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Held: The Treasury Amendment exempts from CFTC regulation off exchange trading in foreign currency options. Options (transactions in which the buyer purchases the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an agreed amount of a commodity at a set rate at any time prior to the option's expiration) like those at issue here are plainly "transactions in foreign currency" within the statute's meaning. The Court is not persuaded by any of the CFTC's arguments in support of a narrower reading that would exempt futures contracts (agreements to buy or sell a specified quantity of a commodity at a particular price for delivery at a set future date) without exempting options. The normal reading of the last quoted phrase encompasses all transactions in which foreign currency is the fungible good whose fluctuating market price provides the motive for trading. Reading the text toinclude only the actual purchase or sale of foreign currency, as the CFTC urges, violates the ordinary meaning of the key word "in." On the CFTC's reasoning, the exemption's application to futures contracts could not be sustained, in clear contravention of Congress' intent to exempt off exchange foreign currency futures from CFTC regulation. This interpretation would also render the provision mere surplusage, and is not supported by the Treasury Amendment's legislative history. Given the history of evolving congressional regulation in this area, it is natural to read the exemption as a complete exclusion of foreign currency transactions from the regulatory scheme, except to the extent that the proviso for transactions "conducted on a board of trade" qualifies that exclusion. Contrary to the CFTC's position, there is little to suggest that elsewhere in the CEA Congress used the term transactions "involving" a particular commodity to describe options, and transactions "in" the commodity to indicate a narrower exclusion. The proviso "conducted on a board of trade" does not aid the CFTC's cause because a broad reading of the proviso to include both options and futures is faithful to the contemporary legal context in which the amendment was drafted. The arguments favoring each side in the important public policy dispute over whether off exchange foreign currency options should be exempt from CEA regulation are best addressed to the Congress, not the Courts. Pp. 3-15.
58 F. 3d 50, reversed and remanded.
Stevens, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which Rehnquist, C. J., and O'Connor, Kennedy, Souter, Thomas, Ginsburg, and Breyer, JJ., joined. Scalia, J., filed an opinion concurring in part and concurring in the judgment.
NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the preliminary print of the United States Reports. Readers are requested to notify the Reporter of Decisions, Supreme Court of the United States, Wash ington, D.C. 20543, of any typographical or other formal errors, in order that corrections may be made before the preliminary print goes to press.
No. 95-1181
WILLIAM C. DUNN and DELTA CONSULTANTS, INC., PETITIONERS v. COMMODITY FUTURES TRADING COMMISSION et al.
on writ of certiorari to the united states court of appeals for the second circuit
[February 25, 1997]
Justice Stevens delivered the opinion of the Court.
The question presented is whether Congress has authorized the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC or Commission) to regulate "off exchange" trading in options to buy or sell foreign currency.
The CFTC brought this action in 1994, alleging that, beginning in 1992, petitioners solicited investments in and operated a fraudulent scheme in violation of the Commodity Exchange Act (CEA), 7 U.S.C. § 1 et seq., and CFTC regulations. 1 App. 10. See 7 U.S.C. § 6c(b); 17 CFR § 32.9 (1996). 2 The CFTC's complaint, affidavits, and declarations submitted to the District Court indicate that customers were told their funds would be invested using complex strategies involving options to purchase or sell various foreign currencies. App. 8. Petitioners apparently did in fact engage in many such transactions. Ibid.; 58 F. 3d 50, 51 (CA2 1995). To do so, they contracted directly with international banks and others without making use of any regulated exchange or board of trade. In the parlance of the business, petitioners traded in the "off exchange" or "over the counter" (OTC) market. 3 Ibid. No options were ever sold directly to petitioners' customers. However, their positions were tracked through internal accounts, and investors were provided weekly reports showing the putative status of their holdings. Petitioners and their customers suffered heavy losses. Id., at 51-52. Subsequently, the CFTC commenced these proceedings.
Rejecting petitioners' defense that off exchange transactions in foreign currency options are exempt from theCEA, the District Court appointed a temporary receiver to take control of their property for the benefit of their customers. App. to Pet. for Cert. 5b-6b. Relying on circuit precedent, 4 and acknowledging a conflict with another Circuit, 5 the Court of Appeals affirmed. 58 F. 3d, at 54. We granted certiorari to resolve the conflict. 517 U. S. ___ (1996). For the reasons that follow, we reverse and remand for further proceedings.
The outcome of this case is dictated by the so called "Treasury Amendment" to the CEA. 88 Stat. 1395, 7 U.S.C. § 2(ii). We have previously reviewed the history of the CEA and generally described how it authorizes the CFTC to regulate the "volatile and esoteric" market in futures contracts in fungible commodities. See Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc. v. Curran, 456 U.S. 353, 356 , 357-367 (1982). As a part of the 1974 amendments that created the CFTC and dramatically expanded the coverage of the statute to include nonagricultural commodities "in which contracts for future delivery are presently or in the future dealt in," see 88 Stat. 1395, 7 U.S.C. § 2 (1970 ed., Supp. IV), Congress enacted the following exemption, which has come to be known as the "Treasury Amendment":
Indeed, adopting the Commission's reading would deprive the exemption of the principal effect Congress intended. The CFTC acknowledges that futures contracts fall squarely within the Treasury Amendment's exemption, Brief for Respondent 30, and there is no question that the exemption of off exchange foreign currency futures from CFTC regulation was one ofCongress' primary goals. 8 Yet on the CFTC's reasoning the exemption's application to futures contracts could not be sustained.
A futures contract is no more a transaction "in" foreign currency as the Commission understands the term than an option. The Commission argues that because a futures contract creates a legal obligation to purchase or sell currency on a particular date, it is somehow more clearly a transaction "in" the underlying currencies than an option, which generates only the right to engage in a transaction. Brief for Respondent 30-32. This reasoning is wholly unpersuasive. No currency changes hands at the time a futures contract is made. And, the existence of a futures contract does not guarantee that currency will actually be exchanged. Indeed, the Commission concedes that, in most cases, futures contracts are "extinguished before delivery by entry into an offsetting futures contract." Id., at 30 (citing 1 T. Snider, Regulation of the Commodities Futures and Options Markets §2.05 (2d ed. 1995) (hereinafter Snider)); see also Munn & Garcia 414. Adopting the CFTC's reading would therefore place both futures and options outside the exemption, in clear contravention of Congress' intent.
Furthermore, this interpretation would leave the Treasury Amendment's exemption for "transactions in foreign currency" without any significant effect at all, because it would limit the scope of the exemption to "forward contracts" (agreements that anticipate the actual delivery of a commodity on a specified future date) and "spot transactions" (agreements for purchase and sale of commodities that anticipate near term delivery). 9 Both are transactions "in" a commodity as the CFTC would have us understand the term. But neither type of transaction for any commodity was subject to intensive regulation under the CEA at the time of the Treasury Amendment's passage. See 7 U.S.C. § 2 (1970 ed., Supp. IV) ("term `future delivery,' as used in this chapter, shall not include any sale of any cash commodity for deferred shipment or delivery"); Snider §9.01; J. Markham, The History of Commodity Futures Trading and Its Regulation 201-203 (1987). Our reading of the exemption is therefore also consonant with the doctrine that legislative enactments should not be construed to render their provisions mere surplusage. See Babbitt, 515 U. S., at ___ (slip op., at 9) (noting "reluctance to treat statutory terms as surplusage"); Mountain States Telephone & Telegraph Co. v. Pueblo of Santa Ana, 472 U.S. 237, 249 (1985).
Finally, including options in the exemption is consistent with Congress' purpose in enacting the Treasury Amendment. Although at the time the Treasury Amendment was drafted a thriving off exchange market inforeign currency futures was in place, the closely related options market at issue here had not yet developed. See City of New York Bar Association Committee on Futures Regulation, The Evolving Regulatory Framework for Foreign Currency Trading 18, 23 (1986). The CFTC therefore suggests that Congress could not have intended to exempt foreign currency options from the CEA's coverage. Brief for Respondent 41-42. The legislative history strongly suggests to the contrary that Congress' broad purpose in enacting the Treasury Amendment was to provide a general exemption from CFTC regulation for sophisticated off exchange foreign currency trading, which had previously developed entirely free from supervision under the commodities laws.
In explaining the Treasury Amendment, the Senate Committee Report notes in broad terms that the amendment "provides that inter bank trading of foreign currencies and specified financial instruments is not subject to Commission regulation." S. Rep. No. 93-1131, p. 6 (1974). 10 Elsewhere, the Report again explains in general terms--without making reference to any distinction between options and futures--that the legislation:
Although the OTC market for foreign currency options had not yet developed in 1974, the reasons underlying the Treasury Department's express desire at that time to exempt off exchange commodity futures trading from CFTC regulation apply with equal force to options today. Foreign currency options and futures are now traded in the same off exchange markets, by the same entities, for quite similar purposes. See Brief for Foreign Exchange Committee et al. as Amici Curiae 19. Contrary to the Commission's suggestion, we therefore think the purposes underlying the Treasury Amendment are most properly fulfilled by giving effect to the plain meaning of the language as Congress enacted it.
The CFTC rejoins that the Treasury Amendment should be construed in the light of Congress' history of regulating options more strictly than futures. See Snider §§7.03-7.04; Brief for Respondent 38-39. The Commission submits that this distinction was motivated by the view that options lend themselves more readily to fraudulent schemes than futures contracts. Hence,the CFTC argues that Congress would have acted reasonably and consistently with prior practice had it regulated commodities differently from options. While that may be true, we give only slight credence to these general historical considerations, which are unsupported by statutory language, or any evidence evocative of the particular concerns focused on by the legislators who enacted the Treasury Amendment. We think the history of the Treasury Amendment suggests--contrary to the CFTC's view--that it was intended to take all transactions relating to foreign currency not conducted on a board of trade outside of the CEA's ambit. This interpretation is consistent with the fact that, prior to the enactment of the CEA in 1974, foreign currency trading had been entirely unregulated under the commodities laws.
Our interpretation is also consonant with the history of evolving congressional regulation in this area. That history has been one of successively broadening the coverage of regulation by the addition of more and more commodities to the applicable legislation. 11 It seemsquite natural in this context to read the Treasury Amendment's exemption of transactions in foreign currencies as a complete exclusion of that commodity from the regulatory scheme, except, of course, to the extent that the proviso for transactions "conducted on a board of trade" qualifies that exclusion. See 7 U.S.C. § 2(ii).
To buttress its reading of the statute, the CFTC argues that elsewhere in the CEA Congress referred to transactions "involving" a particular commodity to describe options or used other "more encompassing terminology," rather than what we are told is the narrower term transactions "in" the commodity, which was reserved for futures, spot transactions, and forward contracts. Brief for Respondent 30-33. Not only do we think it unlikely that Congress would adopt such a subtle method of drawing important distinctions, there is little to suggest that it did so.
Congress' use of these terms has been far from consistent. Most strikingly, the use of the word "involving" in the Treasury Amendment itself completely eviscerates the force of the Commission's argument. After setting forth exemptions for, inter alia, "transactions in foreign currency," the Amendment contains a proviso sweeping back into the statute's coverage "such transactions involv[ing] the sale thereof for future delivery conducted on a board of trade." 7 U.S.C. § 2(ii) (emphasis added). As we have already noted, the CFTC agrees that futures contracts are a subset of "transactions in foreign currency." The Commission further submits that the proviso uses the word "involve" to make the exemption inapplicable to those futures contracts that are conducted on a board of trade. This contradicts the "in" versus "involving" distinction. We would expect on the Commission's reasoning that this provision would refer to "transactions in futures." The use of the term "involving" instead, within the very amendment that respondent claims embraces this distinction, weighs heavily against the view that any such distinction was intended by Congress. 12
The CFTC argues further that the proviso properly understood aids its cause. The proviso sweeps back into the CFTC's jurisdiction otherwise exempt "transactions in foreign currency" that "involve the sale thereof for future delivery" and are "conducted on a board of trade." Since the proviso refers to futures without mentioning options, the Commission submits that the exemption itself should be read only to cover futures because Congress cannot reasonably have intended to regulate exchange trading in foreign currency futures without also regulating exchange trading in such options. We agree that Congress intended no such anomaly. But we are satisfied that the anomaly is best avoided by reading the proviso broadly rather than reading the exemption narrowly.
