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Editor's Note (9/11/18): Scientific American is re-posting the following article, originally published September 6, 2011, in light of the 17th anniversary of the September 11 terrorist attacks on the United States.
For most Americans, as the nation's thoughts turn to the 10th anniversary of the 9/11 terrorist attacks, memories of that day readily come flooding back. People can remember with great clarity what they were doing or to whom they were speaking when they learned of the crisis—whether via a sister's phone call or a first-hand glimpse of the World Trade Center on fire.
Decades ago, psychologists theorized that the brain imprints such details into its memory, like a photograph, when we learn of sudden, tragic national events. These highly emotional recollections were dubbed "flashbulb memories"—but the notion of photographic accuracy didn't bear out in later research. [For more about the psychology of 9/11, read the Streams of Conscious blog, "Forgetting About 9/11"]
How much can we trust, then, of what we remember of 9/11? Some answers are provided by a national study of 9/11 memories conducted by researchers at intervals of one week, one year and three years after the attack. The team surveyed more than 3,000 people in New York City, Washington, D.C., Boston, and four other cities in Connecticut, Missouri and California. Last month, the scientists did a 10-year follow-up survey—data yet to be analyzed—making the project the longest prospective study of how flashbulb memories change over time. Scientific American spoke with New York University psychologist Elizabeth A. Phelps, a lead investigator of the survey.
[An edited transcript of the interview follows.]
New York University (NYU) is only two miles from the World Trade Center site. What was it like when you got to your lab the morning of 9/11?
By then, the second plane had hit the towers. There was nobody else in the office at that point, but one person. I went to his office, which looked out at the World Trade Center, and we saw one tower go down. You just couldn't even believe it. And then it was kind of a weird day. Some people came into the office. You really couldn't focus on work. So eventually I went home, watched CNN and ended up trying to go give blood.
How did the 9/11 memory project come about?
Phone service was hit or miss that day, but John Gabrieli, a friend and neuroscientist who was then at Stanford, managed to call me. He just wanted to make sure I was okay. We started talking about doing a study of 9/11, because every memory researcher knows about the classic studies of memories of the Challenger space shuttle explosion or the 1989 San Francisco earthquake. Then after a day or so, we decided to do it.
We worked very fast. John started putting the survey questionnaire together with Kevin Ochsner, a postdoc in his group. We got in touch with Bill Hirst, Marcia Johnson, Chandan Vaidya and other researchers who joined the consortium. By September 18, we had survey tables in front of the NYU library and in Washington Square, and Bill [Hirst] had tables up around 14th Street, at the New School for Social Research. Right after 9/11, people in New York really wanted to be around other people and to do things that were helpful. And I think taking our survey was something that people thought would contribute to the greater good.
My entire lab worked on the 9/11 project. At the time, it would have been hard for us to work on anything else. The streets were closed around NYU and the campus shut down. The study helped us stay busy and yet feel relevant to what was going on.
How does emotion in a traumatic event like 9/11 influence our memories?
Emotion kind of focuses you on a few details but lets you ignore other details. And if you are highly aroused by fear, that emotion helps you store things in your memory better, in a storage process called consolidation that depends on the interaction of the amygdala and hippocampus. But what we've known for a while is that emotion gives you a stronger confidence in your memory than it does necessarily in the accuracy. Usually, when a memory has highly vivid details and you're confident in those details, that means you're likely to be right. Confidence often goes hand in hand with accuracy. But when something is highly emotional, they often get separated.
So if you look at memory for 9/11, pretty much everybody would say, "I know where I was, who I was with," etc. etc. Everyone thinks, "Oh, I never would forget that." But we know from a lot of studies from the past 30 years that people aren't necessarily right. You can't even convince people that their memories are wrong. All you can say is that data would suggest your memory's wrong.
With emotional events like 9/11, I think we do have better memory for the important details [as compared with a neutral event]—we just don't have great memory for all the details. And we think we do, and that's the real contrast. Whereas, if I told you that you don't remember the details of your 26th birthday, you wouldn't be surprised, necessarily.
What exactly did you learn about the accuracy of 9/11 memories in the national survey?
It's important to mention that when we talk about "accuracy" here, we mean accuracy for details like, how did find you find out about 9/11, or who were you with? It's not the case that you don't have a fairly vivid image in your head of the planes crashing into the building. No one's forgetting 9/11 occurred.
Our measure of accuracy is consistency with what people told us in the survey the week after the attack. From that first survey to the second survey a year later, the overall consistency of the details of how they learned of 9/11 was only 63 percent. At the third survey, three years after the attack, consistency was 57 percent. So people were only a little more than 50 percent right for a lot of the details.
But they were particularly bad at remembering what their emotions were after 9/11—accurate only about 40 percent of the time, after a year. And yet overall, for all those details, people's confidence in their memories was, on average, greater than 4 on a scale of 1 to 5.
How well did people remember the facts about the attack itself?
They were better at memories for the facts of the attack than they were for their personal recollections. For instance, in recalling the number of planes involved, they were 94 percent accurate immediately afterward in the first survey, 86 percent accurate a year later, and 81 percent accurate three years later. But of course, those facts are supported by external reminders from media coverage.
An explicit example is that we also asked, "Where was President Bush when the attack happened?" Eighty-seven percent of people were accurate immediately after 9/11—but they dropped off to 57 percent and then went back up to 81 percent between the second and third surveys. We know that was due to a lot of people seeing or hearing about Michael Moore's film, Fahrenheit 9/11, which went over all the details that occurred.
Are there certain aspects of our personal recollections of 9/11 that look more reliable than others?
My research group at NYU has started to look at what kind of details are people better at and worse at in their emotional memories. Are there some details that are actually fine, that go along with the enhanced confidence you have in memory for details. And in a recent laboratory study—the paper is under review—we found that with memories for when and where, confidence does predict accuracy for emotional events, as well as neutral events. With when here, I mean the order of when one event happened relative to another event. We then went back to the 9/11 survey data, and we did see that memory was better for where than the other details. In recalling where they were when they learned of the attack, people were 89 percent accurate at survey two and 83 percent accurate at survey three.
Does it really matter if we don't have all the contextual details right in these emotional memories?
No. Again, I think we actually get better memory for the important details, but just worse memory for the other details. It's important to remember that the 9/11 attack occurred, right? I think—and it's just a theory—that part of why we have this super-enhanced feeling of remembering and sense of vividness for these highly emotional events is that knowing that they occurred matters a lot. Knowing the details about how they occurred, who told you about it, doesn't necessarily matter.
But the enhanced confidence that we have in the memory lets us rely on it and act quickly. You want to be confident of that previous memory, the main point of which was that there was this terrorist attack that could threaten my life and now I have to be wary of things that might be similar. Because you don't want to have to go, "Gee, does this remind me of anything...?" before you act on those types of threats in the future.


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Truth for Life - June 15, 2014
- Sign Up for Email?
- 2014 Jun 15
June 15
He Sets an Open Door
Jesus is the keeper of the gates of paradise, and before every believing soul He sets an open door, which no man or devil will be able to close. What joy it will be to find that faith in Him is the golden key to the everlasting doors. My soul, do you carry this key close to you, or are you trusting in some dishonest locksmith who will fail you in the end?
Pay attention to a parable of the preacher, and remember it. The great King has made a banquet, and He has proclaimed to all the world that no one will enter except those who bring with them the fairest flower that blooms. The spirits of men advance to the gate by thousands, and each one brings the flower that he esteems the queen of the garden; but in crowds they are driven from the royal presence and do not enter into the festive halls. Some are carrying the poisonous plant of superstition, others the flaunting poppies of empty religion, and some the hemlock of self-righteousness; but these are not precious to the King, and so those carrying them are shut out of the pearly gates.
My soul, have you gathered the rose of Sharon? Do you wear the lily of the valley on your lapel constantly? If so, when you arrive at the gates of heaven you will know its value, for you only have to show this choicest of flowers, and the Porter will open and without a moment's delay, for to that rose the Porter always opens. You will find your way with the rose of Sharon in your hand up to the throne of God Himself, for heaven itself possesses nothing that excels its radiant beauty, and of all the flowers that bloom in paradise, none of them can rival the lily of the valley. My soul, get Calvary's blood-red rose into your hand by faith, by love wear it, by communion preserve it, by daily watchfulness make it your all in all, and you will be blessed beyond all bliss, happy beyond a dream. Jesus, be mine forever, my God, my heaven, my all.
