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FAQ: Connection failure - 0 bytes received
In SecureCRT, SecureFX, or SFXCL, if an SSH/SFTP connection attempt fails, it may be that the network connections from your app/computer are being blocked from successfully making outgoing connections. This could be caused by a misconfigured firewall (either hardware or software), a switch, router or some other device between you and the server that is not allowing the connection to go through to the remote server or not relaying back its response. It might also be caused by an application installed on your system that restricts/controls an application's ability to even make outgoing network connections -- in which case an exception may need to be added in order for SecureCRT, SecureFX, or SFXCL to successfully make an outgoing network connection.
This article addresses two common scenarios you might see in a SecureFX/SFXCL log, or in SecureCRT with Trace Options debug output enabled (File > Trace Options).
Connected for s seconds, 0 bytes sent, 0 bytes received
In this situation, SecureCRT/SecureFX/SFXCL has asked the operating system to make a TCP connection to the specified host/address. The connection was not established, so no data (bytes) could be sent and no data could be received. This is usually caused by one of these scenarios, all of which are outside SecureCRT's/SecureFX's/SFXCL's ability to fix/resolve:
Connected for s seconds, n bytes sent, 0 bytes received
In this situation, SecureCRT/SecureFX/SFXCL was able to get successfully connected to at least send some initial data over the established connection. Typically, the number of bytes sent is equal to the SSH2 ident string that the product sends as the initial protocol handshake to begin setting up the SSH connection with the remote SSH2/SFTP server. For example, a 64-bit SecureCRT 8.5.1 sends the following ident string for negotiating the SSH2 protocol with a server:
SSH-2.0-SecureCRT_8.5.1 (x64 build 1764) 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789
This scenario where a non-zero amount of bytes are sent, but 0 bytes are received is caused when the remote server -- or any networking firewall/proxy in between the client and the server -- accepts the connection, but when SecureCRT/SecureFX/SFXCL sent its ident string the connection was then immediately closed, or timed out later without SecureCRT/SecureFX/SFXCL receiving any bytes back from the connected peer.
Possible causes include:
Jake Devenport
VanDyke Software
Technical Support
YouTube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/vandykesoftware
Email: email@example.com
Web: https://www.vandyke.com/support
Last edited by jdev; 04-23-2019 at 11:03 AM. Reason: Change icon to question mark
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If you're tired of…
all the nasty chicken mess in the barn,
pot holes and bare patches of earth from chickens scratching,
having to clean out your chicken house, all the nasty feather/dander/dirt in the air?
Well, a portable coop is your solution! I'm going to share with you how we made our chicken tractor! Here's our video on YouTube, enjoy and let me know how you like it!
We had our chicken coop in the barn for four years and the air and nastiness was more than my sinus could handle. Fortunately, my Hubby is a talented craftsman and he made us this portable Chicken Wagon Coop that we pull around our pastures.
Basic dimensions of the wagon are 7.5′ x 16′. The side walls are 4′ for the straight part and the roof goes up to 6′ at the ridge. We have about 40 chickens in there and we are not even close to maxing it out. There's tons of room left.
The base is an old hay or cotton wagon running gear. Refurbishing and finding an old running gear was a big challenge. The very used and old running gear cost us $350, new tires and rims about $400, paint stripper and paint $50, sweat and tears $free 😉 I called around and for a running gear brand new this size with a flooring it was around $5,000 to $6,000 so rigging one up was well worth the effort!
Building the base
Framing and roofing the wagon
Building the chicken nest boxes
Windows on the wagon
30 Gallon bulk water tank
150 lb Bulk Chicken Feeder
Our chickens were use to going back to the barn to roost and we also had geese that wanted to live on our porch. The solution to our transition to their new coop was connecting two temporary electric poultry nets, a quick ground rod and a solar energizer. We can also keep our guard dogs in the pen there when we need to. We have sandy loam (pure sugar sand) and if we don't get rain we can't get a good ground. The solution is a five gallon bucket filled with water and a small hole on the bottom that slowly drips on the ground rod.
To help keep this homestead afloat, consider using our Amazon link for shopping, CLICK HERE.

subset: commoncrawl


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currently reading a book on Michaelangelo
I had no idea him and Leonardo Da Vinci existed simultaneously. these two greats interacted
I want to interact with great people one day. have them acknowledge me for my frame of thought
Ive been playing music since I was 13. I want nothing more than to be realized
in the works with some new stuff that'll be out soon
if rap isnt your thing, I have some


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Family Assistance
Youth and Student Support
Youth and student support policy is aimed at promoting a family orientation in developing youth policy. It is formulated to help low- to middle-income families by providing income support for young people undertaking education or training or seeking work. The policy is also trying to develop new partnership arrangements within and across levels of government and with community organisations to support innovations in youth and family support arrangements around young people's transitions to independence and adulthood.
Youth Allowance is the main income support payment for people aged 16-20 years actively seeking employment and for full-time students 16-24 years old. It is subject to an individual income and assets test and a parental income and assets test. A person may be exempt from the parental test if they meet the Youth Allowance independence criteria. In addition a person must undertake approved activities that may include full-time study or a combination of activities such as job search, work for the dole, literacy and numeracy courses, part-time education, part-time employment and voluntary work. People on Youth Allowance may be required to undertake Mutual Obligation activities.
The rate of Youth Allowance is determined on whether the person is single, partnered, if they have children, if they live at home or need to live away from home.
Austudy payment is paid to students 25 years and over whose financial circumstances are such that without financial help, full-time study would not be possible. The rate of Austudy is dependent on whether the person is single or partnered, whether they have children and whether the person is a 'long-term income support student'.
There is also a Student Financial Supplement Scheme that gives students the option of increasing their income while studying. Students surrender one dollar of income support for two dollars of fully refundable repayable loan that is repaid on an income contingent basis. The scheme helps remove barriers to participation in education.
Eligible students receiving Youth Allowance, Austudy or Pensioner Education Supplement, who usually live away from home will receive a Fares Allowance which contributes to travel costs.
Table 7.10 shows the number of Youth and Student Support recipients and expenditure by payment type.
Child Care Support
Child Care Support policies have been developed to help families to participate in the economic and social life of the community through providing support for child care.
Child Care Benefit (CCB), which replaced Childcare Assistance and the Childcare rebate from 1 July 2000, helps families with the cost of child care, with financial assistance proportionally higher for lower income families. Eligible families can have the benefit paid directly to the child care service to reduce their ongoing fees. Alternatively they can receive the benefit as a lump sum refund at the end of the financial year. Families using registered carers (i.e. informal care provided by a friend or neighbour), rather than formal care in an approved service, are eligible for the minimum rate of CCB. This is paid for up to 50 hours per week of work-related child care.
The Jobs, Education and Training (JET) Program helps some people on particular payments from Centrelink (including parents, widows, carers) gain new skills or update existing skills, and improve their chances of gaining employment. JET Child Care provides extra assistance to eligible customers who need help finding suitable affordable child care. Assistance is provided through the JET child care network and is called Child Care for Eligible Parents Undergoing Training.
Table 7.11 shows the number of Child Care Support recipients and expenditure by payment type.
Labour Market Assistance
Labour Market Assistance policies are designed to help support people of working age through providing income support to those seeking work or undertaking other activities such as training or community work or caring for children. Most income support payments are subject to a means test, which assesses family income and assets.
There are two main income support payments for Labour Market Assistance: Newstart Allowance (NSA) and Parenting Payment.
NSA is paid to people aged 21-64 years who are unemployed and actively searching for work. They must be willing to undertake suitable paid work, which includes full-time, part-time or casual employment. They may also qualify if undertaking a vocational training course, participating in a labour market program or undertaking other agreed activities.
NSA jobseekers may be asked to undertake Mutual Obligation activities, in addition to their job search, after six months of unemployment and annually thereafter. Mutual Obligation requires people to take part in activities to improve their skills and work habits. It aims to enhance the person's job prospects and competitiveness in the labour market, promotes involvement in community work and facilitates transition from welfare to employment. From 1 July 2002, Mutual Obligation requirements apply to all job seekers up to 49 years of age.
Parenting Payment is paid to single and partnered low-income parents who are primary carers for children under 16. The policy recognises the important contribution made by parents caring for children at home and aims to avoid parents future choices being limited by long periods out of the workforce.
Other payments for Labour Market Assistance include: Mature Age Allowance, Partner Allowance, Widow Allowance, Bereavement Allowance and Special Benefit. Mature Age Allowance, Partner Allowance and Widow Allowance all recognise the labour market difficulties faced by some older unemployed people who have no recent workforce experience. Bereavement Allowance is a short-term payment for recently widowed people without dependent children, payable for up to 14 weeks. Special Benefit provides assistance to people in severe financial need and for whom no other pension, allowance or other support is available.
Pensioner Education Supplement, Education Entry Payment and Employment Entry Payment provide supplementary financial assistance to help with the costs of taking up study and entering the work force.
Table 7.12 shows the number of Labour Market Assistance recipients by expenditure and payment type.
Support for people with a disability
The policy to support people with disabilities is designed to promote independence and self-reliance through the provision of rehabilitation services, specialist employment services and other services for people with a disability. It also aims to help support people with a disability with limited means through the provision of income support.
Disability Support Pension (DSP) is the main form of income support for people with a physical, intellectual or psychiatric impairment resulting in an inability to work for at least 30 hours per week at award wages, or be retrained for work, for at least two years. DSP is income and assets tested. However, the permanently blind are exempt from the income test. DSP for people aged 21 years and over is paid at the same rate as Age Pension. Youth rates apply to those aged under 21 years. These are largely tied to Youth Allowance rates, but include a supplement of $85.30 per fortnight. Youth rates are not subject to parental income or assets tests.
From September 2002, the Better Assessment and Early Intervention Australians Working Together measure provides for an increased focus on the assessment of work capacity for people who are ill, injured or have a disability and on the early identification of interventions, such as rehabilitation and employment assistance, to help people maximise their economic and social participation.