The proviso's language fairly accommodates inclusion of both options and futures. To fall within the proviso, a transaction must "involve the sale [of foreign currency] for future delivery." §2(ii) (emphasis added). Because options convey the right to buy or sell foreign currency at some future time prior to their expiration, they are transactions "involv[ing]" or related to the sale of foreign currency for future delivery. Thus, both futures and options are covered by both the exemption and the proviso. While that may not be the only possible reading of the literal text, and we do not intend to suggest that a similar construction would be required with respect to other provisions of the CEA, our interpretation is faithful to the "contemporary legal context" in which the Treasury Amendment was drafted. Cannon v. University of Chicago, 441 U.S. 677, 699 (1979); see also Massachusetts v. Morash, 490 U.S. 107, 115 (1989) (noting that " `in expounding a statute, we [are] not . . . guided by a single sentence or member of a sentence, but look to the provisions of the whole law, and to its object and policy' ") (quoting Pilot Life Ins. Co. v. Dedeaux, 481 U.S. 41, 51 (1987)).
Finally, the CFTC calls our attention to statements in the legislative history of a 1982 amendment to the CEA, 13 indicating that the drafters of that amendment believed that the CFTC had the authority to regulateforeign currency options "when they are traded other than on a national securities exchange." See S. Rep. No. 97-384, p. 22 (1982). Those statements, at best, might be described as "legislative dicta" because the 1982 amendment itself merely resolved a conflict between the Securities Exchange Commission and the CFTC concerning their respective authority to regulate transactions on an exchange. See Snider §10.24. The amendment made no change in the law applicable to off exchange trading. Although the "dicta" is consistent with the position that the CFTC advocates, it sheds no light on the intent of the authors of the Treasury Amendment that had been adopted eight years earlier. See, e.g., Mackey v. Lanier Collection Agency & Service, Inc., 486 U.S. 825, 839 " 840 (1988). 14
Underlying the statutory construction question before us, we recognize that there is an important public policy dispute--with substantial arguments favoring each side. Petitioners, their amici, and the Treasury Department, argue that if off exchange foreign currency options are not treated as exempt from CEA regulation, the increased costs associated with unnecessary regulation of the highly sophisticated OTC foreign currency markets might well drive this business out of the United States. 15 The Commission responds that to the extent limited exemptions from regulation are necessary, it will provide them, but argues that options are particularly susceptible to fraud and abuse if not carefully policed. Brief for Respondent 26, 49. As the Commission properly acknowledges, however, these are arguments best addressed to the Congress, not the courts. See United States v. Rutherford, 442 U.S. 544, 555 (1979). Lacking the expertise or authority to assess these important competing claims, we note only that "a literal construction of the statute" does not "yiel[d] results so manifestly unreasonable that they could not fairly be attributed to congressional design." Ibid.
The judgment of the Court of Appeals is reversed, and the case is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
It is so ordered.
No. 95-1181
WILLIAM C. DUNN and DELTA CONSULTANTS, INC., PETITIONERS v. COMMODITY FUTURES TRADING COMMISSION et al.
on writ of certiorari to the united states court of appeals for the second circuit
[February 25, 1997]
Justice Scalia , concurring in part and concurring in I agree with the Court that "the purposes underlying the Treasury Amendment are most properly fulfilled by giving effect to the plain meaning of the language as Congress enacted it," ante, at 9, which includes options to buy or sell foreign currency. This principle is contradicted, however, by the Court's extensive discussion of legislative history, see ante, at 6, n. 8, 8-9, 14, as though that were necessary to confirm the "plain meaning of the language," or (worse) might have power to overcome it. I join all except those portions of the opinion, which achieve nothing useful and sow confusion in the law.
[ Footnote 1 ] The complaint names as defendants William C. Dunn, Delta Consultants, Inc., Delta Options, Ltd., and Nopkine Co., Ltd. App. 6-7. Only Dunn and Delta Consultants are petitioners here.
[ Footnote 2 ] The statute provides: "No person shall offer to enter into, enter into or confirm the execution of, any transaction involving any commodity regulated under this chapter which is of the character of, or is commonly known to the trade as, an `option' . . . contrary to any rule, regulation, or order of the Commission prohibiting any such transaction or allowing any such transaction under such terms and conditions as the Commission may prescribe." 7 U.S.C. § 6c(b). The regulations at issue here further make it unlawful "for any person directly or indirectly . . . [t]o cheat or defraud or attempt to cheat or defraud any other person; . . . [t]o make or cause to be made to any other person any false report or statement thereof or cause to be entered for any person any false record thereof; . . . [or] [t]o deceive or attempt to deceive any other person by any means whatsoever . . . in or in connection with an offer to enter into, the entry into, or the confirmation of the execution of, any commodity option transaction." 17 CFR § 32.9 (1996).
[ Footnote 3 ] We are informed by amici that participants in the "highly evolved, sophisticated" OTC foreign currency markets include "commercial and investment banks . . . foreign exchange dealers and brokerage companies, corporations, money managers (including pension, mutual fund and commodity pool managers), commodity trading advisors, insurance companies, governments and central banks." Brief for Foreign Exchange Committee et al. as Amici Curiae 8. These markets serve a variety of functions, including providing ready access to foreign currency for international transactions, and allowing businesses to hedge against the risk of exchange rate movements. Id., at 8-9.
[ Footnote 4 ] 58 F. 3d 50, 53 (CA2 1995) (citing Commodity Futures Trading Comm'n v. American Bd. of Trade, 803 F. 2d 1242 (CA2 1986)).
[ Footnote 5 ] 58 F. 3d, at 54 (citing Salomon Forex, Inc. v. Tauber, 8 F. 3d 966 (CA4 1993), cert. denied, 511 U.S. 1031 (1994)).
[ Footnote 6 ] See G. Munn & F. Garcia, Encyclopedia of Banking and Finance 736 (8th ed. 1983) (hereinafter Munn & Garcia); C. Luca, Trading in the Global Currency Markets 243 (1995) (hereinafter Luca). Participants in these markets refer to an option that provides the right to sell currency as a "put," and one that provides the right to buy as a "call." Munn & Garcia 737; Luca 270, 272. Options can themselves be traded, at values that vary depending upon the exchange rate of the underlying currencies prior to the option's expiration. Brief for Foreign Exchange Committee et al. as Amici Curiae 5, n. 5.
[ Footnote 7 ] See Munn & Garcia 414; City of New York Bar Association Committee on Futures Regulation, The Evolving Regulatory Framework for Foreign Currency Trading 9 (1986).
[ Footnote 8 ] The amendment was enacted on the suggestion of the Treasury Department at the time of a dramatic expansion in the scope of federal commodities regulation. The Department expressed concerns in a letter to the relevant congressional committee that this development might lead, inter alia, to the unintended regulation of the off exchange market in foreign currency futures. See S. Rep. No. 93-1131, pp. 50-51 (1974) ("The Department feels strongly that foreign currency futures trading, other than on organized exchanges, should not be regulated by the new agency") (letter of Donald Ritger, Acting General Counsel). The Treasury Amendment, which tracks almost verbatim the language proposed by the Department, cf. id., at 51, was included in the legislation to respond to these concerns. Id., at 23. The CFTC is therefore plainly correct to reject the suggestion of its amici that the Treasury Amendment's exemption be construed not to include futures contracts within its coverage. See Brief for Chicago Mercantile Exchange as Amicus Curiae 17-18; Brief for Board of Trade of City of Chicago as Amicus Curiae 10.
[ Footnote 9 ] See Snider §9.01 (defining "spot transactions" and "forwardcontracts").
[ Footnote 10 ] Similarly, the Conference Committee Report points out that the Treasury Amendment "provides that interbank trading of foreign currencies and specified financial instruments is not subject to Commission regulation." H. R. Rep. No. 93-1383, p. 35 (1974).
[ Footnote 11 ] The Grain Futures Act, enacted by Congress in 1922 to authorize the Secretary of Agriculture to supervise trading in grain futures on "contract markets," defined the regulated commodities to include "wheat, corn, oats, barley, rye, flax, and sorghum." 42 Stat. 998. In 1936 Congress expanded the coverage of the legislation to add further agricultural commodities, including cotton, rice, butter, eggs, and Irish potatoes. Ch. 545, 49 Stat. 1491. (The contrast between the title of the 1936 Act--%Commodity Exchange Act"--and the title of its predecessor--%Grain Futures Act"--suggests that an easy way to describe the coverage of the legislation is to identify the commodities that it regulates). In 1968 the coverage of the legislation was again expanded, this time to include livestock and livestock products. 82 Stat. 26. The 1974 amendment expanded the coverage of the statute to include nonagricultural commodities and, appropriately, replaced regulation by the Secretary of Agriculture with regulation by a new commission whose title included the word "Commodity."
[ Footnote 12 ] Similarly, the statute refers at one point to "[t]ransactions in commodities involving the sale thereof for future delivery . . . and known as `futures.' " 7 U.S.C. § 5 (emphasis added). Had Congress meant to maintain the Commission's distinction, we would not have expected the Legislature to use the words "in" and "involving" loosely in the same sentence to refer to futures, which the CFTC informs us are transactions "in" (but not "involving") foreign currency. Similarly, the statute refers elsewhere to "transaction[s] in an option on foreign currency." §6c(f) (emphasis added). If Congress had spoken in the manner the CFTC suggests, that provision would instead use the phrase "transactions involving an option." The statute's general jurisdictional provision also fails to maintain the distinction the Commission presses. The CEA provides that the CFTC "shall have exclusive jurisdiction . . . with respect to accounts, agreements (including any transaction which is of the character of, or is commonly known to the trade as, an `option' . . .), and transactions involving contracts of sale of a commodity for future delivery." §2(i) (emphasis added). The Commission submits that this language gives the CFTC regulatory authority over options on futures contracts, see Snider §10.11, and argues that the use of the word "involving" is therefore in keeping with its interpretation of the statutory scheme. See Brief for Respondent 32. But §2(i) provides the CFTC with exclusive jurisdiction over far more. Among other things, it explicitly grants jurisdiction over any "transactio[n] involving contracts of sale of a commodity for future delivery," plainly meaning at a minimum ordinary futures contracts, which the Commission otherwise insists are transactions "in" commodities.
[ Footnote 13 ] Futures Trading Act of 1982, Tit. I, §102, 96 Stat. 2296, 7 U.S.C. § 6c(f).
[ Footnote 14 ] Though the CFTC's brief disclaims any need for it, Brief for Respondent 48, at oral argument the Commission requested for the first time that we give deference to its interpretation of the Treasury Amendment as the agency "charged with administering" it. Smiley v. Citibank (South Dakota), N. A., 517 U. S. ___, ___ (1996) (slip op., at 3); Tr. of Oral Arg. 54; see Chevron U. S. A. Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837 (1984). If Chevron principles were applicable, we are unsure that the CFTC's position would be the one owed deference. As the Commission concedes, Brief for Respondent 25, the Treasury Department has taken a quite different view of the statute--one consonant with the interpretation set forth here--to which petitioners argue deference is owed if Chevron is invoked. A reasonable argument could be made that Congress intended to charge Treasury, rather than the Commission, with administering the dimensions of the aptly named Treasury Amendment, which was specifically enacted at the behest of Treasury to confine the CFTC's activities. Cf. Smiley, 517 U. S., at ___ (slip op., at 5) (explaining that Chevron deference arises out of background presumptions of congressional intent); Martin v. Occupational Safety and Health Review Comm'n, 499 U.S. 144, 157 -158 (1991) (allocating power "authoritatively to interpret . . . regulations" after assessing "available indicia of legislative intent"). We need not "resolve the difficult issues regarding deference which would be lurking in other circumstances." Estate of Cowart v.Nicklos Drilling Co., 505 U.S. 469, 477 (1992). Because "the statute, as a whole, clearly expresses Congress' intention" to include foreign currency options within the Treasury Amendment's exemption, administrative deference is improper. Dole v. Steelworkers, 494 U.S. 26, 42 (1990).
[ Footnote 15 ] Brief for Petitioners 23-25; Brief for Credit Lyonnais et al. as Amici Curiae 3; Brief for Foreign Exchange Committee et al. as Amici Curiae 6; Brief for Respondent 25.
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text: Born in the Philippines in 1979, Erwin Jay Haya migrated to Japan where he lived for three years at a US Naval base until his family moved to the United States at the age of four. He was introduced to animation while living in Japan, and has been in love with it ever since. Giant battling robots and big-eyed girls filled his imiaginations, and became fuel for his creativity. Throughout grade school, art became his passion as he was introduced to different methods of creation from graphic design to graffiti to photography, all of which have greatly influenced his style today. In the fall of 1997, he attended Academy of Art College in San Francisco, California, where he majored briefly in computer animation, later establishing himself as a fine arts major with a focus on traditional animation and character design. He started his career in illustration working on various freelance assignments while interning at Barra, a financial software company in Berkeley, designing multiple inter-office documents and providing digital illustrations for both company documentation and software products. Erwin established onesickindividual.blogspot.com in 2003 along with the development of various web-comics. He has since exhibited at the San Diego Comic-Con for the past two years in addition to designing full-time as a freelance illustrator for various independent companies and art firms.

