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Starting July 1, beyerdynamic is offering its top model headset, the HS 800 Digital, at a special "exhibition price" of $799, which is $140 below the MSRP of $939. This offer is valid until July 29, the last day of the EAA AirVenture in Oshkosh.
Like every year at AirVenture, there are "Show Specials" available to those who attend the weeklong event in Oshkosh. beyerdynamic is making this year's "Show Special" available to everyone even if they do not attend the airshow. If you are going to the show, the beyerdynamic booth #3017 in Hangar C will provide the complete line of aviation headsets for demonstration and purchasing. This includes the passive models HS 200, HS 400 and the flagship HS 800 Digital.
The HS 800 Digital features fully Digital Adaptive Noise Reduction (DANR). The adaption to different noise environments is continuous and automatic without any manual keystrokes.
Customers visiting the company's website will find the MANUFAKTUR, an online configurator where they can create their own headset design. For the housing there are designs available such as black piano lacquer, basalt black metallic or burl wood. The leather of the headband pad is either black or brown. Decorative metal rings and aluminium yokes can be anodized in many colors according to customer's request. For a small fee, a line of text can be lasered on the yoke. After placing an order in the online shop, beyerdynamic will handcraft this individual headset according to customer's request in Heilbronn, Germany.
For more information: North-America.beyerdynamic.com
People who read this article also read articles on airparks, airshow, airshows, avgas, aviation fuel, aviation news, aircraft owner, avionics, buy a plane, FAA, fly-in, flying, general aviation, learn to fly, pilots, Light-Sport Aircraft, LSA, and Sport Pilot.


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Just read a news story about bra's that have been created with solar panels and they have enough surface area to power an iPod or mobile phone. I think this is an absolutely top idea, I can't remember how many times I have left the house and realised that I can't listen to any music because my iPod is dead.And it surely beats listening to whining little shites on the metro.I'm also covered in midge bites after spending a long weekend in Keswick. It's
It's been about 2 month since my last blog post, how time flies...Had a weird day today. I feel like I have done loads and loads of things, but I haven't really done that much.I can't even be bothered to send a few emails that I need to send now, I'll just do it tomorrow. Write this post instead, even though it would probably be better to do it the other way round...priorities and all that.Woken up by my dad asking me if I wanted a bacon and
O.K so I am annoyed. I'v been bottling this up for to long, and now I have to just let it all out.I HATE McCains potatoe wedges with extra chunk.It's not necassary, what was wrong with just normal sized ones. And to top it off I cannot choose which ones to buy as they have discontinued the regular chuck wedges.Now I love my wedges, coupled with some fish fingers or chicken nuggets they are fantastic. (And before you say I eat like a four year old, think to yourself that really is a great meal, you
Can't really be bothered to formulate a proper blog post, so you can just have todays notes, happy Easter...
Was a tad drunk last night and the idea crossed my mind about Techno Fruit, it's what robots would eat to fulfill their 5 a day. But instead of the fruit juices being orange or apple flavored they would be WD40 or petrol flavor.
Got a bit bored today so wrote a poem about a lad who has raisins for eyes.There was a boy who had raisins for eyes.He missed seeing thing things that would take him by surprise.He would cry and sob into his pillow at night.Wishing that one day he would wake up with sight.His trouble's finally ceased one day at a fair.When a bird came swooping down from out of the air.And pecked the raisins right out of his head.But unfortunately
Was drilling a figure the other day and drill bit snapped and sunk into my thumb. No major damage just stung a little bit when put any pressure on it for about half an hour. This meant my thumb was pretty useless for that time.Which got me thinking about evolution and mile stones which have had a massive effect, and I figured possibly the most important was the opposable thumb (if we didn't have them we would be as useless as cats, which are pretty useless to be honest).But I never
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2012 Statute
|Article 10. - ENFORCEMENT
32-1012. (a) Nothing in the nongame and endangered species conservation act shall be construed to:
(1) Apply retroactively to any occurrence prior to July 1, 1975;
(2) prohibit importation into the state of wildlife which may be lawfully imported into the United States or lawfully taken and removed from another state; or
(3) prohibit entry into the state or possession, transportation, exportation, processing, sale or offer for sale or shipment of any species of wildlife which is deemed to be threatened or endangered in this state but not in the state where originally taken, if the person engaging therein demonstrates by circumstantial evidence that such species of wildlife was lawfully taken and lawfully removed from such state.
(b) The provisions of this section shall not be construed to permit the possession, transportation, exportation, processing, sale or offer for sale or shipment within this state of any species of wildlife determined to be a threatened species or endangered species pursuant to Pub. L. No. 93-205 (December 28, 1973), the endangered species act of 1973, and acts amendatory thereof except as permitted in K.S.A. 32-961.
History: L. 1975, ch. 221, § 10; L. 1989, ch. 118, § 123; July 1.
|Article 10. - ENFORCEMENT


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WASHINGTON | U.S. builders broke ground on fewer homes last month, led by a drop in apartment construction.
The number of new housing starts declined 2.6 percent in January to a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 1.25 million, the Commerce Department said Thursday . The drop came after a much larger gain the previous month. Single family housing starts rose 1.9 percent, while apartment building dropped 7.9 percent. However, this doesn't affect you if you still want to build your own home, for those who want to start their construction process son, you can learn more here.
Even with the decline, there are still plenty of the standard two bedroom apartment for sale. Additionally, new home construction and the excavation required for its foundation has increased 10.5 percent in the past year. That gain has been fueled by rising demand for homes and apartment rentals as more Americans are looking to buy and rent with buying option. Most economists saw Thursday's report as a sign that higher mortgage rates aren't yet dragging down the housing market.
Many potential buyers are frustrated by a lack of available properties. The supply of existing homes fell in December to its lowest level since 1999. That has pushed up prices as buyers have had to bid against each other. Take a look at these recommended tradesmen that can assure you a good quality material project.
Home builders have responded by ramping up construction. Companies in charge of providing the materials for these construction projects have so far been able to meet the demand. If you find and peruse their website you can read up on the different things they are doing to be able to harvest these materials promptly and efficiently. This could have been another hurdle to overcome but they have stepped up to the plate and delivered.
In a positive sign, building permits, a gauge of future construction, rose 4.6 percent last month, led by a big gain in apartments permits. Single-family permits fell.
"The big uptick in permits should be good news for inventory-constrained homebuyers, as permits eventually become starts, which in turn become new homes for sale," Ralph McLaughlin, chief economist for real estate data provider Trulia. "As a result, we shouldn't be surprised to see a strong uptick in starts in mid-2017."
Rising prices, a tight supply of homes and higher mortgage rates combined to slow sales of existing homes in December, when they fell 2.8 percent.
Still, apartments construction has largely recovered from the housing bust that began a decade ago. In 2016, builders started work on the most new homes since 2007, the year the Great Recession began. Now a days, people are going back to finding new apartments, everyone is looking for the best Decorating Tips for Small Apartments, as having an apartment is much more affordable than having a full size home.
Home building increased the most last month in the Northeast, where housing starts soared 55.4 percent, and the South, with a 20 percent rise. Developers broke ground on the most new homes in the South in more than nine years.
Higher mortgage rates could exert a bigger drag on sales in the coming months. The average fixed-rate 30-year mortgage eased to 4.15 percent this week, down slightly from 4.17 percent the previous week.
While that is still low historically, it is far above the average rate of 3.65 percent for all of 2016. Rates have been pushed higher because they have followed the yield on the 10-year Treasury note, which has risen because investors have anticipated faster growth and higher inflation since the election.
This information was originally posted on: Source link


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We have these moments in our life that we need or decide to move forward or take a step. Set your sights on a goal and start with one step forward, one drop and the waterfall comes gushing out. your dreams can be achieved. whether it is electing the the man/woman you never thought could ever be elected. Losing the weight you never thought you could lose. Saving the money you thought you could never save.
Every waterfall starts with a drop!
Take your first step!
Save your first penny!
Submit your first vote…make a difference!
"Coming Home To Who You Are."


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LSUA Empty Space Players Announces 2013-2014 Season
class="alignleft size-full wp-image-21010″ style="margin: 0px 4px;" alt="LSUA-Logo" src="http://klax-tv.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/LSUA-Logo.png" width="250″ height="250″ />Alexandria, LA – Robert Harper, LSUA's new Director of Theatre and Empty Space Players, has announced ESP's 2013-2014 season, dedicated to the memory of longtime theatre director and community leader, Richard Gwartney. This musical season will include a production of The Fantasticks, the longest running musical in history, and close with Stephen Sondheim's Tony Award-winning A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum. Also included in the season will be two Open Mic Nights, one for Halloween and one for Valentine's Day.
The 2013-2014 Empty Space Players season is dedicated to Richard Gwartney, our friend and colleague, who passed away in 2011. Richard was a theatrical and artistic fixture in central Louisiana for over twenty years. It is with fondness and gratitude that we highlight his contributions to theatre at LSUA during the entire season.
Love, adventure, and magic are in the air as The Fantasticks takes the stage at LSUA's Black Box Theatre. The musical allegory, with book and lyrics by Tom Jones and music by Harvey Schmidt, tells of a young couple falling in love and their meddling fathers, all guided by the mysterious bandit El Gallo. Memorable songs from the musical include Try to Remember, Soon It's Gonna Rain, and They Were You. The Fantasticks will open on Thursday, November 14, 2013, and run through Sunday, November 24.
Winner of six Tony Awards including Best Musical, A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum, book by Burt Shevelove and Larry Gelbart, music and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim, is Broadway's greatest farce and one of the funniest musicals ever written. Forum seamlessly combines situations from the timeless comedies of Roman playwright Plautus with the fast-paced, slapstick energy of classic vaudeville to create a non-stop entertainment extravaganza. Noted musical numbers include Comedy Tonight, You're Lovely, and Everybody Ought to Have a Maid. Forum will open April 3, 2014, and run through April 13.
Ticket prices for the two musicals are $10 – General admission; $5 – Students and Seniors. All productions are presented at the LSUA Black Box Theatre in the new MPAC Building in the rear of campus.
The Halloween Open Mic Night rises from the grave on Friday, October 25, 2013 at 7:00 pm. Empty Space Players invites all to bring their scariest, spookiest, creepiest, and most blood-curdling story, song, poem, monologue, mime, etc., and share them with us. We ask that the offerings are kept under 15 minutes. Come in costume if you like and help us get into the Halloween spirit. This event is free and open to students and the community. It promises to be a night of spine-tingling delight!
Tired of the same old run-of-the-mill Valentine's Day date? Join us for the Valentine's Open Mic Night on Friday, February 14, 2014, at 7:00 pm, for an evening idyllic and creative. Following the format from Halloween, and free and open to all, we ask you to bring your best material with a romantic theme and inspire us. And there should still be time afterwards for that candlelit dinner!
For more information, please contact Robert Harper at 318-473-6473.