Family Bible reading plan
verse 1 Isaiah 47
verse 2 Revelation 17
Click here to learn more about Truth For Life
From Morning & Evening revised and edited by Alistair Begg copyright © 2003. Used by permission of Crossway Books, a publishing ministry of Good News Publishers, Wheaton, IL 60187, www.crossway.org.


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This is an archived article that was published on sltrib.com in 2012, and information in the article may be outdated. It is provided only for personal research purposes and may not be reprinted.
After months of low sales of his invention, Carl Snyder could not figure out what he was doing wrong.
He got his answer at the very first Entrepreneur Launch Pad (ELP) meeting he attended.
"It's ugly," the group told Snyder, as he held up his black and bright orange portable door alarm.
The assembly of lawyers, entrepreneurs, inventors, doctors and businessmen and women let him know what they thought, and Snyder made his way home to fix it.
He repackaged the alarm in a grey box with a clear label and immediately saw his sales jump.
"I hadn't thought about how it would appeal to customers, especially women," Snyder said. "I guess you really do have to please the whole household."
Hundreds of inventors and business owners have received similar suggestions and support in the group's nearly four years of operation. Designed to help people in various fields network to achieve success, the Entrepreneur Launch Pad has grown substantially from its first meeting in 2008.
Co-founder Andrew Willis said early meetings would attract around a dozen people. Today, the meetings in six locations along the Wasatch Front attract upward of 40 or more.
Willis said the networking sessions got their start as the economy began to sour and initially were designed to help unemployed workers find employers and other opportunities.
"It was like we were on a desert island and ships were sailing by in the distance," said the director of the Utah Small Business Development Center. "We realized we were going to have to build our own life raft."
Other co-founders were Jay Larkin, Michael Argust, Reed Walsh, Mark Freestone, Cary White and Scott Davis.
From those beginnings grew the idea of creating a support system for blossoming businesses. Each week in multiple locations eclectic groups of men and women gather to hear speakers who can help them succeed, to receive feedback on their ideas, and to help themselves to the buffet of business cards on the back table.
Tom Smokov said he can't remember just how long he has been attending meetings, but said the help was instrumental in producing and marketing his Water Pure Technologies products.
"It's like having a bunch of business partners without actually having partners," Smokov said.
Today, Smokov said his product, which purifies water, is growing in popularity and selling faster than he had ever imagined. One reason was the advice he received from those at ELP who had also experienced standstills in their businesses and were eager to talk him through it.
M. Troy Smalley sought help from ELP to make improvements on his invention, the KoolSpoon, a device that can be frozen and tempers hot foods for eating. He said he came up with the idea after blowing on countless spoonfuls of soup and other hot foods for his five kids.
Smalley stood before the roundtable of his peers at a recent meeting and asked why they thought the KoolSpoon had not tested well in commercials.
They said that marketing the product during a national heat wave probably didn't help. The group then suggested that Smalley market the KoolSpoon as a promotional item.
"I would have given up a long time ago if it weren't for this group," Smalley said. "Business is all about networking, and I think this group goes to show you why."
Just down the table from Smalley sat Joe Holmes, behind him a few models of his invention.
After struggling with poor health Holmes began walking to get exercise. He often struggled with the fact that there was no place to sit along the way.
To deal with the problem he decided to build a portable seat he could attach to his walking stick or cane.
Set up much like a milking stool, the Stickle Seat allows users to take a rest wherever they wander.
"I finally figured out how to support my weight," Holmes said. "And I'm not light."
After making a presentation to the ELP, Holmes decided to make the seat adjustable per the feedback he received.
Although he has come to a standstill in production, Holmes is confident that he will push through.
Executive consultant Dano Ybarra said he started coming to ELP meetings in 2009 because after moving from the Silicon Valley he knew very few people.
Ybarra, who had helped create the first DSL modem and later sold it for more than $1 billion, said he enjoys guiding others.
"I love helping because I've been where they're going," Ybarra said.
Find an Entrepreneur Launch Pad meeting near you
Brigham City
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Utah County
For more information visit http://www.entrepreneurlaunchpad.org


text:
- Social dilemma
Social dilemmas are situations in which private interests are at odds with collective interests. Such situations arise because people frequently attach more weight to their short-term selfish interests than to the long-term interests of the group, organization, or society to which they belong. Many of the most challenging issues we face, from the interpersonal to the intergroup, are at their core social dilemmas.
Social dilemmas are formally defined by two properties: (1) each person has an individual rational strategy which yields the best pay-off in all circumstances (the non-cooperative choice); (2) if all individuals pursue this strategy it results in a deficient collective outcome--everyone would be better off by cooperating. Researchers frequently use the experimental games method to study social dilemmas in the laboratory. An experimental game is a situation in which participants choose between cooperative and non-cooperative alternatives, yielding consequences for themselves and others. These games are generally depicted with a pay-off matrix representing valuable outcomes for participants like money or lottery tickets.
Consider these examples. As individuals we are each better off when we make use of public services such as schools, hospitals, and recreational grounds without contributing to their maintenance. However, if everyone acted according to their narrow self-interest then these resources would not be provided and everyone would be worse off. Similarly, in the long run everyone would benefit from a cleaner environment, yet how many are prepared to voluntarily reduce their carbon footprint by saving more energy or driving or flying less frequently?
=Types of social dilemmas= The literature on social dilemmas has historically revolved three metaphorical stories, the
Prisoner's Dilemma, the public goodDilemma and the Tragedy of the Commons(see Commons dilemma) and each of these stories has been modelled as an experimental game. The Prisoner's Dilemma Game was developed by scientists in the 1950s. The cover story for the game involved two prisoners who are separately given the choice between testifying against the other (non-cooperation) or keeping silent (cooperation). The pay-offs are such that each of them is better off testifying against the other but if they both pursue this strategy they are both worse off than by remaining silent.
The Public Good Game has the same properties as the Prisoner's Dilemma Game but involving more than two individuals. A public good is a resource from which all may benefit regardless of whether they contributed to the good. For instance, people can enjoy the city parks regardless of whether they contributed to their upkeep through local taxes. Public goods are non-excludable: Once these goods are provided nobody can be excluded from using them. As a result, there is a temptation to enjoy the good without making a contribution. Those who do so are called free-riders, and while it is rational to free-ride, if all do so the public good is not provided and all are worse off. Researchers mostly study two public good dilemma games in the laboratory. Participants get a monetary endowment to play these games and decide how much to invest in a private fund versus group fund. Pay-offs are such that it is individually rational to invest in the private fund, yet all would be better off investing in the group fund because this yields a bonus. In the continuous game the more people invest in the group fund the larger their share of the bonus. In the step-level get people get a share of the bonus if the total group investments exceed a critical (step) level.
The Commons Dilemma Game is inspired by the metaphor of the Tragedy of the Commons. This story is about a group of herders having open access to a common parcel of land on which their cows graze. It is in each herder's interest to put as many cows as possible onto the land, even if the commons is damaged as a result. The herder receives all the benefits from the additional cows and the damage to the commons is shared by the entire group. Yet if all herders make this individually rational decision, the commons is destroyed and all will suffer. Compare this with the use of non-renewable resources like water or fish: When water is used at a higher rate than the reservoirs are replenished or fish consumption exceeds its reproductive capacity then we face a tragedy of the commons. The experimental commons game involves a common resource pool (filled with money or points) from which individuals harvest without depleting it. It is individually rational to harvest as much as possible, but the resource collapses if people harvest more than the replenishment rate of the pool.