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text: I installed ISPConfig on a Fedora Core 4 box. I followed all of the Fedora Core 4 installation instructions except that I installed all of the available packages. Everything is working great! However, I cannot get my PHP scripts to create a directory so that I can upload an image. My PHP script attempts to make a recursive directory based on the date. First, the script creates a directory based on the year. This works correctly. The directory listing for the created directory shows: [root@ddnsserver1 servadmin]# ls -Fl /home/www/web11/web/website/media/image total 76 drwxrwxrwx 2 apache apache 4096 Aug 4 07:16 2005/ Next, the PHP script attempts to create a directory that is based on the name of the month inside of the directory that is created based on the year. Even though the permission bits show it has write set, I cannot get the script to create the directory. These scripts have worked correctly on many different services. Furthermore, I have checked, using the Fedora Core 4 security panel, to make sure that SELinux and the firewall are off. The only firewall is the firewall that was installed with ISPConfig. Can anyone offer some advice/help?


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text: EDIT Oct, 14, 2017 Our fab new Mod saw fit to pin this thread. But looking back on it I realized there was a bit of really basic storytelling that should have been the first point of discussion rather than where we started, and that's THE MISSING ELEMENT OF DRAMA: THE PERSONAL STAKE (link), which I just added to the thread, so if you're new to this, you might want to jump to this post and read it first, then jump back here for the rest. -------------------------------------------------------- ORIGINAL FIRST POST I thought about folding this into the Fan Filmmaker's Primer topic, but concluded that the filmmaker's thread should be about the film production end and that the topic of scripting and writing really needed its own topic. So, to kick this off, let's talk about a topic that was brought up several times in other threads of late (such as this one)... The Three-Act Structure A structure which is the basis for most modern storytelling in the western world. It divides the story into three sections, each of which has a particular sort-of meta function. First Act = Introduction Second Act = Complication Third Act = Resolution Here are some simple to peruse examples and descriptions: A Syd Field breakdown of three act structure. Click on the links there for more details. A Wikipedia entry on Three Act Structure. Yet another example. As with any rules for a creative process there's controversy about if Three-Act Structure is always a good thing, or anything but arbitrary. Personally, I think a lot of writers use the Three-Act Structure because adhering to it gives stories a logical flow and helps avoid problems that are rampant in fan films: like deus ex machina solutions and unfocused storylines. As such, I recommend applying it to your scripts until it's second nature. At that point you can make educated decisions about something that you might think works better. Sure, rules can seem stifling to creativity, and they can sometimes lead to predictability. HOWEVER, if you don't really understand such rules you won't be able to make educated choices about when and how to break them. I could expound on this topic for a dozen paragraphs, but I'll wait to read some of your comments and thoughts before diving deeper. SIDEBAR: TV Script Acts v. Three Act Structure The "acts" in most TV scripts have nothing to do with the Three Act structure and everything to do with commercial breaks. So, a TOS script would contain a TEASER and FOUR ACTS. A TNG or DS9 script would contain a TEASER and FIVE ACTS. Despite these scripts having five or six or whatever act breaks, the stories generally will follow the rules of three act structure. What differs is that at each commercial break there must be a dramatic "hook" to keep the viewer from changing the channel. For this reason, I'll try to be consistent and always refer to TV teleplay acts in the form of Act 1, Act 2, etc., and three act structure in the form of First Act, Second Act, etc.