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Myrna Loy
Our editors will review what you've submitted and determine whether to revise the article.
- Born:
- August 2, 1905 Montana
- Died:
- December 14, 1993 (aged 88) New York City New York
- Awards And Honors:
- Academy Award (1991) Honorary Award of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (1991)
Myrna Loy, original name Myrna Williams, (born August 2, 1905, Radersburg, Montana, U.S.—died December 14, 1993, New York, New York), American motion-picture actress who began her screen career playing treacherous femmes fatales and who attained stardom during the 1930s in roles as glib, resourceful sophisticates. Dubbed the "Queen of Hollywood" during her heyday, Loy was often promoted by her studio as every man's "dream wife."
Loy was the daughter of a rancher and moved to Los Angeles in 1918, working first as a dancer in a chorus line, then as a bit player in the 1925 production of Ben-Hur. Her small role as an exotic mistress fixed her film style for the next decade. In her subsequent and increasingly important roles—such as those in Arrowsmith (1931), The Mask of Fu Manchu (1932), and Love Me Tonight (1932)—Loy personified the foreign vamp for American audiences. She broke out of this screen mold with her role as a wise and worldly paramour torn between a rogue gambler (Clark Gable) and a straitlaced attorney (William Powell) in Manhattan Melodrama (1934). She and Powell again teamed to portray the husband-and-wife detective team of Nick and Nora Charles in The Thin Man (1934). An enormously effective screen partnership, Loy and Powell appeared in 13 films together, often as the witty, sophisticated, martini-loving Charleses or as characters not far removed from them. The popularity of The Thin Man spawned numerous sequels, with After the Thin Man (1936) frequently cited as the best film in the series. Loy's other standout films of the period include The Great Ziegfeld (1936), Libeled Lady (1936), Test Pilot (1938), The Rains Came (1939), I Love You Again (1940), and Love Crazy (1941). Loy's screen persona appealed to men and women: she evinced equality in a male-dominated world (or at least emerged wiser and more level-headed than her male counterparts in roles that called for her to be the subservient spouse), and her combination of beauty and brains made male audiences regard her as the ideal mate.
During World War II she worked with the American Red Cross and later served as a representative to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Loy appeared on-screen less frequently after the war, dividing her time between acting and political causes. She was an officer and adviser of the National Committee Against Discrimination in Housing and was a member of the Committee for the First Amendment, a group of prominent Hollywood actors who protested the actions of the House Committee on Un-American Activities. Nevertheless, she still delivered excellent performances in such well-received films as The Best Years of Our Lives (1946), The Bachelor and the Bobby-Soxer (1947), Mr. Blandings Builds His Dream House (1948), The Red Pony (1949), and Cheaper by the Dozen (1950). In her later years Loy toured extensively in stage productions and occasionally accepted character roles in films. One of her final roles came in Just Tell Me What You Want (1980), a middling comedy made worthwhile by Loy's scene-stealing performance. She was awarded an honorary Oscar for life achievement in 1991.


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The Black Star
You first hear whispers about the Shrine of Azura by asking the barkeep at the Bannered Mare, at which point you are given this miscellaneous task to visit it. Make the trek to Shrine of Azura, located south of Winterhold, and speak to Aranea Ienith to begin this quest.
Note that this quest can also be gained from wandering followers on pilgrimage to the shrine. They'll mark it on your map for you if you ask them.
- Find the elven mage from Aranea's vision
- Speak to Nelacar
- Find Azura's Star
- Bring the Star to Aranea or bring the Star to Nelacar
- Tell Azura you're ready to enter the Star
- Tell Nelacar you're ready to enter the Star
- Destroy Malyn Varen's soul
Speak to the innkeeper at the Frozen Hearth in Winterhold and ask about the elven mage that studies stars. He will tell you where a wizard named Nelacar staying at the inn. Nelacar has severed all ties with the College, but you can placate him with a good Speech check or bribe him.
After hearing his story, you will need to seek out Maylyne in Ilinalta's Deep, southwest of Whiterun. This place is filled with powerful necromancers. There are also two Skill Books in here that will level up Enchanting and Conjuration - don't miss them! At the end, you will find the broken Azura's Star.
The quest now has two conclusions: A communion with Azura or a chat with an old elf. You get the Azura's Star and a pretty strong mage follower if you decide to deliver the star to Azura. You get the Black Star if you decide that you want to side with Nelacar.
A communion with azura
You can journey back to the Shrine of Azura and speak with Aranea (the npc that will become a follower if you decide to go this route instead of the other). When the Star is placed upon the alter of Azura, she tells you that without Malyn Varen's soul being purged from the star, it is utterly useless. Azura offers to teleport you into the Star to deal with him yourself to finally purge his soul from the Star.
Chat with an old elf enchanter
You can journey back to the Frozen Hearth Inn and speak to Nelacar as well. After Nelacar looks at the Star, he discovers that Malyn Varen's soul is trapped inside. He tells you that he can repair the star, transforming it into a vessel that stores black souls. (black souls refers to human souls (From townsfolk, the forsworn, or bandits) that can't be ordinarily stored in standard soul gems. These are used for Enchanting purposes) Malyn must be purged from the star and thus you must be soul trapped into the star to deal with him.
no matter which you chose, you are sent into the star to deal with malyn
After telling Malyn that he cannot escape his fate, run after him. He will summon up to three Dremora and shoot pretty strong lightning bolt attacks from his staff. Quickly nullify the enemies, and then strike down Malyn. After you win the fight you are transported back to Skyrim.
Malyn's soul has been sent to oblivion. You are now ready to recieve an offering from whichever side that you chose before entering the star. In addition, if you are at the shrine of Azura, you may speak with Aranea Lenith again. WIth her guardianship at an end, she offers to accompany you as a follower, if you'll agree to it.
- There is a glitch or stratergy that is very useful, if your character is an Imperial. Wait for all three Daedra to get close, then hit them with The Voice of the Emperor. This will make all three stop fighting and walk away. If you quickly run up and hit them, you will do a instant death scene and defeat all three in seconds.
- OPTIONAL: If you aren't of high level, are having difficulty disposing of the dremora, or don't need the extra daedra hearts. Exit out of dialogue while Malyn is speaking, run up to him and kill him quickly. Use slow time if needed. Then just avoid the dremora until Azura teleports you out!
The person (Nelacar or Aranea) you did not side with has some harsh words with you, if you meet up with them again. Aranea obviously will not become your follower if you side with Nelacar...


