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As dawn broke over the interior of Belize on April 30, an elite team of 42 police and soldiers, including members of the country's SWAT team and Special Forces, converged on a compound on the banks of a jungle river. Within, all was quiet. The police called out through a bullhorn that they were there looking for illegal firearms and narcotics, then stormed in, breaking open doors with sledgehammers, handcuffing four security guards, and shooting a guard dog dead. The compound's owner, a 67-year-old white American man, emerged bleary-eyed from his bedroom with a 17-year-old Belizean girl. The police cuffed him and took him away, along with his guards.
Inside, the cops found $20,000 in cash, a lab stocked with chemistry equipment, and a small armory's worth of firearms: seven pump-action shotguns, one single-action shotgun, two 9-mm. pistols, 270 shotgun cartridges, 30 9-mm. pistol rounds, and twenty .38 rounds. Vexingly for the police, all of this was actually legal. The guns were licensed and the lab appeared not to be manufacturing drugs but an herbal antibacterial compound.
After fourteen hours, the police let the man and his employees go, but remained convinced they had missed something. Why else would a wealthy American playboy hole himself up out here, far from the tourist zone on the coast, by a navigable river that happened to connect, twenty miles downstream, with a remote corner of the Mexican border? Why else would he hire, as head of security, a rogue cop who'd once plotted to steal guns from the police and sell them to drug traffickers?
It's not too unusual for eccentric gringos to wind up in Central America and slowly turn stranger—"Rich white men who come to Belize and act strangely are kind of a type," one local journalist told me. But this one's story is more peculiar than most. John McAfee is a founding father of the anti-virus software industry, an inveterate self-promoter who built an improbable web security empire on the principles of trust and reliability, then poured his start-up fortune into a series of sprawling commune-like retreats, presenting himself in the public eye as a paragon of engaged, passionate living: "Success, for me," he has said, "is being able to wake up in the morning and feel like a 12 year old." But down in Belize, McAfee the enlightened Peter Pan seems to have refashioned himself into a kind of final-reel Scarface.
ONE DAY THIS past spring, shortly before the police raid, I paid a visit to McAfee. I'd known John personally for five years, having first met him when I traveled to his ranch in rural New Mexico, an adventure-sports reporter who found him to be a genuinely charismatic entrepreneur and thrill-seeker. By now, though, I'd become convinced he was a compulsive liar if not an outright psychopath, albeit one whose life as a thrill-seeking serial entrepreneur was as entertaining for me to follow as it was amusing for him to perform.
By the time I'd arrived in country, I'd heard that his circumstances had soured since we'd last been in touch—that his business relationships had fallen apart and he'd become estranged even from the other caution-to-the-wind expats in Belize. "He is one strange cookie," a British hostel owner told me.
At the time, he was in residence not at his compound in the interior, near the town of Orange Walk, but at his beachfront property on the tourist-friendly island of Ambergris Caye. I pulled up in a golf cart to the rear entrance to his home and found him sitting by a pool overlooking the ocean—trim, tanned, and relaxed in flip-flops, cargo shorts, and frosted hair. As usual, he wore a goatee and a sleeveless T-shirt that showed off the tattoos that ran up his arms and over his back, with sunglasses on Croakies around his neck. He invited me to sit with him in a screened-in porch. Two young Belizean women lounged in the adjacent living room.
It was a pretty palatial setup, but his only companions these days, he told me, were the locals who work for him. Out on the patio, a dark-skinned man appeared and began cleaning the pool. Another man wearing a crisp uniform positioned himself nearby. He carried a holstered pistol awkwardly in front of him. I intuited that the gun was being brandished for my benefit, and I told McAfee that it made me nervous.
"Well, he's a security guard!" McAfee hopped up and called to the women inside. "Hey girls, you've been by my house in Orange Walk, right? How many security guards do I have there?" Five, the girls said. "Did they carry guns?" Yes, the girls said. "Serious guns?" Yeah!
"When I was here before," I said, "no one was carrying a gun."
"Well, that was a long time ago."
"And do you think things have changed since then?"
"The economy is going south," he said. "As the economy goes south, petty theft begins. And then grand theft. And then muggings. And the next thing you know, you murder someone for twenty dollars."
He explained that the country's crime rate was a result of its terrible economic condition. "People in this country starve! And not just a few. Almost everybody has gone through periods of starvation. You won't find a single person who has not at one point lost their hair. This is a sign of advanced malnutrition." Belize is a relatively prosperous part of Central America, not some civil-war-wracked wasteland in the Horn of Africa, but I kept my peace.
He opened the current issue of the Belize Times, holding the paper down with one arm to keep it from blowing away, and showed me a photo of two men. "I am the only white man in Orange Walk, and I was stupid enough to build right next to the highway, where people could see that I have stuff," he said. "So there have been, in the last year alone, eleven attempts to kidnap or kill me."
Before I could ask how, McAfee had gone on to tell me a story about a Belizean gangster named Eddie "Mac-10" McKoy. According to McAfee, Mac-10 wanted to kill him. "I'm an older dude, and somewhat smarter than him," McAfee said. "I tracked him down and forced him to the bargaining table. And we had this big meeting here in San Pedro, and Eddie and I came to an agreement." I took this to mean that he was paying McKoy protection money, but while I was trying to sort it out one of the Belizean women interrupted us, appearing with a tall glass of orange liquid. He sniffed it suspiciously, like he had no idea what it might be. He offered it to me, then after I declined drank it himself.
Some time later, he continued, he learned of another plot on his life. (Why he thought everyone was so hell-bent on killing him, rather than just taking his money, was unclear.) A group of attackers, including two police officers, was planning to force his car off the road one night, he said, take him back to his compound with a gun to his head, and force the guards to open the gate. They would then kill McAfee and the guards and make off with the $100,000 cash he was rumored to keep at his property. Fortunately, McAfee said, McKoy intervened.
McAfee was proudest of the way he'd responded to his would-be killers: He hired them. "Everyone who has tried to rob me, kill me, works for me now," he declared. This was not just good hacker logic, he explained, but a kind of public service. "None of these people are responsible, because they can't work. At some point, you've got to stop living for yourself. We as Americans have ripped off the world. We get to throw food away. It's insane."
He jumped up and called to the women inside: "Have you ever thrown food away?" Getting no answer, he continued: "The idea is so alien you don't even comprehend it, right?"
He remained standing. We'd been talking for an hour, and I sensed the interview was over. I thanked McAfee for his hospitality, and asked if I could reciprocate by buying him dinner. He looked at me incredulously. "Haven't you been listening to me? I can't leave my home after dark."
IN THE LATE EIGHTIES, as computers were starting to become common in American homes, fears began to circulate of malicious rogue programs that could spread from machine to machine. Where many saw an emerging hazard, McAfee recognized opportunity. A software engineer working for Lockheed, he obtained a copy of an early virus, the so-called "Pakistani Brain," and hired coders to write a program that neutralized it. It was a prescient move, but what he did next was truly inspired: He let everyone download the McAfee security software for free. Soon he had millions of users and was charging corporate clients a licensing fee. By his third year, he was pulling in millions in profit.
The anti-virus program wasn't McAfee's first entrepreneurial venture. As a young man, he'd traveled through Mexico, sleeping in a van, buying stones and silver, and making jewelry to sell to tourists. Later, during the AIDS panic in San Francisco, he sold identity cards certifying bearers as HIV-free. His freewheeling approach carried over to his Silicon Valley operation. Employees practiced sword-fighting and conducted Wiccan rituals at lunchtime. One long-running office game awarded employees points for having sex in different spots around the office. McAfee himself was an alcoholic and heavy drug user. (After a 1993 heart attack, at the age of 47, he became an aggressive teetotaler.)
In early 1992, he went on national TV and declared that as many as five million computers could soon be hijacked by a particularly dangerous virus called Michelangelo. McAfee sales skyrocketed, but the date of the supposed onslaught came and went without incident. "It was the biggest nonevent since Geraldo broke into Al Capone's tomb," complained ZDNet. Forced from his management role, McAfee cashed out his stake in the company, earning $100 million.
Cast adrift, McAfee gave himself over to the life of a wealthy adventure seeker. He raced ATVs (crashing a dozen or so) and made open-ocean crossings by Jet Ski (often they sunk en route). He poured millions into a 280-acre yoga retreat in the mountains above Woodland, Colorado, where every Sunday morning he would hold complimentary classes. "Everything was free," recalls a former student. "You would think that this guy was amazingly generous and kind, but he was getting something out of it. He was interested in being the center of attention. He was surrounded by people around him who didn't have any money and were depending on him, and he could control them." Among the entourage was a teenage employee named Jennifer Irwin, whom McAfee began dating.
Growing bored with ashram life, McAfee invented a new pastime called "aerotrekking," which involved flying tiny aircraft very low over remote stretches of desert. Experienced pilots called the practice inherently dangerous, but McAfee found it exhilarating. He brought a cadre of followers, including Irwin, with him down to Rodeo, New Mexico, where he bought a ranch with an airstrip and spent millions adding lavish amenities—a cinema, a general store, a fleet of vintage cars. He started calling his entourage the Sky Gypsies. McAfee took pains not to portray himself their leader, but it was clear that he was the one who paid the bills and called the shots. When he talked, no one interrupted.
This is where I first met McAfee, as a reporter dispatched to write about his ambitions to turn aerotrekking into a new national pastime. He put me up in a bedroom in his ranch house, and we awoke before dawn to walk to an aircraft hangar filled with small planes. "People are afraid of their own lives," he said in a cough-syrup baritone. "Shouldn't your goal be to have a meaningful life? Unknown, mysterious, thrilling?"
Some of his efforts to support his new sport seemed less than kosher. To give aerotrekking an illusion of momentum, he set up a network of fake websites purportedly from aerotrekking clubs scattered around the country. And at the end of my visit, McAfee told me, proudly, of his scheme to distract nearby residents, who had become irritated by the aerotrekking and begun to organize against the company. One of the Sky Gypsies had snuck into the local post office after hours and posted a flyer announcing a national paintball convention coming to town. The flyer promised that hundreds of trigger-happy shooters in camouflage would soon descend en masse and storm through the wilderness. To bolster the hoax, McAfee had set up a fake website promoting the event. The homebrew psy-ops campaign went off without a hitch. By the next day, the town was a beehive of angry protesters, and the aerotrekking issue was forgotten.
