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The Eclipse Common Build Infrastructure (CBI) is an initiative combining infrastructure, services, technologies and best practices for building, testing and delivering software at the Eclipse Foundation.
- 1 Goals
- 2 Asking for Help
- 3 Service Level Agreement (SLA)
- 4 Security
- 5 Provided Services
- 5.1 CI Environment (Jenkins)
- 5.2 CI Environment (Third-party)
- 5.3 GitHub and Bot Accounts
- 5.4 Docker Hub
- 5.5 Nexus/Maven repository
- 5.6 Signing tool
- 5.7 Eclipse Platform / plugins specific tooling
- 6 Resources
Primary goals of the CBI initiative are:
- Make it easy for anyone to contribute to Eclipse projects.
- Make it easy for projects to follow open governance and transparency best practices.
- Provide a set of industry-grade services (or integration with some widely adopted 3rd party services) for building and distributing Eclipse projects.
Asking for Help
- Need help actually building your code: ask your project mentors, or ask on the Common Build mailing list (cbi-dev). There are no dumb questions.
- Subscribe to cbi-dev here: https://dev.eclipse.org/mailman/listinfo/cbi-dev
Service Level Agreement (SLA)
Most CBI services are Tier 2 - Best Effort, which means they are expected to be available at all times, and rapid restoration can be expected in the event of an outage. Eclipse Strategic Members can contact Webmaster in certain cases of off-hours support.
Please see IT_SLA for more information on the Eclipse Foundation IT Services SLA.
The Eclipse Foundation has authored an Open Source Software Supply Chain Best Practices document. We highly recommend Eclipse OSS projects read, understand and adopt these best practices as part of their role in the Supply Chain.
Provided Services
CI Environment (Jenkins)
We provide dedicated Jenkins instances to projects. See also Jenkins.
Jenkins is a continuous integration (CI) server used on Eclipse Foundation servers for Eclipse projects as part of the Common Build Infrastructure (CBI). Jenkins instances are maintained by the Eclipse Webmasters/Release Engineers.
List of Jenkins Instances Per Project (JIPP):
Requesting a JIPP instance
Please file a ticket to request your project's own instance. Please ensure your project lead can +1 the request. Please specify if you wish to grant write access to your download area and/or code repositories.
What's provided?
Each Eclipse Project has access to one Jenkins instance (JIPP), including the following:
- (1) Jenkins instance, with (1) Resources Pack (see below)
- Membership-sponsored projects may allocate more resources (see below)
- Digital signing Service: Java JAR, Java Cryptography Extensions, Windows Portable Executable with Microsoft Authenticode, macOS application bundles.
- Packaging service: Apple Disk Image (.dmg), Linux Flatpak
- Disk space: Ephemeral for builds, permanent for release builds.
- (1) 1vCPU/3.75G/30G Linux Virtual Server (if needed) (courtesy of Microsoft Azure). Projects sponsored by Strategic Members can engage with the Foundation to get out of spec Virtual Server.
- Access to worldwide download mirrors
Additional Resource Packs
Each Eclipse Project has access to one Resources Pack for building. For some projects, that may not be enough. Projects sponsored by Eclipse Membership (via Project Lead) have additional Packs, based on membership level. These Packs can be allocated to projects. See the Jenkins wiki page to see how packs translate to Jenkins builds.
- Some resources are only available to Enterprise and Strategic members.
- Enterprise and Strategic members can engage with the Foundation to acquire additional Packs.
|Agent type
|Linux (containerized, no root)
|2 (burst to 4)
|External slave support
|Agent type
|Linux/Windows/macOS (VMs)
Resource Packs Included in Membership
Eclipse Foundation Member Organizations have access to Resource Packs based on their membership level.
|Associate / Contributing
|[€0, €15k)
|[€15k, €20k]
|[€25k, €50k)
|[€50k, €100k)
|[€100k, €500k]
|Resource packs
|Dedicated Agents
Assigning Resource Packs to a Project
Resource Packs are assigned by Member organizations of the Eclipse Foundation to Eclipse Projects they sponsor. Packs are assigned as a whole to a single project (i.e., can't split Packs across multiple projects). A member can assign several packs to a single project.
To assign a pack to a project, please file a ticket.
By default, resource packs are assigned build agents. In some cases, it may be required to scale up the Jenkins master. In such case, we can allocate resource packs to the master instance.
Sponsored Projects
We maintain a public API of sponsored projects. Organizations can check how many Resource Packs they have left for project sponsoring on the membership portal.
CI Environment (Third-party)
If you host your Eclipse project git repository at GitHub, we also support some third-party services:
- CircleCI.
- Azure Pipelines.
TravisCI. We do no longer support Travis CI, see the announcement here: https://www.eclipse.org/lists/cross-project-issues-dev/msg18647.html
If an environment is not listed in the unsupported list, you can ask whether it can be supported by opening a bug.
GitHub and Bot Accounts
The Eclipse Foundation can create a bot user that can be used from your Jenkins (JIPP) instance to build branches and pull requests, push, tag, and comment on the repo.
We don't share the credentials of those bots for external usage (e.g., to use it with a private, behind firewall Jenkins instance, or with third-party services). Those bots have the same set of permissions as a committer and it would be against the Eclipse Development Process to give those permissions to anybody. Likewise, we don't grant any elevated permissions on repositories or organizations to any other bot account.
However, we can setup webhooks for you. We create webhooks that can only receive the following events:
- Branch or tag creation (Branch or tag created)
- Branch or tag deletion (Branch or tag deleted)
- Pull requests (Pull request opened, closed, reopened, edited, assigned, unassigned, review requested, review request removed, labeled, unlabeled, synchronized, ready for review, locked, or unlocked)
- Pushes (Git push to a repository)
See the GitHub developer documentation for more information.
Personal Access Token
We can also create personal access token for the bot account. We create tokens with only the following scopes:
- repo:status
- repo_deployment
- write:discussion
See the GitHub developer documentation about scopes and OAuth for more information.
Getting admin permissions on project's GitHub repositories
Project leads may require admin level access to their project's GitHub repositories. If that is the case, please open a new bug with your request. To be eligible to such permission level, your project must be in the mature phase and the request shall be highly motivated, so please tell us why you need that access (this information will be handy when sorting out the more general solution). Usually, admin permissions will be assigned temporarily.
Docker Hub
The Eclipse Foundation owns the eclipse organization and a couple of other project specific organizations at https://hub.docker.com. You can ask to get a repository being created on one of these organizations. We will set permissions so that committers have write access to this repo (you will need to share your Docker Hub ID with us).
You can also ask us to create a project specific organization. The organization name needs to follow the pattern eclipse<projectname>.
Note that we don't grant admin permissions on any Eclipse Foundation owned organization. We recognize that this means that you will have to go through us for all new repo creation, but we can't grant organizations-wide admin permission assigned to committers for security reasons.
In all cases, requests should be directed to the GitLab HelpDesk.
Nexus/Maven repository
See Services/Nexus.
Signing tool
Eclipse Platform / plugins specific tooling
CBI license bundle
We offer a P2 repository containing the `org.eclipse.license` bundle which is located at:
This URL is a composite P2 repo containing the license bundle.
If you use Tycho you can add the p2 repo to the <repositories> section of your pom.xml file. Something similar to this:
<repository> <id>license-feature</id> <url>http://download.eclipse.org/cbi/updates/license/</url> <layout>p2</layout> </repository>
In any particular feature which you need the license you can use the usual feature.xml section:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <feature id="org.eclipse.help" label="%featureName" version="2.0.0.qualifier" provider-name="%providerName" plugin="org.eclipse.help.base" license-feature="org.eclipse.license" license-feature-version="1.0.0.qualifier"/> ....
p2 repo checks
A set of "tests" which create reports or can be ran as unit tests that check to correctness of p2 repositories. That is partially just "correctness" in general (such as, that jars are signed, etc.) but more so that repositories conform to the requirements of the Eclipse Simultaneous release (such as, that jars have correct "Provider names", licenses, etc.). For more information, see See CBI/p2repoAnalyzers/Repo Reports.
p2 repo aggregator
A tool to combine several p2 repositories. Among other things, it makes sure they all have consistent constraints (that is, can be "installed together") unlike a raw p2 mirror task. For more information see CBI/aggregator.


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AS THEY PUT ON PLASTIC GLOVES FOR THEIR first litter hunt, the third graders knew what to expect. They knew their garbage. It was part of their science curriculum at Bridges Elementary, a public school on West 17th Street in Manhattan. They had learned the Three R's-Reduce, Reuse, Recycle-and discussed how to stop their parents from using paper plates. For Earth Day they had read a Scholastic science publication, "Inside the World of Trash." For homework, they had kept garbage diaries and drawn color-coded charts of their families' trash. So they were primed for the field experiment on this May afternoon. "We have to help the earth," Natasha Newman explained as she and her classmates dashed around the school collecting specimens. Their science teacher, Linnette Aponte, mediated disputes-"I saw that gum wrapper first!"-and supervised the subsequent analysis of data back in the classroom. The students gathered around to watch her dump out their bags on the floor.
"Do you see any pattern as I'm
emptying it?" Miss Aponte asked.
"Yeah, it stinks."
"Everybody's chewing Winterfresh."
"A lot of paper napkins."
"It's disgusting."
They're throwing away a folder. That's a perfectly good folder!"
"It's only half a folder."
"Well, they could find the other half and attach them together."
Miss Aponte finished emptying the last bag. "We've been learning about the need to reduce, reuse and recycle," she said, and pointed at the pile.
"How does all this make you
"Baaaad," the students moaned.