Other support for people with a disability includes Mobility Allowance and Sickness Allowance. Mobility Allowance is intended to help those who are involved in paid work, vocational training or voluntary work or a combination of some of these, who are unable to use public transport without substantial assistance. Sickness Allowance may be paid to people between 21 and Age Pension age, who are temporarily unable to work or continue with their full-time study due to illness or injury but who have a job or study to return to.
Wife Pension (DSP) provides an income for a woman who is a partner of a DSP recipient, is aged below Age Pension age and is not receiving any other payment in her own right. This payment is gradually being phased out, with new grants of Wife Pension ceasing after 30 June 1995.
Table 7.13 shows the number of recipients of support for people with a disability, and expenditure by payment type.
Support for carers
There are two forms of Commonwealth financial assistance that may be available in a caring situation - Carer Payment and Carer Allowance.
Carer Payment provides income support to people who, due to the demands of their caring role, are unable to support themselves through substantial workforce participation. Carer Payment is subject to income and assets tests and is paid at the same rate as other social security pensions.
Carer Allowance is a supplementary payment that is available to people who provide daily care and attention at home for an adult or child with a disability or severe medical condition. Carer Allowance is not income or assets tested. It can be paid in addition to a social security income support payment.
Table 7.14 shows the number of support for carer recipients and expenditure by payment type.
Support for the aged
Policies relating to support for the aged are designed to help retirees make best use of their own financial resources to maintain their standard of living, and to support the aged with limited means through providing income support. They are also intended to provide information and foster opportunities for older people to participate in the community.
The principal form of support is the Age Pension. Age Pension age for men is 65 and for women is being progressively raised to 65 by 2014. The qualifying age for women depends on their date of birth, with the minimum age increasing by six months at two year intervals until it reaches 65 for those born on or after 1 January 1949.
Other payments available for older Australians include Wife Pension and Widow B Pension. These payments were designed to provide financial assistance to women below the pension age who are either the partner of an age pensioner or who have lost the financial support of a male partner through death, separation or divorce. The concepts behind these payments have been updated to reflect a more modern society and consequently these payments have been closed to new entrants. From 1 July 1995 for Wife Pension, and from 21 March 1997 for Widow B Pension, payments have been confined to women already receiving the payment on those dates.
The ageing of the Australian population will increase the financial commitment of the Australian economy to support the aged. It is expected that Age Pension expenditure will increase from 3.0% of gross domestic product to 4.6% by 2050.
Table 7.15 shows the number of recipients and expenditure by payment type for support for the aged.


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UPDATE: Since posting this, we have gotten word that this beer tasting is only for guest staying at the Contemporary Resort or Bay Lake Towers. We'd heard differently from a Contemporary CM before printing, but this word is directly from the manager at the restaurant. Sorry folks!
In a recent comment, reader Bill M. (thanks, Bill!!) told us about a Beer Tasting that happens every Saturday at Disney's Contemporary Resort! I made some phone calls to find out the deets, and we've got 'em right here!
Visit The Wave's lounge to sample complimentary beer each Saturday, from 3-4 p.m.. Three certified organic beers by Orlando Brewing Company are provided, making this a great stop on your monorail crawl.
Don't like beer? While your friends are sipping complimentary brew, order a screw-top wine (ya gotta pay for it, though).
While this activity is advertised in the Disney's Contemporary Resort (and Bay Lake Tower) Recreation Activities Guide, you do not need to be a guest of the resort to participate. Of course, the beer tasting is only open to guests 21 and over.
Although space is limited, advance reservations are not necessary at this time. (Of course, that could change if y'all show up for free beer at the same time!). Resort guests can go ahead and reserve by calling the Wave Lounge at 7-1347 from their room phone. Other guests may inquire by calling the Contemporary Resort at 407-824-1000.
Have you participated in the beer sampling at The Wave? Share your experience in the comments below!


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Barack Obama's already left Berlin, but the pictures remain. The last time I personally saw the Victory Column, I was 20 and in the midst of Berlin's enormous gay pride parade. Watching young men puke in the bushes while people passed by in front of a stone column was way less impressive than seeing a 20-foot-longpaper maché penis float through the Brandenburg Gate — which makes a better backdrop for everything, really. But the Bush Administration didn't want that backdrop for Obama any more than they probably want to see large penises around Washington, so the Victory Column had to do. Does it really matter what he said? Moe and I say not really, not when we can discuss Rudy Giuliani's Lawsuit-Happy Gilmore, Matthew Yglesias's haters, Michael Savage's stupidity, power, privilege and Duke, SATs, ADHD, Dawson's Creek and James Van Der Beek. (No, I haven't had a bunch of coffee on an empty stomach, why do you ask?) Go read, it's after the jump.
MOE: Whoa 8:45 on the dot!
MEGAN: That's impressive!
MOE: I'm never on time!
MEGAN: Me neither!
MOE: So guess what? I thought I made this reservation to fly to Seattle tomorrow and it turns out the reservation is for today and tomorrow's flight is sold out, and tonight's flight is sold out!
MEGAN: Hey, I've never been to Seattle and I've always meant to go and I totally actually did that once, only I didn't find out until an hour after the flight actually left. I felt like the world's largest idiot.
MEGAN: Anyway, so the British judges ruled in favor of the Nazi sado-masochistic orgy guy in his lawsuit against the tabloids, because I know we were all on the edges of our seats about that.
And Rudy Giuliani's annoying male progeny is suing Duke for kicking him off the golf team because it will ruin his plans to become a professional golfer. You know, his shitty golfing won't, but Duke cutting him would. Apple, tree in terms of sheer annoyingness and hubris.
MOE: Um, does his mean young people actually might bother voting in this election?
That's a story about an attack ad the Let Freedom Ring foundation is running on MTV. Um, do conservatives ever do youth outreach? Also, in this campaign? What? Also, as attack ads go, it's pretty tame. And cost like $13 to produce.
MEGAN: God, I love the names of bullshit conservative groups! There's always some play on freedom, freedom to own guns and have your religious beliefs imposed on others and to not pay taxes, just not freedom of speech and right of assembly and to IM without the government reading it and to have an abortion.
MOE: Duke is one of those schools that could probably turn a lot of decent impressionable young conformists into abject douchebags but Andrew Giuliani probably had an advantage. He's suing the Duke golf team for booting him off in a "bizarre scheme"…
A bizarre scheme otherwise known as "What can I say, I got sick of the little bitch."
The suit contends the new coach, O.D. Vincent, wanted to reduce the size of the team and trumped up or exaggerated "minor" incidents as an excuse to cut Giuliani. Vincent, who had caused a stir at UCLA when his team there posed naked - holding ball baskets - in Golf Digest, accused Giuliani of driving out of a parking lot too fast, tossing a putter, busting a driver and throwing an apple at a teammate during an argument.
MEGAN: I think that throwing shit at people is generally grounds for getting kicked off of shit.
MOE: I predict success for young Andrew, because it is Duke and as everyone knows money pretty much buys you whatever there.
MEGAN: Well, there and everywhere else.
MOE: Yeah Duke is just apparently particularly bad, according to that story about rich dumb kids whose parents get courted on special fundraising tours starting when they are like 12.
Cissy Bunn acknowledges her daughter didn't fit the academic profile of a Duke student. "She's bright, she had good grades, but she doesn't meet the superstar status," Mrs. Bunn says. "Did my normal child take the place of somebody who could really make a difference in the world? Sure, yes, to an extent. But there are so many things you can lose sleep over. I'm happy for me and my child."
MEGAN: My alma mater has a special 2-year program for stupid little rich kids (and the occasional person with actual potential). It gets them a group of students that will pay full tuition and doesn't need financial aid, but lowers the average SAT scores of the university so much that they take those students out when reporting it to US News & World Report, so the magazine won't rank us anymore.
MOE: Anyway, I just remembered that story because it was kinda truly gross. Like, if elite boarding school and private tutors can't land you a 1300 on your SATs I am sorry but nothing will and you belong fucking elsewhere.
(I say that as a former private SAT tutor who managed to coax 1300s out of some reeeeeally rambunctious kids.)
MEGAN: SATs are a bullshit test anyway. Standardized tests are a tool of the Man, which is why I did so well on them. It's a matter of whether you know or have learned how to game the system. I think it's not that someone like that isn't smart, it's that she doesn't feel like she has to try because she'll get what she wants anywhere, so there's no need to learn how to game the system.
MOE: (I didn't realize at the time I should have been buying their Ritalin off them.)
MEGAN: It's sort of like how financial institutions figured that even if they fucked up hard core the government would still bail them out, so there was no need to practice self-regulation or risk-management, since there was little risk.
MOE: That's a fair point. I mean, I personally hated the "system gaming" stuff because it was like, "No the point of this test is to see whether you know implicitly how to game the system." So I just basically told the kids CONCENTRATE. And focused on critical reading and vocab. One kid asked me if I had been watching too much Dawson's Creek.
I wonder what Maude Bunn is doing these days! I bet she's on Facebook.
MEGAN: I never watched Dawson's Creek. I think the WB didn't come in so well on my TV at college. But James VanDerBeek or whatever went to my sister's college before he made it, if being on one show is considered "making it."
I mean, it's better than I've ever done, but then I'm kind of a shit actor even when I'm a decent liar.
MOE: I think that's a big deal if only because without Dawson's Creek we never would have had Television Without Pity.
One of the most important cultural institutions of our time.
And I say that as someone who doesn't even watch TV.
MEGAN: Which sucks now that Bravo bought and redesigned it.
MOE: Well, that would suck even more if I watched TV. So did you check that Erik Wemple item about how the Washington Post's 97-part Chandra Levy series is quite possibly doing better pageview-wise than their Pulitzer-winning Walter Reed series? Although there is no actual data they are releasing to support this so it is fundamentally speculation? Speculation based on no underlying grievances or suspicions whatsoever??
