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9 things about MLK's speech, March on Washington
"I have a dream this afternoon that my four little children will not come up in the same young days that I came up within, but they will be judged on the basis of the content of their character, not the color of their skin."
The Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. spoke these words in 1963, but this was not the speech that would go down as one of the most important addresses in US history.
King spoke these words in Detroit, two months before he addressed a crowd of nearly 250,000 with his resounding "I Have a Dream" speech at the March on Washington for Freedom and Jobs on August 28, 1963.
Several of King's staff members actually tried to discourage him from using the same "I have a dream" refrain again.
As we all know, that didn't happen. But how this pivotal speech was crafted is just one of several interesting facts about what is one of the most important moments in the 20th century in the United States:
1. MLK's speech almost didn't include 'I have a dream'
King had suggested the familiar "Dream" speech that he used in Detroit for his address at the march, but his adviser the Rev. Wyatt Tee Walker called it "hackneyed and trite."
So, the night before the march, King's staff crafted a new speech, "Normalcy Never Again."
King was the last speaker to address the crowd in Washington that day. As he spoke, gospel singer Mahalia Jackson called out to King, "Tell 'em about the dream, Martin."
Then he paused and said, "I still have a dream."
Walker was out in the audience. "I said, 'Oh, s—.'"
"I thought it was a mistake to use that," Walker recalled. "But how wrong I was. It had never been used on a world stage before."
The rest, of course, is history.
2. The march almost didn't include any female speakers, either
It was only after pressure from Anna Arnold Hedgeman, the only woman on the national planning committee, that a "Tribute to Negro Women Fighters for Freedom" was added to the official program.
It took further convincing to have a woman lead it.
Daisy Bates spoke in the place of Myrlie Evers, the widow of slain civil rights leader Medgar Evers. Bates, president of the Arkansas NAACP who played a key role in integrating schools in Little Rock, told the crowd: "We will walk until we are free, until we can walk to any school and take our children to any school in the United States. And we will sit-in and we will kneel-in and we will lie-in if necessary until every Negro in America can vote. This we pledge to the women of America."
Earlier, Josephine Baker, an internationally known American entertainer who had moved to France to find fame, addressed the crowd. Dressed in a military jacket draped with medals for her contribution to French resistance in World War II, she spoke in very personal terms about freedom:
"You know I have always taken the rocky path. I never took the easy one, but as I get older, and as I knew I had the power and the strength, I took that rocky path, and I tried to smooth it out a little. I wanted to make it easier for you. I want you to have a chance at what I had. But I do not want you to have to run away to get it."
Women had been central to the civil rights movement — Diane Nash, Ella Baker, Dorothy Height and many others — but were only included in the program that day after one woman spoke up.
3. The most prominent white speaker was called the 'white Martin Luther King'
Walter Reuther was the head of the United Automobile Workers, which provided office space, staff and funding for the march in Detroit and the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. He was the seventh speaker listed on the program, and shared his remarks to the crowd.
"We will not solve education or housing or public accommodations as long as millions of Negroes are treated as second-class economic citizens and denied jobs," he said.
In 1998, Time Magazine included him in its list of Builders <><> <><><><><><><><><><> <><><><><><> <><><><><><><><><><><><><><> <><><><><><><><><><><><> <><><><><><><><><><><><> <><><><><><><><><>& Titans Of The 20th Century. Irving Bluestone, Reuther's former administrative assistant, shared this popular story to explain who Reuther was at the March on Washington: "Standing close to the podium were two elderly women. As (Reuther) was introduced, one of the women was overheard asking her friend, 'Who is Walter Reuther?' The response: 'Walter Reuther? He's the white Martin Luther King.'"/pp4. An openly gay man organized the march in less than two months /ppBayard Rustin is "the most important leader of the civil rights movement you probably have never heard of," a href="http://www.cnn.com/2013/08/21/opinion/granderson-rustin-erased/index.html"as LZ Granderson put it in a CNN column/a. Not only did he organize the march in a matter of months, Rustin is credited with teaching King about nonviolence. He also helped raise funds for the Montgomery bus boycott and helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Council./ppDuring the time, his sexual orientation was known, and he was often in the background to prevent it from being used against the movement./ppRustin, who died in 1987, was honored with a posthumous Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama in 2013./pp5. It wasn't the first planned 'March on Washington' /ppLabor leader and civil rights advocate A. Philip Randolph had threatened a "March for Freedom" on the National Mall in 1941 to pressure then-President Franklin Roosevelt to provide equal opportunity for defense jobs. Randolph hired Rustin to organize part of the march, which they felt was the only way to prompt action after numerous appeals./ppIt worked: The march was called off after Roosevelt established the Fair Employment Practices Committee, abolishing racial discrimination in hiring./pp6. The march was a Hollywood star-studded event/ppPopular actor and singer Harry Belafonte used his star power to help bring other celebrities to the March on Washington. Besides reaching out to the stars themselves, Belafonte went to many of the studio heads in Hollywood to get prominent actors and actresses temporarily released from their duties so they could participate./ppHe was successful. The Hollywood list of attendees that day read like a who's who of A-listers: Marlon Brando, Sidney Poitier, Lena Horne, Sammy Davis Jr., Charlton Heston and Burt Lancaster, who also gave a speech./ppBut having the Hollywood stars there wasn't just for show or for increased media attention. It also helped calm President John F. Kennedy's nerves about the march./pp"I believe that their presence did a lot to assuage people who were preoccupied with the fact there could be violence," Belafonte said./pp"One of the things that I said in my conversations with the Kennedys in discussing why they should be more yielding in their support of our demonstration was the fact that there would be such a presence of highly profiled artists — that that alone would put anxiety to rest," he added./pp"People would be looking at the occasion in a far more festive way."/pp7. One march worker fell asleep during MLK's speech/ppBack in 1963, college student Patricia Worthy took a job answering phones for the March on Washington's planning office. She had 10 phone lines to answer, and they rang from the time she walked in until she left for the day./pp"I recall one day I'll never forget, I heard someone say, 'Where is this young lady who handles the phone?' And finally I looked up, and there he was — Dr. King — and he said, 'I want to meet this young lady. She has put me on the hold twice, and hung up on me once, and I want to know who she is.' "/ppWorthy said she was "so embarrassed," but then the civil rights icon gave her a hug./ppBy the day of the march, she was so tired, she dozed off and accidentally slept through the historic march and the "I Have a Dream" speech./ppEverything worked out for her in the end: Worthy had a successful career in law and academia./pp8. Another hitchhiked all the way from Alabama only to have MLK check in on him /ppRobert Avery and two of his friends hitchhiked nearly 700 miles from Gadsden, Alabama, to Washington to participate in the march./ppAvery, who was 15 years old at the time, was no stranger to the dark side of the civil rights movement. A few months earlier, he was struck by a cattle prod wielded by Alabama police during anti-segregation demonstrations in Gadsden./ppThe three youths arrived in the nation's capital a week before the march after three days of hitchhiking, and they were put to work making signs for the event./ppAt one point, King walked in and asked for them. He had been in Gadsden the night before, and their parents had asked the civil rights leader to check on them./ppKing sat down with the three and talked to them for about 20 minutes, asking them about their dreams, Avery later recalled./pp9. 'I Have a Dream' beat JFK's 'Ask not what you can do' speech/ppThere's no doubt that King's speech was the most memorable part of the March on Washington. It's still taught in school, and memorized by children, half a century later./ppBut how does it compare against other pivotal speeches by 20th century leaders, such as John F. Kennedy or Franklin D. Roosevelt?/ppWell, a panel of a href="http://www.news.wisc.edu/releases/3504.html" target="_blank"more than 130 scholars got together in 1999 to rate the best speeches of the 20th century/a and King's speech ranked No. 1.