Miss Aponte separated out two bottles, the only items in the pile that could be recycled. She asked what lesson the students had learned. The class sentiment was summarized by Lily Finn, the student who had been so determined to save the half folder: "People shouldn't throw away paper or anything. They should recycle it: And they shouldn't eat candy in school Lily's judgment about candy sounded reasonable, but the conclusion about recycling seemed to be contradicted by the data on the floor. The pile of garbage included the equipment used by the children in the litter hunt: a dozen plastic bags and two dozen pairs of plastic gloves. The cost of this recycling equipment obviously exceed value of the recyclable items recovered. The equipment also seemed to be a greater burden on the environment, because the bags and gloves would occupy more space in a landfill than the two bottles. Without realizing it, the third graders had beautifully reproduced the results of a grand national experiment begun in 1987-the year they were born, back when the Three R's had nothing to do with garbage. That year a barge named the Mobro 4000 wandered thousands of miles trying to unload its cargo of Long Islanders' trash, and its journey had a strange effect on America. The citizens of the richest society in the history of the planet suddenly became obsessed with personally handling their own waste. Believing that there vas no more room in landfills, Americans concluded that recycling was their only option. Their intentions were good and their conclusions seemed plausible. Recycling does sometimes makes sense-for some materials in some places at some times. But the simplest and cheapest option is usually to bury garbage in an environrnentally safe landfill. And since there's no shortage of landfill space (the crisis of 1987 was a false alarm), there's no reason to make recycling a legal or moral imperative. Mandatory recycling programs aren't good for posterity. They offer mainly short-term benefits to a few groups-politicians, public relations consultants, environmental organizations, waste-handling corporations-while diverting money from genuine social and environmental problems. Recycling may be the most wasteful activity in modern America: a waste of time and money, a waste of human and natural resources.
The obvious temptation is to blame journalists, who did a remarkable job of creating the garbage crisis, often at considerable expense to their own employers. Newspaper and magazine publishers, whose products are a major component of municipal landfills, nobly led the crusade against trash, and they're paying for it now through regulations that force them to buy recycled paper-a costly handicap in their struggle against electronic rivals. It's the first time that an industry has conducted a mass-media campaign informing customers that its own product is a menace to society. But the press isn't solely responsible for recycling fervor; the public's obsession wouldn't have lasted this long unless recycling met some emotional need. Just as the third graders believed that their litter run was helping the planet, Americans have embraced recycling as a transcendental experience, an act of moral redemption. We're not just reusing our garbage; we're performing a rite of atonement for the sin of excess. Recycling teaches the themes that previous generations of schoolchildren learned from that Puritan classic, "The Pilgrim's Progress." John Bunyan's 17th-century allegory features a character not unlike the garbage barge that left Long Island: a man dressed in rags who flees the City of Destruction, desperate to find a place he can unload the "great burden upon his back." Guided by the Evangelist, the pilgrim wanders the world trying to reach the Celestial City. His worst trial occurs in Vanity Fair, a village market founded by Beelzebub and inhabited by noblemen named Lord Luxurious and Sir Having Greedy. The market offers tempting wares, but the pilgrim bravely practices the first R-reduce-by shunning the products of the "merchandizers" and continuing on to the Celestial City. Today's schoolchildren, though, might be confused by one character encountered on Bunyan's road to salvation: a man, the source of our word "muckraker," who is busy raking together a compost pile. This recycler of household waste isn't presented as a role model for the pilgrim. He's a symbol of moral blindness because, instead of looking up to see the heavenly rewards awaiting him, he "could look no way but downwards, with a muck-rake in his hand." In Bunyan's time, it would have been hard to imagine that pilgrims would one day be taught to search for salvation right down there in the muck.
All I 've been thinking about all week is garbage. I mean, I just can't stop thinking about it.... I've just gotten real concerned over what's gonna happen.... I started feeling this way ... when that barge was stranded. " -Opening lines of the 1989 film "Sex, Lies and Videotape," spoken to a psychiatrist by a woman whose real problems-sexual and marital unhappiness-have nothing to do with municipal solid waste.
AT THE TIME AMERICANS BECAME RACKED WITH GARBAGE GUILT, businesses were already recycling millions of tons of trash a year. They were voluntarily-and profitably-recycling newsprint, office paper, cardboard, aluminum and steel. But the barge's plight convinced everyone that voluntary enterprise was not enough. As Newsweek noted, the Mobro's saga was "to the trash crisis what the sinking of the Lusitania was to World War I." The magazine's cover story, titled "Buried Alive," warned: 'With rare exceptions during wartime, Americans have not been adept at making individual sacrifices for the common good. That mentality will have to change. Otherwise, the dumps will cover the country coast to coast and the trucks will stop in everybody's backyard." Suddenly, just as central planning was going out of fashion in eastern Europe, America devised a national five-year plan for trash. The Environmental Protection Agency promulgated a "Waste Hierarchy" that ranked trash disposal options: recycling at the top, composting and waste-to-energy incinerators in the middle, landfills at the bottom. The E.P.A.'s five-year goal, to recycle 25 percent of municipal trash, was announced in a speech in early 1988 by J. Winston Porter, an assistant administrator of the agency. Even as Porter was setting the goal, he realized that it was presumptuous for a bureaucrat in Washington to tell everyone in America what to do with their trash. "After all the publicity about the barge," Porter recalls, "I sat down with some engineers in my office to estimate how much municipal waste could be recycled. At that time, about 10 percent was being recycled. We looked at the components of waste, made a few quick calculations and figured that it was reasonable to reach a level of 25 percent within five years. It wasn't a highly quantified thing. Some of the staff didn't even want me to mention a figure. But I thought it would be good to set a target, as long as it was strictly voluntary and didn't involve a lot of regulations." Politicians across the country had bigger ideas. State and city officials enacted laws mandating recycling and setting arbitrary goals even higher than the E.P.A.'s. Most states set rigid quotas, typically requiring that at least 40 percent of trash be recycled, often even more-50 percent in New York and California, 60 percent in New Jersey, 70 percent in Rhode Island. Industries were pressured to set their own goals. Municipalities followed the Waste Hierarchy by building waste-to-energy incinerators and starting thousands of curbside recycling programs-all in the belief that it would be cheaper than landfilling. But the incinerators turned out to be disastrously expensive, and the recycling programs produced a glut of paper, glass and plastic that no one wanted to buy. So recycling devotees hit on a new solution: if people aren't willing to buy our precious garbage, we'll force them. The Federal Government and dozens of states passed laws that required public agencies, newspapers and other companies to purchase recycled materials. These regulations, along with a wide variety of tax breaks and subsidies, have pushed the national rate of recycling up to Porter's goal of 25 percent-an expensive achievement, since the programs lose money. But that's still not enough. Environmental groups are pressuring local governments to expand their recycling programs to meet the goals set in law-goals that, according to the official who helped start the whole movement, are impossible to reach. "People in New York and other places are tilting at recycling windmills," says Porter, who left the E.P.A. in 1989 and is now president of a consulting firm, the Waste Policy Center in Leesburg, Va. "There aren't many more materials in garbage that are worth recycling." Porter has been advising cities and states to abandon their unrealistic goals, but politicians are terrified of coming out against recycling. How could they explain to the voters? How could they explain it to their children?
AFTER THE LITTER HUNT IN MISS APONTE'S SCIENCE classroom, it was time for a guest lecturer on garbage. A fifth-grade class was brought in to hear Joanne Dittersdorf, the director of environmental education for the Environmental Action Coalition, a nonprofit group based in New York. Her slide show began with a 19th-century photograph of a street in New York strewn with garbage.
"Why can't we keep throwing out
garbage that way?" Dittersdorf asked.
"It'll keep piling up and we won't have any place to put it."
"The earth would be called the Trash Can."
The garbage will soon, like, take over the whole world and, like, kill everybody."
Dittersdorf asked the children to examine their lives. "Does anyone here ever have takeout food?" A few students confessed, and Dittersdorf gently scolded them. "A lot of garbage there."
She showed a slide illustrating New Yorkers' total annual production of garbage: a pile big enough to fill 15 city blocks to a height of 20 stories. 'There are a lot of landfills in New York City," Dittersdorf said, "but we've run out of space." Showing a slide of Flushing Meadows, a former landfill that's now a park, she asked, "Would you want to live on top of one of these landfills?" The place didn't look too bad, actually, but Dittersdorf explained that toxic threats could be hidden in a landfill. "Have you ever heard of a place called Love Canal? It was an old landfill that belonged to a chemical company, and they sold it to build a school on, and everyone who went to that school got very sick. There was poison in the dirt underneath." A supermarket package of red apples appeared on the screen. "Look at the plastic, the Styrofoam or cardboard underneath," Dittersdorf said. "Do you need this much wrapping when you buy things?" "Noooo." Every week," Dittersdorf said, "75,000 trees are cut to make the Sunday New York Times." The children were appalled. A few glanced reproachfully at me sitting in the back of the room. I didn't try to justify my-or your-role in this weekly tree-slaying, garbage-generating, earth-defiling ritual. The children were in no mood for heresy. Dittersdorf had masterfully reinforced the mythical tenets of the garbage crisis: We're a wicked throwaway society. Plastic packaging and fast-food containers may seem wasteful, but they actually save resources and reduce trash. The typical household in Mexico City buys fewer packaged goods than an American household, but it produces one third more garbage, chiefly because Mexicans buy fresh foods in bulk and throw away large portions that are unused, spoiled or stale. Those apples in Dittersdorf's slide, protected by plastic wrap and foam, are less likely to spoil. The lightweight plastic packaging requires much less energy to manufacture and transport than traditional alternatives like cardboard or paper. Food companies have switched to plastic packaging because they make money by using resources efficiently. A typical McDonald's discards less than two ounces of garbage for each customer served-less than what's generated by a typical meal at home.