In retrospect, it's startling that McAfee was still so committed to aerotrekking. The year before, his own nephew had been killed in a crash, along with the passenger that he had been carrying. The passenger's family hired a lawyer and filed a $5 million lawsuit. McAfee started telling reporters that the financial crisis had all but wiped him out, slashing his net worth to $4 million. (Both the New York Times and CNN reported the claim, which he later characterized to me as "not very accurate at all.") He unloaded all his real estate at fire-sale prices and moved to Belize, having been advised by his lawyers that "a judgment in the States is not valid" there. He obtained residency far more quickly than the one-year minimum waiting time mandated by law. "This is a Third World country," he told me later, "so I had to bribe a whole bunch of folks."
Accompanied by a gaggle of hangers-on (including Irwin, by then 28), McAfee settled into a beachside compound on Ambergris Caye. With characteristic gusto he launched a slew of enterprises, including a coffee shop and a high-speed ferry service. Then he met an attractive 31-year-old named Allison Adonizio, a vacationing Harvard biologist. She told him she was working in a new field of microbiology called "anti-quorum sensing"—instead of killing infectious bacteria, she said, certain chemicals can disrupt and neutralize them. She'd already identified one rain-forest plant that was rich in such compounds and believed there must be many more. They could solve the burgeoning global problem of antibiotic resistance, she said. McAfee offered to build her a lab in Belize where she could work with native plants. She flew home, quit her job, and moved down to the jungle.
McAfee's Next Big Thing was under way. He bought land along the New River, deep in the interior of the country, where he Adonizio would grow the herbs. He also acquired another parcel a few miles downriver, near the town of Orange Walk, where he started building a processing facility. He announced that Adonizio had identified six promising new herbs and invited me down to take a look. This, he said, was the reason he'd come to Belize in the first place: to rid humanity of disease and at the same time to lift Belizeans up from poverty. "I'm 65 years old," he said. "It's time to think about what kind of legacy I'm going to leave behind."
In early 2010, I took a trip to Belize, and once again McAfee welcomed me warmly into his home and treated me as a friend. Strolling around the weed-choked parcel he was cultivating, though, I began to question his claims. The herb, he said, was too fragile to be planted the conventional way, and had to be allowed to grow naturally. But if the plant was too delicate for agriculture, how could he be so sure it would thrive in sufficient quantity to feed his production facility? When I pressed him about it, he suggested that the far-fetchedness of the plan was itself evidence of its legitimacy: "I must either be a fool," he said, "or I feel extremely secure that I will be shipping goods."
Midway through my visit the story grew odder still. Adonizio and McAfee told me that, for all the world-changing potential they saw in their anti-quorum sensing project, they'd decided to put it on hold. Instead, they were concentrating on developing and marketing another jungle-herb compound Adonizio had discovered, one that they said boosted female libido.
Back home, I wrote a story that questioned McAfee's good works, and raised doubts about his motives for being in Belize. After it was published online, McAfee launched a vigorous defense in the comments section, claiming that he'd never shelved the anti-quorum sensing project but had lied to me during my visit because he'd sensed that I'd intended to write a hostile article all along. "I am a practical joker, and I joke no differently with the press than I do with my next-door neighbor," he wrote. "I'm not saying it's a particularly adult way of behaving, or business like, or not offensive to some. But it's me."
At first Adonizio supported McAfee's claims in the comments section. "I felt a bit uncomfortable (at first) about playing our joke on Jeff," she wrote. "However, after reading the piece, I understand why John had wanted us to keep things under wraps. Jeff was there on day one with the intent to write something sensational. John kept saying: 'an aggressor with no humor deserves no leniency.'"
Then, four months later, she contacted me by email. "Remember me?" she wrote. "I'll just be blunt. I was naive about who and what Mr. McAfee really is."
She explained that before my arrival she had not, as they'd previously claimed, found any new antibiotic compounds. She had only the one that she'd been working on at Harvard, and it was already under patent, and so could not be developed for sale. "We really didn't have anything when you came down," Adonizio said. McAfee decided the libido drug, which originally had been mooted as a joke, could serve as a plausible alternative in the meantime. She played along with his hoax, she said, only at McAfee's insistence.
Amid the article's fallout, their relationship had become tense. He showed her websites devoted to various kinds of outré kink, and became increasingly open, when his girlfriend Irwin was out of town, about bringing prostitutes off the street and into his bedroom. (One day Adonizio came upon "literally a garbage bag full of Viagra.") After she'd broken up with a boyfriend on the mainland, "he kept trying to set me up with these weird friends that were into polyamory and crazy kinky stuff," she said. "He tried to convince me that love doesn't exist, so I might as well just give in and sleep with all these crazy circus folk." He liked to hint that he had connections to dangerous criminals, implying that he could have her ex-boyfriend killed: "I have someone who can take care of that," he told her.
When at last she decided she'd had enough and asked McAfee to buy out her share of the company, he exploded, she says, screaming and lunging at her. She fled and locked herself in the lab. McAfee pounded on the door and shouted obscenities. Afraid for her safety, Adonizio called a friend to escort her off the property. The next day, she boarded a flight back home to Pennsylvania.
Even at thousands of miles away, she said, she felt frightened that he might do her harm. "As soon as I started questioning his motives, he turned on me and became a horrible, horrible person, controlling, manipulative and dangerous," she told me. "I'm thankful that I got out with my life."
In the wake of Adonizio's departure, McAfee grew more isolated. An investor who'd wanted to back the anti-quorum-sensing venture backed away. A joint-venture agreement with Dr. Louis Zabaneh, one of the country's most powerful men, fell apart. The hangers-on drifted away. After 14 years, Irwin left him. McAfee spent most of his time in Orange Walk, where he'd expanded the rickety herb-processing facility into a small walled fortress. "what i experienced out @ his property made me wanna get the fuck outta dodge," an associate e-mailed Adonizio, "creepy, and a bit scary. and i don't scare easily … i have a feeling he's in some deep shit down there."
I DIDN'T MAKE IT BACK to Orange Walk during my visit in April, but I was tense throughout our meeting in Ambergis Caye, even though McAfee insisted he bore me no hard feelings and had in fact liked the last article: "I thought it was well written," he said.
When I asked him about why Adonizio was unhappy about her time with him in Belize, he seemed exasperated. "Allison is an unhappy person who is unhappy to the core," he told me. "Whatever's on the table, she will turn it this way, that way, and make something out of it, to be the cause of her unhappiness."
And what about his lack of friends in the expat community? "I don't need friends," he said. "What does friendship actually mean? It's a commitment to an idea that just doesn't interest me."
A moment later he paused and said, "I'm going to tell you the truth, for once." Then he seemed to get distracted, and made a phone call. The next day, he sent an e-mail inviting me to come back for another visit: He'd forgotten that he'd wanted to tell me that very important, he wrote, which he was only willing to impart in person. I had an eerie, inexplicable feeling that the thing he wanted to tell me was that he'd ordered my murder. I waited to call him until I was back in the States, and when he heard that I was already home, his tone was brusque: "I'm really not interested in chatting over the phone about things that are dear to my heart," he said.
Two weeks later, the police raided his compound. In the process they validated what I had taken to be some of McAfee's most far-fetched assertions. Superintendent Marco Vidal confirmed to me that, indeed, several members of his security force were known criminals, and that McKoy was a gang leader of some note. "McKoy is a member of one of the factions of the Bloods Gang," Vidal wrote me in an e-mail. "We know of a meeting between McKoy and McAfee at his café in San Pedro Town, Ambergris Caye in which McAfee was flanked by the two leaders of the most notorious and violent gang operating in Belize City. At that meeting McAfee also took along a Police Officer. We believe that his intention was to make it categorically clear to McKoy that he controlled both the legitimate and the illegitimate armed forces."
In the wake of his arrest, McAfee was nervous enough about the police investigation that he sent two employees to solicit an officer for inside information. Both were arrested for attempted bribery. McAfee then sent another Belizean on the same mission. He, too, was arrested.
McAfee's world seemed to be imploding. In late May, Gizmodo posted the text of a message that McAfee had put up on a private discussion board. In it, he described being on the lam from the police. "I am in a one room house in an uninteresting location," he wrote. "I have not been outdoors for 5 days." He added that he was posting from an iPad but didn't have a charger, and the battery only had a 21 percent charge remaining. He described his run-in with the police, then signed off with this: "I'm down to 17% charge. I will leave you."
But just a few days later, residents spotted McAfee driving a golf cart around Ambergris Caye with a new 17-year-old girlfriend, apparently in good cheer. I dropped him a line, and his reply was upbeat. "Things are getting back to normal," he wrote. "I'm just waiting for a few properties to sell then I'm off to the South Pacific. No doubt to new adventures…"
In the weeks that followed, he didn't decamp for the South Seas. Instead, he took to walking around San Pedro wearing a pistol in a holster, in violation of Belizean gun laws. Then, in late July, McAfee appeared in an article in Westword, an alternative weekly based in Denver, describing his latest business venture—According to McAfee, it is called "observational yoga," and involves sitting in comfortable chairs and watching other people perform asanas. Thanks to its numerous health benefits, McAfee said, "it's very popular" in Belize and he planned to franchise the concept around the country.
"It would be very difficult to sell this concept in America," he admitted. "But here I can make any kind of outrageous claim that I choose."
UPDATE: John McAfee is now the primary suspect in a murder investigation involving his neighbor in Belize.
Jeff Wise is a science journalist, writer of the "I'll Try Anything" column for Popular Mechanics, and the author of Extreme Fear: The Science of Your Mind in Danger. For more, visit JeffWise.net.


