People with low back pain increases the risk of depression with age. People with low back pain should be intensified psychological care.
Keywords: depression, low back pain, Beck Depression Inventory.
Full article: Częstość występowania depresji u osób z zespołem … (PDF)
Sebastian Chrzan, Rafał Sapuła, Marta Topolska, Marta Soboń, Marta Barbara Topolska, Adam Topolski, Krzysztof Marczewski
Backcground. Depression is one of the most severe health issues of the modern medicine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between depression and neck pain.
Material and method. The study involved 60 patients aged 37-82 years (mean age: 63 ± 10 years) treated for neck pain at the Rehabilitation Department of Zamość University of Management and Administration. Depression symptoms were assessed with a Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS). It was also used a Acceptance of Illness Scale.
Results. The studied group demonstrated statistically significant decrease of depression after rehabilitation (SDS: p<0,001). The research did not show statistically significant increase of acceptance of illness degree (AIS: p=0,48).
Conclusions. Rehabilitation decreases intensity of depression. In a subjective opinion, rehabilitation has no improvement on acceptance of illness degree.
Keywords: cervical spine, depression,Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale
Full article: Wpływ rehabilitacji na występowanie depresji … (PDF)
Rafał Sapuła, Iwona Głowacka, Andrzej Lesiak, Wiesław Siwek, Krzysztof Mataczyński
Introduction. Low back pain is a fast-growing disease of civilization. It is estimated that 80-100% of the adult population experiences low back pain. They occur in about 90% of the population after 40.
The aim of study. Evaluation of the effectiveness of rehabilitation in patients with osteoarthritis of spine and concomitant spondylolisthesis based on selected parameters.
Material and method. Studied 37 patients with low back pain with spondyloarth-rosis and with coexisting multi-level discopathy. The study was conducted in Rehabilitation Clinic of Zamość University of Management and Administration, based on the author's questionnaire and clinical examination. Patients were examined twice, the first day of rehabilitation and second time in the last day of rehabilitation. The rehabilitation program included treatments of physiotherapy, kinesitherapy and mobilizations. The results were statistically analyzed.
Results and conclusions. Physiotherapy for outpatient conditions with low back pain reduce pain and ischias symptoms. Rehabilitation treatment improved mobility of spine. Rehabilitation of the study group did not alter the surface sensation and stretch movement.
Keywords: low back pain, spodylosis lumbalis, spondylarthrosis, discopathy, rehabilitation
Full article: Ocena efektywności rehabilitacji pacjentów … (PDF)
Ewa Kostrzewa-Zabłocka, Grażyna Kierepka
Introduction. "School of Diabetes" is a nationwide educational program aimed it leading a campaign among doctors, nurses and patients to prevent diabetes and romote a proactive approach towards the disease.
purpose of the paper. The paper is to determine the effect of the educational programme "School of Diabetes" on the metabolic control level in people with diabetes, articipating in classes in Chełm.
Material and method. The survey involved 73 patients with diabetes, aged from 3 to 78. The survey was conducted at the Clinic "Zdrowie" which is also the seat if the Diabetes Outpatient Clinic and the Association of Diabetics in Chełm. The urvey was participated by 40 women and 33 men. More than half of the respondents
47%) had secondary education and only 11% elementary education. The majority of urvey participants (46 people) were retired while 15% were working professionals. The BMI of the respondents indicated overweight and levels I and II of obesity. Most people (40 respondents) were diagnosed with diabetes within the last 11 years. Type 2 diabetes was observed in 86% of the people, while type 1 diabetes only in 14%.
Results. Taking into account the specific criteria set by the PTD in 2011, based on the data entered in the questionnaires (patient age, type of diabetes, duration of the disease), it has been found that HbA1c levels were normal in 33% patients and for 67% the results were above normal.
Conclusions. Education is an essential part of diabetes therapy and helps to reduce the number of diabetic complications. Participants of trainings designed at improvement of knowledge on diabetes have better test results, including lower levels of glycosylated hemoglobin (Research in Środa Wielkopolska). Respondents declare their willingness to extend their knowledge and understand the importance of diabetes education in their treatment process.
Keywords: Diabetes, "School of Diabetes", education diabetes, metabolic control.