Plastic packaging is routinely criticized because it doesn't decay in landfills, but neither does most other packaging, as William Rathje, an archaeologist at the University of Arizona, has discovered from his excavations of landfills. Rathje found that paper, cardboard and other organic materials-while technically biodegradable-tend to remain intact in the airless confines of a landfill. These mummified materials actually use much more landfill space than plastic packaging, which has steadily been getting smaller as manufacturers develop stronger, thinner materials. Juice cartons take up half the landfill space occupied by the glass bottles they replaced; 12 plastic grocery bags fit in the space occupied by one paper bag. Our garbage will bury us. The Mobro's saga was presented as a grim harbinger of future landfill scarcity, but it actually represented a short-lived scare caused by new environmental regulations. As old municipal dumps were forced to close in the 1980's, towns had to send their garbage elsewhere and pay higher prices for scarce landfill space. But the higher prices, predictably, encouraged companies to open huge new landfills, in some regions creating a glut that set off price-cutting wars. Over the past few years, landfills in the South and Middle West have been vying for garbage from the New York area, and it has become cheaper to ship garbage there than to bury it locally. America today has a good deal more landfill space available than it did 10 years ago. Landfills are scarce in just a few places, notably the Northeast, partly because of local economic realities (open land is expensive near cities) but mainly because of local politics. Environmentalists have prevented new landfills from opening by propounding another myth.... Our garbage will poison us. By mentioning Love Canal, Dittersdorf made landfills sound like the Slough of Despond, Bunyan's dread swamp. But it's not fair to compare modern municipal-trash landfills with Love Canal, an old industrial dump filled with large concentrations of toxic chemicals that seeped into the ground when a school was, stupidly, built on the site. (Even so, it's not clear that any of the schoolchildren were poisoned. Exhaustive scientific studies around Love Canal haven't detected any increase in cancer rates.) Today's landfills for municipal trash are filled mostly with innocuous materials like paper, yard waste and construction debris. They contain small amounts of hazardous wastes, like lead and mercury, but studies have found that these poisons stay trapped inside the mass of garbage even in the old, unlined dumps that were built before today's stringent regulations. So there's little reason to worry about modern landfills, which by Federal law must be lined with clay and plastic, equipped with drainage and gas-collection systems, covered daily with soil and monitored regularly for underground leaks.
The small-time operators who ran the old municipal dumps can't afford to provide these safeguards, which is why corporations have moved in, opening huge facilities that might serve half a state, typically in a rural area with few neighbors. It's a prudent environmental strategy and it provides jobs for rural communities, which is why some of them have been competing to attract new landfills. But the availability of landfill space in the countryside has created an awkward situation for cities committed to more expensive alternatives like recycling programs and incinerators. Environmentalists have responded with a mythical imperative.... We must achieve garbage independence. When Dittersdorf told the children that New York City was running out of landfill space, she was technically right. Mayor Giuliani and Governor Pataki have promised Staten Island that its municipal landfill will close in five years, and there's no logical place in town to put a new one. But why should the city have to use a local landfill? Why assume that New Yorkers have a moral obligation to dispose of their garbage near home? Most of the stuff was shipped to the city from factories and farms elsewhere. What's wrong with shipping it back out to be buried in places with open land? "I don't understand why anyone thinks New York City has a garbage crisis because it can't handle all its own waste," says James DeLong, an adjunct scholar at the Competitive Enterprise Institute in Washington. "With that kind of logic, you'd have to conclude that New York City has a food crisis because it can't grow all the vegetables its people need within the city limits, so it should turn Central Park into a farm and ration New Yorkers' consumption of vegetables to what they can grow there." Some politicians in other states have threatened to stop the importing of New York's garbage -it's an easy way to appeal to some voters' chauvinism-but in the unlikely event that they succeeded, they would only be depriving their own constituents of jobs and tax revenue. We're cursing future generations with our waste. Dittersdorf's slide showing New Yorkers' annual garbage output-15 square blocks, 20 stories high-looked frightening because the trash was sitting, uncompressed, in the middle of the city. But consider a different perspective-a national, long-term perspective. A. Clark Wiseman, an economist at Gonzaga University in Spokane, Wash., has calculated that if Americans keep generating garbage at current rates for 1,000 years, and if all their garbage is put in a landfill 100 yards deep, by the year 3000 this national garbage heap will fill a square piece of land 35 miles on each side. This doesn't seem a huge imposition in a country the size of America. The garbage would occupy only 5 percent of the area needed for the national array of solar panels proposed by environmentalists. The millennial landfill would fit on one-tenth of 1 percent of the range land now available for grazing in the continental United States. And if it still pains you to think of depriving posterity of that 35-mile square, remember that the loss will be only temporary. Eventually, like previous landfills, the mounds of trash will be covered with grass and become a minuscule addition to the nation's 150,000 square miles of parkland.
We're squandering irreplaceable natural resources. Yes, a lot of trees have been cut down to make today's newspaper. But even more trees will probably be planted in their place. America's supply of timber has been increasing for decades, and the nation's forests have three times more wood today than in 1920. "We're not running out of wood, so why do we worry so much about recycling paper?" asks Jerry Taylor, the director of natural resource studies at the Cato Institute. "Paper is an agricultural product, made from trees grown specifically for paper production. Acting to conserve trees by recycling paper is like acting to conserve cornstalks by cutting back on corn consumption."
Some resources, of course, don't grow back, and it may seem prudent to worry about depleting the earth's finite stores of metals and fossil fuels. It certainly seemed so during the oil shortages of the l970's, when the modern recycling philosophy developed. But the oil scare was temporary, just like all previous scares about resource shortages. The costs of natural resources, both renewable and nonrenewable, have been declining for thousands of years. They've become less scarce over time because humans have continually found new supplies or devised new technologies. Fifty years ago, for instance, tin and copper were said to be in danger of depletion, and conservationists urged mandatory recycling and rationing of these vital metals so that future generations wouldn't be deprived of food containers and telephone wires. But today tin and copper are cheaper than ever. Most food containers don't use any tin. Phone calls travel through fiber-optic cables of glass, which is made from sand-and should the world ever run out of sand, we could dispense with wires together by using cellular phones.
The only resource that has been getting consistently more expensive is human time: the cost of labor has been rising for centuries. An hour of labor today buys a larger quantity of energy or raw materials than ever before. To economists, it's wasteful to expend human labor to save raw materials that are cheap today and will probably be cheaper tomorrow. Even the Worldwatch Institute, an environmental group that strongly favors recycling and has often issued warnings about the earth's dwindling resources, has been persuaded that there are no foreseeable shortages of most minerals. "In retrospect," a Worldwatch report notes, "the question of scarcity may never have been the most important one." It is better to recycle than to throw away. This is the most enduring myth, the one that remains popular even among those who don't believe in the garbage crisis anymore. By now, many experts and public officials acknowledge that America could simply bury its garbage, but they object to this option because it diverts trash from recycling programs. Recycling, which was originally justified as the only solution to a desperate national problem, has become a goal in itself-a goal so important that we must preserve the original problem. It's as if the protagonist of "Pilgrim's Progress," upon being informed that he could drop his sinful burden right there on the road, insisted on clinging to it just so he could continue the pilgrimage to get rid of it. Why is it better to recycle? The usual justifications are that it saves money and protects the environment. These sound reasonable until you actually start handling garbage.
The 1992 Plan projected that the City would realize net savings from recycling. The Department's experience to date in implementing the recycling program diverges from the assumptions of the Plan. -1996 Comprehensive Solid Waste Management Plan of the New York City Department of Sanitation.
EVERY TIME A SANlTATlON DEPARTMENT CREW PICKS UP A load of bottles and cans from the curb, New York City loses money. The recycling program consumes resources. It requires extra administrators and a continual public relations campaign explaining what to do with dozens of different products- recycle milk jugs but not milk cartons, index cards but not construction paper. (Most New Yorkers still don't know the rules.) It requires enforcement agents to inspect garbage and issue tickets. Most of all, it requires extra collection crews and trucks. Collecting a ton of recyclable items is three times more expensive than collecting a ton of garbage because the crews pick up less material at each stop. For every ton of glass, plastic and metal that the truck delivers to a private recycler, the city currently spends $200 more than it would spend to bury the material in a landfill. City officials hoped to recover this extra cost by selling the material but the market price of a ton has never been anywhere near $200. In fact, it has rarely risen as high as zero. Private recyclers usually demand a fee because their processing costs exceed the eventual sales price of the recycled materials. So the city, having already lost $200 collecting the ton of material typically has to pay another $40 to get rid of it.
The recycling program has been costing $50 million to $100 million annually, and that's just the money coming directly out of the municipal budget. There's also the labor involved. the garbage-sorting that millions of New Yorkers do at home every week. How much would the city have to spend if it couldn't rely on forced labor? True, some people would probably be glad to do the work for free because they regard garbage sorting as a morally uplifting activity for the whole family. But many others have refused to follow the law. They seem to have a more traditional view of garbage sorting: an activity done only for money, and then only by the most destitute members society.
I tried to estimate the value of New Yorkers' garbage sorting by financing an experiment by a neutral observer (a Columbia University student with no strong feelings about recycling). He kept a record of the work he did during one week complying with New York's recycling laws. It took him eight minutes during the week to sort, rinse and deliver four pounds of cans and bottles to the basement of his building. If the city paid for that work a typical janitorial wage ($12 per hour), it would pay $792 in home labor costs for each ton of cans and bottles collected And what about the extra space occupied by that recycling receptacle in the kitchen? It must take up at least a square foot, which in New York costs at least $4 a week to rent. If the city had to pay for this space, the cost per ton of recyclable would be about $2,000. That figure plus the home labor costs, added to what the city already spends on its collection program, totals more than $3,000 for a ton of scrap metal, glass and plastic. For that price, you could find a one-ton collection of those materials at a used-car lot-a Toyota Tercel for instance-and drive home in it.
LAST YEAR, A SURGE in the market price for recycled materials prompted a spate of recycling-has-finally-arrived articles. At one point, New York was selling its old newspapers for $150 per ton, which was almost enough to offset the extra costs of the paper recycling program. But newsprint prices have since plummeted back to familiar levels; New York is once again paying recyclers to take its newspapers, and city officials are resigned to losing money on recycling. As a result of a lawsuit by City Council members and the Natural Resources Defense Council, the city has been under court order to collect increasing amounts of recyclable material to meet goals set in law. City officials have promised to comply by expanding the recycling program and promoting a separate program in the public schools, but they've been stalling because they don't want to increase the budget deficit.