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Download Topalt Sync for Google and iCloud
File size: 9.99 MB Version: 1.8 MD5: acb92c1b8c0e38478e248b2c6502585b
Click "Download Now" to download the installer.
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Once you have downloaded the software, double-click the file to start the installation. Follow the screen instructions to complete the installation. Click Finish when the installation process is complete.
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- Click Start Menu > Control Panel.
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- Find the program you want to uninstall and click on it. You should see an "Uninstall" button show up at the top of the pane. Click on that, and it'll open up that program's uninstaller. Hit next, and when it finishes, the program will be completely rem oved from your system.
Additional DownloadsEnd-User License Agreement (40 KB)
Our Software Works With
All modern Microsoft Windows versions.

subset: commoncrawl


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Marketing Cloud Account Engagement
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I was all excited to launch this new site but its not scaling scaling correctly. I have used this theme many times, but this time I had to go beyond the normal 960px width with the psd I got back from designer. But now its totally jacked up when I look at it on phone or tablet. Do I have to redo everything for a 960 width?
The layout also has problems on desktop. It only works on really wide viewports, because the main content is not aligned with the header section. You need to wrap the content in a div that is centered, just as you do with the inner header content. That's where I'd start.
The inside header content is wrapped with a centered "inner" class, and the page has the same class. So the larger background images shouldnt be the problem then right?
think i found a better way to slice it…i'll try that first
I got it closer changing some of the backgrounds. It stays lined up, but now Im left with some white space on the right side on smaller viewports. What causes that?
I am also wondering if I didnt take the right approach with the large image background because then all the other text divs jump all over on smaller devices. I originally started slicing each content section, which I think would help with the text positioning. But I did away with that thought because of all the extra http requests.
You've improved it now, though even on the desktop it has that problem of whitespace on the right. that's usually caused by some element sticking out to the right that hasn't been placed properly. In this case, if you go through all the elements, you find this is the case with the .gform_body div (and possibly others, too).
Thanks Ralph! That form was the biggest offender. I rescaled some of the other images too… looks decent now. What you think?
Looks much better, although you still have tha problem that when the browser window gets narrower, the body background image at the top keeps moving, and as you scroll right the background that was hidden doesn't reappear. Usually thats easy to fix, but has me stumped. Something is collapsing, even though you have min-widths set.


