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The Angola Three: 38 Years in Prison Hell
Angola 3 Grassroots Press Conference for Albert Woodfox
Contemporary Arts Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, XI / 2008
On March 30, 2010, an Amnesty International (AI) Public Statement read:
"USA: Amnesty International calls for immediate end to nearly 73 years of solitary confinement endured by Louisiana prisoners Herman Wallace and Albert Woodfox."
Both men are at the Louisiana State Penitentiary (called Angola and The Farm) - in terms of acreage, America's largest prison, a maximum security one with over 5,000 inmates and 1,800 staff members on 18,000 acres. Once a slave plantation, it's the same now as then, and it's legal under the 13th Amendment stating:
"Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction."
Except for brief intervals, Wallace has been there for 38 years, Woodfox for nearly 35 - confined for 23 hours a day in 2 x 3 meter cells with little natural light, and "allowed outdoor exercise in a small cage, for one hour, three days a week, contrary to (what's) specified in the United Nations Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners. Restrictions are imposed on their personal property, reading materials, access to legal resources, work and visits." Their cages are unprotected from rain or oppressive heat. Overall, they're treated like animals, not human beings.
Until March 2009, both were at Angola. Wallace was then transferred to Elayn Hunt Correctional Center in St. Gabriel and remains in solitary confinement. They and Robert King are the "Angola 3," convicts since 1972, for the murder of white prison guard Brent Miller that year. No physical evidence linked them to the crime, their convictions based solely (as later documentation revealed) on bribed inmate testimony in return for leniency. Another witness later recanted.
Although not at Angola at the time, King was blamed but never charged. In 1973, he was bogusly accused of murdering another prisoner, freed only in 2001 after pleading guilty to "conspiracy to commit murder" as a condition for release on time served.
The three men have a civil suit pending against the state of Louisiana, one the US Supreme Court ruled has merit based on claims that their Eight Amendment "cruel and unusual punishment" rights were violated. It will be heard in the US Middle District Court in Baton Rouge, but don't look for any more justice this time than earlier, especially for poor and disadvantaged blacks.
King's autobiography was published in 2008 titled, "From the Bottom of the Heap: The Autobiography of a Black Panther." He's a member of the Common Ground Collective, a decentralized NGO network formed post-Katrina to help New Orleans residents. He's also an international speaker at colleges and community centers in America and before parliaments in the Netherlands, South Africa and Portugal.
Still in isolation, Wallace and Woodfox are reported to be in poor health, the result of decades of mistreatment. AI says Wallace's "osteoarthritis is aggravated by inadequate exercise, functional impairment, memory loss and insomnia."
Woodfox suffers from "claustrophobia, hypertension, heart disease, chronic renal insufficiency, diabetes, anxiety and insomnia."
Both men are victims of racism, retribution for their activism, prosecutorial injustice, and a state prison system the Louisiana ACLU calls "the most abhorrent in terms of violence and horrible living conditions."
Louisiana has the highest per capita incarceration in the world, the ACLU getting over 80 complaints a month about guard beatings, overcrowding, poor medical care or its denial, mistreatment of mentally ill prisoners, squalid living conditions, and denial of access to lawyers.
The Bill of Rights grants constitutional protections to everyone, including persons in custody, regardless of their crime. Especially abhorrent are rigged trials, judicial complicity, wrongful convictions, and appellate unfairness to keep innocent victims incarcerated.
Angola's Horrific History
Angola has always been hellish, especially in the 1970s when it wreaked of corruption and abuse. It was segregated with horrific rampant rage, frequent murders, and sexual bondage - inmates sold to each other as sex slaves or in exchange for favors. No wonder it was called America's worst prison, a distinction as true today, including chain of command encouragement of widespread, systematic violence, including guard beatings, sexual assaults, other abuses amounting to torture, and use of solitary confinement as punishment for activism or any other reason arbitrarily.
Today, Angola prisoners are 75% black under a compulsory 40 hour or longer workweeks (eight hours or longer a day, five days a week) plus weekends for bad disciplinary reports, often fabricated for more labor.
They till fields for 4 cents an hour, under constant watch as virtual slaves. In the 1970s, it was 96 hours (16 hours a day, six days a week) for 2 cents an hour at what was called the "Bloodiest Prison in the South" because of endemic guard-inflicted and prisoner-on-prisoner violence.
The Angola 3 fought conditions with nonviolent hunger and work strikes. Prison authorities retaliated by framing them for murders they didn't commit, Woodfox and Wallace for Miller's death, King for another prisoner.
Today Angola's mission statement says:
"The philosophy of Louisiana State Penitentiary (LSP) is to provide services in a professional manner so as to protect the safety of the public, staff, and inmate population. Consistent with this, it is LSP's responsibility to provide meaningful opportunities to enhance, through a variety of education, work, social service and medical programs, the individual's desire to become a productive member of society, while providing a safe, stable work environment for employees."
Inmates see it otherwise, calling reforms "cosmetic." Former prisoner and now Executive Secretary of the Capital Post-Conviction Project of Louisiana calls Angola a "sophisticated plantation (where) cotton is king" and inmates near slaves - "given enough food, clothing and shelter to be a financial asset to the owner," but little else.
Louisiana's entire prison system is no different, Angola the preeminent example, a de facto slave plantation, preventing its inmates from ever "becom(ing) a productive member of society" because long sentences without parole deny it - the idea being once incarcerated, free them only for burial on Angola's expansive acreage after extracting a lifetime of forced labor.
Albert Woodfox & Herman Wallace
"The Case of the Angola 3" (For more information, visit Angola3.org.) In the late 1960s, Wallace and Woodfox were incarcerated for unrelated robberies, founded a Black Panther party chapter to improve prison conditions, and were targeted for their activism.
In 2008, a federal judge overturned Woodfox's conviction after a state judicial magistrate found damning evidence, including:
-- "inadequate representation;
-- prosecutorial misconduct;
-- suppression of exculpatory evidence; and
-- racial discrimination in the grand jury selection process."
Nonetheless, he's still in solitary because Louisiana officials want him held for life.
In 2006, a state judicial commissioner recommended reversing Wallace's conviction, again because of compelling prosecutorial misconduct. No matter. He's also in isolated confinement after a district court denied him, upheld by appellate level refusal to review without explanation.
A habeas petition is now pending in federal court that may prove as constitutionally futile, given their extremist right wing judges, showing little sympathy for oppressed minorities or the poor, and a reluctance to reverse local authorities.
On March 10, The London Guardian's Erwin James' article headlined, "37 years of solitary confinement: the Angola three," saying:
"....at (Angola's) heart....is an inhumanity that would make Jesus weep," two of the Angola 3 enduring "the longest period of solitary confinement in American prison history."
Having spent 20 years imprisoned himself, James:
"attest(s) to the mental impact that (isolation) inflict(s). My first year was spent on a high-security landing where the cell doors were opened only briefly for meals and emptying of toilet buckets. If decent-minded prison officers were on duty we were allowed to walk the yard for 30 minutes a day. The rest of the time we were alone....
As the days, weeks and months blur into one, without realising it you start to live completely inside your head. You dream about the past, in vivid detail - and fantasise about the future, for fantasies are all you have. You panic but it's no good 'getting on the bell' - unless you're dying - and, even then, don't hope for a speedy response. I had a lot to think about. When the man in the cell above mine hanged himself I thought about that a lot. I still do. You look at the bars on the high window and think how easy it would be to be free of all the thinking."
The film, "Land of the Free" tells their story, three men growing up poor in New Orleans. They feared police, "who would regularly 'clear the books' of crimes in the area," King explaining that they'd pin them on disaffected black youths.
"If I saw the police, I used to run," said King, admitting he committed petty crimes, but "nothing vicious." Eventually he was bogusly arrested for armed robbery and sentenced to 35 years.
Woodfox also bogusly got 50 years for armed robbery, escaped from the courthouse, returned to Harlem, and got involved with the Black Panthers. After being caught, he was taken to New York's Tombs, was called "militant," and returned to New Orleans "where he joined King on the parish block, known - due to the high concentration of Panther activists - as 'the Panther tier.' There (he) became a member of the Black Panther party."
Woodfox and Wallace extended it, "establishing classes in political ideology and exposing injustices." They worked to improve prison conditions, but their activism made them targets. At the time, guard Miller was killed. Two days later, four "black militants" were accused, including Wallace and Woodfox. One of the four was a plant. Charges against him were dropped. "Another, Chester Jackson, admitted to holding Miller while the guard was stabbed to death," Jackson turning state's evidence to cop a plea for a lighter sentence. Wallace and Woodfox were convicted by an all-white jury, sentenced to life without parole, and taken to Angola's CCR (Closed Cell Restricted) block - solitary confinement.
"King was brought to Angola from the parish prison two weeks after Miller's killing, as part of a roundup of black radicals. He never met Miller and was in a prison 150 miles away" when it happened. Yet he was identified as a "conspirator" before being held in CCR with Woodfox and Wallace.
The next year, a prisoner named August Kelly was murdered on the tier. Prisoner Grady Brewer admitted sole guilt, saying it was in self-defense. He and King were tried together, the only evidence against King "came from flawed prisoner testimony." He and Brewer had little counsel consultations before trial. After protesting, the judge ordered their hands shacked behind their backs and mouths gagged with duct tape during trial. They were convicted and got life without parole, King later released on appeal as explained above.
New lawyers later discovered "obfuscation after obfuscation" during trial, the state using a number of jailhouse informants who gave contradictory accounts of what happened. "One was registered blind. The key witness" was Hezikiah Brown who testified he saw the murder. He initially said he saw nothing.
"Three days later, when he was taken from his bunk at midnight by prison officials and promised his freedom if he testified, he agreed to say that he saw Wallace and Woodfox kill Miller." At the time, he was serving life without parole for multiple rapes.
Wallace and Woodfox persisted. In 1993, Woodfox won an appeal for a new trial that was just as bogus as the first one - an all white jury, a local author (Anne Butler) convinced of his guilt its chairperson, no witnesses called, evidence concealed or not properly investigated, so as expected he was again convicted.
It took King 26 years for his successful appeal after earlier witnesses recanted, and a federal court ordered the district one to reconsider. A deal followed, King pleading guilty to conspiracy for a crime he didn't commit, his price for freedom as explained above.
Then in 2008, Woodfox's conviction was overturned after a federal court ruled his constitutional rights were violated at trial. Louisiana Attorney General Buddy Caldwell contested. As a result, he, like Wallace, remains isolated in confinement, victimized by prosecutorial injustice under a system giving disadvantaged blacks none. Decisions are seldom reversed by higher courts, the fate Woodfox and Wallace still contest after decades of prison hell.
Stephen Lendman: I was born in 1934 in Boston, MA. Raised in a modest middle class family, attended public schools, received a BA from Harvard University in 1956 and an MBA from the Wharton School at the University of PA in 1960 following 2 years of obligatory military service in the US Army. Spent the next 6 years as a marketing research analyst for several large US corporations before becoming part of a new small family business in 1967, remaining there until retiring at the end of 1999. Have since devoted my time and efforts to the progressive causes and organizations I support, all involved in working for a more humane and just world for all people everywhere, but especially for the most needy, disadvantaged and oppressed. My efforts since summer 2005 have included writing on a broad range of vital topics ranging from war and peace; social, economic and political equity for all; and justice for all the oppressed peoples of the world like the long-suffering people of Haiti and the Palestinians. Also co-hosting The Global Research News Hour, occasional public talks, and frequent appearances on radio and at times television.
Stephen Lendman is a Research Associate of the Centre for Research on Globalization. He lives in Chicago and can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.com. Also visit his blog site sjlendman.blogspot.com and listen to The Lendman News Hour on RepublicBroadcasting.org Monday - Friday at 10AM US Central time for cutting-edge discussions with distinguished guests on world and national issues. All programs are archived for easy listening.
Photo: http://www.flickr.com/photos/lightmotion/3259525080/