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Please help support the mission of New Advent and get the full contents of this website as an instant download. Includes the Catholic Encyclopedia, Church Fathers, Summa, Bible and more all for only $19.99...
Fourteenth-century Scholastic philosopher and controversial writer, born at or near the village of Ockham in Surrey, England, about 1280; died probably at Munich, about 1349. He is said to have studied at Merton College, Oxford, and to have had John Duns Scotus for teacher. At an early age he entered the Order of St. Francis. Towards 1310 he went to Paris, where he may have had Scotus once more for a teacher. About 1320 he became a teacher (magister) at the University of Paris. During this portion of his career he composed his works on Aristotelean physics and on logic. In 1323 he resigned his chair at the university in order to devote himself to ecclesiastical politics. In the controversies which were waged at that time between the advocates of the papacy and those who supported the claims of the civil power, he threw his lot with the imperial party, and contributed to the polemical literature of the day a number of pamphlets and treatises, of which the most important are "Opus nonaginta dierum", "Compendium errorum Joannis Papæ XXII", "Quæstiones octo de auctoritate summi pontificis". He was cited before the pontifical Court at Avignon in 1328, but managed to escape and join John of Jandun and Marsilius of Padua, who had taken refuge at the Court of Louis of Bavaria. It was to Louis that he made the boastful offer, "Tu me defendas gladio; ego te defendam calamo".
In his controversial writings William of Ockham appears as the advocate of secular absolutism. He denies the right of the popes to exercise temporal power, or to interfere in any way whatever in the affairs of the Empire. He even went so far as to advocate the validity of the adulterous marriage of Louis's son, on the grounds of political expediency, and the absolute power of the State in such matters. In philosophy William advocated a reform of Scholasticism both in method and in content. The aim of this reformation movement in general was simplification. This aim he formulated in the celebrated "Law of Parsimony", commonly called "Ockham's Razor": "Entia non sunt multiplicanda sine necessitate". With this tendency towards simplification was united a very marked tendency towards skepticism a distrust, namely, of the ability of the human mind to reach certitude in the most important problems of philosophy. Thus, in the process of simplification he denied the existence of intentional species, rejected the distinction between essence and existence, and protested against the Thomistic doctrine of active and passive intellect. His skepticism appears in his doctrine that human reason can prove neither the immortality of the soul nor the existence, unity, and infinity of God. These truths, he teaches, are known to us by Revelation alone. In ethics he is a voluntarist, maintaining that all distinction between right and wrong depends on the will of God. William's best known contribution to Scholastic philosophy is his theory of universals, which is a modified form of Nominalism, more closely allied to Conceptualism than to Nominalism of the extreme type. The universal, he says, has no existence in the world of reality. Real things are known to us by intuitive knowledge, and not by abstraction. The universal is the object of abstractive knowledge. Therefore, the universal concept has for its object, not a reality existing in the world outside us, but an internal representation which is a product of the understanding itself and which "supposes" in the mind, for the things to which the mind attributes it, that is it holds, for the time being, the place of the things which it represents. It is the term of the reflective act of the mind. Hence the universal is not a mere word, as Roscelin taught, nor a sermo, as Abelard held, namely the word as used in the sentence, but the mental substitute for real things, and the term of the reflective process. For this reason Ockham has been called a "Terminist", to distinguish him from Nominalists and Conceptualists.
Ockham's attitude towards the established order in the Church and towards the recognized system of philosophy in the academic world of his day was one of protest. He has, indeed, been called "the first Protestant". Nevertheless, he recognized in his polemical writings the authority of the Church in spiritual matters, and did not diminish that authority in any respect. Similarly, although he rejected the rational demonstration of several truths which are fundamental in the Christian system of theology, he held firmly to the same truths as matters of faith. His effort to simplify Scholasticism was no doubt well-intentioned, and the fact that simplification was the fashion in those days would seem to indicate that a reform was needed. The over-refined subtleties of discussion among the Scholastics themselves, the multiplication of "formalities" by the followers of Scotus, the undue importance attached by some of the Thomists to their interpretation of the intentional species, and the introduction of the abstruse system of terminology which exceeded the bounds of good taste and moderation--all these indicated that the period of decay of Scholasticism had set in. On the other hand, it must be said that, while his purpose may have been the best, and while his effort was directed towards correcting an abuse that really existed, Ockham carried his process of simplification too far, and sacrificed much that was essential in Scholasticism while trying to rid Scholasticism of faults which were incidental.
APA citation. (1912). William of Ockham. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15636a.htm
MLA citation. "William of Ockham." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15636a.htm>.
Transcription. This article was transcribed for New Advent by Rick McCarty.
Ecclesiastical approbation. Nihil Obstat. October 1, 1912. Remy Lafort, S.T.D., Censor. Imprimatur. +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York.
Contact information. The editor of New Advent is Kevin Knight. My email address is webmaster at newadvent.org. Regrettably, I can't reply to every letter, but I greatly appreciate your feedback — especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads.


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Union Hand-Roasted Coffee does not refund or exchange coffees, teas etc. if ordered incorrectly through our website.


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Congratulations to Stan Horzepa for winning the Senta Ally Bluethooth™ Speaker and Darold for winning the Power Vivid BR20 LED Light Bulb (Cool White).
Today's giveaways are the CC Pocket AM/FM/WX Radio and a Power Vivid A15 LED Bulb . For a chance to win, all you have to do is comment on today's blog.
Today's blog topic: What is your favorite hobby or leisure activity? The winners will be selected by random draw and will be announced tomorrow morning.


