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Neil Loses 'The Italian Job'
All is definitely not well with Abbas-Mustan's remake of 'The Italian Job or blame it on the failure of 'Lafangey Parindey', but the rumor has it that Neil Nitin Mukesh has been axed from Abbas-Mustan's remake of 'The Italian Job'. Buzz has it that at a closed door meeting, Studio 18 and Abbas-Mustan made their mind to drop Neil, who is quite unaware of his fate and seems to be laughing off the rumors.
Abbas-Mustan's 'Italian Job' stars Abhishek Bachchan, Sonam Kapoor, Bobby Deol and Omi Vaidya. Neil Nitin Mukesh was supposed to play the role essayed by Edward Norton in the Hollywood flick. In the Bollywood version, Abhishek will step into Mark Wahlberg's shoes, Sonam into Charlize Theron's, Bobby into Jason Statham's and newbie Omi into Seth Green's.


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Due to the COVID-19 pandemic Tröll Expeditions has taken the disappointing, but necessary, decision to limit most tours from now until August but will operate the tours possible so if you have a booking with us the tour will be operated. The dates listed as available on our website are correct and those tours will be operated as planned, hopefully there will be a way for our travelers to reach Iceland and join the tours, if you have to cancel your booking please send us an email with your booking number to [email protected](Opens in new tab) and our team will assist you.
We are of course taking extreme measures to make sure that our clients are safe and can travel with us without worrying about the pandemic, all our buses are sanitized after each tour and all equipment cleaned and sanitized according to strict regulations and of course sanitizers available on hand on all tours and departure locations.
We have also offered health care staff in Iceland to join some of our tours for free this summer in an effort to give back to them for their amazing work through out this period.
We wish all our friends out there the very best and look forward to seeing you on our tours as soon as possible.
Best regards,
The Troll Team

subset: commoncrawl


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PTO Meeting Notes
Austin Jewish Academy Parent Teacher Organization Meeting
Wednesday, February 6th, 2019
Events happening in the month:
Student Led- Conferences and Early Release – February 6
Second Annual Love March – February 14
Tuition Deposit and Tuition Assistance Applications Due (if applicable) – February 15
AGENDA – 6 in attendance
- Room Parents
- Faculty Lounge / Challah delivery/ Pizza Friday – check in – are all grades covered for their month
5th – February; 6/7th – March; 8th – April; Kindergarten – May
- Growth Committee Initiatives from AJA Staff – no teachers were able to attend due to conferences, but we talked a bit more about the initiative to grow relationship with ECP ; more events with ECP; maybe try to drop in on ECP PTO meetings; other ideas to grow school and unite entire Jewish Community
- Curating work and giving common spaces an uplift – Kathy is spearheading this; we want to showcase students projects in different areas in a more permanent way; if interested, contact Kathy and join committee.
- Purim School Carnival
- Date: March 21, 9:30-11am
- Need parents to sponsor/ run booths
Different classes and parents to sponsor booths; we will put together sign up genius to send out to all and hopefully have it filled out by 2 weeks before event; will be in JCC field by Playround or MPR if weather is bad; ECP will be involved in costume parade – make sure to send email to them
- 2nd PTO Shabbat Dinner
- April 12th at CAA
Shabbat starts later then so we can have more activities for kids; will need help for set up and clean up day of
- PTO Game Night
- Needs to be rescheduled. Should we have it?
Look into Sunday before Memorial Day?
- Book Swap – Will send out email this week; have people donate books and then we will sell them for $1 each one day in a couple weeks; will have a kids and adult section; maybe have box for people to drop money into if they want to pick up book when no one is there
- PSIA – kids are getting mentored; Stacey is working on plans for day of
- Volunteer of the Month – make sure people know to sign in
- Other Comments/Concerns/Suggestions? – talked a bit about the JCC expansion plans and how they'll affect AJA
NEXT MTG: WEDNESDAY, MARCH 6th 7:00-8:00 PM AJA LIBRARY
Austin Jewish Academy Parent Teacher Organization Meeting
Wednesday, January 9, 2019
Events happening in the month:
Winter Wonderland Dance – January 20
MLK Day – January 21 – Delayed Start @ 8:15
AGENDA – 11 in attendance
· Room Parents
· Faculty Lounge / Challah delivery/ Pizza Friday – check in – are all grades covered for their month
4th – January/ 5th – February/ 6/7th – March/ 8th – April/ Kindergarten
· Growth Committee Initiatives from AJA Staff
· Growth Committees identify challenges and work as a team to fix them (ie – maker space, forging relationship with ECP)
· ECP Relationship – Tacos for teachers; getting together with ECP classes
· Want other ideas from parents for other areas that need growth/help
· Parents can join committees
· Other areas discussed: Marginalizing forms from k-8; communication between school and parents
· ECP Ideas – invite them to holiday events, include pics and stories in daily email ; outlook articles; joint projects displayed in ECP lobbies ; ECP/AJA parent communications
· Volunteer Committee – working to improve website w/ volunteer opportunities, have it viewed as calendar; looking at renweb opportunites; for 10 hrs mandatory next year – pink binder with every family page to sign in when volunteering
· Would be great to have database with parent expertise and interest – google docs
· Winter Bake Sale Recap
· Made about $195
· Feedback? Suggestions for next time?
· Kashrut issues – when its something kids can buy on their own, must be Kosher
· Perhaps a discussion/vote in the future about changing Kashrut rules
· PTO Dance – January 20, 5-7 pm, CAA – WINTER WONDERLAND
· Spread the word; ticket purchases available online now https://www.austinjewishacademy.org/aja-dance-winter-wonderland
· Need volunteers to help out
· Other Needs?
· Sell raffle tickets – great prizes : hotel w/ bat watching cruise; much more
· DJ , Candy bar, dinner, face painting, photo booth
· Purim School Carnival
· Date: March 21, 9:30-11am
· Need parents to sponsor/ run booths
· Will have a list of possible booths and get parents/ classes to sponsor
· Hoping for about 20 booths; whoever sponsors provides materials/prizes/ runs booth
· Costume contest with ECP before hand
· PTO Game Night
· Date: March 24
· Need co-chairs and volunteers
· Theme, Tickets, Food, Drinks, Entertainment/Games, Decorations
· MAY NEED TO CHANGE DATE since its' so close to other events now
· Will follow up with more info next meeting
· Payments still needed; scheduling coaching
· Too many students for some events; will do inhouse test
· Need volunteers; will follow up with that
· Other Comments/Concerns/Suggestions?
· Talked about having another SHABBAT DINNER
· Will follow up with more info on time/date
Austin Jewish Academy Parent Teacher Organization Meeting
Wednesday, December 5th, 2018
Events happening in the month:
Portfolio Day – December 14 – NO SCHOOL
Professional Development Day – December 21 – NO SCHOOL
PTO Winter Bake Sale – December 20
Winter Break – December 24 – January 3 – NO SCHOOL
Professional Development Day – January 4 – NO SCHOOL
AGENDA – 12 people in attendance
- Room Parents
- Faculty Lounge / Challah delivery/ Pizza Friday – check in – are all grades covered for their month
3rd – December/ 4th – January/ 5th – February/ 6/7th – March/ 8th – April/ Kindergarten
- Scholastic Book Fair
- Feedback – Great Success; sold about $3000 in books; school got new materials and new books
- What happened to NJHS doing it? NJHS had too many other events so they passed it on to 8th grade for fundraising
- Should we still try to find a date for a TRIVIA night? Maybe we blend trivia night with game night ; might appeal to the older kids
- PTO Dance – January 20, 5-7 pm, CAA – WINTER WONDERLAND
- Save the date and spread the word
- Need volunteers to help out
Have candy bar, face painter, some decorations; Photo Booth – Alisa Marrow;
Looking for a 3rd co – chair if anyone is interested in helping out; There will be a sign up sheet for volunteers; looking for a raffle item.
Ideas for Dance: Stem Challenge, Cookie Decorating
- PTO Game Night
- Date: March 24
- Need co-chairs and volunteers
- Theme, Tickets, Food, Drinks, Entertainment/Games, Decorations
Find out about possibility of having virtual reality company and crane like last year
No DI team – not enough kids interested; PSIA – still looking for teacher/parent mentors ; reach out to Stacey if you are interested in mentoring; coaching will start after winter break
- Holiday Bake Sale – December 20, 3:30-4:30
- Need people to donate baked goods (must be kosher)
May correlate with 8th Grade Fundraiser – Hot chocolate;
Ideas – tip jar for those who just want to support;
Kosher baked goods can be purchased at Heb, Randalls, Trader Joes, Whole Foods…)
Or you can bake them in the AJA kitchen (but need to reserve the space with Stacey first)
There will be a signup for baked goods going out soon.
- PTO Meeting Times
In order to give different people opportunity to attend meetings, going forward we will alternate between morning and evening meetings each month.
- Volunteer of the Month
Everyone must sign in when volunteering (must sign in anytime you come to building);
Need to come up with online system or google docs to keep track of volunteer hours;
For now, you can email Rachel at firstname.lastname@example.com with off campus volunteer hours and she will write them down on an off campus volunteer log that will be in the volunteering binder.
- Other Comments/Concerns/Suggestions?
Ms. Hidalgo spoke of the teacher's growth committees – specifically of the maker space, which is for grades K-5 to encourage STEM activities; they are gathering stuff and organizing it ; always looking for donations for it – bottles, stickes, dowels, buttons, ornaments, tops, canisters – anything that can be used to create – "one mans trash is another mans treasure".
Also looking to build up tool section – hammers, screwdrivers, etc.
NEXT MTG: WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 9th 7-8 pm AJA Library
Austin Jewish Academy Parent Teacher Organization Meeting
October 3, 2018
Events happening in the month:
Community Wide Shabbat Dinner – October 12
MS BOY Trip – October 15-19
Taste of AJA Middle School for 4th/5th grade parents & students – October 24
High School Info Night for 8th Grade parents – October 29
Early Release Days – Nov. 6 – Student Led Conferences
· Introductions – 23 attended
· Room Parents
· Faculty Lounge / Challah delivery/ Pizza Friday – check in – are all grades covered for their month
· 2nd – October/ 1st – November/ 3rd – December/ 4th – January/
5th – February/ 6/7th – March/ 8th – April/ Kindergarten – May
· First PTO event – Community Wide Shabbat Dinner
· October 12th, 6-7 PM, CAA Social Hall
· Ticket sales – https://www.austinjewishacademy.org/aja-shabbat-dinner/
o $6 for kids (2nd grade and under) and $15 for adults and kids 3rd grade and up
· Volunteers needed for set-up
· Ideas to Promote Event
· Teachers – how to get older kids involved and helping out
Low ticket sales as of today – need 20-25 families at least so we can break even. Get classroom parents to try and get 2-3 families to join them; get kids involved – NJHS will be waiters ; Heather and Carly will make a promo video; Rachael and Sarah will try to sell Friday morning before and after Kabbalat Shabbat.
· PTO Trivia Chanukah Event
· Date: December 2nd
· Theme: Chanukah
· Need co-chairs and volunteers
· Tickets, Food, Drinks, Entertainment/Games, Decorations
Date may be changing. Idea to merge it with the NJHS Bingo Night and let the kids take more ownership of it.
· PTO Dance
· Date: January 20
· Need co-chairs and volunteers
· Theme, Tickets, Food, Drinks, Entertainment/Games, Decorations
Talk of having a middle school dance as well; This dance would be more k-5th but can maybe have the middle school kids helping out;
· PTO Game Night
· Date: March 24
· Need co-chairs and volunteers
· Theme, Tickets, Food, Drinks, Entertainment/Games, Decorations
Coach Bull said she would help out
· PTO Chair Letter
· List of Volunteer Interests and Skills
Karen and Noa had started a list of skills; maybe have list and space to write what people are passionate about; find a way to merge it with the website volunteer section.
Maybe have volunteer time slots , so people can sign up that way. Be sure there is a to do list of what needs to be done when volunteers arrive.
Would be nice if when someone signed up for something online, it could go back to their google calendar for ease of scheduling and reminders.
NEXT MTG: WEDNESDAY, NOV. 7th – 7-8pm (AJA LIBRARY)
Other Comments made:
BOOK DRIVE – Nov. 11-16; Enchanted Forest theme – Garden of Reading;
Will need help unpacking books and setting up, decorating, selling books;
Affordable pricepoints; Will try to incorporate JCC seniors to volunteer and help as well.
PSIA– PSIA is for 1st – 8th; PSIAAcademics.org – contests; sign up sheets are up now; we are hosting so we want lots of kids participating; event is on MARCH 15th.
DI – Destination Imagination is a team based competition; Kinder – 2nd is noncompetitive; 3rd and up is competitive; different topics; contact Stacey or Lillian or Dana if interested in participating. Team will meet once a week until competition date on FEB. 23rd.
Door Prize Winners – Heather Kantrowitz- jars of Honey from Israel; Sara Poirier – Hebrew Alphabet Tea Towel.
Thank you very much to everyone who attended!
Wednesday, September 5, 2018
Events happening in the month:
Days off for Jewish Holidays/ School Holidays
– Sept. 3 Labor Day 10-11 Rosh Hashana – School Closed
– Sept. 19 Yom Kippur – School Closed
– Sept. 24-25 Sukkot – School Closed
– Oct. 1 Sh'mini Atzaret – School Closed
– Oct. 2 Simchat Torah – School Closed
Early Dismissal – Sept. 18 Yom Kippur Eve
· Introductions – 28 people attended
· Room Parents
· Reimbursements – fill out form in office and attach receipt, preferably within 30 days
· Faculty Lounge / Challah delivery/ Pizza Friday
· PTO – Aug/Sept; 2nd – October; 1st – November; 3rd – December; 4th – January;
5th – February; 6/7th – March; 8th – April; Kindergarten – May
· "My Favorite Things" teacher sheets – we'll get by Friday and give to Room Parents so
if you want a treat for your teacher, you can find out their favorites…
· First PTO event – Community Wide Shabbat Dinner
· October 12th – CAA, 6pm
· Need Co-Chairs
· How do we get people to attend? Have kids involved – presentation or display;
Kid Activities?
Ideas from attendants: Let people know well ahead of time; reach out to synagogues and ECP, CDC; Shalom Austin – ebulletin; teachers mention it in den blogs; have middle school volunteer
Servers, NJHS can serve; have students lead some songs/activities; have kids tables overseen by middle school students ; art/craft activity? ; Reach out to Alumni; Ask Ms. Slom about decorations
For tables; Picture Montage/ Picture Collage AJA; check timing for Shabbat allowances – once Shabbat starts, no electricity, certain crafts aren't allowed, etc.
· Other PTO Events
· Trivia Fun Day (12/2); Winter Dance (1/20); Game Night (3/24) ; Book Swap Drive
· Co-chairs & volunteers needed
· Immediate Volunteer Opportunities
· Put up a new bulletin board for teacher's birthdays
· Help Package Honey Cakes for AJA Families and Partners in Community
· Art Room Parent request from Ms. Slom
· Challah Delivery – pick up Challahs at Randalls on Balcones/2222, bring to school, put stickers with names on them, deliver to classroom (30-45 min)
· Pizza Friday – pick up salad and fruit, help during lunch time
· Important Topics to Discuss
· ECP discount/relationship
Kathy talked about the Teachers Growth Committees (Partnering with ECP, Curate Student work throughout School, Elementary Science lab and Makers Space, Parent Volunteer program and PTO)
Because we have cut down a lot on administration , teachers are stepping up and creating opportunities to help grow school. For ECP for instance, teachers will develop programs, opportunities for programs with the kids (and parents).
Other ideas: have AJA kids working with ECP kids; have 8th grade kids at events to show people the impact AJA makes; Tacos for Teachers – partnering with ECP teachers; involve ECP teachers in progress
Co Sponsor something with PJ Library – maybe book swap?
· Water Fountain – Stacey will follow up; will be a bottle filler water fountain
· How to structure meeting when we have surprises for the teachers –just kick them out 😉
· New PTO mission statement – embellish on Parent Volunteer program Growth Committee –
Parents and teachers partner together to advance school initiatives.
· 2019/2020 10 hours volunteering mandatory – lots of opportunities , at home and at school;
Research shows that Parent volunteering strongly linked to success in schools and students
· Thoughts on BTSN – everyone liked the day in the life
· Ideas for 2018
· Positive teacher/staff notes
Stacey and Chris have already started discussing that AJA will be a Jewish resource for the city.
Reach out to Seniors (Shalom Austin programs) for volunteering opportunities – challah delivery; library readers, etc.
· Other
· Need empty water bottles for middle school elective
· Need plastic snack bags for 5th grade
· Noa Levy – on RER committee (Recruitment, Enrollment, and Retention) ; parents of ECP children or those who want to reach out to community wanted on board
Thank you so much to all the parents and teachers that attended! Was a fabulous 1st meeting!
Congrats to our Door Prize Winners: Meredith January, Sharon Yam Sananes, Suzanne Sloan


