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6.5: ODE and Excel model of a Simple Distillation Column
- Page ID
- 22395
Authors: Jennifersue Bowker, George Cater, Kibwe John
5.1 Introduction
Distillation is a commonly employed separation technique bases on difference in volatilities. The modern form of distillation as is is known today may be credited to early Arab alchemist, Jabir ibn Hayyan and the development of one of his inventions, the alembic. The distillation apparatus is commonly referred to as a still and consists of a minimum of a reboiler in which mixture to be separated is heated, a condenser in which the vapor components are cooled back to liquid form, and a receiver in which the concentrated liquid component fractions are collected. Ideally, distillation is governed by the principles of Raoult's Law and Dalton's Law. Dalton's Law states that for a mixture, the total vapor pressure is equal to the sum of the individual vapor pressures of the pure components which comprise this mixture. The relationship giving the vapor pressure of a volatile component in a mixture, PA, is Raoult's Law and is governed by the following equation:
\[P_A = X_AP_A^o\]
Where XA is the mole fraction of component A in the mixture and PA° is the vapor pressure of pure component A. This ideal model is based on a binary mixture of benzene and toluene but for other mixtures severe deviations from Raoult's Law may be observed due to molecular interactions. For these aforementioned mixtures where the components are not similar the only accurate alternative is obtaining vapor-liquid equilibrium by measurement.
In simple distillation, two liquids with differing boiling points are separated by immediately passing the vapors from the reboiler to a condensing column which condenses the vapor components. As a result the distillate is not usually pure but its composition may be determined by Raoult's Law at the temperature and pressure at which the vapors were boiled off. Consequently, simple distillation is usually used to separate binary mixtures where the boiling temperatures of the individual components are usually significantly different or to separate volatile liquids from non-volatile solids.
A reference of terms used in distillation reference are included at the end of this article.
5.2 Distillation Control
Distillation columns comprise an enormous amount of the separation processes of chemical industries. Because of their wide range of uses in these industries and because their proper operation contributes to product quality, production rates and other capital costs, it is clear that their optimization and control is of great importance to the chemical engineer. Distillation control becomes problematic because of the wide variety of thermodynamic factors stemming from the separation process. For example:
- Separations deviate from linearity of equations as product purity increases.
- Coupling of process variables occurs when compositions are controlled.
- Disturbances occur due to feed and flow agitation
- Efficiency changes in trays lead to non-steady state behavior.
To improve upon distillation control you must be able to characterize these potential problems and realize when they occur because they lead to dynamic behavior of the column. Of key importance to control is the maintenance of material and energy balances and their due effects on the column. Shown below is a schematic of a simple binary distillation column. Using the material balance formulas
\[\dfrac{D}{F} = \dfrac{z-x}{y-x}\]
where \(z\), \(x\), and \(y\) are the feed, bottoms and distillate concentrations respectively, you find that as D (Distillate) increases, its purity decreases. This leads to the idea that purity level varies indirectly with the flow rate of that product. Energy input is also key because it determines the vapor flow rate (V) up the column which has direct effects on the L/D ratio (reflux ratio) and hence relates to an increase in the amount of separation occurring. To summarize, energy input determines the amount of separation, while material flow relates the ratio of separation in the products.
Vapor liquid dynamics within the column also contributes to the theory behind process control because of a few important relations. Changing V (by changing the reboiler energy), causes an extremely rapid response in the overhead composition, while changing the reflux ratio requires a longer response to its effect on the reboiler.
In lower pressure columns, a phenomena known as entrainment or flooding occurs in which liquid is blown up into trays instead of dropping down into trays. This significantly decreases separation efficiency and therefore less product gain occurs. Using a packed column in these low pressure applications provides greater efficiency over tray columns and also allows for the faster accomplishment of a steady state profile. Controlling the occurrence of entrainment in either case is another crucial aspect which should be recognized when designing control systems for columns.
5.2.1 Regulatory Controls
For the distillation process it is imperative that regulatory controls such as level, flow, and pressure controllers are functioning properly to further ensure the effectiveness of the product composition controllers.
In terms of regulatory control, level controls are used to maintain specified levels in the reboiler, accumulator, and in the case of a distillation column with two columns due to high tray numbers for a single column, also maintain the level in an intermediate accumulator. Inept use of level controls may lead to problems elsewhere in the distillation process. For example, poor level control on the accumulator and reboiler may lead to problems with composition control for material balance control configurations. Also if the reboiler duty is maintained by one of these level controllers and the controller causes oscillation in the reboiler, consequently cycling may also occur in column pressure.
Flow controllers are used to manipulate and maintain desired flow rates of the reflux, distillate and bottoms products, and the heating medium employed in the reboiler. The setpoints of this specific type of controller is determined by the various composition and level controllers in the process.
Pressure controls are located to the top of the distillation column in the distillate vicinity. Here the column overhead pressure, caused by the accumulation of components in the vapor phase, acts as an integrator causing a change in the level of the accumulator. This pressure may be controlled using a variety of methods.
Pressure Control through Condenser Operation
- Maximize cooling water flow rate to the condenser (operate at minimum column pressure)
- Adjust the rate of condensation of the overhead (for example by adjusting the flow rate of refrigerant to the condenser)
- Adjust level of liquid in the condenser (changes heat transfer area)
Pressure Control through Accumulator Operation
- Purge vapor from the overhead accumulator
- Directly changing amount of material phase (for example by pumping in inerts)
5.2.2 Composition and Constraint Control
Because distillation requires a desired product concentration or flowrate, constraint control is used to ensure the desired operation conditions by having setpoints designated for the requirements of the system. The constraint is usually a concentration and the control of this concentration can vary depending on the application. In almost all industry applications only one product concentration is controlled, while the other is allowed to vary. This is known as Single Composition control and is much easier to achieve and maintain than the Dual composition control which specifies both product concentrations. The advantage to Dual Control however being increased energy efficiency because of increased separation. P&ID of common control placement used for composition control are shown below. Control lines are not included in this diagram because of the various number of control possibilites for a system.
Setting constraints on a column allows for proper control of the product as well as points to issues of safety and maintenance. The most common constraint controls are in the maximum reboiler and condenser duty which results from a number of variables including fouling , improper valve sizing, and excessive increases in feed. Other common constraints are flooding and weeping points which indicate incorrect \(L/V\) ratios and can be compensated for by adjusting the pressure drop across the column.
The most common adjustments for constraint control involve changing the reboiler duty to satisfy the constraints and almost always follow with subsequent fall back mechanisms to ensure product quality.
- Ensuring single composition control
- Reducing feed rate
- Increasing product purity setpoints
5.2.3 Effective Distillation Control
Before doing an in depth analysis of distillation control, it is of paramount importance that the following basics are attended to.
- Firstly, ensure that regulatory controls are indeed functioning congruously.
- For changes in reflux temperature, employ the use of reflux controls.
- Make sure to check and evaluate analyzer deadtime, accuracy, and reliability. This is required to account for the lagtime from the product composition analyzer when using feedback control to control feed flow, reflux ratio and reboiler power. Refer to for deadtime. To select proper analyzer refer to
- Ensure that any thermistors or RTD's employed to measure tray temperatures for composition inference are fully operational and correctly situated. Care should be taken here to ensure that pressure corrected temperatures are used. Refer to the following for temperature sensors
- When streams such as D, B, L, and V are used as manipulated variables for composition control, they should be changed with respect to the measured feed rate when column feed rate changes are a common disturbance.
Summary of Distillation Control Methods
Control Parameter
Example of Control Method
Distillate flow rate (D)
Flow controller (Setpoint controlled by accumulator level)
Bottoms flow rate (W)
Flow controller (Setpoint controlled by level in bottom of column)
Reflux flow rate (LD)
Flow controller (Setpoint controlled by top tray temperature)
Reboiler Steam flow rate
Flow controller (Setpoint controlled by bottoms composition analyzer)
Feed flow rate
Flow controller (Setpoint manually entered based on unit operations)
Distillate purity (xD)
Reflux flow controller (Setpoint controlled by top tray temperature)
Bottoms purity (xW)
Steam flow controller (Setpoint controlled by online analyzer)
Column pressure
Purge flow controller (Setpoint controlled by column pressure)
5.2.4 Control Problems and Disturbances
Feed Composition & Feed Flow Upsets
In order to properly determine the ultimate product purity and flow you must consider the impact of disturbances in the column system. The most significant, however most easily remedial of these disturbances is a feed composition upset, in which there is a change in the feed composition resulting in a major disturbance in the product composition. Hence, configuration of a distillation column must consider the control regulations of such a feed upset. Feed flow upsets are regulated using ratio control of L/F, D/F, V/F and B/F through level and reflux ratio sensors.
Feed and Reflux Enthalpy Disturbances
Feed Enthalpy upsets become an issue for columns operating at low reflux ratios and cause a large deviation from expected product concentrations due to the changes in vapor and liquid flowrates in the column. The usual compensation for this is using a feed heat exchanger to control the proper enthalpy to the column. In most cases, the feed is preheated before entering the column. By adjusting the duty of the preheater (i.e. decreasing or increasing the heating medium flow rate), a constant vapor/liquid ratio in the feed can be maintained. Rapid changes to the external conditions of a column, (especially large temperature deviations in rainstorms) can cause a subcooled reflux, changing the composition of the products. Reflux control can amend this properly.
Steam and Column Pressure Upsets
The most severe disturbance occurring in a distillation column occurs when there is a loss of steam pressure in the reboiler. A sharp drop in steam pressure results in a drop in reboiler effectiveness and therefore a huge increase in the impurity of the product. This can be avoided using an override control loop for this particular occurrence. Due to the effect of pressure on the relative volatility of the components in the system, a disturbance in column pressure leads to altered product quality. This can be effectively maintained by a composition controller to compensate for these pressure differences.
5.3 ODE Modeling of a Distillation Column
There are two methods used for modeling a distillation column: dynamic modeling and steady state modeling. The key difference between the models is that dynamic modeling is used to monitor changes in the distillation column as a function of time, while the steady state model looks at a given set of conditions at one particular time (i.e. when the column is at steady state).
5.3.1 Dynamic Model
Dynamic modeling of a distillation column may be used for a variety of different reasons: monitoring variations in the column as a result of feed changes, to predict the effects of tray fouling, and to predict when flooding with occur. The dynamic model allows the user to improve distillation control by being able to deal with disturbances that cause upsets to the column's normal operation.
The algorithm for developing a dynamic distillation column model is as follows:
5.3.2 Step 1) Write component material balance for each stage in the column.
Component material balance for all stages, except the feed tray, overhead condenser, and reboiler:
\[\frac{d M_{i} x_{i}}{d t}=L_{i-1} x_{i-1}+V_{i+1} y_{i+1}-L_{i} x_{i}-V_{i} y_{i}\]
Assumption: For simplicity, accumulation in the each stage is constant;
\[\frac{d M_{i}}{d t}=0\]
Simplified component material balance for each stage (only composition changes with time):
\[M_{i} \frac{d x_{i}}{d t}=L_{i-1} x_{i-1}+V_{i+1} y_{i+1}-L_{i} x_{i}-V_{i} y_{i}\]
The following are examples of equations used in the Excel Interactive ODE Distillation Column Model, which are provided to help the user understand how the model works.
ODE used to solve for the liquid composition leaving tray 2 (rectifying section):
\[\frac{d x_{2}}{d t}=\frac{1}{M_{2}}\left[L_{1} x_{1}+V_{3} y_{3}-L_{2} x_{2}-V_{2} y_{2}\right]\]
ODE used to solve for the liquid composition leaving tray 5 (stripping section):
\[\frac{d x_{5}}{d t}=\frac{1}{M_{5}}\left[L_{4} x_{4}+V_{6} y_{6}-L_{5} x_{5}-V_{5} y_{5}\right]\]
Overhead condenser component balance:
\[\frac{d x_{D}}{d t}=\frac{1}{M_{D}}\left[V_{1}\left(y_{1}-x_{D}\right)\right]\]
Feed tray component balance:
\[\frac{d x_{3}}{d t}=\frac{1}{M_{3}}\left[L_{2} x_{2}+V_{4} y_{4}-L_{3} x_{3}-V_{3} y_{3}\right]\]
Reboiler component balance:
\[\frac{d x_{W}}{d t}=\frac{1}{M_{W}}\left[L_{6} x_{6}-W x_{W}-V_{7} y_{7}\right]\]
5.3.3 Step 2) Write total material balances around condenser and reboiler
Condenser material balance:
- Assumption 1: Total condenser (all vapor from the top of the column is condensed into a liquid).
- Assumption 2: Overhead accumulator liquid level remains constant.
Reboiler material balance:
For these equations to work, the user must specify:
- reflux flow rate (mol/min)
- bottoms flow rate (mol/min).
5.3.4 Step 3) Define all flow rates
Vapor Leaving Feed Stage:
Liquid Leaving Feed Stage:
Vapor flow rates in stripping section:
Assumption: Equimolal overflow for vapor in stripping section
Vapor flow rates in rectifying section:
Assumption: Equimolal overflow for vapor in rectifying section
Liquid flow rates in rectifying section:
Assumption: Equimolal overflow for liquid in rectifying section
Liquid flow rates in stripping section:
Assumption: Equimolal overflow for liquid in stripping section
5.3.5 Step 4) Define equilibrium conditions
The binary system used in the Excel ODE model is a benzene-toluene system. The equilibrium data for this system was put in the model and the relative volatilities were calculated for various equilibrium compostions.
Relative Volatility (from equilibrium data):
where α is defined as the relative volatility of the two components in the system.
These relative volatilities were plotted against temperature and linear regression was used to fit the data.
Relative volativity as a function of temperature:
This equation models how the separation changes on each tray as a function of tray temperature, which decreases up the column.
Equilibrium Vapor Composition for each stage:
Assumption: Trays in the Column are 100% efficient (vapor and liquid leaving a tray are in equilibrium)
Replacing alpha with the temperature dependent equation shows how tray temperature affects the amount of benzene in the vapor leaving each tray.
5.3.6 Step 5) Write component energy balances for each stage.
The ODE energy balances are essential for the dynamic model to run properly. Mass transfer occurs within the column because the temperature varies from the top of the column to the bottom thereby allowing separation of the components in the system.
Since the energy input into the column is added in the reboiler, the reboiler ODE is the first equation entered in the model. In our model, this is given as:
\[\frac{d T_{7}}{d t}=\frac{1}{M_{W}}\left[L_{6} x_{6}-W x_{W}\right]\left[T_{6}-T_{7}\right]+\frac{q_{r}}{M_{W} c_{p}}\]
The next step is adding energy balances for each subsequent stage in the distillation column. The only stage in the column which has a slightly different energy ODE is the feed stage, given by:
The last energy balance is around the condenser.
Assumption: Reflux return temperature is constant (overhead condenser duty varies to compensate for this).
5.3.7 Step 6) Determine inputs into ODE model
Once all of the equations have been put into the model, all remaining unknown variables must be placed in a section so that the user can specify these input values when running the model. For the Excel ODE distillation model, the users inputs include:
- Feed flow rate
- Mole fraction of light key in the feed
- Reflux flow rate
- Condenser, reboiler, and tray levels
- Phase of the feed (q-value)
- Feed temperature
- Integration step size
To model effects of disturbances, the user may also change these input values:
- Feed flow after 200 time steps
- Feed composition after 600 time steps
5.3.8 Step 7) Use Euler's Method to solve the ODE's
This step involves using Euler's method. to integrate each ODE over each timestep in the interval to solve for the parameter value at the next time step. Creating a plot of these values versus time allows the user to see how changes in the input values effect parameters such as distillate and bottoms composition or flowrates.
Click the link below to find a summary of the general equations used in dynamic modeling of simple distillation column.
5.3.9 Additional Considerations for Dynamic Distillation Modeling
The Interactive Excel ODE Distillation Column Model does not take into account heat effects within or surrounding the column. It may be beneficial in modeling an actual column to determine the optimal temperatures that feed and reflux should enter at to achieve the greatest possible separation. The energy input into the reboiler is another consideration that may need to be modeled for economic purposes.
Also, to tune the dynamic distillation model with greater precision, additional parameters and equations may be added. One example of this would be to add a KD or KU input value to control the levels in the bottom of the column or overhead condenser.
5.3.10 Steady State Model
The steady state model which is described by using a McCabe-Thiele diagram shows the theoretical stages in a binary component distillation column. An example of a McCabe-Thiele diagram is shown below.
The upper operating line is a graphical representation of the vapor/liquid dynamics in each stage in the rectifying section of the column (above the feed stage), while the lower operating line represents the vapor/liquid dynamics in the stripping section of the column (below the feed stage). The starting point of the upper operating line represents the distillate composition and the bottom point of the lower operating line represents the bottoms compostion. The feed line shows the entering feed composition as well as whether the feed is vapor, liquid, or a combination of the two. To develop this steady state model, one must know the components in the system, so that equilibrium data can be obtained. Also, this model requires that the following parameters must be known:
- reflux ratio
- distillate composition
- bottoms composition
- feed composition
- feed phase
The general equations used in the steady state model are given in the table below:
The McCabe-Thiele diagrams are excellent for modeling steady state operation, but they do not describe how disturbances affect the column operation. For each change in a particular parameter, a separate McCabe-Thiele diagram must be made. The dynamic model, although more complex than the steady state model, shows how a column operates during start-ups, when disturbances occurs, and where steady state conditions occur. Therefore, the dynamic ODE model of a distillation column can allow the user to how product purities and flow rates change with time.
5.3.11 Glossary of Terms
Mi = Molar holdup on tray i
Li − 1 = Liquid molar flowrate into tray i
Li = Liquid molar flowrate leaving tray i
Vi + 1 = Vapor molar flowrate entering tray i
Vi = Vapor molar flowrate leaving tray i
xi = mole fraction of light component in the Liquid phase of Tray i
yi = mole fraction of light component in the Gas phase of Tray i
B = Bottoms flowrate
D = Distillate flowrate
f = Feed flow rate
= Relative volatility of Benzene-Toluene system.
q = Vapor Liquid compostion value
5.4 Our Excel Distillation Model
Below you will find a link for our distillation model in Excel. It is an exceptionally large download so it may take some time if you are not using a high speed internet connection. Because it takes some time for the iterations to run to completion, calculations are not continuous within the spreadsheet. Be patient as it may take a few seconds for the calculations to run when operational parameters change. Also, because of the nature of the iterative process Excel uses to determine the cell values, large deviations may cause the model to crash resulting in #Error# for many cells. If this occurs, close the model and re-open it from the website to try different parameters.
In order to demonstrate dynamic changes occuring during operation, step changes are incorporated into the Excel model. To show the effects of a feed change, input the change into cell C-18. This change will occur at t=2min for a length 2 minutes and then the feed flowrate will revert back to the original value. To demonstrate a change in the feed compostion at t= 6min, input the change into cell C-19 on the Excel model. This compostion change will be constant over the remainder of the time and will not revert to the previous value. Notice the changes occuring in the graphs as these step changes occur. The Excel model can be found here => Media:ODEDistillationModel-Final.zip
This model has a specified control range because typical operation of distillation columns requires operation within a specific range of values where input parameters marginally vary. It is recommended to use the following variables for the initial model.
Feed Flow to Column = 50.00
Feed Composition (xF) = 0.5
Reflux Flow = 15
Bottoms Flow @ T= 0 = 35.00
Mtray = 10
Mcondenser = 50
Mreboiler = 50
qF = 0.4
Feed Temperature = 80
Reflux Temp = 80
Initial Column Temp = 80
Qreboiler = 100
Avoid extreme changes in the initial values, otherwise a significant error may occur causing the model to crash. The principal cause of this is due to the heat effects which are taken into account in the model and the fact that the number of trays on the column is set at 6.
5.5 Terms Commonly Used in Distillation
Active tray area: The region of the tray where the upward moving vapor comes into contact with the downward flowing liquid (where the mass transfer occurs)
Downcomer: Area on side of trays where liquid flows down through the distillation column
Disturbance (wrt distillation): Any minor change in the distillation column caused by an external or internal source that causes product variability
Flooding: Liquid from the active tray area is carried up into the vapor stream (occurs at low L/V ratios)
Ratio Control: Controlled ratio of two manipulated variables
Tray Fouling: Active area of tray is deminished, thus reducing separation efficiency within the column
Upset: Any major change in the distillation caused by an external source that produces erratic column operation that requires manual override to gain control
Weeping Points: Liquid from the active tray area seeps downward through the tray instead of flowing through the downcomer (occurs at high L/V ratios)
5.6 Worked out Example 1
5.6.1 Problem Statement
Using the Excel Model of a Distillation Column posted above, see how a change in the feed concentration upsets the steadystate equilibration of the inital flow and how the column thereby adjusts to a change in feed composition at the time step indicated. Then determine the effect of changing the feed flowrate and reflux flow at the indicated times during the time the column is running. Also, determine the effect of making a larger step size for use in Eulers method.
Remember: an excessive change may cause the distillation column to blow up, so take care in determining reasonable changes. Input the changes in the flowrate or concentration into C17-C20 of the spreadsheet. Input the new step size in cell D21.
5.6.2 Solutions
The normal concentration output for the distillation column is shown below. Feed flow rate is 50 mol/min, reflux flowrate is 15 mol/min, feed composition is 0.5 mol fraction of the light component. Step size is 0.01 minutes.
Students should see that an impulse change in flowrates does not really change the steady state profile of the column. However, a change in feed concentration will cause the column to jump and then equilibrate for the new concentration values. Below is a graph with a change in the feed flowrate to 100 mol/min, and a concentration change to 0.6 of the light component.
Larger step sizes will cause the model to crash because the error associated with the derivatives becomes larger with each derivative taken. Below the step size is 0.05 minutes. At some point the derivatives become uselsess data and therefore the distillation column model blows up with outrageous values as shown below.
5.7 Worked out Example 2
5.7.1 Qualitative Example
As a new hire at a specialty chemical company you are placed on project where you are asked to design and specify the controls on a state of the art distillation column used to separate a binary system. Your supervisor gives you a few clues to the control mechanism based on the chemistry occurring.
- The salable component is the heavy component and the mixture has a low relative volatility.
- The light component is not usable at all, however it is extremely toxic and must be controlled precisely.
- This is a small operation which requires a low pressure separation.
- The facility has had issues with the onsite steam that is typically used to heat the reboiler.
Draw the P&ID model of how you would model this column, mention all the items you must consider for the process and what you would do to control them.
5.7.2 Answer:
Since the heavy component control is desired you will want a feedback loop based on the bottoms composition controlling reboiler duty. Also note how precise control of the vapor flowrate up the column can be best accomplished through reboiler control. Because it is low pressure you must begin to worry about entrainment and the possibility of flooding the column. Therefore there should be pressure sensors controlling the pressure in the column to maintain it at optimal levels using a packed column instead of a tray column to produce a better separation of the components. Because onsite steam has been shown to be a problem you would probably want to have a redundancy built into the reboiler steam or perhaps have its own autonomic steam delivery because this could potentially jeopardize the quality of your product.
5.8 References
- Bequette, B. Wayne. Process Dynamics Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation, New Jersey: Prentice Hall
- Perry, Robert H. Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 7th Ed. McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-07-049841-5
- Riggs, James B.; Karim, M. Nazmul. Chemical and Bio-Process Control, 3rd Ed., Texas Tech University, Ferret Publishing