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Just when you thought Dan Snyder couldn't get any more Dan Snyder. As reported by the Post, the Redskins threatened legal action against a Washington radio station over a series of parodies, until—and this is incredible—the station explained to the team that they were just jokes.
Because it went so well the last time this team sued a media outlet, the Skins were up in arms over a series of mock game broadcasts aired by WJFK, a CBS affiliate and direct rival to the Snyder-owned ESPN affiliate. They're critical of the team, the owner, and the unincorporated hellhole that is FedEx Field (listen to Monday's fake Giants-Redskins play-by-play for a taste), but they're obviously, obviously fake. Note to Snyder, and everyone really: If the guy doing a bit is a comedian, it might be comedy.
Tony Wyllie, Snyder's wholly incompetent attack/lap dog, went after WJFK, calling the routines malicious and threatening a lawsuit. Imagine the poor program director, having to sit down with a grown man and explain what a joke is.
Wyllie's anger over the broadcasts prompted Chris Kinard, WJFK's program director, to call time out. He met with Wyllie on Tuesday to discuss the comedy routines.
Kinard declined to comment, but Wyllie insisted after the meeting that peace was at hand.
"All we did was ask questions about what they were doing," he said in an interview. "Once they said it was all in jest, we were fine with it."
He added, "I have a sense of humor, like everyone else. It's a joke, and I take it as a joke. Once they said it was all a joke, that's all there was to it."
I've got a joke for you. Dan Snyder walks into a bar, and hits his head, and gosh that must have been a low bar because he's short, you see, and also a terrible owner and Washington will never win a damn thing as long as he's in charge. Aren't jokes fun?


text: The profiling is based on the projected image on the screen so the source color space does not come into play in terms of making the profiling impossible. Any projector can be profiled just like any monitor can be profiled. Profiling a projector is very similar to profiling a monitor except you profile light reflected off the screen instead of light emitted by a CRT/LCD.[a href=\"index.php?act=findpost&pid=107135\"][{POST_SNAPBACK}][/a]


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Facebook is on a mission to prove that social media-empowered education can help some of the poorest nations on Earth. It recently announced a big industry and Ivy League alliance to bring experimental educational software to Rwanda, providing Internet access and world-class instructional resources to their country's eager students.
However, Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) aren't yet proven to work at scale even in the most well-resourced nations, let alone in a country with uneven access to technology and arguably limited educational opportunities.
We took a look at what experts and evidence had to say about the prospects of Facebook's education project. The most realistic outcome for such an unpredictable endeavor is that Facebook will unearth naturally talented students whose contributions never could have been realized without the opportunity. But educating the masses will be an uphill climb.
Diamond Catchers And Super-Charged Classes
MOOCs burst onto the educational scene in the last five years; they quickly ramped up from a small buffet of passive streaming video lectures from top universities to becoming a central part of actual classes at the largest education systems in the U.S. MOOCs come in two broad categories: blended and purely online.
In the blended models, students watch video lectures from renowned professors at home, which gives teachers the ability to free up class time for hands-on learning and direct student engagement (the so-called "flipped classroom" model).
The pure online versions can amass hundreds of thousands of students who complete all assignments at their own pace, aided by their peers and voluntary TAs that monitor message boards for questions.
Neither Facebook nor its partner, the Harvard-MIT MOOC consortium edX, have decided how their project will exactly play out in Rwanda.
"At the very minimum, there will be a robust mobile experience with social tools available that could be used for either online or blended models," said edX researcher Rebecca Petersen.
The blended model had a lot more success in American schools. San Jose State University, part of the massive California State University system, began partnerships with MOOC providers by piloting both edX's blended model and a series of purely online courses.
However, SJSU's purely online pilot, conducted by for-profit MOOC provider Udacity, saw mixed results. The Udacity version allowed non-matriculated users, meaning that students without as much educational experience pulled down its overall success rate.
It is no surprise then that MOOCs have been criticized for working mostly for highly educated populations (by some estimates, 80 percent of users at another popular MOOC provider, Coursera, already have a degree).
Thus, MOOCs have shown the most promise for highly motivated, naturally talented students; they're what MIT researcher Andrew McAfee described as "diamond catchers," at a talk on inequality put on by technology political lobby, FWD.us.
Udacity likes to boast about self-taught users who have jumped careers, thanks to their own initiative and genius. One user, "Neil," was a former big-box retail shelf-stacker. "A month ago, I got my first computer/web programming job without a bachelor's degree," he wrote to Udacity. "I took Udacity's Intro to Computer Science course early last year. I've always been interested in programming, but never found a course that taught you by doing, and never found that next step."
There are certainly splendid examples of breakout students coming from the region. The self-taught 16-year-old Kelvin Doe from Sierra Leone dazzled MIT researchers with his design for a urine-powered generator.
However, outside of those who already have access to good classrooms, it is unclear whether Facebook's MOOC will deliver on its hopes for mass learning.
Developing Problems Complicate The Equation
"It looks like the initiative has taken into consideration a lot of important issues in developing countries with respect to participation in MOOCs," wrote University of Reading's Tharindu Liyanagunawardena and Shirley Willis to me in an email. "Free data access, affordable smart phones," are the first step in solving Rwanda's online education problems.
However, there are important cultural hurdles.
"They may or may not be used to the style of learning," the pair explained to me, noting that in one early developing-world course "African learners had difficulties with peer assessment activities in MOOCs." Peer assessment and collaboration are essential to helping MOOCs scale; it's the only way hundreds of thousands of students can get their assignments graded and get answers to questions without employing thousands of more teachers.
Facebook's product places a heavy emphasis on the mobile and social connectivity aspect of learning, but it's unknown whether it will actually work.
On the brighter side, the self-motivation conundrum that haunts American students doesn't seem to be as much of an issue for those in developing nations. The researchers note that French-language MOOCs saw a very impressive 95 percent completion rate for users in Africa (average completion rates for MOOCs are around 7 percent). It's early days for MOOCs in Africa, and these particular courses may have attracted an unusually eager population, but the same could be said for U.S. students taking engineering classes in their free time — so it's a promising sign.
As another proof-point, before the rise of MOOCs, TED-prize winner Sugata Mitra found that when he placed a stand-alone computer in a developing area, groups of children could teach themselves science at a rate of learning that was comparable to their publicly educated peers (watch Mitra's inspiring TED talk below).
At this point, the Facebook/edX experiment is a big unknown and, in fairness to the team, they seem to be taking their time to listen.
"We are working with our partners to submit courses for our consideration now. We want to make sure the courses are relevant to the needs of the Rwandan community," edX's Petersen said. Ten percent of edX's learners are from Africa already, so they're not going into it completely blind.
At the very least, SocialEDU will bring vital tools to the country's latent geniuses and that portends a very promising future.