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Posts Tagged 'vital records bill in assembly'
Important Vital Records Bill in Assembly
This message was sent as a comment on the old version of the blogger blog that we no longer update. It is important enough to genealogists that I thought we should make a blog post out of it here on the Upstae New York Genealogy Blog at www.unyg.com/blog.
Thanks for letting us know Jim L.
If anyone has any more information on this subject we will publish it here on this blog.
There is a bill in the New York State Assembly,
SPONSOR Kolb (MS)
COSPNSR McKevitt, Bacalles
MLTSPNSR McDonough
Amd S4174, Pub Health L
that relates to the cost of review and copying of vital records for genealogical purposes; reduces current cost by half; also provides that for applicants who show current membership in a genealogical society, such applicants may review vital records at no charge; also provides that all copies of files and records secured under this subdivision shall be stamped, "For Genealogical Purposes Only"
Use this link for more details and to follow the bills progress.
Jim L.


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Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd, a global leader in digital media and digital convergence technologies, announced the official launch of the third generation GALAXY S, the GALAXY SIII for the MENA region in an event hosted in Dubai. Designed for humans and inspired by nature, the GALAXY S III is a smartphone that recognizes your voice, understands your intention, and lets you share a moment instantly and easily.
This sleek and innovative smartphone has the enhanced intelligence to make everyday life easier. With Samsung GALAXY S III, you can view the content like never before on the device's 4.8 inch HD Super AMOLED display. An 8MP camera and a 1.9MP front camera offer users a variety of intelligent camera features and face recognition related options that ensure all moments are captured easily and instantly. Samsung GALAXY S III is powered by Android™ 4.0, Ice Cream Sandwich, with greatly enhanced usability and practicality to make life easier. Packed with intuitive technology, the GALAXY S III delivers a uniquely personalized mobile experience that refuses to be compromised.
"With the launch of the GALAXY S III, we aim to maximize the smartphone experience for consumers in the MENA region. The GALAXY S III integrates an organic design and superior hardware that embraces human capabilities and the users' needs," said Mr. Kyungtae Bae, President of Samsung Middle East and North Africa. "This device enables one of the most seamless, natural and human-centric mobile experiences that consequently makes communication more natural."
Introducing Natural Interaction
The GALAXY S III enhances the interaction experience between the device and user. Smart enough to detect your face, voice and motions, the GALAXY S III adapts to the individual user to provide a more convenient and natural experience. With the innovative 'Smart stay' feature, the GALAXY S III recognizes how you are using your phone – reading an e-book or browsing the web for instance – by having the front camera identify your eyes; the phone maintains a bright display for continued viewing pleasure.
In addition to recognizing your face, the GALAXY S III understands your motions to offer maximized usability. If you are messaging someone but decide to call them instead, simply lift your phone to your ear and 'Direct call' will dial their number. With 'Smart alert,' the GALAXY S III will also save you from trouble by catching any missed messages or calls; your phone will vibrate to notify missed statuses when picked up after being idle.
The GALAXY S III features 'S Voice,' the advanced natural language user interface, to listen and respond to your words. In addition to allowing information search and basic device-user communication, S Voice presents powerful functions in regards to device control and commands. When your phone alarm goes off but you need a little extra rest, just tell the GALAXY S III "snooze." You can also use S Voice to play your favorite songs, turn the volume up or down, send text messages and emails, organize your schedules, or automatically launch the camera and capture a photo.
Human-centric Design with Uncompromised Performance
The GALAXY S III not only presents features with enhanced usability, but also provides an ergonomic and comfortable experience through its human-centric design. Its comfortable grip, gentle curves, and organic form deliver a rich human-centric feel and design. Inspired by nature, its design concept is the flow and movement of nature. The elements of wind, water and light are all evoked in the physical construct of the GALAXY S III. In its essence, the minimal organic design identity is reflected in the smooth and non-linear lines of the device. Available in Pebble Blue and Marble White at launch, Samsung will introduce a variety of additional color options.
With a 4.8" HD Super AMOLED display, the GALAXY S III offers a large and vivid viewing experience. Samsung Mobile's heritage Super AMOLED display even enhances to HD and 16:9 wider viewing angles. To ensure faster content sharing and connectivity, the GALAXY S III offers Wi-Fi Channel Bonding which doubles the Wi-Fi bandwidth.
The GALAXY S III also sports a range of additional features that boost performance and the overall user experience in entirely new ways. Its 8MP camera features a zero-lag shutter speed that lets you capture moving objects easily without delay – the image you see is the picture you take. It introduces the 'Burst shot' feature that will instantly capture twenty continuous shots with zero-lag shutter speed. This feature is extremely useful for capturing movement in images. Additionally, the 'Best photo' feature will allow you to take eight continuous shots and the phone will immediately select the best one based on the image's lighting, contrast, and composition. The best photo selected can then be shared with all your friends via SMS.
The GALAXY S III ensures users a more enhanced and memorable camera experience. HD video can be recorded even with the 1.9MP front-facing camera, which you can use to capture a video of yourself. Improved backside illumination further helps to eliminate blur in photos that result from shaking, even under low lights. The 'Pop up play' feature will also allow you to play a video anywhere on your screen while simultaneously running other tasks, eliminating the need to close and restart videos when checking new emails or surfing the Web
Easy and Instant Sharing
The Samsung GALAXY S III is more than a personal device that can be enjoyed by one user – it wants you to share and experience smartphone benefits with family and friends, regardless of where you are. With the new 'S Beam,' the GALAXY S III expands upon Android™ Beam™, allowing a 1GB movie file to be shared within three minutes and a 10MB music file within two seconds by simply touching another GALAXY S III phone. The 'Buddy photo share' function also allows photos to be easily and simultaneously shared with all your friends pictured in an image directly from the camera or the photo gallery.
With 'AllShare Cast', users can wirelessly connect their GALAXY S III to their television to immediately transfer smartphone content onto a larger display. 'AllShare Play' can be also used to instantly share any forms of files between GALAXY S III and your tablet, PC, and televisions regardless of the distance between the devices. Under AllShare Play is also the 'Group Cast' feature that allows you to share your screen among multiple friends on the same Wi-Fi network; you can make comments and draw changes at the same time with your co-workers, witnessing real-time sharing on your individual device.
Mobile payment is also accessible with the device through advanced Near Field Communication (NFC) technology. The gaming experience is enhanced through 'Game Hub,' providing access to numerous social games.