Theories of social dilemmas
Game Theory
Social dilemmas have attracted a great deal of interest in the social and behavioural sciences. Economists, biologists, psychologists, sociologists, and political scientists alike are studying when people are selfish or cooperative in a social dilemma. The most influential theoretical approach is economic game theory (i.e., rational choice theory, expected utility theory). Game theory assumes that individuals are rational actors motivated to maximize their utilities. Utility is often narrowly defined in terms of people's economic self-interest. Game theory thus predicts a non-cooperative outcome in a social dilemma. Although this is a useful starting premise there are many circumstances in which people may deviate from individual rationality, demonstrating the limitations of economic game theory.
Evolutionary theories
Biological and evolutionary approaches provide useful complementary insights into decision-making in social dilemmas. According to
selfish genetheory, individuals may pursue a seemingly irrational strategy to cooperate if it benefits the survival of their genes. The concept of inclusive fitnessdelineates that cooperating with family members might pay because of shared genetic interests. It might be profitable for a parent to help their off-spring because doing so facilitates the survival of their genes. Reciprocity theories provide a different account of the evolution of cooperation. In repeated social dilemma games between the same individuals cooperation might emerge because people can punish a partner for failing to cooperate. This encourages reciprocal cooperation. Reciprocitycan explain why people cooperate in dyads but what about larger groups? Evolutionary theories of indirect reciprocity and costly signalling may be useful to explain large-scale cooperation. When people can selectively choose partners to play games with, it pays to develop a cooperative reputation. Through cooperating people signal to others that they are kind and generous which might make them attractive group members.
Psychological theories
Psychological models offer additional insights into social dilemmas by questioning the game theory assumption that individuals pursue their narrow self-interest.
Social interdependence theorysuggests that people transform a given pay-off matrix into an effective matrix that is more consistent with their social dilemma preferences. A prisoner's dilemma with close kin, for example, changes the pay-off matrix into one in which it is rational to be cooperative. Attribution models offer further support for these transformations. Whether individuals approach a social dilemma selfishly or cooperatively might depend upon whether they believe people are naturally greedy or cooperative. Similarly, goal-expectation theoryassumes that people might cooperate under two conditions: They must (1) have a cooperative goal, and (2) expect others to cooperate. Another psychological model, the appropriateness model, questions the game theory assumption that individuals rationally calculate their pay-offs. Instead many people base their decisions on what people around them do and use simple heuristics, like an equality rule, to decide whether or not to cooperate.
Factors promoting cooperation in social dilemmas
Studying the conditions under which people cooperate might lead to recommendations to solve social dilemmas in society. The literature distinguishes between three broad classes of solutions--motivational, strategic, and structural--which vary in whether they see actors as motivated purely by self-interest and in whether they change the rules of the social dilemma game.
Motivational solutions
Motivational solutions assume that people have other-regarding preferences. There is a considerable literature on social values which shows that people have stable preferences for how much they value outcomes for self versus others. Research has concentrated on three social motives: (1) individualism—maximizing own outcomes regardless of others; (2) competition--maximizing own outcomes relative to others; and (3) cooperation--maximizing joint outcomes. The first two orientations are referred to as proself orientations and the third as a prosocial orientation. There is much support for the idea that prosocial and proself individuals behave differently when confronted with a social dilemma in the laboratory as well as field. Fact|date=August 2008People with prosocial orientations weigh the moral implications of their decisions more and see cooperation as the most preferable choice in a social dilemma. When there are conditions of scarcity, like a water shortage, prosocials harvest less from a common resource. Similarly prosocials are more concerned about the environmental consequences of, for example, taking the car or public transport. Fact|date=August 2008
Research on the development of social value orientations suggest an influence of factors like family history (prosocials have more sibling sisters), age (older people are more prosocial), culture (more individualists in Western cultures), gender (more women are prosocial), even university course (economics students are less prosocial). Fact|date=August 2008However, until we know more about the psychological mechanisms underlying these social value orientations we lack a good basis for interventions.
Many people also have group-regarding preferences (
social identity). People's group association is a powerful predictor of their social dilemma behaviour. When people highly identify with a group they contribute more to public goods and harvest less from common resources. Fact|date=August 2008Group identifications have even more striking effects when there is intergroup competition. When social dilemmas involve two or more groups of players there is much less cooperation than when individuals play. Yet intergroup competition also facilitates intragroup cooperation, especially among men. When a resource is depleting rapidly, people are more willing to compensate for selfish decisions from ingroup members than from outgroup members. Fact|date=August 2008 Furthermore, the free-rider problemis much less pronounced when there is intergroup competition. However, intergroup competition can be a double-edged sword. Encouraging competition between groups might serve the temporary needs of ingroup members but the social costs of intergroup conflicts can be severe for either group. Fact|date=August 2008It is not entirely clear why people cooperate more as part of a group. One possibility is that people become genuinely more altruistic. Other possibilities are that people are more concerned about their ingroup reputation or are more likely to expect returns from ingroup than outgroup members. This needs further investigation.
Another factor that might affect the weight individuals assign to group outcomes is the possibility of
communication. A robust finding in the social dilemma literature is that cooperation increases when people are given a chance to talk to each other.Fact|date=August 2008 It has been quite a challenge to explain this effect. One motivational reason is that communication reinforces a sense of group identity.
Another reason is that communication offers an opportunity for moral suasion so that people are exposed to arguments to do what is morally right.Fact|date=August 2008
But there may be strategic considerations as well. First, communication gives group members a chance to make promises and explicit commitments about what they will do. Yet it is not clear if many people stick to their promises to cooperate. Similarly through communication people are able to gather information about what others do. However, in social dilemmas this information might produce ambiguous results: If I know that most people cooperate I may be tempted to act selfishly?
trategic solutions
A second category of solutions are primarily strategic. I already discussed the strategic effects of communication. In repeated interactions cooperation might emerge when people adopt a
Tit for tatstrategy (TFT). TFT is characterized by making a first cooperative move while the next move mimics the decision of the partner. Thus, if a partner does not cooperate, you copy this move until your partner starts to cooperate. Computer tournaments in which different strategies were pitted against each other showed TFT to be the most successful strategy in social dilemmas. TFT is a common strategy in real-world social dilemmas because it is nice but firm. Think, for instance, about marriage contracts, rental agreements, and international trade policies that all use TFT-tactics.
However, TFT is quite an unforgiving strategy and in noisy real-world dilemmas a more forgiving strategy might be better. Such a strategy is know as Generous-tit-for-tat (GTFT)Nowak MA , K Sigmund (1992). Tit for tat in heterogeneous populations. Nature 355: 250-253. [http://www.ped.fas.harvard.edu/people/faculty/publications_nowak/Nature92b.pdf] ] . This strategy always reciprocates cooperation with cooperation, and usually replies to defection with defection. However, with some probability GTFT with forgive a defection by the other player and cooperate. In a world of errors in action and perception, such a strategy can be a Nash equilibrium and evolutionarily stable. The more beneficial cooperation is, the most forgiving GTFT can be will still resisting invasion by defectors.
Even when partners might not meet again it could be strategically wise to cooperate. When people can selectively choose who to interact with it might pay to be seen as a cooperator. Research shows that cooperators create better opportunities for themselves than non-cooperators: They are selectively preferred as collaborative partners, romantic partners, and group leaders. This only occurs however when people's social dilemma choices are monitored by others. Public acts of altruism and cooperation like charity giving, philanthropy, and bystander intervention are probably manifestations of reputation-based cooperation.Fact|date=August 2008
tructural solutions
Structural solutions change the rules of the game either through modifying the social dilemma or removing the dilemma altogether. Not surprisingly, many studies have shown that cooperation rates go up the higher the relative pay-offs for cooperation.Fact|date=August 2008 Field research on conservation behaviour has shown that selective incentives in the form of monetary rewards are effective in decreasing domestic water and electricity use.Fact|date=August 2008 Furthermore, experimental studies show that
cooperationis more likely if individuals have the ability to punish defectors.Fact|date=August 2008 Yet implementation of reward and punishment systems can be problematic for various reasons. First, there are significant costs associated with creating and administering sanction systems. Providing selective rewards and punishments requires support institutions to monitor the activities of both cooperators and non-cooperators, which can be quite expensive to maintain. Second, these systems are themselves public goodsbecause one can enjoy the benefits of a sanctioning system without contribution to its existence. The police, army, and judicial system will fail to operate unless people are willing to pay taxes to support them. This raises the question if many people want to contribute to these institutions. Experimental research suggests that particularly low trust individuals are willing to invest money in punishment systems.Fact|date=August 2008 A considerable portion of people are quite willing to punish non-cooperators even if they personally do not profit. Some researchers even suggest that altruistic punishment is an evolved mechanism for human cooperation. A third limitation is that punishment and reward systems might undermine people's voluntary cooperative intention. Some people get a "warm glow" from cooperation and the provision of selective incentives might crowd out their cooperative intention. Similarly the presence of a negative sanctioning system might undermine voluntary cooperation. Research has found that punishment systems decrease the trust that people have in others. Thus, sanctioning is a delicate strategy.