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Water SA
On-line version ISSN 1816-7950
Print version ISSN 0378-4738
Water SA vol.36 n.3 Pretoria Apr. 2010
Biological sulphate reduction with primary sewage sludge in an upflow anaerobic sludge bed reactor Part 6: Development of a kinetic model for BSR
J Poinapen; GA Ekama1
Water Research Group, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
A 2-phase (aqueous-gas) kinetic model for biological sulphate reduction (BSR) using primary sewage sludge (PSS) as carbon source is presented. The methanogenic anaerobic digestion (AD) model of Sötemann et al. (2005) is extended by adding the biological, chemical and physical processes associated with BSR, i.e. propionic acid degrading sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB), acetoclastic SRB and hydrogenotrophic SRB, the aqueous weak acid/base chemistry processes of the sulphate and sulphide systems and an aqueous-gas sulphide exchange process. The model is validated with experimental data from 2 upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactors fed various PSS COD/SO42- ratios under constant flow and load conditions at 35°C and 20°C. The kinetic model results, including the reactor pH (within 0.1 pH unit) compare well with the experimental results and with those calculated from a steady-state BSR model. The kinetic model confirms that: (1) at ambient temperature (20°C), the hydrolysis rate is significantly reduced compared with that at 35°C, which requires a longer sludge age (larger bed volume) in the UASB reactor; (2) the hydrolysis rate of the PSS biodegradable particulate organics (BPO) is the same under methanogenic and sulphidogenic conditions; (3) the PSS BPO are carbon deficient for BSR in that more electrons are donated than carbon supplied for the required alkalinity increase, with the result that the sulphide system supplies the alkalinity deficit; and (4) due to (3) there is zero CO2 gas generation and in effect the sulphide system establishes the reactor pH. This observation allows the carbon content of the utilised organics to be determined from the H2CO3* alkalinity increase in the reactor, which can be simply measured by titration methods.
Keywords: biological sulphate reduction, primary sewage sludge, upflow anaerobic sludge bed reactor, dynamic model, kinetics, stoichiometry, mixed weak acid/base chemistry
molar nitrogen composition of organics in CxHyOzNa
|acetogenic bacteria
|anaerobic digestion
|Alk H2S
|alkalinity with respect to the H2S reference species excluding the water species
|endogenous respiration rate, where j refers to the different SRB#
|biodegradable particulate organics
|biological sulphate reduction
|chemical oxygen demand
|unbiodegradable fraction of PSS with respect to total COD (Sti)
|fermentable readily biodegradable (soluble) COD
|fermentable readily biodegradable (soluble) organics
|free and saline ammonia
|alk alkalinity with respect to the H2CO3 reference species including the water species
|acetic acid
|hydraulic retention time
|molar carbon composition of BSR biomass in CkHlOmNn
|Henry's law constant for sulphide
|sulphide inhibition kinetic constant for SRB species j#
|switching function sulphate concentration for SRB species j#
|Monod half saturation coefficient for SRB species j#
K'f, K'r
|forward and reverse aqueous dissociation constants adjusted for ionic strength affects; additional subscripts HSO4, H2S refer to aqueous H2SO4 and H2S dissociations
|K'f, K'r
forward and reverse gas exchange constants; additional subscript H2Sg refer to H2S gas exchange
|molar hydrogen composition of BSR biomass in CkHlOmNn
|molar oxygen composition of BSR biomass in CkHlOmNn
|experimentally measured
|methanogenic archae
|molar nitrogen composition of BSR biomass in CkHlOmNn
|organic loading rate
|theoretically predicted
|packed bed reactor
|partial pressure of H2S gas
|pK'S1, pK'S2
1st and 2nd dissociation constant for the sulphide weak acid base system corrected for ionic strength effects
|primary sewage sludge
|influent flow
|waste flow
|UASB Reactor 1
|UASB Reactor 2
endogenous mass loss rate for SRB species j#
|hydraulic retention time
|sludge age
|substrate concentration for the SRB species j#
|biodegradable particulate COD concentration
|acetic acid COD concentration
|fermentable biodegradable soluble COD concentration
|propionic acid COD concentration
|sulphate reducing bacteria
|steady state
|total sulphide species concentration
|unbiodegradable particulate COD concentration
|temperature in ºC
|total organic carbon
|Total Alk
|sum of weak acid/base subsystem alkalinities
|upflow anaerobic sludge bed reactor
|University of Cape Town Anaerobic Digester Model No. 1
|University of Cape Town Anaerobic Digester Model No. 1 including biological sulphate reduction
unbiodegradable particulate organics
|unbiodegradable soluble organics
|volume of digester (equivalent to bed volume, Vb)
|volatile fatty acids
|volatile suspended solids
|molar carbon composition of organics in CxHyOzNa
|molar hydrogen composition of organics in CxHyOzNa
|specific yield coefficient (metabolic)
|specific yield coefficient (anabolic)
|molar oxygen composition of organics in CxHyOzNa
|biomass concentration mgCOD/ℓ
|electron-donating capacity of BSR biomass
|electron-donating capacity of biodegradable organics
|specific growth rate, where j refers to the different AD organisms#
|maximum specific growth rate Additional subscripts PS, AS and HS refer to propionate degrading, acetoclastic and hydrogenotrophic SRB respectively
The core unit process in the BioSURE® system is biological sulphate reduction (BSR) with primary sewage sludge (PSS). To assist in and optimise the design, operation of and research into this unit process, mathematical models are very useful process evaluation tools. Mathematical models provide quantitative descriptions of the treatment system of interest that allow prediction of the system response and performance.
The kinetic model of Sötemann et al. (2005) for methanogenic anaerobic digestion (AD) of PSS (UCTADM1) appeared most suitable to extend to include BSR and was therefore selected as a basis for the development of the kinetic model for BSR with PSS as substrate. To extend UCTADM1 to incorporate BSR, the kinetics and stoichiometry for the biological, chemical and physical processes of BSR in 2 phases (aqueous-gas) were developed. Integration of BSR into UCTADM1 was commenced by Van Wageningen et al. (2006) and Van Wageningen (2007) to model the flow through methanogenic and BSR digesters of Ristow et al. (2005). This paper reviews this kinetic model for BSR (called the UCTADM1-BSR) using PSS as energy source, and presents its application to the upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) BSR reactors of Poinapen et al. (2009a; b). The kinetic model is revised and the necessary corrections and adjustments made some of the changes involved:
Replacing the unstable linear hydrogen sulphide inhibition function to a more stable one
Including a temperature function to simulate the effect of temperature on PSS hydrolysis/acidification and BSR processes. After revision, the model is verified, calibrated and validated by modelling the 2 UASB BSR systems (R1 at 35°C and R2 at 20°>C) operated by Poinapen et al. (2009a; b) and the simulated results compared with those measured and calculated with the steady-state BSR model (Poinapen and Ekama, 2010).
Development of the kinetic model for BSR (UCTADM1-BSR)
The development of the kinetic model for BSR and its integration into UCTADM1 was conducted in 3 parts.
Part 1: The acidogenic process
In the AD of complex organics such as PSS, the hydrolysis/solubilisation process is usually the rate-limiting step. This bioprocess takes place first, followed by acidification, mediated by the acidogenic organism group. The products of these processes are volatile fatty acids (VFA), hydrogen (H2) and CO2, which then enter either the methanogenic or sulphidogenic (BSR) bioprocesses, which operate in competition (Fig. 1). Ristow et al. (2005) found that the hydrolysis/acidogenesis kinetics and rate are the same under methanogenic and sulphidogenic conditions. Therefore, only the BSR processes on the products of the hydrolysis/acidogenesis process need to be included in the model because the hydrolysis/acidogenesis process precedes both methanogenesis and sulphidogenesis. However, the sulphide end-product of BSR is inhibitory to the methanogens and sulphidogens, so this inhibition needs to be included in the dynamic model for BSR.
Part 2: Development of BSR biological processes
The approach of Kalyuzhnyi et al. (1998) formed the basis for the biological processes part of the kinetic model for BSR. These researchers identified 9 trophic groups of microorganisms that convert substrates into products in an anaerobic reaction sequence. These bacterial groups are:
1. Fermentative bacteria
(Sugars → Acetate)
2. Butyrate-degrading acetogenic bacteria
(Butyrate → Acetate)
3. Butyrate-degrading SRB
(Butyrate → Acetate & H2S)
4. Propionate-degrading acetogenic bacteria
(Propionate → Acetate)
5. Propionate-degrading SRB
(Propionate → Acetate & H2S)
6. Acetoclastic methanogenic archae
(Acetate → Methane & CO2)
7. Acetoclastic SRB
(Acetate → H2S & CO2)
8. Hydrogenotrophic methanogenic archae
(H2 & CO2 → Methane)
9. Hydrogenotrophic SRB
Of these 9 microorganism groups, only 3 SRB (5, 7 and 9) groups are of particular interest when integrating BSR with the methanogenic UCTADM1 model. This model already explicitly incorporates microorganism groups 1 (acidogens), 4 (acetogens), 6 (acetoclastic methanogens) and 8 (hydrogenotrophic methanogens). The butyrate-degrading acetogenic (2) and SRB (3) bacterial groups were not included in the model, as butyrate is not usually present in significant concentrations in sewage sludge digestion systems. However, if required these trophic groups and their respective processes can be incorporated. Thus, the process stoichiometry and kinetics for only the 3 SRB groups (5, 7 and 9) are considered for both the organism growth and endogenous decay.
Part 3: Development of aqueous chemistry and physical processes
The biological processes consume and produce significant acid/base species, e.g. VFA, sulphide and bicarbonate (dissolved CO2). The weak acid/base chemistry of these species (subsystems) needs to be incorporated in the model. The consumption and production of acid/base species influences the pH established in the digester, which in turn can influence the biologically-mediated processes. Hence, pH needs to be incorporated directly into the model as a model-predicted parameter, and its interaction with the biological processes modelled.
The weak acid/base systems already in UCTADM1 are water, acetate, propionate, carbonate, ammonium and phosphate. Weak acid/base systems associated with BSR are sulphide and sulphate and need to be added to the model.
Some of the AD (methanogenic and sulphidogenic) end-products are gases so their 2-phase (aqueous-gas) equilibrium processes need to be included (the third solid phase is not included at this stage). The carbon dioxide and ammonia gas exchange processes are already included in UCTADM1. Due to its low solubility, methane is produced directly to the gas phase. Hydrogen remains dissolved in the aqueous phase and is consumed by the hydrogenotrophic methanogens directly from the aqueous phase. So, the only gas to be added for BSR is sulphide. Sulphide is a highly soluble gas so usually very little (<1%) exits the digester in the gas phase. This was also observed experimentally (Poinapen et al., 2009a; b). In contrast, methane is very insoluble at low pressures (~atmospheric) so usually very little exits the digester in the dissolved phase.
In their steady-state BSR model, Poinapen and Ekama (2010) show that organics with COD/TOC ratio > 2.67, which includes PSS and VFA, are carbon deficient for BSR. These organics can donate more electrons than supply carbon for the alkalinity (HCO3-) required. This results in zero CO2 gas production, and the alkalinity deficit is supplied by the sulphide system. Accordingly, this affects the relative HS-/H2S concentrations, so in effect the sulphide system establishes the sulphidogenic digester pH, not the inorganic carbon system as in methanogenic digesters (Poinapen and Ekama, 2010).
The development of these 3 parts is described in more detail in the following sections. The end result essentially will be a 2-phase biological, chemical and physical process model for the AD of PSS, with competitive methanogenesis and sulphidogenesis.
Stoichiometry of the BSR growth and endogenous processes
BSR growth processes
The procedure of Sötemann et al. (2005) for UCTADM1 was followed where the stoichiometry for the growth bioprocesses was determined by adding the catabolic and anabolic stoichiometry, linked via the yield coefficient of each SRB group. The development of this growth process stoichiometry for each of the 3 SRB groups is described below. UCTADM1 has embedded in it a biomass composition of C5H7O2N1 and the development of the stoichiometry of both the growth and endogenous respiration processes of the organisms was based and programmed on this biomass composition. When calibrating their steady-state BSR model against the UASB system data, Poinapen and Ekama (2010) found the biomass composition to be approximately C5H7O2N0.55, which is the same as the UCTADM1 biomass composition, except for the N content. Because the BSR biomass production is very low (Table 6), small differences in biomass composition have a negligible influence on the predicted results. Therefore, it was not necessary to change the stoichiometric equations in the dynamic model to conform to a biomass composition of C5H7O2N0.55 and the dynamic model is expected to give results that are closely similar to those of the steady-state model.
The derivation of the stoichiometric equations for growth of BSR biomass of composition C5H7O2N1 is demonstrated below for the acetogens only. The stoichiometry of the other BSR organisms follows the same procedure.
Acetogenic sulphidogenesis (by propionate degrading SRB)
The reaction sequence for the substrate utilisation of propionate by the propionate degrading SRB (ZPS) is reported by Kalyuzhnyi et al. (1998) to be:
The anabolic growth process of ZPS was accepted to be identical to that of the methanogenic acetogenic biomass group in the UCTADM1 model because both species use propionate as substrate (Sötemann et al., 2005). This anabolic growth process producing biomass of composition C5H7O2N1 is:
Multiplying Eq. (2) by the anabolic organism yield (Y'PS), dividing it by 2 to form 1 mol of biomass, and adding the associated catabolism Eq. (1) gives:
Dividing Eq. (3) by Y'PS for 1 mol of acetogen biomass formation yields:
The stoichiometry, in terms of the anabolic organism yield Y'PS for the growth process of the propionate-degrading SRB, is taken directly from Eq. (4) and is listed in Table 1.
To represent the ratio of biomass formed per unit total substrate (in this case propionate) utilised, the anabolic yield (Y'PS) is changed to the metabolic (anabolic + catabolic) yield (YPS) which is the usual way of expressing yield. The metabolic yield (YPS) is obtained from Eq. (4).
From the stoichiometry (Table 1):
1 mol biomass (160 gCOD) is grown from moles propionate. Expressing the metabolic (or true) yield YPS (mol/mol) in terms of Y'PS gives:
Changing Eq. (5) to make Y'PS its subject:
Rewriting the stoichiometric terms in Table 1 by substituting Eq. (6) for Y'PS and accepting that CO2 + H2O → H2CO3* gives the stoichiometry for propionate-utilising SRB in terms of the true (metabolic) organism yield as shown in Table 2.
Acetoclastic sulphidogenesis (by acetoclastic SRB) and hydrogenotrophic sulphidogenesis (by hydrogenotrophic SRB)
The same method described above for the propionate-degrading SRB was used for developing the stoichiometry for the growth of the acetoclastic SRB (ZAS) and the hydrogenotrophic SRB (ZHS), based on the reaction sequence for the catabolic and anabolic substrate utilisation taken from Kalyuzhnyi et al. (1998).
BSR Endogenous processes
The organism death/decay for the SRB groups was assumed to be the same as that for the methanogenic microorganism groups in the UCTADM1 model, and therefore the same approach was followed in the BSR model.
With endogenous mass loss, the biomass dies and releases its biodegradable organics (accepted to be all particulate) to the bulk liquid, adding to the biodegradable particulate organics (BPO) from the influent. Because the yield and endogenous mass loss rates of SRB biomass are very low, it was accepted that generation of unbiodegradable endogenous residue is negligible and so was neglected. Endogenous mass loss transforms the biomass BPO to the same composition as the influent BPO while conserving COD. An influent BPO composition of C3.35H7O1.45N0.45 was measured in this investigation (Poinapen and Ekama, 2010) which is slightly different to that measured by Sötemann et al. (2005), i.e. C3.5H7O2.0N0.196. Because this endogenous transformation may need to be done with different biomass and PSS BPO compositions, the transformation stoichiometry is developed in general for biomass of composition CkHlOmNn and an influent BPO composition of CxHyOzNa, i.e.
Re-writing the equation recognising that CO2 + H2O → H2CO3* gives:
|= [k(3y-2z-9a)+l(z-3x)+m(2x+3a-y)+n(9x-3z)] / [4x+y-2z-3a]
|= [k(3y-2z-9a)+l(z- 3x)+m(2x+3a-y)+n(9x-3z)]/γS
|= [4k + l -2m -3n] / [4x + y - 2z -3a] = γB/γS
|= [k(y-2z-3a)+x(2m+3n-l)] / [4x+y-2z-3a]
|= [k(y-2z-3a)+x(2m+3n-l)]/γS
|= [n(4x+y-2z)+a(2m-4k-l)] / [4x+y-2z-3a]
|= [n(4x+y-2z)+a(2m-4k-l)]/γS
The generalised stoichiometry equation for endogenous decay of all organism groups expressed in Eq. (8) is listed in Table 3.