MEGAN: Oh, by the way, Michael Savage is "clarifying" his shitty stupid assholic remarks on autism being a fake disease. It turns out that the uptick in diagnoses is due to doctors and drug companies peddling their wares like they did with ADHD, even though there are no drugs to treat autism. I hate that fucking guy. Fuck him, someone, please find him and beat him about the head.
Also, OF COURSE it's doing better, it's seriously written like at a 3rd grade reading level and published in like easily-digestable chunks and containing little in the way of actual new information. Like, you keep waiting to learn something and then never do if you read anything about it
MOE: I mean, is one thing to joke that, like, fibromyalgia or bipolar disorder is fake, but autism? Did he miss that Babysitter's Club? Also, in all seriousness, what are they prescribing to the autistic kids? I mean, I don't know nothing, but if it's SSRIs that's sort of a racket. Beyond that, regarding the Post, you know how carefully I monitor the Most-Viewed list because it provides a hilarious counterpart to the New York Times Most Emailed List. And right now Chandra is #5. I really think most of the Dana Priest investigations did better than that. The real mystery is Public Enemy Robert Novak, whose column — syndicated column! — is always like #1 or #2 for at least a few hours.
MEGAN: Also, you heard, the guy Bob Novak hit was a homeless dude? And he really did roll onto the hood and fall off and Novak drove away? I'm like, for real-real? You hit a guy at rush hour and figure no one will notice? What did he think this was, New York?
MOE: (Oh and guys! I know bipolar is real!! As is fibromyalgia! But it is true that bipolar is way over-diagnosed so the pharmas can maximize the profits on their schizophrenia meds before they lose their patents, so that is all I am saying!)
MEGAN: Also, I don't think that most autism patients are on medication. My cousin isn't. It doesn't really work like that, not that Michael Savage fucking knows because he knows so little about it.
MOE: You know who makes me appreciate our beloved commenters more? Yglesias's!
MEGAN: Oh, totally, his commenters all hate him. Oh, wait. Did I mention that I've been here long enough — 9 months since I first wrote for you guys — that I have commenters that hate me too?
MOE: Hahaha I thought they all loved you! They are always like "Megan is a captain of industry and Moe is the one who says outrageous shit that doesn't even make sense," which anyway, brings me to Savage, and his "autistic kids are just little brats who obviously need a good spanking" line of argument. And shit like this will resonate with folks who wonder what happened to the days when you used to grin and bear it and not belabor things — shit, not even talk about things — and everyone sort of fell in line, except that one kid in every family who just sorta became a "black sheep" or a hermetic spinster or an alcoholic or a suicide case…you know? And I basically think most of it comes back to the economy. Anyway
You got bumped off over there?
We should probs address the Berlin speech.
MEGAN: Yes, I got bumped off but I am back and, actually, that speaks to the issue in my family because my cousin who has Asperger's syndrome, his grandmother on the other side of the family was like, whatever, you're just coddling him, his father was the same way and everyone on our side of the family was like, ohhhhhhh.
Yes, Berlin. 200,000 screaming Germans. We should all be friends! Hooray.


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Difference between revisions of "Kernel Debugging Tips"
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== Debugging early boot problems ==
== Debugging early boot problems ==
== Triggering a kernel event ==
== Triggering a kernel event ==
Revision as of 13:45, 3 April 2012
Here are some miscellaneous tips for debugging a kernel:
- 1 Using printks
- 2 Using kernel symbols
- 3 Using a kernel debugger
- 4 Debugging early boot problems
- 5 Triggering a kernel event
- 6 Interpreting an Oops message
- 7 Compilation tricks for the kernel
Using printks
To add your own debug message to the kernel, you can place a "printk()" in the kernel code.
These messages are logged to an internal buffer, and eventually displayed by the kernel, being emitted to whatever is the active console, at the time of display. Since the console is not initialized until part-way through the boot sequence, several messages build up in the log until the console is initialize, at which point all buffered messages are displayed at once.
After the messages are displayed on the kernel console, they are left in the log buffer (which is a ring buffer), and they can be (and usually are) retrieved later by various commands.
printk is a variable-argument function, just like printf. Note that there is no "printf()" function for the kernel. "printk()" is used to specifically remind kernel developers that the environment is different.
printk can use many standard C-style printf format characters, but not all of them. See the kernel source for examples of what you can do.
Log levels
Each kernel message can be pre-pended with a tag indicating the importance of the message. The message tags are shown in the file include/linux/kernel.h. The available tags are:
Note that these tags are defined as simple strings, with angle brackets and a number:
#define KERN_INFO "<6>"
You could place the tag onto front of the string without using the #define, but that is considered very bad form, and is discouraged.
The way the tag is placed on the string is with C string concatenation:
printk(KERN_DEBUG "This is a debug message\n");
Note that there is no comma between the tag macro and the message string.
Adding timing information
Sometimes, it is useful to add timing information to the printk values, so you can see when a particular event occurred. The kernel includes an feature for doing this called printk times.
See the help for CONFIG_PRINTK_TIMES in the file lib/Kconfig.debug for more information on this feature. This option is found on the "Kernel Hacking" menu when configuring the kernel.
The timestamps which are inserted into the printk output consist of seconds and microseconds, as absolute values from the start of machine operation (or from the start of kernel timekeeping).
There is also tool in the kernel source which will convert the timestamp values to relative values (so you can see the interval between events). This tools is called show_delta and is located in the kernel 'scripts' directory.
See Printk Times for more information.
Viewing log messages
The klogd program will extract messages from the kernel log buffer, and send them to the system log (which winds up in /var/log/messages on most systems). This command runs in the background on most desktop or server systems, and continually transfers messages from the kernel log buffer to the system log.
You can view the contents of the log buffer directly, using the dmesg command. Note that by default dmesg displays the messages from the buffer, but does not remove them. So this command can be run multiple times to view the kernel printk messages. See the dmesg man page for more things you can do with this tool.
Controlling console output
In order to have the kernel boot be less "noisy", or in order to boot more quickly, it is sometimes useful to control the amount of messages displayed to the console during boot. You can do this by setting the kernel log level at boot time via a kernel command line option. See the "loglevel=" argument in Documentation/kernel-parameters.txt.
You can turn off all messages using the kernel command line option "quiet". See Disable Console for information on how much time this can save at boot up.
Note that even if the log level is changed, or "quiet" is used, although the printk messages are not print to console, they are still entered into the log buffer, and they can still be extracted and displayed later using the dmesg command.
Changing the size of the printk buffer
The size of the buffer that printk writes to is referred to in the kernel source as the "log buffer".
You can make the log buffer larger when you build the kernel. This is useful for when additional printk data (such as extra messages inserted for debugging) is produced by the kernel and it overflows the regular buffer. The log buffer is a ring buffer, so later messages will overwrite the earliest messages in the buffer if too much data is written before the log buffer is drained (by, e.g. klogd or dmesg)
Step 1: Change the kernel log buffer size:
On the General Setup menu, change "Kernel log buffer size" to a larger number. This corresponds to LOG_BUF_SHIFT, which is the power-of-two size of the log buffer. By default, this is 14, which yeilds a log buffer size of 16KB. Changing this to 17 will yield a log buffer size of 128KB.
Set the option, then re-build and install the kernel for booting on the target board.
Step 2: Tell dmesg to retrieve the larger buffer: Even though the buffer is larger in the kernel, dmesg will still default to only reading 16K, unless told otherwise. To read the full buffer, use the '-s' option like so:
$dmesg -s 128000
Using kernel symbols
You can look up the source code for a function address using your toolchain's addr2line program. See Find a kernel function line or Addr2line for kernel debugging.
Using a kernel debugger
You can use the in-kernel debugger: KDB
Also, you can use QEMU and gdb (and a high-level IDE like eclipse).
See Debugging the Linux kernel using Eclipse/CDT and Qemu for a great article on using Eclipse (with the CDT plugin) to debug the Linux kernel.
Debugging early boot problems
See Debugging_by_printing#Debugging_early_boot_problems
Triggering a kernel event
Overloading the sync system call
Sometimes, it is nice to trigger an event to happen in the kernel from user space. Instead of creating infrastructure to handle a /proc event, an ioctl() or making a new syscall, it can be quick and easy to just overload an existing function. One function not used very often is sync. (I have found that the sync system call is not normally called by user space programs (or during standard linux booting).
It is quite easy to put a hook to your own kernel program in the sys_sync() routine (located in fs/sync.c) and cause it to execute by issuing 'sync' from the shell command line. This is handy as a temporary mechanism to test things that you have put in the kernel.
Interpreting an Oops message
When the kernel encounters an internal fault, it will print an Oops message. Here are some tips on using the Oops message to find the source of the problem.
- See Documentation/oops-tracing.txt
- See HOWTO find oops location by Denis Vlasenko
Compilation tricks for the kernel
Sometimes, you want to modify how the compiler builds an individual kernel file. The following are tips for doing tasks related to this.
Build an individual file
You can build an individual output object file, with:
make fs/buffer.o
This will build JUST fs/buffer.o (if it needs rebuilding) and not the entire kernel. To force it to need re-building, use 'touch' on the associated source file:
touch fs/buffer.c
Create the preprocessed file for an individual source file
Using the same technique, you can create the preprocessed file for a C source file. This is useful if you're having trouble tracking down macro expansion or where defines/prototypes are coming from exactly.
make fs/buffer.i
Create the assembly file for an individual source file
Using the same technique, you can create the assembly file for a C source file. This is useful to get an idea what actual machine instructions are generated from the C source code.
make fs/buffer.s
Another way to get the raw assembly, is to dump the object file using 'objdump'
objdump -d fs/buffer.o > fs/buffer.disassem
This will produce a disassembly of the object file, which should show how the assembly was translated into machine instructions.