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subset: commoncrawl


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Green tea benefits weight loss tips
If you like tea, and you like healthy beverage options, you've joined the ranks of the other 158 million Americans who are enjoying a cup on any given day. It's estimated that last year, over 80 billion—that's right, billion—servings of tea were consumed by the tea lovers of America. That translates into roughly 3.60 billion gallons.
Although black tea is the most popular—it accounts for about 84 percent of all tea consumed—green tea is reported to be growing at a much higher volume than black. Our guess is that's because of green tea's potential role in weight loss. We decided to take a closer look at how you can drink green tea for weight loss.
Green tea can help you lose weight. Several studies have suggested that the flavonoids and caffeine in green tea can help elevate metabolic rate, increase fat oxidation and even improve insulin activity. One study showed that those who consumed green tea and caffeine lost an average of 2.9 pounds during a 12-week period, while sticking to their regular diet. Another study suggested the increase in calorie output was equal to about 100 calories over a 24-hour period.
You don't need to drink a lot of green tea to help you lose weight. While weight loss benefits vary based on different dynamics, they have been found by drinking as little as 2.5 cups of green tea per day.
Some green tea varieties are better for weight loss than others. If you're all about that green and on a weight-loss mission, you might want to choose Matcha green tea—the richest green tea source of nutrients and antioxidants. Registered dietitian Isabel K Smith explains why: "The whole leaf is ground and consumed as part of the beverage, as opposed to other (most) types of green tea where the leaves are steeped and then the tea is consumed."
There's a right and wrong way to brew green tea. When brewing green tea, take a little extra care, as boiling water is bad for the precious catechins (tea's healthy chemicals). Do bring your water to a boil, but let it rest for about ten minutes. Then, pour the water over the tea and brew for about one minute before serving. Of course, the brew time can be made shorter or longer, depending on your taste.


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Have you noticed an increase in the amount of spammy comments on your YouTube page in the past few weeks? You aren't alone. YouTube has acknowledged on its Creator Blog that they have received a lot of feedback from creators about the increase in comment spam.
The increase in spammy comments began after YouTube decided to make new YouTube comments powered by Google +. The idea was that this would allow the content creators on YouTube to more easily see the comments from the people that mattered to them (like their friends, for example). Instead, something unexpected happened. The YouTube Creators Blog notes:
While the new system dealt with many spam issues that had plagued YouTube comments in the past, it also introduced new opportunities for abuse and shortly after the launch, we saw some users taking advantage of them.
To combat this problem with spam comments, YouTube is going to do some updates. The updates will include better recognition of bad links and impersonation attempts, improved ASCII art detection, and a change to how long comments are displayed. They are working on improving comment ranking and moderation of old-style comments. YouTube is also going to release tools that will allow creators to do bulk moderation soon.


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Contact us...
McGill Drugstore Museum
THE McGILL HISTORICAL DRUG COMPANY 1907-1979
A satellite of the
White Pine Public Museum
• 1997 Tourism
Development Award
• 1998 National Register of Historical Places
McGill Drugstore Museum
Step into a time machine that will take you back to the period during Watergate, disco dancing as well as times before, and when you do you'll find yourself standing in the McGill Drug Store and Company. McGill Drug Co., which stands on the east side of U.S.93 in downtown McGill, 12 miles north of Ely; is an old small-town drugstore frozen in time.
Brand names whose luster faded decades ago remain on the stores' shelves. Tubes of Ipana toothpaste sit across the aisle from jars of Dippity-do, an industrial-strength styling gel used to hold woman's hair in place several inches above her head. Customers purchased not only manufactured drugs but also home remedies and prescriptions, many of which were mixed in the store.
In 1906 construction began on a mill and smelter at the present site of the town of McGill. In 1908 the Nevada Consolidation Copper Company decided to build a company town to house its employees. Approximately the same time the Steptoe Drug Company built the drug store. The corrugated steel-on-frame construction was typical of commercial buildings in western towns around the turn of the century. It was relatively fire-proof and that was an asset.
The mining company was strictly
segregated along economic and
The Drug Store is one of only three working soda fountains in the area. The original fountain was destroyed by fire in 1930 and rebuilt with a unique terra-cotta tile bar.
On December 31, 1915 the store was acquired by three investors and incorporated as the McGill Drug Company. It changed hands many times but remained incorporated as the McGill Drug Co., until its final closure in 1979.
Our records do not indicate who the first pharmacist was, but they do show that Nick Thomson was there from 1918 until 1924 and that he gave on-the-job training to C.L. Fleming who stayed until 1933. In the late 1930's Gerald "Jerry" Culbert became the pharmacist, in 1954 he became a partner in the store. By the mid 1950's Gerald and Elsa, his wife, had become sole owners of the business.
In 1979, when Gerald passed away Elsa closed the pharmacy, but kept a portion of the store open sporadically for a few years. Very little of the 1979 inventory was sold. By the mid 1980's the store was closed permanently.
On November 3, 1995 the Culbert's sons Michael, Steven and Danny gave the Drug Store and its inventory to the White Pine Public Museum for historical preservation and display.
Many interesting things have been uncovered in the course of inventorying the store contents. A small vile of explosive chemical was found in one the display cases. It was stored in the safe until the summer if 1997, when the Army E.O.D. team from Tooele, Utah came and removed it.
The White Pine Public Museum intends
to operate the drugstore as a free, public museum dedicated to
preserving the small town drugstore/pharmacy/soda fountain era. At
the mid point of our century, such institutions were identified with
every small town across the nation. Each town having one or more of
these drug stores. The majority of our population over 30 years of
age has spent time in stores like McGill Drug Co. They were a part
of the American experience. Yet, in the last few decades, they have
Yet, there is an even more important
reason for preserving the store. Drug stores such as McGill were
common and taken for granted by the public. Now, when medical
historians and medical anthropologists would like to understand the
importance that these establishments had on our culture, they find
they are no longer in
Thus, the McGill Drug Store is a time capsule. Even though it closed in 1979, as you look around, you will notice that some of the products date as far back as the 1950's. Of even greater importance is the fact that every business record, every invoice and every prescription filled, as far back as 1915 has been maintained. The opportunity for research is unparalleled.
The exact location of every item in this store, when it was transferred to the museum is still in the process of being recorded through the devoted efforts of volunteers who have logged over 1,000 hours of time.
At this time, the store is open for
private tours upon request.
We Welcome Tourist Groups
McGill Drugstore Museum
This page has received
Last updated July, 2018
This institution is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
|Click on
any photo to enlarge...
Products from a by-gone era still line the shelves.
|Thank you for visiting our website. We look forward to hearing from you soon!
McGill Historical Drugstore Museum
Site content maintained by Dan Braddock
Technical assistance by Charter Advertising/Design, Inc.


