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[223 U.S. 543, 544] Messrs. Arcadius L. Agatin and William W. Billson for appellant.
[223 U.S. 543, 547] Messrs. Benjamin S. Grosscup and Ira P. Englehart for appellees.
Mr. Justice McKenna, delivered the opinion of the court:
Suit to quiet title to certain real estate situate in North Yakima, state of Washington, against certain tax deeds issued to appellees by the county treasurer of Yakima county.
It was brought in the circuit court for the eastern district of Washington, southern division. A decree was entered in favor of appellant. 162 Fed. 999. It was reversed by the circuit court of appeals. 96 C. C. A. 293, 171 Fed. 51.
The case depends upon the sufficiency of the tax deeds which appellant assails in its bill, after averments of diversity of citizenship, alleging the following: The land is part of Capitol Addition to North Yakima, and is designated on a plat thereof as 'Reserved.' It appears from the plat, which is attached to the bill, that the tract is surrounded by blocks, the lines of which and of the streets, if extended over the tract, would constitute it [223 U.S. 543, 548] blocks 352, 372, 353 and 373. The 'Reserved' was platted as Herman's Addition, and a plat duly recorded in the office of the county recorder of Yakima county on the 8th of December, 1904, and since the execution and recording of the plat the 'Reserved' has not been otherwise known or designated than by lots and blocks, according to the recorded plat. Before the recording of the plat the 'Reserved' tract was not known or designated by any other than by that name, and as a matter of fact there were not upon the map blocks or lots designated as blocks 352, 372, 353 and 373, nor any block or parcel of land to which such description could be made to apply; and it is averred that therefore the description in the tax proceedings was utterly void on its face, for the reason that it does not describe any land.
In 1901 Yakima county commenced proceedings in the superior court of Yakima county, the county being plaintiff and Edward Whitson and a large number of other persons were named as defendants, which included, among other lands, blocks 352, 353, 372 and 373, Capitol Addition to North Yakima. The proceedings purported to be under the laws of Washington for the foreclosure of tax liens, and culminated in a judgment and tax deeds. A pretended summons and notice were issued and published, but neither appellant nor any person was ever made or named a party defendant in the proceedings, either in the application for judgment or in the tax summons or notice as filed or published, nor in the tax judgment, and the owners of the blocks were designated as 'unknown.' The judgment was entered by default, and neither appellant nor any other person ever appeared or answered in the proceeding.
Appellees' claim of title rests exclusively on the tax judgment and deeds, and is based upon a certain decision of the supreme court of the state in a case in which appellant was plaintiff and one Jay Yordy et al. were [223 U.S. 543, 549] defendants, which case involved lands within the tract designated 'Reserved' herein, the decision of which was based 'upon pretended principles of law which the court in that case applied in palpable violation of the provisions of the 14th Amendment of the Constitution of the United States.'
It is alleged that by the 'law of the land,' in order to constitute a proper and legal notice under the 14th Amendment it is necessary that in a tax proceeding in rem the description of the property sought to be sold must be so full and clear as to disclose to persons of ordinary intelligence, without resort to inferences, what property is thus intended to be taken. It is further alleged that the notice in the tax proceedings had not that sufficiency, and that, hence, to hold the judgment and deeds valid would deprive appellant of its property without due process of law, in violation of the 14th Amendment of the Constitution of the United States. The protection of the Amendment is claimed, 'and that because of the aforesaid unconstitutional decision of the state supreme court, the principles of which, if applied here, may deprive your orator of its property in violation of the said 14th Amendment, your orator invokes the protection of said article in this case, and hereby claims protection thereunder against the pretended claims of said defendants' (appellees).
There are other allegations, to the following effect: The judgment and tax deeds are void, because the court was without jurisdiction of the proceedings, because the notice of summons does not contain the specification of process, notice, or summons, as required by the laws of Washington, either in form or substance; that the summons was never served except by a pretended publication, and that neither it nor the application for judgment or complaint for the foreclosure of the tax liens was ever filed in the office of the clerk of the superior court; that [223 U.S. 543, 550] no certificate of delinquency upon which the proceedings were based was ever filed in that court, as required by the laws of Washington, and that no complaint or application for judgment was ever filed in the office of the clerk of the court unitl the day of the entry of judgment.
That no notice of sale was ever given or posted, as required by law, and that the sale by the county treasurer of block 373 for $76.77 and block 353 for $76.77 was wholly unauthorized by the judgment and in excess of his authority; that appellant is willing and has offered to pay into court the amount of taxes assessed against the property which may be found to be justly due. A copy of the decision of the state supreme court in the Yordy Case is attached to the bill.
The answer of appellees denied the allegations of the bill, and set up title under the tax proceedings and the sale and deed thereunder.
They alleged that the land, by the description of blocks, was taxed for state, county, and municipal purposes for several years prior to September, 1902, and that the taxes being delinquent on said blocks, the county of Yakima filed in the office of the clerk of the county its summons, notice, and petition to foreclose the tax lien of the county, the case being entitled, 'Yakima County, State of Washington, Plaintiff, v. Edward Whitson et al., Defendants,' and duly published the same 'by law made and provided.' That thereafter, such proceedings being had, a judgment and decree was entered foreclosing the tax lien, the court adjudging the land subject to taxation, and that the taxes due upon it were delinquent, and directed the land to be sold.
It is alleged that the judgment was duly filed for record in the office of the clerk and recorded, and that the county treasurer gave notice of sale and sold the property, as required by law, to appellees, and executed a deed therefor to them. [223 U.S. 543, 551] It is further alleged that appellant had not paid taxes on the land for many years, knew that taxes thereon were delinquent, knew of the fact of assessment, and all the subsequent proceedings and sale, 'and permitted the same to be conducted without making any objection whatsoever,' and is therefore estopped to claim any interest against appellees.
A motion is made to dismiss, on the ground that the bill is based on diversity of citizenship, that the decision of the circuit court of appeals decided the case on questions of state and general law, and that the only question of a Federal nature has been decided by this court adversely to appellant in Ontario Land Co. v. Yordy, 212 U.S. 152 , 53 L. ed. 449, 29 Sup. Ct. Rep. 152, 'thereby removing from the consideration of the circuit court of appeals any substantial Federal question.'
The motion is denied. The bill attacks the constitutionality of the state law as applied by the supreme court of the state, and whether the Yordy Case applies runs into the merits.
It will be observed that as grounds of suit the following propositions are presented by the bill: (1) The insufficiency of the description of the land, it never having been known as lots and blocks, but designated or marked on the plat of Capitol Addition as 'Reserved,' and always known and designated as such. (2) The court acquired no jurisdiction of the property because the notice of summons was void on its face, for the reason that it did not contain the specifications of process, notice, or summons in such cases required by the laws of Washington, and did not comply with the statute either in form or substance. (3) There was no service of summons except by publication, but that prior to the publication neither the summons nor the application for judgment or the complaint was ever filed in the office of the clerk of the superior court. ( 4) No certificate of delinquency was filed in the office of the clerk of the [223 U.S. 543, 552] court, as required by the laws of Washington, and no complaint or application for judgment until the day of entry of the judgment. (5) No notice of sale under the judgment was ever given or posted, as required by law, and that the sale was in excess of the authority of the county treasurer.
All these propositions but the first rest upon the contention that the laws of Washington were not complied with in the particulars mentioned. For instance, it is contended that the certificate of delinquency was not filed in the office of the clerk of the court, and no complaint or application for judgment until the day of the entry of judgment. This is the most important of the contentions, and we will first dispose of it.
The laws of Washington provide that any day after taxes are delinquent, the treasurer of the county shall have the right, and it is his duty upon demand and payment of the taxes and interest, to issue a certificate of delinquency against such property, the holder of which may at any time after the expiration of three years give notice to the owner of the property that he will apply to the superior court of the county in which the property is situated for a judgment foreclosing a lien against the property. The contents of the notice and the time for appearance are prescribded, and the county attorney is directed to furnish forms to the certificate holder.
After the expiration of five years from the date of delinquency, if no certificate has been issued, the county treasurer is required to issue certificates of delinquency to the county, and file the certificates with the clerk of the court, and the treasurer shall thereupon, with the assistance of the county prosecuting attorney, proceed to foreclose in the name of the county the tax liens embraced in such certificates, and the same proceedings shall be had as when the certificates are held by individuals.
Summons may be served and notice given exclusively [223 U.S. 543, 553] by publication in one general notice describing the property as the same is described in the tax rolls. The certificates of delinquency may be general, including all property, the proceedings to foreclose may be brought in one action, and unknown owners, described as such, and all persons owning or claiming the property, are required to take notice of the proceedings and of all steps thereunder. And it is provided that the court shall examine each application for judgment for foreclosing the tax lien, hear and determine the matter in a summary manner without other pleading, and pronounce judgment as the right of the case may be, for the taxes, penalties, interest, and costs, 'and such judgment shall be a several judgment against each tract.' Ballinger's Code, 1749 et seq.
The certificate of delinquency was not filed. It was issued as required by law, and a summons was published and notice given that judgment would be applied for. The application was subsequently made and judgment rendered. This is shown by the judgment roll in the tax proceedings which was introduced in evidence. The application for judgment, after the title of the court and parties, set forth the following:
Foreclosure of the lien was prayed, and that judgment be given against each piece of property.
It also appears from the judgment roll that summons for publication was issued which recited that the county held certificate of delinquency; that the taxes were delinquent, time for appearance designated to defend the action or pay the amount due, and it was stated that in case of 'failure so to do,' judgment would be rendered foreclosing the lien. Judgment was subsequently entered and the property ordered to be sold. The judgment states as follows:
But it is objected that it does not appear that the certificate of delinquency was filed by the county treasurer with the clerk of the court, and that the omission is fatal to the validity of the proceedings. [223 U.S. 543, 555] To the contention the court of appeals answered that the filing of the certificate was directory, not mandatory, and, therefore, not jurisdictional, and to sustain this position cited Washington Timber & Loan Co. v. Smith, 34 Wash. 625, 76 Pac. 267. In that case the validity of foreclosure proceedings was attacked on the ground, among others, that the certificate of delinquency was not filed in the clerk's office before publication of summons, and it was hence argued that the court had not acquired jurisdiction of the property. The court, in the foreclosure proceedings, made a nunc pro tunc order declaring that the certificates were, in fact, filed before the first publication of summons, and not at the time the file mark upon the certificate showed. The supreme court decided that the issue of the certificate was the essential thing and gave the court jurisdiction of the cause, and, having jurisdiction, and it appearing by the record that the certificates were filed in time, it followed that the point now raised related to a mere irregularity, which should have been raised in the foreclosure case. The court also ruled that the correction was one that could be made during the progress of the action, and that therefore the appellant in the case was estopped to raise the objection in the appellate court. The court finally observed: 'The summons and its publication, we think, complied with the law. The property owner was therefore within the jurisdiction of the court, and was required to take notice of the action. The summons was by publication, it is true, but under 3, pp. 385, 386, Laws of 1901, 'all persons owning or claiming to own, or having or claiming to have, an interest therein, are hereby required to take notice of said proceeding, and of any and all steps thereunder."
The language of the court, it must be admitted, is not as precise in distinguishing the elements of its decision as one would like, but we think the ground of its ruling is that jurisdiction having been obtained by the issue [223 U.S. 543, 556] of the certificate and the publication of the summons, the omission to file the certificate in the clerk's office is a defect or irregularity to which objection must be made in the case. In other words, the filing is not jurisdictional, for the court expressed the view that the 'delinquency thought to be fatal' (the omission to file the certificate) '. . . could in no manner affect the rights of the appellants' in the action. The conclusion is reasonable. It would yield too much to technicality to give to the omission to file the certificate the controlling effect contended for by appellant. We have seen that the certificate was exhibited to the court and constituted one of the grounds of judgment.
As remarked by Judge Gilbert, speaking for the court of appeals:
The courts of the state have refused to consider as essential to the proceedings in court to foreclose the lien for the taxes the omission of some merely ministerial duty of an officer which in no way could affect the rights of the property owner. Miller v. Henderson, 50 Wash. 200, 96 Pac. 1052, and Smith v. Newell, 32 Wash. 369, 73 Pac. 369.
In this connection we may observe that the proceedings in this case are the same as those passed on in Ontario Land Co. v. Yordy, 44 Wash. 239, 87 Pac. 257, 212 U.S. 152 , 53 L. ed. 449, 29 Sup. Ct. Rep. 152. It was [223 U.S. 543, 557] contended there, as here, that the proceedings were void because of the failure to file the certificate of delinquency. The supreme court of the state declined to consider the contention, holding that it was not open, as the land company had not tendered the delinquent taxes, as required by the laws of the state. In this court it was not explicitly urged except in a petition for rehearing. The rehearing was not granted.
The other objections to the validity of the tax proceedings are presented in the briefs of appellant under two heads as to the judgment and one as to the deeds, as follows: (1) The judgment is void because of failure to file the application until the day of the entry of the judgment . (2) The judgment is void for want of jurisdiction, because the summons did not inform the defendants in the proceedings 'that any complaint was filed in court, or that it was filed at all.' (3) The tax deeds are void because no notice of sale was posted or otherwise given.
These grounds of objection are untenable. The laws of Washington are as clear as they are simple in their requirements. They do not require a complaint to be filed before the publication of summons, but provide for an application for judgment after the publication of summons, and the court is explicitly directed to examine the application and to 'hear and determine the matter without other pleading.' There is a careful avoidance of complexity and expense. The property is proceeded against, and the procedure is made simple. The certificates of delinquency may be issued in one general certificate in book form, and unknown owners may be proceeded against as such. And it is provided that all persons owning or claiming to have an interest in the property are 'required to take notice of the said proceedings and of any and all steps thereunder.' See Williams v. Pittock, 35 Wash. 271, 77 Pac. 385.
It is, however, contended that the supreme court of Washington has decided that 4878 of Ballinger's Code is [223 U.S. 543, 558] applicable to tax proceedings, and that it requires 'that publication of summons shall not be had until after the filing of the complaint.' And it is hence contended that the filing of the complaint before publication is jurisdictional.
The supreme court of the state has not decided as contended. It has decided exactly the other way. Indeed, it has held that if there were a total omission to file a complaint, the judgment would not be void. Snohomish Land Co. v. Blood, 40 Wash. 626, 82 Pac. 933; McManus v. Morgan, 38 Wash. 528, 80 Pac. 786, and Bartels v. Christensen, 46 Wash. 478, 90 Pac. 658, are not apposite, being constructions of the statute before its amendment in 1901
In this connection is urged the very technical objection that 'the summons required answer 'within sixty days after the first publication' instead of 'within sixty days after the date of the first publication." To sustain this objection Williams v. Pittock, supra, is cited. It does not sustain the objection. It would be surprising if it did.
The objection to the validity of the deeds is also without merit. Under the laws of the state a tax deed is prima facie evidence, not only of the validity of the deed and order under which the sale was made, but also of the regularity of the prior proceedings. Warren v. Oregon & W. R. Co. (C. C. A. Ninth Circuit) 99 C. C. A. 473, 176 Fed. 336, and cases cited.
This brings us to the first proposition of appellant; that is, the insufficiency of the description of the land in the certificate of delinquency and in the summons, judgment, and order of sale, and that therefore they were inadequate for notice and due process of law. This contention, however, was considered in Ontario Land Co. v. Yordy, supra, and decided adversely to appellant.
As we have seen, the proceedings in that case were those involved in this. It was held that the company was [223 U.S. 543, 559] charged with notice of the platting and the condition shown by the plat of the Capitol Addition to North Yakima, that he had notice from the records of the listing and assessment for taxation of the blocks, 352, 353, 372 and 373, and that they would occupy the place marked upon the official plat as 'Reserved.' The company also 'had notice,' it was said, 'that the tract marked 'Reserved' was not otherwise listed or assessed for taxation,' and that the blocks 'were used by the authorities for describing the 'reserved' tract.' The presumption of knowledge thus arising was fortified, it was said, by actual knowledge 'that the authorities were attempting to assess and tax this 'reserved' tract under the description of blocks 352, etc.' Both were grounds of decision. In other words, the decision was not based alone on actual knowledge of what property was intended to be taxed, but upon the sufficiency of the description to identify the land in connection with the notice given to appellant by the record. And this was not obiter. Union P. R. Co. v. Mason City & Ft. D. R. Co. 222 U.S. 237 , 56 L. ed. 180, 32 Sup. Ct. Rep. 86.
A like presumption exists in the case at bar, and there is testimony of like actual knowledge.
Judgment affirmed.
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MOORE, THOMAS, the name of several sea captains active in the Hudson Bay area between 1674 and the early 18th century.
A Thomas Moore was employed by the HBC from 1671 to 1678. Originally a sailor, Moore was promoted to trader, and, while accompanying Charles Bayly* on his 1674 exploratory voyage from Rupert River to Cape Henrietta Maria, he probably prepared a rough draft of the west coast of James Bay – the only map which locates Albany Fort on Bayly Island. Moore returned to England and sought employment again in 1680, but he was not re-engaged.
This may well be the same man as the Thomas Moore who, six years later (1686), was hired by the Compagnie du Nord. A son of Edward Moore, master gunner at Dover Fort, England, and Cécile (Cecilia?) Richardson, Thomas (born c. 1654) abjured his Anglican faith at Quebec, 19 March 1690 (n.s.). The same year he married Jeanne Lemelin; the marriage contract is dated 7 Jan. 1690, but the ceremony was not performed until 6 April. The couple took up residence in the village of Saint-Laurent on the Île d'Orléans. They had six children, the last born in 1709.
Thomas Moore probably conducted ships to Hudson Bay either as a master or as a pilot for Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville in 1688–89. In 1706 he was commander of the Maria, and pilot of a privateer in 1707. Later the same year (1707) he was engaged by Guillaume Gaillard "to go privateering aboard La-Nostre-Dame-de-Victoire against the enemies of the state, in the vicinity of Cape Breton, Newfoundland, the Grand Banks, and elsewhere." In 1713 he was master pilot on a ship sailing to Labrador. Moore must have died some time between 1713 and 1724; the marriage certificate of his son, Pierre, dated 1724, states that the father was dead.
In 1687 a third Thomas Moore was mate of the Hudson's Bay Company ship the Huband (Capt. Richard Smithsend*) on the voyage to Hudson Bay. The Huband remained in the bay until captured by Iberville in 1689; it is not known whether Moore died, deserted, or was captured. Unless there is some error in the records this Thomas Moore cannot be identified as the one who was hired by the Compagnie du Nord.
AJQ, Greffe de François Genaple, 7 janv. 1690; Greffe de Louis Chambalon, 6 mai, 7 juillet 1707. BM, Add. MS 5027A, f.64 (Moore's map of James Bay). Coll. de manuscrits relatifs à la N.-F., II, 452–56. HBRS, V, VIII (Rich); XI (Rich and Johnson). A. Roy, Inv. greffes not., VII, 67; XIX, 204, 218, 244. Tanguay, Dictionnaire, VI, 79. P.-G. Roy, "Le sieur Thomas Moore," dans Les petites choses de notre histoire (Lévis, 1931), VI, 116–19. BRH, XXIX (1923); XXX (1924); XXXI (1925). G. E. Thorman, "An early map of James Bay," Beaver (Winnipeg), outfit 291 (Spring 1961), 18–22.
© 1969–2023 University of Toronto/Université Laval
Cite This Article
G. E. Thorman, "MOORE, THOMAS," in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 2, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003–, accessed September 29, 2023, http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/moore_thomas_2E.html.
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Philippines: ICRC scales up effort to help typhoon victims
14-12-2012 News Release 12/248
Geneva/Manila (ICRC) – Typhoon Bopha (locally known as Pablo) has destroyed more than 90% of the infrastructure in the eastern half of the southern Philippines, with severe consequences for over a hundred thousand people.
More than 900 deaths have already been confirmed. In response, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), together with the Philippine Red Cross, is scaling up its operations on the ground. To meet the most critical needs of some 200,000 people, the ICRC is launching a preliminary appeal for 10 million Swiss francs (about 10.8 million dollars).
"This typhoon left a staggering level of damage along the eastern coast of Mindanao," said Alain Aeschlimann, the ICRC's head of operations for East Asia, South-East Asia and the Pacific. "In the worst-hit communities of Baganga, Cateel, Boston and Caraga, people are left with almost nothing. Not only have they lost their homes, but they are worried about their future since the crops they depend on to earn a living have been almost totally destroyed."
"Our priority will be to provide people with emergency assistance, keeping in mind the mid-term goal of helping them to resume their normal lives," said Mr Aeschlimann. "Most of the funds we are calling for will be spent on food and basic shelter materials that can be provided right away." On 14 December, a Boeing 747 jet will land in Davao fully loaded with emergency supplies. The aircraft will make two more trips to bring a total of 280 tonnes of tarpaulins and other shelter materials, mosquito nets and basic household items from the ICRC's emergency stock in Kuala Lumpur.
The ICRC, which has been working in this part of the southern Philippines for decades, and its partner, the Philippine Red Cross, have already delivered food and items essential for cooking and hygiene to tens of thousands of people. Since local water systems were damaged, joint ICRC-Philippine Red Cross emergency teams are treating water and transporting it to strategic locations so that people will have clean drinking water. The ICRC has also helped local hospitals to cope with the influx of injured patients by providing medicines and medical supplies. In addition, it plans to support repairs to some rural health facilities in the area to ensure that people have access to suitable medical care.
For further information, please contact:
Philippe Stoll, ICRC Geneva, tel: +41 22 730 31 40 or +41 79 536 92 49
Cynthia Lee, ICRC Manila, tel: +63 918 907 2125
Jesse Edep, ICRC Manila, tel: +63 917 505 6677