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Over the past 7 years this Mauritius fund has performed over 40% p.a. and delivered more than 3% returns each month for income purposes.
In our news pages we give a few simple steps to achieve high growth as an active investor, however if you would like to take a passive investment strategy and utilise our technological advantage in order to achieve high returns, you should select our niche advisors.
First: Too good to be true? Less than 150 years ago it was witchery thinking you will be driving anything other than horse and buggy. Just a few years ago it was futuristic to think about having a cordless phone and almost insane to think we are walking around with a computer with no buttons and more computing power than the biggest computer of the 80's. Who thought we would have self driving cars..in the air and landing rockets after space travel?
The fact is, technology has made it possible to double your money every 12 months. Many companies has increased their earnings by several hundred percent over 5 years. By leveraging technology in a global market, you can achieve the futuristic growth of our age.
If your SME earns more than R5million profits p.a. you should be consulting us or risk losing money.
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Hey Annie (Twice Born Once From a Gun) from iroquois falls on Vimeo.
"Sleeping is not your friend" is a statement a lot of us can relate to, and it is a lyric that Priya Thomas sings as Iroquois Falls. The song is part of the Twice Born Once From A Gun EP written and recorded after the loss of Thomas' good friend, and she decided to put her emotions into song. I think music like this is sorely needed in today's marketplace, although take away what the "marketplace" tends to represent, and this is just good, emotional music with heart, sorrow, and hope. Again, it's a necessity to hear it and to hear it done this way. For fans of Fiona Apple, Lydia Lunch, and Patti Smith.


text: TV / Video CBS Rejects Gay Dating Site's Super Bowl Spot By James Hibberd|January 29, 2010 Share By James Hibberd|January 29, 2010 Share CBS has rejected a Super Bowl ad submitted by a gay dating Web site that shows two male football fans making out.The network shot down the commercial Friday in a letter to the site — ManCrunch.com — saying the "creative is not within the Network's Broadcast Standards for Super Bowl Sunday."Also the network said its sales department had difficulty verifying the credit of the site to guarantee payment of the estimated $2.5 million cost to air the ad. "After reviewing the ad – which is entirely commercial in nature – our Standards and Practices department decided not to accept this particular spot," said CBS, in a statement. "As always, we are open to working with the client on alternative submissions."Sources said the network felt the site was using the tried-and-true tactic of generating free publicity by submitting a Super Bowl ad they knew was likely to be rejected and was ultimately unwilling to pay for.A ManCrunch representative denied that the ad was a marketing ploy and called CBS' decision discriminatory. "We're 100 percent serious," said rep Elissa Buchter. "We have the money to pay for it. If the ad showed a man and woman kissing, it would have been accepted. You see ads for erectile dysfunction morning, noon and night. It's discriminatory that they won't show this."Buchter said the site spent more than $100,000 on the ad and has raised $40 million from investors."They should call our bluff," she said. "If the ad doesn't air on the Super Bowl, it will air on another network. It's not like it plays like Adam Lambert [kissing another man on the AMAs]." CBS was rocked by controversy when it accepted a pro-life Super Bowl ad from conservative group Focus on the Family and announced it was relaxing its standards on accepting "advocacy" ads.See also: "Banned Super Bowl Ads Back in Fashion" VISIT OUR MICROSITE FOR COMPLETE SUPER BOWL AD COVERAGE Share http://adweek.it/2kqWe2D copy Adweek Adweek