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WEIR, WILLIAM, businessman, newspaper publisher, and author; b. 28 Oct. 1823 in Greenden, Scotland; m. first 1849 Elizabeth Somerville, and they had six sons and one daughter; m. secondly – Scoville; d. 25 March 1905 in Ottawa.
William Weir was fairly representative of the Montreal business community during the second half of the 19th century. Like many of his English-speaking counterparts he was born in Scotland and received a "good education" before entering the workforce. At age 14 he became a shop-boy in Brechin, a town near his birthplace. He stayed at this post for over three years before serving as a census enumerator in 1841 and as a clerk in 1841–42. In the spring of 1842 he set out for Lower Canada. On arriving, he went to live with an uncle who was a brewer and distiller in Lachute. He taught in nearby Chatham Township and then moved to Saint-Laurent, where he worked as a bookkeeper in the office of merchant Daniel McDonald.
In 1847 Weir established himself as a commission merchant in Montreal. It would appear that his early years in the city were not overly prosperous, for the nature of his business changed regularly. He became an exchange broker in 1849 and then turned to the sale of leather goods in 1852. Five years later he left Montreal, re-emerging in Toronto as publisher of the Canadian Merchants' Magazine and Commercial Review. He also formed a partnership there late in 1858 or early in 1859 with Ebenezer Clemo* as "commission brokers and manufacturers' agents." When both the magazine and the partnership were terminated at the end of 1859, Weir returned to Montreal and tried to re-establish himself as a broker. As he wrote to businessman Isaac Buchanan*, he sought "a Partner with about $10,000 capital to do a regular discount and exchange business." Weir apparently found his partner, since the firm of Weir and Larminie functioned from 1862 to 1864. Following its dissolution, Weir continued on his own. He called himself a broker until 1871, when he added the title banker. In the mid 1880s, with two of his sons, he formed W. Weir and Sons, which functioned until 1899.
What little is known about Weir's career as a broker and private banker relates largely to the role he played in three specific issues which touched the central Canadian business community. The first of these concerned the establishment of protection for Canadian industry in the aftermath of the repeal of the Corn Laws. Weir, like other Montreal businessmen, signed the Annexation Manifesto in 1849 to protest the loss of protection for Canadian exports in British markets. As he put it, the signers were "the solid businessmen of Montreal . . . [who] held loyalty to their families and to their country above loyalty to their Queen." Historian Benjamin Forster indicates that men such as Weir supported annexation because of the limited alternatives: "A return to the preferential system was impossible, a union of the colonies would be one of competitive not complementary economies, independence would leave the province too weak, protection would bring stagnation because of the small internal market, and reciprocity with the United States was only a stopgap."
As the 1850s progressed, however, Weir came to look on protection with more sympathy. As late as 1857 he noted in the Canadian Merchants' Magazine that "with our scanty population and limited wealth, [high tariffs] would not afford sufficient room for the disposal of our manufactures." Instead, he wanted "free trade in manufactures with the United States or if that is impractical a reciprocal tariff." When neither possibility appeared likely and after a downturn in the economy, he then, in 1858, accepted the proposition that "if we cannot secure an entrance into the market of the United States, we shall at least secure our own market for our own trade." Now firmly on the protectionist bandwagon, Weir served as secretary of both the Association for the Promotion of Canadian Industry and the Tariff Reform Association, pressure groups established to secure higher tariffs.
By all accounts Weir was pleased with the higher tariffs brought in by the inspector general, Alexander Tilloch Galt*, in 1859. Accordingly, he described Galt as "the ablest Finance Minister of that period" even if other former members of the Association for the Promotion of Canadian Industry, such as Buchanan, were more frugal with their praise. Despite these differences, Weir and Buchanan struck up a strong friendship that would continue until the latter's death in 1883. In the early 1860s they joined forces in a venture to manufacture paper, and in the 1870s Buchanan tried to persuade Weir to leave Montreal and join him in business in Hamilton. The two were also united by a common view of society under the influence of industrialization. Both favoured the introduction of the tariff in part to create a certain community of interests between workers and manufacturers. Given the rapid social changes then under way, Buchanan sought "a society without debilitating conflicts" while Weir promoted a policy not "in the interest of a class [but] in the interest of the country at large."
Weir never entirely abandoned his interest in the tariff, and he would still be found lobbying the federal government on the subject in the late 1890s. Nevertheless, his intense involvement with protectionism ended in the 1850s, after which he turned to another matter that interested members of the Montreal business community. At issue was the poor health of the Canadian currency due to the importation of large amounts of American silver coin following the suspension of specie payments in the United States in 1862. Silver was being used with some regularity in retail transactions and in the payment of wages. The coins were not legal tender, however, and were not accepted by banks for deposit or for the settling of accounts. As a result, holders of the silver coins had to take them to brokers who would redeem them at a discount before circulating them once more.
To resolve this chaotic situation, the federal government, having already prohibited the import of further coins, exported $1 million worth of them in 1868. The following year private interests exported an even larger sum with Weir as their broker. These actions did not resolve the problem, which fell into the lap of finance minister Sir Francis Hincks*. Since Weir was widely recognized as a person with expertise on the subject, the two worked together during the early months of 1870.
Weir was named the government's agent for the export of American silver coin, with the authority to put its plan into effect. For a limited time the government would accept these coins at a nominal discount. Following that period, however, there would be a more drastic reduction, which would be enforced by the levying of penalties on anyone who paid more than the rate set by Ottawa. In this way there would be an incentive to get rid of the silver; the coins would then be exported from the country by banks brought into the plan by Weir. Some opposition to the plan emerged. The Montreal Board of Trade in particular refused to admit the existence of a problem, and contended that "the convenience and simplicity of the use of American silver greatly counterbalance, if they do not outweigh, any evils." Such opposition could not block the success of the effort, which saw the export of over $7 million worth of silver. Weir, quite appropriately, was awarded a silver tea service for his efforts.
Weir never entirely escaped from the role he played in the silver crisis. During the last decade of his life he would offer to deal with problems posed by the circulation of American silver in Canada. In 1895 he was named by the bankers' section of the Montreal Board of Trade to a committee that was to discuss the problem with the federal government. The following year he wrote to the finance minister, William Stevens Fielding*, that he would be willing to play the same role that he had "in the case of the Silver Nuisance of 1870." He tendered his services to Fielding once more in 1904, but the minister expressed little interest in his offer. By that time, Weir was an ex-convict and mentally unstable. Even his instability was linked to the silver crisis. As he had confided to Buchanan in 1875, "The struggle of 1870 left me much shaken by mental anxiety from which I shall never entirely recover."
Weir's status as a convict had come about as a result of his participation in the third of his major interests, the Canadian banking industry. During the 1870s and 1880s he had distinguished himself as one of a small number of English-speaking businessmen who became involved with those chartered banks, based in Quebec, which were largely run and patronized by French-speaking individuals. It was fitting that Weir, who considered himself a francophile, crossed over to work in the world of the French banks. Soon after his arrival in Lower Canada he had been led to "see things from the French Canadian standpoint," having found the English to be "rude and overbearing" towards their compatriots.
Weir first became involved with the French banks when he played a key role in the reorganization of the Montreal-based Banque Jacques-Cartier [see Victor Hudon*]. This bank fell on hard times in 1875 as a result of financial mismanagement and was forced to suspend operations for a brief period. By the end of the decade, however, it had righted itself as new investors were found, notably a small group of English-speaking businessmen who were happy to acquire its depreciated shares. Weir was an influential member of this group, as was evident from his selection to a six-member shareholders' committee appointed in 1878 to look over the bank's books. Then, in 1879, he was elected to the board of directors, and he rose to the position of vice-president in 1880. On the basis of his experience with the Banque Jacques-Cartier, Weir encouraged the federal government to appoint bank commissioners "to examine and verify the statements [submitted by all banks] which . . . have come to be regarded as very unreliable." He believed that had such commissioners existed, the difficulties encountered by the Banque Jacques-Cartier and several others "could have been prevented or greatly lessened." Ironically, the submission of false statements would prove to be his own undoing.
By the spring of 1879, when a wave of bank failures struck Montreal's financial community, the Banque Ville-Marie was in even deeper trouble than the Jacques-Cartier had been a few years earlier. Having long been in the practice of lending out its funds with little concern that someday they might have to be returned to depositors, the bank had to suspend operations when the panic struck. Although the bank reopened later in the year, it seemed that liquidation was inevitable after federal legislation setting out the process was passed in 1880. Rather than wind up the Banque Ville-Marie's affairs, in early 1881 the shareholders reversed their decision to liquidate and chose to try to resume normal operations. The leading force behind this change of direction was none other than Weir, who had acquired a considerable number of shares in the course of 1880. In return for an investment which made him the bank's single largest shareholder, he was first elected to the bank's board of directors and then, in June 1881, replaced Louis Archambault as its president.
From 1881 to its demise in 1899 Weir operated the Banque Ville-Marie as if it was his private property. The French-speaking directors were eased out to make room for his friends, who took advantage of the bank's resources for their own benefit. Oddly enough, Weir bragged that the bank made a policy of lending out all the deposits on hand. Any need to repay large numbers of depositors could only result in disaster. When reports that an official had absconded with funds reached the newspapers in July 1899, a run ensued that the bank could not survive.
The doors of the Banque Ville-Marie closed, never to reopen. The largely French-speaking clientele came away with less than 20 per cent of their deposits and with considerable resentment against the administration of a man who had long thought of himself as a francophile. Accordingly, numerous petitions were sent to the Department of Finance bemoaning the manner in which a French bank had been destroyed by an outsider. As for Weir, he went to trial in November 1899 on the charge of having submitted false information to the government. The crown claimed that the bank had reported a reserve fund of $10,000 when no such fund existed; the bank had also reported current loans of nearly $1.4 million when roughly $400,000 of that amount consisted of loans which were overdue and unlikely to be repaid. It took the jury only 15 minutes to convict Weir, who was sentenced to two years in jail.
The conviction was not the end of Weir's legal problems, however. The crown also wanted to bring him and other directors to trial on charges of conspiracy. The trial was to begin in April 1901, but was delayed because Weir "was not, mentally, in a condition either to go to trial or to be used as a witness." This view of Weir's mental state was later confirmed by obituaries in various Montreal newspapers, one of which noted that "his mental condition had for some time been unequal to the difficulties of the situation." His equilibrium had no doubt also been affected by the suicide of a son in 1900, said to have been brought on by his father's disgrace. The conspiracy charges never made it to trial, so that following his release from jail in the fall of 1901 Weir lived out his last years as a free, albeit discredited, man.
Sixty years in Canada, which Weir wrote and published just before his death, recounts his life in this country. The work dwells on his efforts to protect Canadian industry and on his role in the silver crisis; it was no doubt designed to leave a legacy other than that of a banker convicted of improprieties. Weir was an exception among bankers in that he went to jail for his misdeeds. He was not out of the ordinary, however, in presiding over the demise of a chartered bank; such collapses were all too frequent during the second half of the 19th century. He was also in good company in his fight for protection of Canadian industry and against the circulation of American silver coins in Canada. While not among the leading figures in the Montreal business community, he was involved in activities and championed causes which made him one of its representatives.
William Weir was the publisher of the Canadian Merchants' Magazine and Commercial Rev. (Toronto) for volumes 1 (April–September 1857)–4 (January–June 1859), and the author of Sixty years in Canada (Montreal, 1903).
NA, MG 24, D16; MG 26, A; G; RG 19, 483, 3123, 3220. Gazette (Montreal), 22–28 Nov. 1899; 27 March 1905. Montreal Daily Star, 27 March 1905. Directory, Montreal, 1849–1905. [J. J.] B. Forster, A conjunction of' interests: business, politics, and tariffs, 1825–1879 (Toronto, 1986). Ronald Rudin, Banking en français: the French banks of Quebec, 1835–1925 (Toronto, 1985).
© 1994–2023 University of Toronto/Université Laval
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Cite This Article
Ronald Rudin, "WEIR, WILLIAM," in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 13, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003–, accessed October 3, 2023, http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/weir_william_13E.html.
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|October 3, 2023