If the object has been compiled with debug symbols (using '-g'), then you might get more information using the '-S' option with objdump:
objdump -S -d fs/buffer.o >fs/buffer.disassem
You can also request that the toolchain show mixed source and assembly, by passing extra flags:
make EXTRA_CFLAGS="-g -Wa,-a,-ad -fverbose-asm" fs/buffer.o >fs/buffer.mixed
Alter the flags for a compilation
Sometimes, you need to alter the compilation flags for an individual file. There are two ways to do this. One is to add the extra flags on the make command line:
make EXTRA_CFLAGS="-g -finstrument-functions" fs/buffer.o
This will work if the flags can be appended to the regular set of C flags used for compiling the object.
However, if you need to do something more complicated, like removing or modifying flags, then you can build your own command line by hand. To do this, it is easiest to have 'make' produce the default compilation command (which will be several lines long), then copy, paste and edit it, to run on the command line directly. To see the exact compile commands used to compile a particular object, use the V=1 option with the kernel build system:
make V=1 fs/buffer.o
For me, this produced something like this:
mipsel-linux-gcc -Wp,-MD,fs/.buffer.o.d -nostdinc -isystem /home/usr/local/mipsel-linux-glibc/bin/../lib/gcc/mipsisa32el-linux/3.4.3/include -D__KERNEL__ -Iinclude -Iinclude2 -I/home/tbird/work/linux/include -I/home/tbird/work/linux/fs -Ifs -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -Wno-trigraphs -fno-strict-aliasing -fno-common -ffreestanding -O2 -fomit-frame-pointer -g -I/home/tbird/work/linux/ -I /home/tbird/work/linux/include/asm/gcc -G 0 -mno-abicalls -fno-pic -pipe -finline-limit=100000 -mabi=32 -march=mips32r2 -Wa,-32 -Wa,-march=mips32r2 -Wa,-mips32r2 -Wa,--trap -I/home/tbird/work/linux/include/asm-mips/ati -Iinclude/asm-mips/ati -I/home/tbird/work/linux/include/asm-mips/mach-generic -Iinclude/asm-mips/mach-generic -Wdeclaration-after-statement -DKBUILD_BASENAME=buffer -DKBUILD_MODNAME=buffer -c -o fs/buffer.o /home/tbird/work/linux/fs/buffer.c


text:
[page 1, unnumbered:]
"Unhappy Master, whom unmerciful Disaster
Followed fast, and followed faster, till his songs one burden bore —
Till the dirges of his Hope that melancholy burden bore
Of Never — nevermore!"
The Raven.
NOT long ago, there was brought before one of our tribunals a criminal whose forehead was tattooed with the singularly strange device — Never a chance. Thus as a book bears its title, he carried above his eyes the etiquette-law of his life, and the cross-examination proved this curious writing to be cruelly veracious. There are, in the history of literature, many analogous destinies of actual damnation, — many men who bear the word Luckless written in mysterious characters in the sinuous folds of their foreheads. The blind angel of Expiation hovers for ever around them, punishing them with rods for the edification of others. It is in vain that their lives exhibit talents, virtues or graces. Society has for them a special anathema, accusing them even of those infirmities which its own persecutions have generated. What would Hoffmann not have done to disarm Destiny? what Balzac not attempted to compel Fortune? Does there, then, exist some diabolic Providence which prepares misery from the cradle; which throws, and throws with premeditation, these spiritual and angelic natures into hostile ranks, as martyrs were once hurled into the arena? Can there, then, be holy souls destined to the sacrificial altar, compelled to march to death and glory across the very ruins of their lives! Will the nightmare of gloom eternally besiege these chosen souls? Vainly they may [page 2:] struggle, vainly conform themselves to the world, to its foresight, to its cunning; let them grow perfect in prudence, batten up every entry, nail down every window, against the shafts of Fate; still the Demon will enter by a key-hole; some fault will arise from the very perfection of their breastplate; some superlative quality will be the germ of their damnation:
"L'aigle, pour le briser, du haut du firmament,
Sur leur front découvert lâchera la tortue,
Car ils doivent périr inévétablement."
Their destiny is written in their very constitution; sparkling with a sinister brilliancy in their looks and in their gestures; circulating through their arteries in every globule of their blood.
A famous author of our time has written a book to prove that the poet can find a happy home neither in democratic nor aristocratic society — not a whit the more in a republic than in a monarchy, absolute or limited — and who was able peremptorily to reply to him? I bring to-day a new legend to support his theory; to-day, I add a new saint to the holy army of martyrs, for I have to write the history of one of those illustrious unfortunates, over- rich, with poetry and passion, who came after so many others, to serve in this dull world the rude apprenticeship of genius among inferior souls.
A lamentable tragedy this Life of Edgar Poe! His death a horrible unravelling of the drama, where horror is besmutched with trivialities! All the documents I have studied strengthen me in the conviction that the United States was for Poe only a vast prison through which he ran, hither and thither, with the feverish agitation of a being created to breathe in a purer world — only a wild barbarous country — barbarous and gas-lit — and that his interior life, spiritual as a poet, spiritual even as a drunkard, was but one perpetual effort to escape the influence of this anti pathetical atmosphere. There is no more pitiless dictator than that of "Public Opinion "in democratic societies; beseech it not for charity, nor indulgence, nor any elasticity whatsoever, in the application of its laws to the varied and complex cases of moral, life. We might say that from the impious love of liberty has been born a new tyranny — the tyranny of fools — which, in its insensible ferocity, resembles the idol of Juggernaut. One biographer tells us gravely, and with the best possible intention in the world, that [page 3:] Poe, if he had willed to regulate his genius, to apply his creative faculties in a manner more appropriate to the American soil, might have become a money-making author; another — an out spoken cynic — this that beautiful as Poe's genius was, it would have been better for him to have possessed only talent, since talent can pile up a banker's balance much more readily than genius; a third, a friend of the poet, a man who has edited many reviews and journals, confesses that it was difficult to employ Poe, and that he was compelled to pay him less than the others, because he wrote in a style too far removed from the vulgar. How this "savours of the shop," as Joseph de Maistre would say.
Some have even dared more, and, uniting the dullest unintelligence of his genius to the ferocity of the hypocritical trading-class, insulted him to the uttermost, after his untimely end, rudely hectoring his poor speechless corpse; particularly Mr. Rufus Griswold, who, to quote here George Graham's vengeful saying, then "committed an immortal infamy." Poe, feeling, perhaps, the sinister foreboding of a sudden death, had nominated Griswold and Willis as his literary executors, to set his papers in order, to write his life and to restore his memory. The first — the pedagogue vampire — has defamed his friend at full length in an enormous article — wearisome and crammed with hatred — which was prefixed to the posthumous edition of Poe's works; are there then no regulations in America to keep the curs out of the cemeteries? Mr. Willis, however, has proved, on the contrary, that kindliness and respect go hand in hand with true wit, and that charity, which is ever a moral duty, is also one of the dictates of good taste. Talk of Poe with an American — he will, perhaps, confess his genius, perhaps even show a personal pride in it; but, with that sardonic superiority which betokens your positive man, he will tell you of the poet's disordered life; of his alcoholized breath, ready to have taken light at any candle-flame; of his vagabond habits; he will reiterate that the poet was an erratic and strange being, an orbit-less planet, rolling incessantly from Baltimore to New York, from New York to Philadelphia, from Philadelphia to Boston, from Boston to Baltimore, from Baltimore to Richmond; and, if deeply moved by these preludes of a grievous history, you try to make him understand that the individual was not alone blameworthy, that it must have been difficult to write or think at ease in a country where there are a million sovereigns, [page 4:] a country without, strictly speaking, a metropolis, and without an aristocracy, his eyes will open fiercely, and, sparkling with rage, drivel of suffering patriotism will foam to his lips, and America, by his mouth, will hurl curses at its old mother, Europe, and at the philosophy of ancient days.
I repeat once more my firm conviction that Edgar Poe and his country were never upon a level. The United States is a gigantic and infantine country, not unnaturally jealous of the old continent. Proud of its material development, abnormal and almost monstrous, this new comer into history has a naive faith in the all- powerfulness of industry, being firmly convinced, moreover, like some unfortunates among ourselves, that it will finish by devouring the devil himself. Time and money are there held in such extraordinary esteem; material activity, exaggerated almost to the proportions of a national mania, leaves room in their minds for little that is not of the earth. Poe, who came of a good race, and who, moreover, declared the great misfortune of his country to be its lack of an aristocracy, expected, as he often argued, that in a nation without an aristocracy, the worship of the beautiful would but corrupt itself, lessen and disappear; who accused his fellow-citizens, in their emphatic and costly luxury, of all the symptoms of bad taste that characterize the parvenu; who considered Progress, the grand idea of modern times, as the ecstasy of silly idlers, and who styled the modern perfection of the human dwelling an eyesore and a rectangular abomination; — Poe, I say, was there a singularly solitary brain. Believing only in the immutable — in the eternity of nature, he enjoyed — a cruel privilege truly in a society amorous of itself — the grand common-sense of Machiavelli, who marches before the student like a column of fire across the deserts of history. What would he have written, what have thought, if he had heard the sentimental theologian, out of love for the human race, suppress hell itself; — the rag-shop philosopher propose an insurance company to put an end to wars by the subscription of a half-penny per head; — the abolition of capital punishment and orthography, those two correlative follies, and a host of sick persons writing, with the ear even close to the belly, fantastic grumblings as flatulent as the element which dictated them? If you add to this impeccable vision of the True, — an actual infirmity under certain circumstances, and exquisite delicacy of taste, revolting from everything out of exact proportion, [page 5:] an insatiate love for the beautiful, which had assumed the power of a morbid passion, you altogether cease to be astonished that to such a man life had become a hell, that such a life speedily arrived at an untimely end — nay, you will admire his enthusiasm for bearing with it for so long a time.