Full article: Edukacja w Szkole Cukrzycy w Chełmie (PDF)
Małgorzata Rycyk, Krzysztof Marczewski
Introduction. Pregnancy as a very important period in a woman's life is also long been interested for men. The modern model of the relationship between parents gave this new dimension, which is reflected in such increasingly common presence of fathers at the birth, or his presence at antenatal courses. Therefore it seemed important to examine the opinion of men about a healthy lifestyle of pregnant women especially that such work does not have excessive much.
The aim of this study was to investigate the opinion of men about indicated and not indicated forms of physical activity during pregnancy
Material and method. The survey was conducted among students of the University of Management and Administration in Zamość, PKP LHS staff and via the Internet (and eBadania GoldenLine portal), from May to October 2010. In total, 1120 questionnaires were sent, received 170 copies. They came from 170 men aged 21 — 60 years (32.1 ± 9.4), of which 76 are not admitted to the experience of fatherhood.
Results. Over half (54%) men, regardless of the personal experience of fatherhood, rated their knowledge about pregnancy as good or very good, and the primary source of information about the pregnancy was the Internet. The vast majority (95%) of respondents positively evaluated the physical activity of pregnant women, while there were large differences between the optimal forms of activity from slow walk (26%) up to very intense exercise (21%). According to respondents, for pregnant women are particularly appropriate swimming (92%), chess (81%) and exercise on a stationary bike (65%). As the effects of a shortage of movement mentioned primarily back pain (81%) and higher striae (75%), slightly less risk of obesity, diabetes and hypertension (65%). However, knowledge of relaxation techniques was small, and as many as 68% of respondents did not performed with his partner even breathing exercises in preparation for childbirth, and 20% performed only exercises in the school childbirth. As many as 64% of respondents stated that a physiotherapist should be involved in preparing for childbirth and postpartum period.
Conclusions. A positive assessment of physical activity of pregnant, made by men in comparison with relevant shortcomings of their knowledge about the recommended exercise indicates the need for better health education. It seems that the role of coach and educator could play properly oriented physiotherapist, who would be accepted by most respondents.
Keywords: pregnancy, physical activity, mens opinion
Full article: Aktywność fizyczna kobiet ciężarnych … (PDF)
Bożena Krupa, Paweł Trzebiński
Introduction. Rehabilitation is a complex process rich in a number of biological, psychological and social conditions. Dimensions that make up the personality type D, in particular, a negative emotional determine the level of satisfaction with life, means that the greater tendency to experience negative emotions- the lower level of satisfaction with life and hence less effects of rehabilitation.
Purpose. the purpose of this study is answering the question: what role the patients assign rehabilitation and therapists and that the evaluation of the effects of rehabilitation is associated with type D personality. In terms of a global analysis of the process of rehabilitation in the context of the biopsychosocial model.
Material and method. Studies using diagnostic survey with questionnaire technique were undertaken on a group of professionally active and inactive adult patients in Zamość Rehabilitation Clinic WSZiA 2011. Two tools were used for measuring: Scale DS-14- in Polish version (N. Ogińska-Bulik, Z. Juczyński and Denollet) to assess personality (scale DS-14 contains fourteen statements, seven of them concern negative emotionality, the other seven social inhibition); Survey's questionnaire-own authorship.
Results. 1/3 patients have stressed personality (type D). Individuals with type D personality much lower rate their health than those who do not type-D. Sociodemo-graphic variables and personality type does not significantly affect the definition of rehabilitation and do not differentiate between the treatment groups in the context of the location of the line physiotherapy treatment – wellness. Personality type affects the assessment of the effects of rehabilitation. In the group of type D shows the tendency to attribute the positive effects of rehabilitation rather in the physical and non-group D, both physical and mental.
Conclusion. Psychological and social factors should be taken into account and incorporated together with biological variables in the diagnosis of disease and the patient must be considered simultaneously.