Officials in some cities claim that curbside recycling programs are cheaper than burying the garbage in a landfill, which can be true in places where the landfill fees are high and the collection costs aren't as exorbitant as in New York. But officials who claim that recycling programs save money often don't fully account for the costs. "A lot of programs, especially in the early years, have used funny money economics to justify recycling," says Chaz Miller, a contributing editor for Recycling Times, a trade newspaper. "There's been a messianic zeal that's hurt the cause. The American public loves recycling, but we have to do it efficiently. It should be a business, not a religion." Recycling programs didn't fare well in a Federally financed study conducted by the Solid Waste Association of North America, a trade association for municipal waste-management officials. The study painstakingly analyzed costs in six communities (Minneapolis; Palm Beach Fla.; Seattle; Scottsdale, Ariz; Sevierville, Tenn., and Springfield, Mass.). It found that all but one of the curbside recycling programs, and all the composting operations and waste-to-energy incinerators, increased the cost of waste disposal. (The exception was Seattle's curbside program, which was slightly cheaper-by one tenth of 1 percent-than putting the garbage in a landfill.) Studies in European cities have reached similar conclusions. Recycling has been notoriously unprofitable in Germany, whose national program is even less efficient than New York's. "We have to recognize that recycling costs money," says William Franklin, an engineer who has conducted a national study of recycling costs for the not-for-profit group Keep America Beautiful He estimates that, at today's prices, a curbside recycling program typically adds 15 percent to the costs of waste disposal-and more if communities get too ambitious. Franklin and other researchers have concluded that recycling does at least save energy - the extra fuel burned while picking up recyclables is more than offset by the energy savings from manufacturing less virgin paper, glass and metal. "The net result of recycling is lower energy consumption and lower releases of air and water pollutants," says Richard Denison, a senior scientist at the Environmental Defense Fund, which has calculated the ecological benefits of recycling. But there are much more direct-and cheaper -ways to reduce pollution. Recycling is a messy way to try to help the environment. Consider a few questions whose answers would seem obvious to the environmentally aware: Does a S-cent deposit on a soft-drink can help the environment? Mandatory deposits encourage recycling and reduce litter, but these programs typically spend $500 for every ton of cans and bottles collected, which makes curbside recycling look like a bargain. States without mandatory deposits -like Texas and Washington-have proven that the most efficient way to reduce litter is to hire clean-up crews, which pick up a lot more than just bottles and cans. Recycling takes money that could be used for other clean-up efforts: when New York's Sanitation Department started its recycling program, it cut back on street cleaning. Are reusable cups and plates better than disposables? A ceramic mug may seem a more virtuous choice than a cup made of polystyrene, the foam banned by ecologically conscious local governments. But it takes much more energy to manufacture the mug, and then each washing consumes more energy (not to mention water). According to calculations by Martin Hocking, a chemist at the University of Victoria in British Columbia, you would have to use the mug 1,000 times before its energy-consumption per-use is equal to the cup. (If the mug breaks after your 900th coffee, you would have been better off using 900 polystyrene cups.) A more immediate environmental impact has been demonstrated by studies in restaurants: the average number of bacterial organisms on reusable cups, plates and flatware is 20 times greater than on disposable ones. Should you recycle today's newspaper? Saving a tree is a mixed blessing. When there's less demand for virgin wood pulp, timber companies are likely to sell some of their tree farms-maybe to condominium developers. Less virgin pulp means less pollution at paper mills in timber country, but recycling operations create pollution in areas where more people are affected: fumes and noise from collection trucks, solid waste and sludge from the mills that remove ink and turn the paper into pulp. Recycling newsprint actually creates more water pollution than making new paper: for each ton of recycled newsprint that's produced, an extra 5,000 gallons of waste water are discharged. Cost-benefit analyses for individual products become s o confusing that even ardent environmentalists give up. After years of studies and debates about the environmental merits of cloth versus disposable diapers, some environmental organizations finally decided they couldn't decide; parents were advised to choose whichever they wanted This sensible advice ought to be extended to other products. It would not only make life simpler for everyone, but would probably benefit the environment. When consumers follow their preferences, they are guided by the simplest, and often the best, measure of a product's environmental impact: its price.
Polystyrene cups are cheap because they require so little energy and material to manufacture-without reading a chemist's analysis, you could deduce from the cup's low price that it's an efficient use of natural resources. Similarly, the prices paid for scrap materials are a measure of their environmental value as recyclables. Scrap aluminum fetches a high price because recycling it consumes so much less energy than manufacturing new aluminum. The low price paid for scrap tinted glass tells you that you won't be conserving valuable resources by recycling it. While price is hardly a perfect measure of environmental impact, especially in countries where manufacturers are free to pollute, an American product's price usually reflects the cost of complying with strict environmental regulations. It's generally a more reliable guide than intuitive moral judgments or abstract theories about what's good for the planet. A theorist could logically argue that you have an obligation to recycle not just the paper in this magazine but also the staples. As a nonrenewable resource, isn't the steel theoretically even more precious than the paper? Shouldn't you take each staple to a scrap-metal dealer or, better yet, reuse it in your own stapler? But if you look at the low price of new staples-and the fact that scrap dealers aren't scurrying to buy used staples-you can see that it's a waste of time to worry about posterity running out of staples. Recycling devotees have too often ignored such signals, preferring programs based on rules instead of prices, and they've hurt their own cause. They've missed the obvious solution to America's garbage problems-a solution they should have recognized from one of their seminal ecological texts.
THE PHILOSOPHICAL UNDERPINNING of the modern environmental movement can be found in "The Tragedy of the Commons," a 1968 essay by the ecologist Garrett Hardin. It is a parable about a village's public pasture, the commons, that is open free of charge to everyone's cattle. Because no villager has a personal incentive to restrict the size of his herd, the herds keep growing, and eventually their overgrazing destroys the commons. The parable is a useful model for the many environmental problems in which the common good is damaged by individuals acting out of rational self-interest (like overfishing of the oceans or pollution of the atmosphere). It applies nicely to the garbage situation in the many communities where a free town dump has historically been treated as a commons. There are two ways to avert the Tragedy of the Commons, as Hardin's essay explains. The first is to convert the commons to private property, dividing up the land so that every herdsman owns a piece of pasture and has a personal incentive not to destroy it. The second is to make rules limiting the number of cattle on the commons. This approach, government regulation, is the most obvious solution to some complex environmental problems, especially ones involving global commons like the oceans or the atmosphere. But garbage is not one of these complex problems. The Tragedy of the Dump is a simple problem better resolved with the first approach: private responsibility. Your trash is already your private property. You should be responsible for getting rid of it. You should have to pay to get rid of it- and you should pay whatever price it takes to insure that your garbage doesn't cause environmental problems for anyone else. Paying for residential garbage collection sounds like a radical idea in New York and other cities where these costs are hidden in property taxes, but it's already being done in thousands of communities, including cities like Minneapolis, San Francisco and Seattle. It's also standard practice for commercial establishments in New York and elsewhere. Some cities charge according to volume-the number of bags or cans that you fill - and some have begun experimenting with charging by the pound.
Once people switch to this pay-as-you-throw system, they throw away less-typically at least 10 to 15 percent less. Some shop differently, some take their names off junk-mail lists; some recycle. Instead of following (or ignoring) arcane rules and targets set by politicians, they're personally motivated to figure out what's worth paying to discard and what's worth diverting to a recycling bin. Those who want to recycle for spiritual reasons can do so; others can recycle whatever makes economic sense to them. If the pay-as-you-throw system became common everywhere, there would be no need for recycling laws and goals and moral exhortations. "In a purely market-driven situation, people would still recycle according to what makes sense in their area," says Lynn Scarlett, the vice president of research at the Reason Foundation, which has studied pay-as-you-throw systems. "In most places it would pay to recycle aluminum cans, corrugated cardboard and office paper. A lot of newspapers and some clear glass would be recycled. But people wouldn't meet the high targets set by laws. They wouldn't bother with some of the things being mandated today, like mixed paper and certain plastics." Environmentalists don't necessarily oppose free-market reforms for garbage-they've supported some pay-as-you-throw systems - but they spend much of their energy crusading for government recycling programs and regulations. They have instinctively chosen Hardin's second solution. This is partly because of their ideology-many environmentalists trust government regulations more than market forces - but there's also another reason. The leaders of the recycling movement derive psychic and financial rewards from recycling. Environmental groups raise money and attract new members through their campaigns to outlaw "waste" and prevent landfills from opening. They get financing from public and private sources (including the recycling industry) to research and promote recycling. By turning garbage into a political issue, environmentalists have created jobs for themselves as lawyers, lobbyists, researchers, educators and moral guardians. Environmentalists may genuinely believe they're helping the earth, but they have been hurting the common good while profiting personally, just like the village's herdsmen. This is the real Tragedy of the Dump: the waste of public funds on recycling programs, the needless public alarm about landfills. Fortunately, though, not every community has been afflicted. For those seeking the truth about garbage, there's a mountain 300 miles south of New York that's worth a pilgrimage.