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Peak View – 24 August 2018
Peak School's latest newsletter is available to read now. Find out the latest news around the school and upcoming events.
Principal's Message
Key Dates
Golden Book
PYP News
Community Garden
Information from the Performing Arts Department: Ukulele, Recorders and Peripatetic
Message from the Nurse
Screenagers at Peak
Library News
News on Admissions
Message from Island School
TEDx Talk
Michael Carr-Gregg: Raising Happy and Resilient Young People
After School Activities
Principal's Message
Dear Parents/Caregivers,
What a wonderful start to the new academic year. Each year group has settled very quickly and we have been especially impressed with how quickly the Year 1 children have adapted to life at primary school.
The staff have done an amazing job of ensuring the children, in their new classes, are already feeling supported and challenged as we come to the end of only our second week. It is so nice to hear stories from new parents about how much their child or children are enjoying school or to hear from existing parents how excited their child or children were to return to school.
My thanks to all the parents who attended the Parent Information evening last night. We do hope you found it useful and certainly, going by the feedback, this appears to be the case. It is always pleasing to host such events and to see such a great turnout from our parent body. We do not take the level of parent engagement for granted and we are very proud to have such a strong school community.
It was very pleasing today to see the school community come together to support our action to raise funds for the relief efforts in Indonesia (earthquakes) and India (flooding). We raised a total of $19,500. This will be evenly shared between the two countries.
Finally, Eid Mubarak to those in our community who celebrate this important event.
Warm Regards
Bill Garnett
Key Dates & Calendar
Please click HERE for Peak School school calendar (2018-2019)
Golden Book
PYP News
Community Garden
We're building a community garden! We would like to invite parents to come and join our Garden Club this year. Mr. Michel Maruca, our Environment and Sustainability teacher, will work with parents every Monday morning from 8:30am – 10am and every Friday afternoon from 1:30 – 3:00pm. Interested parents can email Mr. Maruca at email@example.com or just come to school in your gardening gear when you are available!
Information from the Performing Arts Department: Ukulele, Recorders and Peripatetic
Welcome back to what promises yet another lively and creative year in the performing arts department.
Instrumental Teachers
One of the most frequent questions I get asked is about instrumental lessons. We currently have two private instrumental teachers who teach at school during lunchtimes and after school.
Tom Austin teaches guitar and ukulele on Tuesdays. He will also teach small ukulele groups. (The guitar might be a little difficult to handle for younger students and therefore the ukulele is an excellent starting point)
Po Rippin teaches piano from Mondays-Fridays
Both Tom and Po are very popular and tend to get booked up very quickly but I know they currently have a few spaces. As they are external providers, please contact them directly for more information via
Po Rippon <firstname.lastname@example.com>
Tommy Austin <firstname.lastname@example.com>
Music Curriculum
As well as singing, dancing, creating, composing and performing, the students play instruments during their music lessons with a particular focus on recorders in year 3 and ukuleles in year 5 .
Buy A Ukulele
Although we have 30 ukuleles in school, some students also like to have their own one to take home. These can be purchased through school. (Usually at around $200 or less). If you would like to buy a ukulele, please click HERE for the order form.
Recorder Karate Programme
Year 3 students will all need their own recorder and recorder book for the recorder karate programme which will start in September. These can also be purchased through school. Please put your order via eNotice @ Gateway.
Coming Soon
Please stay tuned for new information on forthcoming clubs, activities and events.
Best regards
Jane Engelmann
Performing Arts Coordinator
Message from the Nurse
The Peak is a Nut Free School
As some children here in Peak School suffer from severe nut allergies we adopt a nut free policy. For some it is a life threatening condition therefore please help us and ensure that all foods brought to school should not contain any nut or nut products. Your co-operation is much appreciated.
Absentees from School
Please inform the school as soon as possible if your child is suffering from any infectious / contagious diseases.
Child Returning to School after Sickness
Please keep your child at home for at least 24 hours (Center of Health Protection recommends 48 hours) after fever/ vomiting or diarrhea has completely subsided. Furthermore, with regards to fever (37.5'C or above) this means not sending children into school until they are fever free without any antipyretic medication. If students are sent to school before they have fully recovered they may become more susceptible to other illnesses and/or spread their illness to others.
Head Lice
It is important to check your child's hair regularly and keep him/her at home if any head lice are detected. If head lice are noted in school, students will be sent home and they can return to school once treatment has been applied and he/she is free from lice.
Gateway Medical Update
A gentle reminder to update your child / children's medical information on Gateway by clicking HERE as soon as possible if there is any change in their condition and to ensure that the school has your current contact details in case of an emergency.
Medicine Administration in School
If your child is required to take prescribed medication in school or to camp, you must ensure a Medical Authorization Form has been completed and signed by the parent. For safety reasons, it is school policy that all prescribed medication for students must be handed to the school nurse for safe keeping and not kept with students, this is upheld through all ESF primary schools.
For camp it is recommended the medicine has been handed in to the nurse at least 7 days before the camp by an adult (parent or helper) – not a student.
The medicine is in the original packaging and clearly labeled with the following:
- Student's name
- Student's date of birth
- Doctor's name
- Instructions & expiry date of medicine*
You can download the Medication Authorization form by clicking HERE;
Student Health and Dental Scheme
You can retrieve a form for the Student Health Service from the school nurse in September.
For the Dental Scheme: Please obtain a form directly from MacLehose Dental Centre at 5/F, 286, Queen's Road East, Wan chai from mid-December. Please call 2892 2125 for details. You will need a proof of attendance letter from the school with the HKID card (original and photocopy)/passport with a valid visa (original and photocopy) for an appointment.
Mosquito Protection
Please ensure children are fully protected with mosquito repellant before coming to school, as we know mosquitoes love the hot humid weather we are having at the moment. The school is taking environmentally friendly precautions to try stop the increase of mosquito in the area, with this and repellant, we feel it will aid the prevention of mosquito borne illness.
Peak School Medical Page
For information on the most common illnesses that can arise in primary school children please refer to our Medical Information page on the school website by clicking HERE.
Michelle Buckley & Gloria Cheung
Peak School
Screenagers at Peak
News on Admissions
Year 1 Central Applications for entry into academic year beginning August 2019/20 (For children born in 2014)
Parents with children born in 2014 wishing to apply for Y1 entry in August 2019 will need to submit applications online between 1 to 30 September 2018. Key dates for Year 1 application may be viewed by clicking HERE.
Applications received after 30 September will be considered late and placed on the waiting list according to priority and date received.
For further details and applications, please click HERE.
Peak School Admissions office.
Library News
Calling Library Parent Volunteers!
Please get in touch with our new librarian, Mrs RG via email@example.com if you'd like to help out in the library.
Message from Island School
TEDx Talk
Peak School Performing Arts Teacher, Jane Engelmann, was invited to speak at the TedxWanChai back in June this year. Here is the YouTube LINK.
Please share as much as possible because we want to get the message out there and maybe even go viral.
Jane has done so much for the domestic helpers in Hong Kong and the documentary/movie produced entitled Helper, which covered Jane's "Unsung Heroes" story, is now being screened on all Cathay Pacific flights.
The Unsung Heroes are still looking for a regular rehearsal space on Sundays (preferably in Central area) so we are asking the wider community if they might be able to help us find somewhere.
If you'd like to get involved with the Unsung Heroes, we are always looking for volunteers so please do not hesitate to contact Jane on < email@example.com >
Michael Carr-Gregg: Raising Happy and Resilient Young People
This is a fantastic opportunity for parents to hear from one of the worlds experts on adolescent wellbeing. Suitable for parents of Year 5 and above or those who want to prepare early
Parents can sign up at the using the following links. Cost is HK$200 per head
RCHK 3rd september 6.30-8pm – http://bit.ly/ESF_Parents03
WIS 4th september 6.30-8pm – http://bit.ly/ESF_Parents04
After School Activities
Peak School (PS) reserves the right to accept or reject any advertisement submitted for PS publications and on its websites. However, PS does not attempt to investigate or verify advertisements appearing in PS´s publications and on its websites. The appearance of advertising in PS´s publications and on its websites in no way implies endorsement or approval by PS of any advertising claims or of the advertiser, its product, or services. PS disclaims any liability whatsoever in connection with advertising appearing in PS´s publications and on its websites.


