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Perfect scorer on the SAT & the ACT
Devorah is the founder of Advantage Point Test Prep and the author of the book "Boost Your Score" The Unofficial Guide to the Real ACT.
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Case Western Univ., summa cum laude
Perfect scorer on the SAT & the ACT
Devorah is the founder of Advantage Point Test Prep and the author of the book "Boost Your Score" The Unofficial Guide to the Real ACT.
Let's get started talking about the top elementary algebra concepts you'll see on the Math ACT. We're going to talk about substituting the variable, simplifying equations, solving linear equations, and inequalities. And if you're thinking, "Oh my gosh, that sounds really overwhelming," Don't worry we're going to break it down.
Let's start talking about substituting the variables. These questions give you an algebraic equation and then just the value of a variable within and they're going to plug it in. These are really straight forward. Let's look at this one, it looks complicated when you first look at it, but take a close look, when x plus y is 3, what is the value of two times parenthesis x plus y plus x plus y over three minus parenthesis x plus y to the fourth. So again it looks horrible but what do we know here, we know x plus y is equal to three and now this is the case where you'll just plug that in wherever you see x plus y. So it turns into a really straight forward problem, we have two times three, like x plus y, plus three over three or just one, minus three to the fourth, okay great. So just to simplify, this is six plus one minus 81, okay, and that is equal to six, seven minus 81 or negative 74, and we've got it. So it wasn't that bad after all, the answer choice A would be correct.
Let's keep going. Let's take a look at simplifying equations, so x squared minus four x plus nine in parenthesis and in another parenthesis, we have three x squared minus two x minus six. It looks kind of complicated you're thinking, "Oh my gosh, is there multiplication going on, what's up with the parenthesis." But if you take a close look, all we doing is subtracting, so these question types are just testing, can you combine expressions. These you remember from algebra, you know in school, combining like terms. So let's go ahead and get started with this problem. So we're going to get rid of the parenthesis, x minus four x plus nine, and now the next part, students often mess up on this so keep an eye out. You want to distribute your negative, it is so important it needs to go to every one of your terms, because your parenthesis means that, it's got to travel to every one of the parts. So minus three x squared, plus two x 'cause you've got two negatives there, so plus two x and then also plus six, great. And now this is looking pretty straight forward right? And now you know you just have to combine like terms, which you probably remember doing you know from class. So we've got x squared minus three x squared, okay just negative two x squared, so let's cross this out this becomes negative two x squared. Next you've got your negative four x plus two x, so negative four x plus two x just negative two x, and I can cross these out too. Okay last, nine plus six just 15, and we've got it. We've just simplified these expressions perfect. So which of these choices matches this? We need negative two x squared minus two x plus 15, and C is the correct answer choice here.
Let's move on, next solving linear equations. Again pretty straight forward but it's worth reviewing. If five x plus three is 23, what's 12 x minus ten? So the linear equation are just those really straight forward ones, you know we're not talking x squared, x cubed, just a plain x, often just one variable and that's what you're going to do, you're going to figure out what that x is? Five x plus three is 23 and then there is another step, okay, so what's 12 x minus ten. So you just take it into parts, if five x plus 3 is 23, first of all what's x? So five x plus three equals 23, so you know you need to isolate the variable, we're going to take three to the other side, okay so we have that five x is equal to 20. And in that case x is going to be equal to four, right? Cause you divide both sides by five. Okay, but we not done, and by the way you guys a tip for you, once in a while the ACT people are kind of mean that actually one of the answer choices would be, the answer that you'll get the first half of the problem, if it's a two part problem like this. So keep an eye out, here they're nice, we don't have a four, but sometimes there might be. Okay we know we're not done, we need to plug in our four to our x, back into 12 x minus ten, let's do that, so 12 times four minus ten, okay we know we do our multiplication before a subtraction, 48 minus ten which is going to equal 38. So B is the correct answer choice here. And you see how even though this looked you know, a couple of steps maybe a little tricky, it's really pretty straight forward if you remember the stuff you learn in school about isolating your variable.
Let's keep going and look at Inequalities. These are one of my favorite topics on algebra. An inequality states that one side of the equation is greater than the other. So just review of what the sign means, if you have A, this is A is less than B, if you've got, my teacher I think it was fifth grade, think about it you probably had this to, she says that the crocodile eats the bigger side you know, so if you had an open mouth, it would be pointing to the larger part of the equation, that's how I remember it, here because the mouth is pointing to the B, the B is larger, so A is less than B, A is greater than B, A is less than or equal to B if you've got this little line here, And A is greater than or equal to B, okay just a quick review.
Let's do a problem, now let me tell you something important, these look kind of intimidating but actually do them how you would do a straight forward algebra problem, pretending that this was actually an equal sign. The only time anything is ever going to change is if you multiply or divide by a negative number, watched out for this, they test this on the ACT and in that case, you're going to flip your inequality. Okay, so if four times x minus three minus two, is greater, okay let me write this out, four times x minus three minus two is greater than or equal to three times four x plus five. Okay, let's do it how we would do a typical equation, and again you're going to what to isolate the variables so we move some stuff around. First though, you know you need tackle out the parenthesis, so we've got to do four x minus 12 here and distribute four x minus 12 minus two is greater than or equal to 12 x plus 15. Okay this is already looking simpler, now you know this is end, this ends the thing, four x minus 14, 14 greater than or equal to 12 x plus 15, now we can move the 14 to the other sign and then we can move the 12 x to the side. Let's do that at the same time, so we have the 12 x moving over here, so you would have, negative eight x and that if you move the 14 to this side and you add it, you going to have its greater than or equal to 29. Okay we're almost finished, now all we have to do is divide by negative eight on both sides. And yes I said negative, we're dividing by a negative number, so we're going to switch the inequality and it's going to look like this, divide by negative eight, divide by negative eight. So now x is less than or equal, I flipped it, than 29 over negative eight. And actually you can't simplify that any further because 29 is prime. Great, which answer choice looks like that, and we see it's answer choice D, x is less than or equal to 29 over negative eight. And be careful because always one of the answer choices will be the same answer if you didn't flip the inequality, okay.
That's it for the Top Elementary Algebra Topics you'll see on the ACT. And again there are ten of these that you will see in the Math section. Now if you still feel like you need a little bit of work that's no problem, head to the bonus material and there you will find a lot of resources with extra practice problems.
On to intermediate algebra. These are the two concepts you'll see showing up most frequently for intermediate algebra on the ACT, and remember there are nine intermediate algebra questions. First solving quadratic equations and then solving systems of equations we'll go over this. Let's start with the first one quadratic equations. Hopefully you guys remember what these are from Math class. This an equation where something is squared and they're usually in the form AX squared plus BX plus C and this when you factor them with your two sets of parenthesis and you find the solutions. So let me tell you something really neat actually your calculator has a really good program that will calculate this for you. Students don't know that programs on your TI calculator are okay on the test but they are. So check your bonus material and I actually have a program there that will do this equation for you all you have to do is put in the number that shows up here in each of them. So here there's no number you put one you'd put four, you'd put four and you would do tup tup turup, take a second calculate your roots no brain power required on your end.