From the compositions of the biomass (C5H7O2N1) and influent BPO organics (C3.35H7O1.45N0.45), the stoichiometry of the endogenous mass loss process simplifies to Eq. (9) which is summarised in Table 4.
The biomass COD/VSS ratio is 1.412 mgCOD/mgVSS and 1 mol biomass has a COD of 160 gCOD. Therefore, 160 g biomass COD has a VSS of 113.1 gVSS which produces 160 gVSS or 1.237 mol BPO with a COD/VSS ratio of 1.682 mgCOD/mgVSS.
Kinetics of the BSR growth and endogenous processes
Growth kinetic rates
The approach adopted for the kinetic rate equations for the growth of SRB was taken from Kalyuzhnyi et al. (1998) as follows:
The bacterial growth of each SRB group was modelled using the Monod kinetic equation in terms of the relevant substrates, with concomitant inhibition by undissociated H2S and pH.
The undissociated H2S inhibition was formulated as first-order for all SRB bacterial groups.
Accordingly, the generalised specific growth rate (µj) equation for SRB wasdescribed by Kalyuzhnyi et al. (1998) as:
Si is the substrate concentration for SRB organism i, the middle term is the undissociated H2S inhibition equation with KI,j being the inhibition constant by undissociated H2S for the bacterial group j, and the last term is the sulphate switching function when [SO42-] is low.
The H2S inhibition term in Eq. (10) represents a 100% inhibition in SRB growth should [H2S]f = KI. However, this equation is found to be unstable and reversed when [H2S] is greater than the KI,j value. When [H2S] > KI,j, the inhibition term becomes negative and the model simulation results become unstable with a see-saw effect. This inhibition term therefore was replaced by a more stable one which approaches zero more gradually, i.e.
This term has an exponential behaviour and can never become negative. The factor 0.60056 was found by matching the linear (or first-order) inhibition term of Kalyuzhnyi et al. (1998) at the 50% inhibition point using the same value of KI. For example, if KI = 206 mgS/ℓ, and [H2S]f = 103 mgS/ℓ, then the term and Eq. (11) must give the same 50% inhibition.
If instead of Eq. (11), a Monod type inhibition term is used, i.e. the KIvalue will be 206/2 = 103 mgS/ℓ to give 50% inhibition at [H2S]f = 103 mgS/ℓ. Figure 2 illustrates the fraction uninhibited with [H2S] for the 3 inhibition terms. Also plotted is the fraction inhibition versus [H2S] concentration for the exponential inhibition term (Eq. (11)).
Should pH inhibition be required, it can be added to the UCTADM1-BSR model. In integrating BSR with ADM1, Fedorovich et al. (2003) used the following pH inhibition function in ADM1:
However, this pH inhibition was omitted from the UCTADM1-BSR model due to the uncertainty of its behaviour.
From the above, and omitting pH inhibition, the general form of the SRB growth rate equation is:
When incorporating BSR into the UCTADM1 model, the H2S inhibition term was also added to the existing kinetic rate equations for acidogenic, acetogenic and methanogenic bacterial groups. This was done by following the approach of Kalyuzhnyi et al. (1998) where:
In the literature, it is reported that the sensitivity of SRB to hydrogen sulphide toxicity depends on the bacterial species (Maillacheruvu and Parkin, 1996; O'Flaherty et al., 1998). Maillacheruvu and Parkin (1996) investigated the effect of H2S on propionate-oxidising, acetate-oxidising and hydrogenotrophic SRB and reported that acetotrophic SRB in particular were highly sensitive to H2S. Likewise, Yamaguchi et al. (1999) reported that acetate utilisers were more susceptible to H2S inhibition than hydrogen utilisers. In the UCTADM1-BSR model, the KI values of 185 mgS/ℓ and 550 mgS/ℓ for the propionate-degrading and the hydrogenotrophic SRB, respectively, were taken directly from Kalyuzhnyi et al. (1998) while that of acetotrophic SRB was refined during model calibration.
Endogenous mass loss kinetic rates
Kalyuzhnyi et al. (1998) and Sötemann et al. (2005) formulated the endogenous mass loss with first-order kinetics. Therefore, this approach is also used for the 3 SRB groups considered here. Accordingly, the general equation for the rate (i) of endogenous mass loss of SRB group at concentration Zj is:
bj = specific endogenous mass loss rate constant for the 3 SRB groups.
Matrix representation of the biological kinetic model for BSR
The complete bioprocesses stoichiometric and kinetic model for SRB represented in the Petersen matrix format is shown in Table 5. The matrix includes both the growth and endogenous decay processes for all 3 SRB groups, namely, the propionate-degrading SRB (ZPS, growth process S1 and endogenous mass loss process S2), acetotrophic SRB (ZAS, growth process S3 and endogenous mass loss process S4) and hydrogenotrophic SRB (ZHS, growth process S5 and endogenous mass loss process S6).
Values for the stoichiometric and kinetic constants
Van Wageningen (2007) used values for the stoichiometric and kinetic constants for the SRB from Kalyuzhnyi et al. (1998), who obtained these values from model fitting the data of Omil et al. (1996). These values are also employed here (Table 6).
The constants in Table 6 are expressed in terms of gram units. Since UCTADM1, and therefore also the kinetic model for BSR (Table 5), expresses concentrations as mole units, the constants were converted to the appropriate mole units. This was done by accepting a biomass composition of C5H7O2N1 and substrates (acetic acid, propionic acid and hydrogen) as per their known chemical composition (Table 7). In addition, because the kinetic rates are expressed in terms of total species concentrations in the literature sources, the half-saturation constants needed to be converted to express them in terms of the undissociated weak acid/base species, because this is the form in which they are utilised by the SRB. This was done in model application by multiplying the appropriate half-saturation constant by the undissociated species to total species concentration ratio (Van Wageningen, 2007), which in effect decreased the half-saturation concentrations by the undissociated species to total species concentration ratio. With this approach, the relative concentrations may change as the pH changes, which was considered more appropriate. In the neutral pH 6 to 8 range, the undissociated species concentrations are very low. Depending on the half-saturation concentrations, this results in very low growth rates for the SRB. In this model application, this did not lead to run-time problems because the precursor hydrolysis/acidogenesis process is very slow. In applications requiring high growth rates on VFA at neutral pH, utilising the undissociated species of the VFAs can lead to run-time problems (Van Zyl et al., 2008).
Inclusion of the aqueous chemical and physical processes
In the BSR processes described above, weak acid/base species are both produced and consumed. These species, together with their associated weak acid/base chemistry, need to be included in the kinetic model. In addition, the compound H2CO3*, which is both produced and consumed, and the compound H2S produced, have physical gas exchange processes with the gas phase which require inclusion in the model.
The aqueous chemistry processes were extracted from Musvoto et al. (1997), for the ammonia, carbonate, phosphate, acetate and water subsystems; from Sötemann et al. (2005) for the propionate subsystem; and from Tables 8 and 9 below for the sulphate and sulphide subsystems. In addition, the physical gas exchange processes for CO2 and NH3 were taken from Sötemann et al. (2005), whereas the H2S gas exchange processes were taken from Table 10. Following the approach of Sötemann et al. (2005), methane is included as a gas phase compound, that is, it is generated directly as a gas because it is very insoluble and is not utilised in any of the processes.
In the model, the gas compounds were accepted to remain part of the bulk liquid and exit the digester with the effluent flow. This is acceptable because at steady state the gas composition does not change. However, for dynamic simulations, the gas composition of the headspace may change with time and can influence the dissolved species bulk liquid concentrations through the gas exchange processes. In this case, a separate gas stream needs to be implemented following the processes set out in Batstone et al. (2002) and Sötemann et al. (2005).
Integrating the aqueous chemistry, physical and biological processes with UCTADM1
The biological processes (stoichiometric and kinetics), aqueous chemistry and physical processes relevant to BSR were integrated with the existing methanogenic UCTADM1 model in Aquasim (Reichert, 1998). This resulted in an integrated kinetic model for both BSR and methanogenesis in competition for the volatile fatty acids (VFA) and H2 substrates. Should BSR be required as the only biological process consuming the VFA and H2 substrates, the methanogenic processes can be switched off in the model application. This will result in a 'stand-alone' integrated 2-phase chemical, physical and biological process model for BSR with PSS as energy source. In a real BSR system, sulphidogenesis out-competes methanogenesis resulting in an exclusively BSR system, which was the case for the 2 UASB BSR systems (R1 at 35ºC and R2 at 20ºC) of Poinapen et al. (2009a; b), simulated with UCTADM1-BSR.
UCTADM1-BSR model application and validation
Systems simulated and influent characteristics
After calibration, the UCTADM1-BSR model was validated by applying it to simulate the 2 UASB BSR systems Poinapen et al. (2009a; b), viz:
R1 at 1 500 mgSO42-/ℓ at 35ºC with PSS COD/SO42- ratio of 1.25 (Poinapen et al., 2009a Part 1).
R1 at 1 800 mgSO42-/ℓ at 35ºC with PSS COD/SO42- ratio of 1.44 and no NaHCO3 dosed to feed (Poinapen et al., 2009b).
R2 at 1 500 mgSO42-/ℓ at 20ºC with PSS COD/SO42- ratio of 1.75 and no NaHCO3 dosed to feed (Poinapen et al., 2009b).
Table 11 lists the average measured (or calculated from measured results) influent characteristics of the 3 UASB BSR systems, and these values were used as inputs to the UCTADM1-BSR model. The COD units were converted to mole units with the relevant stoichiometric compositions of the organics, namely:
Influent biodegradable particulate organics (BPO, Sbp) stoichiometric composition of CxHyOzNa where x, y, z and a are determined from measured values (Poinapen and Ekama, 2010)
Fermentable biodegradable soluble organics (FRBO, Sbsf) represented by glucose (C6H1206)
Biodegradable soluble acetic and propionic acids (Sbsa, Sbsp) known stoichiometric compositions (C2H4O2 and C3H6O2 for associated and C2H3O2- and C3H5O2- for dissociated species respectively)
Unbiodegradable soluble and particulate organics (USO, Susand UPO, Sup) not converted since these are not degraded and utilised in the system and hence appear in the effluent (only Sus) and the waste (both Sus and Sup) flows respectively.
As mentioned earlier, the UASB reactor is simulated as a completely mixed digester because of the effect of the sludge recycle line which continuously mixed the top sludge with the bottom sludge.
Comparisons of the UCTADM1-BSR kinetic model predictions with experimentally measured and steady-state model data
The simulated results were compared with the experimental measured values and the steady-state model results. These comparisons are listed in Table 12.
It can be seen that there is a very good correlation between the experimental measured data and the simulated results from both the steady-state (SS) and the UCTADM1-BSR (kinetic) models.
The difference on one or two effluent concentrations may appear significant but the absolute difference is very small when compared with the removal concentrations (e.g. the effluent sulphate concentration as compared with the sulphate removal concentration). Moreover, some of the differences (though not significant) possibly come from imperfect mass balances with the models all the mass balances (COD, S and N) are 100% while with the experimental data they are between 95 and 105%.
The gaseous CO2 production in the UCTADM1-BSR is zero as anticipated from the steady-state stoichiometry of BSR, where the PSS (C3.35H7O1.45N0.45) is carbon deficient (Poinapen and Ekama, 2010).
Another interesting outcome from the good UCTADM1-BSR model predictions is the successful integration and calibration of the sulphide inhibition term and the temperature dependency equation (in the case of R2 at 20ºC). The KI-as value for the acetoclastic SRB was found to be 206 mgS/ℓ for a 94% growth inhibition by the undissociated H2S using the exponential inhibition term exp[-([H2S]i/0.60056KI,j)2]. The θ value for the temperature dependency equation was 1.114 in the UCTADM1-BSR model, representing a 30% decrease in the PSS biodegradable organics hydrolysed when the temperature is decreased from 35ºC to 20ºC.
An integrated 2-phase (aqueous-gas) mixed weak acid/base chemistry and biological processes simulation model for competitive methanogenic and sulphidogenic anaerobic digestion with PSS as energy source for BSR (UCTADM1-BSR) was developed by Van Wageningen et al. (2006). This model was reviewed and modified to simulate the lab-scale UASB BSR systems. The kinetic model predictions (restricted to steady-state conditions) conform favourably to the experimental measurements and the SS model results and therefore provide support for the successful development, calibration and validation of the kinetic simulation model.
This model allows for 5 organic types (USO, UPO, BPO, FRBO, VFA) with different compositions in the influent feed. This characterisation structure conforms to the characterisation of municipal wastewater developed for activated sludge system models. Should a kinetic model with only BSR biological processes consuming the VFA and H2 substrates generated from PSS hydrolysis and acidification be required, the methanogenic processes can be switched off in the UCTADM1-BSR model. Moreover, although UCTADM1-BSR has been developed purposely for the situation where PSS serves as the feed substrate, it offers a much broader application. For instance, should the feed be a particulate substrate (e.g. a mixture of PSS and compost, compost alone or a mixture of PSS and waste activated sludge), only the feed substrate composition and kinetic constants for hydrolysis would require modification. For soluble organics (e.g. acetate or a mixture of VFA), they would be used directly as input to the model as they serve as intermediates in the processes already included in the model.
This research was financially supported by the Water Research Commission, the National Research Foundation and the University of Cape Town and is published with their permission.
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MAILLACHERUVU KY and PARKIN GF (1996) Kinetics of growth, substrate utilisation and sulphide toxicity for propionate, acetate and hydrogen utilisers in anaerobic systems. Water Environ. Res. 68 1099-1106. [ Links ]
MUSVOTO EV, WENTZEL MC, LOEWENTHAL RE and EKAMA GA (1997) Kinetic-based model for mixed weak acid/base system, Water SA 23 (4) 311-322. [ Links ]
O'FLAHERTY V, MAHONY T, O'KENNEDY R and COLLERAN M (1998) Effect of pH on growth kinetics and sulphide toxicity thresholds of a range of methanogenic, syntrophic and sulphate-reducing bacteria. Process Biochem. 33 1-15. [ Links ]
OMIL F, LENS P, HULSHOFF POL LW and LETTINGA G (1996) Effect of upward velocity and sulphide concentration on volatile fatty acid degradation in a sulfidogenic granular sludge reactor. Process Biochem. 31 (7) 699-710. [ Links ]
POINAPEN J, EKAMA GA and WENTZEL MC (2009a) Biological sulphate reduction with primary sewage sludge in an upflow anaerobic sludge bed reactor Part 1: Feasibility study. Water SA 35 (5) 525-534. [ Links ]
POINAPEN J, EKAMA GA and WENTZEL MC (2009b) Biological sulphate reduction with primary sewage sludge in an upflow anaerobic sludge bed reactor Part 3: Performance at 20ºC and 35ºC. Water SA 35 (5) 543-552. [ Links ]
POINAPEN J and EKAMA GA (2010) Biological sulphate reduction (BSR) with primary sewage sludge in an upflow anaerobic sludge bed reactor Part 5: Development of a steady-state model for BSR. Water SA 36 (3) 193-202. [ Links ]
REICHERT P (1998) Concepts Underlying a Computer Programme for the Identification and Simulation of Aquatic Systems (Aquasim 2.0), Swiss Federal Institute of Environmental Science and Technology (EAWAG), CH-8600, Switzerland. [ Links ]
SÖTEMANN SW, VAN RENSBURG P, RISTOW NE, WENTZEL MC, LOEWENTHAL RE and EKAMA GA (2005) Integrated chemical, physical and biological processes modelling Part 2 Anaerobic digestion of sewage sludges. Water SA 31 (4) 545-568. [ Links ]
VAN WAGENINGEN HS, SÖTEMANN SW, RISTOW NE, WENTZEL MC and EKAMA GA (2006) Development of a kinetic model for biological sulphate reduction with sewage sludge as substrate. Water SA 32 (5) 619-626. [ Links ]
VAN WAGENINGEN S (2007) Development of a Kinetic Model for Biological Sulphate Reduction with Primary Sewage Sludge as Substrate. Masters dissertation, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town. [ Links ]
VAN ZYL PJ, EKAMA GA, WENTZEL MC and RIEDEL K-H (2008) Anaerobic Digestion of Fischer-Tropsch Reaction Water: Submerged Membrane Anaerobic Reactor Design, Operation and Modelling. Final Report to Sasol, Research Report No W131, Dept of Civil Engineering, Univ of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, Cape, RSA. [ Links ]
YAMAGUCHI T, HARADA H, HISANO T, YAMAZAKI S and TSENG IC (1999) Process behaviour of UASB reactor treating a wastewater containing high strength sulphate. Water Res. 33 3182-3190. [ Links ]
Received 10 August 2009; accepted 15 February 2010.
1 To whom all correspondence should be addressed.
+2721 650 2585; fax: +2721 689 7471;