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Certificate in Personal Training
Entry Requirements;
In order to study the Level 3 Certificate in Personal Trainer course you must be at least 16 years of age and already have completed a Level 2 Certificate in Fitness Instructing Gym course. This does not need to have been with the same fitness provider; however it must be completed with a recognised provider and Awarding Body. Proof of your Level 2 qualification will be required upon booking.
Course Delivery;
We have broken the Certificate in Personal Trainer course in to three stages; this allows you to study one unit at a time without being over loaded with information. You will find each unit you learn will help with the next unit you complete.
Stage 1 You start off with the Level 3 Anatomy and Physiology unit, you will have access to the YMCA Awards interactive online portal for 300 days. You may or may not need to take the full amount of time. When you feel ready you contact your online tutor who will book you in for an assessment day where you will take the Level 3 Anatomy and Physiology for Exercise and Health exam. This paper is 40 questions and you are required to achieve 70% which is 28 questions correct out of 40. This is a multiple choice answer exam and will have 60 minutes to complete.
Stage 2 Once you have successfully passed the Level 3 Anatomy and Physiology for Exercise and Health exam you can book the next unit of the course which is Nutrition. Same as before you will have access to this unit for 300 days, you will study the unit online and when you feel ready book your assessment day where you will take the Level 3 Applying the Principles of Nutrition to a Physical Activity Programme exam. This paper is 30 questions and you are required to achieve 70% which is 21 questions correct out of the 30. This paper is also the multiple choice answer and you will have 45 minutes to complete. You will also need to complete the knowledge questions worksheet and complete a case study and food diary. You can either send these to you online tutor or hand them in on the training day which you will need to attend in stage 3.
Stage 3 This is the final stage of the Certificate in Personal Trainer course. Once you have completed and passed the two units mentioned above you book the Level 3 Programming and Delivering Personal Training with Clients unit. This unit will be added to your existing portal for 300 days; you will study this online and when you feel ready contact your online tutor, who will be the same tutor throughout the course and they will book your training and assessment days. We carry out various practical assessments on the training day and help you to prepare and explain to you what is expected for your assessment day where you will take the final assessment – you in the role of a Personal Trainer giving a client a safe and effective workout.
You will have access to each unit for 300 days and each unit will be added to your existing portal so you can access each unit all in the same place. Theory results take 2 – 3 weeks and your practical observation result will be given to you on the assessment day.