text:
Tsakos Energy Navigation Beats on Both Top and Bottom Lines
Tsakos Energy Navigation (NYS: TNP) reported earnings on May 24. Here are the numbers you need to know.
The 10-second takeaway
For the quarter ended March 31 (Q1), Tsakos Energy Navigation beat expectations on revenues and beat expectations on earnings per share.
Compared to the prior-year quarter, revenue expanded. GAAP earnings per share grew.
Margins grew across the board.
Revenue details
Tsakos Energy Navigation chalked up revenue of $73.2 million. The two analysts polled by S&P Capital IQ looked for a top line of $67.7 million on the same basis. GAAP reported sales were the same as the prior-year quarter's.
Source: S&P Capital IQ. Quarterly periods. Dollar amounts in millions. Non-GAAP figures may vary to maintain comparability with estimates.
EPS details
EPS came in at $0.02. The five earnings estimates compiled by S&P Capital IQ predicted -$0.08 per share. GAAP EPS were $0.02 for Q1 compared to -$0.19 per share for the prior-year quarter.
Source: S&P Capital IQ. Quarterly periods. Non-GAAP figures may vary to maintain comparability with estimates.
Margin details
For the quarter, gross margin was 41.6%, 900 basis points better than the prior-year quarter. Operating margin was 9.8%, 880 basis points better than the prior-year quarter. Net margin was 1.0%, 960 basis points better than the prior-year quarter. (Margins calculated in GAAP terms.)
Looking ahead
Next quarter's average estimate for revenue is $70.5 million. On the bottom line, the average EPS estimate is -$0.03.
Next year's average estimate for revenue is $289.2 million. The average EPS estimate is -$0.04.
Investor sentiment
The stock has a three-star rating (out of five) at Motley Fool CAPS, with 735 members out of 761 rating the stock outperform, and 26 members rating it underperform. Among 134 CAPS All-Star picks (recommendations by the highest-ranked CAPS members), 126 give Tsakos Energy Navigation a green thumbs-up, and eight give it a red thumbs-down.
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If you're looking for something to do on Saturday, don't miss the very first Made By Us Twilight Market.
The market is being run by the Royal Childrens Hospital Auxilliaries and features a curated selection of artisans inlcuding Tinniegirl
Sayraphim Lothian has been working on the set design and RCH Artworks for the market over the last few months, and it'll be worth your while to head along to see her amazing work too.
- Where: Malvern Town Hall, High St, Malvern
- When: Saturday 30th June from 12PM - 6PM
- Who: Stallholders