The family of Poe was one of the most respectable in Baltimore. His maternal grandfather had served as a quartermaster-general in the war of independence, and had gained the friendship and high esteem of La Fayette, who, during his last journey through the States, had specially sought out the general's widow, to express his gratitude for the services her husband had rendered. His great grandfather had married the daughter of the English admiral, MacBride, who was allied with the noblest English houses. David Poe, the general's son and Edgar's father, falling violently in love with an English actress, Elizabeth Arnold, then famous for her beauty, ran away with her and married her, and, to bring their destinies still more intimately together, took to the stage, appearing with his wife on the boards of the different theatres in the chief towns of the Union. The young couple died at Richmond almost at the same time, leaving three little children, — the youngest of whom was Edgar, — in the most helpless and abandoned condition.
Edgar Poe was born at Baltimore, in the year 1813, — I give this date upon his own authority, for his writings protest against the statement of Griswold, who places the birth in 1811. If ever, to borrow an expression from our poet, the "Spirit of Romance," — a spirit sinister and stormy — presided at a birth, it was certainly at his. Poe was the veritable offspring of passion and adventure. Mr. Allan, a wealthy merchant, took a great fancy to the unfortunate little lad, whom nature had dowered with a charming manner, and, being childless, adopted him as a son, to be henceforth known as Edgar Allan Poe. He was thus brought up in happy circumstances, and in the legitimate hope of succeeding to one of those fortunes which give a lofty altitude to the character. He accompanied his adopted parents upon a journey through England, Scotland and Ireland, but before returning to their native country, they entrusted him to the care of Dr. Bransby, who kept a school of some importance at Stoke-Newington, a northern suburb of London. Poe has himself, in William Wilson, described this [page 6:] quaint old house, with its Elizabethan gables, and all his schoolboy impressions.
He returned to Richmond in 1822, and continued his studies in America under the best masters of the neighbourhood. At the University of Charlottesville, which he entered in 1825, he distinguished himself, not only by an intelligence quasi-miraculous, but also by a sinister abundance of passions — a precocity truly American which was finally the cause of his expulsion. We must note in passing that Poe had aleady at Charlottesville manifested the most remarkable aptitude for the physical and mathematical sciences. Later on he made a frequent use of these in his strange stories, drawing from them resources altogether unexpected. But I have reason to believe that it was not to this order of compositions that he attached the most importance, and that — perhaps on account of this precocious aptitude — he was not far from considering them as facile juggleries, when compared with works of pure imagination. Some unfortunate gaming debts led to a temporary coolness on the part of his adopted father, and Edgar — a very curious fact, and one proving, say what they will, a strong dose of chivalry in his impressionable brain — conceived the project of aiding the Greeks in their struggle against the tyranny of the Turks. What became of him in the East, what he did there, whether he ever really had a chance of studying the classic borders of the Mediterranean, why he was found at St. Petersburgh, without a passport, and, politically comprised, compelled to appeal to the American ambassador to escape the penalty of the Russian laws, and for aid to return home — all this is still a mystery: we know nothing of it: this is a void which he alone could have filled up. Edgar Poe's life, his youth, his adventures in Russia, and his correspondence have for long been announced in the American journals, but have not yet appeared.
Returning to America in 1829 he expressed a wish to enter the military college at West Point; he was, in fact, admitted, and there, as elsewhere, he gave signs of an intelligence admirably endowed, but at the same time undisciplined: and, at the end of some few months, he was dismissed. At this moment an event occurred in his adopted family which had the gravest consequence upon the whole of his after life. Mrs. Allan, for whom he felt a truly filial affection, died, and Mr. Allan married a lady of extreme youth. A domestic quarrel thereupon took place, into which I cannot enter, [page 7:] since it has been clearly explained by no one of his biographers. There is, however, no ground for astonishment that he was hence forth definitely separated from Mr. Allan, who, having children by his second marriage, completely cut off all hopes of succeeding to his fortune.
Shortly after quitting Richmond Poe had published a small volume of poems; this was, indeed, a brilliant first attempt. For all who could feel and appreciate English poetry, there was already that extra-terrestrial accent, that calmness of melancholy, that delicious solemnity, which characterizes the master-singers.
Misery now for some time made him a soldier, and it is to be presumed that he employed the dull leisure of a garrison life in preparing materials for his future compositions — weird compositions they are, which seem to have been created to show that weirdness is an integral part of the beautiful. Soon embarking in a literary career, where alone beings of a certain order are able to breathe, Poe would have died of extreme misery, but for a lucky chance which gave him the opportunity of bread-earning. The proprietor of a small magazine announced two prizes — one for the best story, the other for the best poem, h singularly clear and beautiful handwriting attracted the attention of a Mr. Kennedy, who presided over the committee of selection, and inspired him with the desire of personally examining the manuscripts. He declared at once that Poe had gained both the prizes, but one only was allotted to him. The president was anxious to see the unknown author, and the editor of the magazine introduced him to a young man of striking beauty, dressed in rags and a tattered coat, but toned to the chin, possessing the air of a true gentleman, looking at once haughty, and very hungry. Kennedy kindly did what lay in his power, introducing him to the notice of Mr. Thomas White who had founded the Southern Literary Messenger at Richmond, White was a man of audacious literary enterprise, but without any literary talent whatever. Poe soon became essential as an assist ant, and, at the age of two-and-twenty, found himself the editor of a review, the entire destinies of which depended upon his personal efforts. He speedily established its prosperity, and many years afterwards the Southern Literary Messenger acknowledged that to this eccentric outcast, to this incorrigible drunkard, its numerous subscribers and its profitable notoriety were mainly due. In this journal many of the stones which are hereafter presented to our [page 8:] readers, made their first appearance. For nearly two years Poe, with a marvellous ardour, astonished his public by series of com positions of a kind altogether novel, and by critical articles, the vivacity, the terseness, the severe reasoning of which were admirably adapted to enforce attention. Other articles discussed literature in its every branch, and the young writer's thorough and broad education now stood him in good stead. It is worth our while to learn, that for these important duties, this indefatigable labour, he received five hundred dollars, that is about one hundred and eight pounds sterling, per annum. "Immediately," says Griswold, as if he meant to convey, "Believing himself now rich enough the young fool!" he married a young lady, beautiful, charming, and of an heroic nature, but without a farthing, adds this same Griswold with a sneer of disdain. The young lady was his cousin, Virginia Clernm.
In spite of the services rendered to his journal, White quarrelled with his editor before two years had elapsed. The reason of their separation is evidently to be found in the attacks of hypochondria, and the fitful outbursts of intoxication, to which the poet was subject — characteristic incidents which darkened his spiritual sky, like those gloomy clouds which suddenly give to the most romantic landscape an air of melancholy apparently irreparable. Henceforward we watch the unfortunate poet striking his tent, like a nomad of the desert, and, carrying his light penates hither and thither through the principal cities of the union. Everywhere, in a brilliant manner, he edited reviews, or contributed to them, scattering broadcast, with a miraculous rapidity, critical and philosophical articles, and stories teeming with a magic beauty, which appeared in a collected form, under the title of Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque — a remarkable and intentional title, for arabesque and grotesque ornamentation repulses the human figure; and we shall see that, in most respects, the works of Poe are extra, or superhuman. We learn next, by scandalous paragraphs cruelly inserted in the papers, that Poe and his wife, in a state of utter destitution, were taken dangerously ill at Fordham. Here his devoted wife died, and shortly after her death the poet experienced his first attack of delirium tremens. A new paragraph suddenly appeared in one of the papers — in that one which was bitterest against him — which, condemning his contempt of the world, and his disgust for it, made one of those sidling attacks upon his character [page 9:] on the part of public opinion, against which he had always to de fend himself — of all the sterilely fatiguing struggles the most sterile.
He now, doubtless, did gain money, almost enough to support life; but I have proofs that he had always the most discouraging difficulties to surmount. At this time he dreamt, like so many other writers, of starting a review for himself of being, as it were, at home; and indeed he had suffered sufficiently to justify an ardent desire for a definite haven for his thoughts. To arrive at this end, to procure a sufficient sum of money, he had recourse to lecturing — a branch of speculation which the college of France has put in the power of all literary men, the author publishing his lecture only after he has first derived all possible prior benefits. Poe had already given at New York a lecture called Eureka — his cosmogenic poem, which had even originated a stormy discussion. He now determined to lecture in his own country — Virginia, expecting, as he wrote Willis, to make a circuit in the east and south, where he trusted to the support of his literary friends, and of his old fellow-students at Charlottesville and West Point. He visited in turn the principal towns of Virginia; and the people of Richmond again saw him whom they had known formerly as so young, so poor, so forlorn. Now he appeared handsome, elegant, correct as genius itself. I even believe that for some time he had pushed his condescension so far as to join a temperance society. He chose a theme as large as it was elevated — The Principles of Poetry, and he developed it with that lucidity which was one of his privileges. He believed — the true poet that he was — that the aim of poetry is of the same nature as its principle — that it ought never to have in view anything but itself.
The happy reception with which he was welcomed, flooded his poor heart with pride and joy; he showed himself so enchanted with it that he even talked of definitely establishing himself at Richmond, and ending his days in the spot which childhood had rendered dear to him. However, he had business at New York, and he started on the 4th October, complaining of weakness and shiverings. Feeling himself worse on arriving at Baltimore at six in the evening, he caused his luggage to be moved to the station from which he meant to leave for Philadelphia, and then entered a tavern to take some exciting stimulant. There, unfortunately, he came across old acquaintances, and stopped late. On the following morning in the pale shadows of the early day, a corpse was found, [page 10:] upon the high-way — a corpse with life still stirring within it, but marked already with the royal stamp of death. On this body, which was recognized by none, were found neither papers nor money. They bore it straightway to the hospital, and there died Edgar Poe, on the evening of Sunday, the 7th October, 1849, at the age of thirty-seven, conquered by delirium tremens, the terrible guest who had haunted his brain once or twice previously. Thus disappeared from this world one of our greatest literary heroes, the man of genius who in the Black Cat had written these prophetic words: — "What disease is like Alcohol!"