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As someone who gets asked for "convenient" restaurant recommendations by visitors slated to stay, sans car rental, in hotels downtown, I dutifully oblige. And to be sure, there are plenty of good options within striking distance of the French Quarter and CBD. But my guilty secret is that some of the best restaurants in the city are tucked away in residential neighborhoods far off the plainly marked tourist path. Here is a quick look at three such places Uptown.
Patois pulled off the neat trick of feeling established from the get-go. Opened in 2007, it melded quickly into the neighborhood. Owners Leon Touzet and his brother Pierre bought the former Nardo's after Hurricane Katrina and transformed it into a restaurant that has become a definitive example of the post-Katrina restaurant resurgence.
"I'd bought my house around the corner about a year before," says owner Leon Touzet. "After talking with my good friend Aaron Burgau and learning that he wanted to do something special, we decided to make a go of it."
They blew out the interior and installed large plate-glass windows in the front and side, got rid of the 8-foot -high ceilings, transforming the dark space into one that's simultaneously cheerful and elegant.
The location informs the menu to some degree. "When you're in a nice secluded neighborhood you aren't really subject to a lot of the trends of dining," says Leon. "Even when things slow down over the summer, you still have your base clientele within a couple of blocks." Being integral to a neighborhood has another advantage. "We had some flooding a few years back and people just pulled up their pants and waded over."
Chef Burgau does a good job of cooking with what's in season and local, a claim that everyone makes these days but is clearly evident here. Over the summer, his potato gnocchi got punched up with fresh ramps, crawfish tails and local edamame in a creamy mascarpone sauce. Tasty pops of grilled lamb ribs were served with a green tomato relish, and lump crab abounded.
On my last visit I was pleasantly surprised by a menu heavy on game birds and a special nod to Southern cuisine, including a winning dish of Bobwhite quail stuffed with pork belly and cornbread dressing. On the side was a spicy bourbon barbecue sauce and tangy pickled peaches. Pheasant was featured as well, their legs offering an unctuous confit. The menu offered Southern, Asian, New Orleans, Spanish and French influences, with all styles realized by what was available, ingredient-wise.
Gautreau's is as discreet as they come. It gives almost no indication of its own existence on Soniat Street. If any place feels like a private club, this is it. Chef Sue Zemanick, who recently competed on "Top Chef Masters," likes the reserved ambiance, a far cry from high-volume places like Commanders Palace, where she once worked.
"I think there is a lot more finesse when working in a smaller restaurant," Zemanick (New Orleans Magazine's "Chef of the Year" 2008) says. "Not that there's anything wrong about the big places, but there is a lot of attention to detail here and we're able to take more time preparing the food."
The overall feel is conservative, but Zemanick introduces twists that contemporize the classics. Her recent appetizer of chilled lobster with tarragon vinaigrette had added snap and freshness from an English pea purée, and her main course of staid halibut got an added dimension from Herbsaint in the beurre blanc.
Her menu demonstrates a fondness for seafood. There always seems to be a new presentation of scallops in the appetizers, while half of the main courses on my last visit featured finfish. "I love snapper, which we can get here easily, but when sourcing allows it I really love fresh turbot from Europe," Zemanick says. Going into fall, Zemanick expects to dip into her Eastern European roots and include some of her favorite comfort foods, such as pierogies. "I get excited for fall," she says. "I can start using those warmer root vegetables and braised meats."
The considerable wine list is augmented by an impressive list of single malt scotches and single barrel bourbons, and carefully considered libations are paired with the dessert offerings. Try tackling the caramelized banana split, muscled up with banana bread, toasted walnuts and butterscotch – it's big enough for two.
When Chef Kevin Vizard decamped from the lobby of a St. Charles Avenue hotel to Vizard's, his eponymous vine-covered hideaway on Magazine Street back in 2008, it wasn't too much of a surprise. He is a talented chef who has made a habit of moving around. Perhaps the surprise here is that he's ensconced in the same spot three years later. I hope he sticks around – the food is very good and the feel is comfortable, and his front-of-house staff is reliably top-notch.
An appetizer of barbecue shrimp and crab fingers comes in a decadent stew of butter, Abita Amber and simmered garlic, perfect for mopping up with the offered bread. His Crabmeat Nelson features a stack of eggplant, crabmeat and crimini mushrooms smothered in a béarnaise sauce. Roast chicken, a dish that's often disappointing, is consistently good here, and local classics such as fish Amandine laved in a nutty lemon beurre noisette are well represented, too. But make reservations before showing up at the door – the room is small and guests are regulars and tend to linger. It is all part of the neighborhood feel.
In the 'Hood
Fine dining aside, there are plenty of neighborhood spots that offer a more affordable way to indulge. Tartine is an excellent sandwich and bake shop catering to the underserved neighborhood at the foot of Broadway Street near Uptown Square – try the pork rillette on a baguette. Surrey's Juice Bar on lower Magazine Street is terrific as well and a good value to boot. They recently added a new location further up next to Le Bon Temps bar.

subset: commoncrawl


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MetroPCS defends T-Mobile USA deal, FCC approves it
MetroPCS Communications Inc fought back against shareholder criticism of its proposed merger with T-Mobile USA on Tuesday, the same day that the U.S. Federal Communications Commission approved the deal.
A shareholder vote on April 12 on the merger is one of the last remaining obstacles to the deal. While analysts had widely expected regulatory approval for the deal the outcome from the shareholder meeting has been more difficult to predict.
Two big shareholders have publicly criticized the merger of MetroPCS and the Deutsche Telekom unit, announced in October, due to its valuation of MetroPCS and the proposed $21 billion debt level of the combined company.
P. Schoenfeld Asset Management, which had a 1.66 percent stake in MetroPCS on December 31, is leading a proxy battle against the merger. It has gained support from the company's top shareholder, Paulson & Co, which owns 9.9 percent of MetroPCS stock.
But MetroPCS said in its letter that the combined company's debt leverage would be in line with those of its peers and its own historical average.
Under the deal, Deutsche Telekom would end up with a 74 percent stake in the combined company, and MetroPCS would declare a 1-for-2 reverse stock split and pay $1.5 billion in cash to its shareholders.
Along with their concerns about the company's debt level, Schoenfeld and Paulson have also said the 26 percent ownership being offered to MetroPCS shareholders was not enough and that MetroPCS would be worth more as a stand-alone company.
But MetroPCS said the deal offered shareholders a 70 percent to 90 percent premium, including the net present value of projected cost savings from the merger.
The company also said the stock would be worth 19 percent less than the current price without the proposed $1.5 billion cash payment to shareholders.
Deutsche Telekom said on March 6 that the U.S. Department of Justice did not object to the deal before a regulatory deadline ran out. The Justice Department confirmed on Tuesday that it had closed its review of the deal.
Another regulatory body, the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) has yet to confirm its final decision on the deal. A CFIUS spokesperson was not immediately available for comment.
MetroPCS shares were down 24 cents at $10.26 in afternoon trading on the New York Stock Exchange.
(Reporting by Sinead Carew in New York and Alina Selyukh and Diane Bartz in Washington D.C.; Editing by Lisa Von Ahn and Carol Bishopric)


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Petrified Forest National Park, we passed the Zuni Pueblo, and reached a forest of Ponderosa pines.
Junction Cave is several hundred feet long and is easily accessed at the end of a short trail off the main highway. If you intend to visit, be sure to get a free permit from the visitor center. The cave is bat habitat, and the park is extremely worried (with good reason) that the white-nose fungus might attack the bats. The fungus has decimated bat populations back east, and has been moving west over the last few years.
Lava tubes are not "decorated" in the manner of limestone caverns, as solution (the origin of stalactites and the like) is not a prominent process in the volcanic rocks. On the other hand, there are occasionally flow structures and drip structures ("lavacicles") that can be seen. Some of the caves may even preserve ice masses long after winter has ended (there is a commercial ice cave at the park boundary).


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The Maine mansion that actor John Travolta shared with his late wife, actor Kelly Preston, has been put up for sale.
The 67-year-old star of "Grease" and "Saturday Night Fever" recently listed the home on Islesboro, an island off the coast of Maine, for $5 million, according to the Portland Press Herald.
The couple bought the home in 1991 as newlyweds and turned it from a "very dark and somber" house into a bright family home for their soon-to-be-born son, Jett, according to a 1999 feature in Architectural Digest. Built in 1903, the 10,830-square-foot home has 20 bedrooms and sits on a 48-acre estate along the ocean.
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Travolta told Architectural Digest that he and Preston bought the home after visiting actor Kirstie Alley at her home on the island. The couple said they had always wanted a home big enough to entertain their dozens of family members.
Preston, who had roles alongside Tom Cruise in "Jerry Maguire" and Arnold Schwarzenegger in "Twins," died last year after a two-year battle with breast cancer. She was 57. Their first son, Jett, died in 2009 after suffering a seizure at the family's vacation home in the Bahamas.
Travolta became a Hollywood star in the 1970s and was nominated for an acting Oscar for his 1977 performance in "Saturday Night Fever." He was nominated again for his role in 1994′s "Pulp Fiction."