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Honey, Sugars
& Syrups
Category Main Page
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November 2006
Last Updated April 2017
This is Page 5 of a seven-page glossary of different kinds of sugars. Click on the black links below to visit other pages. Check out all of the fabulous food glossaries.
This material is copyrighted and cannot be reproduced in whole or in part.
You are welcome to link to it.
Also called raw sugar. The molasses is not spun out of the white sugar, but retained. See also brown sugar, which is a refined (not natural or raw) sugar product.
This term refers to unrefined sugar. Unrefined cane sugar is made from raw sugar; the nutrients, flavor and color have not been removed. Barley malt, raw honey, maple syrup and rice syrup are also considered unrefined sweeteners, since they undergo minimal processing during production. See also raw sugar.
A coarse sugar. See sanding sugar.
Sugar made from 100% USDA-certified organic sugar cane, which is grown and produced without the use of herbicides, pesticides or chemicals. Read more about organic sugar.
Sugar produced from the nectar of the palmyra or sugar palm tree. Farmers tap the palm flower spikes to release the juice, which is kettle-boiled until it thickens into a golden sugar. It has a unique flavor with an aroma of smoke and caramel. Palm sugar is very similar to coconut sugar; the chief difference is that coconut sugar is made from the sap of the coconut palm.
PANELA or PANOCHA or
An unbleached and unrefined sweetener made from sugar cane that resembles brown sugar; because it is unprocessed it contains mor minerals than brown sugar, which is a refined product. It is available in a brick that is golden or brown in color, and is made into sweets and hot and cold beverages. Panela is found in Colombia, a variation called piloncillo is found in Mexico and rapadura is made in Venezuela; they are related to the jaggery of India and to muscovado sugar.
Panela photo courtesy Querica Vida.
This is generally corn syrup with artificial colors and flavors that emulate maple syrup. Some products contain a small percentage of real maple syrup.
See rock candy and sugar crystals.
Pearl sugar is not the same a sugar pearls, which are decorations for cookies as in the photo below. The most common pearl sugars are:
Above: Pearl sugar decorates brioche (photo courtesy Simply So Good). Below: Sugar pearls, used to decorate cakes and cookies (photo courtesy King Arthur
Popping sugar is a product of molecular gastronomy. It invented in 1956 William A. Mitchell, a food chemist for the General Foods Corporation. He was researching a way to make powdered instant soft drinks when he discovered how to make sugar pop (with the addition of carbon dioxide). But since his invention did not create a powdered soft drink, the company put it aside. More than 20 years later, in 1976, another food chemist thought to add flavors to the sugar and sell it as candy (Pop Rocks). It is now available to pastry chefs.
Popping sugar. Photo courtesy
Modernist Pantry.
To make popping sugar, the sugar is melted and then cooled down in the presence of pressurized carbon dioxide so that gas is trapped in the sugar bits. When the sugar bits later melt in the mouth (or are bitten into), the carbon dioxide is released with a popping effect. Consumers can have fun with it by sprinkling it Sprinkle onto cereal, puddings and ice cream.
See confectioners' sugar.
RAPADURA or MUSCOVADO SUGAR
Pure dried sugar cane juice, it is often found in brick form but due to growing popularity among specialty food buyers, is now available in granulated form. Largely produced at sugar cane plantations in the very warm tropical regions, the brick was originally created as an easier way to transport sugar. In Venezuela it is an essential ingredient for many recipes; in some parts of the country, it is used instead of refined sugar as a more accessible, cheaper and healthier sweetener. Like other raw sugars, rapadura sugar keeps its molasses content and thus all the vitamins and minerals in the natural, unrefined sugar cane juice. See also muscovado sugar.
From top left, clockwise: white sugar, light brown sugar, dark brown sugar, rapadura sugar. Photo by Romain Behar | Wikimedia.
Raw sugars are unrefined brown sugars (they can be from yellow to brown in color). A variety of raw sugars are made by crystallizing evaporated cane juice, which is boiled down to a crystalline solid, then purifying the product slightly (with minimal chemical processing). The "original" sugar was brown; as with rice, flour and other foods, over time as man devised refining techniques, the more labor-intensive and expensive "white" foods became preferred by the elite who could afford them, even though, ironically, they have less flavor (and we now know that they have much less nutritive value as well).
Raw sugar. Photo by J. Gabriel | SXC.
Raw sugar appeals to consumers who do not like processed foods, and/or who like the more complex flavors and better nutrition. These are unrefined brown sugars, will contain 85% to 98% sucrose, compared to 99% sucrose for regular granulated (white) sugar. Varieties generally available include demerara, muscovado, and turbinado; the colors range from tan-(turbinado) to brown and dark brown (demerara and muscovado) and have rich and distinctive flavors that enhance recipes. Commercial raw sugars are not produced from beet sugar. See also whole sweeteners.
Made from soaked and sprouted rice (sometimes a combination of rice and barley), which is dried and cooked down to a thick syrup. Rice syrup contains a high level of maltose, which gives it a low glycemic index. It has a deep, earthy flavor; some people like to flavor chai tea with it. See also barley syrup.
A simple hard candy made by allowing a concentrated sugar syrup to evaporate slowly until it crystallizes into chunks. The crystals can be formed around strings or small sticks—the latter can be used as stirring sticks for beverages and can be colored and flavored.
Similar to rock candy, rock sugar is made in the form of amber-colored crystals, the result of sugar cooked until it begins to color. It is not as sweet as regular granulated sugar, and is used to sweeten certain Chinese teas and meat glazes. It can be found in the U.S. packaged as party sugar crystals.
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Go To The Article Index Above
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The address "How to Be a French Business Manager in an American Company in the U.S.? The Views of Two West Michigan French Business Managers" will be presented at Hope College on Wednesday, Oct. 25, at 4 p.m. in the Maas Center conference room.
The public is invited. Admission is free.
The event will feature Fabienne Munch of Herman Miller and Loick Griselain of Johnson Controls, and is sponsored by the college's French Cultural Studies Colloquium.
The Maas Center is located on Columbia Avenue at 11th Street.