But just in case let's look at an example that you would actually do by hand. We've got a real problem here X squared minus three equals two X find the solutions. So okay we're looking for the possible values of X. If you look at this and you're thinking huh it doesn't quite look right remember you can't factor unless it says equal to zero so we need to move this around a little bit. Let's do that first so we've got, X squared minus three we'll subtract the two X to the other side equal zero. Now still doesn't look great because you want it in the form of you know AX squared plus or minus BX plus or minus C where the number appears third and that number attached to the X appears second. So let's switch this around minus three, minus two X is the same thing as minus two X minus three so let's write that out. X squared minus two X minus three equals zero great. And now we can factor we'll put out our two sets of parenthesis okay we got an X on each side. So as you remember from school if you have a minus and a minus in your actual equation you know something about what's going to happen in your parenthesis? It's not going to be a plus here and a plus here 'cause that would give you all addition right? And it's not going to be a minus and a minus 'cause when you multiply negatives you also just get pluses. You're going to need one of these to be adding and one of these to be subtracting. So one of these is going to be a plus, one of these is going to be a minus. Remember when you're filling this out you're looking for two numbers that will multiply together to give you negative three, but add to give you negative two. Let's think about it for a second what about one and three? Let's say if you had one and three they combine to give you three and they would add to give you or subtract to give you two. The question is what's going to go where? Let's try to have you've got your three here and your one here and let's see how that would work. So we'd have X squared minus X plus three X that would give us a positive two X so that's not the right way to do it. We want to flip these and have the one appearing here and the three appearing here. Let's try it again, so X plus one and X minus three and now when you think about it that works right? You'd have if you've worked it back you would have X squared minus three plus one X that's still negative two X minus three and that's perfect.
Still the question is we're not done what's the solutions here? I have a lot of students that would look at this and they'll say oh you know one negative three perfect. Don't make that mistake because you know what there will always be an answer choice and that's wrong. Remember now you know that X plus one and X minus three each of those is equal to zero. So if you have X plus one is equal to zero X could be negative one right? So one of your roots is X equals negative one. Also we've got X minus three is equal to zero so X is going to be three. So our two roots are X equals negative one and X equals three which of these has those numbers? C we want negative one and we want positive three so C will be the correct answer choice here.
Okay next topic solving systems of equations. So this is a case where you're going to have two different questions with two variables that they both share. Here Y equals five X minus one and we have two Y equals six X plus 24 so what you do here? Hopefully you remember from school there's actually a couple of ways to solve a problem like this. You could use substitution and actually plug in we know since Y is five X minus one everywhere we see Y we can just plug in over here five X minus one. There's also something called combination you probably remember this you would line up your equations and either add or subtract to see if you can cross off a variable and solve it that way. So what I'm going to do here is just substitution. Within your bonus materials there will be a really good example of combination 'cause you know depending on the situation one thing might be easier than the other but you can always do either strategy. So here let's substitute it's easier because it's just really straight forward that Y is equal to five X minus one so for Y we can just plug that in. So here two times five X minus one is equal to six X plus 24. And now we can just simplify so we know ten X minus two is equal to six X plus twenty four. So if you move the six X over here and the two over here let's see you would have that four X 'cause we're subtracting, the six X, four X is equal adding the two over here to 26 and therefore X is equal to 26 over four which simplifies right? It simplifies to 13 halves. And there we go D is the correct answer choice here.
Let's recap in this episode we talked about elementary algebra and we talked about intermediate algebra. And there was a separate episode that dealt with pre-algebra. So you see algebra is a really big topic on the ACT and I want you to spend a lot of time practicing and head to your bonus materials if they're any topics here that you think you need more practice with.


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Pink Grapefruit Paloma is that perfectly delightful refreshing cocktail that you want for your summer parties. Fresh Grapefruit juice is the star ingredient here…, which is THE perfect citrus for summer cocktails. This Grapefruit Paloma is tart, sweet and very summery.
And that color !! That's the exact shade of baby pink I was going for in my cocktail. If you like citrus notes in your cocktails, then you must try this Pink Grapefruit Paloma.
I don't know about you guys, but names are big on my list. When I hear something catchy.., I get intrigued. I was looking for cocktail ideas for this Friday and I stumbled upon this drink called "Paloma"..,I was immediately hooked. Paloma! Sounds like a drink up for seduction. And Paloma in Spanish means, dove. 🙂
Though not a fan of tequila, but I went for it because I had to. How can I resist this sexy cocktail that not only got a seductive sound to it but also has this color, that is so alluring?
Wishing all of you a very happy weekend, readers! If any of you try this drink, please share a picture or tag me at instagram.com/myyellowapron
There are few more other cocktails, that may intrigue you as well.
- 4 ounce Tequila
- 4 ounce freshly squeezed grapefruit juice (you can use canned juice as well)
- 1 TBSP agave or sugar syrup or maple syrup (I used agave)
- Club Soda
- 1 TBSP Lemon juice
- Salt to rim the glasses
- Few grapefruit slices for garnishing
- Mix the grapefruit juice, tequila, lemon juice and agave/sugar syrup until well mixed.
- Rim the glasses with salt
- Pour the drink into the glasses and top up with soda water.
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McDonald's is everywhere. The company's logo is the most recognized symbol in the world, likely due to the fact that there are locations in over 120 countries. McDonald's is a fast-food institution, and even if you're not on the fast-food bandwagon, you can't help but recognize the Golden Arches' vast popularity.
Some consider eating at McDonald's while abroad a smack in the face to local cuisine. At the same time, McDonald's international menus do a pretty good job of adjusting their traditional American items to accommodate local diners—at the very least, the food nods in the direction of local flavors, albeit in their most dumbed-down form. From Bubblegum Squash McFlurries to Mashed Potato Burgers, international McDonald's menu items are full of surprises.
Check out some of the wildest items on international McDonald's menus.


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Echoes of the Past: The Kingdom of Despair Collector's Edition
End the witch's evil reign at last! Explore the twists and turns of a mysterious world as you travel through a strange, cursed kingdom, where the characters have been robbed of their beauty and talents by a cruel sorceress. Tests your wits as you gather the missing amulets, restore the lives of the cursed characters – and open the portal to return home!
This is a special Collector's Edition release full of exclusive extras you won't find in the standard version. As a bonus, Collector's Edition purchases count toward three stamps on your Monthly Game Club Punch Card!
The Collector's Edition includes:


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Russell Hantz was finally voted off Surivor for the first time ever as his Zapatera tribe was able to accomplish a feat that no other tribe in the history of the show has been able to do.
In a new interview with E! News, Russell discusses being voted off, calls Boston Rob "fake" but praises his game, reveals he actually tried to form an alliance with the guys, and once again denies leaking out any Survivor spoilers. Excerpts are below –
Is Russell Hantz really a softie inside—is the villain all an act for Survivor?
When I get out there I get so in the game. I get to a point where I am focused on one thing: that's the game. I'm able to step out of who I am and play this game. That's why I'm so good at the game—I'm able to step out and be a different person. The difference between me and Rob is with him, that is what you see. Rob, we ain't best of buddies and we'll never be. I know good people, from the South mostly…I'm the guy who will give you the shirt off my back in real life. I'm the guy who will come get you at three o'clock in the morning and bail your butt out of jail. To me, what I see in Rob as a person is he's fake, 100 percent. He is what he is on the show. Him and [Survivor: Heroes vs. Villains winner] Sandra, that's them. That's their personality, in real life.