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A pounding rain drives out all other sound to create an ever-intensifying, claustrophobic isolation that itself becomes a desperate scream.This opening sequence, the brainchild of Director Jennifer Tarver and sound and light designers Fitz Patton and Robert Thompson, sets Hartford Stage for the oppressive life consuming Hedda Gabler (Roxana Hope) in this stylish season opener of Henrik Ibsen's play. It has a new adaptation here by Jon Robin Baitz (Other Desert Cities and creator of TV's "Brothers & Sisters") from a literal translation by Anne-Charlotte Hanes Harvey. Hedda and her new husband, academic George Tesman (John Patrick Hayden), have just returned to their Norway home following a lavish six-month honeymoon. Insecure about his ability to keep the daughter of famous General Gabler in the fashion to which she is accustomed, George purchases the mansion he thinks she loves. He hopes an anticipated promotion to full professorship will pay for its costs. His Aunt Julia (Kandia Chappell) thinks he is in over his head, however, and even has to borrow against her pension to furnish the place for him. Oblivious, Hedda doesn't hide her disdain for the doting aunt, especially when Julia starts hinting that the young couple should start getting in the family way. Hedda feels trapped enough by a marriage to a man she finds totally boring and has no interest in bearing his children. In her frustration, she amuses herself by stringing her naïve husband along while entertaining a dalliance with Judge Brack (Thomas Jay Ryan). She also interferes in a love affair between her old schoolmate. Thea Elvsted (Sarah Topham) and George's academic rival, Eilert Lovborg (Sam Redford). The constraints of turn-of-the-20th-century society and its limitations on a woman's ability to control her own life soon take their toll and tragedy ensues. First published in 1890, the strong female, main character of Hedda Gabler was almost unknown. Hope's Hedda is even more formidable than what we are used to seeing portrayed in the 21st century. She is no shrinking violet who is afraid to speak her mind. This Hedda is angry, fed up and cruel – almost the embodiment of a resounding resentment of how things were: women were property of their husbands, couldn't own property, couldn't vote and had little hope outside of marriage. (Hope, who played Caroline Cushing in Broadway's Frost/Nixon, is making her Hartford Stage debut.) Times have changed, but Hedda's frustration still rings true in a contemporary society where political headlines about a "war on women" and protests that decisions on women's reproductive rights are made predominantly by men dominate today's headlines. Fabio Toblini's costumes might be period (with some stunningly exquisite gowns) but Eugene Lee's set uses modern trusses to houses pieces of furniture and props, indicating that not everything is fixed yet. The frames of the Tesman house are as empty as Hedda's ambitions. Helping to take The Edge off of Hedda's sharpness is a fine supporting cast. Hayden's George is unsuspecting, but less so by design than most Georges we've seen. Here, he also seems to be a victim of the time. He doesn't seem to intend to inhibit his wife – he just has never been told a woman might want something more than to be his wife and to sit watching adoringly while he researches old manuscripts. We get the feeling that if Hedda actually were truthful with her husband about how she feels, he might try to help as his motivations are to love her and keep her happy. Ryan is nicely understated as the sleazy judge who recognizes the power he has over a woman and who seeks to manipulate Hedda. Chappell does a nice job morphing between a self-assured woman when basking in George's approval and protection and total insecurity in the presence of Hedda's strength. Tarver, the award-winning Canadian director associated with the Goodman Theatre in Chicago and with the Stratford Shakespeare Festival, succeeds in balancing the leads with the more vulnerable characters of Thea and Lovborg and no one gets lost in the melee. Anne O'Sullivan deserves a tip of the cap as well for holding her own in the minor part of the maid. A quickening of the pace would help reduce the show's run time, posted as two hours, but which actually is two and a half (particularly in the first act and between scene changes that feature blaring music by Patton and labor-intensive movement of furniture). Hedda Gabler runs through Sept. 23; Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Sunday at 7:30 pm; Friday and Saturday at 8 pm; select Wednesday at 6:30 pm; matinees Wednesday and Saturday at 2 pm; Tickets range from $26.50 to $93.50 and are available by calling 860-527?5151 or visiting www.hartfordstage.org. Pictured: Roxanna Hope and John Patrick Hayden. Photo by T. Charles Erickson.
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Words for the World: Rejoicing in God's Global Use of Christian Literature
Desiring God 2007 Conference for Pastors
The Holiness of God
[These are notes taken during the session, not the message itself.]
Psalm 67
There is only one book. One book that is first and last.
John, alone on Patmos, saw one like the Son of Man. The Lord laid his hand on him and said two things: fear not and write. Writing is important to God.
Toward the end of Paul's life, books are what he asked to have sent to him. Books were important to Paul. Are they important to you?
Some observations:
Multitudes are passing into eternity and have never heard about Jesus. Do you know how it is with the souls of your people?
Christianity is increasingly misunderstood, or worse, decried. Some will say Jesus is top of the class. But Jesus is not top of the class. He is in a class by himself.
The church has been drifting. Drifting is an easy and gentle thing. We are drifted so far that some "evangelicals" can call penal substitution divine child abuse. And that is from a Christian Publisher.
3 kinds of churches:
- Entertainment (I'm all for "Out with the glum, in with the sun," but worship is not a performance.)
- Clinic (Yes, God heals the sick, but worship is not about navel-gazing.)
- Lecture Hall (Yes, we should learn, but worship is about adoration.)
Our society is desperately searching. "I have an emptiness deep inside" -Rolling Stones. The temples of our society are the stadiums and malls. Advertisement is religious, assuming they have what can meet our deepest needs. Worse than any bird flu is affluenza. We all have it. We rake in the muck of this world.
Put this verse on your TV: "Turn thou away my sight and eyes from viewing vanity."
If you and your people spend 15 minutes a day reading good books, you will read 20 good books a year, 1,000 in your lifetime.
How Christian literature has been used in the past and now.
You'll have to go to the audio for this section. He told several stories on the importance and influence of books.
Books for the preacher
Are your people fed by you or fed up with you? You are not a CEO, administrator, or entertainer. Give attention to prayer and ministry of the Word. You must read. You must study.
(But do not let your sermons become a lecture. 3 differences between sermon and lecture: Personal Passionate Plea.)
What you read must take root in your heart. Resolve with David to meditate on the word. Tell your congregation when they ask what you do that you meditate.
Read secular books too. Be informed by the culture, but not influenced by it.
Churches should see to it that the minister's study is supplied with books.
Books for the congregation
If people can't read, teach them.
If people say they don't have time, they're wrong. Lead them.
If they say they can't afford it, ask them if they've bought a hamburger. Encourage people to purchase and read books that underscore preaching.
Books for children
Lamentations 2:19
Arise, cry out in the night,
at the beginning of the night watches!
Pour out your heart like water
before the presence of the Lord!
Lift your hands to him
for the lives of your children,
who faint for hunger
at the head of every street.
Children are not the church of tomorrow; they are the church now.
Deuteronomy 6:6-7
And these words that I command you today shall be on your heart. You shall teach them diligently to your children, and shall talk of them when you sit in your house, and when you walk by the way, and when you lie down, and when you rise.
If the lamb doesn't get its mother's milk in the first few hours, it will never be a good lamb. Feed the lambs.
Joel 1:3
Tell your children of it,
and let your children tell their children,
and their children to another generation.
Some will say kids can't take it in. That's nonsense. Catechize.
Psalm 78:5-7
He established a testimony in Jacob
and appointed a law in Israel,
which he commanded our fathers
to teach to their children,
that the next generation might know them,
the children yet unborn,
and arise and tell them to their children,
so that they should set their hope in God
and not forget the works of God,
but keep his commandments;


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Welcome to Ask Healthy Living -- our new column in which you submit your most burning health questions and we do our best to ask the experts and get back to you. Have a question? Get in touch here and you could appear on Healthy Living!
"Ask Healthy Living" is for informational purposes only and is not a substitute for medical advice. Please consult a qualified health care professional for personalized medical advice.
I've been working out fairly consistently for about 1.5 years. I do strength training about twice per week and cardio 5 times per week. I've noticed that my thighs, particularly my quads, burn all the time with a small amount of exertion, such as ascending a flight stairs.
Why do my thighs burn so much with minimal exertion?
-- Kim, 29 Texas
Let's talk about muscle soreness. Delayed-onset muscle soreness, or DOMS as it is often called, is the common -- one could even say requisite -- result of a workout. If you do an activity you're not used to, such as taking a new type of fitness class, attacking a hill on your bike when you're used to riding on flat ground, or running a far longer distance than you are accustomed to -- the difference in muscle use can cause micro-tears in muscle fibers and connective tissue. As your body works to repair itself, you may feel some low-grade pain in the area.
But this is where the phrase "no pain, no gain" comes in: those tears and the subsequent repair help make the muscle stronger -- and that improves overall fitness. But it comes with some ache along the way.
In particular, movements that include "eccentric muscle contractions," which occur when the muscle must contract even as it is being elongated (running downhill or walking downstairs, for example) might cause some delayed onset pain. But why?
"Think of it like the weakest link," says Allan Goldfarb, Ph.D., a professor in the Department of Kinesiology at the University of North Carolina, Greensboro and a fellow of the American College of Sports Medicine. "Muscle proteins hold that weaker bit together and if there is too much force or tension [from exercise] on those muscle fibers or proteins, they are vulnerable to getting slightly damaged."
In an effort to repair the damage, the body can actually over repair explains Goldfarb, and that can activate pain receptors. What's more, the muscles can suffer from some low-level inflammation that can add to the pain.
DOMS can be mitigated by slow, steady stretching exercises, says Goldfarb. And recent studies have suggested that ice baths can also help improve soreness.
But that doesn't necessarily sound like what's going on in the case of this question. For starters, it seems as if you're experiencing muscle pain concurrent with the activity, rather than hours after. We asked Dr. Lynn Snyder-Macker, PT, ATC, SCS, ScD, a professor in the Department of Physical Therapy and the Center for Biomedical Engineering Research's Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Biomechanics and Movement Sciences at the University of Delaware for her opinion.
"It doesn't sound muscular to me (one flight of stairs!)," she wrote in an email to HuffPost Healthy Living, pointing to the burning sensation, which is different than a sore muscle's ache. "It sounds more like nerve or patellofemoral pain or referred pain from the hips." That combined with your young age make her believe that this isn't exercise-related after all.
Many illnesses could cause this type of pain: fibromyalgia is one diagnosis that fits in with unexplained muscle soreness, according to Goldfarb. That's not to say that unexplained muscle burning or soreness is a sign of serious illness, but it may be worth further evaluation by a medical specialist, like a sports medicine doctor.
Here's more on muscle soreness remedies:
Have a question? Ask Healthy Living!