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The Broncos were supposed to pay cornerback Champ Bailey $9 million in 2014. He'll make 1/18th of that guaranteed in New Orleans.
Per a league source, NFLPA records reveal that the future Hall of Famer received $500,000 in guaranteed money as part of his two-year deal with the Saints. Initially reported as being worth "up to" $7 million, the contract pays out a base amount of $1.75 million in 2014 and $2 million in 2015, for a base value of $3.75 million.
To get the base amount in 2014, Bailey must be on the game-day roster for six or more games. If he is, he gets $250,000. If not, he will have made $1.5 million in 2014.
In 2015, the Saints owe a $250,000 roster bonus on the fifth day of the league year. Bailey gets another $250,000 if he's on the 53-man roster for the first game of the 2015 season. The base salary is $1.5 million.
The deal also contains $150,000 in incentives per year based on interceptions, and $150,000 per year for Pro Bowl. He can make $1.2 million in 2014 or 2015 for playing time, and the deal includes a $1.2 million playing-time escalator for 2015.
If the NFLPA numbers are right, that's a maximum value of $6.75 million, not $7 million. To get the $6.75 million over two years, Bailey will have to play like the guy who was supposed to make $9 million in the final year of his contract in Denver.
It's not impossible that he will. Bailey played very well when healthy in 2013. The only problem is that he wasn't healthy for much of the season, due to a foot injury suffered in the preseason.


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Los Angeles Times December 27, 2012
Afghanistan female air force pilots left grounded
By David Zucchino
KABUL, Afghanistan — Unlike most women in Afghanistan, Sourya Saleh knows how to drive — but she's taken the wheel only with her brother beside her, out of respect for tradition. Her friend Masooma Hussaini is still learning.
Both young women, though, are experts in a more demanding mode of travel: They've flown 204 hours each as pilots of military helicopters.
The first female chopper pilots in Afghanistan since the Soviets trained a woman as a pilot in the 1980s, these two young Afghans are pioneers in a land where a resurgent Taliban is determined to deny girls the right to an education, and violence against women is on the rise.
After 18 months of military helicopter training in the United States, 2nd Lt. Saleh and 2nd Lt. Hussaini have returned home as two polished, confident Afghan air force pilots. But they don't have uniforms, flight suits or an assignment. They haven't even seen a helicopter, much less flown one.
Since returning here Oct. 28, they've spent their days at home with their families, reading, watching TV, shopping and helping with housework. A superior says their paperwork is "under review."
"It seems we've been put on a very long vacation," Saleh said in nearly perfect English, honed by months in Texas and Alabama with American women who were also training to be military pilots.
Saleh, 20, and Hussaini, 21, refuse to believe that the Afghan military has abandoned them. They prefer to believe that the country's nascent air force is just slow and bureaucratic, and that they'll be flying and serving their country soon.
"I fought too hard for the right to fight for my country — I'm not going to stay home and wait," Hussaini said, picking at a chicken kebab in the women's section of a restaurant near her home in Kabul. "To not fly now after all we've accomplished for women would mean that everything we've fought for would be wasted."
The pilots' imposed idleness elicits painful memories of their childhoods, when the Taliban government forced young women to stay at home, cooking and cleaning. Hussaini and Saleh were educated in secret, illegal girls' schools until the Taliban regime fell in 2001.
"Things are much better now for Afghanistan, but there are still problems for women," Hussaini said. "Not everyone tells the truth about the situation. It's hard to know the truth."
Hussaini is poised and forthright, with expressive eyes and a round face framed by a black head scarf. Saleh is more reserved, but speaks quietly and confidently, her smooth face lightly dusted with makeup beneath her head scarf.
The two women dress modestly, with stylish Western-style winter coats, boots and handbags. Both are ethnic Hazara, a Shiite Muslim minority that has experienced persecution by Afghanistan's Sunni Muslim majority.
In a country where burkas are still common, especially in the countryside, the two pilots are portraits of modernity set against a backdrop of harsh patriarchal domination. Afghanistan's women's affairs minister reported last month that "extreme or brutal violence against women" is on the rise, with 3,500 reported cases in the first six months of the year.
"In Afghanistan, women cannot raise their voices," Saleh said. "We wanted a way to raise our voices for all women, and flying for our country does that."
This month, two women who did raise their voices were assassinated. A high school girl was shot by gunmen on her first day as a polio vaccination volunteer, and a provincial director of women's affairs was gunned down four months after her predecessor was killed by a car bomb.
Sexism is deeply embedded in Afghan society. Schoolgirls have been poisoned or doused with acid, and young women have been beaten and killed by male relatives for refusing arranged marriages to older men. Women who work outside the home are often threatened, or condemned as morally deficient.
The Afghan military was slow to accept women, but it has admitted them in recent years under Western pressure. Today, about 350 women are in the Afghan military, according to NATO, almost all of them in administrative or support jobs. An Afghan army spokesman, Gen. Mohammed Zahir Azimi, put the number at nearly 1,000 — in an army of 187,000.
In this environment, the accomplishments of Hussaini and Saleh are remarkable, especially because both come from conservative families with no history of military service. They didn't know each other when they enlisted three years ago after seeing TV ads in Kabul seeking women for the military. They were two Afghan girls who had never been away from home.
The women graduated from officers' candidate school in Kabul, then took English classes. They received instruction in English and military technical language at Lackland Air Force Base in Texas. At Ft. Rucker, Ala., they learned to fly U.S. Army OH-58 Kiowa Warrior scout helicopters.
They are combat qualified, having passed courses in basic war skills and basic combat skills — "my favorite part," Saleh said. They didn't actually fire the Kiowa's air-to-air missiles, but performed combat simulations so that they know how to launch the weapons.
Two other Afghan women flunked the U.S. pilot's course, they said. Saleh and Hussaini passed, and graduated in an elaborate ceremony attended by American military officers, and by soldiers and pilots from other nations.
They expected a similar ceremony when they returned to Afghanistan in October, they said, but there was nothing. Only their families were on hand to greet them.
When they asked to meet their Afghan air force commanders, they said, they were put off. They were not even told how many helicopters the Afghan air force has available.
"Last week, they told us to come this week," Hussaini said. "This week, they told us to come next week. That's the way it's been. It's very frustrating."
They did manage to meet Afghanistan's only other female helicopter pilot, the colonel who was trained in the '80s. Three other women have begun training as military pilots in Afghanistan, they said, two to fly helicopters and one to fly planes.
Hussaini and Saleh are glad to be back with their families, but they miss the United States: the open culture, the free expression, the friendships with American female pilots, the food. (They keep up with American friends via Facebook and email.) They fell in love with pizza, Southern fried seafood and Mexican food — "just like Afghan food, only spicier," Saleh said.
On Dec. 8, six weeks after returning home, Hussaini and Saleh were invited to the Afghan military air base in Kabul to finally meet their commander. (Their only other visit to the base was two weeks earlier, for a German TV interview.)
The commander welcomed them and told them that he hoped to have an assignment for them in the future, they said. But there was nothing yet. They were not issued military uniforms, much less flight suits. They were told to call him in a couple of days.
"We'll see," Saleh said afterward, shrugging. "We've heard a lot of promises."
Col. Mohammed Bahadur Raiskhail, an Air Force public affairs officer, said the pilots are reservists and cannot be issued uniforms until they are assigned to an active-duty unit. He blamed bureaucracy at the notoriously sclerotic Ministry of Defense for the delay.
Like any military, he said, there are time-consuming procedures that must be followed.
In the case of the two young pilots, he said, "The fruit is not yet ripe."
The military is eager to show off its new female pilots, Raiskhail assured the two women, especially after the U.S. paid to train them. They sat, arms folded, on a couch in the colonel's office. They were seated next to two Afghan women in smart green military uniforms, which only underscored their civilian clothes.
Saleh and Hussaini bristled when the colonel suggested that the three other women training as pilots in Afghanistan had progressed ahead of them.
"No," Hussaini told him. "We're ahead of them. We're the first for this air force."
Raiskhail smiled. "They are brave; they are showing the world what young women can do," he said. "They've opened the door. Some day, we hope to have women commanders."
The two pilots listened, but they did not seem encouraged. They stared straight ahead as the colonel spoke. Finally they mentioned that their piloting skills were atrophying by the day. The colonel, a pilot himself, agreed that one must fly almost daily to keep skills sharp.
There was one more thing: The two women were trained on American helicopters. The tiny Afghan air force (Raiskhail would not reveal the number of aircraft; the website GlobalSecurity.org calls Afghan air force capabilities "extremely limited") relies largely on Russian-made helicopters. That would require several more months of training before the women could fly on active duty, the colonel said.
"But I cannot say when," he said.
The two pilots were free to go. It was a sunny day, ideal flying weather. But there was nothing for them on this base. They went back into the sunlit city to hail a cab ride home, where once more they would wait.
Special correspondent Hashmat Baktash contributed to this report.
© Copyright 2012, Los Angeles Times