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Yovel Badash thinks it's not enough to just 'do no evil' — "You've got to actually do some good in this world," he says. "You've got to contribute to making it a better place, and you have to answer up to yourself and others when it comes to the question, 'How did you help to do so?'" His own answer as to how to do that good is NaMaYa, an online education platform for schools and school districts that offers nearly everything they might need to create a blended learning environment. It's also a place where content providers and even benefactors (those who'd like to donate to schools) can go to make their impact felt. Yovel, a successful consultant and entrepreneur, has had plenty of success in the business and technology world. Now, through NaMaYa, he's applying this to education. Here he shares why—as well as his thoughts on the current revolution and what it's doing for the future of schools.
Victor: Why did you create NaMaYa?
Yovel: I have been active in the technology innovation space for almost 15 years. During my career I came to realize how powerful technology solutions are when sound architecture is coupled with new business models/ideas, and how this can solve real business problems and impact our lives.
At some point I felt that increasing a company's productivity or providing it a more secure infrastructure is of real value but there might be better use of my time.
Since that decision I have been involved in a few ventures where the idea was to use technology to solve a real life issue. With NaMaYa we are addressing one the most important parts of our life – education. It did not require a lot of research to realize how much need exists in this space.
Once that was clear, it was only a matter of time until we defined the right vision and crafted a technology mission around it.
Our vision is fairly simple and is designed to address the following challenge – how do we make the best education content available over the internet and how can we facilitate the needs of every entity that is involved in the education process while relying on three main pillars – content, community and technology.
Victor: What does the name mean?
Yovel: Originally the name did not mean anything. We just thought it is an amazing memorable name that I personally really loved. After a few years one of my best friends pointed to me that the name is a combination of three Hebrew words and in essence represents what the company is all about:
Na – means "Please" – representing the "right" way or the respectful way.
Ma – means "What" – this is the ultimate question word that represents curiosity or the learning process.
And Ya – means "God" – representing spirituality, destiny or faith.
Victor: What is it? Who created it?
Yovel: NaMaYa is an online technology PaaS (Platform As A Service) that was specifically designed to support the needs around online education and provide innovative technology around this space.
Our architecture is based on cloud computing meaning it is all running on our servers so there is no hardware or software to purchase.
Our team created a cutting edge Paas after extensive research and planning into the needs of 21st century online education. NaMaYa is designed to allow any entity that wants to be active around online education to do it easily and with little to no cost.
Teachers: Teachers are at the heart of NaMaYa. Whether you work in a public, private or virtual school or even if you are just a private tutor – NaMaYa can be your online education starting point. NaMaYa offers a wide variety of powerful features not available anywhere else online – for free!
Schools: NaMaYa offers schools a complete online education set of products that support everything a 21st century school needs. Schools can join NaMaYa today and be up and running in a matter of hours. NaMaYa is a visionary provider of educational software based on cloud computing, so our schools have nothing to worry about – we handle everything!
Parents: Children are the most important part of our life, and their education is our top priority. NaMaYa helps parents improve their child's education in a simple and cost-effective way.
Student. NaMaYa is opening a new world of opportunity for our students. We strive to deliver the best quality online content for the best possible price!
Content Providers: Companies that have existing high-quality content and want to offer it in the global market can use NaMaYa's education content market place and increase their global presence and overall sales.
Benefactors: Anyone that is passionate about education can easily use their available resources to impact the life of an individual, whole schools or even districts.
Our team is responsible for the technology roadmap and overall strategy. We have a very clear idea of where we want to be in a few years and how to get there.
Victor: What does it do? What are the benefits?
Yovel: NaMaYa is the starting point for online education. We combine the three main pillars – technology, content and the community into one integrated PaaS that can be used at anytime for free or very low cost.
By offering a unified integrated system we are disrupting the market and opening the door for many interesting things to happen, many that we can't even predict yet.
As an example – an individual school can benefit from NaMaYa in the following ways:
- A complete, hosted, powerful website
- Full featured Learning Management System
- Social network communication functionality for school, teachers, students and parents
- Best quality integrated content (free/paid)
- eCommerce engine
- Safe education search – easily find what is available out there
- Fundraising/benefactor program for each school/teacher
- And much more…
Victor: How is it unique from other similar products/services? What companies do you see as in the same market?
Yovel: There are many providers with point solutions. Some offer website creation for schools, some offer LMS, others offer a grade-book or rewards program as an example. An average school would need access to all of these functionalities and solutions but it would be impossible for them to deal with so many individual vendors. And we haven't even touched on the content aspect.
The issue is that as far as we can see, no one if offering a complete worries free solution for schools. Educators don't want to worry about hosting, technical requirements or software features. They want to educate and teach. They want to impact the results of their students and have better education.
Moreover, there is such a diverse content marketplace that I can't imagine how an individual school can find/access everything that is out there.
If we take the LMS market as an example – we can see that on the high-end we see Blackboard as an industry leader on the lower level we see Moodle as an open source alternative.
Our goal in NaMaYa is to provide the best of these two options as an example. Full features and support you would expect from a large company with an open source, low cost pricing model you would get from an open solution.
Victor: When was it developed? What is something interesting or relevant about its development history?
Yovel: NaMaYa was incorporated in 2007 as a result of long process of design and research. Our development process was very slow in the first couple of years due to resource constraints – but I think that really helped us in the long run. We manage to architect a unique state of the art PaaS that has taken into consideration years of research/market needs. Some of the technology under the hood has been around for many years and is serving a variety of sites in almost any vertical market.
Our platform is proven and stable while offering an eco-system of add-on education applications that provide really limitless possibilities.
Victor: Where did it originate? Where can you get it now?
Yovel: You can simply sign up online at www.namaya.com. We are hosting it on the Cloud so teachers or schools can start immediately without any complex processes.
We also launched our PD site where we offer a variety of high quality professional development courses for teachers. Teachers can earn recertification credits, graduate credits and soon we will be offering an online master's degree program. This can be found at www.namayapd.com
Victor: How much does it cost? What are the options?
Yovel: For most users and usage scenarios – NaMaYa is free. Only schools that want a branded environment they can control need to pay a flat and low monthly usage fee.
We are talking about a few dollars per year, per student for a full-scale solution.
Some premium content also costs money but these prices are controlled 100% by the content owner and are not influenced by NaMaYa.
Our professional development courses (including graduate courses) are competitively priced.
Victor: What are some examples of it in action?
Yovel: We have many teachers that started building their courses on our site. Some migrated CD based courses to our platform and are now offering these courses to their students.
We also started uploading Open Course Ware materials and courses so users will have the access to the best quality free content.
A good example of the whole platform in action is our PD site – www.namayapd.com.
We also have several schools and universities that are using it but most of their information is available beyond the login page. A good example could be found at http://school.namaya.com/nrps.
Victor: Who is it particularly tailored for? Who is it NOT for?
Yovel: Initially we have designed NaMaYa to service Content Providers and Schools/Teachers. We would like the leaders in every school to have access to the best available solution to support their educational goals.
Individual teachers can create complete courses, create learning communities and really do whatever they can think of to enhance the educational process.
Schools can create their online education site or even their main website on our platform.
It is all easy "wizard" based with no need for any technical support.
Content providers can upload their content to our content marketplace or create their own branded virtual schools and expand nationally or globally.
Victor: What are your thoughts on education these days?
Yovel: For me education is a passion or really a mission. As the primary key to personal growth and really as a fundamental component for better life – I think Education is probably one of the most important underserved areas in our Western world. We see so much innovation around so many areas in life, from gadgets to software that helps us spend more money, work less (or more) and be more productive etc. but very few innovations or businesses exist to support the greater good.
Our generation is so fortunate to live in the information/device revolution and my goal is to help people harness this for online education. Smart phones, tablets, content creation tools, social media are just some of the major changes that are impacting our life on multiple levels.
Social media is enabling peaceful revolutions to happen where dictators ruled for decades. Smart devices bring the world to the palm of our hands. We already communicate/shop/work/read/etc differently than before – there is no doubt in my mind that we will learn differently too.
In the book – "The World is Flat"— Friedman outlines how technology erased borders and brings everyone into the same level playing field. Now it is our job to use technology and information and help anyone anywhere in the world to learn anything they want.
The real impact of our vision is still evolving but I am hopeful NaMaYa will improve the way we learn all around the world.
Victor: What sort of formative experiences in your own education helped to inform your approach to creating NaMaYa?
Yovel: I guess the most influential aspect was my university degree. I got my B.Sc. from the Open University in Tel Aviv. The way it works is simple – there are no acceptance criteria – anyone can learn anything they want. When you register to a course the university sends you a large box of course materials every semester. You have a meeting with a guide once every few weeks and you literally learn alone at home. It is a very different way of learning and seeing how most of my friends learned in "traditional" universities, I couldn't help but think – why isn't there more of this?
I completed my degree while holding down a full time job in sales and marketing that was very demanding. My degree in Computer Science and Management is a great example of how you can literally learn anything if you have great materials, some good guidance and a lot of will-power.
I guess that's when I started thinking about the option of NaMaYa – I did not call it by that name, and I had no idea how it would look – but I thought it would be a good idea to have everything online.
Victor: How does NaMaYa address some of your concerns about education?
Yovel: I think this is fairly simple. Our goal with NaMaYa is to offer the best possible technology at the lowest possible cost to anyone that is involved in education.
Teachers can create great content and really impact their student's life. Parents can be involved; schools can create their own environments…all in an integrated and elegant way.
Our goal is to facilitate the marketplace of online education and enable continuous innovation to happen on all three main pillars I mentioned before.
Victor: What is your outlook on the future of education?
Yovel: Education is going to continue to change even more rapidly as technology evolves and as human behavior changes.
First, I think the role of a teacher will be completely different. When I was in school – the teacher was the primary source of information. In today's world, the teacher is more of a guide and coach helping the student how to "learn to learn".
Schools are also going to change. With access to technology, students won't have to be in school all day learning in a classroom with one/two teachers. Schools will evolve to support different ways of learning for different students. Students will have the ability to advance in the material based on their skills and investment.
I also think that the curriculum concept will change to allow parents and teachers to be more in control around what the student is learning.
Technology will enable us to create a specific learning path for each student and to tailor this process to the individual's learning style or intelligence type. In some ways, we will have less room for excuses for poor performance of a student, teacher or school.
It is hard to predict how things will change – but I am sure we are in front of a major revolution.
My hope is to position NaMaYa in the forefront of this process and make sure we leverage these changes in the right way.
Victor: What else can you tell educators and other leaders in and around education about the value of NaMaYa?
Yovel: I invite anyone to get started and see how they can impact their students' lives. Not every change is positive in life but in most cases, and in this case for sure – change is inevitable. Educators and schools must embrace these new trends and make the best of them. There is no other way.
Victor: What makes you say that?
We are in the middle of a revolution and I think the results of this process are in the hands of educators. If they take this challenge and control it – we will have unbelievable education progress worldwide.
It is much easier than it seems and NaMaYa is one provider that is committed to this revolution – we hope to get more educators on board and help us lead this process.
Victor Rivero tells the story of 21st-century education transformation. He is the editor-in-chief of EdTech Digest, a magazine about education transformed through technology. He has written white papers, articles and features for schools, nonprofits and companies in the education marketplace. Write to: email@example.com


