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It was our intention to write something about the origins of water fluoridation. However, the subject has been admirably covered in Parts 1 through 3 by Joel Griffiths (et al).
Joel covers the story from the Atom Bomb through to the propaganda stage, and ends with a conference held in 1951. We really need say no more beyond this
And so the story begins ...
Part 1 of a series on the early history of fluoride, by Joel Griffiths and Chris Bryson
How it all began.
Some fifty years after the United States began adding fluoride to public water supplies to reduce cavities in children's teeth, declassified government documents are shedding new light on the roots of that still-controversial public health measure, revealing a surprising connection between fluoride and the dawning of the nuclear age.
Today, two thirds of U.S. public drinking water is fluoridated. Many municipalities still resist the practice, disbelieving the government's assurances of safety.
Since the days of World War II, when this nation prevailed by building the world's first atomic bomb, U.S. public health leaders have maintained that low doses of fluoride are safe for people, and good for children's teeth.
That safety verdict should now be re-examined in the light of hundreds of once-secret WWII documents obtained by Griffiths and Bryson - including declassified papers of the Manhattan Project, the U.S. military group that built the atomic bomb.
Fluoride was the key chemical in atomic bomb production, according to the documents. Massive quantities of fluoride - millions of tons - were essential for the manufacture of bomb-grade uranium and plutonium for nuclear weapons throughout the Cold War. One of the most toxic chemicals known, fluoride rapidly emerged as the leading chemical health hazard of the U.S atomic bomb program - both for workers and for nearby communities, the documents reveal.
Other revelations include:
The declassified documents resonate with a growing body of scientific evidence, and a chorus of questions, about the health effects of fluoride in the environment.
Human exposure to fluoride has mushroomed since World War II, due not only to fluoridated water and toothpaste, but to environmental pollution by major industries from aluminum to pesticides: fluoride is a critical industrial chemical.
The impact can be seen, literally, in the smiles of our children. Large numbers of U.S. young people - up to 80 percent in some cities - now have dental fluorosis, the first visible sign of excessive fluoride exposure, according to the U.S. National Research Council. (The signs are whitish flecks or spots, particularly on the front teeth, or dark spots or stripes in more severe cases.)
Less-known to the public is that fluoride also accumulates in bones - "The teeth are windows to what's happening in the bones," explains Paul Connett, Professor of Chemistry at St. Lawrence University (N.Y.). In recent years, pediatric bone specialists have expressed alarm about an increase in stress fractures among U.S. young people. Connett and other scientists are concerned that fluoride - linked to bone damage by studies since the 1930's - may be a contributing factor. The declassified documents add urgency: much of the original proof that low-dose fluoride is safe for children's bones came from U.S. bomb program scientists, according to this investigation.
Now, researchers who have reviewed these declassified documents fear that Cold War national security considerations may have prevented objective scientific evaluation of vital public health questions concerning fluoride.
"Information was buried," concludes Dr. Phyllis Mullenix, former head of toxicology at Forsyth Dental Center in Boston, and now a critic of fluoridation. Animal studies Mullenix and co-workers conducted at Forsyth in the early 1990's indicated that fluoride was a powerful central nervous system (CNS) toxin, and might adversely affect human brain functioning, even at low doses. (New epidemiological evidence from China adds support, showing a correlation between low-dose fluoride exposure and diminished I.Q. in children.) Mullenix's results were published in 1995, in a reputable peer-reviewed scientific journal.
During her investigation, Mullenix was astonished to discover there had been virtually no previous U.S. studies of fluoride's effects on the human brain. Then, her application for a grant to continue her CNS research was turned down by the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH), where an NIH panel, she says, flatly told her that "fluoride does not have central nervous system effects."
Declassified documents of the U.S. atomic-bomb program indicate otherwise. An April 29, 1944 Manhattan Project memo reports: "Clinical evidence suggests that uranium hexafluoride may have a rather marked central nervous system effect ... it seems most likely that the F [code for fluoride] component rather than the T [code for uranium] is the causative factor."
The memo - stamped "secret" - is addressed to the head of the Manhattan Project's Medical Section, Colonel Stafford Warren. Colonel Warren is asked to approve a program of animal research on CNS effects: "Since work with these compounds is essential, it will be necessary to know in advance what mental effects may occur after exposure...This is important not only to protect a given individual, but also to prevent a confused workman from injuring others by improperly performing his duties."
On the same day, Colonel Warren approved the CNS research program. This was in 1944, at the height of the Second World War and the nation's race to build the world's first atomic bomb. For research on fluoride's CNS effects to be approved at such a momentous time, the supporting evidence set forth in the proposal forwarded along with the memo must have been persuasive.
The proposal, however, is missing from the files of the U.S. National Archives. "If you find the memos, but the document they refer to is missing, its probably still classified," said Charles Reeves, chief librarian at the Atlanta branch of the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, where the memos were found. Similarly, no results of the Manhattan Project's fluoride CNS research could be found in the files.
After reviewing the memos, Mullenix declared herself "flabbergasted." She went on, "How could I be told by NIH that fluoride has no central nervous system effects when these documents were sitting there all the time?" She reasons that the Manhattan Project did do fluoride CNS studies - "that kind of warning, that fluoride workers might be a danger to the bomb program by improperly performing their duties - I can't imagine that would be ignored" - but that the results were buried because they might create a difficult legal and public relations problem for the government.
The author of the 1944 CNS research proposal was Dr. Harold C. Hodge, at the time chief of fluoride toxicology studies for the University of Rochester division of the Manhattan Project. Nearly fifty years later at the Forsyth Dental Center in Boston, Dr. Mullenix was introduced to a gently ambling elderly man brought in to serve as a consultant on her CNS research - Harold C. Hodge. By then Hodge had achieved status emeritus as a world authority on fluoride safety. "But even though he was supposed to be helping me," says Mullenix, "he never once mentioned the CNS work he had done for the Manhattan Project."
The "black hole" in fluoride CNS research since the days of the Manhattan Project is unacceptable to Mullenix, who refuses to abandon the issue. "There is so much fluoride exposure now, and we simply do not know what it is doing," she says. "You can't just walk away from this."
Dr. Antonio Noronha, an NIH scientific review advisor familiar with Dr. Mullenix's grant request, says her proposal was rejected by a scientific peer-review group. He terms her claim of institutional bias against fluoride CNS research "farfetched." He adds, "We strive very hard at NIH to make sure politics does not enter the picture."
Fluoride and National Security
The documentary trail begins at the height of WW2, in 1944, when a severe pollution incident occurred downwind of the E.I. du Pont du Nemours Company chemical factory in Deepwater, New Jersey. The factory was then producing millions of pounds of fluoride for the Manhattan project, the ultra-secret U.S. military program racing to produce the world's first atomic bomb.
The farms downwind in Gloucester and Salem counties were famous for their high-quality produce - their peaches went directly to the Waldorf Astoria Hotel in New York. Their tomatoes were bought up by Campbell's Soup.
But in the summer of 1943, the farmers began to report that their crops were blighted, and that "something is burning up the peach crops around here."
Poultry died after an all-night thunderstorm, they reported. Farm workers who ate the produce they had picked sometimes vomited all night and into the next day. "I remember our horses looked sick and were too stiff to work," these reporters were told by Mildred Giordano, who was a teenager at the time. Some cows were so crippled they could not stand up, and grazed by crawling on their bellies.<.p>
The account was confirmed in taped interviews, shortly before he died, with Philip Sadtler of Sadtler Laboratories of Philadelphia, one of the nation's oldest chemical consulting firms. Sadtler had personally conducted the initial investigation of the damage.
