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Francis Anekwe Oborji: Interpretations Of Signs Of The Times Are Not Prophecy [MUST READ]
The end-of-year prophecies of some popular Neo-Pentecostal pastors and priest-healers of the Miracle-Healing Centers in Nigeria, is no longer a news. This New Year 2019 is no different. The social media is already awash with such prophecies of the pastors and priest-healers for the New Year.
"Many will say to me, 'Lord, Lord, did we not prophecy in your name, drive out demons in your name, work many miracles in your name?' Then I shall tell them to their faces: I have never known you; away from me, all evil doers" (Matthew 7: 15, 22-23).
The question is, 'Since when has the readings of signs of times by religious leaders (pastors and priests) at election time, or any other time for that matter, translated into prophecy or prophetism in Christian tradition?' When has the personal thoughts or rather interpretation of signs of times of a country's political situation at election time or even outside it, become prophecies?
These are some of the questions, we wish to address in the present article. The swooping of readings of signs of times for prophecies by the powerful pastors and priest-healers of the Miracle-Healing Centers in Nigeria, questions our understanding of Christian theology of prophecy and history of prophecy in the African Independent Churches, which the present Neo-Pentecostalism and healing centers in the country, are an offshoot.
The fact that political election time in Nigeria has been turned into bumper-harvest of prophecies for most of the pastors and priest-healers of the Miracle-Healing Centers, need to be viewed critically for what they are. They need to be evaluated from the point of view of Biblical and theological teachings on prophecy as well as from the danger such a development poses to the future of African Christianity.
In this case, therefore, I would like to refer the reader to our previous article on prophecy and prophetism in the Nigerian context, published in this column, under the title: "At A Time Like This in Nigeria … Where Are the Prophets." In that article, we discussed at length the Biblical teachings and theological nuances on prophecy and prophets. We distinguished true prophets from false prophets, and thereafter, showed the differences between prophets and social activists. That social activism is not prophecy in Biblical tradition and Christian theology.
In the present article, however, we intend to highlight briefly, the danger of taking as prophecy, our interpretations of signs of times in political matters. However, in future article, we hope to relate our discussion in the present one to prophecy and prophetism in the first generation African Independent Churches, which scholars have described as anti-colonial religious movements, and therefore, as the beginning of true prophetism in African Christianity. We shall in our next article, discuss how the present practice of prophetism in Neo-Pentecostal African churches and healing centers is a departure from what has been recognized by scholars as true prophetism of the first generation African Independent Churches.
The Problem
As usual, the pastors and priest-healers of the Neo-Pentecostal Miracle-Healing Centers in Nigeria have since, December 31, 2018, being releasing a list of what they called prophecies, which they claimed God communicated to them for the New Year 2019. Unfortunately, their so-called prophecies for the New Year 2019 ended up being their personal interpretation or rather thinking on the current political climate of the country, namely, 2019 general elections: 'Who and who, and which political party will win or lose this or that post during the 2019 elections?'
The most worrisome aspect of it all is that even the political class are themselves patronizing these pastors turned prophets. Such that the poor masses are not the only victims of these "charlatan prophet-pastors", but even our politicians, the ruling class of the nation have also become their regular clients. They are the ones our political leaders rush to during political campaigns for endorsement.
The miracle centers and churches of these pastors and healers have since become a new "Mecca", a pilgrimage kind of center for our politicians and government functionaries. The miracle centers and churches have become the most privileged arenas for political campaigns and endorsements of candidates for election. Politicians go to these miracle centers to seek popular approval and endorsement of the pastor-prophets.
Of course, what does one expect in a country, where the government does not care an inch for its citizens any more, churches have become a unique arena where the politicians can meet a big crowd of people in different places for electioneering campaign. In normal countries, governments and politicians assess their popularity through the influence of government policies with the masses in workplaces and in the area of social development, security and general welfare of all the citizens of the country concerned. People vote during elections depending on how the government in power and political class have performed in these basic areas of governance.
But today, how many people are employed in Nigeria through government efforts and enabling environment? What of security? How many innocent citizens have terrorists organizations such as Boko Haram and Fulani herdsmen murdered, their villages and communities destroyed by these terror groups in the last four years alone. How many of these terrorists have the Nigerian government brought to book? None at all. Rather the government is busy defending the actions of these terrorists, while playing politics when it comes to defending the vulnerable communities of the indigenous populations.
And with the election at the corner, the only preoccupation of the ruling class is for reelection or winning at the polls. Today the Islamic fundamentalist terrorists' groups, Boko Haram and Fulani herdsmen are busy massacring the indigenous populations of Zamfara State and those of the Middle Belt region, among others. Yet, there is no serious efforts seen on the part of government and the ruling political class to address this state of insecurity that has become the lot of the country since the present dispensation.
What is obvious is that Nigeria has become another Somalia in Africa, and is now ranked the third most terrorist country in the world after Iraq and Afghanistan. Moreover, the closest ally Nigeria is touting today is no other country than Sudan, a country that is suspected to be the hub or rather the training ground for Islamic terrorist groups like ISIS and Boko Haram in Africa.
In spite of these security challenges, the government and the ruling political class are only preoccupied with elections and reelections. The local communities of indigenous populations where these terror groups operate, now live on the "mercy of God." For these vulnerable indigenous populations, it is as if the Nigerian state is no longer for them.
In normal countries and in advanced societies, politicians and governments assess their popularity with the masses through how they have improved the standard of living of the people while in power. That is, how government in power had impacted on social and economic developments of the people, especially in the following areas: security, employment, education, healthcare, transport (good network of roads, railways, airports, and seaports of international standard). Other areas of popular assessment of government performance for support at election times, include: respect for human and people's rights, freedom of expression, freedom of worship, freedom of movement, rule of law and order, justice to all, social cohesion, etc.
But because these fundamental role of the state to its citizens are no longer respected in Nigeria by both government in power and the political ruling class, people feel alienated from the Nigerian state and government. Only when election time arrives, do politicians remember that the people exist. Moreover, since there is no other place politicians could meet the people en masse except in churches and miracle centers of popular pastors, they do everything possible to win the friendship of the powerful pastors and priest-healers during election time. This is the reason why politicians of major political parties do everything possible to lure the powerful pastors and priest-healers to their corner, to secure their endorsement for election or reelection.
This is why also election time has become a kind of "harvest season" for the pastors and priest-healers. The clever ones among them go for the highest bidder among the politicians. They tie their support and endorsement of any politician and political party to the highest bidder among the contending candidates or political parties. The recent incident involving a popular priest-healer at Enugu and the insult he rained on a Vice-Presidential candidate of People's Democratic Party (PDP), during an 'arranged Bazar" at the former's famous "Adoration Center", is an egregious example.
The situation is even worse among some famous Pastors or rather General Overseers of some of the Neo-Pentecostal Churches in Nigeria. The popular pastors of these churches go to the extent of putting forward their own candidates for political elective posts like Vice-President, Senator, etc., as condition for supporting any candidate or party. Often most of the members of the church of the General Overseer that he trades for political elective posts are themselves pastors. So that today in Nigeria, we have Christian pastors in partisan politics, holding such elective offices like vice-president of the nation, senators, governors, etc.
Some powerful General Overseers frequent Aso Rock (Presidential Villa) in Abuja at will, and in each visit would make public statement in solidarity with the government in power. This is even when it is obvious to every Dick and Harry that the government in power is not doing well at all, especially, with regard to security of lives and property of Christians and indigenous populations in the country (majority of whom are Christians).
In spite of this, however, the pastor prophets, General Overseers and priest-healers will continue to sing praises of the government in power. In their end-of-year prophecies, we see them predicting victory at the forthcoming elections for a tyrant and dictatorial regime.
Moreover, the e-warrior-pastors of the miracle workers and prophets are not left out in the game. With the coming of social media, gifted pastors who publish articles constantly on social media and online Newspapers about their own healing and miracle gifts and powers are also on the game. The e-warrior-pastors are often contacted by desperate politicians and political parties. An e-pastor, however, may decide on his or her own to bend his writings and articles in online Newspapers in favor of a particular political party or candidate.
In whichever case, however, clever politicians and political parties don't miss out contacting such e-warrior-pastors for online endorsement and patronage. This is why at election time like these days, it is not unusual to see write-ups and end-of-year prophecies of the e-pastors and prophets, endorsing and singing praises of a particular candidate or political party. When something of this kind begins to happen, know that money has exchanged hands between the e-pastor himself and the politician or political party involved.
All this implies that most of the pastors, General Overseers and priest-healers, who dish-out what they usually, call "end-of-year prophecies", do so because of monetary inducement. These are pastors and priest-healers who have fallen into the trappings of partisan politicians. They are now victims of Nigeria's corrupt political class.
Most of these pastors and priest-healers have since dabbled into partisan politics. This is why some of them don't see anything wrong any more in coming out in public, in the name of prophecy, to declare that this particular "candidate" or political party is going to win the presidential, gubernatorial or whatever elective post during the forthcoming elections. This is what they call "prophecy" in Nigeria today!
In this case, it is no longer the pastor or priest as a minister of God that is talking, but rather someone under the influence of monetary inducement and political deceit of the ruling class. The monetary gift or pact he might have entered with the candidate or political party in question, is now the driving force in his life. He is now acting like someone under "possession", to use their own terminology. Such a pastor is no longer in control of his senses. In fact, he needs "deliverance", another term of theirs.
Thus, part of the so-called prophecy of such a pastor or priest-healer is to predict the victory of the candidate or political party in question. It is a prophecy made to favor the highest bidder among the politicians that might have visited the individual pastor's church or miracle center before the elections.
Interpretations of Signs of Times are not Prophecy
Our contention is that there is nothing prophetic about this type of "prophecy." Interpretations or rather personal thoughts of pastors and priest-healers on political situation of the country have nothing to do with prophecy and prophetism in Christian tradition. In fact, the word "prophecy" should in no anyway be used to describe such things.
Again, endorsement of politicians or prediction of a winner at political elections by pastors and priest-healers are neither prophetic nor are they prophecy. At best, they are a kind of spiritual "fraud", happening nowadays in those miracle-healing centers where their pastors have turned into prophets for political parties and politicians of the highest bidder for monetary enrichment and lust for political influence in the society.
Prophecy has nothing to do with moneymaking venture of the pastors and priest-healers of the miracle-healing centers in Nigeria or elsewhere today. There is no difference between such pastors or priest-healers with the Biblical Simon Magus who thought with money one can purchase the gift of the Holy Spirit and healing (Acts 8:9-25).