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Will that be red or white?
Make it red – if you value your lungs.
Researchers from Brock and McMaster Universities have found that, while both red and white wine block the proliferation of lung cancer cells, red wine is more effective at doing so.
Wine contains polyphenols – in particular, resveratrol – that are shown to have anti-cancer and other health benefits.
In their experiments on non small-cell lung cancer cells, researchers discovered that red wine inhibited cancer cell proliferation in doses as low as two per cent concentration.
To achieve the same effect, white wine doses need to be at concentrations of five per cent.
"This research looks at the effects of wine on human lung cancer cells," says Dr. Litsa Tsiani, associate professor in Brock University's Department of Health Sciences.
"What we uncovered was a significant reduction in cancer cell proliferation, which is basically growth. And that's what you want when you're trying to stop the spread of cancer," Tsiani says. "This study provides the first step, the basis, for further research to explore anti-tumor and anti-carcinogenic potential of wine."
Also on the team is Gary Pickering, a Brock professor of biological sciences and psychology/wine science, and Dr. Theos Tsakiridis, a clinician-scientist from McMaster University who works at Hamilton's Juravinski Cancer Institute and is also affiliated with the Niagara Health System.
The study, "Inhibition of human lung cancer cell proliferation and survival by wine," will be published later this week in the journal Cancer Cell International.


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Provided by: freebsd-manpages_12.2-1_all
ng_gif — generic tunnel interface netgraph node type
#include <netgraph/ng_gif.h>
The ng_gif netgraph node type allows gif(4) interfaces to interact with the netgraph(4) networking subsystem. Once the ng_gif module is loaded in the kernel, a node is automatically created for each gif(4) interface in the system. Each node will attempt to name itself with the same name as the associated interface. All ng_gif nodes are persistent for as long as the interface itself exists. Two hooks are supported: lower and orphans. The hook name divert may be used as an alias for lower, and is provided for compatibility with ng_ether(4). In reality the two names represent the same hook. The lower hook is a connection to the raw gif(4) device. When connected, all incoming packets are diverted out this hook. Writing to this hook results in a raw encapsulated packet being transmitted by the device. Normal outgoing packets are not affected by lower being connected. The orphans hook is equivalent to lower, except that only unrecognized packets (that would otherwise be discarded) are written to the hook, and normal incoming traffic is unaffected. At most one of orphans and lower may be connected at any time. In all cases, frames are raw packets with the address family of the packet attached to the front. When no hooks are connected, packets flow normally upwards and downwards.
This node type supports the following hooks: lower Connection to the lower device link layer. orphans Like lower, but only receives unrecognized packets.
This node type supports only the generic control messages.
This command dumps all unrecognized packets received by the gif0 interface to standard output decoded in hex and ASCII: nghook -a gif0: orphans
gif(4), netgraph(4), netintro(4), ifconfig(8), ngctl(8), nghook(8)
Brooks Davis <firstname.lastname@example.com>


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Console launches are emotional events—for gamers and game makers. And tonight in Seoul, one PlayStation exec broke down and wept.
This is Shiro Kawauchi, the head of Sony Computer Entertainment Korea. Speaking in his native Japanese and getting choked up in the process, Kawauchi talks about how PlayStation fans have been waiting days for the PS4 launch event and recalls meeting gamers throughout the country. It all appears very inspiring!
"I truly thank you for coming out today in this cold weather," said Kawauchi. Then, in Korean, Kawauchi added, "I love you all. Please show your love for PlayStation 4 as well. Thank you!"
It feels like there's so much more at play here. Relations between South Korea and Japan have soured, and this is a country where PC gaming rules and consoles don't. Here, a Japanese Sony employee appears genuinely moved by Korean PlayStation fans—something that's so evident even if you don't speak either language.
This is one of those moments when you say, aren't video games wonderful? Yes, yes they are.
PlayStation4 Launch [Plog Admin@YouTube, Thanks Sang!]
To contact the author of this post, write to bashcraftATkotaku.com or find him on Twitter @Brian_Ashcraft.
Kotaku East is your slice of Asian internet culture, bringing you the latest talking points from Japan, Korea, China and beyond. Tune in every morning from 4am to 8am.


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Remecó-Guatrache Colony (Argentina)
Remecó-Guatrache Colony was the first Mennonite agricultural colony in Argentina, established in March 1986 by Old Colony Mennonites from Mexico and Bolivia. It is located in La Pampa Province on a ranch of ca. 10,000 hectares (25,000 acres), ca. 700 km (435 miles) west of Buenos Aires, halfway between Santa Rosa and Bahia Blanca. By April 1987 100 families (600 persons) had already located on this land. An additional 50 families (300 persons) were still expected.
Villages were established, but as of September 1986, had not been named, except Reinfeld, which was the first village established. The land was well-suited for mixed agriculture. Crops being produced and planned were wheat and other grains, vegetables, citrus fruits, apples, peaches and apricots. Chicken and animal husbandry was also being initiated. New arrivals lived in the ranch's main buildings until single dwelling units could be built. When asked about the settlement, a businessman with whom they had dealt in Guatrache commented that on meeting them he knew immediately that these were honest people whom he could trust fully, but they also reminded him of how things must have been in the 19th century.
See also Casas Grandes Colonies, Mexico.
Mennonite Weekly Review (11 December 1986): 2; (8 January 1987): 3.
|Martin Durksen
|Date Published
Cite This Article
MLA style
Durksen, Martin. "Remecó-Guatrache Colony (Argentina)." Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. 1989. Web. 29 Sep 2023. https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Remec%C3%B3-Guatrache_Colony_(Argentina)&oldid=60391.
APA style
Durksen, Martin. (1989). Remecó-Guatrache Colony (Argentina). Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved 29 September 2023, from https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Remec%C3%B3-Guatrache_Colony_(Argentina)&oldid=60391.
Adapted by permission of Herald Press, Harrisonburg, Virginia, from Mennonite Encyclopedia, Vol. 5, p. 764. All rights reserved.
©1996-2023 by the Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. All rights reserved.