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NASA has released its 2014 Strategic Plan, with the space agency's Office of Strategy Formulation identified as the responsible office.
"Our long-term goal is to send humans to Mars. Over the next two decades, we will develop and demonstrate the technologies and capabilities needed to send humans to explore the red planet and safely return them to Earth," explains NASA chief, Charles Bolden, in the opening pages of the document.
"One of the steps toward this goal is a proposed mission to find, capture, redirect a near-Earth asteroid safely into the Earth-Moon system, and then send astronauts to explore it. This mission will allow us to further develop new technologies and test mechanisms and techniques for human operations in deep space, as well as help us understand potential future threats to human populations posed by asteroids," Bolden explains.
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MESOP ONLINE : Islamic State overwhelms Iraqi forces at Tikrit in major defeat
By Mitchell Prothero – McClatchy Foreign StaffJuly 18, 2014 – IRBIL, Iraq — Islamic State gunmen overran a former U.S. military base early Friday and killed or captured hundreds of Iraqi government troops who'd been trying to retake Saddam Hussein's hometown of Tikrit, the worst military reversal Iraqi troops have suffered since the Islamist forces captured nearly half the country last month.
The defeat brought to an end a three-week campaign by the government in Baghdad to recapture Tikrit, which fell to the Islamic State on June 11. Military spokesmen earlier this week had confidently announced a final push to recapture the city. Instead, Islamic State forces turned back the army's thrust up the main highway Wednesday. Beginning late Thursday, the Islamist forces stormed Camp Speicher, a former U.S. military base named for a pilot who disappeared during the 1991 Persian Gulf War, and overwhelmed the troops there.
Witnesses reached by phone, who asked not be identified for security reasons, said that by Friday morning the final pocket of government troops had collapsed, an ignominious end for a counteroffensive that had begun with a helicopter assault into Tikrit University but ended with troops trapped at Camp Speicher. There was no comment from the Iraqi government. On Wednesday, the military had acknowledged that its forces had made what it called a "tactical retreat" to Ajwa, a town about 10 miles south of Tikrit, after the push into the city failed. Interviews with Tikrit residents and statements on Twitter accounts associated with the Islamic State described massive government losses. One Twitter post said Islamic State militants had shot down or destroyed on the ground as many as eight helicopters, a number that if confirmed would be a catastrophic loss for the government. Another Twitter posting said Islamic State militants had set the base's fuel storage tanks on fire and that a suicide bomber had attacked a "gathering" of government soldiers.
One resident said that as many as 700 government soldiers and 150 fighters he described as Iranians, but who may have been Shiite Muslim militiamen, had participated in the final battle. Sunni Muslims in central Iraq often inaccurately describe Iraqi Shiites as Iranians.
"They were being bombarded and mortared all night, and by Friday morning you could see burning helicopters everywhere and the fighting had stopped," the resident said.He said many of the captured soldiers had been executed. "They are parading prisoners through the streets of Tikrit," the resident said.
A military officer from the Kurdish peshmerga militia, who until the recent political split between the Kurdistan Regional Government and Baghdad had served in the Iraqi military's special forces, confirmed the defeat.
"The government forces, which were a mix of regular army, special forces units and Shiite militias, have been destroyed," he said, speaking only on the condition of anonymity so as not to aggravate the already poisonous relationship between the Kurds and the government of Prime Minister Nouri al Maliki in Baghdad. "When they were unable to push past Ajwa with reinforcements on Wednesday, their fate was sealed," the officer said. The Kurdish officer said he doubted the residents' account of 150 Iranians present in the fighting, though he said it was possible that Iranians had taken command of Shiite militias fighting with government soldiers. He said he thought that Iran's commander in Iraq, Gen. Qassem Suleimani, had begun to re-evaluate the strategy for assisting the government in recapturing territory taken by the Islamic State.
"Hajj Qassem," he said, referring to Suleimani with an honorific, "has given up on the Iraqi army. His plan in Iraq is to replicate the plan which worked for him in Syria: to use the army to hold checkpoints but properly train elite fighters to do the real fighting, like he's done with Hezbollah and other Syrian militias."The officer cast doubt, however, on the quality of those forces. "In Iraq, there is no Hezbollah," he said, referring to the Lebanese militia renowned for its fighting prowess. Prothero is a McClatchy special correspondent. Email: firstname.lastname@example.com; Twitter: @mitchprothero
Read more here: http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2014/07/18/233786/islamic-state-overwhelms-iraqi.html#storylink=cpy