THE MOST SENSIBLE COMMENT I've heard on the subject of garbage was uttered by Linny Miles as we were looking at a mountain of it near his farm. Miles grows wheat and raises Thoroughbreds in Charles City County, Va, which has 6,000 residents and one stoplight. Next to his farm, 20 miles southeast of Richmond, is a landfill that accepts 4,000 tons of trash a day, much of it from the New York area. Private carters deliver trash from Manhattan restaurants; sealed rail cars bring municipal waste from suburban New Jersey. The trash is surprisingly hard to spot. I got lost on the way to the landfill and drove around the perimeter of the wooded property without realizing there was garbage hidden back there. I finally got a view of it from Miles's house, which sits on a rise 200 yards from the edge of the landfill's property. He pointed to a brown ridge rising above the pine trees. The ridge was maybe 75 yards high, and the lower slopes were already covered w ith grass. Miles said he was occasionally bothered by odors and noise from the unloading operations, but overall he thought the landfill was good for the county. When I asked if he objected to New Yorkers using Charles City as a dumping ground, Miles shook his head and explained his reasoning in one sentence: "They brought something to the party." Ten years ago, Charles City County had much in common with New York today. It had no money to fix its decrepit schools. Its economy was stagnant, its tax rate was among the state's highest and it was being ordered to shut down its old dump. Now, thanks to its new landfill, the county has lower taxes, better-paid teachers and splendid schools. The landfill's private operator, the Chambers Development Company, pays Charles City County fees totaling $3 million a year-as much as the county takes in from all its property taxes. The landfill has created jobs, as have the new businesses that were attracted by the lower taxes and new schools. The 80-acre public-school campus has three buildings with central air conditioning and fiber-optic cabling. The library has 10,000 books, laser disks and CD-ROM's; every classroom in the elementary school has a telephone and a computer. The new auditorium has been used by visiting orchestras and dance companies, which previously had no place to perform in the county. If you are heavy with garbage and guilt, Charles City is the place to lay down your burden. There you can see garbage the way Linny Miles regards it: not as a moral issue but as an economic commodity. New Yorkers get rid of their garbage cheaply, Charles City's children get new schools. Why should New Yorkers spend extra money to recycle so they can avoid this mutually beneficial transaction? Why make harried parents feel guilty about takeout food? Why train children to be garbage sorters? Why force the Bridges school to spend money on a recycling program when it still doesn't have a computer in the science classroom? Several weeks after Dittersdorf's lecture there, I told her about Charles City's schools and asked if recycling needed to be so important to New Yorkers' education. "I wish we spent more money on other things in the schools here," Dittersdorf said, "and I don't think recycling has a higher priority than things like computers or art classes. But I'd put it equal. Sure, kids should have time for other things, for reading and writing and dreaming. But recycling can be a wonderful project for kids and parents to do together. It inspires creative work and teaches valuable lessons." Maybe she's right. Maybe parents and children correctly see the intangible value of recycling lessons. But as children pursue their moral education, as they learn to ponder the fate of the earth, it wouldn't hurt for them to also study, once again, that recycling scene in "Pilgrim's Progress." If Bunyan were an administrator in today's schools, he might call it a lesson in prioritizing. The thrifty muckraker, intent on his compost pile, doesn't notice a figure hovering overhead, offering to trade him a golden celestial crown for his rake. This scene is observed by the pilgrim, who consults a helpful guide named the Interpreter. "This is a figure of a man of this world, is it not, good sir?" the pilgrim asks. "Thou hast said the right," the Interpreter replies, "and his muckrake doth show his carnal mind." The Interpreter points out the waste on the ground and sadly explains that, for the muckraker, "Things here are counted the only things substantial." The muckraker has forgotten that there is more to life than hoarding natural resources. His recycling has become the most primitive form of materialism: the worship of materials. "Earthly things, when they are with power upon men's minds, quite carry their hearts away from God," the Interpreter says. The pilgrim cries out in horror. "O! deliver me from this muckrake."New York Times, 30 June, 1996.

subset: commoncrawl


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Warren Buffett Speaks: The 5 Key Takeaways From the Woodstock for Capitalists
It's unlikely that you will ever hear this spoken: "I bought shares of this stock just so I could go to the annual meeting." Unlikely, that is, unless you're talking about Berkshire Hathaway , the giant conglomerate run by Warren Buffett.
Once a year, shareholders flock by the thousands to Berkshire's Omaha home base. This year, as my taxi drive informed me, there were nearly 50,000 visitors expected for the weekend to hear Buffett and Berkshire Vice-Chairman Charlie Munger speak on Berkshire, investing, life, and whatever else happens to come up.
And speak they did. After a short video -- which included an animated Buffett and Munger dancing to "Gangnam Style" and Bryan Cranston getting bullied by Buffett over peanut brittle -- the duo spent the next six or so hours responding to questions from media, shareholders, analysts, and even a Berkshire bear.
Below are five key highlights from the meeting that you shouldn't miss.
1. Back to the basics.
If there's magic to Buffett and Munger, it may be that there's no magic to Buffett and Munger. While there's a lot that goes into the outsized success that the two have seen over the years, much of it may come from their stubborn adherence to the tried-and-true basics.
Here's a sampling of some great reminders from this year's meeting:
"[We're] not looking at the aspects of the stock, we're looking at the aspects of the business... we always look at them as businesses whether we're buying the whole thing or 100 shares."
"There some parts of the game that we don't understand so we don't play with them."
(On feeling comfortable lending to Harley-Davidson during the financial crisis and the importance of customer loyalty): "Any company that gets its customers to tattoo ads on its chest can't be all bad."
"We've always tried to stay sane when other people go crazy."
"If [investors] try to time their purchases they will do very well for their broker and not very well for themselves."
2. Too big to succeed? Or big enough to dominate?
Some Berkshire shareholders worry that the company is getting too big to deliver attractive returns. While there's merit to that concern, one theme in this year's meeting was the competitive advantage that Berkshire's size offers the company.
Buffett quipped that "Berkshire is the 800 number when there's panic in the markets and for one reason or another people need extra capital." That was the case for Goldman Sachs, General Electric, and Bank of America , all of which turned to Buffett during or following the financial crisis in search of the one-two combo of cash and the Berkshire stamp of approval.
For its part in these transactions, Berkshire received extraordinary deals that "normal" investors couldn't dream of getting. In Goldman's case, Berkshire received preferred stock shares paying a monster 10% dividend and warrants to buy $5 billion of the stock at $115 per share. It was similar for Bank of America, with Berkshire walking away with preferred shares yielding 6% and a truckload of warrants.
There are few, if any, other companies out there that have the capital and reputation to score these kinds of deals. As Munger put it, Buffett has "found a place where there's less competition." And that's a good place to be.
3. Berkshire's next big opportunity.
Berkshire made waves in the insurance industry late last month when it announced that it'd hired four top executives from AIG . The execs will become part of Berkshire's commercial insurance business -- a business that Berkshire is focused on growing significantly.
Buffett expanded on this during the meeting, highlighting that the commercial insurance "could be a business that reaches into the billions, and could be in the fair number of billions over time." This, however, won't be an overnight process. Berkshire is excruciatingly careful about its underwriting and always prefers underwriting profit over premium volume.
Buffett also isn't keen on acquiring its way to a bigger commercial insurance presence. He noted that "it's better to build than to buy if you can find the right people." That seems to be the case at Berkshire. At the very top of the insurance unit is Ajit Jain -- one of the best operators in the business. And it sounds like there's strong interest for other insurance operators to join Berkshire. Buffett pointed out that the company "had a number of people reach out since the [AIG] announcement was made."
4. Uncharted territory.
If you're scratching your head over how the Federal Reserve's quantitative easing efforts are going to work out over the long term, consider yourself in good company. When asked about the eventual impact of QE, Munger responded: "The basic answer is, I don't know." Buffett added that "it's really uncharted territory. It's a lot easier to buy things sometimes than it is to sell them."
Both Buffett and Munger did, however, seem to agree that the course taken was better than the alternative. Buffett said that he has "a lot of faith in [Fed Chairman Ben] Bernanke." As for the threat of inflation, while Buffett said that "it certainly has the potential for being very inflationary," Munger warned "I worry about things more than inflation."
Of course, it's easier when you have the long term focus that Buffett and Munger have. In terms of dealing with the low-rate environment, Buffett emphasized that they "never stretch for yield." It can be a costly policy in the short term, but one that protects the company over the longer term from the eventual change in the rate environment. And when that change comes? For Berkshire's fixed-income portfolio "that would be a couple billion dollars in annual earnings that we don't have now."
5. Be a lifetime learner.
This last point was a very small moment in the meeting, but one that shouldn't be overlooked. When the duo was asked by a shareholder for a list of the 10 books that influenced them the most that weren't written by Ben Graham or Phil Fisher, Munger responded:
I can't name 10 books that I regarded that much better than the next 10, my mind is a blend of so many books that I can't even sort it out anymore. [emphasis mine]
This is such a great line because it conveys the idea that there isn't one, two, or 10 books that are suddenly going to turn someone into a brilliant investor. Instead of burning cycles trying to find the "secret book" that will suddenly turn them into the next Buffett, investors should instead focus on being lifetime learners that are constantly learning, reading, and experiencing new things.
For the Fool's full coverage of the Berkshire Hathaway shareholder meeting, simply click here.
Time to buy Berkshire?
Under Buffett, Berkshire Hathaway's book value per share has grown a mind-blowing 586,817% over the past 48 years. But with Buffett aging and Berkshire rapidly evolving, is this insurance conglomerate still a buy today? In The Motley Fool's premium report on the company, Berkshire expert Joe Magyer provides investors with key reasons to buy as well as important risks to watch out for. Click here now for instant access to Joe's take on Berkshire!
The article Warren Buffett Speaks: The 5 Key Takeaways From the Woodstock for Capitalists originally appeared on Fool.com.
Matt Koppenheffer owns shares of Berkshire Hathaway, Goldman Sachs, Bank of America, and American International Group. The Motley Fool recommends American International Group, Berkshire Hathaway, and Goldman Sachs. The Motley Fool owns shares of American International Group, Bank of America, Berkshire Hathaway, and General Electric Company and has the following options: Long Jan 2014 $25 Calls on American International Group. Try any of our Foolish newsletter services free for 30 days. We Fools may not all hold the same opinions, but we all believe that considering a diverse range of insights makes us better investors. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy.
Copyright © 1995 - 2013 The Motley Fool, LLC. All rights reserved. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy.