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A Daughter's Look at the Ford Presidency
August 30, 2013
Analysis of a presidency and a walk down memory lane combined for a uniquely enlightening evening as Susan Ford Bales presented the 2013 Stoffer Lecture on Aug. 29. The youngest child and only daughter of President Gerald R. Ford gave a heartfelt presentation and some thoughtful history to the hundreds of Albion College students, faculty, staff and community members gathered for the College's Opening Convocation.
Awarded an honorary doctorate for her decades-long advocacy supporting breast cancer research and education and effective treatment for combating chemical dependency, Ford Bales grew emotional as she thanked the College. "I know how very proud Dad would be that his daughter is being honored by this institution he so loved and so respected," she stated. "Albion College and the College's Ford Institute were a source of special pride to my dad."
With that, Ford Bales helped the students understand and appreciate the significance of her father's 18 months in office, from August 1974 through Inauguration Day in January 1977. Following the Watergate scandal and nearing the end of the Vietnam War, the country was in a "bitter season," with deep public distrust of the government.
Nonetheless, her father's accession to the presidency was seen as a positive step for the country. Then House Speaker Tip O'Neill voiced positive support for the new president, who was both a close friend and a political adversary. A 17-year-old at the time, "I was on top of the world," said Ford Bales on the family's move to the White House.
Just a few weeks later came a family crisis and one of the Ford presidency's unlikely legacies. Betty Ford's "controversial and courageous" decision to share news of her breast cancer changed the world's understanding of the disease. Ford Bales recalled the family discussions: Was it prudent to admit to disease within the First Family? "Could the president's wife even say the word 'breast' in public?" Ford Bales mused. "My mother announced that the time for women to hide disease behind closed doors must stop."
Ford Bales noted that the experience prepared her mother to later admit publicly to alcoholism and prescription drug dependency, and ushered in a new understanding of issues surrounding addiction.
Ford Bales also shared with the audience some less well-known achievements of her father's short time in office, grounded in his deep convictions for fairness and human dignity. President Ford, she noted, insisted that all countries that were part of the Helsinki Accords must agree to uphold human rights, the first such international agreement ever made. This action was widely criticized by both liberals and conservatives, yet Ford Bales explained that former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger later credited that provision with providing a framework for the anti-communist movement in the Soviet Union, eventually leading to the fall of Communism there.
President Ford also saw the opening of U.S. military academies to women; the adoption of Title IX, mandating equal support for women's athletics; and a change in banking rules to allow the introduction of the ATM machine.
"Dad had one question—What is best for the American people?—and he would do that," Ford Bales said.
Ford Bales also recalled her father's visit to Albion in 1977 for the dedication of the Ford Institute, which received, in 2012, a replica of Ford's statue in the U.S. Capitol. Ford noted again her father's pride in the institute, hoping it would be a long-lasting, living testament to his ideals.
"This evening, by the honor you have given me," Ford Bales concluded, "you have spoken to those future Albion students about the promise Dad made, and the extraordinary presidency that followed."


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Safety & Warnings
Your oven has been carefully designed to operate safely during normal cooking procedures. Please keep the following safety instructions in mind when you are using it:
Electrical Shock Hazard
Fire Hazard
Hot Surface Hazard
Cut Hazard
Important Safety Instructions
- To reduce the risk of fire, electrical shock, injury to persons or damage when using the oven, follow the important safety instructions listed below:
- Read all the instructions before using the oven. Use the oven only for its intended purpose as described in these instructions.
- Proper installation: be sure your appliance is properly installed and earthed by a qualified technician.
- Isolating switch: make sure this oven is connected to a circuit which incorporates an isolating switch providing full disconnection from the power supply.
- Do not change or modify the wireless communication device in any way. Changes or modifications not expressly approved by Fisher & Paykel could void the user's authority to operate the equipment.
- Household appliances are not intended to be played with by children.
- Do not leave children alone. Children should not be left alone or unattended in the area where the appliance is in use. They should never be allowed to sit or stand on any part of the appliance.
- Children of less than 8 years old must be kept away from the appliance unless continuously supervised. This appliance can be used by children aged from 8 years and above, and persons with reduced physical, sensory or mental capabilities or lack of experience and knowledge, if they have been given supervision or instruction concerning the use of the appliance in a safe way and they understand the hazards involved. Cleaning and user maintenance shall not be done by children without supervision.
- Do not place heavy objects on the oven door.
- Wear proper apparel. Do not wear loose fitting or hanging garments when using the appliance. They could ignite or melt if they touch an element or hot surface and you could be burned.
- This device complies with Industry Canada's licence-exempt RSSs. Operation is subject to the following two conditions:
- (1) This device may not cause interference; and
- (2) This device must accept any interference, including interference that may cause undesired operation of the device.
- This device complies with part 15 of the FCC Rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions: (1) This device may not cause harmful interference, and (2) this device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operation.
- User servicing: do not repair or replace any part of the appliance unless specifically recommended in the manual. All other servicing should be referred to a qualified technician.
- Do not use water on grease fires. Smother the fire or flame or use a dry chemical or foam type extinguisher.
- Use only dry oven mitts or potholders. Moist or damp potholders on hot surfaces could result in burns from steam. Do not let potholders touch hot areas or heating elements. Do not use a towel or a bulky cloth for a potholder. It could catch fire.
- Do not heat unopened food containers. They can build up pressure that may cause the container to burst and result in injury.
- Safe food handling: leave food in the oven for as short a time as possible before and after cooking. This is to avoid contamination by organisms which may cause food
- poisoning. Take particular care during warm weather.
- Always keep oven vents unobstructed.
- Do not operate your appliance by means of an external timer or separate remote control system.
Hot air can blow from the vent at the base of the oven as part of the oven' cooling system.
- Placement of oven shelves: always position shelves in the desired location while the oven is cool (before preheating). If a shelf must be removed while the oven is hot, do not let the oven mitts or potholder contact hot heating elements in the oven or the base of the oven.
- Do not clean the oven seal or use any oven-cleaning products on it. It is essential for a good seal, which ensures that the oven operates efficiently. Care should be taken not to rub, damage or move it.
- Do not use oven cleaners, harsh/abrasive cleaning agents, waxes, or polishes. No commercial oven cleaner, oven liner, or protective coating of any kind should be used in or around any part of the oven. Do not use harsh/abrasive cleaners, scourers or sharp metal scrapers to clean the oven door glass since they scratch the surface, which may result in the glass shattering.
- Clean only the parts listed in this manual.
- Do not use a steam cleaner to clean any part of the oven.
- Before starting a Self Clean cycle (some models only) remove oven shelves and all other cookware/utensils, and wipe up large food spills or grease deposits.
- Before starting a Self Clean cycle (some models only) make sure you move any pet birds to another, closed and well-ventilated room. Some pet birds are extremely sensitive to the fumes given off during a Self Clean cycle and may die if left in the same room as the oven during such a cycle.
- During a Self Clean cycle (some models only) the oven reaches higher temperatures than it does for cooking. Under such conditions, the surfaces may get hotter than usual and children should be kept away.
- Do not store things children might want above the oven. Children could be burned or injured while climbing on the oven to retrieve items.
- Do not install or operate the appliance if it is damaged or not working properly. If you receive a damaged product, contact your dealer or installer immediately.
- Use only bakeware approved for oven use. Follow the bakeware manufacturer's instructions.
- The California Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act requires businesses to warn customers of potential exposure to substances which are known by the State of California to cause cancer or reproductive harm. Small amounts of harmful chemicals are given off in the oven' self-cleaning cycle from insulation and food decomposition. Significant exposure to these substances can cause cancer and reproductive harm. Venting with a hood or open window, and wiping out excess food spills prior to self cleaning the oven reduces exposure.