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After Birth Ebook
Getting Back Into Shape After The Pregnancy
Once your pregnancy is over and done with, your baby is happily in your arms, and youre headed back home from the hospital, youll begin to realize that things have only just begun. Over the next few days, weeks, and months, youre going to increasingly notice that your entire life has changed in more ways than you could ever imagine.
Pregnancy Without Pounds
This proven program will get you through your pregnancy in better shape than most other women in as little as 27 minutes a day and with minimal effort. It contains all the information that I believe will Help you to look and feel like I did barefoot and beautiful! Inside you will learn Exactly how to avoid unwanted pounds, overcome your food cravings, care for your skin, dress to kill and look like one Hot Mama. Ive also put together Fifty simple, yet extremely effective pregnancy-friendly exercises and stretches to keep you and your body looking and feeling Great (includes 3 different fitness programs depending on Your fitness level)!
Pregnancy Without Pounds Summary
Contents: Ebook
Author: Michelle Moss
Price: $39.95
My Pregnancy Without Pounds Review
This is one of the best ebooks I have read on this field. The writing style was simple and engaging. Content included was worth reading spending my precious time.
As a whole, this manual contains everything you need to know about this subject. I would recommend it as a guide for beginners as well as experts and everyone in between.
Adult Neural Progenitor Cells in the Forebrain
Besides the SVZ and the dentate gyrus, active adult neurogenesis and or gliogenesis exist in other brain regions. The drug-affected area, striatum, is among those regions where cell proliferation and differentiation recently have been noticed (13). After BrdU injection, cell division is consistently observed in the dorsal and ventral striatum. Divided cells are scattered throughout the area. Newborn striatal cells survive beyond 60 d, with a graduate increase in their body size and processes (13,14). Although a small fraction of cells exhibit the morphological characteristics of radial glia 3 wk after birth, the vast majority of newborn cells show no obvious morphology of either projection neurons or glia. Parallel with the morphological observations, approx 10-20 of BrdU-labeled cells are immunoreactive to S100P and no BrdU cells are double labeled with NeuN even 6 wk after birth. Thus, it appears that gliogen-esis, but not neurogenesis, naturally occurs in the intact striatum at a...
Using Cannabis Who Where
Cannabis use in the USA typically begins in the mid to late teens, and is most prevalent in the early 20s (Bachman et al., 1997). Most cannabis use is intermittent and time-limited, with very few users engaging in daily cannabis use over a period of years (Bachman et al., 1997). In the USA and Australia, about 10 of those who ever use cannabis become daily users, and another 20 to 30 use weekly (Hall & Pacula, 2003). Cannabis use declines from the early and mid-20s to the early 30s, reflecting major role transitions in early adulthood (e.g. entering tertiary education, entering fulltime employment, marrying, and having children) (Anthony, 2006 Bachman et al., 1997). The largest decreases are seen in cannabis use among males and females after marriage, and especially after childbirth (Bachman et al., 1997 Chen & Kandel, 1995).
CB1 Receptors in the Control of Feeding Behaviour
Et al. 1998 Williams and Kirkham 2002b). Since 2-AG is present in the milk of humans and animals, Fride and her collegues asked whether this endocannabinoid might promote appetite and suckling behaviour in newborn animals. Indeed, the administration of SR141716A to newborn mice, within the first 24 h after birth, had a devastating effect on milk ingestion and often led to the death of the treated animals. CB1 receptor-deficient mice also failed to drink in the first 24 h after birth, but started to display milk bands from day 2. It seems that this delayed onset of milk intake affects the survival rate of CB1 knockout pups, which was significantly lower than that of wild-type littermates in Fride's studies (Fride et al. 2001, 2003). Our (A.Z.) previous analysis of the distribution of genotypes among offspring of heterozygous matings indicated a small deviation from the expected Mendelian frequency at the time of weaning (CB1+ +, 29 CB1+ , 47,7 CB1- -, 23.3 n 1,439), thus also...
Aminoglycosides in tuberculosis
Streptomycin (a first-line drug in the non-pregnant patient) and kanamycin, amikacin, and capreomycin (second-line drugs) are contraindicated during pregnancy because of their ototoxic properties. Inadvertent use does not require termination of pregnancy or invasive diagnostic procedures, but hearing tests should be performed after birth.
Second Generation Effects Pregnancy
Renal function in 14 children born to women with transplants treated throughout pregnancy with a ciclos-porin-based regimen has been extensively investigated at a mean of 2.6 years after delivery (205). No renal function abnormalities were found. In particular, glomerular filtration rate was within the reference range. Renal function was found to be normal in 22 children evaluated after a mean of 39 months after birth (206), and no adverse effects on the immune function were identified in the few infants examined in this respect (203).
HIV prophylaxis and therapy
Zidovudine, also known as azidothymidine (AZT), is a pyrimidine analog used in the treatment of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections. AZT is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI). Pharmacokinetic studies indicate that AZT crosses the placenta fetal AZT levels arc found to be similar to or higher than maternal levels. The administration of zidovudine monotherapy to the mother (and to the infant after birth) rapidly became standard practice once it had been shown to reduce mother-to-child transmission by two-thirds (AIDS Clinical Trial Group, protocol 076, 1994). In combination with other antiretroviral drugs such as lamivudine and, recently, with HAART, the risk of perinatal transmission has decreased even more and is presently around 1-2 .
Malarial Anaemia in Pregnancy
During and after pregnancy women are more susceptible to malaria infection and its consequences. Occult malaria infection, often without fever, may cause anaemia and placental dysfunction This effect is greatest in primi-gravidae and has been attributed to the adhesion of parasitized erythrocytes to chondroitin sulfate A and hyaluronic acid in the placenta (Fried and Duffy 1996 Beeson et al. 2000). Foetal growth is impaired and babies born to
Pharmaceutical interest
Uses In China, the wood of Caesa pinia sappan L. is used to heal wounds, stop hemorrhage and haemoptysis, regulate menses after childbirth, and soothe bruises. In Malaysia, the wood is used to expel impurities and to clean infected skin. A decoction of wood is used to stop haemoptysis and hemorrhage. In Vietnam, a decoction of about 15 g of wood is ingested daily to stop dysentery intestinal and uterine hemorrhage, heal wounds and furuncles, regulate menses, soothe contusion, and treat impetigo and leucorrhea. Externally Caesa pinia sappan L. is used as a shampoo.
Ergot alkaloids see also Chapter
Ergot alkaloids are used only after birth for postpartum uterine hypotonia. They are contraindicated during pregnancy. Accidental use during the first trimester does not automatically require termination of the pregnancy. Detailed ultrasound scanning can exclude morphologic developmental disorders. For other ergotamine derivatives, see Chapters 2.1,2,8 and 2.15,
Macrosolen cochichinensis Lour van Tieghem
Uses In Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam, the leaves of Macrosolen cochichinensis (Lour.) Van Tieghem are used to make a tea-like drink, and the fruits are used to treat cough. In Malaysia, Macrosolen cochichinensis (Lour.) Van Tieghem is used to assuage headache, and to tighten the uterus after childbirth. To date, the pharmacological potential of Macrosolen cochichinensis (Lour.) Van Tieghem is undiscovered.
Susceptibility Factors Age
The pharmacokinetics of three doses of nelfinavir, 15, 30, and 45 mg kg bd, have been studied in 22 neonates, who were also given stavudine and didanosine for 4 weeks after birth (11). Median values of Cmin (mg ml) at 1, 7, 14, and 28 days of age were respectively 0.19, 1.21, 0.51, and 0.33 (15 mg kg) 1.02, 3.18, 0.73, and 0.55 (30 mg kg) and 0.67, 3.21, 0.70, and 0.73 (45 mg kg). The median values of steady-state AUC (hours.mg ml) at 14 and 28 days were respectively 14 and 8.7 (15 mg kg) 19 and 16 (30 mg kg) and 23 and 19 (45 mg kg). There were no serious adverse events. Thus, systemic exposure to nelfi-navir fell after 7 days of age, perhaps because of hepatic enzyme maturation, autoinduction of nelfinavir metabolism, and or changes in nelfinavir absorption. Because of the highly variable kinetics the authors suggested that plasma concentration monitoring was warranted to ensure adequate nelfinavir dosing in neonates.
Pregnancy Category C
In humans no increase in birth defects has been observed in offspring of women who used morphine during pregnancy. A morphine dose quickly passes from the woman into the fetus, however, and reaches a blood level similar to the woman's. A dose lasts longer in the fetus than elsewhere in a woman's body. The drug reduces fetal motions. A baby born to a chronic morphine user can have dependence on the drug and exhibit withdrawal symptoms after birth. One study found that infants receiving morphine for medical purposes soon after birth show no ill effects five years later in conduct, muscular coordination, or intelligence.
Postnatal Development
Endocannabinoid signaling via CB1 receptors has a critical role in nursing (Fride et al., 2001). Injection of the CB1 antagonist SR141716 into newly born mouse pups produces devastating effects on suckling and milk ingestion, followed by death within 4 to 8 d. CB1 receptor blockade must occur within 24 h after birth to produce these effects (Fride, Foox, et al., 2003). Coadministration of (-)A9-THC protects pups from the adverse effects of SR141716 on suckling and survival, suggesting involvement of CB1 receptors. This conclusion is supported by similar but more moderate deficiencies observed in (untreated) CB1- - knockout pups (Fride, Foox, et al., 2003). Significantly, smaller litters and high rates of cannibalism (infanticide) were observed in knockout compared to wild-type mice, which indicate important roles for CB1 receptors in fertility and normal maternal behavior. CB1 knockout pups did not ingest milk on the first day of life, began to ingest on the second day, and were less...
Atypical neuroleptics
Clozapine has a half-life of up to 25 hours. With a daily dosage of 50 mg clozapine, a concentration of 63.5 ig l was reported in the colostrum on the day after birth the maternal serum level was 14.7 ng l. One week later, with a dosage of lOOmg daily, the concentration of the drug in the milk had risen to 115.6 ig l the maternal serum level was 41.4 ig l (Barnas 1994). This represents an M P ratio of 2.8. Based on this, an infant would take in 17.3 ig kg daily, or about 1 of the maternal weight-related dosage. In two of the case studies collected by the manufacturer, sleepiness in the intake. Levels rapidly fell to almost prc-dose levels by 2 hours. A relative dose of on average 0. l o, and at maximum 0.4 o, was calculated. The child was fully breastfed from 8 weeks after birth, and was normally developed at 4.5 months (Lee 2004B).
Immunosuppressive and immune antineoplastic agents
Tacrolimus is used for immunosuppression after liver transplant, and is reported on in 25 full-term pregnancies. The first milk samples after birth were measured at 0.6 ig l, which suggests that the infant would receive less than 0.1 ig kg daily. This represents a relative dosage of about 0.1 . Because the babies were not breastfed, there are no observations of any possible effects available (fain 1997). A single case is reported where the mother received 0.1 mg kg per day throughout pregnancy. Milk levels were measured sequentially. The maximum was measured at 1 hour post-dose, at 0.57 ig l. This was estimated to be 0.06 of the maternal dose, or 0.02 absorbed by the infant based on the poor oral bioavailability (14-32 ) (French 2003). A 29-year-old woman was exclusively breastfeeding her healthy 3-month-old infant while on tacrolimus 4mg daily plus other drugs relevant to her transplant. The milk-to-blood ratio was 0.23, and average tacrolimus concentrations in milk were 1.8 g l. The...
Thyroid hormones and thyroid receptor antibodies
Thyroid receptor antibodies (TRAb) can result in transient neonatal thyroid disease by transfer through milk from mothers treated for thyrotoxicosis, Serum TRAb concentration in neonates decrease continuously with time after birth. The calculated half-life for offspring-serum and breast-milk TRAb was calculated as approximately 3 weeks and 2 months, respectively. Transient neonatal thyroid disease may be worse and more prolonged during breastfeeding as a consequence of TRAb in breast milk (Tbrnhage 2006).
Special Considerations
Longitudinal studies have shown that in utero exposure to methadone is not associated with abnormal development. Methadone maintenance should therefore be continued by women who become pregnant, though the dose may need to be reduced during the third trimester. The neonate may develop abstinence symptoms and this should be expected and treated after birth.
Coleus scutellarioides L Benth
Uses In Indonesia, the juice extracted from the leaves is drunk believing to threaten abortion. A decoction is used to heal hemorrhoids, promote menses, expel impurities after childbirth, and to soothe inflamed eyes. In Malaysia, a decoction of the leaves or the juice extracted from the leaves is drunk to stop flatulence, to treat congestion of the liver, to assuage heart and liver pain, to treat smallpox, to soothe swollen parts and to induce vomiting. In the Philippines, a paste of leaves is used to assuage headache and to soothe bruises. In Vietnam, the plant is pectoral.
Tranquilizantes 1 Colloquial term for
In the former case, symptoms appear within a few hours after stopping the drug and may be more severe. In the latter case, symptoms usually take a few days to appear. If a woman uses tranquillizers regularly, the drug can affect the baby for up to 10 days after birth. Babies may exhibit the withdrawal symptoms common to such other depressant drugs as alcohol and barbiturates. These symptoms include feeding difficulties, disturbed sleep, sweating, irritability, and fever. Symptoms will be more severe if the doses the mother took are higher. Administration of diazepam during labor has been linked to decreased responsiveness and respiratory problems in some newborns. Tranquillity Colloquial term for STP. Tranquillizer Tranquilizer. Tranquilone Meprobamate. Tranquinal Meprobamate. Tranquinox Meprobamate. Tranquipam Lorazepam. Tranquirit Diazepam. Tranquisan Meprobamate. Tranquo-Alupent Drug containing more than one substance whereof one under international control Oxazepam....
Hyperthyroidism and thyrostatics
9.5 of in utero PTU-exposcd children developed hypothyroidism and 5.4 also developed goiter. Not all hypothyroid neonates demonstrated goiter directly after birth some were noted only at the screening control 2 weeks later. co-therapy increases the mother's thyrostatic needs. Fetal hypothyroidisms as a consequence of maternal antithyroid therapy as well as hyperthyroidism as a consequence of placental transfer of auto-antibodies in case of Graves' disease have been described. Therefore, the thyroid gland of the fetus should be monitored by ultrasound scan. The screening of thyroid parameters of the newborn is absolutely necessary, and this is compulsory in many countries. A second evaluation of the thyroid status should be performed 2 weeks after birth in the case of intrauterine exposure. Mild symptoms of hyperthyroidism with borderline laboratory parameters can be treated symptomatically without thyrostatics, for example with i-receptor blockers such as propranolol or metoprolol. If...
Antihistamines blocker
Seizures starting 4 hours after birth, whose mother had received 150 mg hydroxyzine per day for anxiolysis. The newborn's plasma levels paralleled those of its mother 6 hours after birth. The authors interpreted the seizures as withdrawal symptoms. The neurological development was uneventful at the age of 6 months (Serreau 2005).
Function Of The Endocannabinoid System In The Neonate
The endocannabinoids appear to play a major role in fertility and reproductive functions, which is described elsewhere in this book (S. K. Dey, Cannabinoids and reproduction ). Recent work on the medicinal aspects of marijuana have indicated that the plant may be used beneficially to combat weight loss in AIDS and cancer patients by enhancing appetite (Mechoulam et al., 1998b). More recently we have uncovered evidence that the above mentioned observations may just be the tip of the iceberg of the critical involvement of the cannabinoid system in growth and in the feeding response of the neonate. Thus, when endocannabinoid function is blocked in newborn mouse pups by the administration of the CBX antagonist SR141716A, the pups fail to ingest maternal milk and die within the first week of life. This is not a general toxic effect of SR141716A because co-administration of A9-THC almost completely prevented pup mortality (Fride et al., 1999), indicating that the growth-arresting effect of...