Although the farmers did not know it, the attention of the Manhattan Project and the federal government was riveted on the New Jersey incident, according to once-secret documents obtained by these reporters. After the war's end, in a secret Manhattan Project memo dated March 1, 1946, the Project's chief of fluoride toxicology studies, Harold C. Hodge, worriedly wrote to his boss Colonel Stafford L. Warren, Chief of the Medical Division, about "problems associated with the question of fluoride contamination of the atmosphere in a certain section of New Jersey. There seem to be four distinct (though related) problems," continued Hodge:
The New Jersey farmers waited until the war was over, then sued du Pont and the Manhattan Project for fluoride damage - reportedly the first lawsuits against the U.S. A-bomb program.
Although seemingly trivial, the lawsuits shook the government, the secret documents reveal. Under the personal direction of Manhattan Project chief Major General Leslie R.Groves, secret meetings were convened in Washington, with compulsory attendance by scores of scientists and officials from the U.S War Department, the Manhattan Project, the Food and Drug Administration, the Agriculture and Justice Departments, the U.S Army's Chemical Warfare Service and Edgewood Arsenal, the Bureau of Standards, and du Pont lawyers. Declassified memos of the meetings reveal a secret mobilization of the full forces of the government to defeat the New Jersey farmers:
These agencies "are making scientific investigations to obtain evidence which may be used to protect the interest of the Government at the trial of the suits brought by owners of peach orchards in ... New Jersey," stated Manhattan Project Lieutenant Colonel Cooper B. Rhodes, in a memo c.c.'d to General Groves ...
27 August 1945
Subject: Investigation of Crop Damage at Lower Penns Neck, New Jersey
To: The Commanding General, Army Service Forces, Pentagon Building, Washington D.C.
"At the request of the Secretary of War the Department of Agriculture has agreed to cooperate in investigating complaints of crop damage attributed... to fumes from a plant operated in connection with the Manhattan Project."
Signed, L.R. Groves, Major General U.S.A
"The Department of Justice is cooperating in the defense of these suits," wrote General Groves in a Feb. 28, 1946 memo to the Chairman of the U.S. Senate Special Committee on Atomic Energy.
Why the national-security emergency over a few lawsuits by New Jersey farmers? In 1946 the United States had begun full-scale production of atomic bombs. No other nation had yet tested a nuclear weapon, and the A-bomb was seen as crucial for U.S leadership of the postwar world. The New Jersey fluoride lawsuits were a serious roadblock to that strategy.
"The specter of endless lawsuits haunted the military," writes Lansing Lamont in his acclaimed book about the first atomic bomb test, "Day of Trinity."
In the case of fluoride, "If the farmers won, it would open the door to further suits, which might impede the bomb program's ability to use fluoride," said Jacqueline Kittrell, a Tennessee public interest lawyer specializing in nuclear cases, who examined the declassified fluoride documents. (Kittrell has represented plaintiffs in several human radiation experiment cases.) She added, "The reports of human injury were especially threatening, because of the potential for enormous settlements - not to mention the PR problem."
Indeed, du Pont was particularly concerned about the "possible psychologic reaction" to the New Jersey pollution incident, according to a secret 1946 Manhattan Project memo. Facing a threat from th Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to embargo the region's produce because of "high fluoride content," du Pont dispatched its lawyers to the FDA offices in Washington, where an agitated meeting ensued. According to a memo sent next day to General Groves, Du Pont's lawyer argued "that in view of the pending suits...any action by the Food and Drug Administration... would have a serious effect on the du Pont Company and would create a bad public relations situation." After the meeting adjourned, Manhattan Project Captain John Davies approached the FDA's Food Division chief and "impressed upon Dr. White the substantial interest which the Government had in claims which might arise as a result of action which might be taken by the Food and Drug Administration."
There was no embargo. Instead, new tests for fluoride in the New Jersey area would be conducted - not by the Department of Agriculture - but by the U.S. Army's Chemical Warfare Service because "work done by the Chemical Warfare Service would carry the greatest weight as evidence if ... lawsuits are started by the complainants." The memo was signed by General Groves.
Meanwhile, the public relations problem remained unresolved - local citizens were in a panic about fluoride.
The farmer's spokesman, Willard B. Kille, was personally invited to dine with General Groves - then known as "the man who built the atomic bomb" - at his office at the War Department on March 26, 1946. Although he had been diagnosed with fluoride poisoning by his doctor, Kille departed the luncheon convinced of the government's good faith. The next day he wrote to the general, wishing the other farmers could have been present, he said, so "they too could come away with the feeling that their interests in this particular matter were being safeguarded by men of the very highest type whose integrity they could not question."
In a subsequent secret Manhattan project memo, a broader solution to the public relations problem was suggested by chief fluoride toxicologist Harold C. Hodge. He wrote to the Medical Section chief, Col. Warren: "Would there be any use in making attempts to counteract the local fear of fluoride on the part of residents of Salem and Gloucester counties through lectures on F toxicology and perhaps the usefulness of F in tooth health?" Such lectures were indeed given, not only to New Jersey citizens but to the rest of the nation throughout the Cold War.
The New Jersey farmers' lawsuits were ultimately stymied by the government's refusal to reveal the key piece of information that would have settled the case - how much fluoride du Pont had vented into the atmosphere during the war. "Disclosure... would be injurious to the military security of the United States," wrote Manhattan Project Major C.A Taney, Jr. The farmers were pacified with token financial settlements, according to interviews with descendants still living in the area.
"All we knew is that du Pont released some chemical that burned up all the peach trees around here," recalls Angelo Giordano, whose father James was one of the original plaintiffs. "The trees were no good after that, so we had to give up on the peaches." Their horses and cows, too, acted stiff and walked stiff, recalls his sister Mildred. "Could any of that have been the fluoride?" she asked. (The symptoms she detailed to the authors are cardinal signs of fluoride toxicity, according to veterinary toxicologists.)
The Giordano family, too, has been plagued by bone and joint problems, Mildred adds. Recalling the settlement received by the Giordanos, Angelo told these reporters that "my father said he got about $200."
The farmers were stonewalled in their search for information, and their complaints have long since been forgotten. But they unknowingly left their imprint on history - their claims of injury to their health reverberated through the corridors of power in Washington, and triggered intensive secret bomb-program research on the health effects of fluoride. A secret 1945 memo from Manhattan Project Lt. Col. Rhodes to General Groves stated: "Because of complaints that animals and humans have been injured by hydrogen fluoride fumes in [the New Jersey] area, although there are no pending suits involving such claims, the University of Rochester is conducting experiments to determine the toxic effect of fluoride."
Much of the proof of fluoride's safety in low doses rests on the postwar work performed by the University of Rochester, in anticipation of lawsuits against the bomb program for human injury.
Fluoride and the Cold War.
Delegating fluoride safety studies to the University of Rochester was not surprising. During WWII the federal government had become involved, for the first time, in large-scale funding of scientific research at government-owned labs and private colleges. Those early spending priorities were shaped by the nation's often-secret military needs.