text: Photo Information Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel, center, Korean Ambassador to the United States Ahn Ho-young, left, and National Director of the Korean War Veterans Association Lew Ewing, cut the ribbon to dedicate a new instillation in the Pentagon to commemorate the Korean War, June 18, 2013. Hagel thanked Korean War veterans attending for their service and said that the war and their service will never be forgotten. Photo by Erin A. Kirk-Cuomo Download Details Share Hagel Dedicates Pentagon Korean War Exhibit 19 Jun 2013 | Terri Moon Cronk Headquarters Marine Corps PRINT SHARE ARLINGTON, Va. -- Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel today dedicated what he called a "magnificent" permanent display in the Pentagon to honor veterans of the Korean War. The display opened in commemoration of the 60th anniversary of the 1953 armistice that ended hostilities on the Korean Peninsula, and of the U.S.-South Korean alliance. "We not only acknowledge you, we thank you," Hagel said to Korean War veterans who attended the dedication of the display, located on the first floor of the Pentagon's "A" ring. "We assure you that through this dedication today, your efforts and your noble cause will live on. You have helped shape history in a unique and magnificent way." The exhibit comprises a collection of photographs, videos, weapons and other artifacts of the Korean War. It also highlights the advancements of women, medicine and technology and the integration of African-Americans into the U.S. military. "The Korean War has been known in this country too long as 'The Forgotten War,'" Ahn Ho-young, South Korea's ambassador to the United States, said at the dedication ceremony. "We should change it to 'The Forgotten Victory.'" Since the war, South Korea has made significant economic progress and a transition to democracy, Ahn said, and has an important role in global issues. "[The war] was a victory and must not be forgotten," he added. Echoing Ahn, Hagel said the South Korean people have come far in many ways. "I know of no other nation that has done as much in such a little bit of time to improve their people and the region, and I know of no country [that is] a better ally to the United States than the Republic of Korea," the secretary said. "We are grateful for this relationship, [and] … what anchors it … is that special bond of people wanting a better life, who are willing to risk anything for it." Referencing his recent trip to Singapore for the Shangri-La Dialogue security summit, Hagel emphasized how the 60-year bilateral relationship between the United States and South Korea was evident in the two nations' relationships with Japan, the Philippines, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the Chinese and European allies. "This special relationship is bigger than just the Korean Peninsula or the North Asia region," the secretary said. "It has affected the world." The secretary said he is particularly proud of the Americans who left their cities and towns and "went far away to a very bloody conflict in a distant land, where very few knew a lot about the Korean Peninsula." Yet when the veterans returned home to the United States, he added, little acknowledgment of their service awaited them. "Very few people knew where Korea was," he said. "But … it was just as important in any conflict we've been in. The Republic of Korea still plays a key role as a very key ally in maintaining peace, stability and security in that part of the world." Hagel offered his gratitude to Korean War veterans on behalf of the Defense Department's men and women. "We acknowledge your service, everything you've done, what you mean to this country [and] the world, and the model you've provided for our young men and women for generations to come," Hagel told veterans. "It will be evidenced by this great display that we are dedicating today." Tags Korea , Korean War , Chuck Hagel , forgotten war , forgotten victory


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Mission Concepcion, small alter.
Mission Concepcion, "The Room of God's Eyes".
Mission Concepcion, the Alter in the main Chapel.
Mission Concepcion, vaulted ceiling in the Chapel.
Mission Concepcion, "The Quiet Room".
Mission Concepcion, Nov 1 2010
Mission San Jose, "The Mill".
Mission San Jose "The Grainery".
Mission San Jose court yard.
Mission San Jose "Hall of Arches" looking East.
Mission San Jose "Hall of Arches", looking North.
Mission San Jose "Hall of Arches" looking South.
Mission San Jose, external original tiles.
Mission San Jose, "Rose Window".
Mission San Jose inside the Chapel.
Mission San Jose, Nov 1 2010


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Beyoncé Giselle Knowles-Carter turns 35 today!
In celebration of the momentous occasion, she's spending her born day like none other: With the Obamas. The singer was spotted with her daughter getting off a plane in Frederick, Maryland on Friday for the trip.
According to Daily Mail, Beyoncé and her daughter Blue Ivy have touched down in Camp David, apparently set to spend Labor Day weekend with the Obamas. With President Barack having jetted off to China for the final G20 summit of his presidency, it looks like the holiday weekend will double as a girls' weekend with Michelle, Malia and Sasha.
The families go back to 2008, when Queen Bey sang during the Inauguration for President Barack Obama. She also created a song for First Lady Michelle Obama's "Let's Move" campaign, and performed the 2015 Global Citizen Festival at Central Park on September 26, 2015 in New York.
Before her birthday, she spent the week in New York with her daughter, hanging out with their new pooch. The ladies served it up on Instagram enjoying time in Central Park.
Love it.
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Happy Birthday, Beyoncé! Singer Spends 35th With First Family was originally published on hellobeautiful.com
NFL Football Baes: Meet Eagles WR Devonta Smith's Girlfriend, Mya Danielle!
Biggie Small's Killer Revealed, 26 Years Later
DeVonta Smith Prepares for Newborn Baby in Style! [PHOTOS]
Nicki Minaj ft. Chris Brown - Right By My Side [New Music]
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Yung Miami's Twin Look-Alike Mom is a Baddie! Meet Keenya Young!
100.3 WRNB Presents: Celebrating Sisterhood!
Social Media Trolls Jada Pinkett Smith Posting Throwback Video of Tupac Dancing to A Fresh Prince Song


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angels answer appear arts bear begin believe Bible break bring brought burst cast clear coming command condemn cross crown darkness death deceive deep destroy devil didst discern doth earth evil eyes faith fall fear friends fruit give given Gospel hand happiness hath head hear heart heaven hell here's I'll Jews Joanna join judge judgment king kingdom knowledge known laid land learned light live look Lord man's mankind manner mark mind mystery never peace perfect plain prayer promise prophecies prophets prove redeem round Satan sealed seen serpent shew sons soon sound Spirit stand strong surely sword tell thee things thou thou hast thought told tree true truth turn unto visions warn whole wisdom wish woman words writings written
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Page 119 - For unto us a child is born, unto us a son is given: and the government shall be upon his shoulder: and his name shall be called Wonderful, Counsellor, The Mighty God, The Everlasting Father, The Prince of Peace. Of the increase of his government and peace there shall be no end, upon the throne of David, and upon his kingdom, to order it, and to establish it with judgment and with justice from henceforth even for ever. The zeal of the Lord of hosts will perform this.
Page 88 - I have sworn by myself, the word is gone out of my mouth in righteousness, and shall not return, that unto me every knee shall bow, every tongue shall swear.
Page 98 - And it shall come to pass, if they will not believe also these two signs, neither hearken unto thy voice, that thou shalt take of the water of the river, and pour it upon the dry land: and the water which thou takest out of the river shall become blood upon the dry land.
Page 1 - And the Lord said unto Satan, Hast thou considered my servant Job, that there is none like him in the earth, a perfect and an upright man, one that feareth God, and escheweth evil?
Page 2 - And I heard a loud voice saying in heaven, Now is come salvation, and strength, and the kingdom of our God, and the power of His Christ: for the accuser of our brethren is cast down, which accused them before our God day and night.
Page 94 - Then they that feared the Lord spake often one to another, and the Lord hearkened and heard it. and a book of remembrance was written before him for them that feared the Lord, and that thought upon His name.
Page x - GOD, whose nature and property is ever to have mercy and to forgive, receive our humble petitions ; and though we be tied and bound with the chain of our sins, yet let the pitifulness of thy great mercy loose us; for the honour of Jesus Christ, our Mediator and Advocate.
Page 88 - For ye shall go out with joy, And be led forth with peace: The mountains and the hills shall break forth before you into singing, And all the trees of the field shall clap their hands.
Page 124 - Woe unto you that desire the day of the Lord! to what end is it for you? the day of the Lord is darkness, and not light. As if a man did flee from a lion, and a bear met him ; or went into the house, and leaned his hand on the wall, and a serpent bit him.
Page 51 - For, behold, I create new heavens and a new earth: and the former shall not be remembered, nor come into mind. But be ye glad and rejoice for ever in that which I create: for, behold, I create Jerusalem a rejoicing, and her people a joy.


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Kartell: The Culture of Plastics
The Italian furniture maker's plastic history
From the very beginning of Kartell's history plastic and design have been the mantra. Founded by Giulio Castelli, a chemical engineer, the Italian furniture brand is the most influential proponent of plastic industrial design, building a sizable following through quality production processes and design contribution by innovative designers. The homes of the 1960s and '70s were very keen on accepting this experimentation and thus the company grew rapidly. Even though today Kartell is owned and directed by Claudio Luti, the founding ideals remain the same, making a strong argument for the chemical formula of success.
In order to celebrate this tradition Taschen has recently released a substantial, meticulously curated monograph entitled "Kartell: The Culture of Plastics." The work of editor Hans Werner Holzwarth, professor of visual communications at the Bauhaus University in Weimar, and Elisa Storace, curator of the Kartell Museum, describes in its 400 pages more than 60 years of activity, nine Compasso D'Oro ADI awards and the colorful design icons created by the likes of Gae Aulenti, Joe Colombo, Philippe Starck, Vico Magistretti, Antonio Citterio, Ron Arad, Piero Lissoni, Ferruccio Laviani, Patricia Urquiola, Marcel Wanders and Tokujin Yoshioka, to name a few.
This self-proclaimed "big book of plastics" is strictly organized in chronological order, leading us through the astonishing shapes and space-age aesthetic of the '60s, the experimentation of the '70s, the almost subversive style of the '80s, the "transparent revolution" of the '90s and the sensorial approach of the last 10 years. Authors of the book include international design experts, museum directors, philosophers, journalists and artists such as Silvana Annicchiarico, Franca Sozzani, Gillo Dorfles, Deyan Sudjic, Chantal Hamaide, R. Craig Miller, Marie-Laure Jousset, Giovanni Odoni.
Kartell: The Culture of Plastics will be published on 1 March 2013 by Taschen in two editions, the first in Italian, Spanish and Portuguese and the second in English, French and German. The historic accuracy is also guaranteed by an index of each product and award. Find it from Taschen directly or pre-order on Amazon for $40.
Images courtesy of Kartell