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Winsor, George Jr., Ledger, 1845-1868
George Winsor, Jr. (1790-1880) lived in Duxbury, Massachusetts, and married Hannah Delano in 1817. Winsor was a captain of merchant vessels, including the Delano and the brig United States. This ledger begins in 1845 with the accounts of Enoch Train & Co. and Augustus Hemenway. These pages show entries such as money collected from passengers and money received or paid in New Orleans, Liverpool and Boston. The ledger then jumps to 1867 and follows family expenses through 1873. The ledger is filled with interesting expenses such as tickets for carriages and trips to Boston, medicine, lobster, "washer woman," "Penny Post Man," the Boston Herald newspaper, a school book for Hattie, tickets to a banquet in Weston, travel for daughter Frances, Geo. Peabody photograph, a parish tax paid to Josiah Moore, payment to J.S. Lorings for a deed, and a contribution to a soldiers' monument in September of 1869.


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WASHINGTON (CNN) -- The Obama administration plans to reverse a regulation from late in the Bush administration allowing health-care workers to refuse to provide services based on moral objections, an official said Friday.
The rule protects the rights of health care providers who refuse to participate in certain procedures.
The Provider Refusal Rule was proposed by the Bush White House in August and enacted on January 20, the day President Barack Obama took office.
It expanded on a 30-year-old law establishing a "conscience clause" for "health-care professionals who don't want to perform abortions."
Under the rule, workers in health-care settings -- from doctors to janitors -- can refuse to provide services, information or advice to patients on subjects such as contraception, family planning, blood transfusions and even vaccine counseling if they are morally against it.
"We recognize and understand that some providers have objections to providing abortions, according to an official at the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The official declined to be identified because the policy change had not been announced. "We want to ensure that current law protects them.
"But we do not want to impose new limitations on services that would allow providers to refuse to provide to women and their families services like family planning and contraception that would actually help prevent the need for an abortion in the first place."
Many health-care organizations, including the American Medical Association, believe health-care providers have an obligation to their patients to advise them of the options despite their own beliefs. Critics of the current rule argue there are already laws on the books protecting health-care professionals when it comes to refusing care for personal reasons.
Dr. Suzanne T. Poppema, board chair of Physicians for Reproductive Choice and Health, praised Obama "for placing good health care above ideological demands."
"Physicians across the country were outraged when the Bush administration, in its final days, limited women's access to reproductive health care," she said. "Hundreds of doctors protested these midnight regulations and urged President Obama to repeal them quickly. We are thrilled that President Obama took the first steps today to ensure that our patients' health is once again protected."
But Tony Perkins, president of the Family Research Council, said, "Protecting the right of all health-care providers to make professional judgments based on moral convictions and ethical standards is foundational to federal law and is necessary to ensure that access to health care is not diminished, which will occur if health-care workers are forced out of their jobs because of their ethical stances.
"President's Obama's intention to change the language of these protections would result in the government becoming the conscience and not the individual. It is a person's right to exercise their moral judgment, not the government's to decide it for them."
An announcement reversing the current rule is expected early next week, the HHS official said. Any final action would have to be taken after a 30-day public comment period.
All About Health Care Policy • U.S Department of Health and Human Services • American Medical Association


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Anyone knows a good javascrip or jquary Free or one time fee form builder for MAC ?
I like the CoffeeCup http://www.coffeecup.com/web-form-builder/ form but the thing is you have to pay every month to use the full version. I need a "one time pay" form builder. No programing please just click and build :D:rofl:
Anyone knows a good javascrip or jquary Free or one time fee form builder for MAC ?
This is not really what you are asking for, but you can get a few free forms with wufoo. They are hosted on the wufoo servers, though.
Relying on JS for a contact isn't a very good idea. You need a backend script anyway.
There's a lso a few other options, like
Not what i need but still thank you
I edited my post with other links. Just checking if you noticed them.
thanks a lot, i'll take a look at them and let you know
I need a software application that i can install and build forms. I dont like the form builders in dreamwaever. I want something simple and easy to use.
Yeah i have that but they wanna charge me every month to put the form online. I want a one time fee product if there is any.
123ContactForm is Jquery based with an Ajax interface and runs on an exclusively web platform. It's extremely adaptable, it works well on Macs too and I've also tried it on iPhones and iPads, renders a good visualization. They have a free basic plan that lets you build 5 forms and receive up to 100 submissions per month.
this is my recommendation, hope it helps!
With the paid version of CoffeeCup Web Form Builder you only have to pay a single time and can use it on your own server as many times as you need. Only the free version requires you to use their monthly service.


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As a 72-year-old black woman, I am upset over the killing of Trayvon Martin. This seems the final straw to closing off any good relationships between blacks and law enforcement. By allowing George Zimmerman, the shooter, to walk away from the crime scene without an investigation, law enforcement is saying a black man, dead or alive, does not count.
Zimmerman, a coward with a handgun, would not have stalked and approached a real, suspicious gang-banger. But in the case of Trayvon Martin he could see the opportunity to harass a naïve, innocent black youth. Was Martin "standing his ground," unarmed, when invaded by gun-happy Zimmerman, who provoked a fight? Yes. And he was killed in cold blood while screaming for help. The frightened Zimmerman has been in hiding since the shooting.
Trayvon Martin, 17, was killed after buying candy and pop from the store on Feb. 26. Walking home, he was stopped by watchman Zimmerman. An argument ensued. Zimmerman shot Martin. Zimmerman claimed self-defense.
As I read newspaper reports about the story, it becomes clear that if the powers-that-be don't change the laws so that black men can walk out the front door and not be at risk, then things will get out of hand. As a matter of fact they have already gotten out of hand. It was reported in the Sunday Tribune that members of the New Black Panther Party said during a rally in Sanford, Fla., that they are offering a $10,000 reward for Zimmerman's capture.
Law enforcement has to do its job – the right job. But rather than do the right thing, the Sanford chief of police, Bill Lee, steps down temporarily until the mess is over. On April 8, more than a month later, the Justice Department starts reviewing the killing. Florida prosecutors said Zimmerman will go before a grand jury on April 10 to give evidence.
I hope the grand jury will take into consideration the significance of the miscarriage of justice committed under Florida's self-defense law.
Across the country, states with such laws and states without such laws have allowed hundreds of black men to be killed by police and go unpunished. Amadou Diallo, an unarmed 23-year-old Guinean immigrant in New York City, received dozens of gunshot wounds and was killed on Feb. 4, 1999 by four New York City police. All four officers were acquitted at trial in Albany, N.Y. Another resident of New York, Ramarley Graham, 18, was killed by police in the Bronx on Feb. 2. The police chased him on the basis of a false report that he was armed. He was shot and killed in his bathroom. The case was sent to the Bronx District Attorney's Office and will be referred to a grand jury.
Here in Chicago, 34-year-old Freddie Latee Wilson, a West Side rapper was gunned down on Nov. 13, 2007. An independent board, the Office of Professional Standards, established after Wilson death is (as far as I know) still reviewing the case. Finally, a 73-year old man from Homer, La., Bernard Monroe, was killed in his front yard. Numerous witnesses said police killed Monroe without justification and then moved a gun to make it look like he had been holding it.
"We are closely monitoring the events in Homer," said Donald Washington, the U.S attorney for the western district of Louisiana, in a media report. "I understand that a number of allegations are being made that, if true, would be serious enough for us to follow up on very quickly."
Trayvon Martin. Trayvon Martin. The name rings out like a fire bell in the night. I hear it as an emergency alarm that needs attention now. The name brings up the painful history of black people in America. A history of black men lynched and murdered. And history has taught us that the accusers of the crime go unpunished. History has also taught us that justice does not come without struggle – and sometimes not even then.