The prestigious upstate New York college, in particular, had housed a key wartime division of the Manhattan Project, studying the health effects of the new "special materials," such as uranium, plutonium, beryllium and fluoride, being used to make the atomic bomb. That work continued after the war, with millions of dollars flowing from the Manhattan Project and its successor organization, the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC). (Indeed, the bomb left an indelible imprint on all U.S. science in the late 1940's and 50's. Up to 90% of federal funds for university research came from either the Defense Department or the AEC in this period, according to Noam Chomsky's 1996 book "The Cold War and the University.")
The University of Rochester medical school became a revolving door for senior bomb program scientists. Postwar faculty included Stafford Warren, the top medical officer of the Manhattan Project, and Harold Hodge, chief of fluoride research for the bomb program.
But this marriage of military secrecy and medical science bore deformed offspring. The University of Rochester's classified fluoride studies - code- named Program F - were conducted at its Atomic Energy Project (AEP), a top-secret facility funded by the AEC and housed in Strong Memorial Hospital. It was there that one of the most notorious human radiation experiments of the Cold War took place, in which unsuspecting hospital patients were injected with toxic doses of radioactive plutonium. Revelation of this experiment in a Pulitzer prize-winning account by Eileen Welsome led to a 1995 U.S. Presidential investigation, and a multimillion-dollar cash settlement for victims. (Read Eileen Welsome's account of the U. of Rochester's Medical Experimentation)
Program F was not about children's teeth. It grew directly out of litigation against the bomb program and its main purpose was to furnish scientific ammunition which the government and its nuclear contractors could use to defeat lawsuits for human injury. Program F's director was none other than Harold C. Hodge, who had led the Manhattan Project investigation of alleged human injury in the New Jersey fluoride-pollution incident.
Program F's purpose is spelled out in a classified 1948 report. It reads: "To supply evidence useful in the litigation arising from an alleged loss of a fruit crop several years ago, a number of problems have been opened. Since excessive blood fluoride levels were reported in human residents of the same area, our principal effort has been devoted to describing the relationship of blood fluorides to toxic effects."
The litigation referred to, of course, and the claims of human injury were against the bomb program and its contractors. Thus, the purpose of Program F was to obtain evidence useful in litigation against the bomb program. The research was being conducted by the defendants.
The potential conflict of interest is clear. If lower dose ranges were found hazardous by Program F, it might have opened the bomb program and its contractors to lawsuits for injury to human health, as well as public outcry.
Comments lawyer Kittrell: "This and other documents indicate that the University of Rochester's fluoride research grew out of the New Jersey lawsuits and was performed in anticipation of lawsuits against the bomb program for human injury. Studies undertaken for litigation purposes by the defendants would not be considered scientifically acceptable today," adds Kittrell, "because of their inherent bias to prove the chemical safe."
Unfortunately, much of the proof of fluoride's safety rests on the work performed by Program F Scientists at the University of Rochester. During the postwar period that university emerged as the leading academic center for establishing the safety of fluoride, as well as its effectiveness in reducing tooth decay, according to Dental School spokesperson William H. Bowen, MD. The key figure in this research, Bowen said, was Harold C. Hodge - who also became a leading national proponent of fluoridating public drinking water. Program F's interest in water fluoridation was not just 'to counteract the local fear of fluoride on the part of residents,' as Hodge had earlier written. The bomb program needed human studies, as they had needed human studies for plutonium, and adding fluoride to public water supplies provided one opportunity.
The A-Bomb Program and Water Fluoridation
Bomb-program scientists played a prominent - if unpublicized - role in the nation's first-planned water fluoridation experiment, in Newburgh, New York. The Newburgh Demonstration Project is considered the most extensive study of the health effects of fluoridation, supplying much of the evidence that low doses are safe for children's bones, and good for their teeth.
Planning began in 1943 with the appointment of a special New York State Health Department committee to study the advisability of adding fluoride to Newburgh's drinking water. The chairman of the committee was Dr. Hodge, then chief of fluoride toxicity studies for the Manhattan Project.
Subsequent members included Henry L. Barnett, a captain in the Project's Medical section, and John W. Fertig, in 1944 with the office of Scientific Research and Development, the Pentagon group which sired the Manhattan Project. Their military affiliations were kept secret: Hodge was described as a pharmacologist, Barnett as a pediatrician. Placed in charge of the Newburgh project was David B. Ast, chief dental officer of the State Health Department. Ast had participated in a key secret wartime conference on fluoride held by the Manhattan Project, and later worked with Dr. Hodge on the Project's investigation of human injury in the New Jersey incident, according to once-secret memos.
The committee recommended that Newburgh be fluoridated. It also selected the types of medical studies to be done, and "provided expert guidance" for the duration of the experiment. The key question to be answered was: "Are there any cumulative effects - beneficial or otherwise, on tissues and organs other than the teeth - of long-continued ingestion of such small concentrations ...?" According to the declassified documents, this was also key information sought by the bomb program, which would require long-continued exposure of workers and communities to fluoride throughout the Cold War.
In May 1945, Newburgh's water was fluoridated, and over the next ten years its residents were studied by the State Health Department. In tandem, Program F conducted its own secret studies, focusing on the amounts of fluoride Newburgh citizens retained in their blood and tissues - key information sought by the bomb program: "Possible toxic effects of fluoride were in the forefront of consideration," the advisory committee stated. Health Department personnel cooperated, shipping blood and placenta samples to the Program F team at the University of Rochester. The samples were collected by Dr. David B. Overton, the Department's chief of pediatric studies at Newburgh.
The final report of the Newburgh Demonstration Project, published in 1956 in the Journal of the American Dental Association, concluded that "small concentrations" of fluoride were safe for U.S.citizens. The biological proof - "based on work performed ... at the University of Rochester Atomic Energy Project" - was delivered by Dr. Hodge.
Today, news that scientists from the atomic bomb program secretly shaped and guided the Newburgh fluoridation experiment, and studied the citizen's blood and tissue samples, is greeted with incredulity.
"I'm shocked -- beyond words," said present-day Newburgh Mayor Audrey Carey, commenting on these reporters' findings. "It reminds me of the Tuskegee experiment that was done on syphilis patients down in Alabama."
As a child in the early 1950's, Mayor Carey was taken to the old firehouse on Broadway in Newburgh, which housed the Public Health Clinic. There, doctors from the Newburgh fluoridation project studied her teeth, and a peculiar fusion of two finger bones on her left hand she had been born with. Today, adds Carey, her granddaughter has white dental-fluorosis marks on her front teeth.
Mayor Carey wants answers from the government about the secret history of fluoride, and the Newburgh fluoridation experiment. "I absolutely want to pursue it," she said. "It is appalling to do any kind of experimentation and study without people's knowledge and permission."
Contacted by these reporters, the director of the Newburgh experiment, David B. Ast, says he was unaware Manhattan Project scientists were involved. "If I had known, I would have been certainly investigating why, and what the connection was," he said. Did he know that blood and placenta samples from Newburgh were being sent to bomb program researchers at the University of Rochester? "I was not aware of it," Ast replied. Did he recall participating in the Manhattan Project's secret wartime conference on fluoride in January 1944, or going to New Jersey with Dr. Hodge to investigate human injury in the du Pont case - as secret memos state? He told the reporters he had no recollection of these events.
A spokesperson for the University of Rochester Medical Center, Bob Loeb, confirmed that blood and tissue samples from Newburgh had been tested by the University's Dr. Hodge. On the ethics of secretly studying U.S citizens to obtain information useful in litigation against the A-bomb program, he said, "that's a question we cannot answer." He referred inquiries to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), successor to the Atomic Energy Commission.