text:
Women Rescued from Under a Train in Boston
A woman in her 20s was rescued by firefighters this afternoon after she became trapped underneath a Red Line train at the MBTA Shawmut station in Dorchester this afternoon, officials said.
Firefighters responded to the station at about 1:25 p.m., where they found the woman under a train on the northbound side of the station, said MBTA spokeswoman Kelly Smith.
"She was conscious under the train, and so what we did is initiate a technical rescue with specially trained units," said Boston Fire Department spokesman Steve MacDonald.
Firefighters worked with the MBTA to shut off power in the station before rescuing her. Once freed, she was taken to Brigham and Women's Hospital. Her injuries appeared to be serious, but not life-threatening, officials said.
MBTA Transit Police are investigating how she got under the train.
Shuttles buses replaced train service between the JFK/UMass and Ashmont stops, according to an MBTA service alert. The MBTa said shortly after 3 p.m. that normal service had resumed.


text:
Map Monde is your site for searchable interactive maps based on Google... These Goolge satellite maps provide you with up to date and comprehensive images from all around the world. At Map Monde, finding the exact information you need is easy with the guide by continent and countries. You can also do detailed searches for the exact interactive maps you need. These world maps will show you satellite imagery as well as terrain, giving you accurate information for your travel and geographical curiosities.
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|If you are looking to explore the 47 countries found in Europa, look no further than these world maps! Map Monde brings you Google maps of every country and region in the "mother land". These Europa maps are completely interactive and can be searched down to the finest details. The satellite maps from Google will provide you with the most accurate information you need, whether it is for driving directions or to explore the areas of vast mountainous or sea terrain. These Europa maps are the most up to date that you will be able to find and you can trust them when exploring the great continent's vast geography.
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|There are 15 countries which make up the 17,840,000 square miles of South America. Whether you are looking to see the entire continent or zoom in on a tiny city, these Google maps from Map Monde will give you the imaging you need. Using Google world maps, you can easily search through the entire region or browse using the interactive tools. The South America maps use the latest technology to provide you with satellite maps of complete accuracy. Using the various tools, you can see South America down to the detailed street names or the various terrain in this vast continent.
Copyright © 2010 World maps Mapmonde.org | Travel Blog |Contacts | Sitemap