Keywords: quality of life, personality, social support, rehabilitation
Full article: Psychospołeczne aspekty zdrowia i rehabilitacji (PDF)
Łukasz Popko, Rafał Sapuła, Janusz Milanowski
Abstact Rehabilitation is an integral part of comprehensive medical impacts over a terminally sick patient. A study of two cases described in article shows that physiotherapy carried out in hospice patients brings relevant results, first of all in terms of improving the quality of life. This description brings us the evolution of social attitudes towards persons with throughout human history, also as a seed of the structures and institutions dealing with human beings in palliative status. Thesis also shows a picture of contemporary hospice health care, principles of functioning and organizational structure.
Keywords: rehabilitation, palliative care, hospice
Full article: Rehabilitacja jako integralna część leczenia paliatywnego … (PDF)
Wybrane czynniki ryzyka instytucjonalizacji poszpitalnej
Igor Perehubka, Mariola Rębisz, Krzysztof Marczewski
Abstract Institutionalization is the concept of a wider as exercising the care of persons who are not capable of independent operation. The work includes observation of medium size hospital and the review of the literature that describes the risk factors of institutionalization. On the basis of data from the first half of 2011 and 2012, it has been demonstrated that the risk of finding themselves in a social assistance is greater for men and increases in the age. The main reason for this state of affairs is likely socio-economic factors Our results are slightly different from the known in other countries, which shows the regional variability problem of social support.. Further studies are needed that will help somewhat more accurately determine the risk factors listed above, so on the one hand can be useful in the prevention of institutionalization and, on the other hand, reduced to waiting time for people most in need of this type of provision.
Keywords: Institutionalization, social support end of life, sex
Full article: Wybrane czynniki ryzyka instytucjonalizacji poszpitalnej (PDF)
H. Michałkiewicz, J. Wróbel
Abstract Human aging is a physiological and irreversible process, occurring in many areas of human life: biological, psychological, social. In planning and implementing health care for the elderly the knowledge of the health problems of old age is necessary. In the article we present the influence of the so-called the great geriatric problems on physical fitness, needs and possibilities of rehabilitation of older people. The role of a comprehensive geriatric assessment in the process of medical treatment, including physiotherapy was also discussed. Attention was drawn to the functional tests used in geriatrics as a useful tool in assessing individual health needs of older people. Our goal was to show that a comprehensive geriatric care can not be done without physiotherapist.
Keywords: geriatrics, great geriatric problems, functional tests, physiotherapy
Full article: Całościowa ocena geriatryczna … (PDF)
Monika Biskup, Krzysztof Marczewski
Abstract Chronic back pain is a common condition occurring population, which results in significant economic consequences as well as the individual costs. In the treatment of back pain often exercises are used, sometimes as the only form of treatment. While the damage may be subject to significant structures of the spine, including discs, facet joints, ligaments, and vertebral bodies, however, the impact of exercise interventions include core muscles. The need to protect damaged tissues by the exercises that will help reduce the load on structures damaged as a result of the expected trigger muscle response, have become a topic of discussion in the literature. In the literature, there are many statements that say that keeping the spine in a neutral position, and stabilization of the body are extremely important factors in the prevention of damage to our spine, which is an axial structure, conditioning the ability to move. There are a number of tests including spinal mobility Schober test, test, fingers-floor, sign Otto.
Keywords: Schober test, finger-floor test, OTTo sign.
Full article: Jak mierzyć skuteczność fizjoterapii? … (PDF)
Dorota Boniek-Poprawa, Bogdan Obszański, Andrzej Kleinrok
Abstract Cardiovascular diseases such as coronary heart disease, heart failure and arterial hypertension are now one of the leading causes of hospitalization and disability of patients. It is estimated that in Poland hypertension suffer from 24% to 50% people. In addition to medication to treat high blood pressure can also be used balneothera-py, both peloidotherapy and baths in the mineral waters. They both have the effect of short-term and long-term as the blood pressure.
Keywords: hypertension, peloidoterapia, baths in the mineral waters
Full article: Zabiegi balneoterapii u pacjentów z nadciśnieniem tętniczym. (PDF)
Człowiek niepełnosprawny w mediach w opinii dziennikarzy i fizjoterapeutów
Monika Popławska, Krzysztof Marczewski
Abstract It isn't a subject of controversy that the media- radio, television, Internet, newspapers, books, have a great impact on us, fulfilling the role of the "Kantian" glasses through which we view the world. Disability, until recently treated stereotypically and hermetically media devote more attention. The image of disabled people is constantly changing, being shaped by the environment of skilled and specialized. Therefore it seemed important to examine and compare the opinions of physiotherapists and journalists on the subject, including journalists with disabilities. The aim of this study was to identify the opinions of journalists and physical therapists on the perception of the image of a disabled person in the media.