Belamcanda chinensis L DC
Uses In China, the rhizome of Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC. is used to combat fever, promote urination and menses, expel impurities, relieve the bowels of costiveness, treat tonsillitis, laryngitis, asthma, gonorrhea, alleviate cough, and to assuage stomachache, spleen and liver discomfort. In Malaysia, a decoction of 10 g of the rhizome is used to promote menses, to treat mumps and to soothe sore throat. A decoction of the roots and leaves is used in baths after childbirth. In Vietnam, a decoction of 10g-20g of the rhizomes is to alleviate cough, soothe sore throat, treat tonsillitis, laryngitis, pertusis, mastitis, combat fever, regulate menses and urination, and to counteract snake poisoning.
Selection Of Postmortem Specimens
Meconium, the first fecal matter passed by a neonate, has recently been given much attention because it is a useful specimen in which to determine fetal drug exposure. Issues relating to the screening and confirmation of most drugs of abuse in meconium have been reviewed.94 While meconium analysis has principally been performed to assess in utero drug exposure in newborns so that treatment may begin as early after birth as possible, it may also be useful in determining drug exposure in stillborn infants. One study demonstrated the presence of cocaine in the meconium of a 17-week-old fetus, suggesting that fetal drug exposure can be determined early in gestation.95
Estrogens gestagens and hormonal contraceptives
Pure gestagen preparations (mini-pills) are the oral contraceptive of choice during breastfeeding. If the mother does not tolerate them, then the low-dosage combination pills (ethinylestradiol plus gestagen), or gestagen depot preparations, are acceptable. If necessary, they can be started about 6-8 weeks after birth. There is no preparation among the well-established hormonal contraceptives which requires an interruption of breastfeeding.
Parameria laevigata Juss Moldenke
Uses In Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam Parameria laevigata (Juss.) Moldenke is used to treat fever, rheumatism, renal diseases, to promote digestion, and to stop dysentery. In Malaysia and Indonesia, a decoction of the bark is used to tighten the uterus after childbirth and to counteract putrefaction of the skin. In the Philippines, Parameria laevigata (Juss.) Moldenke is used to counteract putrefaction of the skin, to resolve inflammation, to soothe itchiness, promote menses and to treat skin diseases.
Cumulative index of special reviews Annuals 1625
Anticholinergic drugs, 22.507 Anticonvulsants, see Antiepileptic drugs Antidepressants, during and after pregnancy, 21.17 Antidysrhythmic drugs in atrial fibrillation, 24.197 prodysrhythmic effects, 17.218, 23.196 Antiepileptic drugs comparison, 25.78 death, 23 83 overdosage, 22.84 psychiatric effects, 22.82 Antifungal drugs
Vinca alkaloids and structural analogs
There are more than 20 case reports regarding apparently normal children following vincristine therapy during the first trimester (for an overview, see Schardein 2000 and www.motherisk.org), However, there are also reports of an aborted fetus with renal aplasia after combination therapy (Mennuti 1975) the newborn cited above (Thomas 1976) who had a defect an atrial septal defect and died of respiratory distress syndrome a child with cleft palate after vincristine treatment until week 6 followed by vinblastine and other cytostatic drugs (Mulvihill 1987) and a woman receiving combination therapy for Hodgkin's disease during the first trimester whose hydrocephalic child died four hours after birth (Zemlicki 1992). Furthermore, there are reports about apparently normal pregnancies after exposure during the second and or third trimesters, but also
Understanding Scorpions
On the average, a female gives birth to about 25 to 40 (5D4+20) young. They remain on her back until they molt for the first time, which is usually within a week or two after birth. Once they climb down, they assume an independent existence, and periodically molt to reach adulthood. Typically 5 or 6 molts over 2 to 6 years are required for the scorpion to reach maturity. Adult scorpions range in size from .5 to 9 in length.
Cyrtandra cupulata Ridl
Uses In Malaysia, Cyrtandra cupulata Ridl. is used to promote recovery from childbirth and to combat fever. The Orang Asli people drink a decoction of the roots to prevent further pregnancies. This remedy is only effective after childbirth. The decoction is drunk for several days following birth, and it is said to permanently prevent further pregnancies.
Family Loranthaceae A L de Jussieu 1808 nom conserv the Mistletoe Family
Pharmaceutical interest A common example of Loranthaceae is Viscum album L. (mistletoe) which is used as a decoration during Christmas and has long been used by Celtic shamans. The berries of this plant contain a series of toxic amines and proteins which cause gastroenteritis if eaten in large quantities. Note that a number of the plants classified within the family Loranthaceae are used to strengthen the uterus after childbirth and that Phoradendron serot-inum (American mistletoe) were long used by North American Indians as oxy-totic agents, namely in arresting postpartum hemorrhages. About 20 species of the plants classified within the family Loranthaceae are used for medicinal purposes in the Asia-Pacific. One may have noticed that many of these medicinal plants are used to check post-partum hemorrhages, promote the secretion of milk, soothe the pregnant uterus and to make tea-like drinks. It will be interesting to learn whether a more intensive study on the family Loranthaceae...
Medical And Behavioral Toxicity Overview
Alcohol is firmly established as a teratogen (an agent that produces defects in the developing fetus) and is considered the most common known cause of mental retardation. Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) defects range from specific structural bodily changes to growth retardation and subtle cognitive-behavioral abnormalities. The diagnostic criteria for fetal alcohol syndrome include prenatal (before birth) and postnatal (after birth) growth retardation characteristic craniofacial defects central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction and organ system malformations. When only some of these criteria are met, the diagnosis is termed fetal alcohol effects (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2000). The abnormalities in physical appearance seem to decrease with age, whereas the cognitive deficiencies tend to persist. There is no clear dose-response relationship between alcohol use and abnormalities. The safe amount of drinking during pregnancy (if it exists at all) is...
Eye nose and ear drops
The carbonic anhydrase inhibitors brinzolamide, dorzolamide, and for systemic application, acetazolamide, which are used for glaucoma therapy, have not been systematically studied. A new bom of 34 weeks' gestation was tachypnoic, and a combined respiratory-metabolic acidosis, hypoglycemia, and hypokalemia was diagnosed. Its mother had been treated with 750 mg azetazolamide daily during the 3 days prior to delivery. There was 2.9pg ml in the blood of the newborn when this was measured 5 hours after birth - almost a therapeutic concentration (3-10(ig ml). There was no substance detectable on day 11. Further development of the child was uneventful (Ozawa 2001). There were no birth defects or postnatal disorders observed in the newborn of 12 women using, on average, 500 mg azetazolamide daily for idiopathic increased intracranial pressure. Nine of them were exposed during the first trimester (Lee 2005).
Reproductive Effects Of Cannabis
The Ontario Prospective Prenatal Study has studied developmental and behavioural abnormalities in children born to women who reported using cannabis during pregnancy (Fried & Smith, 2001 Fried & Watkinson, 2000 Hutchings & Fried, 1999). In this study, mothers were asked about their drug use during pregnancy and their children were measured on the Brazelton scales after birth, neurologically assessed at one month, and again at six and twelve months. There was some developmental delay shortly after birth in the visual system, and increased tremor and startle among the children of cannabis users (Fried & Smith, 2001), but these behavioural effects faded by one month, and no differences were detected on ability tests at six and twelve months. Subtle behavioural effects of cannabis were subsequently reported at 36 and 48 months, but not at 60 and 72 months (Fried & Smith, 2001). These results are suggestive of a subtle developmental impairment occurring among children who had experienced a...
Entada phaseoloides L Merr
Uses In Burma, the seeds of Entada phaseoloides (L.) Merr. are used to treat fever. In China, the seeds are used to heal hemorrhoids. In Indonesia, the roasted seeds are used to expel impurities after childbirth, assuage stomachache, and induce vomiting. The juice expressed from the stems is used to stop dysentery. In India, the seeds are used to aid recovery from childbirth, soothe inflammation, assuage pain in the loins and induce vomiting. In Malaysia, the pods are burned and the ash obtained is applied to the abdomen to treat internal discomfort. Pieces of sun-dried bark are macerated in water and the liquid obtained is used to wash the hair, heal wounds, and treat ptyriasis and irritated skin. In the Philippines, a decoction of the roots is used to reduce abdomen rigidity. The seeds are pulped and applied to the abdomen to assuage colic. An infusion of the bark is used to treat infected skin. In Vietnam, the seeds are used to counteract poison, and to induce stupor and vomiting.
Drug metabolism and clearance in neonates children and elderly
In the fetus, CYP3A7 is the major hepatic cytochrome responsible for steroid metabolism. Variably expressed in the fetus, CYP3A5 is also present in significant level in half of the children. However, in adults, CYP3A4 is the major functional hepatic enzyme responsible for metabolism of many drugs. CYP1A1 is also present during organogenesis whereas CYP2E1 may be present in some second trimester fetuses. After birth, hepatic CYP2D6, CYP2C8 9, and CYP2C18 19 are activated. CYP1A2 becomes active during the fourth to fifth months after birth (100).
Amount of medication in the milk and relative dose
The amount of milk produced daily is between 500 and 900 ml. This amount is achieved about 4 days after birth, in order to better compare the different medications, the average daily amount per kg bodyweight that the infant takes in, rather than the individual total amount of milk consumed, is used as a basis for calculation. It is presumed that an infant receives about 150 ml kg per day ( 0.151 kg per day).
Luffa acutangula Roxb
Uses In Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam, the seeds are eaten to induce vomiting, stop hiccups, and relieve the bowels of costiveness. A paste made from the leaves is used to treat zona. In India, the berries are used to treat fever, expel worms from intestines, and cure biliousness, asthma, and bronchitis. In Indonesia, the leaves are used to treat fever. In Malaysia, the juice is used after childbirth.
Casearia grewiaefolia Vent
Uses In Cambodia, a decoction of the bark is drunk to invigorate health after childbirth. It will be interesting to learn whether a more intensive study on this plant will disclose any cytotoxic clerodane diterpenes such as casearvestrins reported Casearia sylvestris (Oberties NH etal., 2002).
Effects Of Perinatal Exposure To Cannabinoids
Likewise, Fried and colleagues, investigating the consequences of prenatal exposure to marijuana in the same well defined human population in Canada, have pointed at subtle but definite cognitive deficiencies in these offspring, becoming apparent only from the age of four years. (Fried, 1996 Fried et al., 1998 Fried and Watkinson, 2000). Thus it seems that prenatal exposure to cannabinoids does result in adverse consequences for the offspring. However, these defects are subtle and are not apparent immediately after birth.
Flacourtia rukam Zoll
Uses The ripe berries of Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Mor. are acid and astringent, but rubbing them between the hands bruises the flesh and renders it sweet and palatable. In Indonesia, the sap expressed from young shoots is used to wash the eyes. In Malaysia, the juice expressed from the berries is ingested to stop diarrhea and dysentery. The sap expressed from the leaves is applied to inflamed eyelids. The powdered dried leaves are used to heal wounds. In the Philippines, a decoction of the roots is drunk to invigorate health after childbirth. The pharmacological properties of Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Mor. are unknown til to date.
Cytotoxic anthracydine antibiotics
There are at least 20 case reports on epirubicin in combination therapy, including two exposures during the first trimester which ended in spontaneous miscarriage. Regarding the other pregnancies, there was 1 abortion, 1 stillbirth and 1 child who died shortly after birth. Furthermore, there were cases of intrauterine growth restriction, premature births, and a transient leukopenia (Ring 2005, Gadducci 2003, Giacalone 1999, M ller 1996, Goldwasser 1995).
Eleusine indica L Gaertn f
Uses In Malaysia, the juice expressed from Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. f is used to promote menses after childbirth, to treat encephalitis, heat stroke, malaria, uterus and rectum prolapse, leucorrhea and dysentery. In the Philippines, a decoction of the fresh plant is drunk to promote urination and to treat dysentery. In Vietnam, a decoction of 60g-100g of this herb is drunk to assuage liver discomfort, stomachache, promote urination, treat influenza and to lower blood pressure. In Cambodia, the whole plant is used to combat fever. The therapeutic potential of Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. remains unexplored. Note that Eleusine species are known to produce flavonoids such as vitexin and tricin (Hilu KW etal., 1978).
LTP As a Model for Learning and Memory
These genetic techniques, however, were also burdened by an inherent caveat. The absence of a gene product during development could theoretically produce nonspecific effects. In fact, some genes proved so important developmentally that their ablation prevented the survival of mutant mice. Standard knockout of the R1 subunit of the NMDA receptor resulted in lethality soon after birth,24 thus seriously limiting its utility. Other genetic manipulations produce anatomical defects that can also complicate interpretation of these knockout studies. For example, the deletion of the tyrosine kinase fyn in a study by Grant et al43 resulted in impairments in LTP and learning. However, it was later shown that this genetic manipulation interferes with normal myelination and resulted in gross anatomic abnormalities in the hippocampus.108 Additionally, mutant mice often have altered behavior independent of learning. As with nonspecific drug effects, aberrant behavior produced by the absence of a...
Conditional GR Knockouts Reduced Versus Unchanged Anxiety Related Behavior
Since conventional disruption of GR signaling is lethal shortly after birth due to lung failure (Cole et al. 1995), a conditional G -knockout where GR function is selectively disrupted in the nervous system has been generated (Tronche et al. 1999). Using the Cre loxP system to achieve tissue-specific gene inac-tivation, expression of Cre under the control of the rat nestin promoter and enhancer results in a selective disruption of GR in neuronal and glial cell precursors (Tronche et al. 1999). Mutant mice (GRNesCre) display several symptoms characteristic of patients suffering from Cushing's syndrome, a disease characterized by elevated levels of glucocorticoids. In GRNesCre mice, basal morning plasma corticosterone levels were significantly increased, whereas plasma ACTH concentrations were moderately reduced. Stress-induced plasma ACTH and corticosterone levels were unaltered in conditional GR mutants. CRH expression in the paraventricular nucleus was found to be increased, most...
Desogestrel Cerazette
Or after childbirth as of the 21st day, if the woman does not breastfeed - Breast-feeding it is recommended to wait 6 weeks after childbirth before starting desogestrel in breastfeeding women. However, if it is the only contraceptive method available or acceptable, it can be started 3 weeks after childbirth.
Hepatitis A8 Influenza9
All infants should receive the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine soon after birth and before hospital discharge the first dose may also be given by age 2 months if the infant's mother is HBsAg-negative. Only monovalent hepatitis B vaccine can be used for the birth dose. Monovalent or combination vaccine containing Hep B may be used to complete the series four doses of vaccine may be administered if combination vaccine is used. The second dose should be given at least 4 weeks after the first dose, except for Hib-containing vaccine which cannot be administered before age 6 weeks. The third dose should be given at least 16 weeks after the first dose and at least 8 weeks after the second dose. The last dose in the vaccination series (third or fourth dose) should not be administered before age 6 months.