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The New York City Council approves the Council's Land Use Committee's modified version of the NYU Core expansion plan.
"This is a great day for NYU, and for New York City.
"We have gone through a long and very thorough process to get here, and we are very pleased about today's vote. With the help and leadership of the City Council – and in particular Councilmember Margaret Chin, Speaker Christine Quinn, Councilmember Leroy Comrie, and Councilmember David Weprin – and of the Bloomberg Administration -- which has had a wise and far-sighted view on the importance of universities to New York --we have been able to arrive at a good and thoughtful plan. It is a plan that strikes an important balance: permitting NYU to maintain academic excellence by meeting our educational and research space needs on our existing footprint over the next two decades, while at the same time addressing the concerns of our neighbors on such issues as improving access to open space and furnishing space for a public school or other community use.
"This plan benefits not only NYU's students and faculty; in very real and tangible ways, it benefits New York City. It is not just the thousands of construction jobs that accompany a project like this, or the permanent jobs, or even the broader economic impact of that employment, though those are all worthy of note. Beyond all of these benefits, institutions of higher education have emerged as vitally important engines of our City's economy. While other sectors of New York's economy have been shrinking, education has been expanding. Our universities employ thousands of people, offering good jobs with benefits; our researchers discover technologies from which businesses grow; we educate a workforce that will keep NYC at the forefront of the 21st century economy. Keeping our universities strong keeps New York strong, and will ensure New York remains a world capital in the years ahead.
"I am also hopeful that today's vote will offer a chance for NYU to engage its local community in a new and more productive way. By creating a plan, our needs and our strategy for meeting them over the next 20 years are now far clearer to our neighbors; that's a much better basis for dialogue. Having completed the public approvals process, we look forward to partnering with them to implement many of the elements the plan calls for, including improving public space, adding community amenities, and ensuring that the projects that lie ahead are handled sensitively and conscientiously.
"Finally, I want to thank the many, many people whose support and involvement brought about this achievement: students, faculty, deans, administrators, neighbors and members of the local community, members of the NYU 2031 planning team, civic leaders, elected officials, and especially on this day, the leadership and members of New York City Council, who all had a hand in shaping this plan and helping to arrive at this thoughtful balance. Their dedication and participation ensures a plan that is good for NYU, good for the neighborhood, and good for New York."


text:
New Release: Fort Blaster- Ahoy There
What if you are a pirate? What if you have a big ship and cannons? What if you see an enemy fort? That's right! Blast it! Ahoy there! Blast enemy soldiers within their forts! Destroy everything on your way to the booty! Earn achievements and collect the entire collection of trophies! Click here.


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Those sherwanis and designer kurtas pair beautifully with studded cufflinks. An otherwise must have in the corporate boardrooms, Tiara Cufflinks draw attention at the right time in those celebratory moments.
Tiara Silver Jewellery is one of the leading silver jewellery manufacturer and supplier in India. We are the manufacturer & supplier of Baju Bandh in India. We make eye-catching designs of Baju Bandh for our clients both in India and various parts of the world. We specialize in making a variety of Necklace sets, Pendant sets, Kada, Bracelets, Earrings, Rings and Religious Jewellery etc. We also expertise in manufacturing Bracelet, Baju Bandh, Bangles, Choker, Cufflink, Chain Belt, Half Round Kada, Hathpan in India.
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Tiara Silver Pvt. Ltd. © 2018 Managed by Acaira Technologies