What's your opinion of how Rob is playing the game this season?
I think he's playing excellent. I think Rob is doing a great job. He has it under control. I don't know what happens at the end of the day, but if anybody wants to make a bet with me right now, I'll make the bet. I know how it feels when you have control of the tribe. My tribe's about to fall to pieces because I'm not there. Mark my words.
Why didn't you try a different strategy this season—why you didn't switch it up and try to ally with the men?
I did. You didn't see that part. First I went up to Stephanie and said OK, I wanna align with you. This is what I'ma do, I'm gonna go to the guys, I'ma align with them, and I'm tell them I talked to you. I'ma tell them we have your vote so it's gonna be four, we need another person, because Krista didn't like me at this point. She thought she'd be conceived of that Natalie girl I'd be resentful of. So I talked to Mike and Dave, they were like high-fiving me, [saying] "Yeah man, let's do this!" I said, "I'm telling you one thing: I talked to Stephanie. I don't want to keep nothing from y'all, but if there's any way possible I wanna drag her along with us, because that's just another vote. Whenever you're ready to get rid of her, we'll get rid of her." That was a lie. I wanted to keep her because she was like Parvati—she had a strategic mind like Parvati. So did Krista, but they don't show Krista in that light. That was the best alliance I ever had. Ever. That's how hard the game is—I still didn't make it.
Can you comment on reports that you leaked Survivor spoilers? What is your opinion of people who leak reality show spoilers?
It sucks. The thing is, it's easy to say it was me, because I'm the villain. Everyone's asking me this stupid question. I don't want to give it any credit because that's exactly what these people want—they want credit.
You mentioned Celebrity Apprentice—are we going to see you again on TV?
I'll be back. It might not be Survivor, but I already have something in the works—and it's gonna be good.


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Party Graphic Styles
File Includes:
- .ai file – with 50 Party Graphic Styles
File Features:
- Graphic Style was designed using 96pt font.
- Font used was Arial Bold and is not included in this download.
I take great pride in my work and if something is wrong with the item or not as described leave a comment, and I will GUARANTEE that I will work with you to fix it and make you happy. ENJOY!


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Memoto is a Swedish startup company that began as a Kickstarter project in 2012. They are the creators of the Memoto Lifelogging Camera. It is a tiny device that allows users to not only capture, but also share, whatever special moments of their life that they choose to. The idea was to make a camera that was small enough so that it wouldn't get in the way. The camera allows people to organically capture the small, but important, moments of their lives.
The Memoto Lifelogging Camera takes 5 megapixel pictures. It comes in Memoto Orange, Graphite Gray, and Arctic White. Clip the camera onto your clothing, and it will start taking pictures for you at a rate of 2 photos per minute. When you want to stop taking photos, just put the camera down or put it into your pocket.
Those photos are then safely stored on Memoto's storage service. There are Memoto apps for both iPhone and Android that will automatically organize the photos on a timeline for you. The Memoto Lifelogging Camera has GPS and records time data, so you won't have to remember the name of the restaurant you went to while using the camera. It will have the name recorded for you. From there, you can easily share your photos on Facebook. Memoto is currently in the pre-launch phase. Their first edition is expected to ship in April of 2013.
The Memoto Lifelogging Camera has been selected as a finalist in the Innovative Web Technologies category for the 5th Annual SXSW Accelerator competition. The SXSW event takes place from March 11th – 13th, 2013. On March 12th, judges will announce a winner to each of the categories. Their decision will be revealed on March 13th at 6:00 p.m. in the Austin Convention Center in Room 10A/B. Memoto will be presenting in the Accelerator competition in the Innovative Web Technologies at 3:30 on the fourth floor of the Downtown Austin Hilton.


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A. The US GHG Emissions Reduction Targets
Although the Obama administration has over the last year or two taken significant steps to reduce US greenhouse gas (ghg) emissions that have been widely welcomed by many nations, do the current US ghg reduction targets represent the US fair share of safe global emissions? This post examines the question of whether the current US commitments to reduce US ghg emissions are adequate as a matter of justice and ethics.
On November 11, 2014, the Obama Administration announced a new US commitment on reducing its ghg emissions in a deal with China. (US White House, 2014) The United States pledged to cut its emissions to 26-28% below 2005 levels by 2025 while retaining a prior pledge to reduce US ghg emissions by 80% below 2005 by 2050.
All nations have agreed to negotiate a new climate agreement with binding force at the twenty first Conference of the Parties (COP21) under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in Paris in December 2015. To prepare for the Paris negotiations, countries have agreed to publicly outline what post-2020 climate actions they intend to take, known as their Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs). The INDCs will largely determine whether the world is on a path to avoid catastrophic climate change by avoiding additional warming of no more than 2°C.
On March 31, 2015, the United States submitted its INDC to the Secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) which reiterated the ghg emissions reduction targets announced in November. (US, 2015)
The US March announcement on its reduction targets for 2025 was met with mostly, but not uniformly, positive responses from nations around the world because the new commitments were a significant increase over the US commitment made in 2009 to reduce US ghg emissions by 17% below 2005 emissions levels by 2020. The new US commitments were also welcomed because the United States has a record that spans several decades of being a major obstacle to achieving an adequate global solution to climate change. (For a discussion of the role that the United States has played in international climate negotiations, see Brown, 2002 and Brown, 2012) The Obama administration ghg reduction targets were seen by many as a constructive change in the US role in international efforts to find a global solution to climate change.
Although there has been a positive response to the Obama commitments to reduce US ghg emissions, there is also great international concern that national INDCs, including the US commitments, are not nearly ambitious enough to prevent dangerous climate change. In fact there is a strong consensus among nations that unless nations reduce their ghg emissions to levels that represent each nation's fair share of safe global emissions, there is little hope of preventing catastrophic warming.
The United States along with almost every country in the world agreed when it ratified the UNFCCC to adopt policies to prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system on the basis of "equity" and "common but differentiated responsibilities." Thus the United States has agreed that it should reduce its ghg emissions to levels required of it on the basis of equity and justice.
In addition there are several features of climate change that scream for attention to understand it and respond to it as an ethical and moral problem. These features include: (a) it is a problem caused by some nations and people emitting high-levels of ghgs in one part of the world who are harming or threatening tens of millions of living people and countless numbers of future generations throughout the world who include some of the world's poorest people and who have done little to cause the problem, (b) the harms to many of the world's most vulnerable victims of climate change are potentially catastrophic, (c) many people most at risk from climate change often can't protect themselves by petitioning their governments; their best hope is that those causing the problem will see that justice requires them to greatly lower their ghg emissions, and, (d) to protect the world's most vulnerable people, nations must act quickly to limit their ghg emissions to levels that constitute their fair share of safe global emissions.
A major significance for policy of understanding climate change as a moral and justice issue, is that nations may not look at economic self-interest alone in formulating policies, they must consider their ethical and moral obligations to those who are most vulnerable to climate change.