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Symbolic Links
A symbolic link is a file-system object that points to another file system object. The object being pointed to is called the target.
Symbolic links are transparent to users; the links appear as normal files or directories, and can be acted upon by the user or application in exactly the same manner.
Symbolic links are designed to aid in migration and application compatibility with UNIX operating systems. Microsoft has implemented its symbolic links to function just like UNIX links.
For more information, see the following topics.
In this section
|Symbolic Link Effects on File Systems Functions
|How symbolic links affect standard file functions that use path names to specify one or more files.
|Programming Considerations
|Programming considerations for working with symbolic links.
|Creating Symbolic Links
|Create symbolic links that use either an absolute or relative path by using the CreateSymbolicLink function.
Supported Operating Systems
Symbolic links are available in NTFS starting with Windows Vista.
Submit and view feedback for


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| /
Magnetic reproduction 3.75" x 2.25"
24"h x 18"w Uptown Theater on semi-gloss poster paper.
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Medium, Large and XL Open Edition Giclee Prints are hand stretched on medium or heavy duty stretcher bars.
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Limited Edition Giclee Canvas Prints are hand stretched on heavy duty stretcher bars, signed and numbered by Michael Birawer.
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This NASA image of the day shows the star-forming region called W5.
Generations of stars can be seen in this infrared portrait from NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope. In this wispy star-forming region, called W5, the oldest stars can be seen as blue dots in the centers of the two hollow cavities (other blue dots are background and foreground stars not associated with the region).
Younger stars line the rims of the cavities, and some can be seen as pink dots at the tips of the elephant-trunk-like pillars. The white knotty areas are where the youngest stars are forming. Red shows heated dust that pervades the region's cavities, while green highlights dense clouds.