Keywords: disability, disabled person, image media, physiotherapy, journalist, media
Full article: Człowiek niepełnosprawny w mediach w opinii dziennikarzy … (PDF)
Elżbieta Rutkowska
Abstract Physical activity is an important part of a healthy lifestyle. Proper physical training shapes the body's many functions. Exercise should be done: he regularly (2-3 times per week) for at least 15 minutes, cause an increase in heart rate to 130-150 beats and activate the muscles different from those which are used in routine activities. Assessment of physical activity is an important element of the subjective examination. Allows to evaluate this element in the lifestyle -and then plan an effective and accurate health education. The article presents the principles of training for health conditions (by revives papers) and discusses the principles of construction of the interview on physical activity. Standardized interview allows you to compare the behavior of people at certain intervals — which can be used to assess the effectiveness of health education. It also allows for the detection of many diseases, therefore the quality and quantity of usual physical activity. Research subjective of physical activity can significantly supplement or translate the objective results of clinical trials.
Keywords: physical activity, subjective testing, health education
Full article: Ocena aktywności fizycznej w badaniach podmiotowych (PDF)
Aleksandra Ochota, Małgorzata Mroczek
Abstract The aim of this study was to compare the knowledge and health-seeking behaviour of women over 40 years old and the physiotherapy students on osteoporosis. The study group is characterized by high knowledge of the factors affecting osteoporosis and the basic symptoms. Women over the age of 40 more often have problems with mention of the symptoms than students. We should increase the educational activities in symptoms and prevention of osteoporosis as well as the promotion of physical activity.
Key words: osteoporosis, risk factors, physical activity, health education
Full article: Porównanie wiedzy kobiet po 40 roku życia i studentek … (PDF)
Edward Przychodaj
Abstract The paper presents the situation of persons with disabilities in Poland with special emphasis on.its legal, financial and employment aspects. The analysis focuses on the present condition but certain elements of the social situation of that particular group of people are described from the historical perspective, from the perspective of the past, present and future. References to legal regulations of these problems applied in the European Union also constitute the integral thread of the considerations shown in the paper. That approach enabled the presentation of tendencies and basic circumstances in the field as well as the presentation of the relatively complex evaluation of the protection of rights of the disabled. The paper discusses only some problems of the social environment of the disabled, but from the point of view of the author the most important ones. Their recognition was not an easy task due to multiplicity, diversity and variability with time of data characterizing the situation of the persons with disabilities. Equally important issues connected with their social and professional rehabilitation as well as prevention are also to be the subject of further interest.
Key words: persons with disabilities, Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, rights of persons with disabilities, employment of the disabled, sheltered workshop, open labour market, social and professional rehabilitation of the disabled, integrated social policy of the European Union, social assistance, education and social integration
Full article: Ochrona osób niepełnosprawnych w Polsce (PDF)
Józef Bergier, Dorota Tomczyszyn, Wiesław Romanowicz
Abstract: The purpose of this article is to determine how disabled people living in rural areas spend their leisure time. The basic method of gathering research material was diagnostic survey, in which the author's questionnaire was used. The study was conducted in 2010. The material presented relates to the research group, made up of 800 people with disabilities living in rural areas of the Lublin province. It turned out that disabled people have 5–6 hours of leisure time a day, with women having more free time on weekdays, and men having more free time on holidays. Among the active forms of leisure both men and women prefer walking and practicing various forms of sport and recreation. Passive rest in both groups means listening to music, watching TV and using the computer and the Internet. Sports and recreation forms popular among both men and women include walking, cycling and gymnastics.
Keywords: free time, forms of leisure, people with disabilities, rural areas
Full article: Wykorzystanie czasu wolnego osób niepełnosprawnych … (PDF)


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- € 18,00
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Welcome to Dutch shootingsupply
Welcome to the webshop of Dutch Shooting Supply. Please click HERE for the full version of our website with all our products.
Are you looking for shooting accessories such as a range bag, cleaning parts, oil, speedholsters or other parts that a shooter needs, your at the right adres.
Also when you're looking for airsoft merchandise like bb's or targets, your also at the right place.
I'm a sportshooters for many years now so I know what your talking about. I'm shooting the dutch actionshooting competition, european steel challenge, Bianchicup and IPSC/NPSA, so you can find me a lot on the Dutch shooting ranges
If you'r looking for gun part or accessory witch is not mentioned on the website, please contact me at email@example.com and I'll try to help you.
All prices are incl.VAT but excl.shipping. We ship all around Europe, so when you want to order something and your country isn't on the shipping list, please contact me and I'll quote you for the shipping to your country.
NOT IN STOCK ? Again, please contact.
Pictures can be different from the real part.
We sell Holsters, airsoft bb's, range bags, magazine pouches, belts, lubrications, scopes and more.
We are official GugaRibas dealer. GugaRibas is the first and only speedholster that fits all pistols on the market.
We are stil busy with the website in English, until this is finished please stay on the Dutch website
Some of the brands we sell are: Brunox, Schletek, GugaRibas, Double Alpha, Redfield, Leupold, OKO, C-more, MSA Sordin, CR-Speed, Aimpoint, CED, Safaryland, Hogue, Uncle mike, Aimtech, Shooters choice, Hoppes, Cybergun, NC Star, Brattonsound, Docter optics, Hawke, Shockbottle, enz
New in our online shop
-5%Gugaribas universal NEO holster
Gugaribas universal NEO pistol holster will fit all standard, production and classic pistols€ 142,00 € 135,00
-14%CPL Ceraflon Quick cleaner and lubricant for on the range
CPL CeraFlon was designed for use in Law Enforcement, al
at the same time able to satisfy the needs of the sports user.
CPL CeraFlon is designed in 2016 on specific request for use on certain weapons to be used in extremely…€ 28,00 € 24,00
- XNR Protective spray
protective, penetrating, waterproofing!
The XNR literally enters the finishes preserving them from corrosion and above all, given the formulation, is able to protect the weapon in the long term even in the presence of extreme…€ 9,00
- Target Custom Parts XLP 13.01 WS2 Universal
XLP13.01WS2 is our Slide & Trigger Oil versatility champion; efficient in any condition of use and applied to any type of weapon is almost as powerful as the phenomenal XCU which retains the R9X for vibration cutting, then…€ 14,00
- Target Custom Parts XCU racegun lubrication
XCU an acronym that in the field of sports weapons in a short time has become synonymous with lubricating power!
XCU is the NANO-CeraFlon OIL CUSHION: The slide and barrel seem to run on oil tracks. The barrel-cart closures, as…€ 18,00
- Xtreme Bore Clean
Bore Clean:Able to remove heavy deposits of lead, copper and zinc and just as efficient with brass and bobbing of FMJ olives.ELIMINATE ALL POWDER RESIDUES.Bore Protect: Guarantees maximum protection of the barrel both from…€ 15,00
-17%Guga Ribas cap ( one size fit's all )€ 24,00 € 20,00
- DAA Thin Pistol Case, Black
An extremely compact, slim and lightweight hard case, perfect for protecting your pistols when space or weight are an issue.
The low height of the case, just 59mm (2.3inches) allows this case to be stored in just about any range…€ 26,00
- Guga Ribas Universal Revolver holster
For you revolver shooter, GR offers you the best technology to better your performance. The GR's R-EVO brings the same characteristics that made the GR Holster for Pistols to be considered the best: Universality, Safety and…€ 195,00
- Detachable magnet
The Magnetic Magazine Pouch GR has the sames characteristics of the Magazine Pouch GRV1: strength and durability. And like the holster GR FSH-OFA, this products are universal and ambidextrous.