For these reasons, it is important to review the US ghg emissions reduction commitments through the lens of justice and equity. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate change (IPCC) "equity" under the UNFCCC covers both distributive justice issues and procedural justice. (IPCC, 2015, chap 4, 4.2.2)
The rules under which nations are making commitments in their INDCs before the Paris COP under the UNFCCC do not include a definition of or benchmark for determining what "equity' requires of nations. Yet nations are encouraged to explain how they took environmental ambition and fairness into account in establishing their INDC. More specificly at UNFCC COP-20 in Lima, nations agreed to explain in its INDC:
"how the Party considers that its intended nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious, in light of its national circumstances, and how it contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2. (UNFCCC, 2014, emphasis added)"
Although reasonable disagreements exist about what equity and justice requires of nations in setting their INDCs as demonstrated by numerous proposed equity frameworks discussed by the recent IPCC chapter in the 5th Assessment Report on equity (IPCC, 2014, chapter 4), the national commitments that are based upon national economic interests alone clearly fail to pass minimum ethical scrutiny. This is so because as IPCC said recently "reasonable interpretations of equity are limited to only a few plausible kinds of considerations namely responsibility, equality, capacity, and rights of developing countries to develop." (IPCC, 2014, chapter 4. 48-52) If there is any doubt that economic self-interest is not compatible with the idea of "equity" it also is an unacceptable basis for establishing national climate change policies because economic self-interest is also inconsistent with well established international legal principles including:
- the "polluter pays" principle of the Rio Declaration (UN, 1992: Principle 16),
- the "no harm" principle recognized in the UNFCCC (UNFCCC, 1992: Preamble)
- what is required of nations who fail to fulfill and protect human rights of citizens (For discussion of the implications for policy of a human rights approach to climate change policy see, Brown and Brown, 2014).
And so although it may not be possible to say precisely what equity requires of nations in advance, strong arguments can be made that some national commitments fail to satisfy reasonable interpretations of what equity requires. Or saying this another way, although policy makers may disagree on what perfect justice requires, they may all strongly agree that certain positions are unjust.
In the absence of a court adjudicating what equity requires of nations in setting their national climate change commitments, a possibility but far from a guarantee under existing international and national law (for an explanation of some of the litigation issues, Buiti,2011), the best hope for encouraging nations to improve the ambition of their national emissions reductions commitments on the basis of equity and justice is the creation of a mechanism under the UNFCCC that requires nations to explain their how they quantitatively took equity into account in establishing their INDCs and why their INDC is consistent with the nation's ethical obligations to people who are most vulnerable to climate change and the above principles of international law.
B. The US Justification for Its GHG Emissions Reduction Targets.
Although the United States asserted without explanation when it submitted its INDCs to the the UNFCCC Secretariat that the US commitments were" fair and ambitious," (US, 2015), the United States has also acknowledged the commitment was based upon what is achievable under existing US law rather than what may be required of the United States by ethics, justice, and basic fairness.
The US justification for its new 2025 commitment is as follows:
The target is grounded in intensive analysis of cost-effective carbon pollution reductions achievable under existing law and will keep the United States on the right trajectory to achieve deep economy-wide reductions on the order of 80 % by 2050. (US White House, 2014)
According the US White House, the 80% reduction commitment by 2050 is based upon a commitment made by the United States to the G8. (Light, 2014)
The US has not asserted that the 26% to 28 % reduction below 2005 emissions reduction commitment by 2025 or 80% reduction below 2005 emissions by 2050 aspiration represents the US fair share of safe global emissions.
In regard to the 80% reduction commitment by 205o, the United States has asserted that this number was taken from the 2009 G8 Declaration on Climate Change which stated that:
We recognize the broad scientific view that the increase in global average temperature above pre-industrial levels ought not to exceed 2°C. Because this global challenge can only be met by a global response, we reiterate our willingness to share with all countries the goal of achieving at least a 50% reduction of global emissions by 2050, recognizing that this implies that global emissions need to peak as soon as possible and decline thereafter. As part of this, we also support a goal of developed countries reducing emissions of greenhouse gases in aggregate by 80% or more by 2050 compared to 1990 or more recent years. (G8, 2009)
The Obama administration has thus explicitly acknowledged that the current 2025 commitment is based upon what is currently achievable under existing law rather than on what ethics and justice would require of the United States while the commitment to reduce ghg emissions by 80% by 2050 is based on a promise made to the G8 in 2009 which did not expressly consider the implications of a carbon budget described by IPCC in 2013. (see below)
C. Why the US Commitments Are Inadequate
Although it is speculation, it would appear that the reference by the United States to an 80% reduction commitment by 2050 originally made to the G8 was influenced by a 2007 report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007, p776) which concluded that developed nations needed to reduce ghg emissions by 25% to 40% below 1990 emissions levels by 2020 and 80% to 95% by 2050 for the world to have any reasonable chance of limiting warming to 2°C. If this is the case, the US government has not explained why the US believes it need only achieve the lower end of the 80% to 95% reduction goal for 2050 emissions for developed nations identified by the IPCC in 2007 nor why the current reduction commitment of 26% to 28% below 2005 emissions by 2025 is justified given the much higher 25% to 40% reduction targets by 2020 were recommended by the IPCC in 2007 for developed nations.
It would also appear when determining any of its ghg commitments that the United States has not considered the most recent carbon budget identified by the IPCC's 5th Assessment Report. (IPCC, 2013, p27). A carbon budget is a limit of total ghg emissions for the entire world that must constrain total global emissions to have any reasonable hope of limiting warming to 2°C or any other temperature limit. The IPCC budget defines a limit of future carbon emissions of approximately 270 gigatonnes carbon (GtC) to have a 66% chance of limiting the warming to 2°C. (Pidcock, 2013). The 2°C warming limit has been agreed to by the international community including the United States as necessary to prevent potentially catastrophic climate change. The US has agreed several times, including in the G8 agreement above, on the need for it to adopt policies that will, working with others, prevent warming from exceeding the 2°C warming limit.
Because any US ghg target is implicitly a position on the US fair share of safe global emissions, any US emissions reduction target may only be justified as a matter of ethics and justice by explaining why the US commitment is a fair share of an acceptable global carbon emissions budget. Yet, the Obama administration has made no attempt to explain or justify why its emissions reduction goals are just and equitable in reference to a global carbon budget or a warming limit. As we have seen, the United States has asserted that its INDC is ambitious and fair but has given no explanation of how the United States justified this conclusion.
If the total carbon budget to give the world a 66% chance of keeping warming below 2°C is 270 gigatons carbon (GtC), then because the US population is 5 % of world population, a case can be made that the United States carbon budget must be below 13.5 GtC even before this number is adjusted on the grounds of fairness or equity that takes into account the US's world leading share of historical emissions. Because the US is currently emitting 1.44.GtC per year, the US will have zero emissions to allocate to itself in 9.4 years at current emissions rates.
In any event the US INDC, as well as all INDCs, should be expressed as a total number of carbon tons rather than as a percent reduction by a specific year given that a carbon budget requires nations to fairly allocate the remaining carbon budget necessary to limit warming to 2°C. Because keeping global emissions within a global carbon budget requires all nations to live within their allocated budget for the entire period, the US commitment should identify the total number of tons as a percentage of the global carbon budget it is allocating to itself. This is so because identifying a percentage reduction by a date in the future would not prevent a nation from far exceeding its budget allocation before the target date even if the percent reduction committed to is achieved by the target date. For this reason, nations should express their INDCs for emissions reductions in tons rather than in percent reductions by a specific date.