A spokesperson for the DOE in Washington, Jayne Brady, confirmed that a review of DOE files indicated that a "significant reason" for fluoride experiments conducted at the University of Rochester after the war was "impending litigation between the du Pont company and residents of New Jersey areas." However, she added, "DOE has found no documents to indicate that fluoride research was done to protect the Manhattan Project or its contractors from lawsuits."
On Manhattan Project involvement in Newburgh, the spokesperson stated, "Nothing that we have suggests that the DOE or predecessor agencies - especially the Manhattan Project - authorized fluoride experiments to be performed on children in the 1940's."
When told that the reporters had several documents that directly tied the Manhattan Project's successor agency at the University of Rochester, the AEP, to the Newburgh experiment, the DOE spokesperson later conceded her study was confined to "the available universe" of documents. Two days later spokesperson Jayne Brady faxed a statement for clarification: "My search only involved the documents that we collected as part of our human radiation experiments project - fluoride was not part of our research effort."
"Most significantly," the statement continued, relevant documents may be in a classified collection at the DOE Oak Ridge National Laboratory known as the Records Holding Task Group. "This collection consists entirely of classified documents removed from other files for the purpose of classified document accountability many years ago," and was "a rich source of documents for the human radiation experiments project," she said.
The crucial question arising from this investigation is: Were adverse health findings from Newburgh and other bomb-program fluoride studies suppressed? All AEC-funded studies had to be declassified before publication in civilian medical and dental journals. Where are the original classified versions?
The transcript of one of the major secret scientific conferences of WW2 - on "fluoride metabolism" - is missing from the files of the U.S. National Archives. Participants in the conference included key figures who promoted the safety of fluoride and water fluoridation to the public after the war - Harold Hodge of the Manhattan Project, David B. Ast of the Newburgh Project, and U.S. Public Health Service dentist H.Trendley Dean, popularly known as the "father of fluoridation." "If it is missing from the files, it is probably still classified," National Archives librarians told these reporters.
A 1944 WW2 Manhattan Project classified report on water fluoridation is missing from the files of the University of Rochester Atomic Energy Project, the U.S. National Archives, and the Nuclear Repository at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. The next four numerically consecutive documents are also missing, while the remainder of the "MP-1500 series" is present. "Either those documents are still classified, or they've been 'disappeared' by the government," says Clifford Honicker, Executive Director of the American Environmental Health Studies Project, in Knoxville, Tennessee, which provided key evidence in the public exposure and prosecution of U.S. human radiation experiments.
Seven pages have been cut out of a 1947 Rochester bomb-project notebook entitled "Du Pont litigation." "Most unusual," commented chief medical school archivist Chris Hoolihan.
Similarly, Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests by these authors over a year ago with the DOE for hundreds of classified fluoride reports have failed to dislodge any. "We're behind," explained Amy Rothrock, FOIA officer for the Department of Energy at their Oak Ridge operations.
Was information suppressed? These reporters made what appears to be the first discovery of the original classified version of a fluoride safety study by bomb program scientists. A censored version of this study was later published in the August 1948 Journal of the American Dental Association. Comparison of the secret with the published version indicates that the U.S. AEC did censor damaging information on fluoride, to the point of tragicomedy.
This was a study of the dental and physical health of workers in a factory producing fluoride for the A-bomb program, conducted by a team of dentists from the Manhattan Project:
The published version concludes that "the men were unusually healthy, judged from both a medical and dental point of view."
Asked for comment on the early links of the Manhattan Project to water fluoridation, Dr Harold Slavkin, Director of the National Institute for Dental Research, the U.S. agency which today funds fluoride research, said, "I wasn't aware of any input from the Atomic Energy Commission." Nevertheless, he insisted, fluoride's efficacy and safety in the prevention of dental cavities over the last fifty years is well-proved. "The motivation of a scientist is often different from the outcome," he reflected. "I do not hold a prejudice about where the knowledge comes from."
After comparing the secret and published versions of the censored study, toxicologist Phyllis Mullenix commented, "This makes me ashamed to be a scientist." Of other Cold War-era fluoride safety studies, she asks, "Were they all done like this?"
About the authors:
Archival research by Clifford Honicker.
Joel Griffiths is a medical writer in New York City, author of a book on radiation hazards and numerous articles for medical and popular publications.
Chris Bryson holds a Masters degree from the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism, and has worked for the British Broadcasting Corporation, The Manchester Guardian, The Christian Science Monitor and Public Television.


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In a wide-ranging discussion on stage at Mobile World Congress in Barcelona on Monday, Google senior vice president Sundar Pichai offered his views on lots of issues at the heart of the mobile telecommunications industry.
He used the time to confirm Google's plans to launch a mobile carrier in the U.S. and gave an update on progress of its ambitious Project Loon and Project Titan airborne Internet experiments. Here's what else he said:
On Android's marketshare and the iPhone 6
The launch of the iPhone 6 gave Apple's market share a boost in the mobile market and put a little pressure on Android.
Pichai said he sees "very positive momentum" on Android and Apple's jump wasn't a surprise, taking the chance to remind the audience that Android had been there first with large screens.
"We knew bigger phones would have an impact, we've been doing it for a while."
On the Samsung Galaxy S6
Less than 24 hours after its launch, Pichai pulled one from his jacket pocket and showed it to the audience.
The phone, he said, "represents the state of the art in what's possible in a smartphone."
On Xiaomi
The Chinese handset maker first rose to international recognition when former Google executive Hugo Barra moved from Mountain View to Beijing to head up its international strategy. But more recently, it's gained recognition for its unique strategy: one new phone a year with software updates every week.
Pichai sidestepped direct comment on the company, but said he would love to see Google services rolled out in China (something not possible since most of the company's products are blocked in China) and was exploring the possibility of launch a version of the Play Store in the country.
"You see a lot of malware. There is a shared incentive for us to work there and we are working to make that possible."
On Cyanogen
The alternative Android distribution has gained fans among hardcore geeks and its backers recently criticized the control that Google exerts over the Android eco-system.
Pichai said he hasn't played around with a Cyanogen phone, so he doesn't know the platform's value proposition, but beyond the marketing message, "I would question building without Google services."
On Android Pay
Google Wallet hasn't taken off in any big way so far, but payments could be an important part of future smartphones. Android Pay is Google's payments platform, designed to sit under Google Wallet and competitors so that Android phones handle transactions in a standard way, no matter what the user-facing application.
Pichai said Google Wallet will be just one customer of Android Pay, under the company's vision. When asked about Samsung Pay, Pichai conceded Samsung is ahead -- he actually said Samsung is "on a slightly different time frame" -- but he expressed a desire to "work closely with them to see how we can align."
On the Apple Watch
Apple showed off prototypes of its first wearable device last year and the company is widely expected to announce launch plans at an event in San Francisco next week.
Pichai said wearables are exciting, and was immediately challenged as to why he wasn't wearing an Android watch. He came up with a great excuse: the watch he's been trying is not yet released so he took it off for the event.
Specifically on the Apple Watch, "I, just like everyone else, am keen to see what they come up with," he said.
On Google retail stores
Google has been rumored to be considering a chain of retail stores where it can present its products and services.
The company is always trying to figure out how to best present its products, but it will do that through existing retail partners, said Pichai.
If the company does open stores, it will be something like its efforts for the Nexus hardware -- a smaller effort intended to push the Google vision and not a mass market retail effort, he added.