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Crossover SUV Comparison: 2010 Subaru Outback, 2010 Mitsubishi Outlander, and 2010 Suzuki Grand Vitara
Related Video
Just over a year ago, Subaru was a niche automaker known for quirky vehicles that often lacked direct competitors. Led by the Forester for 2009 and then with the Legacy sedan and Outback wagon for 2010, Subaru's product offerings have recently fallen in line with mainstream markets. Sales are still small in comparison to Honda, Toyota, and Nissan, but the company's products have proven to have serious appeal. While the auto industry hemorrhaged sales in 2009, Subaru's volume and market share increased.
Subaru's recent and rapid ascension to the big leagues has undeniably brought the company success, but it also threatens Subaru loyalists craving something unique. To examine how Subaru has evolved, we collected the compact crossover segment's two farthest outliers, the Mitsubishi Outlander and the Suzuki Grand Vitara, to pit them against the Subaru Outback. We had two questions: Do Mitsubishi and Suzuki have something to learn from Subaru's success? And has the Outback's move toward the mainstream undermined individuality and character?
All of our test vehicles were top-trim models with six-cylinder engines and all-wheel drive, and were equipped with leather, navigation, and keyless ignition. Each had the badge of a low-volume Japanese automaker on the tailgate, yet philosophically, these are three very different crossovers.
Mitsubishi Outlander GT
From the Outlander's aggressive snout, new for 2010, it's clear that Mitsubishi wants to sell the sportiest crossover on the market. The gaping trapezoid grille is virtually identical to that of the rally-bred Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution, and the Outlander makes a powerful impression when seen through a rear-view mirror.
Mitsubishi's unique contribution in this test is a third-row seat. Only Toyota's RAV4 offers seating for seven in a similar-sized package, and a small set of buyers will appreciate the Outlander's versatility. But to most, it's of dubious value. The first annoyance is the six-step process to raise the bench into position that requires a series of tugs, flips, and shoves that you need to relearn every time. Once it's in place, you'll be underwhelmed by the crude construction that shakes and rattles and a space that's only fit for kids who tell their age by holding up the fingers on one hand. Fortunately, the seat folds (with a different but equally cumbersome six-step process) and conceals neatly in a low and flat floor, causing no noticeable compromise to cargo room. Anyone who uses seven seats regularly should be shopping for larger, more accommodating third row.
Our test car was priced at $32,990, placing it in the middle of our comparison. Equipment-wise, the Mitsubishi sacrifices little to the Subaru that's about $2500 more expensive. The cabin reflects the sporting intentions with black and silver finishes. The navigation display is clear and well designed though our chief complaints are that surrounding physical controls aren't the most friendly and few of the dash materials are a bit cheap.
Suzuki Grand Vitara Limited V6 4WD
While it's built using the unibody construction that typically categorizes a crossover, the Grand Vitara has a lot in common with a more traditional SUV. Its boxy shape and general proportions suggest a vehicle that's a downsized truck, rather than a hopped-up wagon. As its mechanicals indicate, it also has some off-road potential. There's a low range, a locking center differential, and hill-descent control.
At $28,448, the Suzuki Grand Vitara is significantly cheaper than the other two crossovers here. However, it also comes up short on content, without satellite radio, a power driver's seat, or a USB audio input. The navigations system is just a small, portable Garmin unit that's tucked into a flip-up lid on top of the dash. It's an affordable solution, but so is buying a Garmin from your local electronics store, and it can't provide the larger screen and more complete features of an integrated unit.
The current-generation Grand Vitara was released for the 2006 model year and already it feels and looks tired and dated. The simplistic exterior design fails to stand out, and the cabin's style and materials are more suitable for a $17,000 car. The interior execution is clean and well assembled, but the cockpit clearly lags behind the competition. For example, the faux burl wood accent pieces are both unconvincing and out of place in this Suzuki.
Subaru Outback 3.6R Limited
If Mitsubishi is building the sporty crossover and Suzuki has the off-roader, that leaves Subaru to cover the straight and narrow mainstream. Driving the Outback quickly shows how close Subaru has come to replicating what you might expect in a Ford, Honda, or Toyota.
For this test, we borrowed the Outback 3.6R Limited that's part of our Four Seasons fleet. Priced at $35,541, it's equipped with a moonroof, navigation, satellite radio, and all-weather floormats. Standard equipment includes dual-zone climate control, power and heated front seats, and a nine-speaker Harman/Kardon stereo.
Inside, the seats are wide and generously cushioned. The new Outback rides two inches taller than the outgoing model, but the driving position still feels lower and more car-like than the competitors here. The interior doesn't exude much style, but controls are logically laid out and there's plenty of space in every interior dimension.
On the road
To test our trio of Japanese crossovers, we took to Michigan's rural back roads that offer a demanding mix of turns and broken pavement. The Outback was hampered by a set of Yokohama IceGuard ig20 winter tires, but that's just one factor in its sorry handling performance. When asked to dance, the Subaru's softly sprung suspension simply wants to sit out. The flipside of this setup is the plushest ride of the bunch.
In contrast, The Outlander performed admirably wearing a set of Continental ContiCrossContact winter tires. Mitsubishi's Super All-Wheel Control apportions torque individually to the front wheels as well as shifting power between front and rear axles. If you crank the wheel far off-center and mash the throttle -- as you might when pulling out from a gas station -- it feels like a relatively unsophisticated system. But in smoothly executed turns at higher speeds, the advantages shine as the Outlander stays composed and planted when the other crossovers have convinced you it's time to back down.
In one 50-mph bend, the Grand Vitara dipped its rear tire into a pothole and the body begins to seesaw from back right corner to front left corner. Body control this loose went out of style at least ten years ago. Granted, over most roads, the Grand Vitara's ride is acceptable.
The Outback's steering further compounds the crossover's handling abilities. The absolute lack of feedback is magnified by a hyper-light effort that makes precise placement of the Subaru difficult. The Grand Vitara's steering doesn't disappoint, but it's hardly exceptional. The Mitsubishi, on the other hand, delivers a steering setup that exceeds our expectations for a crossover. Turn-in is quick, the effort is even, and there's enough communication to point the wheels perfectly every time.
While we've expressed disappointment with the Subaru to this point, the tone changes when talking about powertrains. Subaru's horizontally opposed six-cylinder is smooth and powerful in a way that sets it far apart from the Mitsubishi and Suzuki V-6 engines. The Outback's 256-hp boxer eagerly spins to redline with a controlled, satisfying thrum. Trying to mimic that same move, the Mitsubishi's 3.0-liter produces a discordant babble with relatively pokey acceleration. The Grand Vitara's 3.2-liter engine is rated at the same 230 hp as the Outlander, but is much more agreeable in its effort, even if it's not any quicker. The engine note in the Grand Vitara isn't quite as strained and power delivery is more refined. Fuel economy for the group is tightly clustered as Subaru leads with an 18/25 mpg rating, followed by Mitsubishi at 18/24 mpg and Suzuki at 17/23 mpg.
The Subaru's gearbox is also more pleasant than those in the competition. It swaps through its five forward gears with casual ease and provides prompt downshifts when needed. Suzuki's five-speed automatic is almost as noninvasive, though shifts aren't quite as polished as those in the Outback. Mitsubishi offers one more gear than Suzuki or Subaru, though the benefit goes unnoticed. Instead, Outlander downshifts are occasionally met with a slight lurch. Drivers looking for engagement, though, will enjoy the large, column-mounted, magnesium paddle shifters that are borrowed from the Lancer Evolution.
Pick your poison
While we have our reservations about the Subaru Outback, it's the clear winner here. Yet we could justify each of these cars for a different buyer. The Grand Vitara's charm lies in its old-timey SUV feel with excellent outward visibility and a can-do attitude. However, that also means the Grand Vitara feels less civilized than either the Outlander or the Outback. Considered with the dated interior and modest driving behavior, it can only be recommended to those who insist they need its off-road ability.
Subaru is the safe choice with hardware and dynamics suited to the comfort-oriented family driver. While the Outback is a bit soft for our likings, it is a practical package for moving four people. The interior is excellent and the engine is without competition in this group. Mitsubishi's Outlander does live up to its sporting intentions with impressive steering and handling that imbue it with an eager-to-play liveliness. However, the coarse, sluggish V-6 and a few interior rattles are distinct drawbacks.
Subaru has proven that it can build a very competitive product, but chasing a mainstream market has compromised the Outback's underground appeal and dulled the driving dynamics. The Outlander and Grand Vitara are understandably on the periphery of the compact crossover segment for a lack of polish in this demanding market. To follow ambitious Subaru, though, Mitsubishi and Suzuki don't need to shed their identities, but address the shortcomings that keep unique vehicles from becoming standouts.
2010 Mitsubishi Outlander 3.0 GT S-AWC
- Base price (with destination): $29,990
- Price as tested: $32,990
- Powertrain
- Size: 3.0L SOHC 24-valve V-6
- Horsepower: 230 hp @ 6250 rpm
- Torque: 215 @ 3750 rpm
- Transmission: 6-speed automatic
- Drive: 4-wheel
- Measurements
- L x W x H: 183.7 x 70.9 x 66.1 in
- Wheelbase: 105.1 in
- Legroom F/R: 41.6/36.8 in
- Headroom F/R: 39.8/37.5 in
- Cargo capacity (behind third/second/first row): 14.9/36.2/72.6 cu ft
- Curb weight: 3780 lb
- EPA rating (city/highway): 18/24 mpg
- Wheels/tires 18-inch aluminum wheels
- 235/50HR-18 Continental ContiCrossContact winter tires
2010 Subaru Outback 3.6R Limited
- Base price (with destination): $31,690
- Price as tested: $35,541
- Powertrain
- Size: 3.6L DOHC 24-valve flat-6
- Horsepower: 256 hp @ 6000 rpm
- Torque: 247 @ 4400 rpm
- Transmission: 5-speed automatic
- Drive: 4-wheel
- Measurements
- L x W x H: 188.2 x 71.7 x 65.7 in
- Wheelbase: 107.9 in
- Legroom F/R: 43.0/37.8 in
- Headroom F/R: 38.7/39.3 in
- Cargo capacity (behind third/second/first row): 34.3/71.3 cu ft
- Curb weight: 3658 lb
- EPA rating (city/highway): 18/25 mpg
- Wheels/tires 17-inch aluminum wheels
- 225/60RR-17 Yokohama IceGuard ig20 winter tires
2010 Suzuki Grand Vitara Limited V6 4WD
- Base price (with destination): $27,794
- Price as tested: $28,448
- Powertrain
- Size: 3.2L DOHC 24-valve flat-6
- Horsepower: 230 hp @ 6200 rpm
- Torque: 213 @ 3500 rpm
- Transmission: 5-speed automatic
- Drive: 4-wheel
- Measurements
- L x W x H: 177.2 x 71.3 x 66.7 in
- Wheelbase: 103.9 in
- Legroom F/R: 41.3/37.2 in
- Headroom F/R: 38.2/38.2 in
- Cargo capacity (behind third/second/first row): 26.6/70.8 cu ft
- Curb weight: 3876 lb
- EPA rating (city/highway): 17/23 mpg
- Wheels/tires 18-inch aluminum wheels
- 225/60HR-18 Dunlop Grandtrek AT20 all-season tires
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Edward I of England
Edward I (17 June 1239–7 July 1307), also Longshanks (meaning 'long legs') and the Hammer of the Scots, was a Plantagenet King of England. He became king on 21 November 1272, until his death in 1307. His mother was Queen Eleanor of Provence and his father was King Henry III of England. As a younger man, Edward fought against Simon de Montfort in defence of his father's crown. He went on a Crusade, and his father died as Edward was on his way back. As a ruler, he improved the laws and made Parliament regular, and more important. He conquered Wales, and subdued the Welsh by brutal policies. He was determined to control Scotland through puppet kings and just managed to do it during his lifetime. He expelled the Jewish people from England.
|Edward I
|King of England, Lord of Ireland and
Duke of Aquitaine (more...)
|16 November 1272 – 7 July 1307
|19 August, 1274
|Henry III
|Edward II
|17 June 1239
Palace of Westminster, London
|7 July 1307 (aged 68)
Burgh by Sands, Cumberland
|Eleanor of Castile (1254–1290)
Marguerite of France (1299–)
among others
|Eleanor, Countess of Bar
Joan of Acre, Countess of Hertford
Alphonso, Earl of Chester
Margaret, Duchess of Brabant
Mary of Woodstock
Elizabeth, Countess of Hereford
Edward II
Thomas,Earl of Norfolk
Edmund of Woodstock, Earl of Kent
|House of Plantagenet
|Henry III
|Eleanor of Provence
Young Edward Edit
Edward was born at Westminster in June 1239 to the English King Henry III and his wife, the French noblewoman and English Queen Eleanor of Provence. The baby Edward and was named after an earlier king, Edward the Confessor, who happened to be a personal hero of his father King Henry[1] The boy Edward would have a good education, being taught in Latin and French which were the most used languages in Europe at the time.
In 1254, English fears of a Castilian invasion of the English province of Gascony induced Edward's father to arrange a marriage between his 15-year-old son and the 13 year-old Eleanor, the half-sister of King Alfonso X of Castile.[2]
Eleanor and Edward were married on 1 November 1254 in Castile.[3] As part of the marriage agreement, the young prince got grants of land worth 15,000 marks a year.[4] Though the endowments King Henry made were sizable, they offered Edward little independence. He had received Gascony as early as 1249, but Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester, as royal lieutenant, drew the income. In practice, Edward derived neither authority nor revenue from this province.[5] The grant he received in 1254 included most of Ireland, and much land in Wales and England, including the earldom of Chester, but the king kept control over the land, particularly in Ireland, so Edward's power was limited there as well, and the king got most of the income from those lands.[6]
Civil war Edit
The years 1264–1267 saw the conflict known as the Second Barons' War, in which baronial forces led by Simon de Montfort fought against those who remained loyal to the king.[7] The first scene of battle was the city of Gloucester, which Edward, now a young man who could participate in battles, managed to retake from the enemy. When Robert de Ferrers, Earl of Derby, came to the assistance of the rebels, Edward negotiated a truce with the earl, the terms of which he later broke. Edward then captured Northampton from de Montfort's son, also Simon. The baronial and royalist forces finally met at the Battle of Lewes, on 14 May 1264. Edward, commanding the right wing, performed well, and soon defeated the London contingent of de Montfort's forces. Unwisely, however, he followed the scattered enemy in pursuit, and on his return found the rest of the royal army defeated.[8] By the agreement known as the Mise of Lewes, Edward and his cousin Henry of Almain were given up as prisoners to de Montfort.[9]
Edward remained in captivity until March, and even after his release he was kept under strict surveillance.[10] Meanwhile, de Montfort used his victory to set up a de facto government. He even summoned the Parliament of 1265, known as de Montfort's Parliament.
Then, on 28 May 1265, Edward managed to escape his custodians and joined up with the Earl of Gloucester, who had recently defected to the king's side. Montfort's support was now dwindling, and Edward retook Worcester and Gloucester with relatively little effort.[11] Meanwhile, Montfort had made an alliance with Llywelyn and started moving east to join forces with his son Simon.
Edward managed to make a surprise attack at Kenilworth Castle, before moving on to cut off the earl of Leicester.[12]
The two forces then met at the second great encounter of the Barons' War— the Battle of Evesham, on 4 August 1265. Montfort stood little chance against the superior royal forces, and after his defeat he was killed and mutilated on the field.[13]
The war did not end with Montfort's death, and Edward continued campaigning. At Christmas, he came to terms with the younger Simon de Montfort and his associates at the Isle of Axholme in Lincolnshire. In March he led a successful assault on the Cinque Ports.[14] A contingent of rebels held out in the virtually impregnable Kenilworth Castle and did not surrender until the drafting of the conciliatory Dictum of Kenilworth.[15] In April it seemed as if Gloucester would take up the cause of the reform movement, and civil war would resume, but after a renegotiation of the terms of the Dictum of Kenilworth, the parties came an agreement.[16] Edward, however, was little involved in the settlement negotiations following the wars; at this point his main focus was on planning his upcoming crusade.[17]
Crusade and accession Edit
Edward took the crusader's cross in an elaborate ceremony on 24 June 1268, with his brother Edmund and cousin Henry of Almain. Among others who committed themselves to the Ninth Crusade were some of Edward's former adversaries.[18] There was great difficulty raising funds for the expedition.
Originally, the Crusaders intended to relieve the beleaguered Christian stronghold of Acre, but before they could do this, several disasters happened to the French. The French forces were struck by an epidemic which, on 25 August, took the life of King Louis himself in 1270[19] By the time Edward arrived at Tunis, Charles had already signed a treaty with the emir, and there was little else to do but return to Sicily. The crusade was postponed until next spring, but a devastating storm off the coast of Sicily dissuaded Charles of Anjou and Louis's successor Philip III from any further campaigning.[20]
Edward decided to continue alone, and on 9 May 1271 he finally landed at Acre.[21] By then, the situation in the Holy Land was a precarious one. Jerusalem had fallen in 1244, and Acre was now the centre of the Christian area.[22] The Muslim states were on the offensive under the Mamluk leadership of Baibars, and were now threatening Acre itself.[23] An embassy to the Mongols helped bring about an attack on Aleppo in the north, which helped to distract Baibar's forces.[24]
In November, Edward led a raid on Qaqun, which could have served as a bridgehead to Jerusalem, but both the Mongol invasion and the attack on Qaqun failed. Things now seemed increasingly desperate. Finally, an attack by a Muslim assassin in June forced him to abandon any further campaigning. Although he managed to kill the assassin, he was struck in the arm by a dagger feared to be poisoned, and became severely weakened over the following months.
It was not until 24 September that Edward left Acre. Arriving in Sicily, he was met with the news that his father had died on 16 November.[25] Edward was deeply saddened by this news, but rather than hurrying home at once, he made a leisurely journey northwards.[26] The political situation in England was stable after the mid-century upheavals, and Edward was proclaimed king at his father's death, rather than at his own coronation, as had until then been customary.[27] In Edward's absence, the country was governed by a royal council, led by Robert Burnell.[28] The new king embarked on an overland journey through Italy and France, where among other things he visited the pope in Rome and suppressed a rebellion in Gascony.[29] Only on 2 August 1274 did he return to England, and was crowned on 19 August.[30]
King Edward Edit
Edward's reign had two main phases. The first phase was administration of a now peaceful country. The second phase was warfare against Wales and Scotland.
Administration Edit
His first concern was to restore order and re-establish royal authority after the disastrous reign of his father.[31] To do this, he changed the administrators. He appointed Robert Burnell as chancellor, who held the post until his death in 1292.[32] Edward then replaced most local officials, such as the sheriffs.[33] This was done to prepare for an inquiry which would hear complaints about abuse of power by royal officers. Laws were made to define rights about ownership of land, recovery of debts, trade and local peacekeeping.
Parliament Edit
Edward reformed English Parliament and made it a source for generating revenue.[34] Edward held Parliament regularly in his reign.[35] In 1295 a significant change occurred. For this Parliament, in addition to the lords, two knights from each county and two representatives from each borough were summoned.[36] Before, the commons had been expected simply to assent (say 'yes') to decisions already made by the rulers. Now they would meet with the full authority (plena potestas) of their communities, to give assent to decisions made in Parliament.[37] The king now had full backing for collecting 'lay subsidies' from the entire population. Lay subsidies were taxes collected at a certain fraction of the moveable property of all laymen.[38] Historians have called this the "Model Parliament".[39]
War in Wales Edit
Llywelyn ap Gruffudd was the main Welsh leader. He refused to do homage to Edward, and married Eleanor, the daughter of Simon de Montfort. In November 1276, war was declared.[40] Initial operations were launched under the command of Mortimer, Edmund Crouchback (Edward's brother) and the Earl of Warwick. Support for Llywelyn was weak amongst the Welsh.[41]
In July 1277 Edward invaded with a force of 15,500— of whom 9,000 were Welshmen.[42] The campaign never came to a major battle, and Llywelyn soon realised he had no choice but to surrender.[42] By the Treaty of Aberconwy in November 1277, he was left only with the land of Gwynedd, but he was allowed to keep the title of Prince of Wales.[43]
When war broke out again in 1282, it was entirely different. For the Welsh, this war was over national freedom. It had wide support, especially after attempts to impose English law on Welsh subjects.[44] For Edward, it became a war of conquest.[45] The war started with a rebellion by Dafydd (Llywelyn's younger brother), who was annoyed with the reward he had received from Edward in 1277.[46] Llywelyn and other Welsh chieftains soon joined in, and initially the Welsh experienced military success. The Welsh advances ended on 11 December, however, when Llywelyn was lured into a trap and killed at the Battle of Orewin Bridge.[47] The English conquest was complete with the capture in June 1283 of Dafydd, who was taken to Shrewsbury and executed as a traitor next autumn.[48]
Further rebellions occurred in 1287–8 and in 1294. In both cases the rebellions were put down.[34] By the 1284 law called the Statute of Rhuddlan, Wales was incorporated into England and was given an governing system like the English, with counties policed by sheriffs.[49]
English law was introduced in criminal cases, though the Welsh were allowed to maintain their own laws in some cases of property disputes.[50] After 1277, and increasingly after 1283, Edward embarked on a full-scale project of English settlement of Wales. He created new towns like Flint, Aberystwyth, and Rhuddlan.[51]
Edward started a big program of building castles, to keep the Welsh under control. His castles started the widespread use of arrowslits in castle walls across Europe, drawing on Eastern influences.[52] Also a product of the Crusades was the introduction of the concentric castle, and four of the eight castles Edward founded in Wales followed this design.[53][54]
In 1284, King Edward's son Edward— the later Edward II— was born at Caernarfon Castle. In 1301 at Lincoln, the young Edward became the first English prince to be invested with the title of Prince of Wales.[55][56]
Wars with Scotland Edit
Scotland and England were at peace in the 1280s. Alexander III of Scotland and Edward had an understanding whereby Alexander held land in England. This gave him the excuse to acknowledge Edward as his lord, and left ambiguous whether or not this applied to Scotland as well.[57]
The heir to the throne was his infant granddaughter Margaret. Unfortunately, Alexander died in 1286, followed by Margaret in 1290. This left Scotland without a king, which started all the problems.
Struggle for the crown of Scotland Edit
There were fourteen claimants; John Balliol and Robert de Brus (the grandfather of the famous Robert the Bruce) had the best cases. The competitors agreed to hand over the realm to Edward until a decision was made.[58][59] John Balliol was chosen in 1292.
Edward continued to push his claim as overlord of Scotland. He interferred in some of the legal affairs of Scotland, and insisted the Scots provided military service in his army. This caused the Scots to make an alliance with France. They then attacked Carlisle.[60]
Edward responded by invading Scotland in 1296 and taking the town of Berwick in a particularly bloody attack.[61] At the Battle of Dunbar, Scottish resistance was effectively crushed.[62] Edward confiscated the Stone of Destiny – the Scottish coronation stone– and brought it to Westminster, deposed Balliol and placed him in the Tower of London, and installed Englishmen to govern the country.[34] The campaign had been very successful, but the English triumph would only be temporary.[63]
William Wallace Edit
Although the Scottish conflict seemed settled in 1296, it was started again by William Wallace, who came from one of the notable families. Wallace was a warlord rather than a politician, and soon started a rebellion. He defeated a large English force at Stirling Bridge in 1297 while Edward was in Flanders.[64] In 1298 Edward defeated Wallace at the Battle of Falkirk.[65] After that the Scots avoided open battle in favour of raiding England with small groups.
Edward's next move was political: in 1303 a peace agreement was made between England and France, breaking up the Franco-Scottish alliance.[66] Robert de Brus and most of the other nobles pledged allegiance to Edward. Wallace was betrayed and handed to the English. He was publicly executed.[67]
The situation changed again, in 1306, when de Brus murdered his rival John Comyn and had himself crowned King of Scotland by Isobel, sister of the Earl of Buchan.[68] Edward, in ill health, sent armies north under other commanders. Brus was beaten at the Battle of Methven in June 1306. After the battle, Edward followed with brutal suppression of the allies of de Brus. In response this fueled more rebellions. This conflict was still in progress in 1307 when Edward, now an elderly man, led his final campaign into Scotland before dying at the border city of Burgh-by-sands at age 68, leading to the succession of the Prince of Wales as Edward II of England.[69]
Issue Edit
Eleanor of Castile died on 28 November 1290. Unusual for arranged marriages, the couple actually loved each other. Edward was deeply affected by her death. He erected twelve Eleanor crosses, one at each place where her funeral cortège (procession) stopped for the night.[70] As part of the peace accord between England and France in 1294, it was agreed that Edward should marry the French princess Margaret. The marriage took place in 1299.[71]
Edward and Eleanor had at least fourteen children, perhaps as many as sixteen. Of these, five daughters survived into adulthood, but only one boy did the same– his son and heir Edward, Prince of Wales.
Edward was concerned with his son's failure to live up to expectations, and at one point exiled the prince's favourite Piers Gaveston.[72] Edward may have known his son was bisexual but he did not throw Gaveston from the castle battlements as shown in Braveheart.
Notes Edit
- ↑ Marc Morris 2008. A great and terrible King: Edward I and the forging of Britain, chapter 1.
- ↑ Morris 2008, pp. 14–8
- ↑ Morris 2008, p. 20
- ↑ Prestwich 1997, p. 10
- ↑ Prestwich 1997, pp. 7–8
- ↑ Prestwich 1997, pp. 11–4
- ↑ The First Barons' War was in 1215–1217.
- ↑ Sadler 2008, pp. 60, 67
- ↑ Maddicott, John (1983). "The Mise of Lewes, 1264". English Historical Review. 98 (388): 588–603. doi:10.1093/ehr/XCVIII.CCCLXXXVIII.588. JSTOR 569785.
- ↑ Prestwich 1997, pp. 47–8
- ↑ Prestwich 1997, pp. 49–50
- ↑ Powicke 1962, pp. 201–2
- ↑ Sadler 2008, pp. 105–9
- ↑ Prestwich 1997, p. 55
- ↑ The Dictum restored land to the disinherited rebels, in exchange for a fine decided by their level of involvement in the wars; Prestwich 2007, p. 117
- ↑ The essential concession was that the disinherited would now be allowed to take possession of their lands before paying the fines. Prestwich 2007, p. 121
- ↑ Prestwich 1997, p. 63
- ↑ Morris 2008, pp. 83, 90–2
- ↑ The disease in question was either dysentery or typhus; Riley-Smith 2005, pp. 210–1
- ↑ Riley-Smith 2005, p. 211
- ↑ Prestwich 1997, p. 75
- ↑ Morris 2008, p. 95
- ↑ Prestwich 1997, p. 76
- ↑ Morris 2008, pp. 97–8
- ↑ Prestwich 1997, pp. 78, 82
- ↑ Prestwich 1997, p. 82
- ↑ Though no written proof exists, it is assumed that this arrangement was agreed on before Edward's departure; Morris 2008, p. 104
- ↑ Carpenter 2003, p. 466
- ↑ Prestwich 1997, pp. 82–5
- ↑ Powicke 1962, p. 226
- ↑ Morris 2008, pp. 116–7
- ↑ Prestwich 1997, p. 92
- ↑ Prestwich 1997, p. 93
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 Dictionary of National Biography.
- ↑ Powicke 1962, p. 342
- ↑ Brown 1989, p. 185
- ↑ Harriss 1975, pp. 41–2
- ↑ Brown 1989, pp. 70–1
- ↑ The term was first introduced by William Stubbs; Morris 2008, pp. 283–4
- ↑ Powicke 1962, p. 409
- ↑ Prestwich 2007, p. 150
- ↑ 42.0 42.1 Prestwich 2007, p. 151
- ↑ Powicke 1962, p. 413
- ↑ Welsh society and nationhood : historical essays presented to Glanmor Williams. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. 1984. ISBN 0-7083-0890-2. OCLC 21120955.
- ↑ Prestwich 1997, p. 188
- ↑ Davies 2000, p. 348
- ↑ Davies 2000, p. 353
- ↑ Carpenter 2003, p. 510
- ↑ Carpenter 2003, p. 511
- ↑ Davies 2000, p. 368
- ↑ Prestwich 1997, p. 216
- ↑ Cathcart King 1988, p. 84
- ↑ Cathcart King 1988, p. 83
- ↑ Friar 2003, p. 77
- ↑ Phillips 2004 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFPhillips2004 (help)
- ↑ This title became the traditional title of the heir apparent to the English throne. Prince Edward was not born heir apparent, but became so when his older brother Alphonso died in 1284; Prestwich 1997, pp. 126–7.
- ↑ Prestwich 1997, p. 357
- ↑ Prestwich 2007, p. 231
- ↑ Powicke 1962, p. 601
- ↑ Barrow 1965, pp. 88–91, 99
- ↑ Barrow 1965, pp. 99–100
- ↑ Prestwich 1997, pp. 471–3
- ↑ Prestwich 1997, p. 376
- ↑ Barrow 1965, pp. 123–6
- ↑ Prestwich 1997, p. 479
- ↑ Prestwich 2007, p. 497
- ↑ Watson 1998, pp. 211–
- ↑ Barrow 1965, pp. 206–7, 212–3
- ↑ Prestwich 1997, pp. 556–7
- ↑ Morris 2008, pp. 230–1
- ↑ Prestwich 1997, pp. 395–6
- ↑ Powicke 1962, p. 719
References Edit
- Barrow, G. W. S. (1965). Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland. London, UK: Eyre and Spottiswoode. OCLC 655056131.
- Brown, A.L. (1989). The Governance of Late Medieval England 1272–1461. London, UK: Edward Arnold. ISBN 0-8047-1730-3.
- Carpenter, David (2003). The Struggle for Mastery: Britain, 1066-1284. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195220005.
- Cathcart King, David James (1988). The Castle in England and Wales: An Interpretative History. London, UK: Croom Helm. ISBN 0-918400-08-2.
- Davies, R. R. (2000). The Age of Conquest: Wales, 1063–1415. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-820878-2.
- Friar, Stephen (2003). The Sutton Companion to Castles. Stroud, UK: Sutton Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7509-3994-2.
- Harriss, G.L. (1975). King, Parliament and Public Finance in Medieval England to 1369. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-822435-4.
- Morris, Marc (2008). A Great and Terrible King: Edward I and the Forging of Britain (updated ed.). London: Hutchinson. ISBN 9780091796846.
- Powicke, F. M. (1962). The Thirteenth Century: 1216-1307 (2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-821708-4.
- Prestwich, Michael (1972). War, Politics and Finance under Edward I. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0571090427.
- Prestwich, Michael (1997). Edward I (updated ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0300072090.
- Prestwich, Michael (2007). Plantagenet England: 1225-1360 (new ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198228448.
- Riley-Smith, Jonathan (2005). The Crusades: A History. London: Continuum. ISBN 0826472699.
- Sadler, John (2008). The Second Barons' War: Simon de Montfort and the Battles of Lewes and Evesham. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. ISBN 978-1844158317.
- Stubbs, William (1880). The Constitutional History of England. Vol. ii. Oxford: Clarendon.
- Watson, Fiona J. (1998). Under the Hammer: Edward I and the Throne of Scotland, 1286–1307. East Linton: Tuckwell Press. ISBN 1-86232-031-4.
Other websites Edit
- "Medieval Sourcebook: Statuta Armorum (The Statutes of Arms), c. 1260". fordham.edu. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
- "Journal of the Movements of King Edward I in Scotland". deremilitari.org. Archived from the original on 6 February 2012. Retrieved 20 May 2010.