During a speech at Georgetown University in June 2013, President Obama did acknowledge in very general terms that the United States has responsibility for climate change when he said:
[A]s the world's largest economy and second-largest carbon emitter, as a country with unsurpassed ability to drive innovation and scientific breakthroughs, as the country that people around the world continue to look to in times of crisis, we've got a vital role to play. We can't stand on the sidelines. We've got a unique responsibility. (Obama, 2014)
Although President Obama thus acknowledged US responsibility to the world to take effective action on climate change, the US has not explained how this responsibility is linked quantitatively to any US ghg reduction commitment.
There are several reasons for concluding that the US INDC fails to pass minimum ethical scrutiny.
First, as one observer noted about the fairness of the US-China agreement:
" [U]nder such an agreement the United States would come down "marginally" from its current 18 tonnes per capita and China would increase from its current seven-eight tonnes. Both the polluters would converge at 12-14 tonnes a person a year. This is when the planet can effectively absorb and naturally cleanse emissions not more than two tonnes a person a year." (Narain, 2014)
Second, the US has admitted that its commitment on its 2025 emissions reductions of 26% to 28% is simply based on what is achievable under existing law not what is required of the US as a matter of justice.
Third the debate about climate change in the United States for over 35 years reveals that opposition to stronger policies to reduce US ghg emissions has successfully blocked stronger US policies by making two kinds of arguments.
The first argument has been that there is insufficient scientific certainty about human causation of harmful climate change to warrant climate policies given the likely costs of climate change policies to certain sectors of the US economy.
The second argument which has blocked stronger US climate change policy for the last few decades is based on claims that proposed climate law and policies would impose unacceptable costs on the US economy. The cost arguments have taken several forms. (Brown, 2012b, p57) These arguments have included that proposed policies would destroy jobs, reduce US GDP, damage specific industries such as the coal and petroleum industries, increase the cost of fuel, or simply that proposed climate policies and legislation are unaffordable. (Brown, 2012b, p57).
It is therefore clear that the actual basis for current US positions on climate change have not been identified by the the Obama administration, which likely is doing as much as it can under existing law. Rather the actual basis for current US climate policies includes arguments which have successfully prevented the US Congress from passing more ambitious US climate change policies. Therefore in the US, to determine the actual reasons for domestic action on climate change it is not sufficient to examine the claims of the administrative branch of government alone, one must examine the arguments made by opponents of climate change that have successfully blocked stronger climate change action by the government. And so, one cannot escape the conclusion that the basis for the US commitments on climate change include alleged unacceptable costs of more aggressive climate change policies to the US economy, matters of economic self-interest rather than global responsibility.
Although both the scientific uncertainty and cost arguments made in opposition to US climate law and policies can be shown to be ethically problematic because they ignore US ethical obligations to others (see Brown, 2012b, pp57–137), these arguments neither have been examined in the US press nor identified by the US government. With very few exceptions, the US press has utterly failed to cover climate change as an ethical and moral issue while focusing on the scientific and economic arguments against taking action that have been made by opponents of US climate change policies for almost 30 years. (Brown, 2009 ; Brown, 2012a) By focusing on the cost issues to the US economy, the US press has reinforced the ethically problematic notion that cost to the US economy alone is an acceptable justification for inaction on climate change.
The US debate on climate change has ignored the fact that when the United States ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in 1992 it agreed that nations:
"[H]ave, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and the principles of international law… the responsibility to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the environment of other States or of areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction." (UNFCCC, 1992, Preamble)
As explained above, the United States government has not explained how the US ghg emissions reduction commitments took into consideration justice and equity issues in establishing US emissions reduction targets. Although the Obama administration is likely doing as much as it can under existing law, it would have to admit that its current commitments do not represent the US fair share of safe global emissions.
Reasonable arguments can be made about which of the equity frameworks that have attracted international attention and respect should be applied to any nation's INDC. An examination of the arguments for and against specific equity frameworks that have received international attention and respect is beyond the scope of this article. (For a discussion of the merits of various equity frameworks see, Brown, 2014) However, it is not necessary to agree on an equity framework to conclude that some national commitments fail to pass minimum ethical scrutiny. As we noted above it is not necessary to know what perfect justice requires to spot injustice. The US current ghg emissions reductions commitments clearly fail to pass minimum ethical scrutiny for reasons stated here and summarized below. The United States had an opportunity to explain its justification for why its INDC was fair and sufficiently ambitious when it submitted its INDC. In fact the decision at COP 2o in Lima in December of 2014 encouraged the United States and all countries to explain why its INDC was fair and sufficiently ambitious to prevent dangerous climate change. The United States chose not to do this.
D. Summary
In summary, a strong case can be made that the US emissions reduction commitment for 2025 of 26% to 28% clearly fails to pass minimum ethical scrutiny when one considers: (a) the 2007 IPCC report on which the US likely relied upon to establish a 80% reduction target by 2050 also called for 25% to 40% reduction by developed countries by 2020, and (b) although reasonable people may disagree with what "equity" means under the UNFCCC, the US commitments can't be reconciled with any reasonable interpretation of what "equity" requires, (c) the United States has expressly acknowledged that its commitments are based upon what can be achieved under existing US law not on what is required of it as a mater of justice, (d) it is clear that more ambitious US commitments have been blocked by arguments that alleged unacceptable costs to the US economy, arguments which have ignored US responsibilities to those most vulnerable to climate change, and (e) it is virtually certain that the US commitments can not be construed to be a fair allocation of the remaining carbon budget that is available for the entire world to limit warming to 2°C.
Brown, B. and Brown, D. (2015) Commonly Unrecognized Benefits of a Human Rights Approach to Climate Change, in L.Westra, C. Gray, and V. Karageorgou (eds.) Ecological Systems Integrity: Governance, Law, and Human Rights, Earthscan Routledge, in press.
Brown, D. (2009) 'The most crucial missing element in U.S. media coverage of climate change: The ethical duty to reduce GHG emissions', ThinkProgress, 14 August 2009, http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2009/08/14/204506/media-climate-ethics-reduce-ghg-emissions/, accessed 22 July 2014.
Brown, D. (2012a) 'The US media's grave failure to communicate the significance of understanding climate change as a civilization challenging ethical issue', ethicsandclimate.org, http://blogs.law.widener.edu/climate/2012/10/31/the-us-medias-grave-failure-to-communicate-the-significance-of-understanding-climate-change-as-a-civilization-challenging-ethical-issue/, accessed 22 July 2014
Brown, D. (2012b) 'Navigating the Perfect Moral Storm: Climate Change Ethics in Light of a Thirty-Five Year Debate', Routledge-Earthscan, New York.