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UK plans to eliminate avoidable plastic waste by 2042
Britain plans to eliminate all avoidable plastic waste within 25 years, Prime Minister Theresa May will announce Thursday as part of long-term plans for the environment.
The government wants supermarkets to introduce plastic-free aisles and intends to inject new funding into plastics innovation, she will say in a speech outlining proposals.
Meanwhile changes to the tax system and charges on single-use plastic items such as takeaway containers will also be considered, according to May's Downing Street office, which released a preview of her remarks.
"In years to come, I think people will be shocked at how today we allow so much plastic to be produced needlessly," May will say.
"One million birds, and over 100,000 other sea mammals and turtles die every year from eating and getting tangled in plastic waste. One in three fish caught in the English Channel contains pieces of plastic.
"This truly is one of the great environmental scourges of our time."
However, opposition leaders and environmental campaigners were quick to condemn the proposals as dangerously insufficient.
Vince Cable, leader of the Liberal Democrats, the fourth-biggest party in parliament, said Britain should be "eliminating all avoidable plastic waste now — a target of 2042 beggars belief".
Louise Edge, senior oceans campaigner at Greenpeace UK, said the measures "don't match the scale of the environmental crisis we face.
"The overall plastics plan lacks urgency, detail and bite," she said.
"The most glaring gap is support for deposit return schemes" on plastic bottles, Edge added.
"We just can't wait another 25 years before eliminating throwaway plastic."
Among its proposals, the government intends to encourage supermarkets to introduce plastic-free aisles in which all the food is loose, giving consumers the choice of doing without the plastic wrapping.
Meanwhile a five pence (seven US cents, six euro cents) charge on plastic carrier bags will be extended to all retailers in England.
It already applies elsewhere in Britain and to larger stores in England.
Downing Street said it would examine how the tax system or charges could encourage industry to take more responsibility for the environmental impacts of their products, with a consultation on reducing the volume of single-use plastics starting next month.
"The UK will demonstrate global leadership. We must reduce the demand for plastic, reduce the number of plastics in circulation and improve our recycling rates," May will add.
"To tackle it we will take action at every stage of the production and consumption of plastic."
Britain will direct some of its international development aid towards tackling pollution and reducing plastic waste abroad.
It will also seek to strike an accord with the Commonwealth on reducing plastic waste in the oceans when it hosts the group's biennial summit in April. AB
World's nations adopt plan 'towards a pollution-free planet'
Satellite images show extent of air pollution worldwide
Sea turtles' sad fate: from restaurant menus to plastic 'soup'


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David Stromberg laid out the economic arguments about natural disasters in "Natural Disasters, Economic Development, and Humanitarian Aid," appearing in the Summer 2007 issue of my own Journal of Economic Perspectives. (This article, like all JEP articles back to the start of the journal 1987, is freely available to all courtesy of the American Economic Association.) Stromberg makes the fundamental point that the economic analysis of natural disasters is built on three factors: the incidence of the natural disasters themselves, the number of people exposed to the disaster, and the vulnerability of the population to that disaster. In fact, Stromberg traces this distinction back to letters between Voltaire and Rousseau in the aftermath of the great Lisbon earthquake of 1755. Voltaire had written a poem on how terrible the earthquake was; Rousseau had responded by pointing out that it was not the quake, but the interaction between human society and the quake, which was at issue. Here's Stromberg (footnotes and citations omitted):
"[I]n 1755 an earthquake devastated Lisbon, which was then Europe's fourth-largest city. At the first quake, fissures five meters wide appeared in the city center. The waves of the subsequent tsunami engulfed the harbor and downtown. Fires raged for days in areas unaffected by the tsunami. An estimated 60,000 people were killed, out of a Lisbon population of 275,000. In a letter to Voltaire dated August 18, 1756, Jean-Jacques Rousseau notes that while the earthquake was an act of nature, previous acts of men, like housing construction and urban residence patterns, set the stage for the high death toll. Rousseau wrote: "Without departing from your subject of Lisbon, admit, for example, that nature did not construct twenty thousand houses of six to seven stories there, and that if the inhabitants of this great city had been more equally spread out and more lightly lodged, the damage would have been much less and perhaps of no account."Of course, this insight implies that what events are classified as a "natural disaster" is not just about size of the natural event, but about how many people are affected. Thus, the WHO Collaborating Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED) maintains an Emergency Events DatabaseCenter that colleges data on natural disasters, where a disaster is defined as 10 or more people reported killed, 100 or more people reported affected, a declaration of a state of emergency, or a call for international assistance. Here are some of their figures showing global trends in natural disasters from 1975 through 2011. The first graph shows the number of such disasters over time: the total was rising into the early 2000s, but has leveled off since then.
"Following Rousseau's line of thought, disaster risk analysts distinguish three factors contributing to a disaster: the triggering natural hazard event (such as the earthquake striking in the Atlantic Ocean outside Portugal); the population exposed to the event (such as the 275,000 citizens of Lisbon); and the vulnerability of that population (higher for the people in seven-story buildings)."
The second and third graph show the number of people killed, and the number of people affected by such disasters. The trendline for number of people killed has been dropping over time, with occasional spikes: in 2010, the earthquake in Haiti, or in 2007, the cyclone that hit Myanmar and the major earthquake in China. However, the number of people affected by natural disasters is rising over time, which one would expect as a result of growing population levels, if nothing else.
Finally, the fourth graph shows monetary losses from natural disasters. Of course, this graph is driven by whether the disasters hit high-income or middle-income countries, where the measured economic costs of damage are higher than in low-income countries.
The best way of dealing with natural disasters is often before they occur: early warning systems, advance planning, encouraging natural protections like minimizing deforestation or protecting wetlands, building codes, flood control, and more. For a nice overview of such efforts around the world, I recommend the 2010 report on "Natural Hazards, UnNatural Disasters: The Economics of Effective Prevention," from the World Bank. The report begins: "The adjective "UnNatural" in the title of this report conveys its key message: earthquakes, droughts, floods, and storms are natural hazards, but the unnatural disasters are deaths and damages that result from human acts of omission and commission. Every disaster is unique, but each exposes actions—by individuals and governments at different levels—that, had they been different, would have resulted in fewer deaths and less damage. Prevention is possible, and this report examines what it takes to do this cost-effectively."
The World Bank report is focused more on low-income countries, but similar lessons about prevention apply to high-income countries, as well. In the New York Times on Tuesday, David W. Chen and Mireya Navarro discuss "For Years, Warnings That It Could Happen Here." They talk about proposals that have been floating around the New York metro area for years now about levy systems, storm surge barriers, floodgates in subways, moving people and economic activity away from low-lying areas, and in general having plans in place. Not many storms will pack the wallop of Hurricane Sandy, but New York City is a huge agglomeration of people living on a coastline who will inevitably be susceptible to storm and flood damage.
Two other quick references: First, the National Flood Insurance Program will almost certainly not have the money to pay for the damage from Hurricane Sandy. For background on that program and how it works, and why its inability to fund these damages was completely predictable, Erwann O. Michel-Kerjan, lays it out in "Catastrophe Economics: The National Flood Insurance Program," in the Fall 2010 issue of my own Journal of Economic Perspectives.
Second, the aftermath of natural disasters is often a motivation for teachers of economics to discuss the extent to which, even if price restrictions don't make economic sense most of the time, they might be justifiable in the aftermath of a natural disaster to prevent "price-gouging." Michael Giberson of Texas Tech University a nice readable essay on "The Problem with Price Gouging Laws" in the Spring 2011 issue of Regulation magazine. I blogged about the article here. He points out that 31 states have such laws, and that the completely predictable problems with such laws are that they
discourage bringing supplies into disaster areas, they discourage conserving on key resources, they concentrate economic losses on local merchants, and they worsen the economic losses in the disaster area.