On Android in India and other developing markets
Google's Android One project has produced a $100 smartphone in India and since been expanded to six countries. The phones are intended to offer a full smartphone experience at a low cost.
Pichai said he sees the project as representing a great vision of what's possible with hardware at lower price points and that he hopes prices could fall by half in a few years.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
2012 ~ Project 365 + 1 / 2011 ~ completed Project 365 ~ a one year, daily pictorial diary of my life.
Thursday, February 24, 2011
Recently, after Phriend purchased a 28-300mm, I got a major case of the "I wants, I need to haves". This lens covers most of the range I shot in and as an added bonus it ups to 300mm!
After pining for sometime and doing much investigating, Phriend and I went to our favorite camera shop. There sitting in the show case was this "must have". I touched it, played with it, took several photos with it and drooled all over it. I treated myself to it! In celebration, Phriend and I just had to get out. Luckly for me I found this roller blader out practicing his skill too.
13 comments:
- Carlynn said...
Love the this shot.
- February 23, 2011 at 8:20 PM
After drooling over it, they sure as heck didn't want it back- you had no other choice than to buy it!
In all seriousness- this picture is AWESOME!!
- February 23, 2011 at 8:48 PM
- Unknown said...
Love this shot!
I can so relate to having a case of the wants/needs. A nice gentleman at one of my daughter's basketball games had a Nikon D3100 with a 28-300mm lens on it. And he let me hold it and play with it a little. Not a good thing. I keep telling my husband "I neeeeeeeeed a stronger zoom lens!" Which, of course, is silly. I don't "need" one; I want one. Bad. {sigh}
- February 23, 2011 at 9:03 PM
- Catherine said...
Very cool shot! Love it!
- February 23, 2011 at 10:00 PM
Love this one!
- February 24, 2011 at 12:18 AM
- Chelsea said...
Yes, I completely hear ya. I have a 'I want' myself! Glad you were able to pull yourself away after touching it!! ;) Great silhouette!!
- February 24, 2011 at 7:46 AM
- Gretchen said...
Great shot! Way to go on treating yourself to a new toy!
- February 24, 2011 at 8:02 AM
- Karin said...
FANTASTIC silhouette!
- February 24, 2011 at 5:50 PM
- elizabeth said...
wow - love this photo - great job
- February 25, 2011 at 9:09 AM
- Janell said...
that's awesome, good for you! I have serious envy with all things photography. great action shot!
- February 25, 2011 at 6:14 PM
- Daniele Valois said...
- February 26, 2011 at 2:57 PM
- Karli @ The Bonnie 5 said...
I love all your recent shots - especially this skateboarder! WOW! That's a great one! So cool!
- February 27, 2011 at 9:41 PM
- Photography said...
Great silhouette!
- February 28, 2011 at 8:48 AM


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WASHINGTON — — Some of Baltimore's best-known candy makers are pressing Congress to overturn a decades-old sugar policy they say is leaving a bad taste in their mouth.
Goetze's Candy Co., Wockenfuss Candies and others want lawmakers to rethink long-standing restrictions on foreign sugar imports that they argue are inflating the cost of making caramels, toffees and chocolates.
The debate between the sugar industry — including the ASR Group, which owns Baltimore's Domino Sugar plant — and confectioners and others who buy sugar by the truckload is expected to come to a head this week in the Senate. Lawmakers are considering changes to the program as part of a $955 billion farm bill that pays for agricultural programs, food stamps and soil conservation.
Paul Wockenfuss, owner and president of Baltimore-based Wockenfuss Candies, said his company buys about 40,000 pounds of sugar a year. His concern boils down to price: Wockenfuss and other confectioners want more access to cheaper, imported sugar.
The limits on imports create an "unlevel playing field," Wockenfuss said. "It's just hurting the smaller businesses."
But sugar industry leaders say they need the controls to compete in a global market in which other countries — particularly those in Latin America — heavily subsidize their sugar crops.
Eliminating protections could drive domestic farmers out of business, they say, and leave U.S. consumers reliant on other countries for their sugar fix.
"The U.S. policy is in direct response to foreign subsidization," said Phillip W. Hayes, a spokesman with the American Sugar Alliance, a coalition of sugar-cane and sugar-beet producers that represents the Domino plant owner and others.
The federal government doesn't provide direct subsidies to sugar farmers, but it has imposed limits on sugar imports since the Great Depression. The U.S. Department of Agriculture provides price-stabilizing loans to sugar growers that can leave taxpayers on the hook when there's a glut in the market, as there has been this year.
The sugar industry employs about 2,600 people in Maryland, Hayes said. The Domino plant — one of the last sugar refineries on the East Coast — employed more than 500 people last year and generated $150 million in economic activity for the city, according to estimates from Domino.
Messages left for a spokeswoman for the Domino plant owner were not returned. The plant manager, Stu FitzGibbon, could not be reached.
Domestic sugar, at just under 27 cents a pound, has been cheaper in recent months than what's available on the worldwide market. But USDA data show that domestic sugar has cost confectioners, bakers and other food makers about 9 cents more on average than imported sugar since 2000.
As in many of the debates over agricultural policy, battle lines in the sugar program tend to be drawn by region rather than political party. The import controls have strong support from Democrats and Republicans alike in cane-producing states such as Louisiana and Florida.
Advocates for changing the system believe their best opportunity may be to amend the farm bill on the Senate floor in coming days. The proposal to do that is being offered by Democratic Sen. Jeanne Shaheen of New Hampshire, but is also supported by Republican Sen. Pat Toomey of Pennsylvania and others in the GOP.
Sen. Barbara A. Mikulski, a Maryland Democrat, called for a "balanced" sugar program, but also described the current structure as "key to ensuring this balance until our international competitors stop receiving government subsidies."
Sen. Ben Cardin also said the U.S. should seek a more level global market. The Maryland Democrat did not say whether he would support the amendment.
"We have worked for years to ensure that both our many beloved candy makers in Maryland, and the Domino Sugar refinery, one of the last on the East Coast, can continue to thrive," he said in a statement.
The Sugar Alliance, which has a powerful lobbying operation in Washington, paid for a study released this month by University of Maryland business professor Alexander J. Triantis, who found sugar-buying businesses have seen sales and profits increase over the past 15 years, despite higher sugar prices.
But supporters of changing the system disputed the findings and suggested that the higher prices have slowed job creation. More than 190 food manufacturers in Maryland purchase sugar in large quantities, the advocates say.
They said their own industries are being squeezed by foreign imports even as the makers of their main ingredient are protected.
Mitchell Goetze, president of Baltimore-based Goetze's Candy Company, rarely speaks publicly about the 118-year-old firm or its trademark caramels. But he traveled to Capitol Hill last week to express his concerns to lawmakers, and has teamed up with trade groups working on the issue in Washington.
Goetze stressed his complaint is with the policy, not Domino or the sugar industry at large.
"We manufacture in a free market, we sell in a free market but unfortunately we can't buy all of our supplies in a free market," he said. "It's an outdated program."


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TALLAHASSEE, Fla. (AP) - State university presidents and student government leaders are offering Florida lawmakers a tuition deal.
They said on Wednesday in Tallahassee that they won't seek tuition increases next year if the Legislature agrees to spend $118 million more in state money on the 12-school State University System.
Gov. Rick Scott praised the proposal. He has stanchly opposed tuition increases but supported a $300 million spending reduction for the universities this year. Scott says he's looking forward to working closely with the presidents and student leaders as he puts together his budget recommendations and other proposals for the 2013 legislative session.