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In addition to the political challenges facing the "super committee" on deficit reduction, it is running short of time. It has a historic opportunity to move beyond partisanship to forge a comprehensive plan for fiscal reform, but under the debt limit legislation approved last summer the panel must issue its recommendations by Nov. 23.
"The way out of this dilemma," Concord Coalition Executive Director Robert Bixby writes in a blog posting today, " is to combine their initial deficit reduction package with instructions to the committees of jurisdiction to go further. This would allow the process to go big by keeping it going."
The committee's assigned target is to reduce projected deficits over the next decade by a total of $1.5 trillion. But as the Government Accountability Office recently pointed out, even that would still leave the debt on an unsustainable course. So many elected officials and others have urged the super committee to develop recommendations to cut deficits by $3 trillion to $5 trillion instead.
To achieve "a truly sustainable fiscal path," Bixby writes, we must reform federal health care programs, Social Security and "the hidden entitlements administered through the tax code." All of these, he notes, are growing rapidly and driving up federal deficits.
While that's an extremely ambitious agenda, the super committee can make use of previous work done by various bipartisan groups. That includes the president's fiscal commission and the Bipartisan Policy Center's Debt Reduction Task Force. Both of these panels have suggested sweeping reforms that deserve close consideration.
If more time is needed to fully develop a comprehensive plan, Bixby says, the super committee can "instruct the relevant committees of jurisdiction to find additional savings through the regular budget process in 2012. In effect, the super committee could write a 'super budget resolution'."
External links:
Sen. Judd Gregg's Op-Ed


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WASHINGTON (Reuters) – Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson will reveal in full sweeping new plans on Monday for streamlining a hodgepodge of regulation faulted for permitting the U.S. mortgage crisis to balloon into a full-blown economic threat.
Keenly aware of the political debate already mounting as soaring home foreclosures push the economy toward recession, the Bush administration allowed the veil to be lifted on key measures before Paulson's announcement at 10:00 a.m. EDT.
The regulatory blueprint proposes vesting new powers as a "market stability regulator" in the Federal Reserve — effectively formalizing a role it already has been performing by providing liquidity to investment banks and lowering official interest rates.
It would give the U.S. central bank authority to demand that all financial system participants supply it with full information on their activities and grant the Fed a right to collaborate with other regulators in setting rules for their behavior.
Since problems surfaced last August with rising failure rates on subprime mortgage loans to less credit-worthy borrowers, credit markets have come near seizure several times. And public anger has mounted at what was perceived as slack enforcement of existing rules.
Many mortgage loans were made without basic fact-checking. Some did not even verify whether borrowers actually earned the incomes they claimed or whether they were steered into inappropriate loans with low initial "teaser" rates that soon reset at higher rates requiring much larger monthly payments.
Treasury acknowledged in draft proposals that the current regulatory system is full of "regulatory gaps as well as redundancies." It sets out an ambitious schedule for modifying and simplifying it — one that has little chance of being enacted in President George W. Bush's remaining 10 months.


text: Regulators in Europe said Tuesday they will watch closely to make sure Microsoft complies with its commitments to ensure competition in the browser market, after Mozilla complained its Firefox browser is being excluded from Windows RT.However, the European Commission noted that an agreement it struck with Microsoft in 2009 to regulate its behavior applied only to "client PCs," and it wasn't immediately clear if that incudes tablets, one of the main targets for Windows RT.Mozilla protested last week that Windows RT, the version of Windows 8 for devices that use ARM processors, restricts choice and might violate an agreement Microsoft struck with the Commission to resolve an antitrust probe of the company.Windows RT grants full access only to Internet Explorer (IE) and effectively blocks other browsers from accessing important functions, according to Mozilla. Its complaint was backed by Google, which makes the Chrome browser."The Commission is aware of these allegations and will remain vigilant that Microsoft fully complies with its commitments under the Commission's 2009 decision on browsers," Antoine Colombani, the Commission's spokesman for competition, said via email Tuesday. "This decision applies to Microsoft's Windows operating system for PCs," he added.E.U. antitrust regulators struck a deal with Microsoft at the end of 2009, ending an antitrust investigation of its dominant position in the browser market. Since then, Microsoft has been required to display a ballot screen in Windows with links to other browsers including Google's Chrome and Mozilla's Firefox. The Commission wouldn't say Tuesday if it believes Microsoft is violating the terms of the agreement. However, Colombani emphasized that the 2009 decision "doesn't go any further" than PCs.Windows RT is intended primarily for tablet devices, but the OS will also be able to run on PCs that use ARM processors, according to Microsoft.Microsoft may have decided it's debatable whether the 2009 browser agreement applies to Windows RT, said Roger Kay, an analyst at Endpoint Technologies. That might be a risky bet, he added. "If they are wrong then they basically will get their wrist slapped," Kay said. Microsoft declined to comment Monday on whether it thinks it's required to offer a ballot screen in Windows RT. Microsoft's agreement (PDF here) with the E.U. is legally binding and was set for five years. Microsoft could be fined up to 10 percent of its annual revenue if it fails to comply.Loek covers all things tech for the IDG News Service. Follow him on Twitter at @loekessers or email tips and comments to email@example.com