Boundary structural solutions modify the social dilemma structure and such strategies are often very effective. An often studied solution is the establishment of a leader or authority to manage a social dilemma.Fact|date=August 2008 Experimental studies on commons dilemmas show that overharvesting groups are more willing to appoint a leader to look after the common resource. There is a preference for a democratically elected prototypical
leaderwith limited power especially when people's group ties are strong. When ties are weak, groups prefer a stronger leader with a coercive power base. The question remains whether authorities can be trusted in governing social dilemmas and field research shows that legitimacy and fair procedures are extremely important in citizen's willingness to accept authorities.
Another structural solution is reducing group size. Cooperation generally declines when group size increases. In larger groups people often feel less responsible for the common good and believe, rightly or wrongly, that their contribution does not matter. Reducing the scale--for example through dividing a large scale dilemma into smaller more manageable parts--might be an effective tool in raising cooperation.
Another proposed boundary solution is to remove the social from the dilemma, by means of
privatization. People are often better in managing a private resource than a resource shared with many others. However it is not easy to privatize moveable resources such as fish, water, and clean air. Privatization also raises concerns about social justice as not everyone may be able to get an equal share. Finally, privatization might erode people's intrinsic motivation to cooperate.Fact|date=August 2008
As social dilemmas in society become more pressing there is an increasing need for policies. It is encouraging that much
social dilemmaresearch is applied to areas such as organizational welfare, public health, local and global environmental change. The emphasis is shifting from pure laboratory research towards research testing combinations of motivational, strategic, and structural solutions. It is also noteworthy that social dilemmas is an interdisciplinary research field with participation from researchers from various behavioural sciences who are developing unifying theoretical frameworks to study social dilemmas (like evolutionary theory). For instance, there is a burgeoning neuroeconomicsliterature studying brain correlates of decision-making in social dilemmas with neuroscience methods. Finally, social dilemma researchers are increasingly using more dynamical experimental designs to see, for instance, what happens if people can voluntarily or involuntarily enter or exit a social dilemma, or play different social dilemmas at the same time within different groups.
* Axelrod, R. A. (1984). The evolution of cooperation. New York: Basic Books
* Batson, D., & Ahmad, N. (2008) [http://www.in-mind.org/issue-6/altruism-myth-or-reality.html Altruism: Myth or Reality?] . In-Mind Magazine, 6.
* Dawes, R. and Messick, M. (2000). Social Dilemmas. International Journal of Psychology, 35 (2), 111-116.
* Kollock, P. (1998). Social dilemmas: Anatomy of cooperation. Annual Review of Sociology, 24, 183-214.
* Komorita, S, & Parks, C. (1994). Social Dilemmas. Westview Press.
* Messick, D. M., & Brewer, M. B. (1983). Solving social dilemmas: A review. In L. Wheeler & P. Shaver (Eds.), Review of personality and social psychology (Vol. 4, pp. 11 - 44). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
* Nowak MA , K Sigmund (1992). Tit for tat in heterogeneous populations. Nature 355: 250-253. [http://www.ped.fas.harvard.edu/people/faculty/publications_nowak/Nature92b.pdf]
* Ridley, M. (1997). Origins of virtue. London: Penguin Classics
* Schneider, S. K., & Northcraft, G. B. (1999). Three social dilemmas of workforce diversity in organizations: A social identity perspective. Human Relations, 52, 1445-1468.
* Van Lange, P.A. M., Otten, W., De Bruin, E. M. N., & Joireman, J. A. (1997). Development of prosocial, individualistic, and competitive orientations: Theory and preliminary evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 733-746.
*Van Vugt, M., & De Cremer, D. (1999). Leadership in social dilemmas: The effects of group identification on collective actions to provide public goods. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 587-599.
* Weber, M., Kopelman, S., & Messick, D. M. (2004). A conceptual review of social dilemmas: Applying a logic of appropriateness. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 8, 281-307.
* Yamagishi, T. (1986). The structural goal/expectation theory of cooperation in social dilemmas. In E. Lawler (Ed.), Advances in group processes (Vol. 3, pp. 51–87). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
See also
Collective rationality
Decision theory
Game theory
Nash equilibrium
Prisoner's Dilemma
Strategic games
Tragedy of the commons
Tragedy of the anticommons
Voting paradox
Zero-sum game
Collective action
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.


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[page 315, column 4:]
ON a hot summer day, when the cholera was in the city, there came up four stairways into a printing-office, a slender man, poorly clad, and with but one shoe. It's funny, I know; but he had but one shoe. There may have been genius written on his broad forehead, and the large love of a pure but neglected intellect in his clear eyes — but he was poorly clad, and had but one shoe to his feet. He came stealthily up stairs, as if conscious that the world had forsaken him, and that he was an intruder anywhere. He sat quietly down, near a table where a young man — an author — was writing. Then the poet — for the man shabbily clad was a poet — spoke to the author, and told him how he had no bread to eat, no place to sleep, not one friend in God's world. He besought the author not to forsake him.
"You are my last hope. If you fail me, I can do nothing but die."
You may be sure that the words which he spoke, and the voice in which he spoke them, went straight home to the author's heart. He had not seen the poet for some time. But he remembered how that poet had once a quiet home, lightened by the smile of a wife — how he, the author, had often sat by him, and listened to him, as he poured out, free and unrestrained, the full thought of his heart. And the heart of the author sickened within him, to see a man like this in want of bread — in want of a bed to sleep upon.
But the fun of the thing was, the author had just paid his last quarter's rent, and was without a penny in the world. He must therefore go forth, on that dreary summer's day, and endeavor to gain a few pence for the poet, from among the class who grew rich upon the labors of those beggarly devils — authors and poets.
"Tell them that I am sick. That I have not a bed to sleep upon. That I only want enough to get me out of Philadelphia. Tell them plainly. For God's sake, don't fail me. You're my last hope."
The author went out. Sick himself, and poor, he went from door to door, but everybody was out of town. It was a wretched day; cholera bulletins upon every newspaper door, and a hot sun pouring down over half-deserted streets. The author was taken sick, and had just strength enough to get to his own house.
Next morning, just after daybreak, he hurried down to the printing-office, and found the poet there, sitting at the table in one corner, his head between his hands.
"I thought you had deserted me," he said, and tears came into his eyes.
This was strange, for he was not the man for that kind of thing. Then he told him how he had waited there the day before — how he had paced those streets of Philadelphia, which to the poor are as full of hope as the hottest and dreariest piece of sand in Sahara — how the very heart was broke within him.
He also told how, before he came to see the author, the day previous, he had waited upon more than one person, whose eminence in literature was owing to his criticisms, and how these eminent persons had suffered him to wait in ante-rooms and offices, while their very lackeys amused themselves by saying,
"There's ———. He's drunk again."
"And now you're my last hope. Get me out of Philadelphia. For God's sake, do it. [page 316, column 1:] I'm heart-sick for Virginia. I'm freer there than in any other place. If I can only feel my boot upon Virginia soil, I'll be a new man."
The author heard words like these from the lips of the poet, and went out, and after some searching, found five men in Philadelphia, who agreed to give a small sum in behalf of the poet. Three of these men were Magazine publishers. They acted like men. One was a clerk — he gave all he had — a dollar. Another was a man, who not only gave, but came to the printing-office, and invited the poet to his home.