The announcement was part of the kickoff for a student-led campaign focused on uniting in support of more funding for higher education.


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Reich writes: "...according to most polls, the Romney-Ryan ticket is falling further and further behind. How can this be?"
Portrait, Robert Reich, 08/16/09. (photo: Perian Flaherty)
Why Romney and Ryan are Going Down
17 September 12
nemployment is still above 8 percent, job gains aren't even keeping up with population growth, the economy is barely moving forward. And yet, according to most polls, the Romney-Ryan ticket is falling further and further behind. How can this be?
Because Republicans are failing the central test of electability. Instead of putting together the largest possible coalition of voters, they're relying largely on one slice of America - middle-aged white men - and alienating just about everyone else.
Start with Hispanics, whose electoral heft keeps growing as they become an ever-larger portion of the electorate. Hispanics now favor President Obama over Romney-Ryan by a larger margin than they did six months ago.
Why? In last February's Republican primary debate Romney dubbed Arizona's controversial immigration policy - that authorized police to demand proof of citizenship from anyone looking Hispanic - a "model law" for the rest of the nation.
Romney then attacked GOP rival Texas Governor Rick Perry for supporting in-state tuition at the University of Texas for children of undocumented immigrants. And Romney advocates what he calls "self-deportation" - making life so difficult for undocumented immigrants and their families that they choose to leave.
As if all this weren't enough, the GOP has been pushing voter ID laws all over America, whose obvious aim is to intimidate Hispanic voters so they won't come to the polls. But they may be having the opposite effect - emboldening the vast majority of ethnic Hispanics, who are American citizens, to vote in even greater numbers and lend even more support to Obama and other Democrats.
Or consider women - whose political and economic impact in America continues to grow (women are fast becoming better educated than men and the major breadwinners in American homes). According to polls, the political gender gap is widening.
Why? It's not just GOP senatorial candidate Todd Akin's call to ban all abortions even in the case of "legitimate rape" (because he believes women's bodies somehow reject violent sperm). The GOP platform itself seeks to bar all abortions, with no exception for rape or incest. And on several occasions Paul Ryan has voted in favor of exactly such legislation.
Meanwhile, Republican legislators in Virginia, Pennsylvania, Idaho, and Alabama have pushed bills requiring women seeking abortions to undergo invasive vaginal ultrasound tests. All told, over 400 Republican bills are pending in state legislatures, attacking womens' reproductive rights.
Republicans have repeatedly voted against legislation giving women equal pay for the same work as men. Republicans in Wisconsin have even repealed a law designed to prevent employers from discriminating against women.
Or consider students - a significant and growing electoral force, who voted overwhelmingly for Obama in 2008. What are Republicans doing to woo them back?
Paul Ryan's budget plan - approved by almost every House Republican and enthusiastically endorsed by Mitt Romney - would have allowed rates on student loans to double, adding an average of $1,000 a year to student debt loads. (Under mounting political pressure, House Republicans came up with just enough money to keep the loan program going safely past Election Day by raiding a fund established for preventive care in the new health-care act.)
Now Romney wants to hand the federal student loan program over to the banks, which will charge even more. Earlier this year he argued subsidized student loans were bad because they encouraged colleges to raise their tuition, and suggested students ask their families for money.
Republicans have even managed to antagonize seniors by seeking to turn Medicare into vouchers whose value won't keep up with rising healthcare costs, and cutting $800 billion out of Medicaid (which many seniors rely on for nursing home care).
And, of course, they've come out against equal marriage rights for gay couples.
Romney, Ryan, and the GOP don't seem to know how to satisfy their middle-aged white male base without at the same time turning off everyone who's not white, male, straight, or middle-aged. Unfortunately for Romney and Ryan, the people they're turning off are the majority.
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The Camerawalls performs this April in five cities in the Visayas – one city for every year that the band has been making music.
Dubbed "Pamagdoy" (a word that means "wandering" or "peregrination" in both Cebuano and Ilongo), the tour is produced and presented by Lilystars Records in partnership with Panay News, the largest newspaper in the Visayas.
*Ad Concept and Design by Justine Basa
"This is a first for The Camerawalls to embark on a proper tour, so it can reach more listeners and meet more music aficionados," said Clementine, frontman of The Camerawalls, and concurrent label manager of Lilystars Records.
The Camerawalls, being based in Bulacan, is a fixture in the Manila indie scene and has regular invitations to music festivals in the region – however, it is rare for the band to hold gigs in other parts of the country, the latest being Baguio City last March.
"Pamagdoy" is an opportunity to familiarize the Visayan market with The Camerawalls' indie pop releases, Clementine noted, as their music may be available at their Web site thecamerawalls.com, but the live shows had mostly been up north.
On the side is the desire for a little travel and cultural experience – the food, practices, scenic spots, and the people – with each city transfer, and for the band to create a tour diary of the experience, admitted Clementine.
Aside from their original song releases, The Camerawalls will be performing select tunes written and recorded by Clementine for Orange & Lemons, plus cover songs from bands and artists (e.g. The Smiths, The Beatles, John Lennon) they admire, in the "reinventionist" style the band is known for.
Fans may hang out – and perhaps even get a chance to jam – with The Camerawalls on their Visayan Tour at the following venues:
April 20: CEBU CITY – Handuraw Pizza Gorordo
(460 Gorordo Avenue, Barangay Kamputhaw);
April 21: SAN CARLOS CITY – Guido's
(Locsin St.);
April 22: BACOLOD CITY – Danny's Grill
(Lacson Extension, Barangay 39);
April 24: ILOILO CITY – The Mellow Mangrove
(San Mars Point, Gen. Luna St.); and
April 27: ROXAS CITY – Javva Bar
(Arnaldo Boulevard).
Pamagdoy" is presented with the assistance of media partners Panay News INC; Love Radio (Bacolod); Easy Rock (Bacolod); Radyo Natin (San Carlos); Aksyon Radyo (Bacolod); ABS-CBN (Iloilo); Mellow 88.7 (Iloilo); Pinoytuner/Digradio (Online radio); and Sneeze Magazine (Iloilo). Also brought to you in partnership with Green Light Creative Concepts (Roxas); Handuraw Pizza Gorordo (Cebu); Guido's (San Carlos); Danny's Grill (Bacolod); Javva Bar (Roxas); and The Mellow Mangrove (Iloilo).
"Pamagdoy" is also supported by City Goverment of San Carlos, Gaisano Capital (San Carlos), Alchology (San Carlos), i-Tell Global Solutions (San Carlos), City Designs Computer Center (San Carlos), San Miguel Beer (Iloilo/Roxas); Skinetics Wellness Center (Iloilo); Coca-cola (Iloilo), KOI Herbal Food Supplement (Bacolod), Manila Beer (Bacolod), Cartonata, Cebu Executive Rent-a-car and Cebu Grand Hotel, the band's official residence in Cebu.
Related links:
PAMAGDOY: The Camerawalls Visayan Tour – The Camerawalls Official Site
RSVP to facebook event page HERE.


text: I consider to make the perfect setup according URL: http://howtoforge.com/perfect_setup_ubuntu_5.10 I have a server with 2 XEON's and 2 SATA drives. I have received the two original CD's from UBUNTU: an 32 bit version and also an 64 bit version. Can i use the 64 bit version to make "The perfect setup" for use with ISPConfig as mentioned above or is it only wise to use the 32 bit version CD? Any advise is welcome!