Prenatal exposure to enzyme-inducing anticonvulsants entails a risk of serious neonatal hemorrhage in the first few days after birth. To reduce the risk, some authorities recommend that pregnant women taking enzyme-inducing drugs be given vitamin K (20 mg day) during the last month of pregnancy. Intramuscular vitamin K (1 mg) should be given to the neonate immediately after birth. The value of additional vitamin K orally for the first 3 months of life is controversial (168).
NMDA receptors
NR2 subunit expression is highly regulated during development and subunit segregation is observed between brain regions. In general, NR2B and NR2D are expressed early in development and NR2A and NR2C expression occurs in rats in the weeks after birth and continues into the adult in selected areas. In the adult cortex, hippocampus and thalamus NR2A and NR2B predominate while in the cerebellum and spinal cord, NR2C and NR2D are also expressed in the adult and their expression is specific to particular cell types. Transgenic mice technology is increasingly used to investigate the functional significance of different receptor subunits to the development and behaviour of the whole animal. Mice lacking the el (rat NR2A) subunit show apparently normal growth and mating behaviour, but an enhanced startle response and reduced hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) and spatial learning. Mice lacking the e2 (rat NR2B) subunit die soon after birth showing impairment of suckling response,...
Therapeutic studies
A systematic review of randomized controlled trials has been performed to determine whether dexamethasone therapy in the first 15 days of life prevents chronic lung disease in premature infants (9). Studies were identified by a literature search using Medline (1970-97) supplemented by a search of the Cochrane Library (1998, Issue 4). Inclusion criteria were (a) prospective randomized design with initiation of dexamethasone therapy within the first 15 days of life (b) report of the outcome of interest and (c) less than 20 crossover between the treatment and control groups during the study period. The primary outcomes were mortality at hospital discharge and the development of chronic lung disease at 28 days of life and 36 weeks postconceptional age. The secondary outcomes were the presence of a patent ductus arteriosus and treatment adverse effects. Dexamethasone reduced the incidence of chronic lung disease by 26 at 28 days (RR 0.74 CI 0.57, 0.96) and 48 at 36 weeks postconceptional...
Vitamin K
For prophylaxis with vitamin K, oral administration of 1-2 mg directly after birth is recommended. Parenteral administration is advised in neonates at high risk. Recommendation. Newborns should routinely receive 1-2 mg of vitamin K directly after birth. In those cases where the mother was treated with vitamin K-antagonizing drugs (such as the antiepileptics carba-mazepine, ph nobarbital, phenytoin or primidone, or with rifampicin or coumarin derivatives), parenteral administration directly after birth is advised, and the neonate should be given 1-2 mg vitamin K orally two to three times a week during the first 2 weeks after birth.
Urinary tract Renal tubular acidosis occurred in a preterm boy shortly after birth (4A). His mother had taken oral acetazolamide during pregnancy for glaucoma. When renal tubular acidosis developed, acetazolamide was detected in his serum, demonstrating transplacental passage of acetazolamide. Acetazolamide therapy is ill-advised in pregnancy.
In contrast to alcohol and cocaine, heroin and other opiates do not appear to have any teratogenic potential. In contrast to those children who are damaged by alcohol, problems with neurological development (including cognitive abilities) in the children whose mothers who have abused drugs seems to be more a consequence of the deprived social environment in the first years of life. In such instances, intact family relationships as a result of prompt adoption after birth appear to permit broadly normal development (Ornoy 2001, Coles 1993). Only attention deficits and hyperactivity (ADHD) were noted more often in adopted children than in the unexposed control group. However, there were significant differences between adopted children (37 ) and those children who remained in a drug-taking environment (67 ). This was the result of a follow-up study of 6- to 11-year-old children exposed prenatally (Ornoy 2001). Severe withdrawal symptoms beginning, for the most part, within 24-72 hours...
Following intoxication with carbamazepine in week 33. with suicidal intent, the mother was comatose and was treated with activated carbon and plasmapheresis. The baby did not show any damage after birth the Apgar score and umbilical artery pH were normal (Saygan-Karamursel 2005).
Methods used to find out prenatal exposure include interview, questionnaire and urine testing of mother and infant. Due to the consequences of admitting illicit drug abuse, maternal self-reporting drug use is not reliable, and underreporting of drug abuse by pregnant women has been reported in several studies (93,94). To avoid underestimation of in utero exposure, the use of a combination of maternal history, newborn clinical symptoms and laboratory toxicological testing is the best approach (92). In addition, a physician caring for a newborn may be required to investigate and report fetal drug exposure to child protective services. Due to legal implications, a positive maternal history of drug use may not be sufficient, and a definitive documentation of the presence of drug in the baby may be required. Urine underestimates drug exposure, as drugs are present in urine only for few days. Meconium has been shown to be a reliable source for detection of fetal drug exposure with higher...
Two case reports (Rambeck 1997, Tomson 1997) and a study of lamotrigirie among nine mothers (Ohman 2000) showed an M P ratio of about 0.6. According to the two case reports, lamotrigine appears to pass into the milk in significant quantities. Up to 6.5 mg l was found in the milk of a woman who took 300 mg daily as monotherapy. This represents a maximum relative dosage of 20 . Concentrations of up to 2.8 mg l were measured in the serum of the unremarkable baby. This is not far from the lower range of the maternal serum concentrations (3.6-9.6 mg l). In the serum of four children whose mothers took between 200 and 800 mg daily, levels of
Substantial amounts of levetiracetam were measured in the milk of a single mother (99fig ml) the M P ratio was 3 (Kramer 2002). Based on seven mothers taking between 1500 and 3500 mg daily, Johannessen (2005) calculated an M P ratio of 1, which remained stable until 10 months after birth. The relative dosage for the infants was 7.8 at maximum. No side effects were observed in the infants. The drug was detected in only one of the exposed children. For recommendations, see section 4.8.15.
With long-term therapy with oxcarbazepine (1200 mg d) plus topira-mate (150 mg d), neither oxcarbazepine nor its metabolite were found in the blood of an unremarkable fully breastfed 2-month-old child (detection limits 0.1 and l.Opg ml, respectively) (personal observation). In a 5-day-old fully breastfed newborn, oxcarbazepine and its metabolite 10-hydroxy-carbazcpin were measured. Compared to the values measured directly after birth, which represented cord blood transfer, only 12 of the drug and 7 of the metabolite were detected on day 5 (cited in Pennell 2003).
Prostaglandins are, for the most part, used in obstetrics for priming and inducing labor. After birth, other pharmaceuticals are used for uterine involution so that therapy during breastfeeding for obstetrical indications is not common. Latanoprost is administered as eye drops for glaucoma.
There are very few situations where a mother who is breastfeeding and develops an infection puts her infant at risk because the infection might be transmitted through the milk. Vertical transmission after birth mainly occurs via close contact between mother and child. Pathogens discussed in context with breast milk transmission are HIV, human cytomegaly virus (HCMV), and - limited to tropical regions - Human T cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV), with the potential for leukemia, myelopathies, and neurological diseases (Biggar 2006, Lawrence 2004). The following sections discuss the most important infections. The issue of anti-infectious drug therapies has been covered in Chapter 4.4.
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B is only rarely transmitted via the placenta, In contrast, there is a great risk of infection during the birth. For this reason, newborns whose mothers carry hepatitis antigens (HBs-Ag and HBc-Ag), which indicate the possibility of infection, are simultaneously vaccinated immediately after birth. HBs-Ag has also been detected in mothers' milk (Boxall 1974). However, various studies have shown that there Is no increased risk of illness for infants when their mothers are only HBs-Ag carriers (Gonzalez 1995, Tseng 1988, Beasley 1975). No infection via breast milk was observed in the infants of 100 mothers with chronic hepatitis B. The infants had received simultaneous vaccination, and 11 mothers were HBc-Ag positive (Hill 2002). Nevertheless, the authors interpret their data with caution because of the small cohort of I lBe-Ag-positive mothers with potentially higher infection risk.
Heroin as a street drug is a contraindication to breastfeeding because the ingredients, dosage, and possible contamination of illegally produced products cannot be properly calculated. When methadone substitution is continued, a fully breastfed child who has already been exposed in utero to opiates or methadone is likely to develop fewer withdrawal symptoms after birth than one who is not breastfed. For this reason, the baby can or should be breastfed if there is maternal methadone substitution when it is certain that there are no other drugs involved, and no maternal infection, such as HIV, that would argue against it. The daily methadone dosage that can be tolerated by the breastfed baby should be decided individually, considering the therapy up to the birth and any symptoms in the infant. Each individual case must be reviewed individually, including social services in the discussions, to be sure the mother has been stable with her therapy. Abrupt weaning after...
With treatment using 400 mg propylthiouracil, a maximum of 0.7 mg l was found in the mother's milk. For the infant this is at most 0.1 mg kg, i.e. 1.5 of the maternal weight-related dosage in 24 hours. The M P ratio is 0.1 (Kampmann 1980), In older studies in which the methodology was insufficient, M P values of 12 were calculated. In a newer study of 11 children whose mothers took 300-750 mg daily, elevated TSH values were seen in 2 children 7 days after birth. However, these normalized over the course of time, although the maternal dosage remained stable or was even increased. No correlation was found between the maternal dosage or the maternal thyroid hormone FT4 on the one hand, and the infant's TSH on the other. Even with the highest daily dosage, there appears to be no risk for the breastfed baby (Momotani 2000).
Mesua ferrea L
Uses In Burma, the flowers of Mesua ferrea L. are used to make an astringent tea and the leaves are used externally to counteract snake-poison. In Malaysia, a bath with these flowers is taken to invigorate health after childbirth. In Indonesia, the pounded seeds or the oil expressed from the seeds are used externally to heal wounds and to treat skin infection.
Reproductive stages
Primordial germ cells arc present in the embiyo at about 1 month after the first day of the last menstruation. They originate from the yolksac-entoderm outside the embtyo. and migrate into the undifferentiated primordia of gonads located at the medio-ventral surface of the urogenital ridges. They subsequently differentiate into oogonia and oocytes, or into spermatogonia. The oocytes in postnatal life are at an arrested stage of the meiotic division. This division is restarted much later after birth, shortly before ovulation, and is finalized after fertilization with the expulsion of the polar bodies. Thus, all-female germ cells develop prcnatally and no germ cells are formed afterbirth. Moreover, during a female lifespan approximately 400 oocytes undergo ovulation. All these facts make it possible to state that an 8-weeks' pregnant mother of an unborn female is already prepared to be a grandmother Final morphological and functional development occurs at different times during...
Mesoridazine can elevate prolactin, a hormone released by the pituitary that may cause breast cancer to grow faster epilepsy, as mesoridazine may increase the frequency of seizures glaucoma, low blood pressure, prostatic hypertrophy or urinary retention, as the symptoms may worsen. Tests before starting None. Alcohol Should be avoided, as the simultaneous use of mesoridazine and alcohol can lower blood pressure significantly and cause confusion. Also, alcohol worsens anxiety and depression and impairs insight and judgment. Use in pregnancy Some antipsychotics have been linked with the floppy infant syndrome, in which the baby has poor muscle tone. The fetus may also experience pseudoparkinsonism and dystonia, muscular side effects that may cause fetal distress before, during, and shortly after birth. Sunlight Severe sunburns can occur on mesoridazine. Avoid sunbathing entirely and avoid casual exposure to the sun for more than thirty minutes. Use a sunblock of a sun protection factor...
Both before and after birth a baby experiences its mother her physiological rhythms, mental patterns, sound and flow of consciousness. Games of manipulation, image fixation, and attachment all create blocks in mental physical energy patterns, which are experienced by the baby. It is in relationship to this experience that the baby's own mental physical energy patterns develop. When a baby has the opportunity to consistently experience eight or ten people and to nurse from three or more women, whether or not they are lactating, the baby's mental physical development will pattern after a DNA-based affinity for the most balanced physiological rhythms of the various people. The baby's mental physical development will be structured as it experiences the comfortable or pleasurable mental physical patterns of the people and rejects the patterns that are blocked and uncomfortable or painful.
The Building Blocks
In 1938 the Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann was working with ergot, a rye fungus, in the natural products division of Sandoz Laboratories, even then a maj or pharmaceutical company. He hoped to find a drug that might help stop uterine bleeding after childbirth. One of these ergot-based compounds was LSD-25, or lysergic acid diethylamide. It had little effect on the uterus of laboratory animals, and Hofmann shelved it. Five years later, a curious presentiment called Hofmann back to examine LSD, and he accidentally discovered its powerful psychedelic properties.
Fluorescein (fluorescein sodium) has yellow coloring, and is used as a diagnostic agent as topical, ophthalmic and intravenous solutions, ft is excreted into breast milk. Fluorescein is photosensitive and there is a risk of phototoxicity, especially in neonates who may require phototherapy (i.e. extensive light exposure). There is a case reported of a premature infant who received the compound directly, and had a skin reaction (Kearns 1985). A woman was given 5 ml intravenous dose of a 10 solution for diagnostic angiography shortly after birth,
PRECAUTIONS Warnings All antipsychotics can cause neuroleptic malignant syndrome, a rare but severe and potentially fatal reaction consisting of fever, muscle rigidity, mental status changes, and alterations in pulse and blood pressure. They can also cause tardive dyskinesia, a potentially irreversible disorder of rhythmical, involuntary muscle movements (see chapter 19 for details of both conditions). Use extra caution if you have Breast cancer as molindone can elevate prolactin, a hormone released by the pituitary that may cause breast cancer to grow faster epilepsy, as molindone may increase the frequency of seizures glaucoma, low blood pressure, prostatic hypertrophy or urinary retention, as the symptoms may worsen. Tests before starting None. Alcohol Should be avoided, as the simultaneous use of molindone and alcohol can lower blood pressure significantly and cause confusion. Also, alcohol worsens anxiety and depression and impairs insight and judgment. Use in pregnancy Some...
Cxcr4 Discovery
CXCR4 knockout mice generated by several groups have shown multiple functions associated with this receptor. SDF-la and knockout mice present very similar phenotypes. Both showed defective lympho-poieis and myelopoiesis in the bone marrow (312,313), as well as severe heart defects, defective formation of large blood vessels, and derailed cerebellar neuron migration (312-315). Moreover, most CXCR4 _ mice died in utero at 18.5 days of embryonic development and the remainder died within 1 h after birth. This is the only chemokine receptor null mutation described to date that results in embryonic lethality.