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Base rent pricing is for a three (3) year lease term with the space delivered in ready condition, in it's current configuration, & everything in good working order. No tenant improvement allowance is provided or included. One (1) year lease terms base rent is plus fifteen percent (15%) and two (2) year lease terms base rent is plus ten percent (10%).
For More Information:
Call - (972) 966-1111 or Fax - (972) 966-1112 or Email Us
The information on this page has been obtained from sources believed reliable. While we do not doubt its accuracy, we have not verified it and make no guarantee, warranty or representation about it. It is your responsibility to independently confirm its accuracy and completeness. Any projections, opinions, assumptions, or estimates used are for example only and do not represent the current or future performance of the property. If the value of this transaction depends on tax and other factors, they should be evaluated by your tax, financial and legal advisors. You and your advisors should conduct a careful, independent investigation of the property to determine to your satisfaction the suitability of the property for your needs.


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A General and Connected View of the Prophecies: Relative to the Conversion, Restoration, Union, and Future Glory of the Houses of Judah and Israel; the Progress, and Final Overthrow, of the Antichristian Confederacy in the Land of Palestine; and the Ultimate General Diffusion of Christianity
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«·'›Õ… 258 - Thou sawest till that a stone was cut out without hands, which smote the image upon his feet that were of iron and clay, and brake them to pieces. Then was the iron, the clay, the brass, the silver, and the gold, broken to pieces together, and became like the chaff of the summer threshing floors; and the wind carried them away, that no place was found for them: and the stone that smote the image became a great mountain, and filled the whole earth.˛
«·'›Õ… 18 - And the great city was divided into three parts, and the cities of the nations fell ; and great Babylon came in remembrance before God, to give unto her the cup of the wine of the fierceness of his wrath.˛
«·'›Õ… 369 - And they shall fall by the edge of the sword, and shall be led away captive into all nations: and Jerusalem shall be trodden down of the Gentiles, until the times of the Gentiles be fulfilled.˛
«·'›Õ… 265 - And he cried mightily with a strong voice, saying, Babylon the great is fallen, is fallen, and is become the habitation of devils, and the hold of every foul spirit, and a cage of every unclean and hateful bird.˛
«·'›Õ… 138 - Hear ye indeed, but understand not; and see ye indeed, but perceive not." "Make the heart of this people fat, and make their ears heavy, and shut their eyes; lest they see with their eyes, and hear with their ears, and understand with their heart, and convert, and be healed.˛
«·'›Õ… 62 - But with righteousness shall he judge the poor, and reprove with equity for the meek of the earth : and he shall smite the earth with the rod of his mouth, and with the breath of his lips shall he slay the wicked. And righteousness shall be the girdle of his loins, and faithfulness the girdle of his reins.˛
«·'›Õ… 263 - Many shall be purified, and made white, and tried; but the wicked shall do wickedly: and none of the wicked shall understand; but the wise shall understand.˛
«·'›Õ… 59 - And many people shall go and say, " Come ye, and let us go up to the mountain of the Lord, to the house of the God of Jacob ; and he will teach us of his ways, and we will walk in his paths : " for out of Zion shall go forth the law, and the word of the Lord from Jerusalem.˛
«·'›Õ… 371 - But when they persecute you in this city, flee ye into another: for verily I say unto you, Ye shall not have gone over the cities of Israel, till the Son of man be come.˛
«·'›Õ… 189 - for they shall all know me, from the least of them unto the greatest of them, saith the Lord: for I will forgive their iniquity, and I will remember their sin no more.˛


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An upcoming talk covering security problems in Internet-connected cameras has been canceled after opposition from some manufacturers.
Gianni Gnesa was scheduled to give a presentation titled "Abusing Network Surveillance Cameras" on Oct. 14 at the Hack in the Box GSEC conference in Singapore.
Internet-connected video camera, or IP cameras, are widely used for security systems, offering the advantage that footage can be streamed anywhere remotely. But anything connected to the Internet poses risks if not properly secured.
According to a writeup on the conference website, Gnesa planned to expose vulnerabilities in major surveillance cameras and show how an attacker could used them to stay undetected.
But the writeup also says Gnesa decided to pull the talk after "legal pressure from the manufacturers affected."
Gnesa, an IT security consultant with Ptrace Security in Switzerland, said via email on Tuesday he didn't immediately have time to discuss the situation in depth.
But he wrote on Twitter on Monday that "if companies would use half of the energy they use to get after researchers to fix their products, we would all be more secure."
Security researchers sometimes encounter resistance from technology vendors when they find vulnerabilities in their products.
Occasionally, the situations escalate, with companies turning to their legal departments and the courts to block the release of sensitive information.
In August, FireEye obtained an injunction from a district court in Germany to block the release of information concerning one of its security products.
FireEye sought to stop ERNW, a consultancy in Germany, from releasing some details as part of a security advisory that it felt contained too many technical details about its FireEye Malware Protection System.
Most security researchers practice what's known as responsible disclosure. Details of software problems are often not fully described until manufacturers have had time to develop and release patches.
Dhillon Andrew Kannabhiran, founder and CEO of Hack In The Box, wrote via email the decision to nix the talk was left up to Gnesa.
"It was his call citing legal pressure from the manufacturers affected," Kannabhiran wrote. "We would never pull a talk."


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Browse 148 Loft Outlet outlet locations. Find store near you, get driving directions and map and start your trip to outlet shopping center. You'll find information about Loft Outlet outlets in USA - directions with map and gps, hours of operations, phone.
Describe your experience and shopping feelings about your visit at Loft Outlet. Write review and give rating about your shopping .


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Olivia Wilde is sharply aware of her place in Hollywood, and recently had some great things to say about women expanding their roles in Tinsel Town.
During a panel called The State of Female Justice: Los Angeles, the actress shared that once she realized that she was best known as Dr. Thirteen from House, she was struck by how limited her roles have been, despite her 40-plus movies as a supporting character. Here's a bit of her talk below:
I don't know if some of you have been to these live reads at LACMA, where a classic film is read live on stage by actors who just sit and read the script. We did one recently of American Pie, but we reversed the gender roles. All the women played men; all the men played women. And it was so fascinating to be a part of this because, as the women took on these central roles — they had all the good lines, they had all the good laughs, all the great moments — the men who joined us to sit on stage started squirming rather uncomfortably and got really bored because they weren't used to being the supporting cast.
It was fascinating to feel their discomfort [and] to discuss it with them afterward, when they said, "It's boring to play the girl role!" And I said, "Yeah. Yeah. You think? Welcome to our world!"
Women and Hollywood writes Wilde realized that it's tough to get stories about women greenlit in Hollywood, let alone films starring women: "I'm really interested in how we can adjust that, considering that it's all just based on demand."
So, if films are produced in reaction to audience demand, wouldn't the quickest path to more lady-led movies be oodles of women (and men of the same opinion) voicing that desire? Because, uh, we are. The key, then, is really having female (and men of the same opinion) production and distribution executives in places to support and finance those projects. First you get the producers, then you get the power, then you get the women.