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General Nursing
Published May 21, 2003
you know your a nurse if....
you believe every patient needs tlc: thorazine, lorazepam and compazine.
you would like to meet the inventor of the call light in a dark alley one night.
you believe not all patients are annoying ... some are unconscious.
your sense of humor seems to get more "warped" each year.
you know the phone numbers of every late night food delivery place in town by heart.
you can only tell time with a 24 hour clock.
almost everything can seem humorous ... eventually.
when asked, "what color is the patient's diarrhea?", you show them your shoes.
every time you walk, you make a rattling noise because of all the scissors and clamps in your pockets.
you can tell the pharmacist more about the medicines he is dispensing than he can.
you carry "spare" meds in your pocket rather than wait for pharmacy to deliver.
you refuse to watch er because it's too much like the real thing and triggers "flash backs."
you check the caller id when the phone rings on your day off to see if someone from the hospital is trying to call to ask you to work.
you've been telling stories in a restaurant and had someone at another table throw up.
you notice that you use more four letter words now than before you became a nurse.
every time someone asks you for a pen, you can find at least three of them on you.
you can intubate your friends at parties.
you don't get excited about blood loss ... unless it's your own.
you live by the motto, "to be right is only half the battle, to convince the physician is more difficult."
you've basted your thanksgiving turkey with a toomey syringe.
you've told a confused patient your name was that of your coworker and to holler if they need help.
eating microwave popcorn out a clean bedpan is perfectly natural.
your bladder can expand to the same size as a winnebago's water tank.
when checking the level of orientation of a patient, you aren't sure of the answer.
you find yourself checking out other customer's arm veins in grocery waiting lines.
you can sleep soundly at the hospital cafeteria table during dinner break, sitting up and not be embarrassed when you wake up.
you avoid unhealthy looking shoppers in the mall for fear that they'll drop near you and you'll have to do cpr on your day off.
you've sworn you're going to have "no code" tattooed on your chest.\
43 Posts
Not a nurse yet but that was humorous anyway!!!!!
Kept me rolling!!!!
Create well-written care plans that meets your patient's health goals.
This study guide will help you focus your time on what's most important.
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Una nuova patch per Star Wars Battlefront verrà rilasciata prima dell'atteso DLC Outer Rim.
L'aggiornamento andrà ad occupare 8GB sul nostro hard disk e si dovrà scaricare anche se non si è intenzionati a comprare il futuro DLC.
Come dimostra il peso dell'update, i cambiamenti sono davvero tanti: il più evidente è l'incremento di Rank massimo dal 50 al 60.
Di seguito la lista completa:
Additional content/functionality
- Outer Rim: Now available for Season Pass owners
- New Feature: Hutt Contracts add a new way of obtaining Weapons and Star Cards
- New Feature: Spectator Mode introduces a way to watch Private Match games with a variety of camera angles
- and the ability to swap between players quickly
- Multiplayer Menu: Redesigned the screen to facilitate players being able to get into a game mode more quickly and easily
- Multiplayer: Teams will now re-balance when transitioning between maps
- Teamplay Focus: New feature in which an objective can be highlighted by each player to highlight where players are heading; press X (Xbox One), Square (PlayStation 4), or E (PC)
- Ranks: Increased Rank cap from 50 to 60
- Scoreboard: Added icons for playing as a Hero, playing in a vehicle, and player ping
- Scoreboard: Rearranged Score to be the first column represented
- Scoreboard: Faded player row to signify when a player has been defeated
- Combat: Added combat roll to non-Hero characters; strafe and double tap B (Xbox One) or Circle (PlayStation 4), for PC strafe and press Alt (can be rebound)
- Partner: The Partner Icon will now be visible on screen at all times
- UX: The currently selected Trait card is now shown in the deploy screen
- Credits: Updated Game Credits list
Weapon and Star Card changes
- New Weapons: The DL-18 and the DLT-19X can be obtained via Hutt Contrats
- New Powerup: The T-7 Ion Disruptor has been added to the powerup pool
- General: Triggering a card right before death will no longer result in an effect not triggering and the card going on cooldown
- Bodyguard: Corrected the Level 3 description from "Decreases explosive damage by a high amount AND blaster damage by a small amount" to "Decreases explosive damage by a medium amount AND blaster damage by a small amount"
- Survivalist: Corrected the Level 3 description from "Health regeneration starts much faster AND replenish a small amount of health with each kill" to "Health regeneration starts faster AND replenish a small amount of health with each kill"
- Bounty Hunter: Corrected the Level 3 description from "High chance to get a Power-up with each kill AND resets cooldown with each kill" to "Medium chance to get a Power-up with each kill AND current cooldowns decreases with each kill"
- Bounty Hunter: Modified drop chances and cooldowns – Level 1: 25% Drop chance, Level 2: 50% Drop chance, & Level 3: 50% Drop chance AND 75% cooldown on each kill
- Shields: Personal Shield, Squad Shield, & the Blaster Cannon will now deflect and absorb most forms of projectiles; exceptions being the Cycler Rifle, Scatter Gun & Proximity Bomb
- Shields: When Personal Shield is active, the player is unable to fire weapons and throw grenades, but can still deploy droids, turrets, & call in Heroes and vehicles
- Bowcaster: Updated damage to be consistent across all 3 charge levels – Projectile damage is now 40, Explosion damage is now 33, & the Explosion radius is now 2m
- Bowcaster: Lowered max hold time from 5 to 3s
- Bowcaster: Now properly goes on cooldown when firing a shot and then quickly entering a turret
- Barrage: Lowered fuse timer from 2-2.25 to 1-1.5s
- Barrage: Decreased inner explosion radius from 3 to 2m
- Impact Grenade: Increased damage from 90 to 100
- Impact Grenade: Decreased explosion radius from 2.25 to 2m
- Ion Grenade: No longer deals collision damage
- Flashbang Grenade: Added a screenshot component to give it an extra disorienting effect
- Scan Pulse: Cooldown time increased from 10 to 18s (normal) and 8 to 16s (upgraded)
- DL-44: Damage decreased from 19 to 13 at a ranges greater than 40m
- Powerups: Deployed Droids and Turrets will now self-destruct after 20s when the owner is defeated
- Blaster Cannon: Kills will now count towards leveling Trait Cards
- Blaster Cannon: No longer takes splash damage from its own shots
- E-Web: Players now correctly take damage when right up against the barrel of the gun
- Viper Probe & R5-D4 Droid: Spawn protection decreased from 2 to 0.5s
- R5-D4: Now shows the correct health bar color for both teams
- Smart Rocket: No longer fires from the center of the player camera, now from the barrel of the weapon
- Vehicle Turret: Destroying this will now properly grant you score
- Jump Pack: Cooldown lowered from 25 to 22 (normal) and from 20 to 17 (upgraded)
Vehicle changes
- T-47 Airspeeder: Now properly explodes when hitting the ground after a player ejects
- T-47 Airspeeder: During Walker Assault it is no longer possible to switch Tow Cable targets during the Tow Cable event
- Speeder Bike: Kills with the cannon are now properly displayed
- Speeder Bike: No longer takes damage when just outside the edge of the Orbital Strike boundary
- AT-ST: No longer takes damage from fire
- AT-ST: Changed the max pitch on the grenade launcher
- Millennium Falcon & Slave I: Now are immediately destroyed when crashing into the ground while in 1st Person view
- DF-9: Laser fire is now visible when angling the turret up
- Y-Wing: Players are now properly notified if they are killed by a Y-Wing
Multiplayer game mode changes
- General: Misc spawning improvements across various map & mode combinations
- General: Princess Leia's Honor Guard and Emperor Palpatine's Shocktroopers are limited to only 2 spawns during the Heroes vs. Villains and Extraction Game Modes
- General: Players no longer instantly die during vehicle deployment after having taken damage that would kill them prior to the transition
- Fighter Squadron: Games will no longer end in a draw when a player that crashes into the ground would have awarded the winning points
- Fighter Squadron: Vehicles of equal size will now both be destroyed when colliding regardless if one vehicle is shielded
- Hero Hunt: Redesigned the way in which the new Hero is selected, now the top 3 damage dealers have a chance to be the next Hero – Spin the Wheel!
- Blast: Re-added Sulphur Fields back into the Blast map rotation
- Drop Zone: Altered player count from 16 to 12
Mission changes
- Survival: Stars earned in the Survival in the Ice Caves and Rebel Depot Missions now count towards your total in the social hub
- Survival: Zoom now functions properly on all maps
- Survival: The AT-ST during Wave 4 on Hoth will now properly spawn in
- Split Screen: Player 2 can now see the health of Player 1's deployed turret
- Split Screen: Player 2's Scan Pulse now highlights enemies as expected
- Hero Battles: Friendly AI tokens will now properly award points to the enemy team during Solo Play
- Battles: Losing a life in offline Battles is now correctly tracked when winning
Hero changes
- General: Fixed inconsistencies with blocking blaster fire between active and passive blocking for Luke Skywalker, Darth Vader, & Emperor Palpatine
- General: When blocking blaster fire modified with Explosive Shot or Ion Shot, Luke Skywalker & Darth Vader now deflect and reflect Explosive Shots or Ion Shots back
- General: Heroes can no longer fire their weapon while melee'ing
- Darth Vader: Increased health from 1500 to 1650
- Darth Vader: Block ability time increased from 4 to 8s
- Darth Vader: Decreased cooldown of Lightsaber Throw from 7 to 6s
- Darth Vader: Increased distance of Lightsaber Throw by 3m
- Luke Skywalker: Decreased health from 1000 to 925
- Luke Skywalker: Slightly decreased running speed
- Boba Fett: Increased the range at which his blaster damage starts to drop off from 30 to 45m
- Boba Fett: Increased the range at which blaster damage is at the low end from 60 to 75m
Misc. bug fixes
- General: Lighting, textures, audio, user interface, text, and collision fixes
- General: Crash fixes
- General: Partner and Party connection fixes
- Map: Removed erroneous Stormtroopers outsider of the playable area from Heroes vs. Villains on Twilight on Hoth
- Achievement / Trophey: Updated text of Ackbar's Elite to state "Complete any survival mission on Master without spending a life"
Cosa ne pensate di Star Wars Battlefront? Credete che questa patch possa migliorare la situazione del gioco?