St. Paul in his Letter to Colossians warned Christians to be aware of such charlatan pastor-prophets:
"Do not allow yourselves to be cheated by anyone who claims to be superior because of special visions, and insist on false humility and worship of angels. Such a person is all puffed up, for no reason at all, by his own human way of thinking, and has stopped holding on to Christ, who is the head." (Colossians 2:18-19).
In other words, what some of the pastors and priest-healers dish out to the public, as prophecies for the New Year are nothing else, but their personal thoughts and readings of the current political situation of Nigeria! Their personal interpretation of popular signs emanating from the country's present charged political atmosphere, are presented to the public as prophecies.
In other words, these pastors are taking their human thoughts on Nigeria's political reality as prophecy for the New Year. It is to such pastors that St. Paul was asking to desist from their deceptive act in the Letter to the Colossians cited above.
These pastors, instead of telling their adherents that these are their personal thoughts and interpretation of the country's current political situation, would rather bring God into it. They twist their personal concocted thoughts and readings of the signs of times as prophecies, and say, they are "what God communicated to them to tell the people." The individual pastor tells his congregation that those things (his personal thoughts), he claimed God had communicated to him ("prophecies"), are the things that will happen during the New Year. What a deceit of the devil?
Unfortunately, these pastors and their prophecies are the ones that receive publicity and attention in the mainline Nigerian media and Newspapers. Not much attempt are made to advice the public about the seemingly dubious nature behind all those things being presented as prophecies for the New Year.
The uninformed public have continued to be deceived by the charlatan practices of the self-acclaimed prophets. This is in addition to the fact that most of our poor masses who frequent the miracle-healing centers of these pastors and priest-healers have often time been victims of other forms of deceptive and clandestine activities going on there.
The most painful aspect of it all is that these pastors are the ones our ruling class and politicians are dinning with, and often consult on governance issues in the country. No wonder, Nigeria has continued to retrogress instead of progressing as a modern nation state.
Our world of academia, professionals of different fields of human endeavor, university professors, researchers, experts in science and technology, political and economic scientists, have been relegated to the background. The prophecies of the charlatan pastors are the thing that matter most for our politicians and ruling class nowadays in Nigeria. What a tragedy!
Those who call the shot today in Nigeria are pastors and prophets of miracle-workers. What a painful thing that has befallen a country blessed with the highest number of highly educated men and women, talented professionals in all fields of human endeavor in the whole of Africa and even beyond?
Presently, in spite of poor image of Nigeria at the international arena caused by failed leadership at home, our talented and educated men and women are like hotcake for industrialists, educational and medical institutions as well as companies of many countries of the world. But in their own fatherland (Nigeria), charlatan pastors and prophets of miracle-healing centers command more respect of the ruling class and politicians than the home-grown trained professionals in the world of academia and field of scientific and technological research? Again, what a tragedy?
Talented Nigerians, who are thousands in their numbers, are making strides in their chosen professions in different countries of the developed world today where they live. Yet, there is no space for them in Nigeria, no enabling environment for them to utilize their potentials fully in their homeland. Nobody, not even the government and the ruling class cares for them. They are like abandoned group of people.
No wonder most of our talented men and women in various fields of human endeavors have decided to go on self-imposed exile in other countries where their talents are better cherished and appreciated than remain languishing in agony in Nigeria. This is the root cause of the so-called brain-drain of Nigerian talents, which is occasioned by ineptitude leadership and enthronement of mediocrity at the center of Nigeria's governance culture and political system: The preference of the government at the center to mediocrity instead of promoting meritocracy is the bane of Nigerian state.
This is what ineptitude, corrupt and mediocre government has brought to Nigeria, a government that has no regard for its own citizens, a government that discriminates against its own citizens on basis of primitive and divisive elements of ethnicity and religious differences.
This is Nigeria where its government disowns his own youths who are struggling as immigrants in the hostile nations of Western Hemisphere and the Asian Giants. The Nigerian government prioritizes charlatan pastors to talented professionals and professors in the world of academia.
The question is, what a future has this type of country in the community of nations today? In such a circumstance, under what basis should one be discussing of moving Nigeria forward in indigenous technology, development in science and education?
In a country where its political class is controlled by the spells of charlatan pastor-prophets, what future has such a country in our modern world today?
Francis Anekwe Oborji is a Roman Catholic Priest. He lives in Rome where he is a Professor of missiology (mission theology) in a Pontifical University. He runs a column on The Trent. He can be reached by email HERE.
The opinions expressed in this article are solely those of the author.
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First, I want to say how excited I am about the response to this upcoming challenge. I think it is going to be amazing. I already have all 52 topics ready to go for the year. God gave them all to me one morning very quickly. It was awesome. I have completed two of the challenges, and I must say, I get totally engrossed in the topic and finding scripture. I am enjoying it, and I pray you will too. I am very, very excited about it! Also, it is never too late to sign up for the challenge. Spread the word. People can join anytime through the year. I am excited to have anyone that wants to join us!
Many of you have asked for more specific details on the challenges. I have e-mailed you all but I thought I would post here so that everyone has an idea of what we will be doing. Each week I will post a subject/topic. You will then find your favorite scripture or new scripture relating to that topic. You will then alter your card or create your scrapbook page with that scripture or scriptures. I have found that I can fit two scriptures on the 7Gypsies cards. Usually I find more than one favorite scripture. I can't just settle for one! Ha! Anyway, hopefully through the year you will be building your own library of favorite scriptures.
Start date: Our first challenge will go out on Monday, January 7th. I will actually post it on the Faith Sisters blog and my blog sometime on Sunday, January 6th; however, Feedblitz (our subscription service) will not deliver it to your e-mail box until Monday morning. So if you are a subscriber to either blog, you should receive your challenges in your mailbox sometime each Monday morning beginning January 7th. I can't wait!
Update on 7Gypsies Holders: For those of you that have placed an order with Lisa, she told me that they were shipped to her on Nov. 16th; however, with the Thanksgiving holiday, she will not receive them until Monday, Nov. 26th. She will then send you an invoice and get your holders shipped out to you!
Also, for those of you that will be covering the 7Gypsies cards with patterned paper, I have found that a Rolodex punch is very handy. The holes are not spaced the same as the 7Gypsies cards; however, I just punch one side at a time to get the spacing I want. Simple and easy. I also don't punch through more than one layer at a time. I generally punch my patterned paper separately from the card before gluing the patterned paper on the card. It is a plastic punch so I wouldn't want it to break. Works fast and easy for me. I found my Rolodex punch locally at Office Max for around $6. They also have them online at officemax.com.
For those of you that want a 7Gypsies holder but have not reserved one, Lisa is expecting another shipment of 200 of them on December 12th. She ships right away so you would still have time to order a holder from her and receive it in time for January 7th.
I think that is my update for now. I am very excited to see what God will do with this challenge through the year. I pray that each of you has a blessed and joyous Thanksgiving!
Wednesday, November 21, 2007
2008 Scripture Challenge {Update}
This blog post faithfully created by Patter Cross at 4:29 AM
Labels: Scripture Challenge
1 comment:
- Tammy said...
Sounds great Patter...already have my 7 Gypsies ATC Holder and can't wait to get started!
- November 21, 2007 at 8:42 AM
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Learn where we are located and come visit us!
Our Address & Info
Oregon City United Pentecostal Church
949 South End Road
Oregon City, OR 97045
Office: (503) 656-9265
Email Us
A United Pentecostal Church
Learn where we are located and come visit us!
Oregon City United Pentecostal Church
949 South End Road
Oregon City, OR 97045
Office: (503) 656-9265
Email Us
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Medtronic, Inc. (NYSE:MDT) announced today the completion of enrollment in the PRESTIGE(R) LP Cervical Disc clinical trial, Medtronic's third major artificial cervical (neck) disc trial designed to explore new technologies for the treatment of degenerative spine disease. The information gathered from this clinical trial will help support an application to the FDA for future commercial sale of the device in the United States.
Business Wire (http://home.businesswire.com/portal/site/google/index.jsp?ndmViewId=news_view&newsId=20051207005162&newsLang=en)


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Dear IFRTT colleagues,
This is my first message to you as the new IFRTT Vice President Australasia & Pacific. I wish to thank Dr John de Pont for his service in this position and for nominating me as his replacement.
As there is never a dull moment in Australian road freight transport, I would like to use this opportunity to inform you all of some recent developments that demonstrate our commitment to continuous improvement of the road transport system.
In February 2019 the Heavy Vehicle National Law (HVNL) will have been in operation for five years. It was introduced to overcome the cross-border inconsistencies that had been a burden on our industry when heavy vehicles were independently regulated by the six states and two territories. Nonetheless, with various inconsistencies surviving in the HVNL, and with Western Australia and the Northern Territory yet to sign on as parties to it, you can appreciate that we have some way to go before we can claim true cross-border consistency. In May 2018 transport ministers agreed to bring forward a planned review of the HVNL by the National Transport Commission. This is already underway, with an expert panel and various working groups being formed. Stakeholder consultation and policy agreement is scheduled for completion in 2019 and legislative drafting is scheduled for completion in 2020. For more information about the HVNL Review: https://www.ntc.gov.au/heavy-vehicles/safety/review-of-the-heavy-vehicle-national-law/
At an industry briefing convened by the National Transport Commission this week, passions were ignited when the subject turned to how the HVNL manages road access permit applications. Long turnaround times and unfavourable decisions were discussed at length, indicating that this subject will no doubt form a significant part of the HVNL Review. Working as a consultant in road access for High Productivity Freight Vehicles (HPFVs) I have often decried the fact that the HVNL does not formally recognise an application for road access until after a vehicle is constructed. In the world of HPFVs, where there can be uncertainty around bridge load limitations and opaque state government policy, many road access applications are speculative and therefore do not align well with the intended order of operations written into the HVNL. I hope that the HVNL Review will make it possible for road access to be determined as a first step in the process of bringing a HPFV onto the road, and that this can be a faster and more streamlined process than it currently is.
Meanwhile, two state government initiatives have recently paved the way for better HPFV road access:
In Victoria, where much work has been done to develop pre-approved road networks for A-doubles up to 30.0 metres long, the State Road Authority (VicRoads) has recently released a pre-approved road network for A-doubles up to 36.5 metres long. Features of the new network include identification of rest areas suitable for 36.5-metre-long combinations, and swept path capacity of geometrically-constrained intersections where individual vehicle performance may need to be considered. For more information about Victoria's 36.5-metre A-double network: https://www.vicroads.vic.gov.au/business-and-industry/heavy-vehicle-industry/heavy-vehicle-map-networks-in-victoria
In Queensland, where approximately 200 A-doubles up to 30 metres long have been operating under permit on an approved route connecting the outback with the Port of Brisbane via the regional centre of Toowoomba, the State Road Authority (Department of Transport and Main Roads) has now issued a Gazette Notice that removes the need to apply for a permit for operation up to 81.5 tonnes on this route. For more information about the new Gazette Notice: https://www.nhvr.gov.au/files/c2018g00795-qld-class-2-pbs-toowoomba-to-port-of-brisbane-authorisation-notice-2018-no1.pdf
Initiatives like these are indicative of Australia's incremental transition towards an optimal road freight transport system, and I'm proud to be a part of this transition.
|Kind regards
Rob Di Cristoforo
IFRTT Vice President Australasia & Pacific
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- Photo series "Doorway Galleries" documents the spray-painted, stenciled, and stickered doorways of NYC buildings. [BK Mag]
- Active uses, street furniture, and first-floor windows–are these the three traits shared by the city's most walkable streets? [CityLab]
- A mysterious building on West 31st Street is the last remnant of the original Penn Station. [Scouting NY]
- This device for cell phone addicts locks your phone away during the most valuable times of day. [Yanko Design]
- Have a look at "Trump Force One," Donald Trump's private jet. [Business Insider]
Images: Doorway Galleries by Adel Souto (L); Original Penn Station (R)
Tags : Donald Trump, Original Penn Station


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Made TeleDodge, Monotaur, [SiC], and WayDown! ThreeStep will be available October 18. You should check out our Website, or our Twitter profile for frequent development updates.
Follow CakeNeq Games on Facebook
Also feel free to follow Wyatt's personal account, where he complains and yells about programming and politics and movies and stuff.
Follow @wy477wh173 on Twitter (the guy who codes the games)
Enjoy and good luck!
Our main series of games, ranging from really bad to not nearly as bad


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"I like to wear very low-cut shirts, preferably without a bra if I can keep my boobs in, and short skirts because I have long legs, too. I'm not just about boobs, you know. I've got the legs, too. I love wearing high, spiked heels."
Diane Poppos has legendary status in the world of big-boobs. When she returned briefly to modeling after an absence of nine years, her famous tits had grown even bigger and her figure had become fleshier.
The editor of Voluptuous magazine added Diane to his list of the 25 greatest models in V-mag history (September '18 Voluptuous), calling her the "queen of the big-titted housewives."
See More of Diane Poppos at PORNMEGALOAD.COM!


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When I was a young person, I dreamed of becoming an Australian Aborigine and living in the Outback. Then I discovered the great white shark, and it destroyed my Australia dreams forever (I was five). Despite this setback, it was always my dream to see the world and become a global citizen, to not feel tied down to one nation, ideology or creed. At 28 years old, there are a lot of places that I have seen and places that I want to see:
- Europe–
England, Scotland, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Ireland, Lithuania, Switzerland, Finland, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Malta, Iceland
- Asia– India, South Korea, Malaysia, Japan, Nepal
- Africa–
Morocco, Egypt, Kenya, Ghana, Nigeria, Mali, Benin, Mauritius, Seychelles, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Comoros, Djibouti, Gabon, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, São Tomé & Príncipe
- Oceania– New Zealand, Tahiti
- Caribbean– Cuba
- North America– Mexico, Canada
- South America– Argentina, Chile, Peru, Easter Island, Bolivia, Ecuador, Brazil, Paraguay, Venezuela
- Central America– Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador
- Middle East– Lebanon, Jordan
Some of these places are completely unsafe at the moment (those in italics), but I still want to visit them once they become more stable/travel bans are lifted. What counties have you seen? Where would you recommend, especially if you are a minority and/or a woman?


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March 06, 2018
CSHQA's 2018 Officers and Directors
Steve B. Wakeman, AIA has been elected to the CSHQA Board of Directors. Wakeman, Sacramento Area Managing Architect, joined the firm in 2005 and became a Principal Stockholder in 2017. Kent A. Hanway, AIA and John D. Maulin, AIA were re-confirmed as President and Executive Vice President, respectively. Jim M. Otradosky, AIA, LEED AP BD+C was re-confirmed as Corporate Secretary and Amy K. Dockter, PE will continue as Corporate Treasurer.
Craig A. Slocum, AIA, Martin A. Hahle, AIA, Mark G. Gier, AIA, and Patrizia Morgan Norberg, AIA round off CSHQA's Board of Directors.


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Answer: 1
The minimum number of straight lines requires to connect the nine points above without lifting the pen or retracing is
1. 3
2. 4
3. 5
4. 6
Answer: 2
Q-5. Let A, B be the ends of the longest diagonal of the unit cube. The length of the shortest path from A to B along the surface is
4. 3
Answer: 3
Q-6. How many digits are there in when it is expressed in the decimal form?
1. Three
2. Six
3. Seven
4. Eight
Answer: 4
Q-7. A circle drawn in the x-y coordinate plane passes through the origin and has chords of lengths 8 units and 7 units on the x and y axes, respectively. The coordinates of its centre are
1. (8,7)
2. (-8,7)
3. (-4,3.5)
4. (4,3.5)
Answer: 3 or 4
Q-8. There is an inner circle and an outer circle around a square. What is the ratio of the area of the outer circle to that of the inner circle?
Answer: 2
Q-9. The base diameter of a glass is 20% smaller than the diameter at the rim. The glass is filled to half the height. The ratio of empty to filled volume of the glass is
Answer: 4
Q-10. The wheel barrow with unit spacing between its wheels is pushed along a semi-circular path of mean radius 10. The difference between distances covered by the inner and outer wheels is
Answer: 3
Q-11. Write d=1 degree, r=1 radian and g=1 grad. Then which of the following is true? (100 grad =a right angle)
Answer: 3
Q-12. A vendor sells articles having a cost price of Rs.100 each. He sells these article at a premium price, which is half of the premium price, during first eight months, and at a sale price, which is half of the premium price, during next four months. He makes a net profit of 20% at the end of the year. Assuming that equal numbers of articles are sold each month, what is the premium price of the article?
1. 122
2. 144
3. 150
4. 160
Answer: 2
Q-13. The statement: "The father of my son is the only child of your parents"
1. Can never be true
2. Is true in only one type of relation
3. Can be true for more than one type of relations
4. Can be true only in a polygamous family
Answer: 2
Q-14. One is required to tile a plane with congruent regular polygons. With which of the following polygons is this possible?
1. 6-gon
2. 8-gon
3. 10-gon
4. 12-gon
Answer: 1
Q-15. Three circle of equal diameters are placed such that their centres make an equilateral triangle as in the figure
Within each circle, 50 points are randomly scattered. The frequency distribution of distances between all possible pairs of points will look as
Answer: 3
Q-16. Most Indian tropical fruit trees produce fruits in April-May. The best possible explanation for this is
1. Optimum water availability for fruit production.
2. The heat allows quicker ripening of fruit.
3. Animals have no other source of food in summer.
4. The impending monsoon provides optimum conditions for propagation.
Answer: 4
Q-17. The number of diagonals of a convex deodecagon (12-gon) is
1. 66
2. 54
3. 55
4. 60
Answer: 2
Q-18. Three boxes are colored red, blue and green and so are three balls. In how many ways can one put the balls one in each box such that no ball goes into the box of its own colour?
1. 1
2. 2
3. 3
4. 4
Answer: 2
Q-19. Decode
Answer: 4
20. The Missing number is
1. -19
2. -5
3. 9
4. -9
Answer: 1
Q-21. A planet is identical to the Earth in all respects except that its atmospheric composition is purely oxygen (instead of Earth's 80:20 mixture of nitrogen and oxygen). The scale height of such an atmosphere relative to that of the Earth is expected to be
Answer: 1
Q-22. In order to have the same value of the surface acceleration due to gravity as on Earth, a planet twice its radius must have a mean relative density of
1. 2.75
2. 5.5
3. 1.4
4. 2.25
Answer: 1
Q-23. A start which is burning/fusing mostly Hydrogen is called
1. Red giant
2. Main sequence
3. White dwarf
4. Super giant
Answer: 2
Q-24. The estimated age of the universe is
1. 4.56 billion years
2. 13.5 billion years
3. 10.1 billion years
4. 25.7 billion years
Answer: 2
Q-25. At high pressures and temperatures rocks undergo permanent ductile deformation under tectonic stresses. Such permanent strains can develop when the stress in the rocks reaches its
1. yield strength
2. tensile strength
3. ultimate strength
4. failure stress
Answer: 1
Q-26. What is the most common anion in river water?
Answer: 3
Q-27. Ni has the most tightly bound nucleus because it
1. has the highest binding energy
2. has the highest binding energy per nucleon
3. does not undergo radioactive decay
4. has a long half life
Answer: 2
Q-28. Which of the following graphs correctly depicts the decay of a radioactive parent isotope and the growth of its radiogenic daughter?
Answer: 2
Q-29. Which of the following isotope ratios get significantly fractionated during evaporation of sea water?
Answer: 2
Q-30. The relationship between the period of revolution of the planets around the Sun and their distance from the Sun is given by
1. Bede's Law
2. Kepler's Law
3. Newton's Law
4. Hubble's Law
Answer: 2
Q-31.Which one of the listed minerals is formed during weathering of rocks on the surface of the Earth?
1. Quartz
2. Bauxite
3. Feldspar
4. Muscovite
Answer: 2
Q-32. Two minerals, A and B, which do not show solution behaviour(at atomic scales) have melting temperatures' and respectively, at one atmospheric pressure. If they are physically mixed, the temperature of melting of the mixture will be around
Answer: 3
Q-33. Which of the following rocks makes most of the upper mantle of the Earth?
1. Gabbro
2. Peridotite
3. Basalt
4. Dunite
Answer: 2
Q-34. Which of the following planets has a composition very different from that of the other three?
1. Mars
2. Venus
3. Earth
4. Jupiter
Answer: 4
Q-35. Which of the following rocks is not expected to occur on the moon?
1. Anorthite
2. Norte
3. Sandstone
4. Basalt
Answer: 3
Q-36. In the Himalayan Mountain Belt, rocks are deformed. Most common deformational structures observed in this region are
1. Normal faults and tensional fractures
2. Folds and reverse faults
3. Bending folds and strike-slip faults
4. Vertical fractures and extensional folds
Answer: 2
Q-37. is crystallizing from a magma containing Which of the following diagrams correctly displays the direction (arrow) of change in the residual melt composition?
Answer: 3
38. Some minerals form solid solutions between different chemical components. This is because solid solutions, relative to mechanical mixture of the components, have
1. Higher free energy
2. Lower free energy
3. Higher covalence of bonding
4. Lower covalence of bonding
Answer: 2
39. Which of the following sets represents mechanical layering of the earth from the surface to the centre?
1. SIAL, SIMA, Mantle, Core
2. Crust, Mantle, Core
3. Lithosphere, Asthenosphere, Lower Mantle, Outer Core, Inner Core
4. Continental Crust, Oceanic Crust, Mantle, Core
Answer: 3
40. The biosphere is to a large extent protected from cosmic ray bombardment from outer space. This is due to the presence of
1. Ozone layer in the atmosphere
2. Greenhouse gases
3. Moisture of the atmosphere
4. Earth's magnetic field
Answer: 4
41. Which of the following mass extinction events in geological history is associated with the conspicuous iridium anomaly?
Answer: 3
42. Which of the following countries is situated on a divergent plate boundary?
1. Greenland
2. Indonesia
3. Japan
4. Iceland
43. Which of the following represents the oldest record of metazoan soft bodied animals?
1. Stromatolites
2. Trilobites
3. Acritarchs
4. Ediacaran fauna
44.Which one of the following represents the correct ascending order of appearance in geological history of the Earth?
1. Fishes, amphibians, reptiles, mammals
2. Amphibians, reptiles, mammals, fishes
3. Fishes, amphibians, mammals, reptiles
4. Reptiles, mammals, amphibians, fishes
45. The rate of change of sea level was maximum during
46. If a continental crust with an initial length of is stretched to a length then the stretching factor is
Answer: 3
47. On a rotating spheroidal Earth, its gravity field increases from the equator to the poles. On a non-rotating spheroidal Earth, the gravity field
1. Remains constant on the Earth's surface
2. Decreases from the equator to the poles
3. Increases from the equator to the poles
4. Decreases up to a latitude of then increases towards the poles
Answer: 3
48. An elevated land mass attaining isotactic compensation
1. Is always uplifted
2. Always undergoes subsidence
3. Is uplifted in the case of over compensation and under goes subsidence otherwise
4. Undergoes subsidence in the case of over compensation and is uplifted otherwise
Answer: 3
49. If the Earth were to have twice its present radius, without any change in its average magnetization, the magnetic field at any latitude would be
1. The same as its present value
2. Twice its present value
3. Four times its present value
4. Eight times its present values
Answer: 1
50. Two rock masses E and P of identical chemical compositions and physical properties simultaneously acquired thermoremanent magnetism (TRM) at the magnetic equator and pole, respectively. The TRM of P is then.
1. Equal to that of E, both in direction and in magnitude
2. Equal to that of E in magnitude, but normal to it in direction
3. Twice the magnitude of E, and normal to it in direction
4. Twice the magnitude of E, but parallel to it in direction
Answer: 3
51. Tsunamis are most likely to be generated when Richter scale magnitudes of earthquakes are
1. > 8 under oceans
2. > 8 under continents
3. > 8 either under oceans or continents
4. < 8 either under oceans or continents
Answer: 1
52. Compared to magnetite, hematite is
1. More magnetic and richer in iron.
2. More magnetic, but has a lower iron content.
3. Less magnetic and has a lower iron content.
4. Less magnetic, but has a higher iron content.
Answer: 3
53. The magnitude of an earthquake is determined from
1. The epicentral distance and focal depth
2. Arrival times of seismic waves at the observatories
3. Magnitude of destruction to life and property
4. Amplitude of horizontal ground motion
Answer: 4
54.Crustal thickness, either under continents or oceans, can be determined by
1. Only reflection profiling
2. Only refraction profiling
3. Neither reflection nor refraction profiling
4. Both reflection and refraction profiling
Answer: 2
55. Two planets A and B of masses M and 4Morbit around their central star at distances d and 4d respectively. Compared to A, the planet B orbits around the star
1. Twice slower.
2. Four times slower.
3. Eight times slower.
4. Sixteen times slower.
Answer: 1
56. Ekman transport occurs in the
1. Upper ocean.
2. Meso-pelagic layer.
3. Bathy-pelagic layer.
4. Ocean bottom.
Answer: 1
57. Surface salinity of the equatorial ocean is low because of
1. Advection of low salinity water from the tropical region.
2. Advection of low salinity water from the polar region.
3. Excess precipitation associated with intense atmospheric convection.
4. Excess precipitation associated with frequent cyclones.
Answer: 3
58. During the process of evaporation, ocean experiences
1. Sensible heat loss
2. Latent heat loss
3. Sensible heat gain
4. Latent heat gain
Answer: 2
59. Pycnocline indicates the vertical distribution of
1. Temperature
2. Salinity
3. Density
4. Oxygen
Answer: 3
60. Which of the following explains best the oceanic conveyor belt?
1. Zonal transport of salinity across the global ocean
2. Meridional transport of salinity across the global ocean
3. Zonal transport of heat across the global ocean
4. Meridional transport of heat across the global ocean.
Answer: 4
61. With increasing amount of anthropogenic aerosols in the atmosphere, which one of the following statements is definitely correct?
1. Less cloud forms in the atmosphere
2. Atmosphere becomes warmer
3. More radiation is reflected back to space
4. Incoming solar radiation at the surface decreases
Answer: 4
62. The average June-September rainfall in India is more
1. to the South of the monsoon trough
2. to the North of the monsoon trough
3. to the West of the monsoon trough
4. over the axis of the monsoon tough
Answer: 1
63. When averaged over the entire globe, decreasing order of surface fluxes is
1. Latent heat, sensible heat, net long wave
2. Sensible heat, latent heat, net long wave
3. Net long wave, latent heat, sensible heat
4. Latent heat, net long wave, sensible heat
Answer: 4
64. In a neutrally stable atmosphere, the lapse rate is
1. More than dry adiabatic
2. Between dry and moist adiabatic
3. Negative
4. Equal to dry adiabatic
Answer: 4
65. The amount of dissolved in seawater is constant over time, whereas that of dissolved is not. This is because
1. Biological uptake of is negligible
2. Rivers bring to the ocean but not
3. is added to the ocean by basaltic crust
4. Sea water does not dissolve
Answer: 1
66. A river channel widens downstream because the
1. Sediment load decreases
2. Gradient decreases and discharge increases
3. Lateral eroding capacity of the river increases and sediment load decreases
4. Competence of the river increases
Answer: 2
67. In comparison with normal river flow, debris flows can easily carry large boulders because of higher
1. Velocity of flow
2. Volume of flow
3. Turbulence of flow
4. Viscosity of flow
Answer: 4
68. If there is no change in the mean sea level, the submerged coast will
1. Remain unchanged
2. Retreat by erosion
3. Prograde by deposition
4. Retreat as well as prograde
Answer: 2
69. During a glacial stage, the average salinity of the ocean
1. Increases relative to the interglacial stage
2. Decreases relative to the interglacial stage
3. Does not change from that in the interglacial stage
4. Initially decreases then increases
Answer: 1
70. Which of the following oceans/seas is decreasing in its total area for the past few million years?
1. Atlantic Ocean
2. Pacific Ocean
3. Red Sea
4. Indian Ocean
71. The correct sequence that matches the following is
Sediment gravity flow
Grain support Mechanism
a. Turbidity current
p. Matrix strength
b. Debris flow
q. Fluid turbulence
c. Liquefied flow
r. Dispersive pressure
d. Grain flow
s. Escaping pore fluid
1. a-r, b-q, c-p, d-s
2. a-p, b-r, c-s, d-q
3. a-q, b-p, c-s, d-r
4. a-q, b-r, c-p, d-s
72. A Mesozoic stratigraphic sequence is characterized by the following lithounits from the bottom to the top:
Which one of the following is the probable depositional environment for the above sequence?
1. Glacial – lacustrine - eolian
2. Glacial – fluvial - eolian
3. Fluvial – tidal – shore face
4. Fluvial – lacustrine – tidal
Diagrams A, B, C and D illustrate principal kinds of biozones. The correct sequence is:
1. A: Interval biozones, B: Concurrent-range biozones, C: Assemblage biozones, D: Taxon-range biozones.
2. A: Taxon-range biozones, B: Assemblage biozones, C: Concurrent-range biozones, D: Interval biozones
3. A: Taxon-range biozones, B: Concurrent- range biozones, C: Interval biozones, D: Assemblage biozones
4. A: Concurrent-range biozones, B: Interval biozones, C: Assemblage biozones, D: Taxon range biozones
Answer: 1
74. Match the metamorphic facies in column I with the mineral assemblage in column II
A. Green schist
P. glaucophane + lawsonites + albite
B. Blue schist
Q. Hornblende + plagioclase
C. Amphibolite
R. chlorite + albite + epidote +
D. Granulite
S. Orthopyroxene + clinopyroxene + plagioclase
Answer: 1
75. The lowest temperature at which partial melting occurs in a rock system is a function of:
1. Pressure
2. Oxygen fugacity
3. Amount of water
4. Bulk composition of the rock
Answer: 3
76. Choose the correct option based on the following two statement
A. ration in co-existing sulfide minerals in equilibrium with a common sulfide reservoir can be used as a geothermometer.
B. The Fractionation factor of in coexisting phases depends on pressure.
1.Both A and B are incorrect
2. A is correct but B is incorrect
3. A is incorrect but B is correct
4. Both A and B are correct
Answer: 2
77. Each of the following two figures shows a pair of overlapping strike-slip faults with sense of movement.
Predict the nature of structures in the overlapping zones of each pair of faults.
1. (1) Graben (2) Graben
2. (1) Ridge (2) Ridge
3. (1) Graben (2) Ridge
4. (1) Ridge (2) Graben
Answer: 3
78. Following figure represents an interference structure between two fold sets,
Which two of the following statements are correct?
A. Both hinge lines are parallel
B. Both folds are planar.
C. folds are non-planar but folds are planar
D. Bothand fold are non-cylindrical
1. A and B
2. C and D
3. A and C
4. B and C
Answer: 1
79. Which one of the following four options is the correct match of the items under column A with those in B?
(i) Fluvio-glacial Neogene rocks
(a) Intertrappean beds
(ii) PrecambrianCambrian boundary
(b) Himalayan Foreland basin
(iii) PermianTriassic boundary
(c) Krol basin
(iv) K-T boundary
(d) Tethyan basin
80. Points a, b and c represent three different states of stress on the failure envelope shown in the following diagram. Identify the correct type of fracturing at the points a, b, and c.
1. a– Extensional fracture, b– Hybrid fracture, c– Shear fracture.
2. a– Hybrid fracture, b– Shear fracture, c–Extensional fracture
3. a– Shear fracture, b– Extensional fracture, c– Hybrid fracture
4. a– Hybrid fracture, b– Extensional fracture, c– Shear fracture
Answer: 1
81. Porphyry-type Cu-deposits are associated with
1. Mid-oceanic ridge setting.
2. Intra-cratonic rift setting.
3. Continent-ocean subduction setting.
4. Ocean-ocean subduction setting.
Answer: 3
82. Banded Iron Formations occur predominantly in the greenstone belts of the Dharwar Craton, such as Bababudan. Based on this, the correct inference is:
1. Proliferation of blue green algae occurred at around 2400 Ma ago.
2. Proliferation of blue green algae occurred at around 2700 Ma ago.
3. Continental weathering started 3300 Ma ago.
4. Continental weathering started 2700 Ma ago.
Answer: 2
83. Mississippi valley type deposit is
1. A syngenetic Pb-Zn ore
2. An epigenetic pb-Zn ore
3. A sedimentary exhalative pb-Zn ore
4. An igneous Ni-Cu ore
Answer: 2
84. The correct sequence of sedimentary structure in the order of decreasing flow energy is:
1. Gutter cast, Flute cast, parting lineation channel fill, cross-stratification
2. Flute cast, channel fill, gutter cast, cross-stratification, parting lineation.
3. Cross-stratification, parting lineation, flute cast, gutter cast, channel fill.
4. Channel fill, gutter cast, flute cast, parting lineation, cross-stratification.
Answer: 4
85. Which one of the following most completely explains the breakdown process of biotite during initial weathering?
1. Oxidation of octahedral and release of interlayer K
2. Oxidation of octahedral
3. Release of tetrahedral Si
4. Release of interlayer K
Answer: 1
86. Kimber lite magma originates from mantle at depths exceeding 100 km and emplaced through a thick continental crust without significant crustal assimilation. The reason is:
1. High pressure of melting and show emplacement.
2. Melting temperature of crustal rocks is greater than Kimber lite magma
3. Kimber lite magma is highly viscous
4. High volatile content and rapid magma emplacement
Answer: 4
87. A seismic observatory closest to the epicenter of an earthquake recorded the travel times of phases of the earthquake as 9.0, 15.5 and 16.5 minutes respectively. The travel time of the phase would be
1. 17.5 minutes
2. 23.0 minutes
3. 24.5 minutes
4. 32.0 minutes
Answer: 2
88. Which of the following is a valid combination of velocities of P and S waves, respectively in the Earth's lower mantle?
1. 10.0 km/s, 5.0 km/s
2. 11.0 km/s 6.0 km/s
3. 12.0 km/s, 7.0 km/s
4. 13.0 km/s, 8.0 km/s
Answer: 3
89. Consider a layered Earth model with different seismic velocities in each layer as show in the figure
The energy of the seismic wave emerging an angle from the shot point, when incident on the interface A is
1. Totally reflected back
2. Partly refracted into the lower medium and partly reflected
3. Totally refracted along the interface
4. Partly refracted along the interface and partly reflected
Answer: 4
90. In a refraction survey, the velocities inferred for the upper and the lower layers are 3000m/s 5000m/s respectively. If the cross over distance is 4000m, the depth the depth of the refractor is
1. 2000m
2. 1000m
3. 4000m
4. 6000m
Answer: 2
91. The gravity anomaly at a point P distant 1.0 km from the position of the maximum anomaly, along a profile across a horizontal circular cylinder, is twice the anomaly at a point 1.0 km farther away from P. The depth of the cylinder is
Answer: 2
92. The positions of the maximum anomaly and the minimum anomaly of 183 gamma and-13 gamma respectively are located at the distance coordinates 673m and 1073m respectively along a magnetic profile across a two dimensional sheet-like body. The anomaly of value 170gamma occurs at the distance coordinate 700m. The depth of the sheet is
1. 400 m
2. 283 m
3. 141 m
4. 100 m
Answer: 4
93. A spherical body of 1.0 km radius buried at a depth of 2.0 km produces gravity and magnetic anomalies respectively at a horizontal distance of 2.0 km from the position of the centre of the sphere. Another spherical body of identical physical properties and of radius 1.0 mile and depth 2.0 miles produces gravity and mahnetic anomalies respectively at a horizontal distanve of 2.0 miles from the position of its centre. Then
Answer: 3
94. Two sedimentary layers of infinite horizontal extension sit one over the other. The layer parameters are
Layer 1: depth to top = 2000 m; thickness = 1000 m; density contrast
Layer 2: depth to top = 3000m; thickness = 1000m; density contrast = .
The total gravity anomaly produced by these two layers on the surface is
1. 84 mGal
2. 42 mGal
3. 0 mGal
4. 21 mGal
Answer: 3
95. A 120 million year old rock situated close to the equator shows a remanent magnetic dip of . the approximate drift rate of the land mass is
Answer: 2
96. If the heat production per unit mass for basalt is the surface heat flow for an oceanic crust of thick-ness 6 km and density is
Answer: 2
97. A tsunami occurs 1000 km away from the shore in an ocean water depth of 6.25 km. The tsunami reaches the shore in about.
1. 1 hr
2. 2hr
3. 4 hr
4. 8hr
Answer: 1
98. A magntotelluric survey over a layered structure calculates the apparent resisti – vity as If the amplitude of the horizontal electric field is doubled, then the apparent resistivity will be
1. Doubled
2. Increased three times
3. Increased four times
4. Reduced to half
Answer: 3
99. Compared to an electromagnetic wave of frequency 1.2 MHz travelling in a medium of resistivity 100 ohm-m, the skin depth of a wave of travelling in a medium of resistivity is.
1. Decreased by a factor of 2
2. Increased by a factor of 2
3. Unchanged
4. Decreased by a factor of 4
Answer: 2
100. The following table shows a series of measurements made with Wenner configuration over a layered Earth.
Which type of curve do the data represent?
1. KH type
2. KA type
3. AQ type
4. QK type
Answer: 1
101. The total energy of the wavelet is
4. 15
Answer: 4
102. You are required to solve for the root of the equation in the limits (0 and 1) by the method of false position. The inference you obtain at the end of the iteration is
1. The root lies between 0 and 0.5
2. The root lies between 0.5 and 1.0
3. The root lies between 0 and 0.33
4. The root lies between 0.33 and 1.0
Answer: 3
a. River sediment
P. Well sorted
X. Positive
b. Glacial sediment
Q. Very well sorted
Y. Negative
c. Eolian sediment
R. Poorly sorted
d. Coastal sediment
S. Very poorly sorted
The above table lists sorting (B) and skewness (C) in different environments (A). The correct environment-specific sediment characters are:
1. aPX, b RY, cQY, dSY
2. a RX, bSX, cQX, dPY
3. aSX, bRX, cPX, dQY
4. aSY, bRX, cPY,dQX
104. The effects of calcrete layer are:
A. Protects underlying weathered material.
B. Prevents infiltration of rainwater to underlying layers
C. Helps in soil formation beneath the calcrete layer.
D. Accelerates chemical weathering beneath the calcrete layer.
Answer: 1
105. If the Earth is rotated from east to west instead of west to east, which one of the following is likely to change?
1. Distribution of high and low pressure belts.
2. Magnitude of Coriolis force.
3. Direction of Coriolis deflection.
4. Seasonal migration of ITCZ
Answer: 3
106. If the fresh water discharges from Himalayan and Peninsular rivers are drastically reduced, which of the following is unlikely to happen in the Bay of Bengal?
1. Increase in Upper ocean mixing.
2. Initiation of winter convection.
3. Deepening of mixed layer
4. Increase in cyclone activity.
Answer: 4
a. Homopycnal
P. Outflow inertia
X. Middle group bar
b. Hyperpyenal
Q. Turbulent bed friction
Y. Levee and bar finger sand
c. Hypopycnal
R. Outflow buoyancy
Z. Gilbert-type foreset
Type or mixing (A), dominant process (B) and expected product (C) at the apex of a river delta with low tidal range and wave energy are listed in the above table. Identify the correct match:
1. apZ, b QX, c RY
2. a QY, b RX, c PZ
3. a PZ, b RY, c QX
4. a QZ, b PX, c RY
Answer: 1
108. Unusually wide wave-cut platform is created if the rate of sea-level rise is
1. Slightly greater than the rock uplift.
2. Slightly lower than the rock uplift
3. Significantly lower than the rock uplift
4. Zero and rock uplift is rapid.
Answer: 1
109. To distinguish between different rock types, a sensor with high ______ resolution is best
1. Spatial and temporal
2. Spatial and radiometric
3. Spectral and temporal
4. Spectral and radiometric
Answer: 4
110. In a weathering profile, saprolite occurs
1. Below the layer of humus
2. Below the layer of soil
3. Above the clay-rich horizon
4. Above the unweathered rock
Answer: 4
111. Places A and B receive rainfall of and , respectively. Rainfall is spread over 6 months at A and for 2 months at B. The erosivity will be
1. Equal at both the places
2. Higher at A than B
3. Higher at B than A
4. Erosivity is unrelated to rainfall
112. In a graded river, the stream power
1. Decreases downstream.
2. Increases downstream.
3. Remains fairly constant along the river course.
4. Increases at tributary junctions.
Answer: 3
113. Identify the INCORRECT statement
1. Water holding capacity of sand > clay
2. Aeration in sand > clay
3. Nutrient supply capacity of sand < clay
4. Pollutant filtering capacity of sand < clay
Answer: 1
114. Identify the passive geomorphic processes
1. Abrasion and deflation
2. Abrasion and weathering
3. Mass movement and cavitation
4. Weathering and mass movement
Answer: 4
115. Cho ose the major soil orders occurring in the semi-arid tropics
1. Vertisols and Mollisols
2. Oxisols and Histosols
3. Alfisols and Vertisols
4. Oxisols and Vertisols
Answer: 3
116. Identify the type of sand dunes
1. A=Longitudinal, B=Transverse, C=Star, D=Barchans
2. A=Transverse, B=Star, C= Barchans, D= Longitudinal
3. A= Star, B= Transverse, C= Barchans, D= Longitudinal
4. A= Barchans, B= Longitudinal, C= Transverse, D = Star
Answer: 3
The correct channel patterns in the above figure are represented by
1. A= Ana branching, B=Meandering
2. C= Braided, D= Ana branching
3. C= Meandering, B= Braided
4. D= Braided, A= Meandering
Figure A, B C and D are showing mean sea level and basin floor, respectively. Arrows indicate movement of sea level (eustacy) and basin floor (tectonics); their lengths are proportional to their rates of change. The depositional sequences that will result from these situations are:
1. A= Retro gradational, B=Progradational, C= Aggradational, D=Retro gradational
2. A= Progradational, B= Retro gradational, C=Aggradational, D=Progradational
3. A= Progradational, B=Aggradational, C= Retro gradational, D=Retro gradational
4. A= Aggradational, B=Progradational, C= Retro gradational, D=Progradational
119. The largest single contributor to the planetary albedo of the Earth is:
1. Clouds
2. Snow
3. Oceans
4. Volcanic dust in the stratosphere
Answer: 1
120. Lea a beam of radiation of wavelength be incident on a non-scattering layer of the atmosphere at Zenith angle Let the optical thickness of this layer be and its absorptivity the transmittance of this layer with respect to the incident radiation is given by:
Answer: 1
121. The quantity of carbon in carbon reservoirs of the Earth other than the atmosphere is very high. Yet, the increase of atmospheric carbon by a few ppm/yr is of grave concern. This is because
1. Oceans are not a carbon sink
2. Carbon exists as a gaseous compound in the atmosphere
3. Once emitted to the atmosphere, there is no uptake of CO2 by other Earth system components.
4. CO2 is a reactant in several atmospheric chemical reactions.
122. The difference between virtual temperature and actual temperature for a moist air parcel is likely to be maximum over:
1. The equatorial oceans.
2. The poles.
3. The sub-tropical continental region.
4. The mid-latitude continental region.
123. The geopotential at a particular point in the atmosphere depends on:
1. The height of the point and the path through which a unit mass was taken to the point from the sea level.
2. Only the path through which a unit mass was taken to the point from the sea level.
3. The air temperature at that point.
4. Only the height of the point from the sea level.
Answer: 4
124. Let the characteristic length scale of a flow situation in the atmosphere be 'L'. Assuming that 'L' is much larger than the Rossby radius of deformation , which one of the following statements is true?
1. Both gravity and rotation effects are important
2. Both gravity and rotation effects are not important and can be neglected
3. Rotation effects are more important than gravity effects
4. Rotation effects are less important than gravity effects
Answer: 3
125. The tropical easterly jet stream is seen during the South-west Indian monsoon season. Which one of the following statements related to the tropical easterly jet stream is false?
1. It is located over 13°N latitude
2. It is due to the reversed meridional temperature gradient
3. It is due to outflow from Tibetian High which gets deflected by Coriolis force
4. It is located over latitude
Answer: 4
126. With reference to the retrieval of vertical humidity profiles in the atmosphere using satellite radiance measurements, which one of the following statements is true?
1. The knowledge of the associated vertical temperature profile of the atmosphere is not required
2. A constituent of the atmosphere which is uniformly mixed in the atmosphere and which has strong absorption centered over a particular wavelength is chosen for retrieval
3. A constituent of the atmosphere with wavelength independent absorption coefficient is chosen for retrieval
4. A constituent of the atmosphere which is non-uniformly mixed in the atmosphere and which has strong absorption centered over a particular wavelength is chosen for retrieval
Answer: 4
127. It is known that the Eastern Equatorial Pacific warms during EI-Nino Southern Oscillation phenomenon. The reason for the above is that ocean Ekman transport over Eastern Equatorial Pacific is:
1. Reduced pole ward
2. Enhanced pole ward
3. Reduced equator ward
4. Enhanced equator ward
Answer: 1
128. While it is well recognized that planet Earth is warming over the last 50 years, there are also some surface cooling components/mechanisms. Which one of the following is such a component/mechanism?
1. Water vapor-greenhouse effect feedback
2. Ice-albedo feedback
3. Presence of optically thin cirrus cloud
4. Presence of optically thick stratocumulus cloud
Answer: 4
129. Which one of the following statements with reference to the formation of primary rainbows is false?
1. They are formed by refraction and internal reflection of sunlight in raindrops
2. Their colours from their outer to their inner circumference are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet
3. Geometric optics theory provides their description
4. Their colours from their outer to their inner circumference are violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange, and red
130. A warm cloud in the marine environment is more likely to precipitate as compared to a warm cloud in an urban city environment, due to:
1. Higher liquid water content in the marine cloud
2. Higher updraft velocity in the marine cloud
3. Air temperature inside the marine cloud is more conducive for precipitation
4. Fewer cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) in the marine cloud
Answer: 4
131. Consider the following two cases. In the first case, an object of unit mass is thrown up from the ground over the equator to a certain height 'h'. In the second case, the same object is dropped to ground over the equator under free-fall, from the same height 'h'. Neglecting air resistance in both cases, which one of the following statements is true?
1. The magnitude of the Coriolis deflection in the two cases are the same
2. The direction and magnitudes of the Coriolis deflection in the two cases are the same
3. The magnitudes of the Coriolis deflection are unequal and the object is deflected to the geographical west in both the cases
4. The magnitudes of the Coriolis deflection are unequal in the two cases. Further, the deflection of the object is towards geographical west in the first case while deflection is towards the geographical east in the second case
Answer: 4
132. Which one of the following statements related to equatorial Kelvin wave is false?
1. Vanishing of the meridional component of the velocity
2. Satisfies geostrophic relationship
3. Is equatorially trapped
4. Phase speed propogates eastward
Answer: 2
133. The "closure problem" manifests while discussing the motion of turbulent flows in the atmosphere and oceans. The reason for this problem is due to the fact that:
1. Fluid motion is described in a Langrangian framework
2. Governing equations of motion are nonlinear
3. Governing equations are mathematical statements of the conservation of mass, momentum, and energy
4. Governing equations are a system of coupled partial differential equations
Answer: 2
134. The buoyancy frequency is a measure of
1. Mass of the atmosphere above a level
2. Static stability of the atmosphere
3. Speed of the gravity wave locally
4. Moisture content of the air
Answer: 2
135. Thermal inversion in the tropical ocean forms during
1. Summer when low salinity surface water is warmed.
2. Summer when high salinity surface water is warmed.
3. Winter when low salinity surface water is cooled.
4. Winter when high salinity surface water is cooled.
Answer: 3
136. Longshore current flows
1. Perpendicular to the coast and forms by wave refraction
2. Perpendicular to the coast and forms by wave diffraction
3. Parallel to the coast and forms by wave refraction
4. Parallel to the coast and forms by wave diffraction
Answer: 3
137. Oceanic Wyrtki jet (equatorial jet) is formed during
1. Spring and fall due to organized easterly winds
2. Spring and fall due to organized westerly winds
3. Summer due to southwesterly winds
4. Winter due to northeasterly winds
Answer: 2
138. In the Atlantic Ocean off Spain, in a T - S diagram, in addition to surface and deep water masses a distinct water mass is seen around 1000 m depth. This is due to the inflow of
1. Mediterranean water
2. Antarctic Intermediate water
3. Gulf Stream water
4. Baltic low salinity water
139. In a productive ocean surface water pH is 8.3 and deep water pH is 7.8, What is the surface: deep H+ ion activity ratio?
Answer: 3
140. Deepwater conservative oxygen is conceptually defined by the two equations:
Whereis the observed dissolved oxygen concentration.
What is the basis of this concept?
1. The surface water contained nitrate and phosphate in the ratio 138:9.2
2. The uptake of nitrate and phosphate by phytoplankton at surface was in the ratio 138:9.2
3. The uptake of nitrate and phosphate by plankton at surface was in the ratio 9.2:138
4. The surface water contained nitrate and phosphate is the ratio 9.2: 138.
Answer: 2
141. Siliceous (opaline) rather than calcareous sediments are found on a major portion of the ocean floor because
1. Silicate production is higher than carbonate production at surface
2. CaCO3 dissolves with depth while silica does not.
3. Carbonate production is higher than silicate production at surface
4. Carbonates are diagnostically removed while silica is enriched
Answer: 2
142. The behavior of metals in terms of (i) essential nutrient type, (ii) scavenging type and (iii) both nutrient type and scavenging type, and (iv) atmospheric input type respectively is best represented by
1. Fe, Pb, Al and Cd
2. Fe, Pb, Cd, and Al
3. Cd, Al, Fe and Pb
4. Al, Fe, Cd and Pb
143. Which of the following order of ocean currents is logical with respect to oceanic conveyer belt?
1. Indonesian through flow-Agulhas Current-Benguela Current-Gulf Stream
2. Benguela Current-Indonesian through flow Gulf stream-Agulhas Current
3. Gulf Stream-Indonesian through flow Bengula Current- Agulhas Current
4. Agulhas Current-Gulf-Stream-Bengula Current-Indonesian through flow
Answer: 1
144. With regard to the upper ocean water column which of the following is true?
1. The temperature of the water gradually increases with depth till the base of the thermocline
2. The nutrient concentration decreases with depth till the base of the thermocline
3. The nutrient concentration increases with depth
4. The temperature remains constant within the thermocline
Answer: 3
145. The Cenozoic Era has been marked by major climate changes caused by opening and closing of ocean gateways. Which one of the following is generally associated with Northern Hemisphere glaciations?
1. Opening of the Tasmanian seaway
2. Closing of the Indonesian seaway
3. Opening of the Drake Passage
4. Closing of the Central American seaway
Answer: 4
146. With regard to Cenozoic deep sea sedimentary records, biostratigraphy is studied with the help of
1. Benthic foraminifera because of their long stratigraphic ranges
2. Planktic foraminifera and nannofossils because of their rapid evolutionary rate
3. Radiocarbon dating combined with planktic foraminifera
4. Benthic siliceous microfossils
Answer: 2
147. Identify the major class of pollutants that would lead to the species- richness of the nematode, Nereis diversicola
1. Plastic
2. Sewage
3. Cellulosic
4. Hydrocarbon
Answer: 2
148. Warming climate is known to affect the marine biota both beneficially as well as adversely. In the scenario of continuously warming ocean, the biomass of adaptable biota would be maximal in the
1. Polar regions
2. Tropical regions
3. Subtropical regions
4. Upwelling regions
Answer: 1
149. Construction of dams across the rivers leads to depletion of land discharges that contain some of the most essential nutrients for the growth of planktonic, autotrophic community. Such obstruction of river flow is likely to affect the growth and abundance of
1. Seaweeds
2. Sea grasses
3. Radiolarians
4. Diatoms
Answer: 4
150. The most representative cluster of true benthic adult life forms is
1. Sea stars, slugs, soles
2. Mackerels, mudskippers, mussels
3. Amphipods, anchovies, annelids
4. Barnacles, barracudas, bryozoans
Answer: 1
how one will prepare him/herself for net exams
( - na...@ on )
1 Answer
For earth sciences preparation refer solutions to past papers at - https://www.doorsteptutor.com/Exams/CSIR/
- Examrace on
I have completed my Graduation with Zoology, Botany and Chemistry. and post graduation with Remote Sensing and GIS. so i want to know which topic i have to select for csir net exam
( - av...@ on )
1 Answer
You can appear in NET only in the subject of your post graduation, you will have to opt for Earth Sciences.
- Examrace on
Developed by: Mindsprite Solutions


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China is a major investor in the US, and it stands to lose from tighter foreign investment rules. The Chinese government's economic plans have a strong focus on technological advancement. One way to acquire better technology is to invest in foreign companies that already have it. CFIUS has knocked back a string of proposed Chinese acquisitions of US companies over the past year. The new legislation is likely to be an additional hurdle. Chinese investment in the US has taken a big hit since Donald Trump became president.
Figures from the Rhodium Group found that the value of deals fell by more than 90% in 2017. The American Enterprise Institute (AEI), a conservative US think-tank, found that China invested $24.2bn across all sectors in the US last year a huge drop from 2016, but still the second highest on record. Chinese companies have invested about $21.6bn in US technology businesses since 2007, according to the AEI.
Looming tariffs
The latest move comes amid continued trade tensions between the world's two largest economies. Earlier in the week, reports suggested that the US might target investments in the America by any company with more than 25% Chinese ownership. It appears that this plan has been abandoned in favour of an expanded role for CFIUS. But even if the US has backed off on investment rules, it looks set to move ahead with tariffs. The US will impose tariffs of 25% on $34bn worth of Chinese goods starting from 6 July, with an additional $16bn potentially to follow. China has promised matching tariffs in retaliation.


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Ross Rowing Club Limited
Ross Rowing Club Limited is Ross-on-Wye's community rowing club, and is a Charitable Community Benefit Society Run entirely by volunteers, we give support for adults and children who want to learn to row, to return to rowing, or to practice their rowing. We also host social and charity events, and provide a riverside camping site for canoeists and expedition groups. We exist to encourage and promote healthy participation in sport!


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Ian Somerhalder & Nikki Reed: His Loving Tweet To His Bride After Wedding Day
Awwww — Nikki is one lucky bride! The actress' brand new husband, Ian Somerhalder, took to Twitter following their romantic wedding day to share a loving message for his lady. Check out what he said!
Iam Somerhalder, 36, and Nikki Reed, 26, are keeping pretty quiet about their wedding so far, but the actor just couldn't resist gushing about the amazing day on his Twitter after the ceremony. Without giving any details, Ian gushed over his new bride with a loving tweet. See what he wrote!
Ian Somerhalder's Wedding Message To Nikki Reed: His Sweet Tweet
After a whirlwind engagement (less than four months!), Ian and Nikki tied the knot in an outdoor ceremony in Malibu. After saying, "I do," Ian used just a few words to gush over the big day.
"most beautiful morning ever…" he wrote, before news even leaked that he and Nikki and wed. Awww — that is too sweet!
most beautiful morning ever…
— ian somerhalder (@iansomerhalder) April 26, 2015
Ian and Nikki have yet to reveal any wedding details, but news of their nuptials leaked when photos surfaced on Twitter in the early morning hours of April 27.
Nikki looked absolutely stunning at her second wedding (she was previously married to Paul McDonald, but their divorce was made officially on Jan. 2), wearing a lacy white dress with complete open back designed by Claire Pettibone. Ian matched in a dapper white tux of his own — how hot are these two?!
Nina Dobrev's Message To Ian Somerhalder & Nikki Reed On Wedding Day — Happy For Them?
Meanwhile, Ian's ex, Nina Dobrev, also used social media to send a message on the couple's big day. Without alluding to the nuptials directly, the actress posted a positive and happy message to her social media page.
"Positivity. Love. Happiness. That is what Im sending out into the Universe, may your day be filled with it…Namaste," she wrote alongside a photo of the quote, "Words have the power to both destroy and heal. When words are both true and kind, they can change out world."
Ian Somerhalder & Nikki Reed Planning 'Extravagant' Honeymoon
It seems Nina only has kind and loving thoughts for Nina and Ian — no bad blood here!
HollywoodLifers, what do you think of Ian's adorable tweet? Do you wish he said more?
— Alyssa Norwin


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One Night Stands: Men Less Choosy Than WomenAsian 4 older dudes - w4m 50yr (Clinton Township, 48035, MI )
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Maybe what I need is a FWB. - w4m 24yr (48036, Clinton Township, MI)
Dating is draining, and I'm tired of the expectations, the awkwardness and the disappointment, but I miss regular sex. Me? Bitter? Impossible! Perhaps what I need is to meet someone that I'm physically attracted to, but not compatible with for regular "stress relief". Whoever he one night stand he absolutely MUST be smart, articulate, funny, SINGLE, and attractive. The rest can be all wrong. In fact, it probably should be all wrong. Less potential for drama that way. I'm 5'2", 135 lbs., long brown hair, brown eyes, well dressed, clean, independent, and awesome. Let's start by swapping pics and chatting online. No pressure that way. I am FAR more likely to respond to your e-mail if you attach a picture and tell me a bit about yourself.
One Night Stand in your neighbourhood.
Women seeking one night stand join now!
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At some point, most of you will walk out on a one-night stand without so much as a "Thanks for the sex!" >>
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FOr now.. - one night stan (Clinton Township, Michigan )
When an actual one-night stand starts to happen though, we're like dogs taking a car ride—all sense flies out the window, and instead of acting like the calm, suave figures of our imaginations, we begin salivating and panting while running in circles >>sexy blk girl For fat or thick men with big ass Butts is that U ? - w4m 20yr (48038, Clinton Township, Michigan)
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OOOh i've been a bad girl - w4m (48038, MI, Macomb County)
The title pretty much says it all, but I would like to be one night stand clear about what im NOT looking for. 1


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» Our Services » External Training Programs » New Course Announcement » Effective Credit Management for Healthy Portfolio
Effective Credit Management for Healthy Portfolio
Target Participants
Credit Manager, Branch Manager, Chief of Credit Officer and Credit Officer or someone who work related to credit activity.
Training Program
- Date: July 13-14, 2017
- Time: 8:30 - 16:30
- Lunch: 12:00 - 13:30
- Training Language: Khmer
- Training Materials: English
If you are interested, please fill our enrolment form and send to firstname.lastname@example.com or email@example.com
Contact Persons
Mr. TAUCH An
Tel: +855 (0)15 600 185
E-mail: email@example.com
Mr. LONG Ratha
Tel: +855 (0)10 300 879
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Training Venue
ACLEDA INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS, building #50, Street 516 Corner 335, 06 Village, Sangkat Boeng Kak 1, Khan Tuol Kork, Phnom Penh. See map.
Nowadays financial institutions take an important role to stimulate the economic growth of Cambodia through providing people with variety of financial services of which credit is the core product, of financial institution, that generates large revenue to support and to grow the operation efficiently. In addition, credit is the main part of financial institution's assets (loan asset) that is required to manage effectively. The healthy loan asset guarantees the sustainable development of the institutions. This course will provide participants the additional knowledge and experiences of ACLEDA Bank Plc., as well as various financial institutions are operating in Cambodia.
After completion of this course, the participants will:
- Obtain in depth understanding of a professional credit manager's roles
- Be aware of Credit Management framework of ACLEDA Bank Plc.
- Know how to increase the loan asset of financial institution effectively
- Be able to improve credit quality efficiently
- Gain the practical experience of Credit Management of ACLEDA Bank Plc.
- Manage the credit operation effectively
Course Contents
- Roles of professional Credit Manager
- Jobs and responsibilities
- Credit Management organizational structure
- Credit Plan preparation
- Market planning for credit operation
- Human resource planning for credit operation
- Credit assessment
- Credit documentation
- Credit discipline establishment
- Excellent customer service
- Credit monitoring system
- Responsible employees
- Credit monitoring types
Training Fee
- USD 170 per participant per training course.
- USD 160 per participant for organization sending 3-5 participants to the course.
- USD 150 per participant for organization sending 6 participants up to the course.
This fee includes training materials, refreshments, lunch and certificate.
Payment Condition: There is no charge for any cancellation which is made by the deadline of the registration. Cancellation after deadline of the registration and participants appearing without proper cancellation will be charged the full amount.
The training workshop methodology will be focused on experience based and participatory approaches including brainstorming, group discussion, group work, sharing hand-on experience, real case studies, training game, participant's problem raised and addressed during training workshop.
Mr. YI Sokkim, Senior Faculty Credit Specialist of AIB
Mr. Yi Sokkim used to be a Credit Department Manager at ACLEDA Bank Lao Ltd. (ABL) and he was also a member of the Board Credit & Risk committee, ALCO committee and a founder of ABL. In his responsibility, he managed, led and trained his Branch managers and Credit officers to implement the credit task to maintain healthy loan portfolio, and especially to prevent delinquencies with satisfactory outcomes.
Since January 2011, Mr. Yi Sokkim has been elected as a senior faculty of ATC specializing in credit. He is an experienced trainer certified by Frankfurt School (FS) and Women's World Banking (WWB). In his speciality in credit, he has conducted many training courses on Loan Delinquency Management, SME Lending, Loan Portfolio Management, Credit Risk Management, etc. to participants from both local and international MFIs and banks.
He used to attend Credit Portfolio Risk Management Master class in Malaysia and numerous training programs related to credit field abroad. He has had more than 17 years of relevant working experience in credit field. He started working for ACLEDA Bank in 1997 as Micro and Small Credit Officer, Chief of Credit Officer, Training Program Officer. Because of his successful experiences and capacity in credit field, he was promoted to Credit Department Manager. He obtained a Master's Degree of Business Administration (MBA) majoring in general management at Royal University of Law and Economic (RULE).
Guest Speaker
Senior Management from ACLEDA Bank Plc.


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Project Grant 2014
A two-front attack on malignant melanoma
Principal investigator:
Martin Bergö, Professor of Molecular Medicine
Jonas Nilsson
Peter Naredi
University of Gothenburg
Grant in SEK:
SEK 41.9 million over five years
Although we know more than ever before about how to avoid malignant melanoma, and have better drugs, the incidence of the disease continues to rise. Two main reasons for this are that we live longer and that this form of cancer develops slowly. Over 3,000 Swedes are diagnosed with malignant melanoma every year, many because of too much sunbathing in the 1960's, before the risks were known. About half of sufferers can be cured by surgery. The remainder need more treatment, and in up to one fifth of cases, the disease is incurable and spreads.
Mice and men
With the help of funding from the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, researchers from the University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska Cancer Center will be examining how the disease occurs, and trying to identify new targets for drugs – processes or mechanisms that respond to medication.
"This is research we would have done anyway, but the funding enables us to gather our forces in an entirely new way," says Martin Bergö, Professor of Molecular Medicine.
Mice are at the center of the project. Some of the researchers are studying mice that have been genetically modified to develop malignant melanoma in a way resembling that in humans. There is a known gene variant that causes malignant melanoma, and it is this that has been transferred to the mice. The researchers can then study the mechanisms of the disease right from its onset.
"Changes can be introduced in controlled stages, which is preferable to studying the chaos in a human tumor, where everything has already happened," explains Peter Naredi, Senior Consultant Physician and Professor of Surgery.
Martin explains that much of the project deals with events at molecular level when the cell changes from being healthy to diseased. A cancer cell changes its metabolism, forms different proteins than a healthy cell, and changes shape. The more we know about these changes, the greater the potential for creating new drugs.
Transplanted tumors provide living biobank
In another part of the project, the researchers are taking parts of tumors from patients and transplanting them under the skin of mice. Other research teams have tried this approach earlier, but in many forms of cancer, it only works in a small proportion of cases. However, with malignant melanoma it works almost every time – the disease continues to develop in the skin of the mouse. For each patient involved in the study there is thus a mouse carrying a copy of the tumor.
"The mouse serves as a living biobank. We can use mice to test treatments that would not be our first choice based on what we think we know about the patient's disease. They can also be used to study completely new drugs," says Jonas Nilsson, who is researching at Sahlgrenska Cancer Center.
His team was recently able to show that mice can be used in this way so quickly that it would be feasible to use this method to make a decision on how to treat the patient.
"There is much talk nowadays about 'personalized medicine', or 'precision medicine', which is actually a more accurate description: being able to tailor treatment. Taking things to their logical conclusion…I no longer rule out the idea that these mice could offer a future method of finding the right treatment for a given patient," says Doctor Naredi.
Translational research is the name usually used for lab research that is closely linked to medical developments. However, the three researchers think the term is used carelessly. In reality, few projects are as translational as this one: lab studies take place on a mouse that bears exactly the same disease as a real patient, whom doctors are trying to cure at the same time.
Mouse tests make testing of drugs more reliable
Testing new drugs on mice with tumors is much quicker than doing so on patients, and gives more reliable answers than tests on cells in test tubes. In many of today's clinical trials, only one patient in ten improves. If the mouse results give truly reliable indications, it may be possible to conduct trials in which as many as half of patients are helped, perhaps even more.
One drawback of using tumor-bearing mice is that they have no immune system. They have been genetically modified in this way precisely so that human tissue can be transplanted into them. Nevertheless, with cancer, interaction with the immune system is important. In order for the mouse model to yield even more accurate results, the researchers in Gothenburg now want to try to give the mice each patient's immune system as well, by transplanting immune cells. A further goal is to breed new genetically modified mice whose disease more resembles that in humans.
"We know of a handful of genes in patients that show how sick they will become. If we transfer the same genes to mice, they may develop metastases, i.e. secondary tumors, in the same way. If so, we will be able to test new drugs that we have developed," Jonas explains.
Text Lisa Kirsebom
Translation Maxwell Arding
Photo Magnus Bergström


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My plan for an afternoon in Providence, Rhode Island, was to explore Federal Hill, home of the city's Little Italy, capping it off with dinner in one of the Italian restaurants there. Along the neighborhood's main strip, Atwells Avenue, my appetite increased every time I passed by a tempting menu or the opportunity to indulge in some gelato, and inhaled the aromas of pastry or cheese emanating from the grocery stores. Perfectly primed for something extraordinary, I took a seat in Ristorante Il Massimo for a meal at Rhode Island's best restaurant of 2019. Read more >
Tag Archives: Italian
Sampling Little Italy's Best at La Scala in Baltimore, Maryland
I had already sampled the surf in Baltimore, Maryland, at Oceanaire Seafood Room, and now I wanted to try the turf. So I crossed over Eastern Avenue Bridge spanning a narrow inlet of the Inner Harbor and entered the city's Little Italy, where red, white, and green lights stretch across a few streets and the aromas of Italian cooking waft from the neighborhood's handful of restaurants and cafés. Of these, La Scala Ristorante, consistently rated one of the city's best Italian restaurants, grabbed my attention with its promise of a delectable meal and possibly a game of bocce. Read more >
Two Italian Brothers Shake Things Up in Glasgow, Scotland
The neon lights spelling out "Il meglio di buono" (basically, the best of good) at the entrance of Fratelli Sarti on Renfield Street in Glasgow, Scotland, tempted me every day from the window of my hotel room across the street. The restaurant looked appealing, but I often found myself passing by it, on the hunt for traditional Scottish haggis, shortbread, and whisky elsewhere. After a few days, however, just like Chaophraya and its outstanding Thai food, Sarti lured me in with the aromas and promise of something non-Scottish for a change of pace. Read more >
Italian Immigrants Keep It Real at Sorge's in Corning, New York
I devoted most of my only day in Corning, New York, to the outstanding Corning Museum of Glass, where I admired thousands of fantastic glass objects and took a flameworking class and created my own glass pumpkin pendant. By the time I emerged, the sun had shifted to the opposite end of the sky, and I was ready for a large meal. Just a couple doors down from my lodgings, the wonderful Inn at the Gaffer Grille, I found Sorge's. This was hardly a discovery — everyone in town seemed to be there already — but it was certainly a stroke of good decision-making when I chose it for dinner. Read more >
Miami's Nod to Great Tuscan Food
I had already enjoyed an excellent Cuban meal at Havana 1957 and a wonderful Argentinean dinner at PM Buenos Aires just a few blocks away from my hotel in the Brickell area of Miami, Florida. As I scoured the same neighborhood for another restaurant the next night, I found myself in Mary Brickell Village, a little collection of shops and dining options a couple of blocks south of the Miami River. Every restaurant seemed to be playing music, loudly, but pumping house beats were not exactly conducive to the pleasant meal that I was searching for. So I found the quietest of the group, upscale Toscana Divino, and serendipitously stumbled upon the city's outstanding contribution to Italian cuisine. Read more >
Feel Like Family Over Dinner at Botticelli in Rapid City, South Dakota
Named for the Renaissance artist Sandro Botticelli, this downtown Rapid City eatery received both the Best of the Black Hills Award for Italian restaurants and the Wine Spectator Excellence Award in 2014. Recommended to me by some local cognoscenti, Botticelli has been serving hungry South Dakotans and visitors alike since 1997. And when you're here, you almost feel like part of la famiglia. Read more >


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Posted by Josh on 22nd Oct 2018
I love this exhaust. It looks great. The build quality is superb. It sounds so freakin awesome! It's loud, but not too loud. It really is the best system i've seen/heard on a Speed Triple.
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Use your strengths to build a stronger voice at the table
Nearly 85% of Canadian women indicated they were interested in starting their own business. That's a lot of women. On a global scale, Canadian women ranked 1st in terms of their involvement with newer businesses, ahead of the U.S., Britain, and other innovation-based economies. With such a high number of risk-seeking women who are ready to launch their own businesses, I urge them to think of being fearless, having the confidence to trust your instincts, and capitalizing on the special traits inherent to powerful women.
The table stakes for running a business (new or established) are common. Companies need to hire the right people, be customer-driven, and develop the right culture necessary for growth. Another large part of building a successful business is having the right leader, and there are special traits I can recognize in women that should be fostered as they take on leadership roles.
Listening is an absolute to master the art of selling
A great leader is a great listener. Neuroscience research between the University of California, Irvine and the University of New Mexico shows men and women process language differently. Men tend to focus on information required to solve a problem or complete a task while women connect to non-auditory functions such as emotion when listening. In an age of digital transformation, emotional intelligence is an underrated soft skill. Our ability for empathetic listening can be highly effective in a business environment. I've been in many meetings where the focus on selling dominates the conversation and much of the talking is not done by the customer, but by the vendor.
This is where our ability to listen and listen well comes in. Seek to understand, and you will know your customer needs on a deeper level. Take that skill set into the boardrooms, and place empathy at the heart of your conversations with customers. They will not only welcome but appreciate that approach. As Malcolm Forbes once said, "The art of conversation lies in listening", and it requires emotional intelligence to truly connect with customers and solve their problems.
Be honest, even if it means you have to brag
How many times have we been reminded to downplay our achievements instead of bragging about them? There is nothing stronger than a woman who can step up to the podium and let the world know her wins – and her failures. We work hard every day, behind the scenes, to build our business and there is blood, sweat and tears involved. When you win and when you have the opportunity, shout it from the rooftops.
For those who have been programmed to be humble or be bashful about their accomplishments, I urge you to challenge your inner voice and let people know how hard you have worked to get to where you are. This will inspire others to learn from your lessons and hopefully inspire them to overcome their own personal challenges.
Having the confidence to speak of your accomplishments is only one side of the coin. Be comfortable to speak to both wins and losses, as it marks a leader's character to admit shortcoming and take learnings from it.
With over 25 years of industry experience in B2B marketing, Phoebe Yong has built an award-winning boutique marketing agency based in Vancouver that services high-tech, fintech, financial and manufacturing clients. Phoebe has led partner marketing campaigns with some of the biggest brands in the world – Dell, HP, Microsoft, Vodafone and China Mobile. At Magnolia, she has led a successful team to build a full service marketing agency focused on PR, content marketing and marketing automation. For more information, visit www.magnoliamc.com.