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NASA official: Tense moments but calm crew in aborted launch
NASA's chief heard one reassuring sound over the radio link after the aborted launch of a Soyuz capsule with an American and a Russian aboard.
It was U.S. astronaut Nick Hague calmly relaying information in Russian to flight controllers.
"My reaction was, 'things aren't going well and he's not speaking English,'" NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine told reporters Friday, after Hague and Roscosmos' Alexei Ovchinin returned to the Star City training center outside Moscow from their abruptly shortened mission.
"So, in other words, he was calm, he was cool, he was collected, he was doing what he was trained to do," said Bridenstine, who was at the Baikonur Cosmodrome to watch the launch.
Two minutes after Hague and Ovchinin blasted off Thursday for the International Space Station, their rocket failed, triggering an emergency landing. Their capsule fell from an altitude of about 50 kilometers (31 miles) at a sharper-than-normal angle, building up gravitational forces at 6-7 times those on Earth.
It was the first such accident for Russia's manned program in over three decades, although there also have been launch failures in recent years involving unmanned vehicles. An investigation is underway, and Bridenstine said he doesn't expect the next mission taking a crew to the space station in December to be delayed.
He recalled the tense moment when he heard Hague reporting the G-forces in Russian to Mission Control, followed by a break in communications and the loss of flight data.
"There was the time when I heard 6.7G, and that was the first time I realized that's not right," he said. "And then of course data was lost, communications was lost for a period of time, and then everybody went to their respective corners attempting to find out what the truth is. And when we learned that the crew was safe and descending it was a moment to behold. A lot of people very, very happy."
Hague's calm voice showed he was well-trained for the emergency, although there was still a nervous atmosphere at Baikonur, Bridenstine said.
"That's the scary moment, you know, when you know that the Gs are not where they should be and then communications stops and I'm sure that they are going through their procedures and doing their thing and the question is what's the ultimate G-load ... and how does that affect the crew," he said. "And during that time we weren't getting a lot of feedback, but again that's appropriate because they were busy and we were OK with that."
About 34 minutes elapsed from the time the rocket failed to when the capsule finally parachuted to a landing on the steppes of Kazakhstan, where rescue crews swiftly picked up the pair.
Bridenstine praised the Soyuz emergency rescue system, saying it functioned like a "miracle."
"Even when a failure occurs, because of the engineering and the design and the great work done by folks in Russia, the crew can be safe," he said. "That's an amazing capability and we can't understate how important it is. Not every mission that fails ends up so successfully."
Hague also expressed his gratitude.
"Thank you all for your support & heartfelt prayers," he tweeted from Star City. "Operational teams were outstanding in ensuring our safety & returning us to family & friends."
Sergei Krikalyov, the head of Roscosmos' manned programs, said the launch went awry after one of the rocket's four boosters failed to jettison about two minutes into the flight, damaging the main stage and triggering the emergency.
Experts are now trying to determine what specific glitch prevented the booster's separation.
"We will need to look and analyze the specific cause — whether it was a cable, a pyro or a nut," Krikalyov said, adding that Roscosmos hopes to be able to sort out the problem and carry out the next Soyuz launch in December.
Roscosmos promised to share all relevant information with NASA, which pays up to $82 million per Soyuz seat to the space station.
"I have no anticipation right now that the launch in December for the next crew will be delayed," Bridenstine said. "The investigation is ongoing, Russia has been very supportive of sharing data with the United States and we're grateful for that. And at this point I'm confident that we'll launch in December."
The current space station crew of an American, a Russian and a German was scheduled to return to Earth in December after a six-month mission. A Soyuz capsule attached to the station that they use to ride back to Earth is designed for 200 days in space, meaning that their stay in orbit could only be extended briefly.
"We don't have an opportunity to extend it for a long time," Krikalyov said.
In August, the space station crew found a hole had been drilled in the Soyuz capsule that caused a brief loss of air pressure before being patched.
Krikalyov pledged that the Russian space agency will do its best not to leave the orbiting outpost unoccupied.
"The station could fly in an unmanned mode, but will do all we can to avoid it," he said. "The conservation of the station is possible, but it's undesirable."
Russia currently operates the only spacecraft for ferrying crews to the station following the retirement of the U.S. space shuttle fleet, but it stands to lose that monopoly in the coming years with the arrival of commercial U.S. crew capsules — SpaceX's Dragon and Boeing's Starliner.
"We're getting really close already," Bridenstine said. "We are anxiously anticipating early next year the test of two separate commercial crew vehicles that will fly to the International Space Station — SpaceX ad Boeing."
He said that the launch failure underlined the need for multiple launch systems to complement one another.
"In other words, if there is a hiccup in one country's system, there is another country's system capable of maintaining the operation until the first country is ready to go again," he said. "This demonstrates how important it is to have collaboration and to not be dependent on one system or another system."
But he also underlined the need for continuing U.S.-Russian cooperation in space, voicing hope that it wouldn't be affected by politics.
"We can both do more in space together than we can ever do alone," Bridenstine said. "When it comes to space and exploration and discovery and science, our two nations have always kept those activities separate from the disputes that we have terrestrially."
Associated Press writer Nataliya Vasilyeva contributed.


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Traditional Shoes For Men Cream Traditional Wedding Shoes
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Traditional designer wedding mojari made in cream color brocade fabric and thin synthetic sole. These are Handmade Men Wedding Mojari Jutti . They have curved toe to give them a traditional and Royal Look.Both shoes in a pair are identical. They will take the shape of the feet as you wear them.All sizes are in US .


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Google Maps Super Charges Rooftop Advertising
Boing Boing digs into digg and finds MIT Advertising Lab talking about advertisers discovering the value of Google Maps and placing large ads of rooftops for those using Google Maps to see. Target's done it. Realtors are using Google Maps to their benefit as well by letting home buyers examine maps, zoom in on house and view selling details. Yes, Google does rule the world.
Topic: Good, Online, Outdoor


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Bladed Bliss
MapleStory players are being encouraged to wed in game to gain bonuses and buffs for the association. maplestory mesos. When two Dual Blade characters unite, the couple will be awarded a Black Kitty, Skunk or Black Bunny pet as a wedding gift. Additionally, the happy couple will benefit from added stats and special access to party quests.
Marriages flourish in Maple World as Dual Blade characters wed in Nexon's MapleStory to form powerful pairs while receiving added benefits as they enjoy wedded bliss. In the first two weeks of the update being live, nearly a quarter of a million Dual Blade characters were made and almost 500 were wed to their in-game loves.
Contact Us
- 24/7 Email Support
Skype ID
For Game Currency :coolyou8
Buyer Complaints :[email protected] (For any dispute email, we'll reply within 24 hrs)
Kindly Reminder
Possible account termination when using illegal leveling or illegally obtained gold.