You should have seen the poet's face, when the author came back to the printing-office, and told him of the success of his labors. There was a grasp of the hand, and a look of the face, which said much more than words. There was a tremor of the poet's lip, when the author told him of a certain publisher who had refused to give one dollar.
"Not a dollar!" said the publisher, when he was asked; "not a dollar."
The man who was with the author (we need not tell his name,) took the poet home, and the three spent the day together. That night those friends accompanied him to the cars, and saw him depart, after hearing his last words. They never saw him again.
But they never forgot that saddest of all sights — a great man whose genius had enriched publishers, begging his bread in Philadelphia, on a hot summer's day.
One day, news came that the poet was dead. All at once the world found out his greatness. Literary hucksters who had lied about him, booksellers who had left him to starve, gentlemen of literature, who had seen him walk the hot streets of Philadelphia without food or shelter — these all opened their floodgates of eulogy, and slavered with panegyric the man whom living they would have seen die in the next ditch without one effort to save him.
This is the joke of the thing.
One day the poet sits in a printing-office, up four pair of stairs, one shoe to his feet, his only friend a miserable devil of an author, who is not only poor, but also an infidel; the next day the poet is dead, and from Maine to the Rio Grande the critics tune their pipes, and all the booksellers, the hucksters who make books for booksellers, the critics who live in perfumes, and write with gold ink on gilt-edged paper, all burst out into one long loud ejaculation,
"Great is the poet who is dead! Allah il Allah! Allah bismallah!" — Philadelphia Sunday Mercury.
[S:1 - DLM, 1854] - Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore - A Poe Bookshelf - Edgar A. Poe (G. Lippard, 1854)


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173d STB Christmas Party
They're here! If you look along the top of this page, you will notice buttons to share the page and buy products. Sharing lets you do stuff like send emails, embed them in forums and blogs, and blast it across Facebook. Purchasing is all done on-site, printed at a professional print lab in the US, and shipped to any address you provide. If you have any problems navigating the page, click the contact link at the bottom of the screen to send me an email.Read More


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When did the Nobel Peace Prize go off the tracks? Today's award to Al Gore and the IPCC "for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change" fits in with a subset of cosmopolitan frauds, fakers, murderers, thieves, and no-accounts going back about twenty years:
MOHAMED ELBARADEI (joint winner). He's done such a nice job with Iran.
WANGARI MAATHAI. The Kenyan ecologist peacefully teaches that the AIDS virus is a biological agent deliberately created by the Man.
JIMMY CARTER JR., former President of the United States of America. A true cosmopolitan, he has undermined the foreign policy of his own country and vouched for the bona fides of tyrants and murderers all over the world.
UNITED NATIONS, New York, NY, USA.
KOFI ANNAN, United Nations Secretary General. Among other things, they have respectively served as the vehicle for, and presided over, one of the biggest scams in history.
YASSER ARAFAT (joint winner), Chairman of the Executive Committee of the PLO, President of the Palestinian National Authority. He was a cold-blooded murderer both before and after receiving the award.
RIGOBERTA MENCHU TUM, Guatemala. She is the notorious Guatemalan faker and author, sort of, of I, Rigoberta Menchu.
THE UNITED NATIONS PEACE-KEEPING FORCES New York, NY, U.S.A. Notwithstanding rapes and sex abuse committed by the team in Kosovo, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Guinea and the Congo, still doing fine work all over the world.
How about some recognition for the scientists of Laputa discovered by Gulliver in the course of his travels? Is it too late to recognize them for their fine efforts to extract sunlight from cucumbers? (Thanks to reader Anthony Ragan for his contribution.)
UPDATE: Reader Michael Slade thinks we need to extend the list a bit further back in time to include Betty Williams


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"Most photographers seem to operate with a pane of glass between themselves and their subjects. They just can't get inside and know the subject." – W. Eugene Smith
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Life at the front of the sport began with Bill Phillips -- A TriHistory Interview
All oral history is lost. Those cataclysmic moments when a parent or a preacher, a crook or cop pulled us aside and spoke to us of better times, of worse periods, of something or somebody or some idea that came before us, before Snapdoodle was our source of historical inspiration, are...Read More
In the history of triathlon there is perhaps no more significant race than the first U.S. Triathlon Series event on June 12, 1982 at Torrey Pines State Beach in San Diego, California. It was, in retrospect, a rudimentary production, little more than a somewhat tentative proof of a wild-eyed...Read More
Before triathlon existed in Northern California, I raced triathlon Hall of Famer, Dave Scott, in a run-swim event. It was August of 1976 and the race was held at Pacific Shores in Redwood City, California. I'd known Dave from collegiate swimming and water polo but failed to ask him why he...Read More
Back in the day when people were still looking at triathletes as if they were gods or fools, Miranda Carfrae was still in diapers, and fig newtons and chocolate chip cookies were the multisport energy foods of choice, a young man in Walnut Creek, California decided that he had what it took to be...Read More
Dale Basescu out of the water at the inaugural Bud Light USTS National Champonship in 1984. Mike Plant photo
Kiuru's competitive fire produced seven international Ironman victories, including four wins in a row (1991-1994) in Australia. In the photo above he is leading Mark Allen at the 1991 Ironman in Kona. (Click on the photo for the full shot)
Carl Thomas on the Queen K Highway in 1985. At the time Bud Light was the sponsor of Thomas' U.S. Triathlon Series, and the Ironman in Kona.
This is the kind of story we tell each other over a beer. It's a triathlon classic from the wooly early days of the sport, when the world was just waking up to the notion of triathlon, and even folks in the business were learning as they went. It was on-the-job training for everyone,...Read More
In 1998 France won the World Cup and snowboarding made its debut in the Winter Olympics at Nagano, Japan. Microsoft was the most valuable company in the world, the Dow dipped below five hundred, and President Clinton denied having sex with Monica Lewinsky. Alistair and Jonathon Brownlee were 10...Read More
To mark the recent 40th Anniversary of the IIonman World Triathlon Championship in Kona, Hawaii, I wanted to offer a survey of ideas and thoughts about the event I've penned over the past decades. But when I went through old files, most of the what I'd written was about the...Read More
"When the will and the imagination are in conflict, it is always the imagination that wins" -- Emile Coue'
The short history of triathlon might be written in the long search for style. How the sports' participants sought a certain look, a feel, and a coveted approach to...
In my home office closest, gathering dust and the fur of my support staff, sits 23 years' worth of Triathlete Magazines, 1987 to 2009. Recent life events had me staring at the carefully dated boxes. What made me start keeping the magazines and why are they still in my house?...Read More
My recent return to Xterra, and in some strange way, competition itself, was thwarted by the weather. But that sounds lame. Shit happens. After four days of near constant rain, the great majority of the bike and run course were mired in two or three inches of icy clay; that sticky earth of which...Read More
It sits like a time machine in a corner of my office: a large file drawer stuffed to overflowing with images from the original Bud Light US Triathlon Series, transferred several years ago from cardboard file boxes but never fully catalogued. The collection of unpublished negatives and proof...View Gallery
It was a grand idea by an early multisport impressario, Dave Horning: a point-to-point triathlon from the lower end of Manhattan, with a view of the Satue of Liberty, with a finish at the Liberty Bell in downtown Philadelphia. Easier said than done, but somehow most of the 140 starters made it...View Gallery
Over the past several years, I've been back at the Ironman World Championship in Kona with a different perspective than in the old days. I go now to see clients and pitch new business for my company, but I have no official role at the race itself. No credential, no passes, no access. This...View Gallery
"Most photographers seem to operate with a pane of glass between themselves and their subjects. They just can't get inside and know the subject." – W. Eugene Smith
It was sad to hear that running great Tom Fleming died last month of a heart attack at the still-young age of 65. Fittingly, he died while coaching a track meet. If he'd had a choice, I'm sure...Read More
William R. Katovsky didn't like very many triathletes. And in a pathetic indictment of the sport, many of the self-anointed movers-and-shakers didn't like him.
"Most photographers seem to operate with a pane of glass between themselves and their subjects. They just can't get inside and know the subject." – W. Eugene Smith


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BILBAO, Spain -- The U.S. held Finland without a basket in the second quarter, opening defense of its title with a 114-54 romp Saturday in the Basketball World Cup.