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Guyana – Capitol TV News Videos – 21 February 2017
No limit on business hours – Town Clerk
Under fire, City Hall has come out refuting media reports that it will enforce a limit on business hours in the capital. The report stated that businesses operating in the city will be closed on weekdays, weekends and holidays at 4:30.p.m. However; Town Clerk, Royston King labeled the report erroneous, absurd and aimed at deliberately ..
Region Nine REO interdicted from duty
Minister of Communities Ronald Bulkan is disputing reports in some sections of the media that the Regional Executive Officer (REO) of Region Nine, Carl Parker is still on the job. Minister Bulkan told the Government Information Agency (GINA) on Tuesday, that Parker has been off the job for over one week, and that a replacement […]
Local contractor awarded bid to construct duplexes and condos
UK to help Guyana strengthen borders against smuggling and trafficking
Community based projects geared at reviving local commerce
Small Miners taking advantage of syndicate system implemented by MNRE
A 54-year-old man of Timehri, Public Road, East Bank Demerara perished in an early morning fire which completely gutted his house. Dead is Adam Shaw. Details are sketchy but Capitol News has learned that the man was an alcoholic and had days before threatened to set the property on fire. We will provide more details […]
Losing toddlers in fire biggest downfall for CPA in 2016- Director
Director of the Child Care and Protection Agency (CPA) Ann Greene said losing brothers, six-year-old Joshua George and two-year- old Antonio George, in a fire last year at the Children's Drop-in Centre was the biggest downfall of the agency in 2016. The two brothers were housed at the centre on Hadfield Street, Georgetown …