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PREMIUM QUALITY- With the external dimension of 33x34x24cm (13"x13.4"x9.5), frames and fixed parts are made of 2020 aluminum profiles & black injection molding material. Working Travel: 24(X)x18(Y)x4(Z)cm (9.4"x7.1"x1.6).EASE OF USE- According to the instructions, the machine is easy to assemble. Supports windows XP SP3, win7, win8, win10, (32/64) and Linux system. CONVENIENT CONTROL- Simply connect to computers via USB port and controlled by GRBL. An offline controller is also included for easy remote control without computers.
HIGH PERFORMANCE- Comes with T8 screw rods driving units, three 42 stepper motors, and a 775 (12-36V)24V spindle motor with rotational speed of 10000r/min. VERSATILE USE- Used to engrave all types of plastics, soft aluminum, woods, acrylics, PVCs, PCBs, etc. Note: The manual, software, list and assembly video are stored in the USB. More details, please refer to the USB.
Made of 2020 aluminum profiles and black injection molding material, which is of good appearance, high precision and durability. 3 axis is able to realize plane engraving, with effective working travel of 240(X)x180(Y)x40(Z)mm (9.4"x7.1"x1.6). The driving units consists of T8 stainless steel screw rods. Can be connected to a computer via a USB interface.
Able to output 2P/3P, and support PWM, TTL functions, which can achieve greater practicality. These two kinds of control panels are delivered at random, but does not affect the performance. A multifunctional offline controller is configured to remotely control the engraver without connecting to a computer.
Three 42 stepper motors are included on each of three axis for easy movement. The 775 (12-36V)24V spindle motor on Z axis is able to reach the speed of 10000r/min. Capable of engraving all types of plastics, soft aluminum, woods, acrylics, PVCs, and a wide range of other soft materials. CNC 2418 DIY Engraving Machine. This CNC engraving machine with effective working travel of 9.4"(X)x7.1"(Y)x1.6(Z), is made of aluminum profiles and black injection molding materials.
It features USB port, GRBL control board, and an offline controller, able to be controlled easily with/without computers. It can be used to engrave all types of plastics, soft aluminum, woods, PVCs, etc.
Which is an excellent affordable self-learning engraving tool! Effective Working Travel: 24(X)x18(Y)x4(Z)cm (9.4"x7.1"x1.6). Driving Units: T8 Stainless Steel Screws. Positional Accuracy: 0.08-0.1mm (0.003"-0.004"). Gross Weight: 16.2 lbs (7.36 kg).
1 x CNC 2418 Router Kit. 1 x Set of Tools. 2418 0.5W w/ Offline Controller.160x100x40mm (6.3"x3.9"x1.6). 240x180x40mm (9.4"x7.1"x1.6).
2020 Aluminum Profile & Injection Molding Material. 3018 0.5W w/ Offline Controller. 300x180x45mm (11.8"x7.1"x1.8). We believe that it is our vision and mission to provide innovative products with best service and competitive price to satisfy you.
Our goal is to make sure that you can find exactly what you are looking for and make it easy for you to place your orders. If you have any changes, pls inform us. 7:00am-13:00pm (Berlin Time). These charges are the buyers responsibility.If you need to return, please check twice to confirm the item not work and contact our customer service representative, let us know the detailed problem and send us some pictures for confirmation. Please make sure that item has NO man-made sabotage.
Used items will not be accepted for return. All emails will be responded to within 12-24hours.
Special circumstances will be listed clearly in the listing. Please do check everything carefully after you received the parcel, any the damage except DOA (Dead-On-Arrival) would not be covered if it's your fault. If you have any changes, pls inform us 7:00am-13:00pm (Berlin Time) in the same day. The item "VEVOR 3 Axis 2418 CNC Router Kit with Offline Controller USB Engraver Wood PVC" is in sale since Thursday, October 14, 2021.This item is in the category "Business, Office & Industrial\CNC, Metalworking & Manufacturing\Woodworking Supplies\Other Woodworking Supplies". The seller is "shuqhk4" and is located in Jenec. This item can be shipped to all countries in Europe.


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Mar. 9, 2014— -- Everybody knows there are certain things you can't share on the Internet without the risk of serious consequences -- photos of yourself in compromising positions, intimate details of your travel plans, or what you really think of your boss, for instance. But there are other morsels of information we share with regularity and without considering the consequences to our own detriment, as one of ZDNET writer Zach Whittaker's colleagues found out recently after granting Whittaker permission to try and hack him.
What Whittaker found was that, with just a series of Google searches, a dash of Twitter data mining and some social media information, his colleague's financial accounts could rather easily be compromised by somebody with an axe to grind.
So what should you stop doing online in order to better protect your identity offline?
1. Geolocation Tags
Facebook, Instagram and Twitter all allow users the option to reveal (or redact) location data on posts -- but sometimes the listed location is as specific as your exact address, not just the city. Given how much of social media is publicly available, it doesn't require a great deal of effort for someone to match your Tweets or Instagram pictures from home with the address you call home, and your address is often one piece of data financial companies use to verify your identity.
2. Posting a Picture of Your Financial or Personal Data
You'd think this was obvious, but some people just can't help sharing their excitement over a new driver's license or credit card or even an old bill they've finally paid off. But in addition to revealing your name, account number and address to would-be identity thieves, you're also providing easy access to information that someone could use to socially engineer their way into your accounts and disrupt your life.
3. Opening Your Home and Car to Strangers
Sites like Airbnb, Airpnp (for bathroom-sharing -- how can you not love this?!) or Lyft encourage people to make money off their existing physical assets -- cars, extra rooms or conveniently-located bathrooms. But they can also engender a false sense of security about having strangers around your stuff -- like mail, car registration or insurance documents, financial data or even medical information (like your prescriptions in your medicine cabinet). If you're going to invite strangers in, make sure you also lock them out of any information they could use to target you for identity theft -- even if that means securely storing your important information or receiving your mail off-site.
4. Checking In Everywhere
In addition to letting burglars know you're not home, checking in on Facebook or Foursquare lets identity thieves know where you are, where you've been (like a bank) or where you will be (like your regular gym). Any of that information could give them another source for potential data points to later use to access your financial accounts.
5. Happy Birthday to Me!
While birthday wishes from far-and-wide can make your special day even more special, it is one of those obvious data points that financial institutions use to authenticate you. From Facebook to dating sites, we often disclose at least the month and day of our birthdays (if not the year). Unfortunately, in concert with online resumes or a LinkedIn profile that shows our graduation dates, it's pretty easy to figure out one's entire birthday -- let alone their hometown, home address, or the name of their high school, which are also common challenge questions for financial institutions. If you can't contain your desperate need to leave it offline for whatever reason, make sure you don't use it as your password or PIN to another account.
The amount that we share online makes us more likely to feel like sharing widely is a normal thing, online and off. But the ease with which we publicize seemingly harmless bits of personal information online and off is often what scam artists rely upon when they go phishing, like in the new Netflix user phishing scam, or when they try to convince a customer service person that they are us. You don't have to make it any easier than it is, and you can make it a lot harder without going dark – just be smart about what you let into the light.
If you're worried about identity theft, it's smart to monitor your bank accounts and your credit to make sure if you do become a victim, you can act quickly. You can pay for a credit monitoring service, or you can monitor your credit scores for free using a tool like the Credit Report Card, which updates two of your credit scores for free every month. Any major, unexpected changes in your scores could signal identity theft, and you should pull your credit reports (which you can do for free once a year) to confirm.
Adam Levin is chairman and cofounder of Credit.com and Identity Theft 911. His experience as former director of the New Jersey Division of Consumer Affairs gives him unique insight into consumer privacy, legislation and financial advocacy. He is a nationally recognized expert on identity theft and credit.


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Emergency management worker warned of failed siren
APPLETON, WI (AP) — Months before severe storms hit the Fox Valley and caused $31 million in damages, an emergency management official warned Outagamie County supervisors the county's weather warning system was at risk.
Outagamie County Emergency Management Deputy Director Steve Hansel told members of the Public Safety Committee in February that the county could not sound its sirens if the backup generator for the warning tower failed. The backup generator had been disconnected before the storm hit Aug. 6-7 while a gas system was installed and had not been reconnected.
Emergency Management Director Julie Loeffelholz said she could not have sounded sirens alerting residents to the storm because power was lost at the communications tower.
Post-Crescent Media says Hansel resigned his county position in July.


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We specialize in plastic bumper repair, mobile bumper repair, mobile auto body, and dent repair.
We all have busy schedules. We'll come to your home or office, so that you can get your repair without making any changes to your day to day routine. Bumper Buddy is all about accommodating to your schedule!
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Bumper Buddy uses environmentally friendly products such as water based paint that are only allowed by local and state governments. In fact, we help eliminate the 10,000 plastic bumpers thrown out each year by understanding cosmetic repairs can be done conveniently and at your place of preference.