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text:
Linsday Lohan Sues Pitbull Over "Give Me Everything"
Lindsay Lohan Attacks Pitbull Sues Over 'Give Me Everything'
Lindsay Lohan has just sued the rapper Pitbull for a line in his mega-hit, "Give Me Everything," for a disparaging lyric about her.
The song -- written by Ne-Yo and Afrojack, also defendants -- has a line:
Hustlers move aside, so I'm tiptoein', to keep flowin'
I got it locked up like Lindsay Lohan.
Lindsay is pissed, claiming in her lawsuit ... "the lyrics, by virtue of its wide appeal, condemnation, excoriation, disparaging or defamatory statements by the defendants about the plaintiff are destined to do irreparable harm to the plaintiff."
Lindsay, who claims in the lawsuit she is "a professional actor of good repute and standing in the Screen Actors Guild, is suing under the New York civil rights laws, which protects people from having their name exploited for commercial purposes.
Lindsay alleges the appearance of her name in the song "causes [Lindsay] to be associated and identified in connection with defendants."
The suit -- filed by Stephanie Ovadia -- seeks an injunction to stop all of the defendants from broadcasting the song. It also seeks unspecified damages. Ovadia is the same lawyer who filed the E*TRADE lawsuit on Lindsay's behalf, which settled for a confidential sum.


text:
Wall Street Ticks Lower as Intel Tumbles
FOX Business: Capitalism Lives Here
Backing away from five-year highs, stocks logged slight losses Friday afternoon as Intel weighs on tech stocks and traders mull a new report showing U.S. consumer sentiment fell to 13-month lows.
Today's Markets
As of 12:34 p.m. ET, the Dow Jones Industrial Average fell 16.24 points, or 0.12%, to 13580.62, the S&P 500 dropped 3.72 points, or 0.25%, to 1477.25 and the Nasdaq Composite slumped 15.05 points, or 0.48%, to 3120.96.
The markets posted solid gains on Thursday, driven by a round of better-than-expected data on the U.S. labor and housing markets. If the upbeat sentiment continues, the Dow could close the week out at levels not seen since before the financial crisis in 2007.
Wall Street initially had little response to Friday's lone economic report, which showed that U.S. consumer sentiment unexpectedly fell in the beginning of January, perhaps in response to increased payroll taxes that sapped income at the beginning of the year.
The University of Michigan/Reuters preliminary January survey revealed U.S. consumer sentiment dropped to 71.3, down from 72.9 in December and well below forecasts from economists for a rise to 75.0. It also marked the lowest reading since December 2011.
Meanwhile, market participants were also paying close attention to corporate news as earnings season picks up steam.
The Nasdaq Composite posted steady losses as Intel (NASDAQ:INTC) tumbled 7% a day after reporting a beat on the bottom line, but slightly trailed estimates on the top line.
In addition to a deeper-than-expected 3% drop in revenue, Intel projected first-quarter sales that could miss forecasts. Other chip makers were also under selling pressure, including Advanced Micro Devices (NASDAQ:AMD) and Nvidia (NASDAQ:NVDA).
Likewise, American Express (NYSE:AXP) dropped almost 3% after reporting mostly in-line results.
On the other hand, blue-chip conglomerate General Electric (NYSE:GE) and financial giant Morgan Stanley (NYSE:MS) rallied after revealing beats on their revenues and profits.
The energy complex has been in focus as well, getting a boost on Thursday from worries about the security of supplies from North Africa sparked by the hostage situation in Algeria.
Futures cooled off mildly on Friday. The benchmark crude contract dipped 38 cents, or 0.40%, to $95.56 a barrel. Wholesale New York Harbor gasoline fell 0.42% to $2.757 a gallon.
In metals, gold slipped $3.00, or 0.18%, to $1,687.80 a troy ounce.
Corporate Movers
Capital One (NYSE:COF) tumbled 8% as the financial-services company was hit by a slew of price targets and a downgrade from analysts after reporting disappointing fourth-quarter earnings.
Sony (NYSE:SNE) rallied after revealing the sale of its U.S. headquarters in Manhattan for $1.1 billion. Sony sees a $685 million gain thanks to the move.
Foreign Markets
The Euro Stoxx 50 fell 0.31% to 2710.93, the English FTSE 100 rose 0.48% to 6160.77 and the German DAX slipped 0.29% to 7714.19.
In Asia, the Japanese Nikkei 225 soared 2.9% to 10913 and the Chinese Hang Seng rallied 1.1% to 23602.


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All I can say about my absence from blogging is that "house arrest" does not imply the access to the internet that you might expect.
Anyhow, Patty Young has produced a gorgeous line of ribbons coordinating with her Grand Bazaar fabric line.
Sky Playful Paisley is my favorite, I believe, though that changes every time I look at them. We are selling the by the spool at jcaroline creative! and have listed retailers that carry them by the yard.
I am in the process of de-cluttering my life (not my office, mind you) to allow more time to be over here, so get ready. I'm not exactly sure what you need to do to get ready-- bottled water and fresh batteries? Oh, just show up and I'll do most of the work.


text:
12mm x 1.25 Thread Cleaning Tap
M12 X 1.25 thread cleaning tap
Welcome to Decade's Automotive Innovations. We offer a wide variety of products from Automobile Electronics/parts/accessories to Wireless Camera systems. We can obtain viturally anything you want or need at a reasonable price. Please look around the website, if you don't see what you need let us know. We look forward to hearing from you. -Decade's AI 281-898-3509
M12 X 1.25 thread cleaning tap


text:
Old Guides - You are viewing the guides for Ember v2.17.0.
The Ember Inspector is a browser add-on designed to help you understand and debug your Ember applications. You can install it on Google Chrome, Firefox and other browsers (via a bookmarklet)
Here's a brief video showcasing some of the features of the Inspector:


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Icons for DHEA-25 Capsules
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Social and mobile gaming drives growth in UK and Germany
23 Nov 2012
But social platforms aren't the only drivers of online gambling. Now online gaming sites, such as Belle Rock Entertainment, are optimised for mobiles increasing numbers of people are choosing to gamble using their mobiles. Germany is where this activity is most prevalent. Revenue from mobile gaming in Germany is expected to double by 2015.
Throughout the world, 81 million people take part in social gaming each day. In the UK, it is repeat players that make up a large proportion of this number; Socialnomics' research found over 60% of UK social gamblers play at least once a day.
The social gambling market is still developing so growth over the next few years is predicted to be rapid. According to research from Transparency Market Research, there will be around 44% more social gamers in 2015 compared to 2012.
Facebook is one of the most popular social outlets to play these types of online games. One billion hours are devoted to social games each month on the social networking megalith, and now it has surpassed one billion users, we can expect to see many more hours devoted to social gaming on Facebook.
Gambling online, as a whole, is growing. Between 2010 and 2011, 32% more gamblers hit online casinos and in the UK online gaming now accounts for 15% of the total British Internet market. Smartphones, like Facebook, are becoming more normalised. Together these two social gambling enablers will boost the market further helping social gaming contribute a greater percentage to global gaming revenue which, if it continues on its current trajectory, is expected to reach $117.9 billion by 2015. Social gaming currently contributes $446.4 million to global social gaming revenues of $1.6 billion and falls just behind the US.


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Apple's latest update to OS X contains a dangerous programming error that reveals the passwords for material stored in the first version of FileVault, the company's encryption technology, a software consultant said.
David I. Emery wrote on Cryptome that a debugging switch inadvertently left on in the current release of Lion, version 10.7.3, records in clear text the password needed to open the folder encrypted by the older version of FileVault.
Users who are vulnerable are those who upgraded to Lion but are using the older version of FileVault. The debug switch will record the Lion passwords for anyone who has logged in since the upgrade to version 10.7.3, released in early February.
"This is what the secure FileVault partition was supposed to protect against after all," Emery said in an interview.
Apple has two versions of FileVault. The first version allowed a user to encrypt the contents of the home folder using the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) with 128-bit keys. An upgraded product, FileVault 2, which shipped with OS X Lion, encrypts the entire content of the hard drive.
When someone upgrades to Lion but still uses the first version of FileVault, the encrypted home folder is migrated, which is now vulnerable with this security issue. Emery wrote that the password is accessible to anyone with root or administrator access, he wrote. But what is worse is that passwords can also be read another way.
Emery described that passwords can also be read by "booting the machine into FireWire disk mode and reading it by opening the drive as a disk or by booting the new-with-Lion recovery partition and using the available superuser shell to mount the main file system partition and read the file."
"This would allow someone to break into encrypted partitions on machines they did not have any idea of any login passwords for," he wrote.
There are a couple ways to mitigate the problem. Emery wrote that the FireWire disk and recovery partition attack can be headed off by using FileVault 2. An attacker would have to know at least one password before a file could be accessed on the main partition of the disk, he wrote.
Also, a firmware password could be set that would be needed in order to boot the recovery partition, external media or even enter the FireWire disk mode. Emery cautioned though that Apple "Genius Bar" employees know a standard technique to turn it off.
The issue highlights the fragility of technology, Emery said. "A mistake like this exposes more or less the keys to the kingdom to someone with literally no access to a supposedly secured area on a machine, and maybe nothing more than chance physical access to a target's laptop for a few unguarded minutes," he said.
The bug has probably been around since the release of 10.7.3, Emery wrote. Emery said he wasn't the first to find the problem, and that other people discovered it several weeks before he did and reported it to Apple.
"One wonders why such a debug switch exists in shipped production code," Emery wrote. "Clearly it could be invoked covertly in specific situations. This seems to be an example of someone turning it on for the entire release by accident."
Apple did not have an immediate comment.
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