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Arches, Obelisks, Trellis, Gazebos & Pergolas
designing, crafting & installing bespoke projects
Tables, Chairs, Benches & Seats in period classic designs
RaymentWire are the leading specialist in hand-crafted bespoke wirework & metal structures for home and garden. At our workshop, based in Kent near the Margate Turner Contemporary Gallery, we design and craft period and contemporary furniture, planters, lighting, gates, bird-cages, bespoke structures, and sculpture.
We are Master Craftsmen and women with over 20 years experience in designing and creating the highest quality, bespoke work for clients from around the world.See more →


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Been in a car accident, have a dent or ding in your car, need a paint touch-up, have issues with your brakes or need your wheels aligned? Scottie's Auto Body can handle it all.
Located on the west side of Hillsboro, Oregon, and conveniently accessible from Forest Grove, at Scottie's Auto Body, our team handles every problem with your car – inside and out – from paint and bodywork to alignment, brakes, and engines.
But we're not all about repair. We're here to help with everything from to winterizing your car and giving tune-ups to paint jobs or even a complete overhaul. Best of all, we offer all our services with our courteous, reliable and trustworthy staff, backed by competitive pricing. We were listed on the CRC's "most highly recommended" report for our quality service and personal touch, and are proud members of NATA and the Automotive Service Association.
Beyond our commitments to our customers, we're also highly involved in the Hillsboro community. We sponsor athletics, drama and grad night at Glencoe, Hilhi, Liberty and Gaston schools and also contribute to many regional nonprofit and civic groups. We have been proud to serve and be part of our community since 1957. Bring your auto problems – big or small – to your neighbors at Scottie's and let us show you how painless auto repair can be.
Scottie's Auto Body is open from 7:30 a.m. to 5 p.m. Monday through Friday. For more information, email us at email@example.com or call 503-648-4275.


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Shorewood Dog Training
Midway Dog Academy offers basic through advanced obedience training. We also specialize in rehabilitating dogs with human aggression or dog aggression. When working with dogs that need help with behavior modification we recommend our board and train program. This is our most popular training option available for busy professionals and active families.
Our Pack Leader Program focuses on the relationship between you and your dog(s). It's our goal to help you better understand the philosophy and importance of the dog mentality. Dogs are pack animals and because of that, they do not think like us. Many behavior problems often arise due to miscommunication, humanizing the dog and behaviors, and lack of leadership. When dogs feel that you cannot provide them with the leadership, they will take the role as the 'Leader' themselves; which inevitably leads to many problematic behaviors because the dog cannot be the 'Boss' in the home.
Puppy Training in Shorewood
Our dog training program covers all of the basic commands:
- Sit/Stay
- Down/Stay
- Place
- Heel
- Come/Recall
- Treadmill
We will also address behavior issues such as:
- Jumping up
- Rushing through doors
- Waiting for food
Midway Dog Academy has dog trainers that understand and recognize the importance of developing a customized dog training program that will bring out each dog's full potential. That way they can exist in harmony with their owners each day. We will also work with you and your family after your dog has completed one of our dog training programs. This way you can understand the training process that your dog has just completed. With all of these things in place, you will see a significant improvement in your dog.
About Us
Dog owners in Shorewood have been choosing Midway Dog Academy for both our professionalism and our dedication to clients and their dogs. The specialized dog training at Midway Dog Academy uses your dog's natural pack member instinct to create a healthier, happier, more balanced animal. With proper dog training, your dog can reach its full potential. Our unique training programs will help your dog re-establish its natural order – your dog will learn to socialize with other dogs and become a healthy family companion.
Shorewood Dog Training | Dog Training Shorewood | Puppy Training Shorewood | 60404
Dog Trainers Shorewood | Shorewood Dog Board and Train | Dog Boot Camp Shorewood


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COVID-19 Total Cases and Deaths in Oklahoma, Trend By Days
We created an interactive visualization to explore the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Oklahoma using data from Johns Hopkins University, and New York Times. The visualization below shows trendlines for confirmed cases and deaths by number of days since the first confirmed case for counties in Oklahoma.
You can add a county to get it selected, you can remove any of the selected counties, and you can choose to see only selected counties as well.
Summary of COVID-19 Cases in Oklahoma
We also have a table of the data below. You can use the table to filter, sort, and explore the data further. Send us feedback if you have some ideas of how we can improve this to answer some questions you may have.
Note: We will be updating this data daily based on new data from Johns Hopkins University.


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Darkest Planet Found: Coal-Black, It Reflects Almost No Light
Newfound world is off-the-charts dark—and the cause is a mystery, experts say.
It may be hard to imagine a planet blacker than coal, but that's what astronomers say they've discovered in our home galaxy with NASA's Kepler space telescope.
Orbiting only about three million miles out from its star, the Jupiter-size gas giant planet, dubbed TrES-2b, is heated to 1,800 degrees Fahrenheit (980 degrees Celsius). Yet the apparently inky world appears to reflect almost none of the starlight that shines on it, according to a new study.
"Being less reflective than coal or even the blackest acrylic paint—this makes it by far the darkest planet ever discovered," lead study author David Kipping said.
"If we could see it up close it would look like a near-black ball of gas, with a slight glowing red tinge to it—a true exotic amongst exoplanets," added Kipping, an astronomer at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
(Related: "Earth Farthest From Sun on Fourth of July—So Why So Hot?")
NASA's Planet Detector
The Earth-orbiting Kepler spacecraft was specifically designed to find planets outside our solar system. But at such distances—TrES-2b, for instance, is 750 light-years from us—it's not as simple as snapping pictures of alien worlds.
Instead, Kepler—using light sensors called photometers that continuously monitor tens of thousands of stars—looks for the regular dimming of stars.
Such dips in stellar brightness may indicate that a planet is transiting, or passing in front of a star, relative to Earth, blocking some of the star's light—in the case of the coal-black planet, blocking surprisingly little of that light.
(Related: "Five New Planets Found; Hotter Than Molten Lava.")
Black Planet Spurs Dimmest of Dimming
When a planet passes in front of its star, the world's shaded side faces Kepler. But as the planet begins orbiting to the side of and "behind" its star, its star-facing side comes to face the viewer. The amount of starlight grows until the planet, becoming invisible to Kepler, passes fully in back of its star.
Watching TrES-2b and its star, Kepler detected only the slightest such dimming and brightening, though enough to ascertain that a Jupiter-size gas giant was the cause.
The light reflected by the newfound extrasolar planet, or exoplanet, changed by only about 6.5 parts per million, relative to the brightness of the host star.
"This represents the smallest photometric signal we have ever detected from an exoplanet," Kipping said.
What's more, as the coal-black planet passed in front of its star, the starlight's dimming was "so small that it's like the dip in brightness we would see with a fruit fly going in front of a car headlight."
(Also see "Six New Planets: Mini-Neptunes Found Around Sunlike Star.")
The Dark Mystery of TrES-2b
Current computer models predict that hot-Jupiter planets—gas giants that orbit very close to their stars—could be only as dark as Mercury, which reflects about 10 percent of the sunlight that hits it.
But TrES-2b is so dark that it reflects only one percent of the starlight that strikes it, suggesting that the current models may need tweaking, Kipping said.
Assuming the new study's measurements are sound, what exactly is making the new planet's atmosphere so dark?
"Some have proposed that this darkness may be caused by a huge abundance of gaseous sodium and titanium oxide," Kipping said. "But more likely there is something exotic there that we have not thought of before.
"It's this mystery that I find so exciting about this discovery."
TrES-2b may even represent a whole new class of exoplanet—a possibility Kipping and company hope to put to the test with Kepler, which has so far detected hundreds of planets outside our solar system.
"As Kepler discovers more and more planets by the day, we can hopefully scan through those and work out if this is unique or if all hot Jupiters are very dark," Kipping said.
Meanwhile, the very darkness of the new exoplanet suggests perhaps a catchier moniker for TrES-2b, Kipping said. "Maybe an appropriate nickname would be Erebus"—ancient Greece's god of darkness.
The coal-black planet study has been accepted for publication in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.