Fonte: VG247.com


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Chapter Contents
Destruction threatened for the impiety of Israel. (1-4) For their idolatry. (5-10) Further threatenings for the same sins. (11-14)
Commentary on Hosea 8:1-4
(Read Hosea 8:1-4)
When Israel was hard pressed, they would claim protection from God, but this would be disregarded. What stead will it stand in to say, My God, I know thee, if we cannot say, My God, I love thee, serve thee, and cleave to thee only?
Commentary on Hosea 8:5-10
(Read Hosea 8:5-10)
They promised themselves plenty, peace, and victory, by worshipping idols, but their expectations came to nothing. What they sow has no stalk, no blade, or, if it have, the bud shall yield no fruit, there was nothing in them. The works of darkness are unfruitful; nay, the end of those things is death. The hopes of sinners will deceive them, and their gains will be snares. In times of danger, especially in the day of judgment, all carnal devices will fail. They take a course by themselves, and like a wild ass by himself, they will be the easier and surer prey for the lion. Man is in nothing more like the wild ass's colt, than in seeking for that succour and that satisfaction in the creature, which are to be had in God only. Though men may sorrow a little, yet if it is not after a godly sort, they will be brought to sorrow everlastingly.
Commentary on Hosea 8:11-14
(Read Hosea 8:11-14)
It is a great sin to corrupt the worship of God, and will be charged as sin on all who do it, how plausible soever their excuses may seem to be. The Lord had caused his law to be written for them, but they cared not to know, and would not obey it. Man seems by the temples he builds to be mindful of his Maker, yet really he has forgotten him, because he has cast off all his fear; but none ever hardened his heart against God and prospered. So long as men despise the truths and precepts of God's word, and the ordinances of his worship, all the observances and offerings, however costly, of their own devising, will be unto them for sin; for those services only are acceptable to God, which are done according to his word, and through Jesus Christ.


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Creamy Dill Meatballs
½ cup sour cream
2 teaspoons Parmesan or Romano cheese, grated
1-2 teaspoons pepper
1 teaspoon salt
1 teaspoon dry bread crumbs
½ teaspoon garlic powder
1 ½ pounds ground beef
2 tablespoons olive oil
1 can (10 ¾ ounces) condensed cream of mushroom soup, undiluted
1 cup (8 ounces) sour cream
2 teaspoons dill weed
½ teaspoon sugar
¼ teaspoon pepper
¼ teaspoon garlic powder
For meatballs, combine sour cream and cheese in a large bowl. Add the pepper, salt, bread crumbs, and garlic powder. Crumble meat over mixture and mix well. Shape into 1-in. balls.
Preheat an Electric Skillet to 350°F. Add olive oil. Sauté the meatballs for 20-25 minutes or until no longer pink; drain.
In a large bowl, combine the sauce ingredients. Pour over the meatballs. Cover and cook at 350°F until heated through.
- Tags: Griddles Grills Main Dishes Skillets
- West Bend Admin


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Southport Airshow this weekend: What to see and when
Start the show in style with the Friday Night Launch Event starting at 6pm, which boasts some aircraft lighting the sky with LED lights and pyrotechnics and a grand firework finale.
Saturday and Sunday have full flying programmes and the weather is set to be fine.
Tickets for Friday night's launch event are £7 for general admission. Saturday and Sunday tickets are £8 for children (6-15 years) and £10 for adunts. Children under 5 are free for all days.Parking on the day is £6 per car. Once you arrive in Southport directional signage and event staff will direct you to the closest event car park.
Gates Open 18:00
Model Aircraft with LED lights 18:15
Battle of Britain Memorial Flight18:35
The Blades 18:43
The Tigers Free Fall Team 19:01
The Typhoon19:19
Fireflies Aerobatic Team 19:32
OTTO The Helicopter 19:47
Model Aircraft with LED lights 20:00
Firework Finale 20:30
Gates Open 09:00
Model Aircraft 10:30
The Tigers Free Fall Team 13:00
P-51 Mustang 13:17
Breitling Wingwalker 13:29
OTTO The Helicopter 13:41
De Havilland Vampire Pair 14:02
OV-10 Bronco 14:16
The Turb Team 14:26
Team Raven 14:43
Battle of Britain Memorial Flight 15:00
Huey 15:07
Spitfire and Buchon15:19
The Blades 15:35
Tutor 15:49
Strikemaster 15:52
Sally B 16:00
Fireflies Aerobatic Team 16:12
The Typhoon16:22
Gates Open 09:00
Model Model Aircraft 10:30
The Tigers Free Fall Team 13:00
P-51 Mustang 13:17
Breitling Wingwalker 13:29
The Turb Team 13:41
Battle of Britain Memorial Flight 14:00
De Havilland Vampire Pair 14:18
OV-10 Bronco 14:32
Team Raven 14:42
OTTO The Helicopter 14:59
Huey 15:06
Spitfire and Buchon15:18
The Blades 15:34
Tutor 15:48
Strikemaster 15:51
Sally B 15:59
Fireflies Aerobatic Team 16:11
The Typhoon16:21


text:
– Some Berlin residents and town staff are looking forward to their April
electric bill, when the reduced PCA charge takes effect.
town has received a multitude of complaints over high electric bills, with high
PCA charges, in recent weeks.
or power cost adjustment, charges result from a gap between the fixed rate and
the actual cost of the electricity used the previous year. The town still owes
$367,000 in power revenue shortfall. The current PCA rate is $58.11 per
thousand kilowatt-hours (KWh), to be reduced to $47.22 per thousand KWH next
day cannot come soon enough for Berlin resident Marcelle Derrickson, who just
received her electric bill and was surprised by the charges on it. The PCA
charge is roughly 43 percent of her total electricity bill, according to
figures supplied by Derrickson.
Berlin electric bills reviewed by (ITALICS)The Dispatch showed the PCA
charge taking a slightly smaller bite of the bill, ranging from 33 percent to
38 percent.
PCA charge is [normally] about 40 percent of your bill," said Joe Davis, Berlin
Finance and Operations manager. "You've got three different rates making up
your total bill. The percentages will change."
Electric has unbundled its rates, unlike Berlin, rendering comparisons of PCA
and other charges meaningless, while Delmarva Power does not have PCA charges
because it relies on bidding out its power supply needs.
lot of Berlin's electric customers are complaining, Derrickson said.
acknowledged the town has received around 60 complaints over the recent bills.
Each billing period can generate anywhere from 25 to 100 complaints, he said.
see the dollar amount but they're not paying attention to kilowatt usage,"
Davis said. "We've seen significant jumps in the kilowatt hours this last
added, "People who have been complaining all have had extremely high KWh usage
town will test home electricity meters if the kilowatt- hours used are at
higher than historic consumption, but meters are rarely the culprit, according
to Davis.
of February's 28 days dipped below the freezing mark, Davis said, and 10 days
never rose above freezing, causing heating systems to work harder.
"People don't
remember those things when their bill comes. They want to complain," Davis
said. "We're certainly willing to listen to everyone. We try to follow up with


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Faculty Media Impact Rankings Recognize Kent State for Sharing Research With the Public
A new survey that focuses on faculty involvement with the public through the news media recognizes Kent State University on its inaugural lists. The Faculty Media Impact Project, developed by the Center for a Public Anthropology, ranks social science departments at nearly 100 universities based on the number of times faculty members were cited in the news media.
Released last month and posted at http://facultyimpact.publicanthropology.org, the rankings "allow readers to assess the degree to which faculty at various universities and departments, especially those that receive public funding, share their research with the broad public," said Rob Borofsky, Ph.D., director of the Center for a Public Anthropology.
The Faculty Media Impact Project is based on more than 50,000 search queries that involve more than 6,000 news sources relating to nearly 12,800 professors at 94 universities in the social sciences (anthropology, economics, political science, psychology and sociology). It examines the degree to which these faculty are cited in the Google News Archive over a six-year period, from 2006-2011. The project calculates which departments and universities had the highest citation averages in relations to federal funding.
"These rankings are very interesting because it looks at faculty citations in the public media, rather than citations in scholarly, academic journals," said Todd Diacon, Kent State's senior vice president for academic affairs and provost. "The rankings indicate that our faculty members' research has broad appeal and resonates with the general public. I salute our faculty as well as the university's communications staff who help promote our faculty members' great work."
Kent State's Department of Economics received the highest ranking for most media impact of the five Kent State departments cited in the Faculty Media Impact Project. It ranks 16 out of 94 universities.
Richard Kent, chair of Kent State's Department of Economics, said receiving this ranking from the Faculty Media Impact Project is an honor.
"I think it just shows that the work the faculty in the economics department do is both interesting and important, and not just to academics, but also to the greater community," Kent said.
Also included in the survey are Kent State's Department of Anthropology ranking at 26, Department of Political Science ranking at 35, Department of Psychology ranking at 64 and Department of Sociology ranking at 92.
The Faculty Media Project also provides an overall university ranking, with Kent State coming in at 44, one spot above the University of Washington and one spot behind Johns Hopkins University.
For more information about the Faculty Media Impact Project, visit http://facultyimpact.publicanthropology.org.
For more information about Kent State's academic departments, visit http://www.kent.edu/colleges-and-schools.
# # #
Media Contacts:
Eric Mansfield, email@example.com, 330-672-2797
Emily Vincent, firstname.lastname@example.com, 330-672-8595


text:
MACON, Ga. – Daniel Coursey had 15 points and 11 rebounds as Mercer earned a share of the Atlantic Sun Conference title in a 69-55 victory over Jacksonville on Saturday.
Jakob Gollan added 18 points and Bud Thomas scored 12 for the Bears who finished the game on a 16-4 run after Jacksonville had closed to within 53-51 with 5:48 left.
Mercer (23-8, 14-4) will get the No. 2 seed in the A-Sun tournament due to the tiebreaker favoring co-champion, Florida Gulf Coast.