Silencing the Finns in the second quarter on the scoreboard and in the stands, where their rabid fans filled an entire side of the arena, the Americans allowed just a pair of free throws in the period, outscoring their overmatched opponents 29-2 to open a 60-18 advantage.
Klay Thompson scored a team-high 18 points and Anthony Davis had 17 for the U.S.
Thompson's Warriors teammate Stephen Curry scored four points and collected five assists in 18 minutes. He was 0-for-5 from three-point range.
Sacramento Kings Rudy Gay and Demarcus Cousins both played well. Gay collected 10 points and five rebounds in 17 minutes and Cousins tallied nine points and a team-high 10 rebounds in 16 minutes.
Team USA will play Turkey on Sunday in a rematch of the 2010 world basketball championship gold-medal game.
The event has since been renamed, but nothing else looks different for the Americans, who won their 55th straight game.
Finland was 0 for 17 in the second quarter, missing all six 3-point attempts, and missed 19 straight shots over the second and third quarters before Tuukka Kotta ended the drought with a basket with 8:48 remaining in the third that made it 62-20.
The Finns were making their World Cup debut as a wild card and didn't do much to prove they deserved it after the opening minutes. They missed all 13 3-point attempts in the first half but finally saw some shots fall after halftime when the game was long decided, giving their expected 8,000 fans who traveled here the chance to cheer.
The Americans played just four exhibition games and acknowledged they would have to use their five group stage games to continue improving a team whose players average just over 24 years of age, the youngest it has ever sent using professionals.
No problem against the Finns, where their size and athletic advantages made it look like men against boys.
And even if they draw host Spain in Madrid on Sept. 14 in the championship game, they wouldn't face a crowd that was much louder than this.
Fans wearing Finnish blue and white were pouring out of the exits of the metro station outside the arena by the dozens more than two hours before the start, looking like college football alums arriving for a Saturday morning tailgate.
They filled nearly every seat behind one of the baskets, cheering loudly from warmups straight through the opening minutes, when Erik Murphy made the game's first basket. He had Finland's next bucket to tie it at 4 but then picked up a third foul just over 2 minutes into the game and had to go to the bench, leaving the Finns without nobody who could compete in the paint.
It was 31-16 after one, but after Teemu Rannikko's free throws cut it to 39-18 with about 6 1/2 minutes remaining, the U.S. scored the final 21 points of the half, forcing a missed shot on defense, then running out for a layup.
Every U.S. player scored.
Finland finished just ninth in last year's European championship, failing to qualify automatically for the World Cup. But the Finns, ranked 39th, became the lowest-ranked team ever to receive a wild card, with basketball governing FIBA noting Finland's improvement on the court and the strength of its fan base.
And it didn't hurt that Finnish company Rovio, maker of the Angry Birds games, offered to provide advertising for FIBA if Finland was selected.
But none of those could help on the court, where all the best players were wearing red, white and blue and delivered highlight plays, with Derrick Rose flashing his old explosiveness with a second quarter drive and dunk.
The Associated Press contributed to this report


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On Labor, Primaries, and PressureJune 11th, 2010
I wasn't really planning on writing on this silly spat between the White House and organized labor over the Democratic primary in Arkansas, but there's a few different angles I want to address. For starters, while I'll agree that this never should have been said publicly, and if the White House finds out who the source is they probably ought to relieve them of their duties, let's get one thing straight; the White House official is right.Labor has every right to do what it wants with its money, but it definitely wasted its resources in this race. For one thing, Halter was hardly a progressive lion, and likely wouldn't vote much differently than Lincoln in the Senate. For another thing, Arkansas just isn't a state where labor has a lot of clout, making their backing somewhat less valuable than it might have been elsewhere. Indeed, much of Lincoln's campaign was premised around attacking Halter for being pushed by national labor unions.
On the other hand, there's the argument that the message was sent anyway; that incumbents better not cross labor less they make your life miserable. Perhaps, but I think the people pushing this line the hardest are looking at the situation through rose-colored glasses. The bottom line is that incumbent re-election rates are very high in the U.S., and they're downright astronomical for sitting Senators in primaries. And, of course, Blanche Lincoln is now a mark in favor of re-election. So even if we assume that labor or other factions of the party can give an incumbent a headache in the primary, the simple fact remains that the incumbent is overwhelmingly likely to win the primary, and much more likely to get beaten in a general election (especially if they're in a conservative state) than in a primary. For someone who's only concerned about getting re-elected, this isn't really a tough call to make at all.
On the other hand, there's the notion of the White House's ability to pressure Senators, which Greenwald raises again in typically dense fashion. Yglesias and Bernstein dispose of the nonsense in good fashion, but I'd simply add that, again, there's a very simple balance of power here; while troubled incumbents may want White House backing in elections, it's at least technically possible for them to win without it. On the other hand, the White House can't get its agenda through Congress without sufficient votes from members. With 40 Repuplicans lined up to oppose his agenda no matter what, Obama had to keep every Democrat on board for healthcare reform. If Blanche Lincoln refused to support the bill, that was it. There was no clever way out of things; it was get Blanche Lincoln to support the effort or give up on comprehensive reform. Period. The leverage between individual Senators at the tipping point of votes and the White House is always going to tilt in favor of the Senators (at least in domestic policy) because they have votes in the Senate, and you have to get votes in the Senate to pass bills. The question is how do you get those votes. Greenwald wants to imagine a world where you get them by beating marginal Senators with sticks until they're cowed like powerless children into doing what you want them to, but that world quite simply doesn't exist. Senators just aren't powerless, and thanks to the filibuster, they're holding the trump card more often than not. The national party or various factions of the party might be able to make life difficult for them, hell they may even be able to slay the dragon, but that vote in the Senate means that the Senator is going to be able to return the favor and then some as long as they have it.
And losing primary challenges does nothing to alter that balance.


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Grass Valley Receives Binding Acqusition Offer From Belden
Press Releases — Feb 07, 2014
Deal Facts
North America
Divisional Carve-Outs
Francisco Partners, a leading technology-focused private equity investment firm, today announced that its portfolio company has received a binding acquisition offer from Belden, Inc. (NYSE: BDC) to acquire Grass Valley. Based in Hillsboro, Ore., Grass Valley is one of the world's leading providers of broadcast equipment solutions.
"We are pleased to have partnered with Grass Valley's management team to streamline the company's offerings and improve its performance. The contemplated combination of Belden's Miranda business unit and Grass Valley will position them to become the clear leader in the broadcast equipment market by delivering the most complete solution to broadcasters worldwide," said David Golob, a partner at Francisco Partners and Grass Valley director.
Francisco Partners acquired Grass Valley in 2010. Under Francisco Partners' ownership, the company substantially improved profitability while also rejuvenating its product portfolio and divesting non-strategic lines of business.
"We are extremely excited to have Grass Valley join the Belden family. By combining Grass Valley and Miranda, we will create the broadcast industry's largest and most complete portfolio," said John Stroup, CEO of Belden.
About Francisco Partners
Francisco Partners is a global private equity investment firm that specializes in investments in technology companies. Since its launch over a decade ago, FP has raised approximately $7 billion and invested in more than 100 technology companies, making it one of the most active investors in the industry. The firm invests in transaction values ranging from $50 million to over $2 billion, where the firm's deep sub-sector knowledge and operational expertise can help a company realize its full potential.
About Grass Valley
For more than 50 years, the Grass Valley® name has been synonymous with innovation, leadership, and performance. With an eye to the future, we are committed to advancing our industry by being a strategic and trusted partner. Leveraging IP technology with our proprietary knowledge of media processing and storage, we develop product and service solutions that deliver unmatched interoperability and financial efficiency, and have the flexibility to change and grow as business evolves.. When you're watching news, sports, or entertainment programming—whether on a TV, the web, or a mobile device, you're watching Grass Valley at work in today's connected world
About Belden
St. Louis−based Belden Inc. delivers a comprehensive product portfolio designed to meet the mission-critical network infrastructure needs of industrial, enterprise and broadcast markets. With innovative solutions targeted at reliable and secure transmission of rapidly growing amounts of data, audio and video needed for today's applications, Belden is at the center of the global transformation to a connected world. Founded in 1902, the company is headquartered in St. Louis and has manufacturing capabilities in North and South America, Europe and Asia. For more information visit www.belden.com.