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Podcast: Play in new window | Download
It all started when we were kids: our mom or dad told us to "clean our room", and we just picked everything up and shoved it under the bed or in the closet. Maybe it's human nature to want to do just enough to get by, to look like you're working when someone walks by your desk…while keeping Facebook running in the background. Going just enough over the speed limit to not get a speeding ticket, putting just enough effort into the housework to say you cleaned the house, but hope nobody looks closely at that toilet, or peaks behind the shower curtain, or looks under your bed. But remember when Jesus said you needed to "count the cost" before following Him? That's because to be His disciple, you have to be "all in", no adding Him to your life and thinking you're good to go. But how many people fill churches every Sunday, doing the "hour for God," then check out and back into the world? Jesus said, "Not everyone who says to me, 'Lord, Lord,' will enter the kingdom of heaven, but the one who does the will of my Father who is in heaven." And if you just thought to yourself, "I think I do enough to get in," then you need to stick around and listen for the next hour. Joining us today is teacher and author of the book "Broken Yet Blessed," Kathi McCarty.
Table Talk Notes
Malachi 1:6-8 | "A son honors his father, and a servant his master. If then I am a father, where is my honor? And if I am a master, where is my fear? says the Lord of hosts to you, O priests, who despise my name. But you say, 'How have we despised your name? By offering polluted food upon my altar. But you say, 'How have we polluted you?' By saying that the Lord's table may be despised. When you offer blind animals in sacrifice, is that not evil? And when you offer those that are lame or sick, is that not evil? Present that to your governor; will he accept you or show you favor? says the Lord of hosts.
Why wouldn't we want to be excellent and extravagant in our offerings to the Lord? Click To Tweet
Something's better than nothing?
Mal 1:8 "But when you present the blind for sacrifice, is it not evil?…the lame & sick, is it not evil? Why not offer it to your governor? Would he be pleased with you? Or would he receive you kindly?" says the Lord of hosts.
We think cutting corners, or "settling for" isn't so bad; those attitudes aren't merely inadequate from God's point of view, He calls them "evil."
We serve a holy Sovereign Lord
The Lord deserves "excellent" – the very best of ALL that I am and ALL that I have. Instead, we often give Him a "token" out of obligation or guilt. Nothing should concern or consume us more than our relationship to the Lord. Why wouldn't we want to be excellent and extravagant in our offerings to the Lord?
2 women give Jesus their best
Mt 26:6 & Jn 12:1-8 both speak of Mary of Bethany (Lazarus' sister) coming to Simon the Leper's home to anoint Jesus in preparation for His crucifixion & burial with the finest of oils.
John 12:1-8 | Six days before the Passover, Jesus therefore came to Bethany, where Lazarus was, whom Jesus had raised from the dead. 2 So they gave a dinner for him there. Martha served, and Lazarus was one of those reclining with him at table. 3 Mary therefore took a pound of expensive ointment made from pure nard, and anointed the feet of Jesus and wiped his feet with her hair. The house was filled with the fragrance of the perfume. 4 But Judas Iscariot, one of his disciples (he who was about to betray him), said, 5 "Why was this ointment not sold for three hundred denarii and given to the poor?"… 7 Jesus said, "Leave her alone, so that she may keep it for the day of my burial. 8 For the poor you always have with you, but you do not always have me."
Luke 7:36-50 – an unnamed woman who had been forgiven of her sins comes to the house of Simon the Pharisee and anoints Jesus with expensive oil.
Luke 7:36-50 | One of the Pharisees asked him to eat with him, and he went into the Pharisee's house and reclined at table. And behold, a woman of the city, who was a sinner, when she learned that he was reclining at table in the Pharisee's house, brought an alabaster flask of ointment, and standing behind him at his feet, weeping, she began to wet his feet with her tears and wiped them with the hair of her head and kissed his feet and anointed them with the ointment. Now when the Pharisee who had invited him saw this, he said to himself, "If this man were a prophet, he would have known who and what sort of woman this is who is touching him, for she is a sinner." And Jesus answering said to him, "Simon, I have something to say to you." And he answered, "Say it, Teacher." "A certain moneylender had two debtors. One owed five hundred denarii, and the other fifty. When they could not pay, he cancelled the debt of both. Now which of them will love him more?" Simon answered, "The one, I suppose, for whom he cancelled the larger debt." And he said to him, "You have judged rightly." Then turning toward the woman he said to Simon, "Do you see this woman? I entered your house; you gave me no water for my feet, but she has wet my feet with her tears and wiped them with her hair. You gave me no kiss, but from the time I came in she has not ceased to kiss my feet. You did not anoint my head with oil, but she has anointed my feet with ointment. Therefore I tell you, her sins, which are many, are forgiven—for she loved much. But he who is forgiven little, loves little." And he said to her, "Your sins are forgiven." Then those who were at table with him began to say among themselves, "Who is this, who even forgives sins?" And he said to the woman, "Your faith has saved you; go in peace."
Both woman had much for which to be grateful. Do you?
We measure success…
We give the Lord a "reasonable" portion of ourselves (i.e. our love for Him) compared to everything else in life (the things we "love" like job, family, recreation, sleep, etc)
The Lord wants the unreasonable portion – the freshest and first part of us, the best of us.
Ps 63:1-5 | David understood giving the "unreasonable" portion.
O God, you are my God; earnestly I seek you; my soul thirsts for you; my flesh faints for you, as in a dry and weary land where there is no water. So I have looked upon you in the sanctuary, beholding your power and glory. Because your steadfast love is better than life, my lips will praise you. So I will bless you as long as I live; in your name I will lift up my hands. My soul will be satisfied as with fat and rich food, and my mouth will praise you with joyful lips, when I remember you upon my bed, and meditate on you in the watches of the night; for you have been my help, and in the shadow of your wings I will sing for joy. My soul clings to you; your right hand upholds me.
God's measure of success…
Mt 22:37, 39 | "You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, & with all your soul & with all your mind… and you shall love your neighbor as yourself."
The Lord measures our lives (success in life) by how we love – Him (1st & foremost) and others (born from our love of Him).
Only dead things go with the flow. Click To Tweet
Too willing to go with the flow
We live in a world that will never understand God's desire for excellence because they have believed the lie that it's sufficient to manage, to just get by, and to survive. My students at UW taught me a great lesson…
Only dead things go with the flow – they end up on the shoreline as food for predators, or they get washed out to sea.
5 Cs of the Great Apostasy
Complacency: Change & challenge are as important and necessary as food & water. An amoeba in a stress-free environment dies prematurely.
Revelation 3:14-21 – water that is neither hot enough to cleanse, purify and bring healing, or cold enough to refresh and enliven is lukewarm, and disgusting. The Laodicians knew exactly what Jesus was saying to them. It was the harshest letter of all 7.
Rev. 3:15-21 | "'I know your works: you are neither cold nor hot. Would that you were either cold or hot! So, because you are lukewarm, and neither hot nor cold, I will spit you out of my mouth. For you say, I am rich, I have prospered, and I need nothing, not realizing that you are wretched, pitiable, poor, blind, and naked. I counsel you to buy from me gold refined by fire, so that you may be rich, and white garments so that you may clothe yourself and the shame of your nakedness may not be seen, and salve to anoint your eyes, so that you may see. Those whom I love, I reprove and discipline, so be zealous and repent. Behold, I stand at the door and knock. If anyone hears my voice and opens the door, I will come in to him and eat with him, and he with me. The one who conquers, I will grant him to sit with me on my throne, as I also conquered and sat down with my Father on his throne.
Matthew 7:16-17 – our fruit "gives us away"
You will recognize them by their fruits. Are grapes gathered from thorn bushes, or figs from thistles? So, every healthy tree bears good fruit, but the diseased tree bears bad fruit. A healthy tree cannot bear bad fruit, nor can a diseased tree bear good fruit. Every tree that does not bear good fruit is cut down and thrown into the fire. Thus you will recognize them by their fruits. "Not everyone who says to me, 'Lord, Lord,' will enter the kingdom of heaven, but the one who does the will of my Father who is in heaven. On that day many will say to me, 'Lord, Lord, did we not prophesy in your name, and cast out demons in your name, and do many mighty works in your name?' And then will I declare to them, 'I never knew you; depart from me, you workers of lawlessness.'
Comfortableness: Failure to acknowledge God's goodness and to appreciate what's He's done will mean walking around the same "mountain" because we desire comfort over the call.
If I am afraid to speak the truth lest I lose affection, or lest the one concerned should say, "You do not understand", or because I fear to lose my reputation for kindness; if I put my own good name before the other's highest good, then I know nothing of Calvary love."~Amy Carmichael~
Romans 12:2 – do not be conformed (patterned after) this world (This world is NOT our home)
Confusion: When we are not students of the Word, we become ignorant of truth & fall prey to the lies of the enemy and we become visionless and passionless.
Eph 4:18-23 "…darkened in their understanding…due to a hardness of heart."
They are darkened in their understanding, alienated from the life of God because of the ignorance that is in them, due to their hardness of heart. They have become callous and have given themselves up to sensuality, greedy to practice every kind of impurity. But that is not the way you learned Christ!— assuming that you have heard about him and were taught in him, as the truth is in Jesus, to put off your old self, which belongs to your former manner of life and is corrupt through deceitful desires, and to be renewed in the spirit of your minds, and to put on the new self, created after the likeness of God in true righteousness and holiness.
James 1:5-8 "If you desire wisdom (the broad or big picture) let him ask of God…"
If any of you lacks wisdom, let him ask God, who gives generously to all without reproach, and it will be given him. But let him ask in faith, with no doubting, for the one who doubts is like a wave of the sea that is driven and tossed by the wind. For that person must not suppose that he will receive anything from the Lord; he is a double-minded man, unstable in all his ways.
1 Jn 4:1-6 – we must test the spirits because we live in a world where lies abound.
Beloved, do not believe every spirit, but test the spirits to see whether they are from God, for many false prophets have gone out into the world. By this you know the Spirit of God: every spirit that confesses that Jesus Christ has come in the flesh is from God, and every spirit that does not confess Jesus is not from God. This is the spirit of the antichrist, which you heard was coming and now is in the world already. Little children, you are from God and have overcome them, for he who is in you is greater than he who is in the world. They are from the world; therefore they speak from the world, and the world listens to them. We are from God. Whoever knows God listens to us; whoever is not from God does not listen to us. By this we know the Spirit of truth and the spirit of error.
1 Cor 2:7-10 – it is the Spirit that reveals things to us through the Word of God…
But we impart a secret and hidden wisdom of God, which God decreed before the ages for our glory. None of the rulers of this age understood this, for if they had, they would not have crucified the Lord of glory. But, as it is written, "What no eye has seen, nor ear heard, nor the heart of man imagined, what God has prepared for those who love him"— these things God has revealed to us through the Spirit. For the Spirit searches everything, even the depths of God.
Coldness: When we are not quick to repent of our sin, we develop a callousness of heart. Sin becomes easier and easier to do.
1 John1:8-10 | If we say we have no sin, we deceive ourselves, and the truth is not in us. If we confess our sins, he is faithful and just to forgive us our sins and to cleanse us from all unrighteousness. If we say we have not sinned, we make him a liar, and his word is not in us.
1 John 2:3-6 – true believers do not continue in their sin or their love will grow cold.
And by this we know that we have come to know him, if we keep his commandments. Whoever says "I know him" but does not keep his commandments is a liar, and the truth is not in him, but whoever keeps his word, in him truly the love of God is perfected. By this we may know that we are in him: whoever says he abides in him ought to walk in the same way in which he walked.
Prov 4:23 | keep your heart with all vigilance for from it flow the springs of life.
John 14:15 | If you love Me, keep My commandments.
Complicity: As we get less concerned about our sin, we tend to become more concerned about the world viewpoint, and how to walk in the world while still trying to hold on to the name of "Christian"
Sin today is both glamorized and popularized. To not confront our own sin, and the sin of our nation, to not call evil out for what it is, is to be complicit by default.
Mt 27:25 | 'Let His blood be upon us and upon our children!"
2 John 1:7-11 – don't even receive people who are unwilling to live righteously & are quick to deceive.
For many deceivers have gone out into the world, those who do not confess the coming of Jesus Christ in the flesh. Such a one is the deceiver and the antichrist. Watch yourselves, so that you may not lose what we have worked for, but may win a full reward. Everyone who goes on ahead and does not abide in the teaching of Christ, does not have God. Whoever abides in the teaching has both the Father and the Son. If anyone comes to you and does not bring this teaching, do not receive him into your house or give him any greeting, for whoever greets him takes part in his wicked works.
The challenge…
Am I giving the Lord the best of who I am?
Am I giving the Lord the best of what I have?
Am I available to be used, & willing to obey?
The blessing…
"There is therefore NO condemnation to those who are in Christ Jesus" (Rom 8:1)
"I'm confident of this very thing…that He, who began a good work in you, will perform (mature) it until the day of Jesus Christ ('s return)." (Phil 1:6)


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Add Zone For You
Some individuals think that MP3's generally speaking are illegal actually this is simply not the case. It's completely appropriate to talk about MP3 Files that are not Copyrighted. It is illegal to share Music that's Copyrighted, for example the Audio in the graphs at the moment.There are several Websites on the Web that enable people to Download MP3 Audio for Free, this is Audio that's made and permitted to be distributed. The best position to look for Free MP3 Files is on the Internet. Many of the Rings may have their own Websites offering Free Downloads. Download Mp3 Mp4 Gakaza.com
Still another position to appear is on Websites many Companies want to create it major, and therefore may release Free Content on their Blogs to be able to do so.
That which you can't do is Download Copyrighted Music without permission, this is recognized as Music Piracy. The Music Industry states it is losing countless pounds each year because of Illegal Packages lately this has had a lot of coverage.
Metallica was the first group to moan about illegal Downloads. To be honest that the Music Market isn't necessarily dropping an incredible number of dollars every year, not all the individuals who Saved could have become paying customers should they could not Download.
Free MP3 Music Packages are great for new Musicians and Organizations who're fairly unknown. File sharing has really created some Groups very large, and many Artists do not mind giving their Music for Free. Search on a number of the big Artist's Websites, you'll no doubt discover some links with a Free Content. Musicians do not brain giving you a glimpse at their function in the wish that you'll buy the complete Album.If you want to Obtain conventional Audio then you definitely have a couple of choices, you can both choose the CD, or you are able to spend to Download the MP3's.
If you get the CD then you could have every track, then you're able to use your personal computer to change that into MP3 format. It's extremely simple, and you need to use Windows Press Player to accomplish it. It's presently considered OK to Tear CD's that you possess to MP3 and put them on your MP3 participant, but if you reveal these Files you have access to in lots of trouble.
Spending to Acquire the MP3's has some enormous benefits, firstly you don't have to pay for the entire CD, several (if not all) of the Audio Obtain Sites will offer specific tracks. That is perfect for Artists who only have one attack and the rest of the album is worthless! You just get what you want. You can load these MP3's immediately onto your MP3 person, or you can use Windows Press Person to create a Music CD to enjoy on your property HiFi. You can even make your own personal Music Compilations!
When you're picking a Site to cover to Acquire Audio from be sure you adhere to the large Names, you do not want to cover just to possess Pirated Music. You will find several Websites that demand for Packages, nevertheless the History Companies or Artists never see any of that money. If you're planning to cover, make sure you get it done proper!
Many people however Download Pirated Music, while that is still possible if you get caught you may be in very strong trouble! Everyone is breaking down on the illegal Audio Downloads, why chance it ? The person Music Tracks are inexpensive this really is perhaps not price the Risk.
|Jun 25 '19
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text: Posted January 6, 2002 I'd be grateful if someone could post the essay paper from the last Part II exam. This was the first paper in the new format, with candidates having to write one essay from a choice of three, I think. Cheers! Share this post Link to post Share on other sites


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Close to the airport and with lots of hotels, Kuta should be your first step on Balinese soil. The geographical situation of the airport will make it easier for you to travel around. Kuta is a very crowded city; it's just the right opposite of a quiet place. However the good point is that you will easily find a taxi, negotiate all kind of stuff or find tours to visit the surrounding islands.
Kuta has a very beautiful beach which is also a perfect spot for surfers, so you'll see many of them riding the waves all day long. However, you'd better go at the end of the day to enjoy the sunset on this lively beach.
For more informations : Read traveler reviews
Find the best hotels in Kuta
Find the best hotels in Kuta
Photos © : Donald Man


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I just spent the last day tracking down an annoying bug in a multi-threaded event-driven program. This bug would cause the program to get stuck on rare occasions, after running for an hour or so. Examining the stuck process's state with GDB simply showed that it was stuck in a state that I didn't think was possible. This led me in the right direction, but I didn't understand how it could possibly end up in that state. I first tried adding
printf statements to my program to trace the execution, but generated tons of output (although in retrospect,
tail probably could have solved that part of the problem), and ended up slowing the program down enough that the bug did not happen. To solve this, I ended up logging data to a per-thread circular buffer. This was fast enough to still hit the bug, and then I could look at the last entries in the circular buffer to figure out how the program got stuck.
My program was written in C, and conveniently each thread already had a "state" structure to add a buffer. The buffer ended up looking like this:
char event_log[16][100];
int next_event;
I then used a macro to add an entry to the log:
#define LOG_EVENT(con, message, ...) \
snprintf(con->event_log[con->next_event], sizeof(*con->event_log), message, ##__VA_ARGS__); \
con->next_event++; \
if (con->next_event == EVENT_LOG_SIZE) con->next_event = 0
Anywhere I wanted to log something, I can call this macro like a
printf statement:
LOG_EVENT(con, "drizzle_state_row_read pkt: %d/%d v: 0x%02x",
(int) con->buffer_size, (int) con->packet_size, con->buffer_ptr[0]);
This was a very effective tool: the program still ran quickly and triggered the bug. It only took me a few passes to track down and fix the bug. The best part about a trick like this is that the log data will appear in a core dump, so if a crash occurs on some other system, you can still look at the last few events. I will definitely use this trick again.


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Efficiency in Energy and Power Usage through Solar Panels Installation
The popularity of the use solar energy has greatly risen or gone up in the recent past given that most people continuously proceed to use it for their business as well as home uses. It is possible for you to see at least one solar panel on the rooftops of different premises that get to convert the sun rays into usable power. Here are a few advantages that you can realize or reap while using the solar energy.
The amount of cash that you get to save when on solar energy on the appliances is immeasurably immense. Since the solar energy can also substitute the electrical power, you find that your power bill goes low hence very advantageous to you. When the hot seasons come, it is possible for you to tap great levels of solar energy that can even be used to drive heavy equipment and machines both at home and in the office.
In most cases, you find that if you use the solar energy, you are likely to receive great rebate benefits hence a very large advantage for you. In the event of immense production of the solar energy, you find that it is possible for you to dispose it off to the local utility company and get paid for it. Since the energy is renewable and comes in every dawning day, you find that it is even a better type of energy to use in the premises. There is no possibility for your premises to have any carbon footprint hence making your place a carbon free and safe environment. The fact that the solar energy is safe makes it very secure for those in the premises as well as the environment.
The value of the premises increases when you get to install solar energy, especially at the time of sale. When looking at the solar energy power, you find that it is an indispensable asset that will go a long way in giving you an ideal figure when disposing of the premises. When determining what price to set for your premises, it is important for you to remember to include the expenses you incurred to get the system to work.
After the initial installation procedures of the solar panels, you find that it is possible for them to last with or without maintenance tasks. It is possible for you to have the solar energy and have the extensive benefits without performing any maintenance tasks. In case you decide to add more panels to your solar energy system, you find that the task is not complicated at all and only needs to have your solar power expert available.
The 5 Rules of Electrician And How Learn More


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a poem by Rajaram Ramachandran, India -
RAMANA MAHARISHIAfter Ramana allowed his motherTo stay there with him forever,Every opportunity he gave her,To spiritually, day by day, uplift her.She also wanted to give himSumptuous food every timeWhat food he liked the most,In his younger days, that he ate.Papad was one, he used to take,That she was trying then to make,And for his help when she called,To assist her, he flatly refused.Alone when she was preparing,A song on papad he was writing,In order to keep her more sensible,Against making such a tasty edible.The song goes like this:-"Grind into powder urad dhal,Add Pirandai plant juice a littleFrom this dough make small balls,You can eat papad fried in hot oil.""Like this, grind this ego oneIn the soul-search-machine,Add the juice of good companyMake this dough thick and pasty."With a hand roller of peace,Roll a ball on a moral wooden piece,O'er the fire of knowledge heatAnd in the hot ghee of virtue, fry it.""Eat this fried papad daily,That goes inside "Self" only,To make you ever dependableOn the divine path, more spiritual."His mother heard his lecturesO'er a period of six years,And became totally a realized soul,Going on the spiritual path well.Near the Virupaksha Cave side,Water for bath was in demand,Ramana daily used to bringWater from a distant spring.Kandaswami, a devotee feltWhy not an Ashram be builtNear the spring to facilitateTheir daily life in all respects.An Ashram in a few days came,As Skandashramam by its name,With all beautiful surroundingsLike trees and flower plants.---------------------------------------------------------------Note: Translation of 4 Ramana's songs by ProfK.Swaminathan is more authentic, which is as under:-Ramana's four songs go like this:-(1)"Here encased in five sheathes of organs, Mind, Intellect and Sleepof blissful-ignorance and different from them, grows the kernel,The self, the Abhiman felt as "I." Pound it with the wisdom-pestleOf the inquiry "Who am "I," reducing it to powder as "Not I" "Not "I."(2)"Now mix the juice of the edible-Cactus Pirandai. This is sat-sanga,the company of the elevating which removes discord, add Jeera andblack pepper which are Shama and Dama, equanimity and self-restraint.Toss in some salt of Uparati which is non-atachment. Round it off withHing for good vasanas, the tendencies which free us."(3) "With an inward turned pestle of mind pound away "I-I." Unrelentingat its stubborn out-going disobedience. Then with the rolling pin of Shanti,roll out on the platter of evenness. The Appalams and see for yourself!"(4)"Taking the bottomless vessel of endless-Mouna with the wholesome oilOf the One Self of all, fired by the flames of wisdom's enquiring, fry the papadsWithout let up till the questioning Self reaches and remains the source.Thus you can have the papad and eat it too!"
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3rd Annual Art Block Plein Air Event... April 27-29, 2017
- You do not have to paint all three days… you can participate any day or days you would like. Bernie Rosage (Plein Air Event Organizer) is a high school art teacher and will not see you all until Saturday morning when he can join for the first time. However, There will be a team of Plein Air Volunteers on hand to help you in his stead.
- You may submit up to three paintings from the paint out for judging by Jeremy Sams, however, you may include any extra plein air paintings from the event at the wet paint sale on Saturday.
- Upon arrival (whatever day), go to the Council for the Arts, 826 New Bridge Street, Jacksonville, NC 28540 and register. You will receive your packet and have your canvases stamped at that time.
- You do NOT have to turn in your paintings or check out at the Council at the close of each day. You may drop by the Council at before 4pm daily if you need another canvas stamped.
- Nocturnal paintings within the boundaries that are pre-stamped will be accepted.
- Boundaries include views from the water. I understand some artists may be painting from their boat… COOL!
- There will be an Art Block Evening Reception for artists on Friday the 28th… An evening of Fun, Food, Entertainment, and Fellowship!
- Rules: Artists may submit up to THREE pieces for judging. All works must be done en plein air (outside), during the event times (nocturnal compositions accepted), within the painting boundaries as confirmed by the map, and without assistance of photographs. All canvasses/substrates must be officially stamped at registration. Eligible submissions must be turned in by 1:00pm on Saturday. All media are accepted, except for photography.
- Canvas Restrictions: Canvases/Substrates may be no larger than 36 inches in any direction. Artists may submit up to 3 completed works for judging. All substrates must be officially stamped at registration to be considered eligible for judging and the wet-paint sale.
- Awards: 1st Place: $200 2nd Place: $150 3rd Place: $100
- Sales: Completed works may be listed for sale, at the artists' request, in the wet-paint sale and during the gallery exhibit period. The wet-paint sale will begin immediately after the judging, on Saturday afternoon, April 29th during Art Block. Sales generated during the wet-paint sale will be the sole responsibility of the artists, for which 100% commission will be retained by the artists. Works will be displayed, upon request, at the main Gallery in the Council, from April 29th through June 16th (unless sold). Council for the Arts will retain a 25% commission for CFTA members and 35% for non-members. Artists must price their own pieces, as the Council is unable to price pieces for artists.


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Christopher Columbus (1451- 1506)
This isn't a new name to hear, who doesn't know about Christopher Columbus? A lot of us do, but a few only know the story behind him. This Italian man, along with occupying himself in trading, learned to make maps and navigation of ships. This led him to discover a new route to China other than the Silk Route (which was dangerous) and the sea route across South Africa (which was too long). He looked up for sponsorships for the trip but only got the break after 10 years. The queen of Spain finally accepted to provide him funds, ships and men and she took it as a great deal for her spice trade. While on the voyage he landed on one of the islands of Bahamas Archipelago, and called its people Indians. Though, he wasn't the first European ever to land on American region but his tour led to a flourishing relationship between Europe and America.
Here's how you can be cool like Christopher Columbus:
Step one: Learn to make a map and navigate ships. Get obsessed and find (or should I say discover) a new sea route to a far off region (Like from Spain to China).
Step two: Go pitch the royal leaders to sponsor your voyage and I am sure someone will do that for you, even if it is after ten years. They might perceive you as a treasure for their spice trade.
Step three: Fuck it all up by landing on a chunk of land you never knew about, because the earth IRL is a vaster creation than your paper maps. Tell the world about your THIS discovery called America, even though you aren't the first one to do discover, but the one who shouts only get the attention.
Step four: Call the natives Indians, because YOLO.
Step five: Grab some turkeys and pineapples and return home where you get a heroic welcome. Lay back and see how other kings fund your voyages.
Step six: What spice?
Enough kidding here are some wise words he said


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You've made the decision to move to Sunset Village. But what comes next? In this blog, we'll detail the move-in process, so you know what to expect as you start to create your new home at Sunset Village.
The Application
The first step after deciding that you or your family member wants to live at Sunset Village is to complete the application and submit the application fee. The admissions process begins with a review of your financial information, as well as a health assessment conducted by a Sunset Village nurse and Rachael Operacz LSW, Sunset Village's Admissions Counselor. During the health assessment, which typically occurs at the applicant's current home, a brief medical history is taken, they discover what assistance is needed with daily living, take a social history, and conduct a brief cognitive interview. All of that information is then brought back to the admissions team, where a determination on what level of care is needed is made.
Once the application has been accepted, Rachael is able to reach out to the applicant and find out when they want to move in! Typically, the move-in occurs within 30 days.
Before Moving In
In the period between Rachael making the call and the new resident moving in, there are a few things that need to happen. The resident typically spends this time packing, donating or selling items they don't wish to bring with them to Sunset Village. They may choose to send out the change of address cards provided by Sunset Village, and might list their house for sale.
At Sunset Village, the team is hard at work with final preparations of the new apartment home. Walls may be painted. Sunset Village's team can go to the new resident's house to help them sort through what to bring and what not to bring. The Sunset Village team also provides the Sunset Village Guide, or, as Rachael calls it, "Everything You Wanted to Know about Sunset Village but Were Afraid to Ask."
During & After Move In
When move-in day arrives, Sunset Village provides a flatbed and a moving trolley, and help moving items from the moving truck to your new home can be requested for an additional fee.
Once everything is in your new home, Sunset Village staff is available for hanging flat screen TVs, art, window treatments, and photographs as desired by the new resident. Over the next few days, the Sunset Village leadership team stops by to introduce themselves and say hello.
Residents and their family members are invited to attend a monthly Welcome Happy Hour, where new residents mix and mingle with more established residents. Sunset Village's dining staff will work to help pair new residents up with others with similar interests to help create friendly groups for dining.
After this, it's time for residents to sit back, relax, and enjoy their new home, and all the services and amenities it includes at Sunset Village.
To learn more about how you can become a resident at Sunset Village, call our team at 419-724-1200.


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CCS University Scholarship
Chaudhary Charan Singh University is going to release Application Form for CCS University Scholarship. Those candidates, who belongs to SC/ST/OBC category and are not able to do higher study due to their financial problem, for those candidates CCS University has declared Scholarship Scheme. Get CCS University Scholarship easily to fulfill your dreams and getting higher education. You can apply for upcoming CCS University Scholarship 2018 by filling CCS University Online Registration Form on or before the last date. You can submit CCS University Scholarship Application by following instructions stated below.
CCS University Scholarship Scheme will be provided to all those Students who are studying in BCA, BBA, B.Sc., BA, M.Sc., MA, M.Com, B.Ed., etc.,. So, submit application form as soon as possible to have this brilliant opportunity. CCS University gives the different amount to the different category like SC/ ST/ OBC/ PH. Government of India wants to enhance the number of qualified candidates under post graduate courses in the country through such programs. We the team of www.recruitmentinboxx.com is providing complete details about CCS University Scholarship Programme on this page, so please have a look below.
CCS University Scholarship
CCSU Scholarship Eligibility Criteria:
- Students must be studying in any degree college recognized by CCS University Meerut.
- Candidates must be the student of nay course i.e. BCA, BBA, B.Sc., BA, M.Sc., MA, M.Com, B.Ed., etc offered by this university.
- Family income of the student from all sources should be less than Rs. 1,00,000/-(Rupees one lakh only) in the preceding financial year.
- Applicants must also belong to reserved category such as SC/ ST/ OBC/ PH.
Read Also: 7 Reasons Why Scholarships Are Essential
Purpose of CCSU Scholarship Scheme:
Scholarship will be admissible for expenditure on payment of College Fee, purchase of syllabus books, purchase of stationery/ equipments required for the course and payment of Boarding/ Lodging charges.
Selection Process:
Selection of the students for scholarship will be made on the basis of their eligibility conditions, reserved category, and family income.
Also Check: Latest Scholarships Opportunities In India
How to fill CCS University Scholarship Online Form 2018?
- Candidates must visit to the official website that is www.ccsuniversity.ac.in
- On the home page hit the appropriate link under the "News and Updates" section
- Further download official notification by pressing appropriate link related to CCS University Scholarship
- Read this notification carefully before applying
- Then students may obtain form from regional offices
- Now fill it carefully after ensuring their eligibility
- Submit form at the same office before closing date along with the essential particulars
- Incomplete applications will not be considered by the organization
Press Here To Check CCS University Scholarship
Required Documents:
- Income Certificate
- Birth Certificate
- Domicile
- Cast Certificate
- Residence Certificate
- 10th and 12th passing certificate
- Fees deposit slip
- Affidavit: 3 for SC candidate, 2 for OBC and, 2 for general candidate.
Important Date:
Last date to submit Application form: Updating soon
Check Here: Great Ways to Win a College Scholarship
Final Note:
You may get other details regarding CCS University Scholarship 2018 for all students through this Official Link. Aspirants need to keep touch with our web portal www.recruitmentinboxx.com for latest updates regarding this programme. You can also bookmark this page by using CTRL+D, to get latest information time to time.
You May Also Like To Visit This Section
|CCS University Admission
|CCS University Syllabus
|CCS University Exam Scheme
|CCS University Previous Question Paper
|CCS University Entrance Exam
|CCS University Date Sheet
|CCS University Private Form
|CCS University Back Paper Form


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GDP in Norway
Norway - GDP
Economic output rebounds robustly in February
Economic output expanded 0.6% over the prior month in February, accounting for seasonality, contrasting the 0.5% contraction in January. The economy grew 1.1% in the rolling quarter of December–February relative to the previous quarter, which was down from the 1.6% expansion in November–January.
Mainland GDP, excluding hydrocarbon extraction and related transport, grew 0.3% in February over the previous month, after increasing 0.2% in January. In the rolling quarter of December–February, the economy grew 0.1% from the previous rolling quarter, unchanged from November–January.
In February, a strong rebound in exports supported economic activity as crude oil and natural gas exports increased 5.4% month-on-month after falling 12.6% in January. On the domestic front, private consumption accelerated, while the decline in fixed investment softened. In contrast, government consumption was flat in February, down from a 0.7% increase in January.
The economy will likely suffer in the coming months, as containment measures due to Covid-19, an expected steep rise in unemployment, and weak krone will all bite into private consumption. Moreover, depressed oil and gas prices are expected to drag on investment in the energy sector this year. Nevertheless, stronger fiscal and monetary stimulus should cushion the blow somewhat and support a quick recovery once the pandemic subsides.
Our panelists see total GDP declining 1.8% in 2020, which is down 3.9 percentage points from last month's forecast, before growing 1.7% in 2021. In terms of mainland GDP, our panelists project a contraction of 1.2% in 2020, which is down 3.0 percentage points from last month's projection, before expanding 1.7% in 2021.
Norway - GDP Data
|Economic Growth (GDP, annual variation in %)
Sample Report
5 years of economic forecasts for more than 30 economic indicators.
Norway GDP Chart
Source: Statistics Norway and FocusEconomics calculations.
Norway Facts
|Bond Yield
|-0.65 %
|Jan 01
|Exchange Rate
|-0.38 %
|Jan 01
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Economic News
Norway: Inflation ticks up in April
May 11, 2020
Consumer prices increased 0.45% in April, following March's flat reading.
Norway: Inflation ticks down in March
April 8, 2020
Consumer prices flat in March, following February's 0.1% dip.
Norway: Industrial production rebounds in February, as oil and gas extraction picks up
April 7, 2020
Industrial production increased a seasonally-adjusted 2.6% in February over the previous month, which was down from January's upwardly revised 2.2% decline (previously reported: -2.3% month-on-month). February's rise was driven by a strong rebound in the extraction and related services sector, which accounts for around 65% of industrial production in Norway.
Norway: Economic output rebounds robustly in February
April 7, 2020
Economic output expanded 0.6% over the prior month in February, accounting for seasonality, contrasting the 0.5% contraction in January.
Norway: Krone sinks to fresh all-time low in March and outlook appears bleak
March 27, 2020
On 20 March, after Norges Bank cut rates by an unprecedented 75 basis points, the krone ended the day at 12.57 per EUR, marking a record low.


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Production volume at Magyar Suzuki Rt's plant in Esztergom, north Hungary increased 54% in the first quarter compared to the same period last year, business daily Világgazdaság reported on Wednesday.
The new Suzuki SX4 sports utility vehicle, which the unit started making in March, has seen big demand: 6,700 of the vehicles rolled off the assembly line in March alone, but the plant could still not fill all orders. The company aims to produce an annual 300,000 vehicles, including Swift and Wagon R+ models as well as SX4 models, by 2008. In 2006, the plant will turn out 170,000 vehicles.
Suzuki plans to spend Ft 46 billion on investments at it Hungarian unit in 2006, compared to Ft 60 billion in 2005. The company employs 3,000 people at its base in Esztergom.


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Table of contents
Rule 82 Obligations with respect to claims
1 A Member shall:
a) promptly notify the Association of any event which may give rise to a claim upon the Association, and of any formal enquiry into a loss or casualty involving the Ship;
b) upon the occurrence of any event which may give rise to a claim upon the Association, take and continue to take all such steps as may be reasonable, including the preservation of any right of recourse against a third party, for the purpose of averting or minimising any liability, loss, cost or expense in respect whereof he may be insured by the Association;
c) notify and, if possible, consult the Association prior to taking any action as described in Rule 82.1(b) above;
d) promptly provide the Association with all documents and information which may be relevant to such event and which are required to enable the Association to determine whether the event is covered according to these Rules;
e) allow the Association or its appointees to interview any person who in the opinion of the Association may have knowledge relevant to the event;
f) not without the prior consent of the Association admit liability for or settle any claim for which he may be insured by the Association.
2 If a Member commits a breach of any of these obligations:
a) the Association may reject any claim, or reduce the sum payable, in relation to such event; and
b) the Member shall reimburse to the Association such part of any costs or expenses incurred by the Association in relation to such event as the Association shall determine.
3 The Association shall have the right if it so decides to control or direct the conduct of any claim or legal or other proceedings relating to any liability, loss, cost or expense in respect whereof the Member is or may be insured, in whole or in part, and to instruct, on behalf of the Member, lawyers and other advisers and experts to assist and to require the Member to settle, compromise or otherwise dispose of such claim or proceedings in such manner and upon such terms as the Association sees fit, provided that no actions or directions of the Association shall imply an obligation to cover the liability, loss, cost or expense. If the Member does not settle, compromise or dispose of a claim or of proceedings after being required to do so by the Association, any recovery by the Member from the Association in respect of such claim or proceedings shall be limited to the amount he would have recovered if he had acted as required by the Association.
4 A Member shall, in respect of a dispute which falls under the cover, for his own account, obtain information, make calculations, attend meetings and otherwise provide assistance, where such work can be performed by him or by persons employed by him or regularly engaged by him to perform such services.


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Online Coffee Tasting
Most of the US is respecting stay-at-home orders so we can beat the spread ..Read More »
I love Portland, Oregon and I wish I spent more time here. Any major city can host a festival dedicated solely to craft chocolate, and chocolate education. But in Oregon, there are so many craft chocolatiers and cacao roasters operating locally, they can fill a convention center. Dave Cook, owner of the Fire Roasted Coffee Company, and my original coffee roaster of choice when I lived in Canada, was the first to bring to my attention the many similarities between coffee and chocolate.
ChocolateFest is an annual event hosted by the World Forestry Center, and this is its seventh year. The mission of the WFC is simple: educate and inform people about the world's forests and trees, and environmental sustainability. On their campus in Portland's Washington Park for the first ChocolateFest, they attracted over 1,000 people. Last year, over 8,000 people.
Even before entering ChocolateFest, guests are provided with education on the cacao tree, fruit, and seed, and its transformation into the chocolate we know and love.Recognized at the Food Network Awards, Portland loves cuisine of any kind, and appreciation of chocolate is no exception. The people came out to sample from local chocolatiers, learn more about chocolate, and buy pounds of it.
Exhibitors used many ways to stand out in the crowd. An exhibitor wouldn't get by selling chocolate bars alone. It takes a different angle, either a variety of origins, unique packaging, or in this case, something visual. One exhibitor was not providing samples, a huge mistake at this show!
A Lesson in Chocolate…
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Interactive Notebooks (ISN)
This year you will keep a notebook called the Interactive Student Notebook (ISN). Your ISN will serve as a working portfolio of your progress in Social Studies. You will use the Interactive Student Notebook to record your assignments, notes, homework, warm-ups, and vocabulary.
The purpose of the Interactive Student Notebook is to:
- Organize notes, class work, and homework into a working portfolio.
- Involve students in "making sense" of their notes visually.
- Develop student reading and note-taking skills.
- Teach students "approaches to learning" that will prepare them for success in school!
What goes in my notebook?
- Activities
- Warm ups
- Class notes (ex. Cornell notes, graphic organizers, foldable, worksheets)
- Homework
What materials will I need to create an Interactive Student Notebook?
- A five subject notebook
- Markers, colored pencils, scissors, Glue sticks, scotch tape (These are provided for you in class)
General Guidelines
- Do not put work for other classes in your Social Studies Interactive Student Notebook.
- An important part of your notebook is its visual appearance. You notebook should be NEAT! Each entry should be titled and dated. Your artistic and organizational skills should be visible throughout the notebook.
Organizing Your Notebook
- We will set aside one day in class to organize your notebook. Students will be responsible for maintaining an organized notebook.
- All handouts will be glued into the notebook.
"Tips for Success"
- Bring your notebook to class every day!
- Label and date everything in your notebook
- Use color- the notebook is a visual student tool! Color should be meaningful, helping to organize and illustrate your notes.
- Use glue sparingly- it becomes difficult to write on the backside when you use too much glue! A dot is a lot; a glob is a slob!
- If you run out of room on a page, use the back of the sheet.
How will I be graded on my Interactive Student Notebook?
Notebooks will be peer graded once each unit. Notebooks will be graded on thoroughness, quality, organization, and visual appeal. In addition to grades for individual assignments, each notebook grade will be worth a Coursework Grade of 20%.
What happens if I am absent?
All class notes and notebook assignments should be included, even for days when you are absent. If you are absent, it is your responsibility to obtain notebook assignments from a homework partner or responsible classmate. Remember it is YOUR responsibility to obtain notebook assignments if you are absent.
What happens if I lose my notebook?
Your notebook should be your pride and joy. Professionals cannot do their job without the proper instruments, and you cannot be successful in this class without your Interactive Notebook. It's your responsibility to make sure your notebook is with you every day and will work towards your success in this course.
We acknowledge that we have read and discussed the requirements for the Interactive Student Notebook. (Please Sign)
Student signature Parent/Guardian signature


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Monthly deficits have exploded since passage of the tax cut and Congressional Budget Busting Agreement. However, June was a tax collection month, padding the Treasury's cash account. That allowed the Treasury to pay down a few T-bills in June. But there was still a big year to year increase in supply. Despite that, stocks and bonds both rallied. Here's what that means.
Treasury Pro Trader subscribers (or Professional Edition), click here to download the report.
Liquidity moves markets!Follow the money. Find the profits!
Subscribe to and read this report in the Treasury Supply and Demand Pro Trader, risk free for 90 days.
Enter your email address in the form to receive email notification when Treasury Supply and Demand reports are posted. Select the reports for which you want to be notified from the list in the form.


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- Name:
- Ms Maria Nolan
- Email address:
- email@example.com
- Thesis title:
- China's Zhai: Exploring the Use of a Social Label among Young Urban Chinese (working title)
- Year of Study:
- 3
Internal Supervisors
PhD candidate at the Department of Anthropology and Sociology, SOAS
PhD Research
The aim of my research is to explore - ethnographically - a recent phenomenon, zhai, in contemporary China. A popular word on the Chinese Internet and among young urban Chinese in recent years, zhai, which can be literally translated as 'residence', refers to a tendency towards staying indoors. This study examines, through the lens of zhai, notions of self, family, and home among Chinese youth, and explores the ways in which new digital technologies are shaping their world.


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PasTmon 0.10-1 reviewDownload
PasTmon project measure the transaction response times of your web and application servers
PasTmon project measure the transaction response times of your web and application servers. Perform continuous passive monitoring of network traffic.
Record historical data of measurements in a backend database and present via a PHP based web front-end.
PasTmon is a passive network traffic analyser that can measure user transaction response times of web, ftp, dns, irc, pop, mail, postgresql, and mysql database servers.
You can even define your own signature rules to monitor custom TCP based applications. PasTmon is a server administrator's tool for measuring application performance and response times.
The `configure' shell script attempts to guess correct values for various system-dependent variables used during compilation.
It uses those values to create a `Makefile' in each directory of the package. It may also create one or more `.h' files containing system-dependent definitions.
Finally, it creates a shell script `config.status' that you can run in the future to recreate the current configuration, a file `config.cache' that saves the results of its tests to speed up
reconfiguring, and a file `config.log' containing compiler output (useful mainly for debugging `configure').
If you need to do unusual things to compile the package, please try to figure out how `configure' could check whether to do them, and mail diffs or instructions to the address given in the `README' so they can be considered for the next release.
If at some point `config.cache' contains results you don't want to keep, you may remove or edit it.
The file `configure.in' is used to create `configure' by a program called `autoconf'. You only need `configure.in' if you want to change it or regenerate `configure' using a newer version of `autoconf'.
The simplest way to compile this package is:
1. `cd' to the directory containing the package's source code and type `./configure' to configure the package for your system.
If you're using `csh' on an old version of System V, you might need to type `sh ./configure' instead to prevent `csh' from trying to execute
`configure' itself.
Running `configure' takes awhile. While running, it prints some messages telling which features it is checking for.
2. Type `make' to compile the package.
3. Optionally, type `make check' to run any self-tests that come with the package.
4. Type `make install' to install the programs and any data files and documentation.
5. You can remove the program binaries and object files from the source code directory by typing `make clean'. To also remove the files that `configure' created (so you can compile the package for a different kind of computer), type `make distclean'.
There is also a `make maintainer-clean' target, but that is intended mainly for the package's developers. If you use it, you may have to get all sorts of other programs in order to regenerate files that came with the distribution.
What's New in This Release:
This release fixes rule match ambiguity in the tcpsynack plugin, a bug caused by debug code in the tcpsynack plugin, and timezone issues with plots.
PasTmon 0.10-1 search tags