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At the Seminar of World Vision International in Banja Luka
A seminar organised by the World Vision International, Banja Luka branch, was held in Banja Luka on Wednesday and Thursday, 3 and 4 May 2017. Prof. Sc.D. Gordana Buljan Flander was invited to run the seminar. The aim of the seminar was training the members of the Coalition for Child Protection in abuse prevention and in building safe environment for the children of Banja Luka, Kneževo, Kotor Varoš and Čelinac.


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The version tested is a LHD 2014 Model S 85kWh, taking advantage of the rigidity imparted by the batteries in the chassis - which are now highly secured, especially after some fire start due to some impact in the undercarriage, everything has been corrected and this 5 star grade will reassure and contribute even more to the success of the Model S in Europe!
Renault Zoe (5 stars)
Nissan Leaf (2012 - 5 stars)
BMW i3 (4 stars)
Fluence ZE (2011 - 4 stars)
Nissan e-NV200 (3 stars)
In this list misses the last few newly arrived models as the Chevy Spark EV or Kia SOUL EV whose test will arrive soon!
Coming back to Tesla, while we eagerly awaited news of the Model 3 and Model X, for 2015 it is a four-wheel drive Model S with autonomous capabilities that will appear on the roads!


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Weekend Ikebana intensive courses
My recently announced weekend intensive Ikebana course for June 2016 is already fully booked!
I added the June weekend to accommodate some of the many people wanting to study in a weekend format, either because they live far from Ruislip or due to work commitments. So having added June to accommodate popular demand, I now find that my September weekend intensive is filling fast.
Dates: Saturday 17th & Sunday 18th September.
I thought you might like to see some of the lovely comments I have received people who have recently attended a weekend intensive:
"Just a note to say how much I enjoyed the class last weekend and your hospitality. I learnt so much about the principles of Ikebana, and the use of flower material used for the different styles.
I managed to recreate the arrangements I did when I arrived home. May I also compliment you on the quality of plant material, you most certainly have a very good source for supplying you with extremely fresh foliage and flowers. They are still looking great in my home." [SH, East Sussex]
"Just wanted you to know how much I enjoyed the weekend – it was truly inspiring. The flowers survived the trip home and I had as much fun recreating and in some cases creating new designs. I can't wait to start practicing in earnest." [ST, Reading]
Extra weekend intensive announement
My weekend intensive courses are proving to be very popular, with people attending from near and far.
Last week's was fully booked and I had to start a waiting list. So, I have decided to add another weekend in June. I will run the coure over the first weekend of June:
Saturday 4th June 1pm to 5pm
Sunday 5th June 9am to 1pm
For more course details see my courses page or contact me.


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Is there anything as thrilling as soaring between the jungle trees? I don't know! What I do know is this: If you're adventurous, yearn for the sky and aren't afraid to try something new during your vacation the Jungle Flight Plan JF2 is probably a trip that you need to take.
A group of friends and I decided to travel after graduating from university. We came up with a perfect plan: leave the night after commencement for Thailand and the surrounding countries and spend the next month having the time of our lives. The highlight of our entire trip throughout Asia was this moment: screaming at the top of my lungs, descending at a high speed from that first platform, friends cheering me on and my heart pumping.
One of our satisfied customers Lauren from ASA sent me his experience with our Jungle Flight day trip! Read his detailed story below.
To get to that moment, we started early. A van picked us up from the hotel at 6 in the morning, and took us to basecamp. We learned all about zipline safety, and got put into our harnesses. My heart was already racing before we started our trek into the jungle. The jungle, we learned from our guide, was purported to be the home of the spirits and the giant trees are centuries-old Yang trees. The Thai locals revere the trees and also get wood and rubber from them. Some of the trees even had colorful sashes tied around them as offerings from the locals.
When we arrived at the first platform, I volunteered to be the guinea pig. And as I stepped, or kinda jumped, off it and into the open air I marveled at the green majesty that surrounded me. We zip lined, climbed, and trekked between more than 20 platforms. And when we finished, we were greeted with a delicious Thai meal. All in all, it was the best food (post-exhilaration food is always the best) and the best trip we had during our vacation.
Have a wonderful day like lauren with the Chiang Mai Tour Jungle Flight JF2


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This content has been marked as final. Show 1 reply
1. Re: Update and Append in PrepJoshua Milligan Sep 11, 2019 7:02 AM (in response to Patrick Young)1 of 1 people found this helpful
Hi Patrick,
There are 2 parts to a possible solution:
- Since Tableau won't let you use the same file for input and output in the same flow, you'll need to create a copy of the new master file each time you run the flow. You can automate this via scrip that runs the flow, then copies the output to a different location to be used as the new Master input for the next time. you can find help for command line scripting here: Save and Share Tableau Prep Work - Tableau
- Use a pattern in your flow that brings in the existing records (from the copy) and new/updated records from the source. Then you'll match where possible, updated where needed and union together with anything new. The pattern will look something like:
Hope that helps!