This death was almost a suicide a suicide prepared from an early period; at all events it caused all the scandal of one. The clamour of the public was deafening, and virtue gave full utterance to her emphatic cant, freely and voluptuously. The more indulgent funeral orations could only give way to that inevitable trades folk morality, which was careful not to neglect so admirable an opportunity. Mr. Griswold defamed sternly; Mr. Willis, sincerely afflicted, was more than befitted the occasion. Alas, and alas! he who had stormed the most arduous heights of the aesthetic, who had plunged into the least explored depths of the human intellect, who, across a life resembling a tempest where no hopes of calm came ever, had discovered new means and ways unknown to dazzle the imagination, to charm all minds thirsting for the beautiful, bad just a few hours since died in the wards of a hospital — what a destiny! So much grandeur, so great a misery, to raise a whirlwind of commonplace moralities, to become the food and the theme of virtuous journalists: —
Ut dedamatio fias.
These spectacles are in no wise novel; rarely, indeed, is the funeral of a young and illustrious artist aught else than a meeting-ground for scandals. Society, moreover, bears no love to their despairing unfortunates, and whether it be that they trouble her feast-days, or that she innocently looks upon them as so many remorses, society is incontestably right. Who cannot recall the declamations of all Paris at the death of Balzac, who nevertheless died with due propriety. And more recently still — just one year back from the day I pen these lines — when a writer virtuous above suspicion, endowed with the loftiest intelligence, and unlike this other, always admirably lucid, went discreetly without disturbing a single being — so discreetly, indeed, that his discretion resembled [page 11:] contempt — to set his soul free in the blackest alley he could find what nauseous homilies were there — what refined assassinations! One celebrated journalist, to whom Jesus shall never teach a generous manner, found the adventure lively enough to be celebrated in the grossest jest. Among the many enumerations of the Rights of Man that the wisdom, of the nineteenth century has recommended so complacently and so often, two most important ones have been forgotten, these two are the right of contradicting oneself, and the right of going hence. But society looks upon him who goes as an insolent fellow; she would willingly chastise the sorry human remains, just as that hapless soldier, stricken with vampirism, whom the sight of a corpse exasperated to madness, and yet we might say that, under the pressure of certain circum stances, after a serious examination of certain incompatibilities, with a firm belief in certain dogmas and metempsychoses, we might say without emphasis or word-play that a suicide is some times the most reasonable action in a life. Thus, a company of phantoms have banded themselves together, numerous already, each member of which comes back to us boasting of his actual repose, converting us to his own persuasion!
Once for all let us avow that the melancholy end of the author of Eureka excited some exceptional pity, without which the world would be no longer tenable. Mr. Willis, as I have said, spoke honestly and even with emotion, of the good relations there had always existed between Poe and himself. John Neal and George Graham endeavoured to call Griswold to some sense of shame. Mr. Longfellow — all honour to him, since Poe had cruelly maltreated him — knew how, in a manner worthy of a poet, to praise Poe's great powers as a poet and a prose writer. An unknown pen declared that American literature had lost its strongest head.
Sick at heart, and unutterably wretched was Mrs. Clemm, for Edgar was at once to her as son and daughter. A terrible destiny, says Willis, from whom I borrow these details, almost word for word, a terrible destiny was that one she watched over and protected; for Edgar Poe was an embarrassing being, besides the fact that he wrote with a fastidious difficulty, and in a style too much above the common intellectual level to be highly paid, he was always plunged in monetary distresses, and often he and his sick wife stood in urgent need of the common necessaries of life. Willis saw one day a lady, old, sweet-countenanced, and grave, [page 12:] enter his office. It was Mrs. Clemm in search of work for her dear Edgar. The biographer tells us that he was sincerely struck, not only at the exact appreciation she displayed of the talent of her son, but also by her whole appearance — her voice, low and sad, her manners, maybe of the past, but beautiful and commanding. During several years, he adds, we watched this indefatigable servitor to genius, poorly and insufficiently clad, going from journal to journal, to sell now a poem, now an article, saying some times that he was ill — the only explanation, the only reason, the invariable excuse that she gave when her son was momentarily struck with one of those attacks of literary sterility so common to nervous writers; and never allowing her lips to breathe a syllable that could be interpreted as a doubt, as a lessening of confidence in the genius and the will of her well-beloved. When her daughter died she attached herself to the survivor with a maternal ardour doubly strengthened; living with him, taking tender care of him, watching over him, defending him against life and against himself. If ever, concludes Willis, with just and lofty reason, "if ever woman's devotion, born with a first love, and fed with human passion, hallow its object, as it is allowed to do, what does not a devotion like this pure, disinterested, and holy as the watch of an invisible spirit — say for him who inspired it?" Other detractors of Poe have in effect remarked that he possessed seductions so powerful that they could only be virtues.
We may divine how terrible the news was to this unfortunate mother. She wrote to Willis a letter of which we quote a few lines:
"I have this morning heard of the death of my darling Eddie. . . . Can you give me any circumstances or particulars? . . . Oh! do not desert your friend in this bitter affliction. . . . Ask Mr. —— to come, as I must deliver a message to him from my poor Eddie. . . . I need not ask you to notice his death, and to speak well of him. I know you will. But say what an affectionate son he was to me his poor desolate mother. . . ."
This woman appears to me grand and more than antique. Stricken with an irreparable blow, she thinks only of the reputation of him who was all in all to her, arid it does not sufficiently content her to say that he was a genius, but all the world must know that he was a man dutiful and affectionate. It is evident that this mother — torch and hearth-side lightened by a ray from the highest heavens — has been sent as an example to our [page 13:] race, too little careful of heroism and devotion, of all that is noblest in duty. Were it not a justice to inscribe before the poet's works the name of her who was the moral sun of his life? — to embalm in his glory the name of that woman whose tenderness knew how to soothe his wounds, and whose image will incessantly hover above the martyrology of literature?
The life of Poe, his morals, his manners, his physical being, all that constituted his personal surroundings, appear as at once gloomy and brilliant. His person, singularly entrancing, was like his works, marked with an indefinable stamp of melancholy. Moreover he was remarkably well endowed in all respects. As a youth he had displayed a rare aptitude for all physical exercises, and though made with the feet and hands of a woman, bearing throughout indeed this character of feminine delicacy, he was more than robust, and capable of marvellous feats of strength. He had in early youth gained a swimming wager for a distance surpassing the ordinary measurement of the possible. We might say that Nature endows those of whom she expects great things with an energetic temperament, just as she gives a strong vitality to the trees which stand as symbols of grief and mourning. These men, with an outward appearance sometimes almost pitiable, are built as athletes, good for orgie or for toil, quick to excess and capable of astonishing sobriety.
There are some points relative to Poe upon which there is a unanimous agreement, for example his high natural distinction, his eloquence and his beauty, of which, as they say, he was perhaps a little vain. His manner, a strange blending of haughtiness and sweetness, was full of firmness. Physiognomy, walk, gestures, every motion of his head, declared him, especially in his happiest days, as a chosen creature. All his being breathed a penetrating solemnity. He was really marked by nature like those figures of chance by-passers, which at once attract the eye of an observer, and preoccupy his memory. Even the pedantic and sour Griswold avows that when he went to pay Poe a visit, and when he found him pale and still stricken with the death and illness of his wife, he was struck beyond measure, not only at the perfection of his man ners, but still more with his aristocratic physiognomy, and the [page 14:] perfumed atmosphere of his chamber, in other respects modestly enough furnished. Griswold ignores that the poet, more than other men, possesses that marvellous privilege attributed to the women of France and Spain, of knowing how to deck themselves with a mere nothing, and that Poe, amorous of beauty in all things, would have found a means to transform a thatched cottage into a palace of a novel kind. Has he not written, in a spirit most original and most curious, of designs for furniture, of plans of country houses and gardens, and of remodelled landscapes?
There still exists a charming letter from Mrs. Frances Osgood, who was one of Poe's friends, giving us the most curious details upon his manners, his person, and his home-life. This lady — who was herself a distinguished writer — courageously denies all personal knowledge of the vices and the faults cast up at the poet's memory.
"With men," she said to Griswold, "your views may be perfectly just, but to women he was different. . . I think no one can know him no one has known him personally — certainly no woman — without feeling a deep interest in him. I have never seen him otherwise than gentle, generous, well-bred and fastidiously refined. . . .
"My first meeting with the poet was at Aston-House. A few days previous Mr. Willis had handed me at the table d'hôte, that strange and thrilling poem entitled the Raven, saying that the author wanted my opinion of it. Its effect upon me was so singular, so like that of weird unearthly music that it was with a feeling almost of shame that I heard he desired an introduction. . . I shall never forget the morning when I was summoned to the drawing-room by Mr. Willis to receive him. With his proud and beautiful head erect, his dark eyes flashing with the electric light of feeling and of thought, a peculiar, an inimitable blending of sweetness and hauteur in his expression and manner, he greeted me calmly, gravely, almost coldly, yet with so marked an earnestness that I could not help being deeply impressed by it. From that moment until his death we were friends. . . . And in his last words, ere reason had for ever left her imperial throne in that overtaxed brain, I have a touching memento of his undying faith and friendship.
"It was in his own simple yet poetical home that to me the character of Edgar Poe appeared in its most beautiful light. Playful, [page 15:] affectionate, witty, alternately docile and wayward as a petted child — for his young, gentle and idolized wife and for all who came, he had, even in the midst of his most harassing literary duties, a kind word, a pleasant smile, a graceful arid courteous attention. At his desk beneath the romantic picture of the loved and lost Lenore, he would sit, hour after hour, patient, assiduous and uncomplaining, tracing in an exquisitely clear chirography, and with almost superhuman swiftness, the lightning thoughts — the 'rare and radiant' fancies, as they flashed through his wonderful and ever wakeful brain. I recollect one morning towards the close of his residence in this city, when he seemed unusually gay and light- hearted. Virginia, his sweet wife, had written me a pressing invitation to come to them; and I who could never resist her affectionate summons, and who enjoyed his society far more in his own house than elsewhere, hastened to Amity Street. I found him just completing his series of papers entitled the 'Literati of New York.''see,' said he, displaying in laughing triumph several little rolls of narrow paper (he always wrote thus for the press,) 'I am going to show you, by the difference of length in these, the different degrees of estimation in which I hold all you literary people. In each of these one of you is rolled up and dis cussed. Come, Virginia, and help me!' And, one by one, they unfolded them. At last they came to one which seemed interminable. Virginia, laughing, ran to one corner of the room with one end, and her husband to the opposite with the other. And whose lengthened sweetness long drawn out is that?' said I. 'Hear her,' he cried, just as if her little vain heart didn't tell her it's herself!'