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Undictionary talk:Main Page
This is the talk page for discussing improvements to the Main Page page.
This needs a bit of thought and a much higher standard of entry to actually be funny. For the standard of quality it would need, have a look at Spellfecker on Livejournal, which is brilliant.
- The structure of the idea would probably require a separate MediaWiki installation not to be clumsy, c.f. Wikipedia vs Wiktionary - David Gerard 19:05, 29 Apr 2005 (EDT)
I intended for this to be sort of a wiki version of Urban Dictionary (as well as an experiment), in other words one where people can fix sucky entries (and where it's easier to get rid of entries people make about themselves). After all, the nonsensical entries on UD often take ages to be deleted, and errors cannot be fixed. And, before somebody asks, no, I don't think there would be much of a point in making pages for Unbooks, Unspecies, Unnews, Unmedia Commons, Unquote, Unsource, blah, blah, blah... But I'm not stopping anyone from doing that. --Evice 23:27, 29 Apr 2005 (EDT)
- Mmm. OTOH, I came here from QuickVFD ... suggesting more than me thinks the funny may need work - David Gerard 21:32, 30 Apr 2005 (EDT)
- Please shoot me if I ever make UnMedia Commons and UnMeta. --Chronarion 02:20, 3 May 2005 (EDT)
A "fake dictionary" has potential, but I don't believe a wiki version of Urban Dictionary is right for Uncyclopedia since they're, for the most part, opposites. Urban Dictionary exists to provide the correct definition of slang terms, and Uncyclopedia doesn't exist to provide anything that's correct. The two just don't match up. A wiki UD would be a nice fix to the faults that their site has, as pointed out before, but I don't think this is the website for it. --EvilZak 00:11, 1 May 2005 (EDT)
- Frankly, if you want to do it here, I don't really give a damn. However, I wish the regular site was funnier -_-... --Chronarion 02:20, 3 May 2005 (EDT)
The Word of the Day[edit]
I personally think that the Undictionary Main Page should include a word of the day, like on Wikitionary. It should be like a Featured Article thing for Undictionary and we can use a similar system. I mean, Undictionary has great words, but many shitty ones that may put people off. Ikabu 02:12, 27 April 2007 (UTC)
Stubs 'n stuff[edit]
Looks like there are many subs or substubs on the list of short articles which aren't really Uncyclopedia-worthy individually (on the "if it looks like it took 10 minutes to create..." basis) but aren't quite empty enough to be QuickVFD fodder. Some of these are one-liner dictdef entries and may be suited for moving to Undictionary, something which will need to be determined one substub at a time.
Procedure to move these would presumably look something like:
- Move/rename 'article' to 'Undictionary:Article' (no extra spaces, first letter of Article capitalised)
- Remove any categories/tags, section headers or templates
- Add the {{dict}} tag to put the article in Category: Undictionary
- Edit the main dictionary pages (one of Undictionary:A through Undictionary:Z, as appropriate) to add {{def|Article}} in the appropriate position. This will cause the text of the individual definition to be displayed inline on the appropriate page of the dictionary.
I'd be curious to know if there's any way to automate any of this? --Carlb 22:13, 27 May 2005 (EDT)
test wiki
I was thinking that I come across on my travels quite a few pages that could be in Undictonary but arn't. Is there anyway to flag them as needing to be converted/tidied up, maybe a template I can add so that the Undictionary compilers can work their magic (or delete/QuickVFD if they are not interested)?
--Elvis 01:28, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
- There isn't really a "they" who are either able to work magic or are not interested (after all, any logged-in user can move, edit or categorise pages). Undictionary:... is just another article name and {{dict}} just a category tag, like any other. The articles are basically little more than one-liners with no other formatting.
- Were you thinking of creating something like http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Move_to_Wiktionary ? --Carlb 15:52, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
This is still around?[edit]
Interesting, I thought it was dead when I made it. Looks like I'm wrong. *twitchiness* --Evice 23:09, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
Hmmmmm, shouldn't the main page be protected? --Clorox 2:41, 10 Oct 2005 (UTC)
Protected from what? --TimeStopper 16:32, 13 March 2006 (UTC)
Spoof Wiktionary:Main Page[edit]
Anyone fancy doing an UnNews on this? --Sir Elvis KUN | Petition 16:39, 4 Aug 2005 (UTC)
does it have to start with a letter? I'm trying to add $$$.
- You can put it under the asterisk ("*"). --Lenoxus 01:35, 2 June 2006 (UTC)
I think this should really be, in essence, a high-quality Devil's Wiktionary (a Wiktionary similar to Ambrose Bierce's The Devil's Dictionary), rather than a trash can of deleted things. A lot of entries should be removed. --User:Xiao Li/sig 06:13, 8 May 2006 (UTC)
Linking to entires[edit]
I'm having trouble linking to specific entries from outside the Undictionary. Anyone else having this problem? Anyone see why this could be? --Lenoxus 00:03, 2 June 2006 (UTC)
- If it is direct, it should work, eg Undictionary:P#Pilates. However, it won't work in a redirect. The MediaWiki software doesn't use 302 (url change) for the redirects, so it can't append a # to the url. --User:Splaka/sig 05:35, 2 June 2006 (UTC)
Why Grue?[edit]
Why was the index eaten by Grue? It's very inconvenient and unfunny. --Kasuga 10:56, 23 January 2007 (UTC)
A place for reatarded people to to make friends with people they will never actually meet , or that they will meet and most likely be sexually molested.
The norwegian version of Undictionary, Ikktionary has opened (my request, in fact...), the interwiki is:
Can somebody put it on the Undictionary Main Page, I can't edit it... --Norwegian Blue 20:15, 13 July 2007 (UTC)
- Added, and in good time too. User:Spang/Sig 05:25, 19 Sep 2007
Chuck Norris[edit]
Chuck Norris is the God of many religions, he is immortal, bow to him. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by WiredFREAK (talk • contribs)
- He has red hair. User:Manticore/Signature 14:56, 29 June 2008 (UTC)
I have redesigned the UnDictionary main page.--{{SUBST:User:Sabrown100/sig}} 17:58, 3 November 2008 (UTC)
- Well done. -Sir Sockpuppet of an unregistered user 15:43, 16 March 2009 (UTC)
Wow, first comment in almost a year... so, um... wtf is this?[edit]
User:CheddarBBQ/sigs 21:52,28February,2010
thanks for the postAnimmenda[edit]
I just added your blog site to my blogroll, I pray you would give some thought to doing the same.


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by Whitney Shell, Senior/Elementary and Special Education Major
I'm a senior at Alice Lloyd College majoring in both Elementary and Special Education. I'm also employed through ALC's Student Work Program as a fifth grade teacher's assistant at The June Buchanan School. As you can tell, I have a strong desire to have a positive impact on the lives of children in this area, which is why I chose to pursue a career in teaching. My experiences as a teacher's assistant, along with my education courses, have shaped me into a knowledgeable student who is fully prepared to begin my student teaching semester. I am extremely excited to begin that process so that I can soon become an actual teacher. Thanks to your generous donation, I will also be more financially prepared for this journey.
It is beyond impossible to put into words just how grateful I am for the contributions that have been made toward my education. Paying for a college degree can be rather difficult. Fortunately, warm-hearted people have been kind enough to assist college students in our area. Without their donations, my ability to achieve a college education would be far more difficult. I am extremely grateful for their generosity.
My hometown is Manchester, Kentucky. Manchester is a small town around an hour and a half away from campus. I chose Alice Lloyd College because of the "homey" feeling I experienced since the first day I stepped foot on campus. I could not ask for a better school to attend or for a more worthwhile education than I am in the process of receiving. Being a first-generation college student has instilled a great amount of drive and determination in me, making it possible for me to maintain a 3.9 grade point average, receive the Student Teacher Award for 2014, and to graduate with a bachelor's degree in three years.
Most people label individuals from Appalachia as less educated than others from different parts of the country. This is far from the truth, and due to the unfortunate perpetuation of that false stereotype, I have decided to spend my life fulfilling my desires of teaching and helping Appalachian children become all that they are capable of being educationally. I'm proud of my heritage, my roots and where I came from. I have received an education in these mountains that will carry me throughout my entire life and ensure a life full of opportunities.
I am also proud to say that I will be the first person in my immediate family to receive a bachelor's degree. After graduating from ALC, I also plan to pursue a Master's degree in Speech and Language Pathology. This has filled my family with loads of excitement, because I have chosen to break the trend and further my education in order to better my future. Without donors and their wonderful help, I would not be able to achieve this goal. People like you give young adults hope in a struggling economy, and I could never say thank you enough.
Help us continue the work of Mrs. Alice Lloyd and countless others by giving to Alice Lloyd College! With gifts from people like you, we can continue to offer a quality education to the young people of Appalachia. Click here to make your gift today!


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In April news broke that Apple had poached Microsoft employee Kevin Timmons to help build out its cloud-computing services.
Then in October, it turned out Timmons wasn't at Apple. He was at CyrusOne, a data center solutions company.
What happened?
According to sources close to the situation, when Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer learned of Timmons' defection, he told Apple there was no way it could hire him without legal trouble.
Kevin Timmons joined Microsoft in 2009 as general manager of data center systems. According to rumors, Timmons was unhappy at Microsoft and wanted badly to move back to California. He approached Apple about a job and said he could bring down the costs of its data centers.
Apple liked the pitch and agreed to hire Timmons. His bosses at Microsoft — including some Yahoo alumni, like Timmons, tried to get him to stay, but that didn't work out.
Eventually Timmons met with Ballmer, but Timmons had an attitude, a source tells us. After that, rumor has it that Ballmer called Apple and said the company would have legal problems with Timmons if the company agreed to hire him.
As soon as Ballmer threatened Apple, that was the end of that story. It called off the deal, and Timmons was out of a job.
Given Timmons' background, he was likely set to work on Apple's new iCloud project, which the company unveiled earlier this year. iCloud is more of an evolution of MobileMe, giving Apple device owners access to web-based storage for photos, videos and data.
This wouldn't be the first time Microsoft has tried to block a hire at one of its competitors. The company accused former manager Matt Miszewski of taking 25,000 pages of confidential information with him when he left to join Salesforce.com to oversee government sales. He held a similar position at Microsoft.
Timmons did not respond to repeated requests for comment.
We've reached out to Microsoft for a comment, but as of the time we published, the company was still working on a statement.
Are you a former Microsoft employee that faced something similar, or heard any stories similar to this one? We'd love to hear your story — email me at firstname.lastname@example.com