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This document is an archived copy of an older ADL report and may not reflect the most current facts or developments related to its subject matter.
The "sovereign citizen" movement is a loosely organized collection of groups and individuals who have adopted a right-wing anarchist ideology originating in the theories of a group called the Posse Comitatus in the 1970s. Its adherents believe that virtually all existing government in the United States is illegitimate and they seek to "restore" an idealized, minimalist government that never actually existed. To this end, sovereign citizens wage war against the government and other forms of authority using "paper terrorism" harassment and intimidation tactics, and occasionally resorting to violence.
- Origins: Çirca 1970; fully developed by early 1980s
- Ideology: Anti-government, some white supremacist elements
- Outreach: Vigilante courts, seminars, shortwave radio, the Internet, "schools of common law"
- Notable Episodes: 1996 Montana Freeman standoff; 1997 Republic of Texas standoff Tactics "Paper terrorism," including frivolous lawsuits, frivolous liens, fictitious financial instruments, fictitious automobile-related documents, and misuse of genuine documents such as IRS forms; various frauds and scams
- Hot Tactic: "Redemption" (see below)
Introduction: A Letter from Michigan
In April 1992, an angry resident of Sanilac County, Michigan, wrote a letter to the Michigan Department of Natural Resources stating he was no longer a "citizen of the corrupt political corporate State of Michigan and the United States of America" and was answerable only to the "Common Laws." He therefore expressly revoked his signature on any hunting or fishing licenses, which he viewed as contracts that fraudulently bound him to the illegitimate government of Michigan.
That obscure Michigan hunter would, three years later, become known to the entire world. He was Terry Nichols, friend and accomplice of Oklahoma City Federal Building bomber Timothy McVeigh. Nichols subscribed to an unusual right-wing anti-government ideo-logy whose adherents have in recent years increasingly plagued public officials, law enforcement officers and private citizens with a variety of tactics designed to attack the government and other forms of authority. Its members call themselves, variously, consti-tutionalists, freemen, preamble citizens, common law citizens and non-foreign/non-resident aliens (Nichols used several of these), but most commonly refer to themselves as "sovereign citizens."
Members of the sovereign citizen movement engage in a variety of seemingly bizarre activities. Nichols, for instance, several times repudiated his allegiance to federal and state governments. He tried to pay a credit card debt with a fictitious financial instrument called a "certified fractional reserve check." Brought into court in Michigan in 1993, he refused to walk to the front of the courtroom and denied the court's jurisdiction over him. Even when he wrote addresses on letters, Nichols made sure to use the abbreviation "TDC" to indicate that he was using the federal zip code under "threat, duress and coercion." These exhibitions of behavior might seem odd or even humorous, but the same ideology that led to those activities also helped lead Terry Nichols to assist Timothy McVeigh in building a bomb that would kill 168 people and injure hundreds more. By then the sovereign citizen movement to which Nichols subscribed had embarked upon a nationwide resurgence that would last into the 21st century; its anti-government activities would cause problems in every region of the country.
Origins: The Posse Rides Again
The key distinguishing characteristic of the sovereign citizen movement is its extreme anti-government ideology, couched in conspiratorial, pseudohistorical, pseudolegal and sometimes racist language. Many extremist movements in the 20th century have been anti-government in the sense that they opposed governmental policies, but few have been so purely anti-government that they challenged its very legitimacy. In fact, a number of extremist movements, from the Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s to the anticommunist groups of the 1950s and 1960s, attempted with some success to ally themselves with government.
However, beginning in the late 1960s, a number of right-wing fringe groups formed that questioned the authority and nature of the federal government. Most grew out of a recently emergent right-wing tax-protest movement: arguments about the illegitimacy of income tax laws were easily expanded or altered to challenge the legitimacy of the government itself. The most important of these groups was the Posse Comitatus,1 which originated in Oregon and California around 1970.
Members of the Posse Comitatus believed that the county was the true seat of government in the United States. They did not deny the legal existence of federal or state governments, but rather claimed that the county level was the "highest authority of government in our Republic as it is closest to the people." The basic Posse manual stated that there had been "subtle subversion" of the Constitution by various arms and levels of government, especially the judiciary. There was, in fact, a "criminal conspiracy to obstruct justice, disfranchise citizens and liquidate the Constitutional Republic of these United States."
The Posse wanted to reverse this subversion and "restore" the Republic through
(1) unilateral actions by the people (i.e., the Posse) and (2) actions by the county sheriff. The sheriff, they argued, was the only constitutional law enforcement officer. Moreover, his most important role was to protect the people from the unlawful acts of officials of governments like judges and government agents. Should a sheriff refuse to carry out such duties, the people (i.e., the Posse) had the right to hang him. In fact, the two most prominent Posse symbols became a sheriff's badge and a hangman's noose.
The Posse reached its peak in the early 1980s when a farm crisis in the Midwest allowed Posse leaders to recruit among angry and desperate farmers. By this time Posse ideology had developed into an elaborate theory involving an original, utopian form of government based upon "common law" (the "de jure" government) that had been subverted and replaced with an illegitimate, tyrannical government (the "de facto" government). Americans obeyed the de facto government, because they had been tricked into believing it was legitimate.
Although the basic Posse philosophy was anti-government in nature rather than hate-filled, many leaders of Posse groups were virulent racists. The Posse's revisionist ideas about government and conspiracy were especially attractive to Christian Identity believers; as a result, many Identity adherents, including William Potter Gale, James Wickstrom, Gordon Kahl, Bob Hallstrom and Thomas Stockheimer, among others, became involved in the Posse or similar groups. The result was that Posse ideology was often, though by no means always, imbued with racist and anti-Semitic as well as anti-government language, reflecting the movement's increasing violence and criminal activity. In the early 1980s, Posse members and sympathizers became involved in a number of shootings, standoffs, fraud schemes and other criminal activities. The most notorious incident involved Gordon Kahl, a North Dakota Posse leader, Christian Identity adherent and activist in the "township" movement (which advocated forming civil bodies independent of outside control, a tactic the Montana Freemen would resurrect in 1996). When United States marshals attempted to arrest Kahl in 1983 for violating his probation, he opened fire, killing two officers and wounding others before escaping. Four months later, he was tracked to an Arkansas farmhouse, where he died in a second shootout that also took the life of a sheriff.
By the end of the 1980s, however, the Posse had largely died away. In addition to adherents like Kahl, who died violently, other Posse leaders, including William Potter Gale and Henry "Mike" Beach died naturally. Still others were jailed or simply dropped out of the movement. The Posse lived on in isolated pockets but had largely lost its force (in the 1990s, Wickstrom and August Kreis would recreate the group, but this time solely as a white supremacist organization with little interest in anti-government theories). Still, the ideology underlying the Posse lived on, waiting for new leaders and organizations to emerge.
Ideology: The Pernicious 14th Amendment
The ideology of the sovereign citizen movement had matured and crystallized by the 1980s as an unusual form of right-wing anarchism that focuses, on the one hand on the importance of local control and, on the other hand, on the avoidance of virtually all forms of authority and obligation.
Sovereign citizen ideology justifies these goals by claiming that at one time there was an American utopia governed by English "common law," a utopia in which every citizen was a "sovereign," and there were no oppressive laws, taxes, regulations or court orders. However, a conspiracy gradually subverted this system, replacing it with an illegitimate successor. Different sovereign citizen theorists have varying versions of this progression, but most include the following elements: the alleged suppression of a "missing" 13th Amendment that would have disallowed citizenship for attorneys; the Reconstruction amendments; the 16th Amendment (allowing an income tax); the 17th Amendment (allowing popular election of senators); the Federal Reserve Act and the 1933 removal of United States currency from the gold standard. By that time, many sovereign citizen theorists agree, the United States government was completely illegitimate, using emergency war powers and other unlawful measures to rule unconstitutionally.
Among the various subjects of energetic sovereign citizen revisionism, perhaps none is more important than the 14th Amendment. Ratified in 1868, the Amendment had several aims, including the guaranteeing of United States citizenship for the ex-slaves. But to sovereign citizens it did much more; they claim that before its ratification, virtually no one was a "citizen of the United States." One would previously have been a citizen of the republic of Ohio or of some other state; only residents of Washington, D.C., or federal territories were citizens of the United States. The 14th Amendment created an entirely new class of citizens, they argue, one that anybody, theoretically, could voluntarily join.
But to become a citizen of the United States was to willingly subject oneself to the complete authority of the federal and state governments; clearly, no one would want to do this. The government, therefore, tricked people into entering into its jurisdiction and that of the "corporate" state government by having them sign contracts with it. The trick was that people did not even realize they were signing contracts: these included items like Social Security cards, drivers' licenses, car registrations, wedding licenses or even, as Terry Nichols noted, hunting licenses and zip codes.
The sovereign citizen solution to this problem is the one that Nichols used. Since these contracts were made without people's knowledge, they could be declared invalid and torn up. Social Security numbers, licenses and permits, even birth certificates could be revoked, allowing people thereby to become "sovereign citizens," freed from the jurisdiction of the "de facto" government and courts. They were once more subject only to the "common law."
The development of this theory resulted in a movement whose members believe not only that virtually all levels of government have no jurisdiction over them whatsoever, but also that acceptance of any government regulation or permit means entering into a "contract" with the government that results in the loss of liberty and freedom. Consequently, committed sovereign citizens resist, sometimes with violence, nearly every form of governmental authority, from police enforcing traffic regulations to inspectors enforcing building codes. Unsurprisingly, they end up in constant conflict with the law.
Tactics: Terrorism and "Paper Terrorism"
In the early 1990s, particularly after the deadly standoffs at Ruby Ridge, Idaho, in 1992 and Waco, Texas, in 1993, the extreme right experienced a considerable resurgence. Many older groups like the National Alliance increased in number, while entirely new movements like the militias developed. Moribund since the decline of the Posse, the sovereign citizen movement enjoyed a significant rise in numbers and activity.
This activity included acts of violence, usually against representatives of the government that sovereign citizens so hated. In October 1993, extremist fugitives Linda Lyon Block and George Sibley murdered an Opelika, Alabama, police officer in a shootout in a shopping center parking lot. In early 1994, a band of extremists associated with the group Juris Christian Assembly viciously assaulted Karen Mathews, the Stanislaus County, California, recorder, outside her home. In May 1998, sovereign citizen and Christian Identity adherent George Wolf shot two volunteer firefighters in Ashtabula County, Ohio, because their vehicle blocked him. Occasionally, sovereign citizen groups even engaged in high-profile standoffs with author-ities. In the spring of 1996, the Montana Freemen held off federal authorities attempting to arrest them (on a variety of charges) for 81 days near Jordan, Montana. The following spring, members of Richard McLaren's faction of the so-called "Republic of Texas" initiated another armed confrontation in far-West Texas when they kidnapped a local couple in response to the arrest of one of their members. One member was killed during the standoff.