Brown, D. (2014) 10 Reasons Why "Contraction and Convergence" Is Still The Most Preferable Equity Framework for Allocating National GHG Targets . http://blogs.law.widener.edu/climate/?s=contraction+and+convergence#sthash.9C4qxVSx.dpuf
Buiti, C. (2011) The tortuous road to liability: A critical survey of climate change litigation in Europe and America, Sustainable Development Law and Policy, Vol 11, Issue II, Retrieved from http;//digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1467
G8 (2009) Responsible Leadership for a Sustainable Future, http://www.g8italia2009.it/static/G8_Allegato/G8_Declaration_08_07_09_final,0.pdf
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), (2013) Working Group I, The Physical Science Basis, Summary for Policymakers, http://www.climatechange2013.org/images/report/WG1AR5_SPM_FINAL.pdf, accessed 22 July 2014
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC 2007a), "Summary for Policymakers," in Bert Metz et al., eds, Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC, https://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_and_data_reports.shtml
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC 2007b) (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 23. Available
online at http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg3/ar4-wg3-spm.pdf.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2014) Working Group III, Mitigation of climate change, social and economic dimensions, Retrieved from http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg3/http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg3/
Light, A. (2014) Communication with Donald A. Brown in response to question about the justification for US position.
Narain, S. (2014) The bad China-US climate deal, Business Standard, http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/sunita-narain-the-bad-china-us-climate-deal-11411230
Obama, B. (2014) 'Remarks by the President on Climate Change', Georgetown University, White House Press Office, 25 June, http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/06/25/remarks-president-climate-change, accessed 22 July 2014.
Pidcock, R. (2013) 'Carbon briefing: Making sense of the IPCC's new carbon budget, http://www.carbonbrief.org/blog/2013/10/carbon-briefing-making-sense-of-the-ipcc's-new-carbon-budget/
United Nations (UN), (1992) The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development', UN Document A/CONF.151/26.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (1992) 1771 UNTS 107; S. Treaty Doc No. 102-38; U.N. Doc. A/AC.237/18 (Part II)/Add.1; 31 ILM 849
UNFCCC (2014b) Lima Call for Climate Action, http://unfccc.int/files/meetings/lima_dec_2014/application/pdf/auv_cop20_lima_call_for_climate_action.pdf
US White House, (2014), FACT SHEET: U.S.-China Joint Announcement on Climate Change and Clean Energy Cooperation, http://wGww.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/11/11/fact-sheet-us-china-joint-anG Resources Institute (WRI) (2014) 'Cumulative Emissions', Chapter 6 in Navigating the Numbers: Greenhouse Gas Data and International Climate Policy, date undetermined, http://pdf.wri.org/navigating_numbers_chapter6.pdf, accessed 22 July 2014
United States, 2015, US Cover Note on its INDC, http://www4.unfccc.int/submissions/INDC/Submission%20Pages/submissions.aspx


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NW200: Cooper and Bridewell set for debuts in 2018
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NW200: Cooper and Bridewell set for debuts in 2018
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NW200: Cooper and Bridewell set for debuts in 2018
Two former British Superbike race winners are set to make their debuts at next year's international North West 200 with Richard Cooper and Tommy Bridewell preparing to tackle the Triangle course.
Cooper, who finished as the runner-up in the Pirelli National Superstock 1000 Championship on the Bennetts Suzuki, and BSB rider Bridewell will be competing at a road race for the first time when they join a stellar line-up in Portrush next May.
Both riders flew into Northern Ireland on Tuesday and were shown around the 8.9-mile course by Rider Liaison officer Steve Plater and Event Director Mervyn Whyte.
Nottingham's Cooper
revealed he discussed making his debut at the event with his Bennetts Suzuki team-mate and Ulster road racing star Michael Dunlop.
"I have asked Michael what it is like and having someone with his experience in the garage is a positive thing,"
said the 34-year-old.
"I know that I can count on him to give me honest answers."
Cooper will remain with Stuart and Steve Hicken's Suzuki team for 2018 and would ideally like to ride a Superstock-spec GSX-R1000 alongside a Supertwin machine for his maiden outing at the North West.
"Suzuki make a twin and I've looked at that as an option and it's not out of the question,"
he said.
"I think it would be better to do two classes as a newcomer.
"I am 34 and I have done a lot of racing in different classes. I've ridden in one-make series and European championships as well as BSB and Superstocks. I have learned to be able to ride around problems,"
he added.
"I would want to try to take in as much as possible in year one but it would be hard to say whether or not I might make the top ten or not.
"I know what I am capable of and I know who is competitive at the North West. I know who I can run with on the short circuits and I want to come to the North West and do myself justice, not just make up the numbers."
, who rode for Northern Ireland's Tyco BMW team in 2015, has been competing in the BSB championship since 2009.
The 29-year-old has long considered making the transition to the roads and following in the footsteps of leading British championship riders who have been successful in both disciplines, such as seven-time winner Plater, all-time record holder Alastair Seeley and more recently Josh Brookes, Peter Hickman and Glenn Irwin.
"It has always been in my mind to have a go on the roads,"
he said.
"I know quite a lot about the North West because I visited here in 2015 and I am friends with Martin Jessopp and Ian Hutchinson."
Bridewell is coming off the back of a frustrating season in BSB with the WD-40 Kawasaki team and is now chasing a deal for next year that will enable him to combine his roads debut with the British championship.
"I want to integrate riding at the North West with my Superbike plans in 2018. My main focus is becoming BSB champion but I definitely want to come and race the North West,"
said Bridewell.
"I wouldn't be coming to the North West trying to win or even to make the top ten in my first year.
"I love the North West atmosphere though and I wouldn't be worried about results as long as I was enjoying it. If you enjoy it then you can get sucked along and maybe get into a group and then you never know what will happen."
Rider Liaison officer Plater said
the experience behind both riders will stand them in good stead for their roads bow.
"Tommy and Richard have lots of racing experience. They have been attracted to the North West to make their roads debuts here because they like the approach and the lack of pressure, plus there are plenty of people here to offer them support,"
he said.
"It is great news for the North West 200 fans to have two riders of the calibre of Tommy Bridewell and Richard Cooper wanting to come to race at Portrush."
North West chief Whyte added:
"Josh Brookes, Peter Hickman and Glenn Irwin have all made their mark at the North West in recent seasons and there is no reason why Tommy and Richard can't do likewise."
Kyle White
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With The Tempest, opening tomorrow, Julie Taymor and Helen Mirren bring a splashy fantasy vibe to the Bard. But science fiction and fantasy have been playing with Shakespeare forever. Here are the greatest Shakespeare homages and cover versions in SF.
Romeo And Juliet: The War: Stan "The Man" Lee's latest project, this comic retells the Shakespeare play in the distant future. (Pictured above.) According to Deadline, the Empire of Verona becomes the most powerful territory on Earth, thanks to the cyborg Montagues and the genetically enhanced Capulets — until the two families of supersoldiers start fighting amongst themselves. It's action in the mighty Shakespearean manner!
Star Trek, "The Conscience of the King": A Shakespearean actor comes on board the Enterprise — but is he secretly the former dictator who condemned many of his people, including members of Kirk's and Riley's families, to death? The only way to find out is with lots of Shakespearean speechifying, plus tons of snippets of MacBeth, Hamlet and Julius Caesar. This is possibly the greatest Shakespeare riff on Trek, but the show has been obsessed with Will for years — including the whole "Henry V" riff in Star Trek: TNG, and the Klingon Hamlet. Here's a fairly exhaustive list of all the Shakespeare references and riffs in the various Star Treks.