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Too many men look at their penis as a separate entity instead of a functioning and necessary part of their body. Your penis if you wish it to perform on command must stay healthy. Besides having regular sex not only for the health of your penis but your body, you should also remember to keep the rest of your body in tip-top shape to ensure that your penis is getting all the blood flow, nutrients, and oxygen it needs.
In order to do this you should use this guideline for a healthy body and healthy penis.
Eating Healthy
You should eat five or more servings of fruits and vegetables per day and eat items with less saturated fat. Eating well-balanced meals can keep your weight where it should be and provide your body with the necessary vitamins and nutrients it needs to function properly including your penis.
Exercise is an important part of maintaining proper weight for your height. Sex is one great exercise that burns more calories than most other exercise and is of course a lot more fun. Being overweight can cause all kinds of health problems and can affect your sexual activities. Obesity leads to diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, and stroke. In addition, if you are really overweight you may not be able to perform sexually, since you will more than likely not have enough energy to enjoy a sex session.
The doctors recommend that physical activity promote many healthy benefits such as gets the heart pumping blood and oxygen flowing throughout your body. In order for your penis to stay healthy, it requires blood and oxygen. However, instead of running a mile or two when it is freezing outside, jump in bed with your partner. A 20-minute sex session will also increase your heart rate, blood flow and give you a feeling of well-being.
Quit Smoking!
Smoking is associated with lung cancer and heart disease. You need your heart and lungs to function properly and provide your penis with the blood flow it needs to have those rock hard erections.
Manage your stress
Did you know that sex could also aid with stress related situations in some cases? Sex is also a great antidepressant. Next time you feel stressed or anxious, do not run to the medicine cabinet to pop a pill, jump in your partners arms. Try a more natural way of reducing stress and depression than medication. Of course, sex will not eliminate all of the problems that you may encounter in your life but it will not hurt you and it could help you in more than ways than you can imagine.
Keep your body healthy so your penis will be healthy. Your body and your penis work hand in hand to maintain a healthy body. To be sure, that your penis is actually receiving adequate blood flow you can also begin a penis enlargement program, the exercises that can be used also help with other healthy issues besides the size of your penis.


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Our Company culture & values
DASSY professional workwear is more than just a label attached to a garment. Conscious of the fact that users who wear our brand are also wearing our name and the values we stand for, DASSY is committed to producing workwear in a socially responsible and environmental friendly way and to maintain an ethical and ecological code of conduct in meeting the needs of our global customers, employees and communities.
Company culture & values
Through integrity, honesty, passion for our business and our brand as well as respect for each individual and the environment , we engage in business practices that are consistent with our ethics and values. We at DASSY believe in creating a healthy and open working environment for our employees, where they can voice their concerns freely, take opportunities to gain new knowledge and improve their skills. It is our understanding this encourages us to adopt the same approach to ethics and integrity in everything we do. Guided by these shared ethical and ecological values, we aim to profile our company as a trustworthy partner and extend these understandings not only to fellow members of our organization but also to potential new employees, customers and suppliers.
Focus on employee health and safety
We believe that the safety and health of our employees is of the highest importance. We seek to provide a healthy working environment where creative thinking, personal growth and career development through equal opportunities are encouraged.
Client value creation
Every day, we at DASSY strive to improve customer satisfaction and gain their confidence through longterm relationships by being responsible and consistently delivering quality.
Within this scope, we provide our customers with high quality products at a competitive price and create an open communication environment about our products and our company via our website, yearly renewed catalogues, dealer trainings, focus groups, etc. Our expertise in the field of pattern development, raw material procurement and clothing manufacturing form the basis for developing workwear that meets our customers' demands.
As an additional guarantee that DASSY workwear meets the highest quality requirements, our products are tested in great depth by a group of independent professionals from diverse occupations and industries , who collectively form the DASSY test team, and tests are carried out in the in-house industrial laundry and by independent, recognized test centres and institutes.
Long-term relationships with suppliers and contractors
DASSY takes into account that, in reaching our business objectives, we rely on a number of people and relationships with other companies and organizations. Whether they are customers, employees or business partners, we believe that building long-term relationships and showing respect towards everyone who contributes to our organizations' goals is fundamental to our business.
Community involvement and engagement towards society
Investing in additional jobs
As a result of sustainable growth and further ambitions, DASSY creates additional jobs not only in its country of origin but also abroad. By providing a healthy working environment and offering career prospects, we seek to retain our committed and talented colleagues, and as we grow to attract even more such people. As a result, we want to ensure that we are a fair partner to them as well as to our suppliers or any other user of DASSY professional workwear.
Sponsorship and charity work
Through charity donations and sponsorship of educational or cultural initiatives for example, we participate in and contribute to local organizations that improve the quality of life in the communities where we live and work.
Extending principles
A part from our own ethical principles and environmental initiatives, we require our suppliers, their subcontractors and other business partners to do the same. Business contracts and a suppliers code of conduct help us to select business partners who follow workplace standards and business practices that are consistent with our company's values.


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The Top Herbal Supplements of 2019
This blog does not intend to provide diagnosis...
In this article:
- Milk Thistle (Silymarin)
- Echinacea
- Maca Root
- Ginkgo Biloba
- Rhodiola
- Berberine
- Pau D' Arco
- Green Tea
- Elderberry (Sambucus)
Humans have relied on herbs to help optimize health for centuries. These days it can be challenging to consume herbs in their native state and still ensure nutrient consistency. For this reason, many people have chosen herbal supplements to optimize health and treat targeted health conditions. Below we discuss the top herbal supplements of 2019 and the science behind their benefits.
Milk Thistle (Silymarin)
Milk thistle (silybum marianum) is supplement commonly used by those wishing to optimize liver health. The herb, which has been used for over 2,000 years for health and can be traced back to the ancient Egyptians, consists of the extract silymarin and silybin, the main active ingredient of milk thistle fruit and seed.
Most recently, this herb has been popularly used by people for such conditions as hepatitis, fatty liver, cancer, and cirrhosis. It is also taken by those who consume alcohol regularly as a line of liver protection.
Milk thistle also has the following benefits:
- Anti-inflammatory properties (reduces IL-1, IL-6 and TNF)
- Improves insulin sensitivity (benefits those with diabetes)
- Lowers cholesterol levels
A 2003 study in the Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology showed the milk thistle could slow the progression of liver damage caused by alcohol overuse. Further, a 2009 study in the Journal of Hepatology found that milk thistle could inhibit the factor responsible for causing fibrosis in those with liver disease and acts as a potent antioxidant.
Suggested dose: As directed on the label. Available in capsules, as an extract, and in powder form.
Echinacea purpurea is a perennial herb that has been used for more than 1,500 years, with its origins being traced back to the indigenous people of North America. The plant traditionally grows east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States.
Used to treat respiratory, urine, and skin infections, echinacea herb is known to have potent antioxidant properties.
A 2015 study in JAMA showed that while there was no benefit in prevention, the use of echinacea could shorten the duration of the common cold. Conversely, a 2016 study published in Holistic Nurse Practitioner demonstrated echinacea could be effective in helping to prevent the cold virus. Other studies have shown similar findings.
A 2016 study in Pharmaceutical Biology showed that echinacea could be beneficial in reducing inflammation and also in helping to lower blood-glucose levels, a help for those with pre-diabetes and diabetes.
Suggested dose: It is frequently consumed as a tea but can also be taken in capsule form or as an extract. Echinacea 400 mg, once or twice per day.
Maca Root
Maca root is an adaptogenic herb cultivated in the Andes mountains of South America, primarily in the country of Peru. Grown at elevations of 13,000 to 16,000 feet (4-5 km) above sea level, maca root was used by the Inca for various medical purposes, but primarily as an aphrodisiac, to improve both libido and fertility.