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What we're about
A weekly open study session for folks who program (in any language) or those who want to get started learning to code. We're looking to offer a social learning environment for programmers of all levels with the option to drop in whenever you need extra help or feel especially social. All skill levels welcome. Bring a laptop, your projects or just questions you would like to talk through with new people.


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Conference Tools for 2023 AWS Professional Program
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Presentation Title
Deep Learning Based Real-time and In-situ Monitoring of Weld Penetration: Where We are and What are Needed Revolutionary Solutions?
YuMing Zhang
On-Site Speaker (Planned)
YuMing Zhang
Abstract Scope
Welding Procedure Designed assures the desired weld penetration be produced under nominal welding conditions. When conditions deviate from the nominal, penetration and other welding outcomes deviate from their desired/targeted ones. To assure the penetration not below minimally necessary, well-designed Procedure should reserve an appropriate margin per estimated condition deviations. An ideal solution is to use relatively small margin but dynamically adjust welding parameters to maintain the penetration at minimally necessary/within the margin. As such, the penetration state should be monitored in real-time during manufacturing. Unfortunately, it occurs underneath workpieces and is not considered directly observable during manufacturing so that its real-time in-situ monitoring is challenging. In the last half century, researchers have focused on finding promising real-time observable phenomena and correlating such phenomena to penetration. This has been difficult as it is unclear what are critical in observed phenomena and trial-and-error iterative processes are practiced proposing features, developing algorithms to calculate them, fitting model from features, and then modifying model, features, or algorithms if fitting accuracy is not acceptable. Such iterative process is not automated, finding/fitting right features/model takes months if not longer, and success is not assured. In particular, algorithms to calculate features vary from features to features and each of them requires extensive tests. Deep learning automates and combines featuring and fitting to maximally use the raw information directly to achieve highest accuracies. Computation is drastically increased but the iterative process is replaced by an automated one so that the time frame is still drastically reduced. This paper reviews various raw information that has been used as the observed phenomena to input into deep learning models and analyzes why they may correlate to penetration; reviews various deep learning models and analyzes why/how they may and are needed to correlate different raw information to penetration; and briefly reviews major techniques that have been used to train deep learning models in penetration prediction. Based on such analyses, this paper identifies major achievements and issues for efforts taken so far to monitor weld penetration using deep learning approaches. Finally, we identify two fundamental issues that require revolutionary solutions in order to move the deep learning technologies from laboratory studies to manufacturing as directions for future efforts. These two issues are analyzed and some preliminary solution directions are proposed.
Proceedings Inclusion?
A Brief History of Welding Metallurgy in IIW
A Fundamental Investigation into Intermetallic Formation and Growth in the Aluminum-Iron System using Resistance-based Diffusion Couples
A New CALPHAD-based Finite Element Tool for Additive Manufacturing Simulation
Accelerating Ni-Cr Filler Metal Design with a Coupled CALPHAD and Data Analytics Approach
Additive Manufacturing and Welding of Ni-base Superalloys for Concentrated Solar Power Systems
Additive Manufacturing of Steel-aluminum Bimetallic Structures
Alloy Design and Additive Manufacturing of Functionally Graded Materials for Olefin Furnaces
Alloy Development via Multi-wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (m-WAAM)
Application of NDE Techniques for Safer Pressure Vessels
Applications of Emerging Artificial Intelligence Tools in Additive Manufacturing
Arc and Droplet Transfer Behavior During Electrode-negative Polarity Cold Metal Transfer and Electrode-positive Pulse Gas Metal Arc Deposition of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy
Arc Length Behaviour and Voltage Predictions for GMAW-Sp Aluminum Procedures in the Lincoln Procedure Handbook
Automated Vision-based Laser Weld and Braze Quality Systems
Bond Formation Mechanism of High-frequency Electric Resistance Welding Of X65 Grade Pipeline Steel by Physical Simulation
Capacitor Discharge Based Resistance Welding of Aluminum Alloy and Galvanized Steel Sheets
Carbide Precipitation during Temper Bead Welding in the HAZ of Low Alloy Steels
Challenges in Wire-Arc Additive Manufacture of Nickel Aluminum Bronze
Characterization of Vibration Welded Wood
Charpy Reconstitution Joining Procedure: Supporting Reactor Pressure Vessel Operation Beyond 60 Years
Comparison of Constant Load and Slow Strain Rate Tensile Tests for Evaluation of Hydrogen Assisted Cracking Susceptibility in Dissimilar Metal Weld
Comparison of Crystallographic Texture Before and After Post-weld Heat Treatment of Electric Resistance Welded X65 Linepipe
Computational Design of Experiment Process-microstructure-property Optimization in Welding and Additive Manufacturing
Computational Process-Microstructure-Property Optimization for Fe-10Ni Groove Welds
Connecting X-ray Computed Tomography to Fatigue Life of Ti-6Al-4V using Quantitative Fractography
Construction of a Unified Fatigue S-N Curve Incorporating the Effects of Residual Stress Level in Welded Joints
Correlation Between the Coarse and Fine Grain Haz Hardness of Pipeline Girth Welds
Creep Performance of Austenitic Stainless Steels Processed with Wire Arc Directed Energy Deposition
Critical Evaluation of NDE Methods and Their Effectiveness for Defect Detection in Laser Powder Bed Fusion Components
Crystallographic Texture and Microstructure of Dissimilar Steel Welds for Filler Metal Selection
Database of Hydrogen Assisted Cracking Susceptibility in Dissimilar Metal Welds
Deep Learning Based Real-time and In-situ Monitoring of Weld Penetration: Where We are and What are Needed Revolutionary Solutions?
Defect Formation Mitigation during Laser Welding of Aluminum Alloys using Beam Oscillation
Deleterious Effects of Laser Welding Nitinol without Argon Shielding Gas
Development of a Fast Analysis Solver for Welding Sequence Optimization of Ship Structures
Development of a New Technique to Assess Spot Welding Cracking of Gen3 High Strength Steel Sheets
Dissimilar Brazing of Ti-6Al-4V to Stainless Steel Under Thermal Conditions used for Glass Sealing
Do We Need a New Foundation to Use Deep Learning to Monitor Weld Penetration?