Forbidden Planet: Perhaps the best-known scifi adaptation of Shakespeare's work, Forbidden Planet transplants the action of The Tempest to the near-deserted planet Altair IV. Philologist Edward Morbius takes the place of the sorcerer Prospero and his daughter Altaira stands in for the beautiful, sheltered Miranda. The magic and spirits of the original play are replaced with alien technology; just as the now-dead witch Sycorax enslaved the sprite Ariel and birthed Caliban, so too did the extinct Krell build the technology that created Robby the Robot and the Creature from the Id.
Shakespeare in Doctor Who: William Shakespeare himself makes a brief appearance on the Time-Space Visualizer in the episode "The Chase," and the Doctor mentions having met him in "City of Death," but Shakepeare doesn't actually meet the Doctor on screen until "The Shakespeare Code." Being the genius of the human condition that he is, Will quickly pegs the Doctor as an alien and Martha Jones as a traveler from the future. In the meantime, the mystery of the lost play Love's Labour's Won is solved (it was sucked through a portal into another dimension), and the episode cheekily suggests that Shakespeare got the idea for the name "Sycorax" from the Doctor, and not the other way around. The Doctor alludes to several other off-screen meetings with the poet, and the two hang out in the novel The Empire of Glass and the audiodrama "The Kingmaker."
Isaac Asimov "The Immortal Bard": As in Doctor Who, Isaac Asimov supposes that Shakespeare has some special power to comprehend the future beyond that of mere mortals. In his story, a physics professor claims that he can transport people from the past to the present. Though he tried it with many illustrious minds – Galileo, Archimedes, Isaac Newton – Shakespeare was the only one who could wrap his mind around modern society. Of course, it all goes to pot when he enrolls Will in a colleague's course on Shakespearean literature. It wouldn't be Asimov's last meeting with the man; in 1970, he published a two-volume guide to Shakespeare's plays.
Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Undead: What's better than Tom Stoppard's postmodern riff on Hamlet, in which two bit players take center stage at last? How about a version of Stoppard's epic, in which Shakespeare was a vampire? This film was featured in the Slamdance Film Festival last year. Here's the official synopsis:
Julian Marsh (Hoffman) is an out of work ladies man who lands a job directing a bizarre adaption of Hamlet. After casting his best friend (Lemche) and his ex-girlfriend (Aoki) in the show, Julian finds himself in the middle of a two thousand year old conspiracy that explains the connection between Shakespeare, the Holy Grail and some seriously sexy vampires. It turns out that the play was actually written by a master vampire named Theo Horace (Ventimiglia) and it's up to Julian to recover the Grail in order to reverse the vampire's curse... If only being undead wasn't so much God-damned fun!
Frank Ramirez "The Merchant of Stratford": Ever wondered just how Shakespeare deals with all those time travelers? When the first time traveler decides to head back to 1615 Stratford, he finds that Shakespeare has already set up a cottage industry as a time travel tourist attraction. After getting time travelers from all different eras to bring him works of science fiction, Shakespeare starts selling his own collected works to the people of the future, including his unpublished science fiction novel Go-Captains in Nostrilla, based on Cordwainer Smith's novel.
Romeo x Juliet: Set in a future city that hovers above a devastated Earth, the anime series keeps the themes of star-crossed lovers from warring families, but plays with the characters and their roles. Romeo is still an idle young nobleman who falls for Rosaline, then Juliet, but Juliet is an orphan, hardened by life under the oppressive Lord Montague. As the love story gets tangled up in the tale of rebellion and revenge, characters from other Shakespeare plays keep wandering in: Portia, Ophelia, Emilia, and Hermione.
Harry Harrison "A Fragment of Manuscript": Harrison imagines that Shakespeare meant for some of his plays to be science fiction in the first place. In his story, he discovers a manuscript for the original version of A Midsummer Night's Dream, which, he learns, was a work of science fiction rather than a work of fantasy. But the Bard recognizes that he is too far ahead of his time for his contemporary audience, and has attached a note to revise the script accordingly.
The works of Dan Simmons: Dan Simmons' works frequently reference, or outright borrow from, Shakespeare. In his duology Ilium/Olympos, his characters encounter the wizard Prospero and the mad Caliban — and in the second book, Simmons basically warps The Tempest into his own story. Here's an exegesis of some of the Tempest references in the book. And of course, Simmons quotes Shakespeare in the title of his novel Muse of Fire. Simmons writes about his love of Shakespeare here.
William Sanders "The Undiscovered": Sanders puts Shakespeare across the ocean, where, in the company of a Cherokee tribe, he becomes "Spearshaker." Doing what he does best, he tries to stage a production of Hamlet for the members of the tribe, but, contrary to theories on the universalness of Shakespeare, they don't really get what he's trying to do.
Harry Turtledove, Ruled Britannia: Shakespeare also finds his way into Turtledove's alternate history novel about the Spanish occupation of England during the Elizabethan period. English revolutionaries tap Shakespeare to compose a play about Boudicca, an ancient queen who led a rebellion against occupying Roman forces, hoping to stir up similar revolutionary attitudes. This leaves Turtledove to try his hand at composing lines in the style of Shakespeare.
Nick O'Donohoe, Too, Too Solid Flesh: In a future where theater has mostly died out, a troupe of android actors performs Hamlet every night. But, because the androids were constructed specifically for their roles, they tend to stay in character even when they're off-duty. And when the troupe's designer and manager turns up dead, the Hamlet actor decides to investigate the mystery.
King Lear: Jean-Luc Godard's film takes place in a parallel universe where Chernobyl has destroyed much of human civilization, notably works of art. William Shakespeare Jr.the Fifth (Peter Sellers) has been tasked with restoring his illustrious ancestor's work to the human canon. In the course of his work he encounters the gangster Don Learo (Burgess Meredith) and his daughter Cordelia (Molly Ringwald). Fortunately for Mr. Shakespeare, on the rare occasions this pair speaks to one another, it is in lines from King Lear, which Shakespeare conveniently records in his notebook.
Zombie Shakespeare in The Simpsons Treehouse of Horror III: Is the end of Zombie Shakespeare? Good question! Actually, there have been multiple zombie versions of Shakespeare plays on stage lately, including Twelfth Night of the Living Dead and Living Dead in Denmark. Why should Jane Austen have all the fun?
Hamlet 2: In this under-the-radar indie comedy, a high-school teacher tries to recharge his school's failing drama program by staging a sequel to Hamlet, in which all of the characters' deaths are undone thanks to time travel. In fact, both Hamlet and Jesus are able to use time travel not just to avoid death, but to repair their daddy issues. Rock Me Sexy Jesus indeed!
Twilight Zone, "The Bard": According to the great Bardfilm blog, "The Twilight Zone offers a Shakespeare brought back from the great beyond to help a failing tele-script writer. And Shakespeare doesn't look too happy to be in 1963 or to be in The Twilight Zone." Unfortunately, television executives don't appreciate Shakespeare's genius, and keep wanting to dumb down his work. And a young Burt Reynolds cusses Shakespeare out for not loving Tennessee Williams. Poor Will.
A billion stage productions set in the future. Too many to list here. There's a post-apocalyptic MacBeth, there's a Richard III set in the year 2134, and so on. With tons of troupes and student groups relocating Shakespeare's classics to the present day or to random periods in the more recent past, it's also tempting to put on spacesuits and put As You Like It in space. Why can't Arden be a planet?