"During that year, while travelling for my health, I maintained a correspondence with Mr. Poe, in accordance with the earnest en treaties of his wife, who imagined that my influence over him had a restraining and beneficial effect. . . . Of the charming love and confidence that existed between his wife and himself, always delight fully apparent to me, in spite of the many little poetical episodes, in which the impassioned romance of his temperament compelled him to indulge; of this I cannot speak too earnestly — too warmly. I believe she was the only woman he ever truly loved."
In Poe's Tales there is no mention of love; at least Ligeia, Eleonora are not, properly speaking, love-stories; the principal idea upon which they hinge being quite other. Perhaps he believed that prose is not a language lofty enough for that strange and [page 16:] almost untranslatable sentiment; for his poems, on the other hand, are strongly saturated with it. There the divine passion appears magnificent, — of the stars, yet always veiled with a mist of unchangeable melancholy. In his articles he speaks sometimes of love, as of a thing at which his pen should tremble. In the Domain of Arnheim he affirms that the four elementary conditions of happiness are, life in the open air, the love of a woman, forgetfulness of all ambition, and the creation of a new ideal of beauty. What corroborates the idea of Mrs. Osgood in regard to Poe's chivalrous respect for women is, that in spite of his prodigious talent for the grotesque and horrible, there is throughout his works not a single passage which treats of wantonness, or even of sensual enjoyment. His portraits of women are, so to speak, crowned with aureoles, they daze us from the midst of a supernatural mist, and are limned in the emphatic manner of a worshipper. As to the little romantic episodes, can there be any room for astonishment that a being so nervous, in whom the yearning for the beautiful was ever the chief characteristic, should, with a passionate ardour, have cultivated gallantry, that volcanic and musk-scented flower, for which the feverish brain of a poet has always been the chosen soil?
Of his singular personal beauty, of which so many biographers speak, the mind can, I think, form an approximate idea, in summoning to its. aid all the vague notions, vague yet characteristic, contained in the word romantic, which serves generally to render the shades of beauty that consist above all in expression. Poe had a grand forehead, where certain bumps "betrayed the overflow of the faculties which they are supposed to represent — such as construction, comparison, causality — and where the sense of ideality, par excellence the aesthetic sense, lorded it in haughty calmness. Yet in spite of these gifts, perhaps even on account of their exorbitant privileges, his profile was not exactly pleasant. As whenever one sense is excessive, a deficit could but result from the abundance, a poverty from the usurpation. He had large eyes, at once sombre and full of light, of an indecisive and gloomy colour approaching violet; his nose was noble and solidly cut; his mouth fine and sad, though slightly smiling; his skin a clear brown; the face generally pale; the physiognomy a trifle distracted, and imperceptibly tinged with melancholy.
His conversation was very remarkable, and essentially full of interest. He was not what we term a good talker — a horrible thing [page 17:] indeed — besides, his speech, like his pen, detested coventionalities [[conventionalities]]; but a vast knowledge, an acquaintance with many tongues, deep studies, and impressions garnered in numerous countries, made this speech a powerful teacher. His eloquence, essentially poetic, full of method, yet soaring above every known method, an arsenal of images chosen from a world but little frequented by common minds, a prodigious art in drawing secret and novel deductions from an evident and absolutely acceptable proposition, in opening out astonishing perspectives, and, in a word, the art of ravishing, of causing his listeners to think, to dream, snatching them from the trammels of routine — such were the dazzling powers of which many men have kept the memory. But sometimes it would happen — at all events, they say so — that the poet, indulging himself in a caprice, would brusquely recall his friends to earth again by some painful cynicism, brutally demolishing his spiritual fancy. It is, moreover, to be noted that he showed little difficulty in the choice of his listeners, and I think the reader will, without trouble, re collect many other grand and original intelligences to whom all company seemed good; — certain minds, alone in the midst of a crowd, and who, scattering their thoughts in a monologue, have little delicacy in the matter of their public. It is, in fact, a kind of brotherhood founded on contempt.
Of his drunkenness — celebrated and cast up at him with a persistence which might make one believe that all the authors of the United States, Foe alone excepted, are angels of sobriety, — it is still necessary to speak. Several versions are plausible: none exclude the others. Above all, I am obliged to remark that Willis and Mrs. Osgood both affirm that a minimum quantity of wine or spirit sufficed to completely perturb his organization. It is easy, too, to suppose that a man so really solitary, so profoundly unfortunate, who had often declared our social system a paradox and an imposture, — a man who, tormented by a pitiless destiny, repeated often that society was but a rabble of miserable wretches — (this saying is reported by Griswold, as scandalized as a man can be, who thinks the same thing, but dares not speak it) — it is natural, say I, to suppose that this poet, thrown as a child into the hazards of free life, his brain circled tightly round with a toil bitter and continuous, should have occasionally sought the delight of forgetfulness in the flagon. Literary rancours, vertigoes from the crushing marvels of infinity, troubles of household poverty, [page 18:] insults to his misery, all, all were forgotten in the depths of intoxication as in a preparatory tomb. But, just as this explanation may appear, I still mistrust it from the fact of its deplorable simplicity.
I am told that he drank, not as a gourmand, but as a savage — with that activity and time-economy altogether American, as if accomplishing a homicidal function, as if he had within himself something that must be killed — a worm that would not die. They say, too, that one day, when he was on the point of marrying a second time (the banns were published, but as he was being congratulated upon a union that was to prove in his hands the highest convictions of happiness and assured existence, he had said: "It is possible that you may have heard the banns; but note this — I shall never marry!") he went hopelessly drunk to scandalize the neighbourhood of her who should have been his wife, having this recourse to his vice to disembarrass himself of a perjury towards that poor dead spouse whose image always haunted his mind, and whom he had sung so Admirably in his Annabel Lee. I consider then, that, in a great number of cases, the infinitely important fact of premeditation is proved and established.
On the other hand, I read in a long article in the Southern Literary Messenger — the same review whose fortunes he had founded — that the purity and the finish of his style, the firmness and severity of his thought, the ardour of his labour, were never in the slightest degree altered by this terrible habit; that the production of the greater part of his excellent short pieces preceded, or followed, one of his drunken crises; that, after the publication of Eureka, he sacrificed deplorably to his longing; and that at New York, on the very morning on which the Raven appeared, while the poet's name was on every lip, he crossed Broadway, stumbling outrageously, You must remark that the words preceded, or followed, imply that drunkenness could serve as a stimulant as well as a soothing draught.
Now, it is incontestable that, like those fugitive and striking impressions — most striking in their repetition when they have been most fugitive — which sometimes follow an exterior symptom, such at [[as]] the striking of a clock, a note of music, or a forgotten perfume and which are themselves followed by an event similar to the event already known, and which occupy the same place in a chain previously revealed — like those singular periodical dreams which frequent our slumbers — there exist in drunkenness not only the [page 19:] entanglements of dreams, but whole series of reasonings, which have need to reproduce themselves, of the medium which has given them birth. If the reader has followed me without repugnance, he has already divined my conclusion. I believe that, in many cases, not certainly in all, the intoxication of Poe was a mnemonic means, a method of work, a method energetic and fatal, but appropriate to his passionate nature. The poet had learned to drink as a laborious author exercises himself in filling note-books. He could not resist the desire of finding again those visions, marvellous or awful — those subtle conceptions which he had met before in a pre ceding tempest; they were old acquaintances which imperatively attracted him, and to renew his knowledge of them, he took a road most dangerous, but most direct. The works that give us so much pleasure to-day were, in reality, the cause of his death.
Of the works of this singular genius I have very little to say; the public will soon prove what it thinks of them. It would to me be difficult, but not impossible, to unravel his method, to explain his process, especially in that part of his works whose effect principally lies in a skilfully-managed analysis. I could introduce the reader into the mystery of his fabrication, paying a special attention to that portion of American genius which caused him to rejoice over a conquered difficulty, a resolved enigma, a successful effort of strength, which urged him on to delight himself with a childish and almost perverse enjoyment in the world of probabilities and conjectures, to create canards to which his subtle aid gave all the appearances of reality. No one can deny that Poe was a marvellous juggler; and I know that he gave his esteem especially to another portion of his works. I have a few, and very brief, important remarks to make.
It was not by his material miracles, however they may have made his renown, that he won the admiration of thinkers, but by his love of the beautiful, by his knowledge of the harmonical conditions of beauty, by his profound and plaintive poetry, carefully wrought, nevertheless, and correct and transparent as a crystal jewel — by his admirable style, pure and strange — compact as the joints of a coat of mail — complacent and minute, and the slightest turn of which served to push his reader towards the desired end — and, above all, by that quite special genius, by that unique temperament [page 20:] which permitted him to paint and explain, in a manner, impeccable, entrancing, terrible, the exception in moral order. Diderot, to take one example of a hundred, is a blood-red author; Poe is a writer of the nerves even something more — and the best I know.
With him every entry into a subject is attractive, without violence, like a whirlwind. His solemnity surprises the mind, and keeps it on the watch. We feel at once that something grave is at stake; and slowly, little by little, a history is unfurled the interest of which rests upon some imperceptible deviation of the -intellect, upon an audacious hypothesis, upon an imprudent dose of nature in the amalgam of the faculties. The reader, thralled as if by vertigo, is constrained to follow the author in his entangling deductions.