Yet despite a pattern of violent activity, the preferred weapon of members of the sovereign citizen movement is what has come to be called "paper terrorism." Paper terrorism involves the use of fraudulent legal documents and filings, as well as the misuse of legitimate documents and filings, in order to intimidate, harass and coerce public officials, law enforcement officers and private citizens. Many paper terrorism tactics originated during the days of the Posse Comitatus, but were refined and popularized in the 1990s and distributed in books, during seminars and through the Internet.
One of the first tactics of the resurgent sovereign citizen movement was the formation of vigilante "common law courts." Members of these courts used them as a forum for grievances against the "de facto" government or for assistance in attempts to harass their enemies. A number of common law courts issued threats of various kinds against public officials. One of the earliest and most visible such courts was established in Tampa, Florida, in 1993 by Emilio Ippolito and various followers. Calling itself the "Constitutional Court of We the People," the court moved in short order from granting divorces to issuing arrest warrants against judges. Eventually Ippolito and six followers were convicted in 1997 for interfering with trials in Florida and California and for sending letters threatening to kidnap and arrest judges and jury members. Other common law courts were equally defiant; in the Midwest, two leaders of a central Ohio common law court became involved in violent confrontations during traffic stops, resulting in one death. Common law courts were especially active from 1994 through 1997, but because of their relatively high visibility, they were more vulnerable to concerted action by law enforcement officers. In Missouri and Illinois, for instance, dozens of common law court members were arrested in 1996 on harassment-related charges related to their use of bogus liens. This vigilance on the part of law enforcement helped shut down the common law courts in those states. More generally, such vigilance caused sovereign citizens to abandon common law courts as a preferred tactic.
The filing of frivolous lawsuits and liens against public officials, law enforcement officers and private citizens, on the other hand, has remained a favorite harassing strategy. These paper "attacks" intimidate their targets and have the beneficial side effect of clogging up a court system that sovereign citizens believe is illegitimate. Frivolous liens became such a problem in the 1990s that a majority of states were forced to pass new laws to make filing them illegal, their removal easier, or both. Today, eager sovereign citizens can use the Internet to download a variety of boilerplate forms and documents to wield against the government. More adventurous types can matriculate at "schools" such as the Erwin Rommel School of Law; additionally, a number of activists, ranging from David Wynn Miller to The Aware Group, hold seminars around the country to teach people -- for a price -- about the latest tactics and weapons.
Sovereign citizens also widely use fictitious financial instruments such as phony money orders, sight drafts and comptrollers' warrants. Believing paper money to be invalid, the movement easily justifies the creation of entirely new forms of "money." From "Public Office Money Certificates" in the early 1980s to the money orders and warrants of the 1990s, this has been a particularly popular tactic because it potentially allows the sovereign citizen to get something for nothing whenever a government agency, bank, business or private citizen mistakenly accepts one of the bogus instruments. Groups like the Montana Freemen, Family Farm Preservation and the Republic of Texas put out billions of dollars (face value) of such instruments before finally being shut down.
The most recent surge in the use of fictitious financial instruments began in 1999 with the development of a tactic called "Redemption" (sometimes known as "Accept for Value"), based on the theories of Roger Elvick, a sovereign citizen and white supremacist convicted on fraud charges in the 1980s. Redemptionists argue that by using a complicated process known as "regaining one's straw man" they can establish special Treasury Department accounts and issue bogus instruments they call "sight drafts" to pay off debts or make purchases. Should law enforcement officials or others interfere with this activity, redemptionists are told to file falsified I.R.S. Form 8300s against them, alleging that such officials engaged in a suspicious currency transaction. By the end of 1999, Redemption had swept across the country. Sovereign citizen organizations like The Aware Group, Rightway L.A.W. and the Republic of Texas, among others, regularly hold Redemption seminars to teach the tactic to eager audience members. A number of practitioners have been arrested since 1999 in Idaho, Ohio, Oregon, West Virginia and other states for attempting to pass the fictitious sight drafts or for harassing public officials attempting to halt the practice. In 2001, it is probably the single most popular sovereign citizen tactic.
However, sovereign citizens have a number of other weapons at their disposal. Many have engaged in a variety of frauds and scams, often targeting people with similar ideological beliefs in what might be called affinity fraud. A few of these schemes, most notably those perpetrated by the Colorado-based We the People and the Florida-based Greater Ministries International in the 1990s, took in millions of dollars. Other sovereign citizen groups, like the Embassy of Heaven and the Washitaw Nation, have specialized in the creation of fictitious car-related documents ranging from drivers' licenses to license plates.
Still others, including the Civil Rights Task Force and the Constitution Rangers, have created fictitious law enforcement agencies, complete with fake identification cards, badges and even raid jackets. People associated with the Civil Rights Task Force have advocated what they term "reverse intimidation": interrogating the spouses of law enforcement officers who have had dealings with members.
Even when jailed, sovereign citizens often continue their activities. They teach other prisoners their tactics; as a result, a number of non-extremist prisoners have engaged in such sovereign citizen stratagems as filing bogus liens. Convicted drug dealer and prisoner Kenneth E. Speight, for instance, filed more than $12 billion in liens against federal judges and prosecutors in Connecticut. According to federal officials, a fellow prisoner associated with the Montana Freemen taught Speight how to harass people with liens.
Prominent Groups and Individuals: A Rogue's Gallery
Sovereign citizens constitute a large and energetic extremist movement. Activity can be found in virtually every state, from pirate radio stations in Florida to secessionist groups in Hawaii. Well over a hundred sovereign citizen Web sites have been identified. This list includes some -- but by no means all -- of the movement's notable groups and leaders:
- Alfred Adask. Former publisher of Anti-Shyster magazine (now published via the Web) and aggressive practitioner of "guerrilla lawfare," the Dallas, Texas-based Adask was especially active in the 1990s in promoting the use of bogus liens. In addition to his Web site, Adask also hosts a satellite radio show.
- The American's Bulletin. Published from Central Point, Oregon, by Robert Kelly, it is the leading publication promoting sovereign citizen tactics and activities, especially Redemption.
- The Aware Group. A Greenville, South Carolina, sovereign citizen group led by John Howard Alexander that is active in marketing "common law" trusts and Redemption over the Internet and at seminars across the country.
- The Embassy of Heaven. A small group led by Paul Revere (formerly Craig Fleshman) and based in Stayton, Oregon, the Embassy markets bogus license plates and other automobile documents to followers nationwide. It was evicted from its former location for nonpayment of local taxes. Followers -- called "Ambassadors of the Kingdom of Heaven" -- disdain obedience to any earthly authority.
- George Gordon. From Isabella, Missouri, Gordon runs a "School of Common Law," which he also promotes on his radio show, "The American Law Hour."
- Brent Johnson. Host of the "American Sovereign" radio show and, with Lee Parker, director of Freedom Bound International, a "common law service center," Johnson holds seminars nationwide to promote his books, trusts and other products.
- David Wynn Miller. This Milwaukee, Wisconsin-based sovereign citizen is one of the most unusual of the "common law gurus" who travel the country holding seminars and offering legal advice. Miller has created his own unique version of English grammar, one that even many sovereign citizens find hard to understand or accept. He has also been active in Canada.
- Republic of Texas. The original "Republic of Texas," formed in late 1995, soon split into several competing factions, which later re-unified in 2002. Daniel Miller, the leader of one of the factions, is the "President" of this sovereign citizen group, which pretends that Texas is an independent country.
- Rightway L.A.W. With headquarters in Akron, Ohio, this group is one of the most active sovereign citizen groups in the country, with 15 chapters in at least 10 states. Led by Rick Schramm, Jack Smith, Jeanne Collins and Mary Keane, it is one of the major promoters of Redemption. Some chapters also reach out to prison inmates.
- Charles Weisman. Based in Burnsville, Minnesota, Weisman is a prolific author on "common law" topics like martial law, the right to travel (unfettered by traffic laws or automobile regulations) and so forth. A Christian Identity adherent, he is also currently one of the most visible white supremacists promoting sovereign citizen doctrines.
- Moorish groups. The resurgence of sovereign citizen activity in the 1990s led to an unexpected development: the appropriation of sovereign citizen ideology and tactics by a variety of African American groups. These groups, generally identifying themselves as "Moors," combine standard sovereign citizen theories with many new twists and additions of their own. Some groups are, to varying degrees, Islamic in nature, while others adhere to various New Age philosophies. Examples include the Moorish Nation, the United Mawshakh Nation of Nuurs and the Washitaw Nation. A number of such groups have ties to "traditional" sovereign citizen groups. Many of their tactics are the same, too, from bogus automobile documents to Redemption.
On May 20, 2010, two West Memphis, Arkansas, police officers were killed and two Crittenden County sheriff's officers wounded in two linked shootouts involving an anti-government sovereign citizen with ties to Ohio and Florida.
The sovereign citizen, Jerry Kane, was a "guru" in the movement who traveled around the country, often with his teenaged son Joseph, holding seminars in which he would teach his anti-government conspiracies and pseudo-legal "solutions." Kane specialized in a set of sovereign citizen theories called "Redemption;" he told audiences that his theories could get them out of their mortgages.
Kane and his son were apparently returning from a seminar he advertised for mid-May in Las Vegas when their vehicle was pulled over by West Memphis Police Department Sergeant Brandon Paudert and Officer Bill Evans, who were engaged in a drug interdiction exercise along the interstate. The Kanes allegedly got out of the vehicle with firearms and opened fire on the two officers, killing them both. They drove off.
An hour and a half later, an extensive manhunt located the vehicle at a Wal-Mart parking lot. As police closed in on the vehicle, a second shootout occurred. During this shootout, Crittenden County Sheriff Dick Busby was shot in the arm and Deputy W. A. Wren received a serious wound to the abdomen. Jerry and Joseph Kane were killed in the return fire.
The tragic incident occurred during a rise of sovereign citizen activity nationwide in 2009-2010. In two incidents in April and May, a Tennessee sovereign citizen, Walter Fitzpatrick III, and a Georgia sovereign citizen, Darren Huff, were arrested in connection with attempts to make "citizens" arrests of various local officials in Monroe County. In April 2010, a sovereign citizen group calling itself Guardians of the Free Republics issued ultimatums to all 50 governors to vacate their offices within 72 hours.
1Posse Comitatus is a Latin term for "power [or force] of the county." It originally referred, in English legal traditions, to the power of local authorities to call upon the body of the people to enforce the law in a time of crisis. The American idea of the "posse," as in the Old West, is a descendant of these traditions.