Sandman, "A Midsummer Night's Dream": We discover the real origins of Shakespeare's play in issue #19 of Sandman, which won the World Fantasy Award. Dream meets Shakespeare and utters the phrase, "What fools these mortals be." Thanks to MondoVampire for the reminder.
Time Flies: In this 1944 comedy movie, a failed music hall performer and flim-flam man uses a professor's time machine to go back in time with the professor and American comedy duo Susie and Bill. They travel back to Shakespeare's time and at one point, Susie runs into the Bard, who's suffering from writers' block. And Susie winds up quoting a lot of Shakespeare's most famous lines to him — and if you're guessing that Shakespeare starts writing them down, you're pretty sharp. Ah, predestination paradox, thou art as loopy as a dozen yellow garters.
Gnomeo and Juliet: Garden gnomes come to life when nobody's watching, in this film coming out next year. No, really. But it features new songs by Elton John, including an Elton/Lady Gaga duet. Still not excited? Well, it's gnomes in love in spite of their feuding owners, and James McAvoy and Emily Blunt are the titular gnome couple. What are you, made of stone?
Henry 5: Another upcoming project, this is a post-apocalyptic retelling of the Prince of Denmark's play, featuring Michael Caine, Ray Winston and Gerard Depardieu.
Blackadder Back and Forth: You can watch the whole scene here. Blackadder is traveling through time in this one-off special, and he meets the Bard, getting his signature and then giving him a good thrashing for all the pain he's going to cause for the next four hundred years.
Fantasy Island, "Room and Bard": A horror movie star who's frustrated with her career comes to the island, and Mr. Rourke brings the poet of Avon forward in time to write a play for her, to allow her to become a "serious actress."
Sabrina the Teenage Witch, "Jealousy": Trying to learn how to deal with feelings of envy, and so she summons Mark Twain, Emily Dickinson and Shakespeare to tell her that someone's essay is badly written. (You can watch the whole thing here, starting at about 7:00.)
I Dream of Jeannie, "The Girl Who Never Had a Birthday": Shakespeare is one of Jeannie's best friends, so she invites him to her big party, and Shakespeare tells Major Nelson that he reminds the Bard of his old friend Yorick. (?) (It starts about two minutes in here.)
Manga Shakespeare: Hamlet: It's the year 2017, and we've destroyed the environment (as usual.) We're living in a "cyberworld" where futuristic war is a constant danger. But Denmark has managed to grow prosperous and fight off all challengers. Hamlet is happily living in this cyberworld, until he meets the ghost of his father, and the rest is bones and silence and speeches and poison and stuff.
Jasper Fforde, The Eyre Affair: Fforde's debut novel takes place in an alternate 1985, in an England where the debate about whether Francis Bacon, not Shakespeare, had written the Bard's plays. In the end, someone has to go back in time to discover the truth — only to find that nobody will cop to it. And there are Will-Speak machines, officially known as the Shakespeare Soliloquy Vending Automaton, which do just what that sounds like. There's also a key setpiece which takes place in a factory full of busts of William Shakespeare in various stages of completion.
Aldous Huxley, Brave New World: In one of the most famous dystopian (or false utopian) novels of all time, John the Savage cherishes a banned copy of Shakespeare's plays, and learns a lot about human nature from them. And of course, the book takes its title from Miranda's famous quote from The Tempest.
Were The World Mine. This fantasy movie is a play on A Midsummer Night's Dream. A gay high school student, Timothy, gets cast as Puck in Shakespeare's play — leading to the hilarious exchange: "My son's a fairy." "Oh?" "In a play." "Oh." "And in real life, too." Timothy becomes obsessed with Shakespeare's words, until he creates a real-life love potion to make the jock fall in love with him - but it makes everybody else in town see through his eyes, too. Soon the rugby coach is falling for the principal, and the the principal's wife is hot for Timothy's mom.
Scotland, PA: MacBeth is already a fantasy, with witches who seem to have weird powers — but this indie movie transposes the action to a fast-food restaurant in the 1970s, while amping the weirdness up a few dozen percent. Including the reliably freaktastic Christopher Walken as a spooky cop, MacDuff, but also a trio of "witches" led by Timothy "Speed" Levitch. (Similarly, Hamlet 2000 starring Ethan Hawke, becomes a kind of urban fantasy set in modenr-day New York.)
The Stratford Man novels by Elizabeth Bear. In this duology, Queen Mab rules the kingdom of Faerie — and after Queen Elizabeth's spy, Christopher Marlowe, is killed, his successor, Will Shakespeare, lacks Marlowe's ability to weave magic into his plays. So Queen Mab has to raise Marlowe to serve as Shakespeare's tutor. Thanks to Cicadagirl for the suggestion.
ShakespeaRe-TOld: This BBC production transposes four of Shakespeare's plays to the modern day, including the supernatural MacBeth and A Midsummer Night's Dream — which includes magical "eye drops" that make you fall in love. Featuring actors like Billie Piper and James McAvoy — yes, the guy from that gnome movie.
Romie-0 and Julie-8: They're androids! In the future! And their respective corporate owners have decreed a ban on these robots falling in love with each other due to the corporate rivalry. A shifty character named Gizmo helps them run away to the garbage planet Trash-O-Lot, where they meet a garbage monster called Sparepartski. Eventually, they get away and actually convince their feuding corporate owners to have a merger, with the two of them happily united as corporate mascots — what do you want? It's a cartoon!
Caliban's Hour by Tad Williams. A retelling of The Tempest from Caliban's point of view. Thanks to Brianfowler713 for this one!
Let Me In: Owen is reading Romeo and Juliet for school, and when he gets together with the cute vampire Abby, they start quoting the play to each other a lot. This play is so important to appreciating Matt Reeves' U.S. version of this Swedish vampire story, they gave out a copy of the Shakespeare play with the movie's press kits.
Tromeo and Juliet: Annnnd... we pretty much left the best for last. As the name suggests, this is a Troma production, but it's also co-directed by James Gunn, director of Slither and the forthcoming Super. And you'll be shocked — shocked! — to discover that there's a Penis Monster that plays a huge role in the story. And Juliet's dad ties her up in a plexiglas cage. And the apothecary's potion doesn't fake Juliet's death, it turns her into a horrifying cow monster. And there's (sort of) a happy ending. But really it must be seen to be believed.
Portions of this post originally appeared in this post by Lauren Davis.
Other Sources: Absolute Shakespeare, The BardFilm blog, the Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare in Popular Culture, Amazon, IMDB, Wikipedia,


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- Reference >
- Operators >
- Aggregation Pipeline Operators >
- $add (aggregation)
$add (aggregation)¶
On this page
Adds numbers together or adds numbers and a date. If one of the arguments is a date,
$addtreats the other arguments as milliseconds to add to the date.
$addexpression has the following syntax:
The arguments can be any valid expression as long as they resolve to either all numbers or to numbers and a date. For more information on expressions, see Expressions.
The following examples use a
sales collection with the following
Add Numbers¶
The following aggregation uses the
$add expression in the
$project pipeline to calculate the total cost:
The operation returns the following results: