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The Bush family is one of the most renowned political dynasties in America. It has produced presidents, governors, vice-presidents, and senators. One of its high profile products is Jeb Bush. Jeb is an American politician, specifically a Republican. He served as the governor of the state of Florida from 1999 to 2007. He also contested the Republican Party presidential primaries in 2016 but unfortunately did not make it far.
Apart from public service, Bush is an accomplished businessman and has worked with several renowned companies. Find answers to most of the questions you have been asking about the erudite politician here.
Jeb Bush Biography
Jeb Bush was born on the 11th of February 1953 in the town of Midland, Texas. He, however, grew up in Houston after his family relocated there. His first name is a combination of the initials of his full name – John Ellis Bush. Bush had his earliest education at Grady Elementary School Houston and later, Phillips Academy, Andover, Massachusetts.
For his college education, he attended the University of Texas at Austin. He did Latin American Studies and graduated in 1974. Upon leaving college, Bush spent several years in the private sector, working for a bank as well as a real estate company. He also embarked on several other business ventures which made him a millionaire. It must be stressed that in the midst of these pursuits, he relocated to Florida and made it home.
Jeb Bush commenced his political career as a volunteer on his father's campaign in the 80s. From there, he quickly worked his way up in the Republican Party. He was appointed Florida's secretary of commerce between 1987 and 1988. Bush ran for governor for the first time in 1994. He, however, lost to the incumbent, Democrat's Lawton Chiles. He tried again in 1998 and emerged victoriously. He also won a re-election bid in 2002, becoming the first Republican to achieve such a feat in Florida. Since his days as a governor, Bush has remained active in the public and private sector. He also contested for the Republican Party presidential ticket in 2016 but pulled out due to low support.
His Net Worth
Bush has a net worth of above $22 million. He did not make his money from serving the public. Rather, he made his fortune from his entrepreneurial pursuits. He earned a handsome sum as the director of a health company, Tenet. He also made money from consulting for several companies such as Lehman Brothers and Innovida. Another source of his wealth is speaking engagements. He has been paid at least $10 million to speak at various public events in America and beyond.
Jeb Bush's Family, Wife and Children
Bush is married to Columba Bush nee Garnica Gallo; she is Mexican-American. They first met in 1970 when Bush went to the Mexican city of Leon to teach English. At the time they met, Bush was 17 and Columba was 16. She did not speak a word of English but this was not a barrier as Bush was fluent in Spanish. They returned to the States and tied the knot at the campus chapel on the 23rd of February 1974. The ceremony was conducted in English and Spanish.
The couple has three children together. They are George, Noelle, and John Ellis Jr. His eldest son, George, has followed his dad's footsteps into politics. He is an attorney and Navy reserve officer as well as a land commissioner in Texas. The other two children work in the private sector. Jeb Bush also has four grandchildren, two from each son.
Jeb Bush hails from one of the greatest political dynasties in America. His father's name is George H.W. Bush while his mother's name is Barbara. His father held many political offices including President of the United States, Vice-President, and CIA director. Jeb Bush has four siblings comprising of three brothers and one sister. They are Neil, Marvin, George, and Dorothy. All his siblings ventured into the private sector save for George who served as the Governor of Texas and later, the 43rd President of the United States of America.
See Also: Will Hurd Bio, Married, Wife, Parents, Ethnicity, Other Facts
Height and Weight
Even though politics is not a beauty contest, any expert out there knows that it does not hurt to have good looks. The ex-Governor is 6 feet 3 inches tall. He is a foot taller than his wife who stands at a little above 5 feet.
His weight is not known to the public but one can easily tell that he was overweight for quite some time. He, however, turned this around and lost almost 40 lb in 2015. He relied on the paleo diet to achieve this. The paleo diet is high in fruits, lean meat, and vegetables. Sugary foods, processed foods, and dairy products, on the other hand, are a no-no.


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Easy Way to Fix Memory Card Not Initialized Error
Hey there, Is there any possible way to retrieve the precious pictures from non-responding memory card? During my last trip to Italy I have captured lots of images which was stored in a memory card. All was OK and it was working well. Don't why I'm getting memory card not initialized error but want to fix the issue soon. How can I do so? Please help!!!
Yes, definitely you can fix memory card not initialized error and easily recover your priceless photos. Nowadays, memory card has become most desirable storage media to store important documents, media files and other essential files. With the increasing demand for Smartphones and DSLRs needs for memory card is also increasing. Memory card is used on all digital cameras and mobile phones to captured stored images, video, files etc as they are quite reliable, easily accessible and offer high storage capacity. In spite of so advance features sometimes users encounter severals error such as memory card not initialized error which really bother. When such error occurs you are not able to access the files stored in there. Many of you might thinks that you can't get your precious pictures or priceless document files but you needs not to worry as you can easily fix the issue and then after recover the lost file.
Prominent causes for memory card not initialized error
- Abrupt memory card ejection
- Several malware attack.
- Incomplete file transfer.
- Continuous use even after memory card is full
- Unexpected device shutdown when memory card is in use.
Easy Solution to fix memory card not initialized error
No matter what the reasons but soon after you encounter such error you should stop using the memory card further to avoid overwrite as overwriting makes your data lost forever. However, you may try manual steps but you need to be technically strong. But if still you are getting same error then you needs to format your card. You might be worried about your data but using effective recovery tool you can easily bring back your data. Photo Recovery Software is an reliable and effective recovery tool that lets you to recover lost files in hassle-free way. The tool has been designed by experienced professionals that comes with instructive and simple interface so that even beginners can use it in easy manner. Moreover, the tool is compatible with latest versions of Mac and Windows. Furthermore, the tool is has powerful algorithm that can easily recover deleted, formatted and even from severely corrupted memory card. Hence, if you are one of those who are looking for an effective way to recover data which gets deleted in order to fix memory card not initialized error then Photo Recovery Software is ultimate solution.

subset: commoncrawl


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Soccer Review with STEPHEN PHIRI
IT'S official that the Football Association of Zambia (FAZ) has engaged Belgian Sven Vandenbroeck as national team coach.Vandenbroeck, 38, is expected in the country this week to sign a contract and immediately start preparations for the 2019 Cameroon Africa Cup of Nations.
Vandenbroeck was part of the Cameroon national team technical bench as the Indomitable Lions won the Africa Cup of Nations title in Gabon last year.
He brings experience to the Chipolopolo bench.
Having lost 1-0 to Mozambique in the Africa Cup of Nations qualifier in Ndola last year, the country expects the Belgian to assemble a squad that will beat Namibia in Windhoek in September this year.
The Chipolopolo cannot afford to lose to Namibia because it will complicate the chances of qualifying for the Cameroon finals.
FAZ should set targets for the Belgian, and qualifying for the Africa Cup of Nations finals should be top on the agenda.
Having missed out at the 2017 edition, failing to qualify for next year's continental showpiece will be a disaster.
Vandenbroeck should assemble a formidable side that will travel to Windhoek to collect maximum points.
All deserving players should be given an opportunity to don national colours.
There are some players such as Rainford Kalaba, Nathan Sinkala and Kabaso Chongo that can add value to the Chipolopolo set-up but were allegedly not in good books with former Chipolopolo coach Wedson Nyirenda.
Kalaba and Sinkala are Africa Cup winners and they have a lot to offer to the country.
I am sure Vandenbroeck knows their quality and will not hesitate to summon them for the clash against Namibia.
Vandenbroeck should also take time from his busy schedule to travel across the country and tap talent.
Zambia is not only Lusaka and the Copperbelt, but all the 10 provinces.
Former Chipolopolo coach Herve Renard travelled to all parts of the country and it was not surprising that he spotted defender Emmanuel Mbola.
At 16, Mbola made history by becoming the youngest player to feature at the Africa Cup of Nations finals.
He was part of the Chipolopolo side that reached the quarter-finals at the Angola tournament.
Zambia has talented players and the onus is on Vandenbroeck and his Chipolopolo bench, including FAZ technical director Moses Sichone, to spot talent that could be useful for the national team.
FAZ should arrange at least three international friendlies for the Chipolopolo to enable Vandenbroeck to assess as many players as possible.
Local coaches – those who have been at Chipolopolo and those who have not been – should give the Belgian the opportunity to work.
Back-stabbing one another to gain favours from the Belgian will not do.
Let the Belgian make independent decisions based on what he will find on the ground, not back-stabbers.
Apart from expertise, Vandenbroeck brings a spirit of reconciliation to the game for players and coaches.
Enjoy watching the World Cup as it enters the quarter-final stage this weekend.
Find me on email@example.com, email@example.com
Sven should guide Chipolopolo to AfCON
Soccer Review with STEPHEN PHIRI


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Elvis Solar Dancer
£ 3.99
A fun, solar powered dancing Elvis figurine. Makes the perfect addition to any room i
In stock
Elvis Aaron Presley (Born January 8th 1935, died August 16th 1977) was a prominent figure in Rock n' Roll, considered by many to be the King of the genre. His energized interpretations of the songs written for him, combined with a singularly potent mix of influences, made him a prevalent character. This particular toy is the perfect homage to the legend himself, almost perfectly displaying his 'swaying' dance moves which were considered somewhat comical in the time period. A black and white toy with golden glasses. The product is delivered in a clear, plastic case, animated with 'ELVIS' written on the back of the case. Whilst this product is a toy, it must be used with caution and supervision for children under the age of four due to the small parts that come with the product. Product can be placed in your home, or potentially on your cars dashboard or in work.
|0.059 kg
|60 × 50 × 100 mm
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Fraser Wilson has been immersed in the music of these islands for many years, creating beautiful new settings of much-loved songs and texts for his award-winning choral group Albion. In this concert, specially devised for the Festival, Fraser is joined by some musical friends, who together will present a fresh take on timeless folk songs such as Scarborough Fair and Greensleeves, including some new arrangements. As always, expect a warm-hearted and transporting hour of music-making.
A Music in the Round performance. Part of Sheffield Chamber Music Festival.


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SURPRISE, Ariz. — Texas Rangers postseason ace Colby Lewis is already getting better in spring training.
Lewis threw two shutout innings in his Cactus League debut Monday, a 12-11 victory over the Kansas City Royals that became a slugfest after he was gone.
Three days earlier, the right-hander gave up five runs in an inning against the Rangers' primary starters in an intrasquad game.
"I'm about like where I should feel. My arm feels really good, it feels like it's bouncing back really well," Lewis said. "There's still some small things that I'm rushing a little bit, but that all comes with time and being out there."
When the Rangers went to their first World Series last year, Lewis was 3-0 with a 1.71 ERA in four postseason starts in his first season back from Japan to the team that drafted him in 1999.
Lewis struggled a bit with his command Monday, throwing only 17 of 33 pitches for strikes. Still, he walked just one batter and struck out one.
"He's getting his work in and getting through it conveniently," manager Ron Washington said.
Mike Napoli and Ian Kinsler homered for Texas. Napoli, traded from the Los Angeles Angels to Toronto and then to Texas in a five-day span last month, hit a two-run homer in the fourth. Kinsler, who is back in the leadoff spot for the Rangers, added a three-run shot later in the inning.
The Rangers took the lead for good in the seventh when Engle Beltre's RBI groundout snapped a 10-all tie. Beltre also had a long running catch in center field.
Kansas City got homers from its top two prospects in camp, Eric Hosmer and Mike Moustakas.
"It's great to see Moose and Hos break out with a homer and give our fans a little bit what they've been hearing about," Royals manager Ned Yost said.
In 118 minor league games last season for two teams, Moustakas hit .322 with 36 homers and 118 RBIs.
Royals starter Vin Mazzaro also pitched two scoreless innings, working around a pair of leadoff doubles. He threw 25 pitches, 16 for strikes.
One of the doubles was by Michael Young, who played first base in a game for the first time ever — either in the majors, minors or even Little League. Young also had a triple.
Using a first baseman's mitt borrowed from Chris Davis instead of a new one in his locker still being broken in, Young had two fielding chances in his four innings. There was an unassisted putout on a grounder and he took a throw from Kinsler on another grounder to second.
"Everything was pretty routine," Young said. "No big surprises at all."
Young is now the Rangers' primary designated hitter and a utility infielder since they signed two-time Gold Glove winner Adrian Beltre to play third base, Young's position the last two seasons after he had been a five-time All-Star shortstop.
"He did very well. I never doubted him," Washington said. "I think he's going to do a good job."
NOTES: Will Smith, the 21-year-old left-hander acquired by the Royals from the Los Angeles Angels, was the only of seven Kansas City pitchers who had a perfect inning. "He was unflappable," Yost said. ... Rangers CF Julio Borbon had an error for the second consecutive game, though Washington didn't sound too concerned. "He's getting the kinks out," the manager said. Borbon had two hits and scored two runs. ... The Royals and Rangers, who share the Surprise complex, split the first two Cactus League games. The only other time they play this spring is March 20.


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There are two kinds of errors that we might receive in Teradata or in any other database for that matter.
One are the error messages that we normally get (like syntax errors etc), all these errors are handled errors i.e. the code of Teradata knows these kinds of errors and returns it if the query fails. However, what happens when the query gets an exception or error that is not handled by Teradata? In that case, we get a snapshot dump wherein a dump is generated and the code module where the error occurred is logged. Teradata Support then analyzes the dump to find out which part of code has a problem and then they provide a workaround or a code fix.
Now, this exception can happen either because of a code error in Teradata's source code or because of any hardware issue causing a filesystem error or a data corruption.
Whenever such exception happens in a file system and a query hits the table on that filesystem sector, Teradata gets an exception and the query fails by generating a snapshot dump and in this case the region where the exception/filesystem issue is found is marked as down in that particular table and is called as down region. So if this happens to a table named, employee, we can say that employee table has a down region marked on amp x.
There can be any reason of this hardware issue, error in disk drive etc but it needs to be fixed else any future queries targetting that region will again fail and mark a down region. This down region has a counter which has a threshold defined in the dbscontrol parameter 'MaxDownRegion'. The default value of this parameter is 3. So, if we get a down region in the same table at same sector (i.e. the defined threshold is reached) the table is marked as down. When the table is marked down, all the queries running against that table will fail and the table will become inaccessible.
To fix this, we need to first fix the hardware error and then make sure that a scandisk and checktable runs clean on the table with the issue. More details on scandisk and checktable will be shared in the next article.
Once, the hardware error is fixed, we reset the down region counter of the table using the following SQL:
This will again reset the down region counter of the table to 0. It is advisable that we fix the hardware issue and reset the counter before the table is marked as down and causes bulk failures on the box.
This is a brief explanation of what is a down region and down table. Post your questions in comments please.


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Writing and Running Through Life
Thoughts on running, writing, and books.
Wednesday, August 28, 2013
Skora Phase Out of the Box Review
Note how the black glows in the flash.
I have been salivating over the
Skora Phase
for months. While I love the leather
, using it as my primary shoe, and I also incorporate the leather
into my shoe rotation, I have been looking for something synthetic and a bit more breathable for the Florida heat and humidity. Enter the Phase. As a brand ambassador, I have had the pleasure of seeing production pictures for quite some time and was hoping to get my hands on them in the spring. For a variety of reasons I haven't had the pleasure of owning a pair until now.
Today, I received a sample pair from Skora's forthcoming Fall/Winter line (available October 1). While I have been unable to run in them yet, the Phase offers yet another quality Skora model. While they have the same blown rubber sole as the Core, the Phase seems to have just a touch more padding, a sufficient amount to mitigate road impact, a fact I noted while walking in one Core and one Phase. The toe box is ample, not as wide as the Core, giving a tighter fit. While out of the box impressions can't speak to the running—the shoes have vivid colors and a build that has the breathability I'm looking for. More to come later.
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Steven Stam
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NATACHA ATLAS Ayeshteni (Beggar's Banquet) Rating: NNNN Rating: NNNNN
slouched in a cafe slurping on a massive mochaccino, Natacha Atlas is more concerned with getting in touch with Missy Elliott than with defending her reputation as the most explosive and adventurous Egyptian singer of her generation.
"I was just in New York," Atlas snorts, her gold bangles rattling excitedly, "and as I was whipping around in a cab, I heard that Get Ur Freak On track. I just thought, "Fuck, I've got to work with her.' Someone's trying to work it out now."
It would be a great fit. Just as Elliott pushes at the fringes of hiphop with her technicolour bootie beats, Atlas's Egyptian swing, heard everywhere from Cairo bazaars to hipster T.O. clothing stores, sounds like nothing else in Arabic music.
Her new Ayeshteni disc is the final chapter in the series of Arabic fusion records Atlas has been doing both on her own and with globe-trotting crew Trans-Global Underground.
A back-to-basics album in the sense that Atlas returned to Cairo to record, drawing on the North African city's sound while still using the beats she picked up in Europe, Ayeshteni is the first disc on which all her international influences seem to be able to coexist.
The balance between new-school beats and Old World sounds is as delicate as it's ever been, while her rubbery stab at I Put A Spell On You, mixing swooning strings with chugging beats, is a club smash waiting to happen.
"This is the end of a cycle of records for me," Atlas explains. "As heavy as it sounds, I wanted to establish a better mix between the oriental and the occidental sounds of music.
"I've always been living that double life -- East and West -- and this record is about expressing my duality in a more graceful way. It's more rounded and complete. We couldn't have done it anywhere other than in Egypt."
Despite the fact that she's now living in London, Atlas insists she feels more comfortable back in Cairo, where she was born: "I've got a much better social life there."
Returning home and splitting off from her long-time Trans-Global partnership also gave Atlas a chance to plug herself back into the new school of Egyptian Arabic fusion she helped to create.
"We hooked up with this guy called Mika Sabet," she offers. "He's also Anglo Egyptian, and we have very similar ideas about pushing Egyptian music forward. There aren't that many other people there doing that. A lot of discos just play generic Euro shit. What we wanted to do was something like Nitin Sawney's doing with Indian music -- twist it up and use all the different elements to make something new.
"The problem with working in Cairo is that things work very slowly, if at all. Once you're in the studio, it's fine. Getting everyone together at the same time, though, can take weeks just for one session. People would forget, sleep in, not feel like working or show up and then change their minds and go home. There was a lot of shouting."
Now that her battles with dust storms and lazy orchestras are over, Atlas insists she's through with mixing and matching different sounds from around the globe. A lucrative career as a crooner for hire awaits, but interested producers better have a Brink's truck behind them.
"When I was living in Egypt, I got a lot of offers to come and play in tents during Ramadan," Atlas nods. "The next step is for you to join the circuit and start doing weddings, hotels and become someone's official musician. You make a fuck of a lot of money and live this ridiculous, pampered life, with servants and hired cars, but it's a bit dry.
"On the other side, I get that Roger Taylor guy from Duran Duran asking me to come and sing. I'm a massive fan, but he was a cheap bastard, so I said no."


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This is proving to be very popular within the last few years. A cherished number plate has also become more reasonable price to purchase with literally thousands of numbers to choose from. People like to have a cherished number plate on their vehicle for the following reasons:-
There are many companies on the internet that sell cherished number plates at an over inflated price. Let us track down and negotiate a fare price for you that is in keeping with your requirements.
We can deal with the implementation/paperwork involved to put this cherished number plate on your next vehicle. If you already have a cherished number plate we can still deal with the implementation/paperwork involved to put your Cherished number plate on your next vehicle.
We Do Not Charge For Our Administration Time For This Service!!!!! However some finance companies do charge and this will be payable by yourself. Don't forget DVLA do have transfer fees/nominee alteration fees again payable by yourself.
1. The DVLA do have transfer fees to swap the cherished number plate from vehicle to vehicle, or just to implement a new cherished number plate.
2. All cherished number plates have to have the nominee in the finance companies name under some finance agreements, and removal has to be completed within at least 2 months prior to the agreement ending. You will however have to notify any finance company if you wish to have a cherished number plate on your vehicle and they may charge there own administration fee for this service.
3. Remember if for any reason you need to change any details on the "certificate of entitlement" (your Cherished number plate certificate of ownership) all paperwork has to be sent back to DVLA for the amendments and they charge for this service and this can take several weeks.
4. Delivery dates on vehicles do take longer unless we have all the paperwork implemented prior to vehicle arriving at the supplying dealership. They will however have to register the vehicle at their local taxation office.
Email : firstname.lastname@example.com
Telephone : 01782 536 007
Company Address :
Butlers Vehicle Solutions Ltd
3 Chillington Way
Norton Heights
Stoke on Trent
Butlers Vehicle Solutions Ltd are a credit broker and not a lender, we are authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority. Registered No : 690569
Registered in England & Wales with company number : 6157611 | Data Protection No : Z9983101 | VAT No : 906649405 | BVRLA No : 2174
Registered Office : 3 Chillington Way, Norton Heights, Stoke on Trent ST6 8GJ
Disclaimer: All vehicle images and descriptions are for illustration and reference purposes only, all vehicle leases are subject to credit approval and subject to change at any time. E&OE.
Copyright © 2020 Butlers Vehicle Solutions Ltd, All rights reserved.
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Congratulations to our students who tested for their new sashes!
To Purple Sash Black Stripe:
Kai Diesing
Alexander Solen (not shown)
To Purple Sash White Stripe:
Will Atherton
Justen Force (not shown)
Eli O'Toole
To Green Sash Red Stripe:
Justen Force (not shown)
To Green Sash Black Stripe:
Jackson Caldwell (not shown)
Zachary Copetas
Chris Wilkins
To Green Sash White Stripe:
Amelia Landry
MacKenzie Roy
To Yellow Sash Black Stripe:
Diya Arun (not shown)
Korey Garrigan
C.J. Ledwell
Nina Parillo
To Yellow Sash White Stripe:
Luke Haryanto
Lyric McCarthy
To White Sash Red Stripe:
Juan Lopez
Paxton Kwong
Jasper Weeks
Dylan Wright
Lucas Wright
To White Sash Black Stripe:
Alura Barren
Nick Begin
Jack Bisop
Liam DeChellis
Treven Force
Ethan Kim
Sabrina Symes
Lorelei Taylor
To White Sash:
James Begin
Mason Cheung (not shown)
Sara Denault
Raemana Fialkoff (now shown)
Sebastian McCarthy
Thank you to Sifu Gary and Mr. Rob from The Kung Fu & Tai Chi Academy of New England, as well as our own Kung Fu students Mr. Roger, Mr. Pete, and Mr. Mark for assisting with the ranking. Photos are available on our Facebook page. As always, thank you to our students and their families for their support of the kwoon!


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Assembly of hepatitis delta virus (HDV) in infected human hepatocytes involves association of the 1,679- nucleotide single-stranded genomic RNA (δRNA) with multiple copies of both small and large forms of the delta protein (δAg) to form a ribonucleoprotein particle which in turn interacts with envelope proteins of the natural helper virus, hepatitis B virus. Subsequently, for initiation of a new round of replication, the amount of small δAg within the assembled HDV particle is both necessary and sufficient. Quantitative assays were used in order to better understand just how much δAg is needed. The molar ratio of δAg species to genomic δRNA in assembled HDV particles was approximately 200. Next, this ratio was determined for cells under several different experimental situations in which HDV genome replication was occurring. These included replication in woodchuck liver and also in mouse liver and skeletal muscle, as well as replication in stably and transiently transfected cultured human hepatoblastoma cells. Surprisingly, in almost all these situations the molar ratios were comparable to that observed for HDV particles. This was true for different times after the initiation of replication and was independent of whether or not virus assembly was occurring. Cell fractionation combined with quantitative assays was used to test whether the majority of δAg and δRNA were colocalized during HDV replication in transfected cells. The cytoplasmic fraction contained the majority of δAg and genomic δRNA. Finally, the quality of δAg and δRNA, especially at relatively late times after the initiation of replication, was examined by using reverse transcription-PCR, cloning, and sequencing through the entire δAg open reading frame. When virus assembly and spread were not possible, 20% or less of the predicted δAg would have been able to support HDV replication. In summary, an examination of the quantity, quality and intracellular distribution of δAg and δRNA in several different experimental systems has provided a better understanding of the parameters associated with the initiation, maintenance, and ultimate decline of HDV genome replication.
Human hepatitis delta virus (HDV) was discovered in 1977 (34) and was soon recognized as a satellite of hepatitis B virus (HBV) (35). The helper role of HBV is limited to providing the envelope proteins needed for HDV assembly and subsequent cycles of infection (20). In other words, all other aspects of the intracellular replication of the HDV genome can be studied independently of assembly and infection.
The genome of HDV is a small 1,679-nucleotide single-stranded circular RNA (δRNA) (8, 19, 42). Replication of this RNA genome involves RNA-directed RNA transcription by a host polymerase, most likely RNA polymerase II (26, 27). During replication, an exact complement of the genome called the antigenome is produced. Within the antigenome sequence is the open reading frame (ORF) for a small 195-amino-acid protein, delta antigen (δAg), that is essential for genome replication (20), although its role(s) remains obscure. This protein is translated from a third species, one that is linear, shorter than full-length antigenomic RNA, capped, and polyadenylated (17, 18). During replication, some of the antigenomic RNA species undergo posttranscriptional RNA editing at a site corresponding to the amber termination codon for the small δAg (24). The editing enzyme is of a class known as adenosine deaminases that act on RNA (ADAR) (4, 38). The editing change is transmitted to new genomic RNAs and ultimately leads to the translation of a 19-amino-acid-longer form of δAg. This 214-amino-acid large δAg inhibits replication as supported by small δAg (7), and in addition, it is essential for virus assembly (5).
Previous studies have reported that in the liver of an HDV-infected chimpanzee or woodchuck, the amount of genomic δRNA reaches about 300,000 copies per average cell (8). Relative to that amount, that of antigenomic δRNA is 5 to 20 times less abundant and that of the mRNA is about 500 times less abundant (8). There are no published estimates of how many molecules of δAg are present in an infected cell. However, two previous studies have attempted to determine the molar ratio of δAg to genomic δRNA in virus particles. In one study, using equilibrium density centrifugation, a ratio of 70 was deduced (37), while in the other study, using electrophoresis under nondenaturing conditions, a ratio of 220 was obtained (13).
Initiation of HDV genome replication cannot be achieved by genomic δRNA alone (14). Somehow there must be provided copies of small δAg. In a natural situation, this δAg is provided, at least initially, by the δAg within the infecting virus particle. With this in mind, the experiments described here were undertaken to test the hypothesis that the molar ratio of δAg/δRNA might be a biologically relevant parameter, not just for assembly but also for initiation and possibly maintenance of HDV genome replication. We suspected that this molar ratio could be a parameter that is independent of the fraction of total cells in which replication was occurring. Our strategy was therefore to apply a method that could determine the ratio not just for virions but also for cells in which HDV replication had been initiated. Thus, our beginning aim was to compare the ratio for virions with that for intracellular values obtained during genome replication.
As summarized in Table 1, there are now many experimental systems available for studying HDV genome replication; these include various infections and transfections, both of animal tissues and of cultured cells. Only in some of these cases is a helper virus, either HBV or woodchuck HBV (WHV), also present so as to allow assembly of the replicating HDV genomes. As reported here, we determined the molar ratio of δAg/δRNA in several of these systems and compared the values with that for virus particles. In addition, we applied cell fractionation to transfected cells in order to determine whether the majority of δAg and δRNA share similar intracellular distributions. Finally, we used RT-PCR cloning and sequencing to study the quality of the δAg and δRNA, especially under conditions where genome replication had peaked and was beginning to decline.
Initiation of HDV genome replication.As referred to elsewhere in the text, we used several different experimental systems to initiate HDV genome replication. As cited in a footnote to Table 3, each of these systems was previously described by us or by others.
Extraction of protein and RNA.Total protein and RNA were extracted from cells and tissues by using Tri Reagent (Molecular Research Center) according to the manufacturer's instructions.
Quantitation of HDV protein.As a protein standard, we used purified small δAg, as generously provided by H. Zuccola and J. Hogle. This δAg had been expressed in Escherichia coli and subsequently purified almost to homogeneity (>85% pure by gel electrophoresis and staining) as previously described (12). Protein samples were examined by immunoblotting by using a rabbit polyclonal antibody and staphylococcal protein A labeled with 125-I (DuPont). Quantitation was performed using a Bio-Imager (Fuji).
Quantitation of HDV RNA.As a nucleic acid standard, genomic RNA was transcribed in vitro from a cloned HDV cDNA and then gel purified and quantitated by optical density. Using this standard, RNA samples were examined by Northern analysis, all as previously described (20).
Cell fractionation.Cell fractionation was based on a previously described procedure (1). At the indicated times after transfection, monolayer cultures of HuH7 cells were washed with PBS and scraped directly into NP-40 lysis buffer (10 mM sodium chloride, 10 mM Tris-HCl [pH 7.4], 3 mM MgCl2, and 0.5% NP-40). After 5 min on ice, cells were collected by centrifugation. The resulting first supernatant (C1) was removed, and the pellet was resuspended in lysis buffer. After centrifugation, the second supernatant (C2) was separated from the nuclear pellet (N). In all cases, total protein and RNA were then extracted with Tri Reagent.
RT-PCR cloning and sequencing.Total RNA samples were first fractionated to obtain poly(A)-containing species and then reverse transcribed by using oligo(dT) as primer, as previously described (16). Nested PCR was used to amplify the entire ORF for both small and large δAg. The products were cloned by using a TOPO TA cloning kit (Invitrogen), and selected plasmids were subjected to automated nucleotide sequencing. Screening for single nucleotide changes relative to the sequence of Kuo et al. (21) was performed by using the program Sequencher 3.1.1 (Gene Codes), with results as presented in Fig. 2 to 5. Overall, for 66 clones sequenced we detected only three changes that could have represented insertions or deletions. Since these were infrequent and at different locations, they were not considered further.
Quantitation of δAg and δRNA in virions.We began with quantitation for HDV particles from the sera of three infected woodchucks. As summarized in Table 2, we deduced the average number of molecules of δAg and δRNA per milliliter of serum. And, of more general significance, we deduced the molar ratio of δAg to δRNA. The molar ratio value was approximately the same for each of the three sera studied, with an average of 204 ± 25. As mentioned in the introduction, previous studies from this lab have used quite different experimental procedures to deduce this ratio and obtained values of 70 (37) and 220 (12). It is considered that the value obtained by the present standardized procedures is more direct and thus more reliable.
We were concerned that the deduced molar ratio might be affected if there was significant assembly of δAg into particles in the absence of δRNA. This can happen for virus assembly using cultured cells (36), but it was unclear whether it was occurring during an experimental infection of the woodchuck. Therefore, to test whether such an assembly was functioning as a significant source of error, serum particles were disrupted with nonionic detergent and then the released ribonucleoprotein (RNP) was centrifuged away from what might have been free delta protein (37). It was found that the molar ratio of δAg/δRNA in the purified RNP was not significantly different from that obtained for the intact virus particles (data not shown). Thus, the ratios summarized in Table 2 can be considered to reflect typical requirements for assembly of HDV RNP into particles. Of course, this ratio is also the ratio that is associated with the natural process of infection and successful initiation of new rounds of HDV genome replication.
Quantitation during genome replication.Several different experimental systems involving HDV genome replication were subjected to a similar quantitation. In some cases, measurements were made at various times after the initiation of genome replication. Five sets of data are given in Table 3.
Consider first samples of woodchuck liver collected near the peak of an HDV infection. Data are shown for two infected animals. We deduced that there were about 70,000 molecules of genomic δRNA per average liver cell. (In all calculations, a cell was assumed to have a total RNA content of 25 pg. In terms of the liver, we have not allowed either for the fact that maybe only 70% of liver cells are hepatocytes or for the possibility that <100% of hepatocytes were infected.) This value is several fold lower than that deduced in our earlier report (8). However, this difference is understandable, since in that study, the HDV standard used was not RNA but DNA. We have recently observed that under the hybridization conditions used, DNA standards can give signals two- to sixfold lower than those of RNA standards of the same sequence (data not shown). Also shown in the table is that the amount of δAg per average cell was at least 6 million molecules. It is worth noting that this large number is actually close to the number of ribosomal particles per cell (11).
We also calculated the molar ratio of δAg to δRNA. For the two infected animals, that value was essentially the same (about 100). This value was only twofold different than the ratio obtained earlier for the three serum samples. Since this difference could be within what we consider to be the observed experimental error range, we cannot tell whether it is significant. (Note that we did not consider inclusion of antigenomic δRNA data in these ratio calculations. The main reason was that we know that during HDV replication, the amount of antigenomic δRNA is only 5 to 20% of that of genomic δRNA [8].)
Following these studies with HDV replication in woodchuck tissues, we considered replication in transfected cultured cells. Table 3 shows results for two models used with a human hepatoblastoma cell line (HuH7), namely, transient transfection with antigenomic RNAs and stable transfection with DNA. Monitoring the transient transfection from day 3 to day 20, we detected an initial increase followed by an ultimate decrease for both δAg and δRNA. However, the molar ratio of δAg/δRNA remained what we interpret to have been relatively constant throughout this time period.
We tested three different clones of HuH7 cells that had been stably transfected with HDV DNA sequences. As previously reported, these lines carry 20 to 200 DNA copies per cell (9). For these lines, the ratio of δAg/δRNA was approximately the same, with an average value of 224. At the same time, it should be noted that in these lines, although every cell was transfected, the average amounts of δAg and δRNA were significantly lower, especially with respect to the liver of an infected woodchuck.
The last two examples in Table 3 represent HDV replication in mouse liver and skeletal muscle transiently transfected with HDV cDNA. Transfection of hepatocytes was achieved by using a hydrodynamics-based procedure (6), while that for skeletal muscle was by direct injection (30). Consider first the results for liver. At 5 and 9 days after transfection, the levels of δAg and δRNA were at their highest. The ratio of δAg/δRNA was approximately the same as that for the liver of an infected woodchuck. However, at later times, days 15, 20, and 30, the amounts of δAg decreased faster than those of δRNA, with the consequence that the ratio dropped at least threefold. Consider next the results for skeletal muscle. At days 20 and 40, where we were able to determine the molar ratio of δAg/δRNA, the values were comparable to those for liver at days 15, 20, and 30. In both situations, we interpret these lower values as evidence that not only the quantity but also the quality of HDV genome replication was now suboptimal. It might be that most of the replication occurred at earlier times and so we were largely observing the slowly progressing degradation of previously accumulated RNA and protein species. Independent evidence supports this interpretation. Researchers had previously observed by immunostaining that δAg in the mouse hepatocytes was redistributed from predominantly nuclear at day 5 to predominantly cytoplasmic at day 15 (6). Additional evidence is presented later in this article, when we consider the quality of the δAg species.
In summary, Tables 2 and 3 represent quantitation of δAg and δRNA in several different experimental systems. The most striking feature of these data was that the molar ratio of δAg/δRNA, with two exceptions, was relatively constant, with a value similar to that for HDV particles released into the serum of an infected animal.
Intracellular distribution of δAg and δRNA.The above studies addressed only the quantitation of δAg and δRNA per cell. An equally relevant question concerned the intracellular distribution of these molecules. In previous reports of δAg localization by immunostaining, accumulation was typically detected predominantly in the nucleus, with variations only as to whether this protein was in the nucleolus, the nucleoplasm, nucleoplasmic speckles, etc. (2, 3, 10). Similarly, in situ hybridization typically detected most of the δRNA, both genomic and antigenomic, as nuclear (10, 15).
We decided to obtain quantitation based upon cell fractionation studies. For this, we used HuH7 cells at different times after RNA transfection. The results for duplicate cultures fractionated at 12 days after transfection are shown in Fig. 1. Panels A to D show the results of assays for δAg, genomic δRNA, antigenomic δRNA, and 18S rRNA, respectively. Quantitation of these panels is summarized in Table 4, along with duplicate fractionations of cells at day 4 after transfection.
The protein assays detected both forms of δAg (Fig. 1A). For all the assays there were no significant differences in the intracellular distributions deduced for cultures at day 12 versus day 4 (Table 4). The distribution was such that about 20% of δAg was in the nuclear fraction. Quantitation of δRNA showed that the nuclear fraction contained 18% of the unit-length genomic RNA and 52% of the antigenomic RNA. These results raise the question of why the nuclear fraction contains less of the δAg and the genomic δRNA. Three lines of evidence support the interpretation that it is not an artifact of fractionation. First, for the 18S rRNA only about 12% was in the nuclear fraction (Fig. 1D). This is consistent with a not unreasonable level of adherent cytoplasmic contamination. Second, as part of the immunoblot assays we used India ink to stain the proteins electrotransferred from the gel to the nylon membrane. This showed that the majority of the abundant fast-migrating histone proteins were in the nuclear fraction (data not shown). Thirdly, in separate fractionations of cultures at day 5 after transfection with a plasmid that expresses only the small δAg, we found 88% of this protein in the nuclear fraction (data not shown). In summary, if an artifact of cell fractionation is really not involved, then the enhanced distribution of δAg and genomic δRNA in the cytoplasm required some other explanation.
Quality of δAg and δRNA.We reasoned that the best way to determine the quality of the HDV RNA and protein translated from it would be to sequence the entire ORF under different conditions of HDV replication. Furthermore, rather than sequence this region on full-length genomic or antigenomic δRNA, we considered it better to analyze the polyadenylated mRNA species, since these are more likely to reflect the proteins that can be translated. We used RT-PCR, cloning, and sequencing. Figures 2 to 5 present a summary of such results for four different examples. In each case we indicate only the sequence changes relative to those of the known wild-type genomic RNA sequence (21).
Figure 2 summarizes the sequences of 10 clones obtained from the HDV mRNA of a woodchuck at the peak of an acute infection. In total, there were 31 single-nucleotide changes on these 10 sequences. Of these changes, 23 occurred only once or twice in 10 sequences; while some of these might have been relevant to the quality of the δAg, the observed low frequency and almost random location inhibits further study. In contrast, there were two sites at which changes occurred in more than 2 of 10 clones. The first such site was nucleotide (nt) 1012, at which the genome was changed from U to C. From previous studies we recognize this site as the amber/W mutation in the termination codon of the small delta protein (24). Further, we know the change arises posttranscriptionally as an A-to-I editing of antigenomic RNA sequences by ADAR activity (31). The second site has not previously been reported; it is equivalent to a U-to-C change at nt 1290 on the genomic RNA. We note that in terms of the predicted delta protein, this would be a silent mutation, simply changing one arginine codon to another arginine codon. We speculate that it arose, like the change at nt 1012, via A-to-I editing on antigenomic RNA sequences.
For the second example, presented in Fig. 3, we tested RNA from cultured HuH7 cells at 20 days after transfection with HDV RNA species. We detected only two predominant sites of change, nt 1012 and 1375. Similar results, in terms of these two sites of change, were also obtained with sequences derived from RNAs isolated at day 12 after transfection (data not shown). There were other single nucleotide changes, but these demonstrated no specificity, at least as based on 10 complete sequences. As before, the nt 1012 change we consider to have been a consequence of posttranscriptional ADAR editing. However, the second site of change, at nt 1375, was abundant (6 of 10). It corresponded to a change of C to U on the genomic RNA, although in the absence of further data it could also be a change of G to A on the antigenomic RNA. Either way, in terms of the predicted δAg, it would correspond to a change of arginine to glutamine at amino acid 75. We also examined the RNA from one of the clones of HuH7 cells that had been stably transfected with HDV cDNA sequences (9). Again, we detected only those two specific and frequently altered sites, nt 1012 and 1375 (data not shown).
The third example, presented in Fig. 4, is RNA from the liver of a transfected mouse at day 30. Ten sequences are shown. Again there were only single nucleotide changes, and of these, as in Fig. 3, only two sites exhibited changes that were repeated, namely, nt 1012 and 1375. In this case, the change at nt 1375 was even more abundant (8 of 10).
In Fig. 5 we show the last example, that of transfected mouse skeletal muscle at day 80. In these sequences only one change was repeated. For all 10, the same change was observed at nt 1375. Note that no change was detected at nt 1012.
Stability and functionality of mutant δAg.The above studies revealed many sequences with a specific change at nt 1375. As can be seen in Fig. 3 to 5, there were sequences for which this was the only change. This mutation at nt 1375 on the mRNA, as mentioned earlier, would change the arginine of the δAg at amino acid 75 to glutamine. This change is located within what is considered the core nuclear localization signal (45) and following what is considered to be the dimerization domain (44, 46). We therefore transferred this changed cDNA sequence to an expression vector in order to determine whether the predicted δAg could be stably expressed and if so, whether it was somehow functional in HDV genome replication.
HuH7 cells were cotransfected with vectors encoding mRNAs for the mutant small δAg and/or wild-type forms of large and small δAg. In each case, transfection included a construct that expressed an HDV antigenomic RNA that was greater than unit length but, because of a 2-nt deletion, was unable to express δAg (20, 43). After 4 days, total protein and RNA were extracted and analyzed for HDV protein (Fig. 6A) and RNA species (Fig. 6B).
As shown in Fig. 6A, the mutant δAg was stably expressed (lane 5). The accumulation was about 30% relative to that of wild-type small δAg (lane 2). As expected from the nature of the mutation, the mobility was very close to that of the small form of δAg.
In terms of HDV RNA accumulation (Fig. 6B), wild-type small δAg supported HDV genome replication (lane 2) but the mutant did not (lane 5). Furthermore, while large δAg was able to act as a dominant negative inhibitor of genome replication as supported by small δAg (lane 4), the mutant protein did not (lane 6).
In summary, the mutant protein was expressed but it demonstrated neither support nor inhibition of HDV genome replication. Further experiments are needed to determine how the change at nt 1375 arose and why in some situations, especially for the transfected mouse liver and skeletal muscle at late times after transfection, 80% or more of the HDV mRNA was changed at this site.
The objective of this study was to compare HDV genome replication in several different experimental situations in the hope that it would provide insights into the requirements of replication. We began with virus particles present in the sera of infected animals and deduced that there are, on average, about 200 molecules of δAg per δRNA (Table 2). We showed that this number was not overestimated due to the presence of particles containing δAg but not δRNA.
What does this ratio of 200 mean in terms of the structure of a viral RNP? Previous studies have shown that the function of the δAg depends upon dimerization (23, 44). For comparison, a ratio of 140 corresponds to an average of one δAg dimer per 12 bp of HDV rod-like RNA. One model is that dimers of δAg bind to δRNA and confer protection against nuclease. A second and quite different model is based on the observation that the δAg, per se, forms higher order multimers (46). Such protein complexes would have significant positive charges, and so it could be to these complexes that δRNA, with its negative charge, binds. In fact, 140 molecules of δAg, each with a predicted charge of +12 (21), would neutralize the charge of a unit-length δRNA molecule. This second model is supported by previous studies in which HDV RNP structures were treated with vanadyl ribonucleosides; this totally released δRNA and left behind multimers of δAg (37).
As mentioned earlier, we suspected that the molar ratio of δAg/δRNA in virus particles might also be a parameter relevant for HDV genome replication. After all, it is also the ratio, following infection, which is sufficient to initiate HDV RNA-directed RNA synthesis, RNA processing, and accumulation of processed RNA species. In addition, this ratio is a parameter that should be independent of the multiplicity of infection. Therefore, with the ratio for virions as a reference point, we determined the ratio during various conditions of HDV RNA transcription and accumulation. In almost every case we observed values that were comparable and were maintained during genome replication. These findings support the biological relevance of the ratio and maybe imply that there must be some mutual regulation as the mechanism that maintains the ratio during HDV replication. The two exceptions were at late times in transfected mouse liver and skeletal muscle, when δAg levels had already decreased significantly. The observed ratios were several fold lower than for virus particles (Table 2). Our interpretation of such findings is that they are consistent with replication having largely come to a halt. In other words, the detected RNA and protein species were largely the residue of those synthesized at an earlier time. Incidentally, such lowered ratios support the idea that, at least in these experimental situations, a higher amount of δAg was not needed to protect the δRNA.
As part of these studies, we also determined the absolute numbers of δAg and δRNA per average cell. Such quantitation revealed major differences in the extent of HDV protein and RNA accumulation in different experimental situations. It also showed for the first time that the amounts of δAg per average cell were often greater than six million copies (Table 3). Surely at such levels many and diverse interactions are possible with host cell components.
Next, we considered the intracellular distribution of δAg and δRNA using a combination of cell fractionation and quantitation. Such studies have to be considered in the context of previous immunomicroscopy to detect δAg and in situ hybridization to detect δRNA (10, 15). Such qualitative studies found that most of the viral components were in the nucleus. In our present study, after cell fractionation, about half of the antigenomic δRNA was nuclear (Fig. 1 and Table 4). However, much lower amounts of δAg and genomic δRNA were found in the nucleus. The same results were observed for cells at both day 4 and day 12 after transfection; thus, the distributions seem independent of the extent of HDV genome replication. In addition, we obtained some evidence against the interpretation that the distributions were a consequence of artifactual elution from the nucleus during cell fractionation. Therefore, since the molar ratio was maintained in both the cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions, it could be that the δAg and genomic δRNA were behaving as part of a RNP complex, but in truth, we still do not have a detailed explanation. However, we note that one possible interpretation is that our results confirm the original report, from Macnaughton and Lai in 2001, that the HDV genomic RNA is transported to the cytoplasm immediately after synthesis, while antigenomic RNA remains in the nucleus (T. B. Macnaughton and M. M. C. Lai [University of Southern California], personal communication).
Finally, we considered the quality of δRNA and δAg under various replication conditions. This was achieved by sequencing of the complete δAg ORF on poly(A)-containing antigenomic RNA species. Other than editing at nt 1012, which leads to the appearance of the large δAg, we only found two specific changes that occurred with a frequency of greater than 20%. One change, at nt 1290, would produce a protein with the same amino acid sequence. The other, at nt 1375, would produce a protein with an altered sequence. This protein could be stably expressed, but it neither supported nor inhibited HDV replication (Fig. 6). From the sequence analysis, we found that this mutation was present in transfected human liver cells and on 80% or more of δAg mRNA in transfected mouse liver (Fig. 4) and skeletal muscle (Fig. 5) but it was not detected (<10%) in infected woodchuck liver (Fig. 2). We have also searched the GenBank, EMBL, DDBJ, and PDB databases for HDV RNA and protein sequences obtained for infected primates and woodchucks. The specific change was not found on 81 RNA sequences (<1%) or on a total of 109 protein sequences (<1%). This may mean the mutation is not without consequences and can be selected against in an infection involving virus spread and initiation of new rounds of infection. Certainly, this change at nt 1375 is unlike the one at nt 1012 in that it cannot be explained by ADAR editing. Studies are under way to determine whether it reflects another form of posttranscriptional RNA editing.
As described herein, we can use the mRNA sequence information presented in Fig. 2 to 5 to make deductions about HDV replication competence in each of these systems. First, we know that the single nucleotide changes at nt 1012 and 1375 are ones that lead to δAgs that cannot support virus replication. Second, we can look for silent mutations, such as that at nt 1290. Third, while we can detect other predicted amino acid changes, we cannot without further study conclude whether or not the altered proteins will support replication. Using just this information, we can deduce important differences in HDV replication competence in the infected woodchuck, where virus assembly and spread was possible, relative to the other experimental systems. Specifically, 40 to 80% of the δAg in infected woodchucks could not support replication. In contrast, at relatively late times after transfection of HuH7 cells and mouse liver and skeletal muscle, the value was higher (≥80%). These data support the interpretation that in transfected cells, in the absence of virus assembly and spread, there is an accumulation of mutated δAg species unable to support replication. This molecular study thus confirms a similar hypothesis first made on the basis of qualitative immunomicroscopy observations of variations in the intracellular redistribution of δAgs in transfected cultured cells (3) and a more recent study with transfected mouse liver (6).
We detected many other single-nucleotide changes for which the frequency per site was ≤20%. There were 92 such changes in a total of 42,000 sequenced nucleotides, that is, a frequency of 2.2 × 10−3 per nucleotide. However, most of these may be technical errors, because in a reconstruction experiment, using in vitro-transcribed HDV mRNA mixed with total RNA from untransfected HuH7 cells, we determined that the combined error rate for the RT, PCR amplification, and cloning processes was 2.0 × 10−3 per nucleotide (data not shown).
Overall, our studies of HDV genome replication both in cultured cells and in infected livers showed that there was a significant conservation of the molar ratio of δAg to δRNA relative to that for assembled virus particles. In addition, examination of the quality of intracellular δAg showed that in the absence of virus assembly and new rounds of infection, HDV replication led to the accumulation of mutated mRNA species, for the majority of which the δAg quality was inconsistent with continued support of genome replication. Thus, under these situations, one is observing largely the progressive decline of previously accumulated δAg and δRNA species.
Harmon Zuccola and James Hogle (Harvard University) provided the purified delta protein. John Monjardino (Imperial College) provided the three cell lines stably transfected with HDV cDNA. Anthony Lerro of the Laboratory Animal Facility carried out all the mouse injections. We thank Anita Cywinski of the DNA Sequencing Facility for automated sequencing. Constructive comments on the manuscript were given by Richard Katz, Glenn Rall, and William Mason.
This work was supported by grants AI-26522 and CA-06927 from the NIH and by an appropriation from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.
- Received 2 November 2001.
- Accepted 2 January 2002.
- Copyright © 2002 American Society for Microbiology


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Alexander Doll, Chief Financial Officer, Chief Executive Officer of Freight and Logistics, will leave the company on Dec. 31, 2019 (news posted on November 19 2019).
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A credit report is essentially a bill of health for your finances. On it, you can find your credit score that basically shows if you've been naughty or nice with your credit card bills and other debts.
Money lenders, be it banks or governmental institutions, rely on your credit report to see the likelihood of you repaying your debts to judge if they should lend you or not.
In this article, we will talk about how to get your credit report and reverse bad credit scores.
What is a credit score?
A credit score is a four-digit number based on your past payment history on your loan accounts which ranges between 1000 to 2000. If your credit score is closer to 1000, it means that you have a higher risk of defaulting on a payment. If your score is nearer to 2000, you're in the pink of financial health, with a low risk of default.
You will be able to obtain a credit report from Credit Bureau Singapore (CBS) that states your credit score by requesting online. When it is ready, you can collect from SingPost branches, Credit Bureau office at Shenton Way, CrimsonLogic Service Bureaus or at CASE. It costs $6.42 (inclusive of GST).
How does my credit score affect me?
Your credit score will be used by banks to assess how likely you are of returning your debts. So if you are planning to buy a property or a car, and need to apply for a mortgage or car loan, you gotta ensure that your credit score looks good.
It can be a real bummer if you have to pass on the property you were eyeing just because your credit history looks terrible and no bank would want to extend a mortgage to you.
Also, for potential HDB owners who want to apply for the HDB concessionary loan, HDB will want to take a look at your CBS credit report if you're not a full-time employee with regular CPF contributions. They'll need to assess how likely you will be able to service your loan before they issue you with the HDB loan eligibility letter (HLE).
Your credit score is also important if you are planning to take up any forms of credit or loans, be it applying for a new credit card with a good rebates program, taking up a renovation loan for your new place, or taking an education loan for your child.
Can I remedy a bad credit score and how long does it take?
If you have over-extended yourself and your credit history has been dented by recent late repayments, you might be wondering when your credit score will look good again.
The good news is that it is within your ability to clean up your credit history, as reports from the Credit Bureau shows your track record on promptness of payment over a 12-month period.
This means that you are able to 'erase' a bad credit history, marked by late repayments and not meeting minimum repayment sums, by making it a priority to pay your monthly credit card and loan instalments on time for the next 12 months. This will clean up the section of your credit report known as 'Account Status History'.
Other tips to up your credit score include:
- Not applying for too many credit cards
- Cancelling cards that you don't use
- Paying off credit card bills promptly and in full
- Avoid applying for too many loans in a short period of time
What cannot be remedied in your credit report?
Alas, if your credit history problems go deeper than late repayments, into situations like default, bankruptcy proceedings and debt management programs, these will always be reflected in your credit report. No matter how many years have passed since you have obtained a clean bill of financial health.
These details will be stated plainly as a statistic on the top right section of your credit report, under 'Summary'. Details of whether the default is outstanding, whether debt management programs are in progress or whether you have been discharged from bankruptcy are available further down your credit report.
Information on the specific codes that you are given when you make payments on your bills can be found at the provided links (to the Credit Bureau of Singapore's site), but these are the codes you (or your banker) definitely do not want to see:
"W" code: Coded as defaulted by Member, which is basically the worse code you could see. This does not get reset and will scar your credit score.
"R" or "S" codes: Coded as the bank has closed off the account/credit facility and that a settlement or restructuring of the outstanding has occurred.
"H" code: Involuntary closure of the account with outstanding balance.
Do you have any questions about credit scores and credit reports? Ask below in the comments!
Related articles
Bankruptcy in Singapore – What are the Consequences?
Total Debt Servicing Ratio (TDSR) and How It Affects Your Loans


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The EH 200 is the smallest product in the range measuring only approx. 64mm diameter x 94 mm high. Suited for where space is at a premium, in the smaller deposition system. A cost effective solution for substrate pre-cleaning or IBAD.
The EH 200 is a recent addition to the Gridless ion source range. Its high efficiency results in a very compact size, yet certainly not lacking in performance.
Continuing development of the EH Gridless ion sources has lead to the introduction of the EH 200, the smallest source in the range. Although physically small, its broad diverging ion beam is capable of providing good substrate area coverage of a relatively high ion beam current density.
The EH200 being of physically compact design is ideally suited for smaller deposition systems or installation where system baseplate space restrictions apply. Its physical dimensions of only 64mm dia. x 94mm high disguise its powerful potential of producing 400 mA of ion beam current over an ion energy range of 35 – 210 eV. It is suitable for use with reactive gases.
The EH200HC is supplied with a hollow cathode electron source in place of a tungsten cathode filament. This allows extremely long operational times, lower process temperatures and promotes a high purity thin film environment.
The EH200 is compatible with ion beam pre-cleaning and ion assist applications in small to medium sized deposition systems. Typical examples of suitable systems for installation would include:
Click to enlarge


text: CULTSwith SACCO and MOOD RINGS Friday, November 22, 2013 at 8:00pm$16.00 advance$18.00door18+Presented by: The CurrentMainroom Info TabsDetails PerformersPerformer: CULTS WEBSITEFACEBOOKTWITTERSOUNDCLOUDCults made their name in black and white. A pair of film school dropouts who burst onto the New York scene with a perfect single and a darkly retro sound, the band's first two albums play like noirish documentaries on a lost girl group. Four years after Static, Cults returns with Offering, an exciting collection of songs bursting with heart, confidence, shimmering melody and buzzing life. The time off has given the band new energy and new ideas–Cults are working in Technicolor now. Read more about CULTS Special GuestsSpecial Guests: SACCO WEBSITEFACEBOOKBANDCAMPTUMBLRIndeed, the first things you'll notice about Sacco's debut self-titled album are the shimmering, breezy melodies and relaxed grooves that feel worlds away from the streets of New York. Thick, slinky bass lines snake underneath driving, infectious beats, as Breihan and Fredericks' washed-out vocals sweep across the spare arrangements. "We realized that the bass was really exciting and it was kind of a secret weapon for us," says Breihan. Read more about SACCO MOOD RINGS TWITTERWEBSITEFACEBOOKSOUNDCLOUDThe debut album from Atlanta-based five-piece Mood Rings is certainly not easy to pigeonhole. Shifting seamlessly from taut post-punk to lush 60s balladry, and starry-eyed guitar pop to moody guitar squall, VPI Harmony is the sound of a band meticulously studied in their influences, and unafraid to expand, combine and re-imagine the sounds of their musical loves into their own signature package. Read more about MOOD RINGS


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What's been going on recently, design insights, projects we're proud of, things we care about…
There is a design phenomenon that plagues our everyday lives. It is something you will probably encounter today on your commute to work, in your workplace, or on your lunch break, and it is something you will come across time and time again for the rest of your life. That phenomenon is the Norman Door.
Coined by Don Norman, director of The Design Lab at the University of California, the Norman Door is defined as "a poorly designed door that confuses or fails to give you an idea whether to push or pull".
Apart from being an almost daily annoyance, the Norman Door acts as an unofficial symbol for unsuccessful design. A door is a relatively simple object, so for one to fail to clearly communicate its functionality shows an almost intentional lack of consideration for the end-user.
The principle behind the Norman Door is in no way limited to doors. End-user consideration should apply to all design, whether it's in the physical, digital, or printed space.
Essentially, everything that is designed should be designed much like a door. It should invite the audience to easily enter into an experience and tell them what to expect when they do so. Unfortunately a lot of design fails to achieve this. There are a lot of messages that can be told in a much better way. No one wants to encounter frustrating or confusing design. If someone has the option to use another door, they will simply use another door.
Every brief we receive we approach in this way. We ask, how do we want people to use this? How do we lead them through it effortlessly? And how do we want them to come through the other side? What is the message? What is the call to action?
It's integral that your audience navigates your message in the way you want them to. If you feel that you're currently placing Norman Doors along your audience's journey then we can help you make their experience a smoother one.
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text: Breadcrumb Home > Thesaurus Cite Synonyms of devil's advocate Find synonyms for: Noun1. devil's advocate, debater, arguerusage: someone who takes the worse side just for the sake of argumentWordNet 3.0 Copyright © 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. Related Content Daily Word Quiz: primafacie Analogy of the Day: Today's Analogy Spelling Bee: Today's Spelling Bee Frequently Misspelled Words Frequently Mispronounced Words Easily Confused Words Writing & Language Synonyms Index


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Conversation with Pedro Lasch and members of Biennale Urbana and Associazione Teatro Marinoni
Open Class of the course Globalization, Ethics, Welfare and Human Rights
Monday, October 12, Clasroom 9A at 11 am
Visual artist and Duke professor Pedro Lasch and Italian members of Biennale Urbana and Associazione Teatro Marinoni will visit this class to present a current collaboration they have developed in Lido as an extension of a work produced for the Creative Time Summit and 56th Venice Biennale. Learning about many relevant aspects of globalization and contemporary social practice through the project's various methods of fusing flags and transposing anthems between countries and languages, students will also discover opportunities for them right in Venice, Lido, and other nearby places. These may be linked to the Humanities Writ Large program at Duke, the ongoing artistic work of the Biennale Urbana, or the environmental and historical rescue efforts of the Associazione Teatro Marinoni in Lido.
More information on Lasch's 'How to Know' at Creative Time Summit and 56th Venice Biennale here:
For more information on Teatro Marinoni, visit:


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Cross-posted from the Huffington Post
The nation's attention these last two weeks has been on the flashy conventions, the big speeches, and Sarah Palin's bulldog lipstick. But what hasn't garnered much interest are the real differences in the two parties' platforms. A comparison of the Republican and Democratic platforms on judicial nominations and civil rights shows the two parties have strongly differing views, and not just on the importance of community organizers vs. PTA members. Because of the density of the platforms, I've only addressed a few civil rights issues here—the rights of women, immigrants, LGBT, and people with disabilities—and will leave the discussion of civil liberties, and affirmative action for another day. (In case you were wondering, the Republicans are against "quotas" and the Democrats support affirmative action.)
Judicial Nominations
Perhaps most important for both parties is appointing judges that share their respective views on the role of the courts. Federal judges are appointed for life, so they make decisions and shape policies for decades. Justice Stevens, for example, has served on the Supreme Court through nine presidential terms. Ten of the thirteen federal appeals circuits are "dominated by the conservative appointees," according to the Alliance for Justice Action Campaign. Those courts handle 30,000 cases per year.
The Republicans prioritize judicial nominations in their platform, devoting more to this issue than the Democrats, and offering much greater specificity and clarity. Their plank provides, in part, that:
Republicans will insist on the appointment of constitutionalist judges, men and women who will not distort our founding documents to deny the people's right to self-government, sanction federal powers that violate our liberties, or inject foreign law into American jurisprudence.The Republicans single out recent controversial Supreme Court rulings on property rights, the Guantanamo rulings on habeas corpus, and the ruling declaring the death penalty for rape unconstitutional. The Republican platform also takes a shot at the four moderate Justices who dissented in the D.C. gun control case:
Four justices of the Supreme Court believe that individual Americans have no individual right to bear arms to protect themselves and their families.
While the Republicans take aim at Court decisions that draw the ire of conservatives, the Republican platform ignores recent Supreme Court cases that closed the courthouse doors to civil rights, such as last term's Indiana voter identification case.
In contrast, the Democrats' plank is somewhat vague and speaks in broad terms, and it too fails to identify any problems with the courts or the recent rolling back of fundamental civil rights:
For our Judiciary, we will select and confirm judges who are men and women of unquestionable talent and character, who firmly respect the rule of law, and who listen to and are respectful of different points of view and who represent the diversity of America.
Our Constitution is not a nuisance. It is the foundation of our democracy. It makes freedom and self-governance possible, and helps to protect our security. The Democratic Party will restore our Constitution to its proper place in our government and return our Nation to our best traditions–including our commitment to government by law, and not by men.The Democrats haven't focused much on this issue—perhaps the most important domestic issue—in their platform or in their campaigning. The Republicans have shown they want this more than the Democrats.
Women's Rights
If the Republicans dominate on the issue of judicial nominations (as they have for the past eight years and before), the Democrats easily run away with women's rights. The Democratic platform is goal oriented, and gets into some real specifics, even reaching international human rights treaties. The Democrats are committed to enforcing Title IX (which prohibits discrimination against women), and they urge passage of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women.
When it comes to reproductive health care, the Democrats criticize "the current Administration's consistent attempts to undermine a woman's ability to make her own life choices and obtain reproductive health care, including birth control." They also "will end health insurance discrimination against contraception…"
The Democratic platform also calls for passage of the Fair Pay Act that would reverse last year's infamous ruling in Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company; and for strengthening of the Equal Pay Act.
The Republican message when it comes to women's rights is that "women deserve better."
"Women deserve better than abortion. Every effort should be made to work with women considering abortion to enable and empower them to choose life." Moreover, they also argue that immigrants "must embrace…the rights of women." (Because apparently they don't.)
Not to be outdone by the Democrats on equal opportunity for women, the Republicans "support the option of firearms training in federal programs serving senior citizens and women." They also "support the advancement of women in the military and their exemption from ground combat units."
Regarding international human rights protections for women, the Republicans aren't too happy about the way things are right now:
We reject any treaty or agreement" that "provide abortions or actively promote abortion as a method of family planning in other countries. That includes the UN convention on women's rights, signed in the last months of the Carter Administration, and the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child.Immigrant Rights
Each party approaches immigration through a national security lens, calling for beefed-up border security and crack-downs on employers who hire undocumented workers. The Republican platform, however, calls for denial of federal funds for sanctuary cities "which endanger the lives of U.S. citizens" and calls for denying in-state tuition, driver's licenses and public benefits to undocumented immigrants. Oddly, the platform calls for English as the official language because it "foster[s] a commitment to our national motto, E Pluribus Unum."
The Republican platform also takes aim at the rights of immigrants to challenge their detention and deportation:
The rule of law means guaranteeing to law enforcement the tools and coordination to deport criminal aliens without delay — and correcting court decisions that have made deportation so difficult.The Democrats, like the Republicans, use a great deal of ink on tough talk, but they argue for comprehensive immigration reform, and an immigration system focused on family reunification, the cornerstone of our immigration policy for years. Importantly, the Democrats argue that "raids are ineffective, tear apart families, and leave people detained without adequate access to counsel."
LGBT Rights
The two parties couldn't be further apart on LGBT rights. The Republicans, as you may know, aren't too supportive of these rights, and demand "a constitutional amendment that fully protects marriage as a union of a man and a woman, so that judges cannot make other arrangements equivalent to it."
In contrast, the Democrats "…support the full inclusion of all families, including same-sex couples, in the life of our nation, and support equal responsibility, benefits, and protections. We will enact a comprehensive bipartisan employment non-discrimination act. We oppose the Defense of Marriage Act and all attempts to use this issue to divide us."
The Rights of People with Disabilities
The Democrats take a surprisingly strong position on the rights of people with disabilities. The platform calls for ratification of the U.N. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, "sufficient funding to empower Americans with disabilities to succeed in school and beyond", and increases in staffing for the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, which is charged with enforcing the nation's federal employment laws. The Democrats call for passage of the Community Choice Act into law, which will give people with disabilities the choice of living in their communities rather than being warehoused in nursing homes or other institutions.
Despite Sarah Palin's plea to parents of children with special needs, the Republicans fold their discussion of disability into their "Maintaining The Sanctity and Dignity of Human Life" section, which mostly deals with rolling back women's reproductive rights. Nestled in that section is this:
Respect for life requires efforts to include persons with disabilities in education, employment, the justice system, and civic participation. In keeping with that commitment, we oppose the nonconsensual withholding of care or treatment from people with disabilities, as well as the elderly and infirm, just as we oppose euthanasia and assisted suicide, which endanger especially those on the margins of society.The differences between the platforms are stark. It's not clear whether the candidates will ever follow the platform, but for what they are worth, they offer a clear choice.
Because these are the party's platforms, and not necessarily the positions of the individual candidates, the National Campaign to Restore Civil Rights will post a second piece on the candidate's positions on these issues.


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You might think that using wine instead of spirits would make cocktails light and summery. But there's plenty of history to prove how wrong you are, as Jared Brown and Anistatia Miller demonstrate here…
Glass: Chilled cocktail glass
45ml fino sherry
Humankind cannot live by spirits and beer alone, there must also be wine. In truth, who doesn't love the warmth of wine as winter chills the air? Wine, like beer, has been on the drinks menu for centuries, occasionally finding itself not as the sole sipping ingredient but integrated with spices, spirits and syrups. This two-part story tells the tales of both wine and fortified wines in the drink lexicon, offering some low-alcohol inspiration for the season.
A wassail bowl of ale, sherry, and roasted apples greeted many a group of carollers on a frigid Christmas or Twelfth Night stroll through the town.
Port and spice and every-thing nice, that's where we travel next. The Bishop was an early manifestation of the wine drink, combining a roasted lemon spiked with cloves with port and spices simmered slowly on the fire. Substitute champagne for wine and you have a Pope. Simmer cinnamon, cloves and mace in a small amount of water and add that to a portion of port with two lemon slices as garnish and you have the University of Oxford's version of a mulled beverage.
Glass: Cocktail
45ml aged rum
Legend has it that Negus was invented by a certain Colonel Negus who mixed red port with Seville oranges. Said to strengthen the stomach and act as a stimulant, it is also a quick and simple serve when these bitter oranges are in season.
Possets and flips were all the rage as temperatures plunged. One could always find a few toddy sticks heating in the fireplace at the local tavern. Slowly immersed into a jug filled with well-blended egg, cream and sherry, it delivered a thick, warming version of an egg nog. (A complicated technique it is indeed. So most modern versions of possets and flips simply emulsify and then shake the drink for service.)
Glass: Sour or wine
45ml sherry
Sherry Cobblers were a hit not only in Britain, where they appeared in the 1847 edition of Oxford Night Caps, and in the States, where Professor Jerry Thomas wrote about them in his 1862 Bartenders Guide after working in London a few years earlier. When both the oïdium blight and phylloxera crisis decimated European vineyards around the same time, Parisians embraced this refreshingly simple beverage as well. In fact, humourist Alphonse Allais frequented the Sherry Cobbler café on Boulevard St-Michel to partake in its namesake quaff.
Naturally, in more modern times, fortified wines have been generally mixed with more potent spirits. But have you ever considered mixing port with rum instead of vermouth? The Saint Valentine cocktail created by Dave Wondrich speaks the same language as an El Presidente but adds a heightened level of complexity. We prefer making ours with aged rum to further accentuate the lush deep berry notes of the port.
And why not visit a low-alcohol alternative to a Martini or a Manhattan by trying an East India Cocktail? Fino sherry and dry vermouth are enhanced with a dash of bitters and the aroma of orange peel, creating a session-able aperitif before
a meal of grilled fish.
In our next episode of 'In the Shaker', we'll pay homage to the grape again and discover a few twists on tradition.
|The Dragonfly
When you live in the West Country you begin to appreciate the nuances of cider, ice cider and cider brandy. The team at The Dark Horse bar in Bath are well-versed in divining new and interesting ways of serving up these delectable liquid results of the apple harvest.The Dragonfly mixes cider brandy, apricot brandy, yellow chartreuse, and lemon juice with a hit of demerara. It's one of those flights of fancy that brings us into town even on a cold winter night.
Photo: Stephen Lenthall. Drink styling by Russell burgess. Glassware by Artis


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Introduction: The Perfect Instructable-building Man-Cave Cubicle!
This is a custom built cubicle to organize a lot of tools, supplies, and an electronics workbench/ lab area. I had to live away from home for ten months (in a little, tiny, cheap, studio appartment) due to job requirements. I took a lot of my (hobby) tools and supplies with me and quickly got tired of hunting through boxes stacked on top of boxes (see Before picture).
I first priced some large heavy duty shelving units at the local big box store and it ran into several hundred dollars. I decided I could do better than that and have a nice cubicle customized to my needs. I will admit this idea was sparked many years ago when I first saw some custom cubicles in a book, Nomadic Furniture, but mine goes a bit beyond those designs.
This cubicle is built of about 30 2x2s for framing, 1x10s for shelving, hardware consists of 1/4 inch nuts, bolts, and lock and fender washers. A few deck screws secure the shelves. I wasn't sure the 2x2s were going to be strong enough, but with the intermediate supports in the middle of each side, its plenty strong. I had the red paint and some of the wood, and the desk its built around, but I think the whole thing could be done for around $100 max. Far cheaper than equivalent amount of store bought shelves!
Two sides are against walls, and two sides are open beyond the cube, which helps keep me from getting claustrophobic. But, that's not a problem for me - I love this space!
My finished size came out to about 7 x 7 x 7 foot cube. I first envisioned a cube within a cube with the space between them filled with shelves. But, as the design developed, it ended up being constructed as a series of "ladders" going around the area - you can see this in the build sequence pictures. Notice I had to stagger the level of shelves from one side to the adjoining sides.
I have since moved back home, and had to re-size my cubicle. It is now about 5.5 x 6 foot - I'm still getting used to it... My feeling is this is a bit too small to be comfortable, but maybe that's because I had it bigger for so long.
I have a workshop in a basement room, but my wife let me put the cubicle up between the living room and kitchen - albeit, a smaller version. It's a compromise for both of us. This way, I don't disappear for hours at a time; I'm in my cubicle, and she's watching Pride & Prejudice, and we coexist happily! (There's a little bargaining power there for those whose spouse may not be keen on having a Mancave... or, cubicle, in the middle of the house!)
If you enjoyed this, please cast a vote! Thanks!
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21 Discussions
Wow - those havce gotta be the straightest store-bought 2x2s I've ever seen! Are they furring strips? I have never been able to find them anywhere that weren't twisted and cupped some way or the other..!
I like the system a lot. Nice work. I have also heard of the Nomadic Furniture book, and would love to own a copy - maybe a reprint should be considered by some forward-thinking publisher.
Are you familiar with "grid beam" construction? I have the book on how to build with it, and it's something I have been chomping at the bit to do for years! I am concerned, though, about the potential for racking in your system. I believe you said your cube was strong and stable, but maybe some triangulation or panels would keep it from shifting over time..? I can't say, as I am no expert, and if your cube is sturdy, then disregard my clabber..! lol again, great and inspirational job!
At the local Home Depot, they have two sections for 2x2's: One is for premium 2x2's, and one is for regular. The regular ones have warp and twist. The premium ones are perfectly safe. By my memory, regular is on the order of $4-$6 per stick; and the premium ones are on the order of $10-$15 per stick. I'm not sure I'm remembering right. Regardless, there's a price difference and a quality difference, and you want to ask where the premium sticks are for any sticks you are making that will be over 4' in length. I make gridbeam (I've made loft beds, shelves, arches, all kinds of things in gridbeam,) and I buy the low quality sticks to make 1.5"-3.5' pieces. But the premium sticks are a must for anything longer.
Hello friend, Thanks for your design and photos. You have supported a good idea to arrange a workplace! Thank you very much!
I remember Nomadic Furniture. That was kind of a 1970s "Instructables" book with wonderful concepts. If I didn't already have a room for my stained glass hobby, I would be building something like this.
Yes, I have my original copy but I think its getting hard to find. Lots of fun furniture ideas!
"1970s Instructables..." - that's good!
Thanks for commenting..
A reprint (2008) of Nomadic Furniture is available from Amazon.com and Barnes & Noble ISBN 9780764330247. I can't attest to the quality of the reprint though.
Wow! Great Job! I like the red color. Plus you can take it apart and reconfigure it!
Ken Issacs is the architect who designed all kinds of grid beam apartment cubes in the '70's. His book (free to read and download online) gives detailed instructions on how to build the grid beams so they will bolt together evenly. Im going to build a cube inside a minivan to bolt (folding) camping furniture to that is easy to move and remove, reconfigure instead of drilling into the van.I'm going to paint mine now!
I was just looking through instructables and came across yours. This is exactly what I need. I live in a condo and have a small storage space for my big power tools but when I want to do a small project I have to round up all my supplies from 3 different closets and underbed organizers. I have a 16x16 foot bedroom and am going to put this in the back corner. I rescued eight brand new 6 panel doors so I am gonna close it in and paint it to blend w/ my bedroom. Thank you. I will start tomorrow and send you pictures. Thank you thank you.
Hi, techhobbit, I think this is just amazing! If I had the money or space, I would build this. I dabble in jewelry making and an area like this would really help.
Keep up the good work.
5/5* and following.
its nice, and i mean that. lots of shelving space, but it's kinda small for any real building don't you think? I would love having this if it had some construction space. really cool though, i hope it works for you.
Yes! But that's not its purpose. It fits its purpose (as described in the Instructable) very well. I have an outdoor shed, and a basement room with drill press, scroll & band saws, far more storage, and 40 acres f all kinds of valuable junk...
But the cubicle is nice when I'm working my small electronic projects.
Thanks, Attmos, for your comments.
yeah, wow. I'm jealous, I wish I had that kind of accessable space. I didn't mean to sound rude, hope I didn't offend. I'll read more carefully in the future.
Have fun.
No problem - I didn't sense rudeness, didn't mean for the reply to sound rude either!
Hey! Nice job on the Maverick Rev6! I'd like to try one of these and hang it in my pickup back window gun rack - but that might be just asking for a busted window or shake down by the local police!
shake down by the police, lol, i'd do it just to be able to tell that story. yeah nerf mods are fun. i don't even use the gun, it was just fun to work on. you've got a nice new place to work on one, have fun!
All you need now is a swiveling chair. Really nice!
Good idea!!
That's a very nice and descriptive vid. Nicely built work area too, everything is close by, all within easy reach and you seem to have all the good gear too with soldering iron, oscilloscope, meter, manuals, ICs etc.
Thanks for showing it to us.
Thanks for the comments, Machine. It is nice to have everything right "here". Hopefully, my organizational skills will allow me to get more projects converted into instructables!
Wonderful. I hope to one day have a crafting/reading cubicle like this.
Thanks jessy. Wow - you do some neat stuff with food!
Hey, since the Hostess Twinkie factory shut down... any chance you could come up with a twinkie clone? (I haven't had one in tenty years but now I crave one!!)


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|Battle Commendation
Battle Commendations are the regional quest-reward trophy for Istan. They are collected by Sunspear Quartermasters in the Sunspear Great Hall.
|This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality.
See how to help and style and formatting for help, or this article's talk page.
Note: All of the following quests, except for Battle Preparations, are only available to Nightfall characters.
- Primary Training
- Secondary Training
- Quality Steel
- Missing Shipment
- Armored Transport
- Need More Stuff
- Identity Theft
- Battle Preparations
- Rising Suns
- Re-enlist Rojis
- Scholarly Affairs
- Skree Hatchling Season
- Quarry Quandry
- Queen of the Quarry
- A Perplexing Plague
- A Troubling Theory
- A Delayed Delivery
- A Stolen Spore
- A Mysterious Missive
- A Peaceful Solution
- Moa'vu'Kaal, Awakened
- Voices in the Night
- The Honorable General
- Assault on Beknur Harbor
- The Cyclone Palace
- The Lone Raider
- Corsair Invasion
- Corsair Vengeance
- A Ghostly Request
- What Do You Do with a Drunken Shauben?
- Defender's Choice
- A Sticky Operation
- Ghosts in the Graveyard
General Collectors
Sunspear Quartermaster
Location: Sunspear Great Hall
Collecting: 1 Battle Commendation
|Istani Key
|Unlocks Istani chests
|Identification Kit
|Used to identify items. (25 uses)
|Salvage Kit
|Used to salvage common crafting materials from items. (25 uses)
|Hunter's Ale
|Double-click to become drunk for 1 minute. (1 use)
|Scroll of Adventurer's Insight
|For 10 minutes your party gains +50% XP from combat.
|Holds 5 items
|Vial of Dye (Gray)
Sunspear Quartermaster
Location: Sunspear Great Hall
Collecting: 3 Battle Commendations
|Rune of Holding
|Used to increase a Bag's storage capacity from 5 slots to 10. (1 use)
|Expert Salvage Kit
|Used to salvage Rare crafting materials from items, Runes from armor, and Weapon upgrades. (25 uses)
Conversion to cash
Each battle commendation can be converted to cash at a rate of 100 each, if you trade for one or more Scroll of Adventurer's Insight and sell them to the vendor. Some items, including Expert Salvage Kits and Runes of Holding, cost more than the amount of Battle Commendations required for them multiplied by 100, and therefore, when looking for these items, it is better to trade Battle Commendations to get them than to purchase them with money made from selling Battle Commendations. As each is worth 100, Commendations should not be sold to other players for less than 100.
By doing all listed quests, Elonian characters can obtain a total of 32 Battle Commendations. The list shows 33 quests however one of them is only available to Tyrian or Canthan characters.
|Collectable Quest Items
|Monastery Credit • Imperial Commendation • Luxon Totem • Equipment Requisition
|Battle Commendation • Kournan Coin • Trade Contract • Ancient Artifact • Inscribed Secret


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DES MOINES, Iowa – A news conference is being held Thursday afternoon to announce the results of a "major investigation," according to Iowa's Auditor Rob Sand's office.
A news release says the investigation was performed in conjunction with the Federal Bureau of Investigation but did not reveal any other details.
The conference is being held at 2:30 p.m. at the State Capitol.
Channel 13 will bring you more information as it becomes available.