text: The FBI today warned travelers there has been an uptick in malicious software infecting laptops and other devices linked to hotel Internet connections.The FBI wasn't specific about any particular hotel chain, nor the software involved but stated: "Recent analysis from the FBI and other government agencies demonstrates that malicious actors are targeting travelers abroad through pop-up windows while they are establishing an Internet connection in their hotel rooms.More cybercrime newsJohn McAfee, antivirus pioneer, arrested by Belize police How to perform a disaster recovery business impact analysisThe FBI recommends that all government, private industry, and academic personnel who travel abroad take extra caution before updating software products through their hotel Internet connection. Checking the author or digital certificate of any prompted update to see if it corresponds to the software vendor may reveal an attempted attack. The FBI also recommends that travelers perform software updates on laptops immediately before traveling, and that they download software updates directly from the software vendor's website if updates are necessary while abroad."The FBI said typically travelers attempting to set up a hotel room Internet connection were presented with a pop-up window notifying the user to update a widely used software product. If the user clicked to accept and install the update, malicious software was installed on the laptop. The pop-up window appeared to be offering a routine update to a legitimate software product for which updates are frequently available.The warning was issued through the FBI's partnership with the Internet Crime Complaint Center's (IC3) and comes on the heels of a number of other warnings such as:Investment scam: The IC3 continues to receive complaints involving subjects who have obtained the names and Social Security numbers of individuals for illegal purposes. Subjects use the information to defraud the U.S. government by electronically submitting a fraudulent tax return to Internal Revenue Service for a hefty refund. The prevalence of such complaints mirrors the recent surge in tax fraud cases involving identity theft.The IRS also reported complaints of fraudsters incorporating the use of bogus IRS documents to perpetrate this scheme. "One example of how subjects are using bogus IRS documents to commit investment fraud and steal victims' identities is by the subjects posing as a tax consulting firm. The subjects engage potential victims via telephone and attempt to convince them to sell their underperforming shares in a company. The potential victim is advised to sell their corporate shares, applicable taxes must be paid. Some of the victims were also advised they had to buy other certain shares with their profit. Documents such as share certificates and invoices for federal and state taxes were exchanged via e-mail. After the funds were wired, the subjects became unresponsive to the victim's inquiries. An open source search also revealed multiple complaints concerning this scheme. It is unknown at this time how the subjects obtained knowledge that the victims actually owned underperforming stocks."Blackhole exploit kit updated: According to the IC3, Blackhole is currently the most widely purchased exploit pack in the underground market. An exploit pack is a software toolkit that is injected into malicious and\/or compromised websites, allowing the attacker to push a variety of exploits targeting vulnerabilities of popular applications like Java and Flash.On March 25, 2012, the Blackhole Exploit Kit 1.2.3 was released, IC3 stated. This kit included the latest critical vulnerability in Java, allowing the bypassing of Java's sandbox environment. Java's sandbox is designed to provide security for downloading and running Java applications, while preventing them access to the hard drive or network. New malware samples appearing in the wild have been highly successful at exploiting this flaw and it is estimated at least 60% of Java users have not yet patched against it.CPA malware: The IC3 reported an increase in unsolicited e-mails titled "[BULK] Termination of your CPA license." One example of the many e-mail addresses used was firstname.lastname@example.com. The IC3 has also received complaints reporting this spam campaign. The e-mails were purportedly from The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants concerning a complaint filed against the recipient for filing fraudulent tax refunds for their clients. A link was provided for the recipient to view the complaint. Recipients were advised to provide feedback within a specific period of time and threatened with possible termination of their accountant licenses if they failed to do so, the IC3 stated.Scamming your own car? The IC3 said it received several complainants reported about a scam involving the advertising of a company's logo on personal vehicles."Although legitimate offers exist, those scammed reported to the IC3 that initial contact with the subject was mostly through online ad postings. The posting offered an easy way to earn extra income by allowing businesses to advertise their logo on the complainant's personal vehicle through a vinyl decal or "auto wrap." The fraudsters were using company names such as Coca Cola, Monster Energy drink, Carlsberg beer, Heineken Co., and Red Bull. Individuals were advised they would be paid an average of $400 to $600 per week in exchange for driving around with vinyl advertising signs wrapped around their vehicle. Those interested in participating were asked to provide their contact information and vehicle details. They were promised an up-front payment, which would be sent by check or money order," the IC3 stated.According to the IC3 those who fell for the scam got a check or money order for more than the promised amount. They were directed to cash it and wire the difference to a third party, who was supposed to be the graphics designer to pay for the cost of the design. The checks and money orders turned out to counterfeit and the criminals, once again, were able to convert fraudulent checks and money orders into untraceable cash, leaving the victim responsible for the bank's losses.Follow Michael Cooney on Twitter: nwwlayer8 and on FacebookRead more about wide area network in Network World's Wide Area Network section.


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Denver Broncos offensive coordinator Rick Dennison interviewed with the San Francisco 49ers on Monday to run their offense.
He's the fourth coach to interview for the job on Mike Singletary's staff that was vacated when Mike Martz was fired last month.
Dennison was an assistant to former Broncos coach Mike Shanahan for 14 years, also coaching the offensive line. He won't be retained on new Denver coach Josh McDaniels' staff, but his interview with San Francisco was set up before Shanahan was fired.
Former St. Louis coach Scott Linehan, Indianapolis receivers coach Clyde Christensen and Cleveland offensive coordinator Rob Chudzinski already have interviewed with Singletary.
Copyright AP - Associated Press


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It is hard to underestimate the richness and value of the Prize Papers Archive, part of the archives of the High Court of Admiralty, kept in The National Archives (TNA) Kew. Regarded as one of the most valuable archives in the field of maritime history, this enormous collection is also of interest to social, economic, political and cultural historians. Documents pertaining to tens of thousands of ships – Dutch and French, Spanish and Portuguese, but also Danish, Swedish, German, Italian, and American – have been preserved. Because the Prize Papers are international in nature, they enable comparisons among different maritime nations. In addition to cargo lists, journals, booklets, customs papers, bills of lading, private letters, etc., all written in the language of the ship's origin, every ship's file contains at least one document in English: the records of the interrogations made by the Prize Courts of the captain and other crew members of ships taken as lawful prizes. In their interrogations of their captured crews, the English authorities posed questions interrogated about the ships' origins, their routes and planned destinations, their tonnage and freight; they also inquired about the citizenship, national allegiance and personal migration histories of the crew members. The answers given, translated into English, were written down by professional secretaries. The resulting wealth of information is standardized in its presentation and is always in English, and thus is now widely accessible.
Prize Papers Online consists of:
For more information: brill.com/ppo
This project aims to find out more about how the movement of people employed in early modern Europe's maritime sector was influenced by their skills, experiences and integration into successfully internationalised labour markets.
In early modern Europe, the maritime sector was an important part of the economy. With the increase of long-distance international trade between 1600 and 1800, the sector experienced considerable growth. It therefore attracted numerous migrant workers from rural areas to coastal or riverine urban ports, and facilitated contacts between people from different places, many of whom did not share a common mother tongue, religious affiliation or political allegiance.
We are interested in three aspects of this mobility, involving a substantial migrant population and spanning a large distance:
Did migrants who travelled long distances, and/or crossed political and cultural borders, have skills and characteristics which made them different from the non-migrants employed in the maritime sector? Here we examine literacy (assessed by one's ability to sign one's own name), numeracy (assessed by accurate reporting of ages in a population), age, marital status and occupation. These factors offer insights into the composition and representativeness of the migrant population in the maritime economy.
Do the social and cultural networks established in the maritime sector affect the patterns of mobility discernible in the behaviour of migrants and non-resident migrants? The owners of ships, the nationalities of crew members and the relationships among sailors can all have a bearing on who sailed where, for example, or in which port a particular sailor resided. We're trying to unpack the familial, economic and preexisting migrant-flow dynamics which influenced where people moved, why they chose to do so, and what they did when they arrived.
Did migration benefit the ships, ports and regional economies where it was most highly concentrated? We're interested in better understanding how leading European economies in the early modern period attracted varied kinds of migrants and experienced different levels of migration. We look at labour productivity, human capital levels and urbanisation with regard to the characteristics of both the migrants and the natives, and the evolution of these factors over time.
In our project, we use the Prize Papers Archive, and in particular the interrogations, to answer these questions. Based on the interrogations, we have created a relational database that contains all the information required by the interrogation rubric and is therefore consistently present in all the interrogations. The database comprises two tables, one of which deals with ship information such as geographical markers of its ports of origin and destination, its tonnage, the number of nationalities aboard and information about its owner. This is linked to information about the crew, since usually more than one crew member per vessel was interrogated. The crew table includes demographic information about the individual interrogated and shows his literacy, rank and the length and nature of his relationship with his vessel's master.


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