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Hi All,
Few minutes ago, I was trying to find the answer of the clue Name a body part that has an 'ache' in the game Guess Their Answer and I was able to find the answers. Now, I can reveal the words that may help all the upcoming players.
That was a brief snippet of my findings in Name a body part that has an 'ache'. The complete list of the words is to be discoved just after the next paragraph.
And about the game answers of Guess Their Answer, they will be up to date during the lifetime of the game. The bonus words that I have crossed will be available for you and if you find any additional ones, I will gladly take them. This may help players who visit after you. Anyway, I liked the graphical particularities of the game and an impressive lighting certainly seems to be the most interesting part of the game.
Answers of Guess Their Answer Name a body part that has an 'ache':
Look at the number of letters of the resquested word in your game, locate the parapgraph and then read the possible answers ( many versions of this game are available at the same time ) :
- Head
- Tooth
- Stomach
- Back
- Heart
- Arm
- Muscle
Please remember that I'll always mention the master topic of the game : Guess Their Answer Answers, the link to the previous level : Guess Their Answer Name something that keeps you warm at night and the link to the next one Guess Their Answer Name a reason a person might be running. You may want to know the content of nearby topics so these links will tell you about it !
Please let us know your thoughts. They are always welcome. So, have you thought about leaving a comment, to correct a mistake or to add an extra value to the topic ? I'm all ears.


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With one of perhaps the world's most rough coastal work areas - Seløy Undervannsservice has gained
confidence as a professional and reliable provider of maritime services.
Our multi-purpose vessels are particularly adapted our function as a maritime entrepreneur.
We have a fleet of 10 vessels fully operated with crew for 24/7 operations.


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On December 9, 2004, Robert Bindschadler, a glaciologist at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, got a phone call from a colleague in New Zealand. A team of technicians was trying to complete an overland traverse across the frigid vastness of Antarctica, from McMurdo Station near the coast to the South Pole. And the team had run into some trouble.
Bindschadler, a veteran of Antarctic research, knew all about the trouble the team faced: crevasses. Antarctica's ice moves slowly, but it always moves. As a result, it often splits apart to form crevasses—cracks in the ice that can be tens of meters deep, tens of meters across, and many kilometers long. If every one were a visible, gaping hole, crevasses might merely be annoying, but when they hide beneath the snow, these cracks in the ice become deadly dangerous.
"Snow blows around in Antarctica a lot," Bindschadler explains. "It builds these snow bridges, so as a crevasse opens up, the snow sort of stretches across the top of it. It can be a few meters thick, or it can be centimeters thick." A lightweight skier might be able to cross a thick snow bridge safely by distributing his or her weight over a wide area, but heavy vehicles don't stand a chance. "So that's the danger: that you walk right on top of a snow bridge and you just break through and you fall."
In their approach to the Transantarctic Mountains, the Antarctic traverse team members had run into an area filled with crevasses they hadn't anticipated, as many as 10 in a single mile. They called George Blaisdell, operations manager for the U.S. Antarctic Program, who then called Bindschadler. Blaisdell posed a simple question: Can you help the team find a way out?


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News about maps
Digital cartography and GPS navigation
Mapstor news
This Day in History
Travelling with mapstor.com
Mapstor news
Track plotting and storage in SAS.Planet
Navigation software and offline maps to use with our maps
Transfer to HTTPS
Preview of maps in full size
Added 1443 large-scale topographic maps
80 new topographic maps of Kazakhstan are available at mapstor.com
Dear customers,
We are glad to inform you, that topographic map collection of mapstor.com now contains 80 new topographic maps of Kazakhstan. New maps of Kazakhstan are displayed at a scale of 1:500 000. The maps were issued in 2002. You can see new topographic maps of Kazakhstan in the map sets Kazakhstan Central, Kazakhstan North, Kazakhstan South, Kazakhstan East, Kazakhstan West.
All topographic maps can be downloaded free, one at a time, or can be bought as map sets for each country, region or tourist area. Each topographic map set is accompanied by visual information about the maps available, a list of geographic objects and fragments for a preview of each map. All the maps are georeferenced at 9 points and can be used together with OziExplorer.Mapstor news 07-12-2008


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Cows are quite possibly the most important domesticated animal in human history, providing vast quantities of meat, dairy products, leather, and let's not forget manure for fertilizer. And yet DNA analysis reveals ancient humans almost didn't succeed in domesticating cows at all.
There are about 1.3 billion cows in the world today. That makes just a bit of a change from 10,500 years ago, when the first population of domesticated cattle was likely just eighty head. That's the new finding from a team of British, French, and German researchers, who extracted DNA from cow bones found at an Iranian archaeological site that dates to not long after the domestication of cows.
They discovered that the differences between these ancient DNA sequences and those of modern cattle were so minute that the only way to explain them would be if the original cattle population was extremely small, with about 80 cattle the most likely number. As the researchers explain in Molecular Biology and Evolution, since the domestication process was spread out over a thousand or so years, that's the equivalent of only adding two new cattle each generation.
That's a recipe for astoundingly low genetic diversity — and yet it seems that pretty much every living cow can claim ancestry to those eighty cows and no others. It's a testament to how skilled ancient humans must have been at breeding cattle that the population survived and thrived the way it did, as these cows were effectively domesticated into an instant population bottleneck.
To put it in perspective, one of their wild counterparts, the American bison, almost went extinct in the late 19th century, and its population never dipped below about 750, nearly ten times the founding cattle population. There are recent examples of species whose population fell below 80 — the European bison and northern elephant seal both dropped to just 30 — and even as their numbers slowly recover, they continue to teeter on the brink of extinction.
Eighty initial cattle would have given their human breeders pretty much no margin for error in terms of maintaining genetic diversity, and yet the billion cows alive today reveal just how remarkably well they succeeded in growing the population. The fact that all cattle seemingly descend from a single domestication event is also unusual — for most other domesticated animals like horses or dogs, there's good evidence to support multiple domestication events, even if some lineages ultimately died out. But we know from the analysis of the ancient Iranian cattle bones that all cows throughout history likely only came from this one population.
The reason for all this is likely that the wild ancestors of cows, known as aurochs, were nearly too wild to domesticate at all. Though the archaeological record makes it clear that aurochs roamed throughout Europe and Asia, it seems that either most domestication attempts failed or most people just thought the better of trying to tame these creatures.
University of Mainz research and study co-author Joachim Burger explains just what made these beasts so hard to handle:
"Wild aurochs are very different beasts from modern domestic cattle. They were much bigger than modern cattle, and wouldn't have had the domestic traits we see today, such as docility. So capturing these animals in the first place would not have been easy, and even if some people did manage snare them alive, their continued management and breeding would still have presented considerable challenges until they had been bred for smaller size and more docile behavior."
Part of the reason why only one domesticated cattle population emerged is possibly because of the particular requirements for the humans involved. Unlike, say, goat herding, the particular challenges of capturing aurochs and containing them would have been extremely difficult for hunter-gatherer societies, which represented the vast majority of human populations throughout Eurasia 10,000 years ago. The few sedentary, agricultural groups that had sprung up were the only ones even capable of bringing the aurochs in line.
In their paper, the researchers sketch out one probable scenario for this singular cattle domestication, and it turns out we even know which ancient people to thank for every burger we've ever eaten:
The management and subsequent domestication of these few wild cattle over some centuries could have been carried out by a small sized human group, like in a couple of small Neolithic villages. Importantly, the two sites showing the earliest signs of wild aurochs domestication – Dja´de and Çayönü – are less than 250 km apart. The closeness of these sites permits local exchange of wild / early domestic cattle management skills, and possibly the cattle themselves, and adds support to the hypothesis of a restricted origin of taurine cattle in the Levant. Interestingly, archaeological signs of sedentism during the 9th millennium BC are restricted to the same region (Cauvin 1994). It is conceivable that the management of wild cattle was too challenging for the mobile population of the surrounding mountainous areas where goat was the preferred domestic species. Another possible explanation for the low number of domesticated females is that the management of large, aggressive and territorial wild aurochs was too complex to be disseminated more widely before breeding for docile characteristics.
The researchers also write that it's possible that other attempts to domesticate cattle may have been attempted, but these failed due to the difficulty of handling aurochs. Whatever the exact case, they conclude that "the low number of progenitors indicates that successful cattle domestication was a limited phenomenon in the Near East." It was by no means a certainty that cows were ever going to be successfully domesticated, considering just how tricky the task was.
Of course, it's difficult to imagine the last 10,000 years of human civilization without cattle. Most likely, if this particular attempt to tame the aurochs had failed, another attempt would have been made, and eventually cattle would have emerged. Cows simply have way too many things to contribute to an agricultural society for them not to get domesticated sooner or later. But those eighty original cattle are a good reminder of just how razor-thin the difference between success and failure could be throughout human history, and just how brilliant and resilient our ancient ancestors had to be to successfully tame an incredibly wild beast, even if it meant a thousand years of work.
Via Molecular Biology and Evolution. Image by viëtor on Flickr.


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Brand new to Google Documents? This guide will help you create your first document.
Access your documents
To create a new document and to view a list of documents that you own or can edit:
When you're using a Google Apps product (e.g. Mail, Calendar), you'll see other Apps products listed at the top left of the page. Simply click Documents to access your sites list.
In your Docs list, you'll see all of the documents, presentations, and spreadsheets that you have access to.
Once you've accessed your Docs List, click the New drop-down menu and select Document create a new document.
An untitled document will appear in your browser -- now you're ready to edit!
Click on the title to rename the document.
There are many ways to edit your document with the edit toolbar.
You could stick to entering plain text, but why? Take advantage of the full range of features in Google Apps Documents to make your documents stand out from the rest.
To get you started, here are a few ideas:
Insert images
Choose an image from your computer or from the web (via URL). Once your image is added, you'll be able to modify or remove it at any time.
Add a table
Tables are a great way to organize information within your document. Start by choosing the number of rows and columns and then begin to format your table.
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text:
Apple is under fire again for the way workers are treated at a supplier factory in China, prompting the iPhone maker to rush a team to the factory to investigate.
Apple Attacked Over 'Worsening' Factory Conditions
The company has come under fire for its worsening factory and work condition in China.
A new report by China Labour Watch (CLW) and Green America revealed forced overtime, fire and safety risks, poor compensation and exposure to toxic chemicals at a factory in Suqian, China, operated by Apple supplier Catcher Technology.
CLW said it investigated the same factory 16 months earlier and reported its findings privately to Apple, which pledged to take action. But CLW now says the conditions "may actually be getting worse."
The undercover investigation was conducted last month and the groups released their final report Thursday.
"Apple and Catcher have done little to ensure that safety standards and other conditions have improved for Catcher's workers," the report said. It wants Apple to live up to its supplier code of conduct, which sets rules for the treatment of workers.
The investigation found 22 labor violations, CLW said, including fire exits locked shut, workers not given equipment to protect them from toxic chemicals, and mandatory overtime.
"Workers are made to labor for up to 100 hours of overtime per month, nearly three times the limit of 36 hours mandated by Chinese Labour Law," the report says. Workers in some cases were not paid for overtime work.
Apple said it was committed to taking quick action. "We know our work is never done, and we are devoted to constant improvement," it said.
The Suqian facility makes aluminum enclosures for MacBooks and iPads, Apple said. It said it conducts quarterly fire-safety inspections at the plant, and that the factory repaired fire extinguishers and unblocked fire exits as recently as last week.
"Our most recent annual audit, in May, found some concrete areas for improvement in Catcher's operations, and we worked with Catcher to develop a corrective action plan," Apple said via email.
"We had scheduled a follow-up visit next month to review their progress but have dispatched a team there immediately to investigate this report."
The Catcher factory also makes products for Dell, Hewlett-Packard, Lenovo, HTC and Motorola, CLW said. The parent company, Catcher Technology, is based in Taiwan and operates multiple factories in China.
In its most recent supplier responsibility report in February, Apple said more factories were complying with the 60-hour work week rule. The company conducted 451 supplier audits in 2013, it said.
"Excessive overtime is not in anyone's best interest, and we work closely with our suppliers to prevent it. We track and report the weekly working hours for more than 1 million workers, and, through the end of August, Catcher has averaged 95 percent compliance with our 60-hour work week limit this year," Apple spokesman Chris Gaither said.
Other issues highlighted in the CLW investigation included workers being "required to pay for drinking water and showers in dorms," and a lack of representation for expressing grievances to upper management.
Workers also need "permission to resign," according to the report.
Eyewitness? Submit your stories now via social or:
Email: email@example.com


text:
RIYADH (AFP) - Saudi Arabia beheaded a Sri Lankan maid on Wednesday after she was convicted of murdering her employer's baby, the interior ministry announced, despite calls for a stay of execution.
Rizana Nafeek smothered the infant to death after an argument with the child's mother, her employer, the ministry statement carried by the official SPA news agency said.
She was beheaded in the Dawadmi province near the capital Riyadh.
Human Rights Watch had on Tuesday urged Saudi King Abdullah and the interior ministry to halt Nafeek's execution.
The New York-based watchdog said that Nafeek, who was only 17 when the incident occurred in 2005, had retracted "a confession that she said was made under duress, and says that the baby died in a choking accident while drinking from a bottle."
Sri Lankan President Mahinda Rajapaksa had sent an appeal to King Abdullah on Sunday "requesting a stay of the execution until a settlement can be reached between the baby's family and a Saudi reconciliation committee," said HRW.
HRW "opposes the death penalty in all circumstances because of its inherent cruelty and finality," it said. "Given the possibility of mistakes in any criminal justice system, innocent people may be executed."
This is the second execution of the year in Saudi Arabia after a Syrian was beheaded on Tuesday for drug trafficking.
Last year, the ultra-conservative Muslim kingdom beheaded 76 people, according to an AFP tally based on official figures. HRW put the number at 69.
Rape, murder, apostasy, armed robbery and drug trafficking are all punishable by death under its strict version of sharia, or Islamic law.


text:
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