No man, I repeat, has told, with greater magic the exceptions of human life and nature, the ardours of the curiosities of convalescence, the close of seasons charged with enervating splendours, sultry weather, humid and misty, where the south wind softens and distends the nerves, like the chords of an instrument; where the eyes are filled with tsars that come not from the heart; hallucination at first giving place to doubt, soon convinced and full of reasons as a book; absurdity installing itself in the intellect, and governing it with a crushing logic; hysteria usurping the place of will, a contradiction established between the nerves and the mind, and mien out of all accord expressing grief by laughter. He analyses them where they are most fugitive; he poises the imponderable, and describes in that minute and scientific manner, whose effects are terrible, all that imaginary world which floats around the nervous man, and conducts him on to evil.
The very ardour with which he threw himself into the grotesque, out of love for the grotesque, and into the horrible, out of love for the horrible, seems to verify the sincerity of his work, and the accord of the poet with the man. I have already remarked that in many men this ardour was often the result of a vast unoccupied vital energy, sometimes of a self-promoted chastity, and also of a profound back-driven sensibility. The supernatural delight that a man can experience in watching his own blood flow — sudden, violent, useless movements, loud cries thrown into the air, without any mental will — are phenomena of the same order.
Upon the heart of this literature where the air is rarified, the mind can feel that vague anguish, that fear prompt to tears, that [page 21:] sickness of the heart, which dwells in places vast and strange. But the admiration is stronger; and, then, art is so great! all the accessories are there thoroughly appropriate to the characters. The silent solitude of nature, the bustling agitation of the city, are all described there, nervously and fantastically. Like our Eugene Delacroix, who has elevated his art to the height of grand poetry, Edgar Poe loves to move his figures upon a ground of green or violet, where the phosphorescence of putrefaction, and the odour of the hurricane, reveal themselves. Nature inanimate, so styled, participates of the nature of living beings, and, like it, trembles with a shiver, supernatural and galvanic. Space is fathomed by opium; for opium gives a magic tinge to all the hues, and causes every noise to vibrate with the most sonorous magnificence. Some times glorious visions, full of light and colour, suddenly unroll themselves in its landscape; and on the furthest horizon-line we see oriental cities and palaces, mist covered, in the distance, which the sun floods with golden showers.
The characters of Poe, or rather the character of Poe, the man with sharpened faculties, the man with nerves relaxed, the man whose ardent and patient will bids a defiance to difficulties, whose glance is steadfastly fixed, with the rigidness of a sword, upon objects that increase the more, the more he gazes — this man is Poe himself; and his women, all luminous and sickly, dying of a thou sand unknown ills, and speaking with a voice resembling music, are still himself; or, at least, by their strange aspirations, by their knowledge, by their incurable melancholy, they participate strongly in the nature of their creator. As to his ideal woman — his Titanide, she reveals herself under different names, scattering in his, alas! too scanty poems, portraits, or rather modes of feeling beauty, which the temperament of the author brings together, and con founds in a unity, vague but sensible, and where, more delicately, perhaps, than elsewhere, glows that insatiable passion for the beautiful which forms his greatest claim, that is to say, the essence of all his claims, to the affection and the respect of poets.
[The following footnote appears at the bottom of page 1:]
* Translated by H. Curwen.
Baudelaire's memoir of Poe was originally published in 1852, in French. It is largely taken from Griswold's memoir of Poe, John R. Thompson's obituary for Poe in the Southern Literary Messenger, and a review of the Griswold edition by John M. Daniel. It was translated by Henry Curwen, who later wrote Sorrow and Song, which includes his own interpretation of Poe's life.
[S:0 - WEAPICHCE, 1873] - Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore - A Poe Bookshelf - Works of Edgar Allan Poe [E. A. Poe: His Life and Works] (C. Baudelaire, trans. H. Curwen, 1873)


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BBQ Dinners
We are proud to present one killer beer dinner for Chicago Craft Beer Week on Thursday 21st May.
The Lagunitas CCBW Memorial Grill Out / BBQ Beer Dinner will take place on the outdoor patio of Howells & Hood in downtown Chicago. There will be seven (yes, seven!) food courses, served alongside six different craft beers from Lagunitas Brewing.
We're lucky enough to have 2 members from the Chicago band Big Paraid, Evan and Joe, singing and playing guitar throughout the dinner as well.
Food Menu includes:
Truffled Potato Salad
Herb-marinated Chicken Thighs
Cheddar Brats
Bacon Dog
High-West Burger
Pasta Salad
Grilled Peaches
Beer Menu includes:
Lagunitas IPA
Lagunitas Pils
Lagunitas Little Sumpin' Sumpin'
Lagunitas Censored
Lagunitas Imperial Wheat Wine
Lagunitas High West-ified Imperial Coffee Stout
Food and drink is served cocktail reception style - we encourage mingling with your fellow food and beer fans!
Lagunitas Rep Marissa DeBartolo will welcome the crowd with a reception beer and a little speech, and be commenting on each beer when it comes out.


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# $EPIC: on_action.txt,v 1.5 2012/07/04 06:30:23 jnelson Exp $
on action
Triggered by other people's me commands
This event is thrown whenever someone sends a ctcp action to you or to a channel you are on. Ctcp actions are generated by the me and describe commands.
|Who sent the action
|Who the action was sent to (your nickname, or a channel)
|Message body
If you don't supress this event, the client will format the message and output it to the channel's window.
To distinguish personal actions from those sent to a channel:
on ^action * (sender, recvr, body) { if (recvr == servernick()) { echo *> $sender $body; } else if (iscurchan($recvr)) { echo * $sender $body; } else { echo * $sender/$recvr $body; }; };
This already existed in ircII.


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On Saturday, Flappy Bird developer Dong Nguyen disappointed millions when he announced he would be deleting the astronomically popular mobile game. Twenty-two hours later, he did just that.
Nguyen's game was killing it. Flappy Bird was downloaded more than 50 million times and was raking in $50,000 a day from ads, according to The Verge. But the little-known Vietnamese indie game developer started to hint that things were about to blow up. There's some speculation that legal issues were brewing because the game had many similarities to Nintendo's Super Mario Bros, though Nguyen denies this.
But Nguyen's Twitter feed suggests something more personal may have been going on. Is it possible that Flappy Bird–and subsequently Nguyen–got too famous, too fast? He tweets:
"In a quick rise to fame, there are added demands to your time and attention. If the spotlight is causing a lot of stress and anxiety and not allowing a person to function, getting rid of it can alleviate some of that negativity," says Sian L. Beilock, a University of Chicago psychologist and author of the book Choke. Not to mention, social media has the ability to quickly elevate someone and plop them into the middle of the national conversation in a way that wasn't possible in the past.
Often, what psychologists refer to as "Impostor Syndrome" comes into play. Individuals cannot process their successes or feel like they are not up for the attention, and instead feel like they're an impostor in the situation. The syndrome creates anxiety over a person's ability to succeed.
Beilock's research shows that the all-eyes-on-you phenomenon and the impostor syndrome can make people self-conscious and even paralyzed. "These worries can be taxing and cognitively demanding. They take up resources that could otherwise focus on problems. It's like when an athlete thinks too much about the little things and falls on their face," she says.
It has happened plenty of times before. Even Olympic athletes choke under the pressure, like Lolo Jones who clipped a hurdle at the Beijing Olympics and came in in seventh place instead of first. And many times, under pressure and stardom, people retreat. Comedian Dave Chapelle unexpectedly left during the production of Chappelle's Show for a trip to South Africa. Former NFL player Barry Sanders retired from the Detroit Lions at the peak of his success. Three-time Oscar winner for Best Actor Daniel Day-Lewis has taken multiple breaks from acting, some as long as five years.
"What makes people rise to the challenge or shy away from it is the billion-dollar question," says Beilock. For Nguyen, it's possible it was too much, too fast–for the game, and for himself.
Nguyen did not respond to requests for comment.
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Hello, I am Tyler the new night shift guy at Antlers in Vail. Just last week a friend of mine came out from Massachusetts to camp and hike Mt. of the Holy Cross just around the corner from us in Minturn. We had a great time from start to finish and I recommend the hike to any moderately experienced hiker. Not having a car, we took the bus to the I70 exit 171 and walked to the trailhead on our first day. It was only about 10 miles at 10000 feet so it was a good warmup for my friend who was still adjusting to the lack of oxygen. We camped at the trailhead overnight which was my first time camping in these mountains. Got a pretty heavy thunderstorm that night, had a deer curiously investigate our camp, and managed to forget only one item for our entire trip… eating utensils. So we made due with what we had, some sticks shaped like a Y wrapped in duct tape! Not to confuse anyone, let it be known that this is a one day(8-10 hour) hike, we just decided to make it two since we had no car and wanted to camp anyways.
The next day we woke up early (highly suggested for this hike as the mountain is known to create bad weather) and continued on towards the top. The trail crosses over Notch mountain and down into the valley between the two mountains, then back up along the rocky North Ridge for the final ascent. The last 2 miles or so you are clambering over some pretty large boulders to reach the top so watch your footing, especially if it rained. Once we reached the top we had a great view of the Rockies in all directions, we could see the back bowls of Vail Ski Area and Eagles Nest, and you are standing on top of a massive rock face descending to the valley below and the Bowl of Tears, a lake in the valley. Well worth the trip, we signed the register and decided to head back down since it looked like bad weather was approaching. The only drawback to this whole hike is when you are leaving, you must climb again over Notch mountain to get home. Not fun when you just hiked 6 miles there and your legs are sore. Still, overall the hike was an awesome experience, especially for me since I worked as a lifty at Vail Ski Resorts last year and nearly everyday I saw that peak to the southwest and yearned to climb it. Now I have, and I recommend you try it too.
This is a basic map depicting how to get to the trailhead, and then the North Ridge trail to the summit. Zoom out to see other points such as Antlers in Vail and the road leading to the trailhead.
View Holy Cross North Ridge in a larger map