This model brings as differential,…€ 45,00


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Tuition & Fees
The following tuition and fee schedule is a reflection of that presented in the MJTI Catalog
Graduate Courses (Master of Jewish and Rabbinic Studies and Student-at-Large)
- Tuition for credit courses: $750 per 3-credit quarter course
- Tuition for audited courses (no course credit): $550 per 3-credit quarter course
- Hevruta Class fee: $100
- Mentored Learning Class fee: $200 per 3-credit course
- Quarterly Registration fee $80; $40 for early registration
Certificate Track Courses (including Hebrew language courses)
- Registration fee: $80 one-time fee. Note: If the certificate is deferred for a quarter or more, an $80 registration fee will be assessed upon reinstatement.
General Fees
- Application Fee: $50
- Biblical Hebrew Proficiency Exam: $50


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On my way back to work the other day, I was on my bike and happened to glance up just as I was speeding round the backstreets near Great Ormond Street. You sometimes see this sort of thing around and it does fair warm the cockles of my heart when you do. It's something to do with the sense of history, and the now defunct businesses that played their part in London life. I'm also glad that in days gone by, people could get a cure for their wounds and sores. Let us know if you see any more of these. W
Monthly Archives: November 2014
Saw this and thought of you
If you haven't seen this already, or even if you have, this is amazing. They're going to create a natural, open-air swimming pond in King's Cross by the Spring of next year. Amazing. If you've ever swum in Hampstead Ponds, you'll know how laugh out loud funny it is try and race a duck. I imagine more of this japery will be on offer, plus some lovely looking foliage to boot. Good work. W
Aware of the bear
If you're strolling round the capital, you may have seen these bad boys. Differently designed Paddingtons created to coincide with the Paddington Bear film and with some sort of charity doo-dah thrown in. This one's by Paddington basin and is designed by Jonathan Ross, but Boris and David Beckham have apparently done one too. Nice to have something else to look at while ambling around our fair city. W
Not strictly lunchhour but free…
Here's news of a great free event at LimeWharf this Friday.
It's an early session of funk, disco and reggae from 6-9pm and we do love anything that's free!
7th November 2014
at LimeWharf,
Vyner Street,
And features
The Rhythm Doctor from Tallinn, Estonia
One Deck Pete from Weeds up to me knees
Plus Hayereyah on the mike and harmonica.
This looks like a great early night out! P


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Compost is applied in agriculture to improve soil fertility by means of the supply of mineral fertilizers, such as potassium, phosphorus, and nitrogen. Moreover, the input of compost strongly influences the soil carbon storage which is also an important factor of soil fertility. This is due to the fact that composting partly results in the increased formation of stable carbon compounds, i.e. humus-like substances and aggregates. These are made of complex compounds that render them resistant to microbial attack.
The input of organic matter is especially important in such a case where an intensive cultivation of soil results in its degradation, since decomposition rates and removal of carbon by the crops are not well balanced by inputs. By adding compost an input of new organic matter takes place, so that the soil carbon level is restored. In this case compost nitrogen stimulates soil productivity which results in the higher volume of crop residues. Other compost components may have a multiplier effect, by which carbon mass accumulation is even higher than the direct carbon input by the organic compost mass.
The type of organic matter which is produced by composting can be stored in soil over many decades. Its decomposition rate has been estimated to be around 30 to 40 percent during the first year, and a decreasing rate later on. Field application of compost therefore is a temporary sink in carbon dioxide and results in a real net improvement of the overall greenhouse gas balance. The storage effect of soil carbon sequestration is in the range of about 0.054 (Smith, 2001) to 0.24 t CO2-eq. per ton of compost applied (EPA, 2006). Taking into account a total of CO2 emissions of about 0.150 t/t (see figure 12.4), in the case of a sequestration of 0.24 t/t there is a benefit for the total GHG balance of about 0.090 t CO2-eq. per ton of compost applied.
On an EU level the use of compost from the biodegradable fraction of municipal waste is estimated to have a storing potential of 1.4 Mio t CO2-eq. per year if the whole putriscible fraction of MSW is composted in all Member States (EC, 2004).
By application of compost, there are also other climate related benefits under discussion even if they are not easily measurable, such as i) improved worka bility of soils, which reduces the energy needs for machinery, ii) reduced erosion, which keeps more organic matter in the surface layer followed by higher crops, iii) improved water retention, which means less energy for irrigation, and iv) suppressive power against pests followed by reduction of pesticide related climate impacts (EUNOMIA, 2005).
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