A 2009 study in Andrologia showed that those who consumed maca root noted an improved sense of general and sexual wellbeing, while a 2016 study suggested that ingestion of maca root may help improve the motility of semen. However, it does not appear to alter testosterone or estrogen levels.
Perhaps related, the active ingredients in the maca root also have anti-fatigue properties, according to a 2017 study. A person with chronic-fatigue symptoms may benefit if they take maca root routinely. Other studies have shown that maca may also improve anxiety-related symptoms and menopause-related symptoms.
A different 2017 study using animal models concluded that maca root could be helpful in relieving arthritis-related pain and peripheral neuropathy, common in those with diabetes or poor circulation.
Suggested dose: 1,500 to 3,000 mg per day or as directed on the label
Ginkgo Biloba
This tree leaf is one of the most studied herbs — since 2008, more than 2,000 scientific studies have been conducted. A potent antioxidant, ginkgo biloba is believed to have brain-boosting as well as circulation benefits.
Ginkgo is considered by some to be a "living fossil" and has been found in rock layers dating back 270 million years. Native to China, it is frequently taken by those with memory issues, including Alzheimer's disease, and may improve mental sharpness.
A 2017 study in the Journal of Ethnopharmacology showed that gingko biloba, at a dose of 200 mg per day, could be beneficial for those with dementia. Further, a 2018 study demonstrated that ginkgo biloba helped protect the hippocampus (the part of the brain involved in both short-term and long-term memory formation) from oxidative damage.
Lastly, a 2015 study of over 2,500 patients showed that ginkgo could be beneficial for those with heart disease — specifically, angina pectoris.
Suggested dose: As directed on the label
Rhodiola (rhodiola rosea) is an adaptogen, an herb that helps protect cells and organs from oxidative damage. Adaptogens grow under harsh environmental conditions and must protect themselves against extreme weather, which gives them resilience.
Rhodiola has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, cardiac, neurological, and mental health benefits, according to studies. Rhodiola has been discussed in more detail in a prior article.
A 2016 study showed that Rhodiola may have a possible improving effect on mood while also being beneficial in overall stress management.
The herb also has anti-fatigue effects and helps improve physical endurance, memory, and blood pressure. It may also help with anxiety and depression.
Suggested Dosage: Rhodiola capsule – 200 - 500 mg once or twice per day or as directed on the label. Rhodiola liquid extract – as directed on the label.
Berberine is extracted from barberry (berberis vulgaris) shrub, which contains plants that are both evergreen and deciduous. Found throughout Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, and Asia, the berries that are produced are a rich source of vitamin C.
Berberine is an active ingredient and can be consumed as an herbal food or supplement. It has been shown in scientific studies to have various health benefits and is commonly used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and ayurvedic medicine, a healing tradition with roots in India.
Berberine can reportedly lower blood sugar and fight bacteria and viruses. It may even help with cancer prevention. It has also been used by ancient healers for its ability to treat infectious diarrhea. Further, berberine has antioxidant properties, which can help reduce inflammation and may be beneficial in preventing and treating cardiovascular disease.
Diabetes affects hundreds of millions of people around the world. A 2012 study showed that berberine could be helpful in reducing insulin sensitivity, which ultimately helps to lower glucose levels. It appears to work similarly to metformin, a popular diabetic drug.
Berberine has many additional potential benefits. A 2015 study in the Journal of Ethnopharmacology showed that berberine could be helpful in lowering blood sugar and total cholesterol levels. The study also found an elevation of HDL (good) cholesterol, which is associated with protection against heart attacks. Scientists have also shown that berberine can have benefits for gut microbiome by promoting the growth of healthy gut bacteria.
Suggested dose: 500 mg up to 3 times per day or as directed on the label.
Pau D' Arco
The tabebuia tree originates from the Amazon region of South America. The name pau d'arco is Portuguese in origin and translates to "the tree that bows". Used as a medicine among indigeous cultures, the tree blooms pinkish-purple flowers and can grow up to 125 feet. The wood of the tree was traditionally used to build bows. The active ingredients in pau d'arco are naphthoquinones, which are likely responsible for its health properties.
A 2001 study showed antifungal activity when applied topically to the skin while a 2009 study showed that the herb has both antifungal and antibacterial benefits.
Pau d'arco could also be useful in fighting inflammation. A 2008 study in the Journal of Ethnopharmacology concluded that the herb could be particularly useful for treating inflammation seen with arthritis and atherosclerosis. Similarly, a subsequent study published in Molecular Medicine Reports in 2012 showed that pau d'arco had anti-inflammatory effects, reducing inflammation up to 50 percent.
Caution: Those on blood thinners should be cautious and consult with their physician before taking pau d'arco. Suggested dose: As directed on the label. Available in liquid, capsules or tablets. Also available as a tea.
Green Tea
Green tea (camellia sinensis) is the most common drink consumed in the world, second only to water. In addition, it is possibly one of the healthiest drinks one can imbibe. A search in Pubmed, a research database, shows that over 10,000 studies on green tea have been published over the last 10 years.
The tea's origins can be traced back thousands of years to China. Today, green tea is the most widely produced type of tea in China, with more than 1.5 million tons grown each year.
Green tea is rich in antioxidants called polyphenols, specifically EGCG (epigallocatechin-3-gallate). Flavonoids, plant metabolites that are believed to boost health status, are also present in green tea, including quercetin. Other active ingredients include caffeine and L-theanine, considered a nootropic, these benefit the brain.
Green tea is believed to have numerous health benefits, from providing heart protection and blood-sugar control to improving brain health and cholesterol. It is also used by many for inflammation reduction, anti-cancer properties, weight loss, and general well-being.
The studies done show a wide range of benefits. A 2017 study in Phytomedicine, which reviewed 21 other scientific studies, concluded green tea helped reduce anxiety and improved working memory. A previous 2016 study showed that green tea could help improve the quality of life in those with inflammatory conditions. This occurs from the ECGC, which can suppress the gene/proteins responsible for inflammatory chemicals known as cytokines.
Also, a 2017 study in Medicine showed that men who consumed green tea (>7 cups per day) could reduce their risk of developing prostate cancer, the second most common cancer amongst men.
Green Tea can be consumed in capsule form and as a tea. Suggested dose: As directed on the label.
Elderberry (Sambucus)
Elderberry (Sambucus sp.), a flowering plant, has been used for hundreds of years for medicinal purposes by native populations all over the world. With higher antioxidant levels, specifically polyphenols (which give them their deep color), than nutrient powerhouses like blueberries and cranberries, the popularity of the elderberry has caught on in recent years.
Within traditional medicine, elderberry has been used to treat joint- and arthritis-related pain. It has also been used by many to manage symptoms of upper-respiratory infections. Indigenous Americans are said to have used elderberries as treatments for various infections and fever. Likewise, in Europe, elderberry fruits were transformed into syrups for medicinal purposes.
A sizable range of studies on the elderberry have been conducted in recent years. Here are some findings:
Immune-System: A 2016 study showed that elderberry could reduce the duration of cold symptoms in airline travelers while a 2009 study in Phytochemistry showed that elderberry can perform similarly to the popular antiviral prescription medications oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and amantadine. It may also increase the strength of the immune system — studies from 2001 and 2002 both showed elderberry's benefit in strengthening the immune system response.
Blood Pressure: A 2016 study in Pharmaceutical Biology showed that elderberries could be helpful in the management of high blood pressure,
Inflammation: A 2011 study in the Journal of Ethnopharmacology showed that the dwarf elderberry, a variation, could help reduce inflammation of TNF-alpha, a blood marker, in chronic inflammatory conditions. In addition, a 2017 study in Pharmaceutical Biology showed that elderberry extract could also help reduce inflammation levels in test subjects.
Diabetes - A 2016 study using animals also showed elderberries could be helpful in the treatment of diabetes. A 2017 study demonstrated that elderberry has an antidiabetic effect and may be considered a "functional food" in the fight against diabetes.
Suggested dose: Elderberry is available as a tea, syrup, and lozenges for sore throats. Also available as gummies and capsules for general health use.
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