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Getting Started: Difference between revisions
(→Tutorials and How To Guides: Wrong link)
|Line 176:
|Line 176:
* [http://www.marek-knows.com marek-knows.com], Non-free Game Engine development video tutorials, OpenGL, Physics, Math, C++, 3D modeling etc
* [http://www.marek-knows.com marek-knows.com], Non-free Game Engine development video tutorials, OpenGL, Physics, Math, C++, 3D modeling etc
* [http://www.arcsynthesis.org/gltut Learning Modern 3D Graphics Programming Through OpenGL].
* [http://www.arcsynthesis.org/gltut Learning Modern 3D Graphics Programming Through OpenGL].
* [http://duriansoftware.com/joe/An-intro-to-modern-OpenGL.-Chapter-1:-The-Graphics-Pipeline.html DurianSoftware.com], Intro to Modern OpenGL
* [http://duriansoftware.com/joe/An-intro-to-modern-OpenGL.-Chapter-1:-The-Graphics-Pipeline.html DurianSoftware.com], Intro to Modern OpenGL
* [http://www.spieleprogrammierung.net/ Windows OpenGL 3 Tutorials And Articles], Beginner to Advanced in German
* [http://www.spieleprogrammierung.net/ Windows OpenGL 3 Tutorials And Articles], Beginner to Advanced in German
* [http://www.levelbylevel.com/blog/opengl-c-and-glut-using-codeblocks-and-mingw-updated/ Setting up OpenGL, C++ & GLUT on Windows 7], Beginner tutorial
* [http://www.levelbylevel.com/blog/opengl-c-and-glut-using-codeblocks-and-mingw-updated/ Setting up OpenGL, C++ & GLUT on Windows 7], Beginner tutorial
Revision as of 13:20, 5 October 2010
So you want to take advantage of the power of the OpenGL API? If you are visiting this page because a game or software implements the OpenGL API, you need to install the appropriate graphic driver which enables usage of the functionality provided.
To program using the OpenGL API, you need the driver and the development package (depends on platform and programming language). More platform-specific details are described in the sections below.
Besides the OpenGL Wiki FAQ linked above, there is an older FAQ
If you are running Windows 98/Me/NT/2000/XP/2003/Vista, the OpenGL library has already been installed on your system.
Remember that GL is a system component on Windows. DO NOT modify or copy OpenGL32.dll from one OS to another.
The filename is
OpenGL32.dll and is either in
WINNT\SYSTEM32 or
WINDOWS\SYSTEM32. This also means that you do not have to ship a copy of the library with your application since it will already be available on the system.
The standard Windows
OpenGL32.dll library alone will not provide you with hardware acceleration for OpenGL. In order to get hardware acceleration, you will need to install the latest drivers for your graphics card. The second reason to install new drivers is to have the latest version of GL on your system (the max version supported by your GPU):
Some sites also distribute beta versions of graphics drivers, which may give you access to bug fixes or new functionality before an official driver release from the manufacturer:
Without drivers, you will default to a software version of OpenGL 1.1 (on Win98, ME, and 2000), a Direct3D wrapper that supports OpenGL 1.1 (WinXP), or a Direct3D wrapper that supports OpenGL 1.4 (Windows Vista and above). None of these options are particularly fast, so installing drivers is always a good idea.
Other libraries like GLUT, freeGLUT, QT, etc are not part of the OS. These should be downloaded from the net. GLUT and OpenGL Utility Libraries
64 bits Windows versions
If you are running a 64 bit version of Windows, you might be wondering if there is a
OpenGL64.dll file. The answer is no, there isn't. On all versions of Windows,
Windows\System32 contains all the 64 bit DLLs. It contains the
OpenGL32.dll which is actually a 64 bit dll.
For 32 bit programs, Windows detects the exe as a 32 bit program and instead of using System32 files, it uses Windows\SysWOW64 which actually contains the 32 bit DLLs. WOW means Windows On Windows which is a backwards-compatibility layer.
To find your Windows' System32 directory, go to: Start, Run... and type in
%WINDIR%\System32. The system will redirect you to the default System32 directory automatically; this is also true for the 32 bits versions of Windows.
Graphics on Linux is almost exclusively implemented using the X windows system. Supporting OpenGL on Linux involves using GLX extensions to the X Server. There is a standard Application Binary Interface defined for OpenGL on Linux that gives application compatability for OpenGL for a range of drivers. In addition the Direct Rendering Infrastucture (DRI) is a driver framework that allows drivers to be written and interoperate within a standard framework to easily support hardware acceleration, the DRI is included in of XFree86 4.0 but may need a card specific driver to be configured after installation. These days, XFree86 has been rejected in favor of XOrg due to the change in the license of XFree86, so many developers left Xfree86 and joined the XOrg group. Popular Linux distros come with XOrg now. Developers
Vendors have different approaches to drivers on Linux, some support Open Source efforts using the DRI, and others support closed source frameworks but all methods support the standard ABI that will allow correctly written OpenGL applications to run on Linux.
For more information on developing OpenGL applications on Linux, see Platform specifics: Linux
Linux comes with Mesa libraries, which implements the OpenGL API as a software rasterizer. Most Linux distros don't come with hardware acceleration. Some Linux distributions may include support for hardware acceleration. Also, some GPUs have Open Source drivers developed by the community even though a close source driver may be available from the manufacturer.
Mac OS X
All versions of Mac OS X ship with OpenGL runtime libraries pre-installed. Users who want to run OpenGL applications do not need to install or configure anything.
Unlike other platforms, where the Operating System and OpenGL implementations are often updated separately, OpenGL updates are included as part of Mac OS X system updates. To obtain the latest OpenGL on Mac OS X, users should upgrade to the latest OS release, which can be found at Apple.com.
For developers, a default installation of Mac OS X does not include any OpenGL headers, nor does it include other necessary development tools. These are installed by a separate developer tools package called Xcode. This installer includes the OpenGL headers, compilers (gcc), debuggers (gdb), Apple's Xcode IDE, and a number of performance tools useful for OpenGL application development.
For more information on developing OpenGL applications on Mac OS X, see Platform specifics: Mac OS X.
OpenGL 2.0+ and extensions
The OpenGL ABI (application binary interface) is frozen to version GL 1.1 on Windows, and GL 1.2 on Linux. This means that you can not link directly to any new function provided by newer versions or by extensions.
So how do you use newer features ? The answer is to get a function pointer at runtime. The following text describes details for Windows, but it is very similar for Linux, using glXGetProcAddress instead of wglGetProcAddress.
If you will be programming for Windows, typically compilers comes with a standard OpenGL 1.1
.h and
Microsoft will never update gl.h and opengl32.lib that comes with their compiler. It hasn't been updated since 1995. Basically, the solution is to use glext.h and wglext.h (wglext.h is for Windows only) which define all the GL 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 2.0, 2.1 and above tokens and functions. Keep reading.
Also, for other compilers for Windows, the same applies : gl.h and opengl32.a is limited to GL 1.1.
For Linux and others, you might want to borrow the same idea (getting function pointers for the GL functions)
To access higher OpenGL functions, you would have to get the function pointers.
For example, in C or C++, this is what you would do
PS : The info here applies also to GL 3.0
glext.h and
wglext.h from The Extensions Registry
Put it in your compiler's GL folder.
include <GL/gl.h> include <GL/glext.h> include <GL/wglext.h> extern PFNGLACTIVETEXTUREPROC glActiveTexture; //Put this in a .h so that you can include the header in all your other .cpp PFNGLACTIVETEXTUREPROC glActiveTexture; //Declare your function pointer in a .cpp file
Once you create a GL context, you can use wglGetProcAddress to get a pointer to the function.
glActiveTexture = (PFNGLACTIVETEXTUREPROC) wglGetProcAddress("glActiveTexture");
This would be tedious if you had to do this for all the functions and it is even more work if you want to detect a certain OpenGL API version, then load all the core functions. Then, detect if a certain extension is present, then load all the functions.
There exists a few libraries out there that will get the function pointers for you. All you have to do is create an OpenGL rendering context and call the library's init function. The recent version of GLee doesn't require a call to its init function.
Examples are :
GLEW is used like this :
Step 1. Just before including gl.h, include glew.h
Step 2. Just after creating your GL context and making it current, call
GLenum err=glewInit(); if(err!=GLEW_OK) { //problem: glewInit failed, something is seriously wrong sprintf(ErrorMessage, "Error: %s\n", glewGetErrorString(err)); return -1; }
NEW : For GL 3.0, a new header file has been released as mentioned here http://www.opengl.org/discussion_boards/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=256858#Post256858
It includes all the new tokens and functions and the old stuff has been removed.
OpenGL 3.0 and Above
OpenGL 3.0 adds many features to the core of OpenGL. It also brings with it a deprecation model that previous versions of OpenGL did not have. Before OpenGL 3.0, anything that became core had to remain in the specification permanently. The deprecation model allows OpenGL versions to announce that certain features may be removed from the core in later versions.
To support backwards compatibility, that is, to not break existing programs, a new context creation model was introduced. The old context creation model can only create OpenGL versions 2.1 or lower. Thus, the only way to use 3.0 contexts is to create them with the new API.
Part of this new API is a specification of exactly what version of OpenGL you want. So if you ask for a GL 3.1 context, you are telling the system that you expect that any entrypoints version 3.1 removed from earlier versions will not be available, and that any entrypoints 3.1 added to new versions will be available. The new API can fail if the implementation simply does not implement that version of OpenGL.
See also the page OpenGL 3.0 and beyond, creating a context for instructions.
OpenGL 3.2
API & GLSL specifications
- OpenGL 4.1 Core Profile Specification
- OpenGL Shading Language 4.1 Specification
- OpenGL 3.3 Core Profile Specification
- OpenGL Shading Language 3.3 Specification
How to make your first OpenGL Program
The first thing to do is chose a programming language. It could be C, C++, C#, Visual Basic, Pascal, Perl, Java, Ada, x86 assembly, etc. As long as a language has an OpenGL binding for your chosen language, you may use it.
The second thing is to chose a compiler. It could be MS Visual C++, Code::Blocks, Delphi, Masm, etc. Remember that OpenGL is an API, so as long as you have the language bindings for your compiler, you can do OpenGL programming.
Typically, a compiler comes with the binding files. For example, if you have a C++ compiler, it will come with
gl.h and
opengl32.lib. It may even come with
glu.h and
glut.h and
If you don't have your binding files, you will need to figure out where to download them from. Microsoft releases their Windows Platform SDK which contains these files and most likely you don't need it because your compiler came with the files.
You might want to use SDL, GLUT, freeGLUT, or some other wrapper that takes care of creating a GL window for you and destroying for you. It makes it easier for someone who just wants to learn the OpenGL API syntax.
Assuming you know how to program in your language of choice, now all you need is to learn OpenGL. There are many online tutorials. Just search for
opengl+tutorial in your favorite search engine or visit some of the tutorials listed here.
OpenGL Viewers
These are programs that you install and run, and they give you information specific to the OpenGL API your system implements, like the version offered by your system, the vendor, the renderer, the extension list, supported viewport size, line size, point size, plus many other details. Some might include a benchmark. Some are standalone benchmarks.
- GPU Caps Viewer (Windows XP, Vista 32)
- OpenGL Extension Viewer (Windows, Windows x64 and MacOS X)
- OpenGL ES benchmark tool (Linux, Symbian, Windows Mobile)
- Fur rendering benchmark (Windows)
- Futuremark's GL ES benchmark
Tutorials and How To Guides
User contributed tutorials and getting started guides
- Tutorials: Tutorials hosted on this wiki.
- NeHe, OpenGL Tutorials
- LeoLoL, OpenGL Tutorials for Java (JOGL)
- GLUT, Tutorials
- lighthouse3d.com, GL 2.0, GLSL, tutorials
- marek-knows.com, Non-free Game Engine development video tutorials, OpenGL, Physics, Math, C++, 3D modeling etc
- Learning Modern 3D Graphics Programming Through OpenGL.
- DurianSoftware.com, Intro to Modern OpenGL (en français)
- Windows OpenGL 3 Tutorials And Articles, Beginner to Advanced in German
- Setting up OpenGL, C++ & GLUT on Windows 7, Beginner tutorial
- Swiftless Tutorials OpenGL 1 & 2, OpenGL 4
Deferred Shading Tutorials
Development Tools
- gDEBugger - OpenGL, OpenGL ES and OpenCL Debugger, Profiler and Memory Analyzer For Windows, Linux, Mac OS X and iPhone
See Also
- Related toolkits and APIs: For utilities that make using OpenGL easier.
- Language bindings
External Links
- Reference Documentation
- Implementations
- The Mesa 3D Graphics Library, a software renderer based on the OpenGL API.
- Engines
- Demos
- Delphi OpenGL Demos
- Humus.name many demos, advanced
- Flipcode many demos
- Paul Bourke many demos and explanations, advanced
- Theory and General Graphics Programming
- Magic Software algorithms, intersection test
- Light Exposure Theory
- Scriptionary.com Graphics Programming related both OpenGL and Direct3D
- Vendor SDKs
- Other
- 3D models
- http://www.opengl.org/sdk/docs/tutorials/TyphoonLabs/
- http://www.opencsg.org, Constructive Solid Geometry, boolean operations with geometry
- http://www.gamedev.net/community/forums/showfaq.asp?forum_id=25#q11a, The Gamedev FAQ
- http://gpwiki.org A Wiki about Game Programming, also has GL code snippets and other APIs


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County jail gets solar hot water
MIDDLEBURY — When you get into hot water, you can wind up in the Addison County Sheriff's Department (ACSD) lockup. Those who find themselves in that predicament can take a little solace in knowing that the hot water they use at the jail will have been made in an environmentally safe manner.
Work crews on Thursday began installing three solar panels on a garage at the sheriff's department property at 35 Court St. as part of $24,000 in upgrades to make the offices and lockup more energy efficient. The improvements, made possible by a federal grant, will also include retrofitting the building with more energy efficient light fixtures.
"Our expectation is that it will reduce a lot of costs for the building," said ACSD Capt. Charlie Clark, who noted the complex currently features a lot of fluorescent light bulbs and a water system heated by fuel oil.
"It will also decrease our carbon footprint."
The money for the ACSD upgrades came from $153,500 in American Recovery and Reinvestment Act grants secured by the Addison County Regional Planning Commission (ACRPC) around two years ago. That money has also been spent on electric charging stations for vehicles; energy efficiency audits at 19 municipal buildings throughout the county; promotional efforts for communities to join the Property Assessed Clean Energy program; and local methane energy development.
Adam Lougee and Kevin Lehman, ACRPC executive director and energy planner, respectively, worked with sheriff's department officials in selecting the best solar hot water/light project for their building, which can house up to 20 inmates. The jailhouse building is an historic structure, so the solar panels were installed on the neighboring garage, which is conveniently oriented to the south with ample sunshine.
"(The three solar panels) will supply roughly 60 percent of their hot water," Lehman said.
Clark said it is too soon to tell exactly how much money the ACSD will save over the course of a year with the new energy upgrades. But he noted the department currently uses 392,000 gallons of water each year (primarily in the jail division) and spends approximately $800-$1,000 monthly on electricity.
In the short-term, Clark believes the solar panels should meet the department's hot water needs in the summer, and make it unnecessary for the fuel-oil furnace to kick on. The furnace will be available to meet the department's hot water needs if the solar system ever breaks down.
Reporter John Flowers is at [email protected].
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Guitar rock legend Eddie Van Halen dies of cancer aged 65. Eddie Van Halen of Van Halen seen here performing at Shoreline Amphitheatre on August 10, 2004 in Mountain View, California.
Morning Buzz: Akasa Air plans to raise $400 mln, Sobha promoters plan to establish hotel arm, and more
Photo of the Day: MotoGP India is a go
Photo of the Day: A win for India
From Aswath Damodaran's advice to duopoly in Indian skies, here are our most-read stories of the week
Air pollution from fires hits world's poorest hardest: study
Gen Z is trying to modernise professional language in the workplace
Uniswap collaborates with DoDAO to boost blockchain education
PayPal's stablecoin PYUSD arrives on Venmo
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