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maandag 4 maart 2019
Broken Record. Brad Marino
Enter Rum Bar Records. Relentlessly it keeps releasing singles, EPs and albums full of this kind of music. Having already written about 'C'Mon C'Mon C'Mon' recently (read on here: http://wonomagazine.blogspot.com/2019/01/cmon-cmon-cmon-brad-marino.html), this time I'm able to share with you my findings of Brad Marino's second single of his forthcoming album 'Extra Credit'.
There's no need to keep you any longer, this is just sheer fun. Brad Marino manages to capture decades in his song. The perfect pop of the 60s, the snottiness of punk and the directness of the 00s and 10s. With 2.26 minutes Broken record could have been a single in the 60s without any problem.
The guitars are strummed fast and muted, being released in the choruses. With little lead notes coming in later in the song, just before a short and sharp solo is allowed for. A Hammond joins in making the song just a little warmer, as does the lift up in the chord progression. Drums and bass deliciously tight. Add a melody that is instantly singable and Brad Marino has produced another hit (in another era unfortunately). He has me waiting full of expectation for Extra Credit. Keep it coming Rum Bar!
You can listen to and buy Broken Record here:
or listen to our Spotify Playlist to find out what we are writing about:
Labels: pop, punkrock, rock, WoNo Magazine Muziek Music
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Grace Under Fire
"For this thing I besought the Lord thrice, that it might depart from me. And he said unto me, My grace is sufficient for thee: for my strength is made perfect in weakness." II Corinthians 12(8-9)
There are challenges that come with the territory of life. Among these are pressure, opposition, physical ailments, disappointments, etc. One of the definitions of grace is ease and suppleness of movement or bearing. The word supple speaks of the capability of being bent or folded without creases, cracks, or breaks. As we serve the Lord, He bestows His grace upon our life and enables us to face the challenges of life with faith and confidence.
The apostle Paul's response to the truth of God's grace being sufficient was as follows; "Most gladly therefore will I rather glory in my infirmities, that the power of Christ may rest upon me. Therefore I take pleasure in infirmities, in reproaches, in necessities, in persecutions, in distresses for Christ's sake: for when I am weak, then am I strong." II Corinthians 12(9-10) He realized that it was all working for his good and the ultimate outcome would be the reality of Christ's power in his life.
As we are kept by God's power through faith unto salvation, we experience something very precious. "Wherein ye greatly rejoice, though now for a season, if need be, ye are in heaviness through manifold temptations: That the trial of your faith, being much more precious than of gold that perisheth, though it be tried with fire, might be found unto praise and honour and glory at the appearing of Jesus Christ." I Peter 1(6-7)
We can rejoice knowing that as we encounter the fiery challenges of life, through God's grace we can respond in true Holy Ghost power and be victorious for His glory and the furtherance of the cause of Christ.
Remember His grace is sufficient!


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2019-05-09 15:05 三立在线
摘要:托福TPO口语备考,针对不同的题型,采取不同的解题方法,今天三立在线为大家整理了 托福 TPO口语53task6答案+解析,在备考的同学可以收藏学习哦! 听力原文 Everyone knows food can become spoiled, go bad and become inedible. Usually the cause is harmful bacteria that grow naturally in food. So one of the best ways to prevent food from spoiling is to slow down bacteria growth. But how do you do
Everyone knows food can become spoiled, go bad and become inedible. Usually the cause is harmful bacteria that grow naturally in food. So one of the best ways to prevent food from spoiling is to slow down bacteria growth. But how do you do that? Well, what influences how fast bacteria grow? Mainly it's temperature and moisture. So if you want to prevent food spoilage, you need to slow bacteria growth by controlling these factors. Why is controlling temperatureso important? Because the bacteria that cause food spoilage grow fast at warm temperatures, and more slowly at cooler temperatures. When your food is kept cool, it lasts longer right? For example, fresh fish left out in the sun on a warm day will spoil in a few hours, but if you freeze the fish, it will keep for months and months, right? That's because low temperatures drastically slow down bacteria growth. Now I said that moisture is another factor you need to control, and every living thing needs moisture, and bacteria are no exception. Food that's high in water content provides the moisture that bacteria need to grow. Let's …uh let's compare two different kinds of milk, ok? Let's compare regular liquid milk with dry powdered milk. Regular milk spoils quickly right? But milk in powder form can be stored quite a long time, in fact, for years. Of course, bacteria are present in powdered milk too, but what's different between powdered and regular milk is the water content. Powdered milk has had the water, the moisture removed. And without moisture, bacteria can't grow. And this isn't truth just for milk, just about any fresh food will spoil more quickly than the dried food.
Using points and the examples from the talk, explain two ways of preventing food spoilage and why they are effective.
Food spoilage is caused by bacteria and the two key factors to prevent food from going bad is temperature and moisture.
First, controlling the temperature can slow down the growth of bacteria, so food can be stored for longer time in cooler environment. For example, the fresh fish can be kept for months if being frozen, but they will go bad very quickly under the sun in warm days. Because the low temperature drastically slows down the growth of bacteria.
Plus, moisture is another factor to control. Food high in water content will go bad more quickly, because the moisture offers the bacteria necessary supplies to grow. For example, the liquid milk spoils quickly than the powdered milk. Because the water has been removed from the powdered milk, and without moisture, bacteria can't grow.
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I managed to squeeze in some extra reading time this month by lugging my iPad everywhere with me. Honestly, Auckland Libraries OverDrive is one of my favourite uses of the internet. It's free to use once you sign up/in with your library card, and the selection is actually pretty damn good. I make sure to recommend books for them to purchase regularly too.
I received some books on my birthday so this month I have actually read some analogue novels too, but it's hard to beat the convenience of digital. That being said, I'm not sure it's done my eyesight any favours.
Lots of crime/suspense/thriller/mystery stuff this month, including some by my all time faves: Tana French & Stuart MacBride (yep, I like my murder mysteries to be really messed up). I've also been smashing out a lot of Anne Bishop fantasy, but I'm still undecided on whether I like her or not… The more I read her works, the more I see disturbing gender-essentialist "woman in jeopardy" themes coming through and it's just not my cup of tea. Even when everything else is good, that kinda thing leaves a bitter taste in my mouth.
Anyway, on to the list:
The Spirit Ring by Lois McMaster Bujold
The Unsound Issue 1 by Cullen Bunn
Exile by Denise Mina
The Secrets She Keeps by Michael Robotham
Insidious Intent by Val McDermid
The Wych Elm by Tana French
Post Mortem by Kate London
Things We Have in Common by Tasha Kavanagh
Pig Island by Mo Hayder
Libriomancer by Jim C. Hines
The Phantom Tolbooth by Norton Juster
Daggerspell by Katharine Kerr
Tarot by Kim Arnold
Reasons to Stay Alive by Matt Haig
Holistic Tarot by Benebell Wen
Black Jack by Mari Carr
Junk by Melvin Burgess
The Hoarder by Jess Kidd
21 Ways to a Happier Depression by Seth Swirsky
Weycombe by G.M. Malliet
Death of a Cozy Writer by G.M. Malliet
Death and the Lit Chick by G.M. Malliet
Death at the Alma Mater by G.M. Malliet
Sugar Cookie Murder by Joanne Fluke
Candy Cane Murder by Joanne Fluke
Plum Pudding Murder by Joanne Fluke
Gingerbread Cookie Murder by Joanne Fluke
A Haunting is Brewing by Juliet Blackwell
Written in Red by Anne Bishop
Murder of Crows by Anne Bishop
Vision in Silver by Anne Bishop
Daughter of the Blood by Anne Bishop
Heir to the Shadows by Anne Bishop
Lake Silence by Anne Bishop
Thicker Than Blood by Erin Kelly
Betwixt and Between by Storm Faerywolf
Brazen Virtue by Nora Roberts
The Rising Sign by Jeanne Avery
Dying Light by Stuart MacBride
Flesh House by Stuart MacBride
Broken Skin by Stuart MacBride
Blind Eye by Stuart MacBride
Dark Blood by Stuart MacBride
Shatter the Bones by Stuart MacBride
Close to the Bone by Stuart MacBride
22 Dead Little Bodies and Other Stories by Stuart MacBride
The Missing and the Dead by Stuart MacBride
Partners in Crime by Stuart MacBride
Now We Are Dead by Stuart MacBride
In the Cold Dark Ground by Stuart MacBride
The Blood Road by Stuart MacBride
Birthdays for the Dead by Stuart MacBride
A Song for the Dying by Stuart MacBride
The Halfmen of O by Maurice Gee
The New Chalet School by Elinor M. Brent-Dyer
The Wrong Chalet School by Elinor M. Brent-Dyer
He Said / She Said by Erin Kelly
57 in total.


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Muang Sing lies 58 kilometres north of Luang Nam Tha on the Chinese border and it rates as one of our favourite spots in Laos.
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It has gorgeous pastoral scenery and considerable ethnic diversity – nine tribes within one town dramatically nestled in a valley surrounded by rolling mountains. While we strongly urge you to stay overnight, a day trip by motorbike is possible. It's worth it for the drive alone and we consider it one of the prettiest drives in the country.
You'll want a good motorbike (NOT a made-in-China Zongshen), a full tank of gas, a helmet and some previous motorbike riding experience. Let the rental shop know you are going to Muang Sing so they can set you up with a reliable bike.
The first part of the drive follows the Nam Tha river. Here rubber tree plantations now dominate entire slopes of the surrounding hills. It isn't the most appealing sight though the area still has its scenic moments. The second half of the drive through the Nam Ha NPA is truly spectacular. You'll wind your way through the narrow valley with sheer cliffs drowning in primary forest towering above. There are moments when fresh, cool mountain air sweeps down and the sun angles over the ridgeline and filters through the jungle – and suddenly it feels like a prehistoric lost world. The most difficult part is trying to concentrate on your driving.
It should take you two hours at a leisurely pace to reach Muang Sing. Head straight north on the main street, then Highway 17. The road is paved but crumbling in parts and dotted with potholes. There are a few tricky parts and narrow hairpin turns – slow down and give a few honks as transport trucks and buses do frequent the route. If you are doing a daytrip, we recommend you allow for enough time to return to Luang Nam Tha before dark.
What next?
Browse our independent reviews of places to stay in and around Luang Nam Tha.
Check prices, availability & reviews on Agoda or Booking
Read up on where to eat on Luang Nam Tha.
Check out our listings of things to do in and around Luang Nam Tha.
Read up on how to get to Luang Nam Tha.
Do you have travel insurance yet? If not, find out why you need it.
Planning on riding a scooter in Luang Nam Tha? Please read this.
Browse the web securely while travelling with TunnelBear. Try with a 7–day free trial.


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January 18th, 7 pm PST
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