With the No. 7 seed, Jacksonville (12-17, 8-10) will return to Mercer's Hawkins Arena on Tuesday for an immediate rematch in the conference quarterfinals.
After shooting no free throws for the first 30 minutes, the Bears finished the game 14 of 22 from the line.
Jarvis Haywood had 13 points for the Dolphins who nearly erased a 44-26 deficit, only to fall back in the final minutes.


text:
Screen door and their charm
The screen door fashion has gained a lot of popularity in the market and there are many advantages associated with these screen doors. These advantages are as follows
- The air circulation gets improved especially in the summer season once you install a screen door
- The screen doors facilitate natural lighting
- They add extra value as far as the beauty of your home is concerned
- Their repair is much easier as compared to other doors that are available in the market
The above mentioned advantages can be gained by you as well and there are many DIY screen door ideas that are their which you can apply for this purpose. The DIY screen door ideas are countless and an complete book can be printed on the subject. In this article we will list some of the best DIY screen door ideas which you can apply in your home. The application of these ideas is very simple and you do not need to hire any specialist in this regard. The DIY screen door ideas are as follows
- The first idea is that you can match the colors of your screen door and the front door which is behind the screen door. The matching will make the entrance of your home charming
- Get rid of your pantry door and substitute it with a well-constructed screen door
- You can utilize the screen door in your chicken coop as well.
- You can convert your screen door into an attractive display through the utilization of the chicken wire
- The sliding screen door will give a barn style look to your room
These were some of the DIY screen door ideas which you can apply. The application of these ideas will serve as a very healthy activity for you.


text:
Here are some photos of Hidden Valley Country Club in Sandy, Utah
Recently Read Books
- A Delicate Truth- John Le Carre (fiction)
- Perfect - Rachel Joyce (Fiction)
- The Expats - Chris Pavone (Fiction)
- An Event in Autumn - Henning Mankel (Fiction)
- Winter in Madrid - C.J.Sansom (Fiction)
- The Brothers - John Foster Dulles and Allen Dulles - non-fiction
- LIfe Among Giants - Bill Roorbach (Novel)
- Empty Mansions - Bill Dedman (non-fiction)
- Woodrow Wilson (non fiction)
- Lawrence in Arabia (Non-Fiction)
- In Sunlight and In Shadow by Mark Helpren (Fiction)
- Lesson in French - Hilary Reyl (fiction)
- Unbroken- Laura Hillenbrand (Non-Fiction)
- Venice, A New History- Thomas Madden - (Non- Fiction)
- Life is a Gift - Tony Bennett Autobiography
- The First Counsell - Brad Meltzer (Fiction)
- Destiny of the Republic - President James Garfield non-fiction by Candice Millard
- The Last Lion (volume III)- William Manchester and Paul Reid (non-fiction, Winston Churchill)
- Yellowstone Autumn -W.D. Wetherell (non-fiction about turning 55 and fishing in Yellowstone)
- Everybody was Young- (non-fiction Paris in the 1920's)
- Scorpion - (non fiction US Supreme Court)
- Supreme Power - Jeff Shesol (non-fiction)
- Zero day by David Baldacci ( I read all of Baldacci's Books)
- Northwest Angle - William Kent Krueger (fiction - I have read 5 or 6 books by this author)
- Camelot's Court-Insider the Kennedy Whitehouse- Robert Dallek
- Childe Hassam -Impressionist (a beautiful book of his paintings)
Wednesday, August 21, 2013
Hidden Valley Country Club Photos
Posted by Bud Headman at 5:12 AM
1 comment:
Thanks for the awesome photos of Hidden Valley Country Club Photos. Really awesome place. Latest material handling equipment you need to knowReplyDelete
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text:
Pistons 103, Celtics 88
Lawrence Frank made it clear before the game that his Detroit Pistons couldn't afford to lean on any built-in excuses after returning from overseas.
Jet lag, a break in routine and a tough Boston opponent? Frank's team overcame all of it.
''We bent, and we didn't break,'' the Detroit coach said.
Rookie Andre Drummond had 16 points and seven rebounds, and the Pistons routed the Celtics 103-88 on Sunday night after returning from Europe. Detroit lost to the New York Knicks in London on Thursday, but didn't look particularly weary in its first game back. The Pistons blew an 18-point second-quarter lead before pulling away again in the second half.
Boston never led.
''We are playing awful and I am clearly not doing my job for this team and I am serious,'' Celtics coach Doc Rivers said. ''I am not trying to take a bullet for the team and I told them that. I said we have to find something where all 12 guys play the same way.''
Boston has lost three straight to drop to 20-20 on the season.
Drummond went 5 of 6 from the field, repeatedly slipping free for dunks. He also made 6 of 8 free throws after entering the game shooting 39 percent from the line. That foiled Boston's short-lived strategy of fouling to put him on the line.
''I was really proud of Andre, the way he responded when they resort to hack-a-Drummond,'' Frank said. ''You know you're in the league when they do that.''
Kevin Garnett scored 16 points for Boston, and Rajon Rondo had eight points, 15 assists, nine rebounds and nine turnovers.
The Celtics wiped out an 18-point second-quarter deficit before the first half even ended, but Detroit led 52-48 after scoring the last four points before the break. It was a one-point game in the third before Brandon Knight and Tayshaun Prince made 3-pointers for the Pistons to make it 61-54.
Detroit led 70-58 before an 8-0 run by Boston. Drummond snapped that with a one-handed dunk on an alley-oop from fellow big man Greg Monroe. It was 81-71 after three.
Drummond's dunk on an alley-oop from Will Bynum made it 89-73.
''I just always move myself into the right areas,'' Drummond said. ''Try to get behind the defense. For the most part, we all click as a team.''
Monroe, Knight and Bynum scored 15 points apiece for Detroit. Courtney Lee had 16 for Boston, and Jeff Green added 15.
Celtics guard Avery Bradley was back after missing a game with a rib injury, but he scored only six points.
''I had double pads on just in case I got hit while I was in the game,'' Bradley said. ''I just have to fight through it.''
The Pistons arrived back from overseas around midday Friday.
''If we're going to search for excuses, they'll always be there,'' Frank said before Sunday's game.
But Detroit looked fine from the start. The Pistons scored the game's first seven points and then went on a 9-0 run at the beginning of the second quarter to take a 36-18 lead.
''Just getting back in the gym after getting back from London and getting that jet lag out of there and get some shots up - we got some great workouts in,'' Knight said.
Boston responded after falling behind by 18, scoring the game's next 10 points, including a steal and dunk by Paul Pierce and two 3-pointers by Lee. Twice, the Pistons turned the ball over near their own free throw line after defensive rebounds, leading to easy baskets for the Celtics.
Boston finally tied it at 48.
NOTES: The Celtics have lost four straight to Detroit. ... The Pistons had 21 turnovers and Boston had 18. ... Monroe, Knight, Bynum and Kyle Singler had five assists apiece for Detroit.


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Preview: 2013 Tour de France — Stage 21
Versailles to Paris (133.5km)
Saturday, July 21 12:15 P.M. EDT – 3:35 P.M. EDT
Live Coverage sponsored by Clif Bar
Around the Arc de Triomphe
It's time to finish this 100th edition of the Tour de France and the race organizers have done everything they can to make sure it happens with style. The stage starts at the Palace of Versailles and finishes on the Champs-Élysées around 21:45 local time.
It will be a spectacular view with the riders passing through Paris at nighttime and this year the peloton goes all the way around the Arc de Triomphe instead of turning just before as in previous editions.
Mark Cavendish will be eager to take his fifth consecutive win on the Champs-Élysées and Omega Pharma-Quick Step has a complete team to help him write history in this 100th edition of the Tour. Marcel Kittel, André Greipel and Peter Sagan will do whatever they can to challenge the Manxman, but it won't be easy.
The riders may not like this late finish, but for the TV viewers, it will be a perfect way to finish a great Tour de France.
Follow Mikkel Condé on Twitter @mrconde and visit C-Cycling to read more about the last mountain stage of this year's Tour de France.


text:
University of Michigan
Runs his own tutoring company
Carl taught upper-level math in several schools and currently runs his own tutoring company. He bets that no one can beat his love for intensive outdoor activities!
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University of Michigan
Runs his own tutoring company
Carl taught upper-level math in several schools and currently runs his own tutoring company. He bets that no one can beat his love for intensive outdoor activities!
An applied case of permutations is looking at an ATM pin. But the problem we're looking at is basically an ATM pin dealing with four digits and we're trying to figure out the number of pin numbers if repetition is allowed or if repetition is not allowed.
So whenever I'm dealing with a problem like this I try to draw out my spots to give me a visual on what's going on and before we started this we actually had a debate as to if our pin number can start with 0, nobody actually knows which tells you that most people don't start it with 0, but we're going to assume that we can to give use the idea that this is a little bit more uniform than otherwise maybe.
So basically first spot, we said we can throw in 0, we're not sure if we can so we can throw in 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 all the way up to 9 which gives us 10 digits so we can have 10 things going in our spot. Because repetition is allowed, there is still 10 things that can go in second 10 things, 10 in the third, 10 in the fourth giving us 10 to the fourth which is the same thing as 10,000.
What if repetition is not allowed? I still like to draw out my little slots and then basically fill in the blacks. So our first term could be anything 0 through 9 giving us 10 things. Our second, we already chose one number and when can't reuse that number again so this is just going to be 9 times 8 times 7 which given permutations is just going to be 10 permute 4. 10 permute there's 10 things available and the permutation is basically saying the 4 numbers that we're looking for.
So difference between repetition and non-repetition when we are dealing with repetition there in no really permutation involved in terms of our formula, there is just something to a power. When repetition is not allowed, then we're dealing with a permutation just a number of things that are available to us the number of digits 0 to 9 permute a number that we actually want in this case 4. Just a slight difference between our repetition and our non-repetition.