Droplet Temperature Measurements in GMAW
Effect of Additive Manufacturing Process Parameters on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of AF9628 Steel
Effect of Base Metal Dilution on Microstructure and Thermal Stability in Anviloy Wire-H13 Clads
Effect of Martensite-Austenite Morphology on Charpy Toughness of Cold-wire Tandem Submerged-arc Welded X70 Steel
Effect of Preheating Temperatures on Microstructure of L-DED Grade 91
Effect of Retained δ-ferrite on the Nucleation of Laves Phase during Artificial Aging in Grade P92 Steel Welds
Effect of the Notching Method on Charpy V-notch Impact Energy Outcomes
Effect of Wire Preheat and Feed Rate in X80 Steel Laser Welds
Effects of Deposition Sequence on Microstructural Evolution in Additively Manufactured Cu-Cr-Nb Alloy / Superalloy Bimetallic Structures
Energy Distribution and Effects on Weld and Defect Formation during Beam Oscillation Laser Welding of a Nickel Alloy
Erection Stage Longi Welding Robot System in Shipbuilding
Estimation of Bead Size and Catchment Efficiency in Laser Cladding
Evaluation of Inoculated High Strength Aluminum Wire 6061 for GMA DED
Feasibility of LP-DED and L-PBF Processes in the Repair of GTD 111 Turbine Blades using Ren� 65 Powder
Fluidity of Aluminum Welding Wires
Friction Stir Welding of Rolled Homogenous Armor (RHA) and High Hardness Armor (HHA) Steels
From Frustrating to Flawless: Mastering Class A Aluminum Resistance Welding
General Linear Models in Additive Manufacturing: Interpretability and Prediction of Aggregated Ti-6Al-4V Fatigue Data
General Thermomechanical Model of FSW Based on a Characteristic Temperature for Deformation and Heat Transfer
Geometrical Feature Development for Multi-Process DED of Aerospace Structures using Ultra High Strength Steel (UHSS)
High Ductility Brazes of Nickel-superalloys Using a Multi Principal Element Alloy Filler
Hot Wire Semi-auto Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) for Shipbuilding Applications
Identifying Deposit Profile for Gas Metal Arc Directed Energy Deposition
Industrialization Challenges in Welding and Large Scale Metal Fabrication
Influence of Alloy Composition and Nitride Formation on Delta Phase Precipitation in Additively Manufactured Inconel� 625
Influence of Hydrogen Shielding Gas Additions on Base Metal Dilution, Bead Shape and Wall Buildability in Fe-10Ni Gas Metal Arc DED
Influence of Welding Parameters on Weld Reinforcement in Tandem Submerged Arc Welding
Inoculated High Strength High Strength Aluminum Wire Feedstocks for Welding and DED
Integrating a Novel Approach to Advanced Materials during Resistance Spot Welding for the Automotive Industry
Investigation of Defects Process Map in Friction Stir Welding
Investigation of Fe-10 wt.% Ni Steel Weld Metal Hydrogen Induced Cracking Susceptibility using the Gapped Bead on Plate (GBOP) Test
Investigation of Intermetallic Phase Formation during RSW of Advanced Automotive Steels and Aluminum Alloys
Isothermal Low Cycle Fatigue of Steel to Ni-based Alloys Dissimilar Joints
Laser Beam Directed Energy Deposition (L-DED) of an Fe-Si-B-Nb-Cu Soft Magnetic Alloy
Laser Beam Welding of Wrought and Additively Manufactured Ti-5Al-5V-5Mo-3Cr Alloys
Laser Welding of Al-Cu Interconnects for E-Mobility Applications: Effect of Beam Oscillation on Metal Mixing, Microstructure, and Mechanical Property
Linear Solid State Welding w/ NO Fusion Line. Fine Grained Base to Base Using 95% Less Energy
Machine Learning for GMAW Weld Quality
Machine Learning for Predicting Weld Quality and Properties in Resistance Spot Welding Process
Mapping of a Resistance Spot Weld Properties onto a Space Defined by Base Material Attributes
Mechanizing Self Shielded Flux Core Wire to Achieve Robust Toughness on Girth Welds in Pipeline Construction
Metallurgical Characterization of Rotary Inertia Friction Welded Dissimilar 422 Martensitic Stainless Steel to 4140 Low Alloy Steel Piston Joints
Methodology Development of Ultra-high Temperature Mechanical Performance of Additively Manufactured Refractory Alloys
Microstructural Heterogeneities in Electron Beam Additively Manufactured Haynes 282
Monitoring Torch Position and Weld Quality with Reversed Electrode Image during GTAW Process
Monitoring Weld Penetration using a Deep Learning Model Pre-trained from Filtered Current
My 40 Years as a Welding Engineer in the Oil and Gas Industry
Next Generation Double Electrode GMAW Processes for Precision Fillet Welding
Nickel Aluminum Bronze Weld Metal Microstructures in Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing with Cryogenic Cooling
Nondestructive Characterization of Grade 92 Steel Weld Microstructures using, Micro-resolution Ultrasonic Imaging System.
Numerical Modeling of Arc Plasma and Shielding Gas Flows in Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing of Tall Walls
Numerical Modeling of Resistance Spot Welding Processes and Liquid Metal Embrittlement Cracking
Numerical Modelling of Temperature and Velocity of WC-Co-Cr Particles in the HVOF Process using DJ2700 Gun and Hydrogen as a Fuel
Online Quality Monitoring Method in Gas Metal Arc Welding Based on Vision Camera and Laser Vision Sensor
Open-source Numerical Modeling of Solidification Cracking Susceptibility: Application to Refractory Alloy Systems
Optimization and Characterization of FSpJ for Al Alloys and Polymeric Materials: Experimental and Numerical Investigations
OSU Faculty Overview-Metallurgy and Weldability
OSU Faculty Overview-Processes
OSU Faculty Overview - Design, Modeling and Nondestructive Evaluation
Overview of Arc Welding Activities at IIW and Standardization of Laser Welding/Cutting
Overview of RW Projects for the Automotive Industry
Plenary Talk: Delta Ferrite and Rapidly Solidified Microstructure in Welding and Additive Manufacturing of Martensitic Steels
Practical Calculation of Cooling Rate, HAZ Width, and Thermal Features in Welding and Additive Manufacturing
Precipitation Kinetics in Additively Manufactured Alloy K-500 and Commission IV Activities
Predicting Laser Weld Variability in 304 Stainless Steel Resulting from Composition Variation
Process Advantages of Laser Hybrid Welding of Thick-walled Steel Structures of Wind Tower
Process Control of a Custom Designed Adaptive Weld Head
Reduction of Cold Cracking in Welded Overlays via Reduced Martensite Start Temperature
Robotic Path Planning for Wire Arc Additive Applications of Aerospace Aluminum Alloys
Robotizing Double-electrode GMAW by Learning from Human Welders
Scanning for Metrology in Wire-Arc Additive Manufacturing
Shoring Up Long Lead Time Supply Chain Issues of Forgings and Castings using Advanced Manufacturing
SiC and Nickel-base Superalloy Dissimilar Joining using Multi-principal Element Alloy Fillers
Silicate-free Tandem GMAW for Shipbuilding Applications
Solidification Behavior and Microstructure Evolution in Dissimilar Electron Beam Welds between Commercially Pure Iron and Nickel
Solidification Behavior of Laser-wire Directed Energy Deposition Austenitic Stainless Steel
Stress Relaxation Cracking Susceptibility in 347H SS Welds and Their Repairs
The Ohio State University Welding Engineering Program - the First 75 Years
The Role of Diffusion Brazing Technology for the Repair of Gas Turbine Engine Components
The Role of Material Selection and Thermal Cycling on Tool Life in Refill Friction Stir Spot Welding
Thermal Faceting on the Ductility-Dip Cracking Fracture Surfaces of Nickel-Based Alloys – Occurrence, Characterization, and Implications for the Cracking Mechanism
Thermo-Mechanical Fatigue of Welding Defect-containing Boiler Water Walls
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Calculation of Stainless-steel Solidification – revisiting the WRC-1992 Diagram
Ultrasonic Assisted Soldering of Metallized Polymer Current Collectors for Li-Ion Batteries
Ultrasonic Welding of Dissimilar Materials
Ultrasonically Assisted Resistance Spot Welding of Multilayer Foils in Battery Manufacturing
WE in the Power Generation Industry
Weld Vac – A Quiet, Clean Metal Removal System
Welding Engineering in the Aircraft Engine Industry
Welding in Space: Past, Present, and Future
Wobble Laser Beam Welding in Keyhole Mode
Questions about ProgramMaster? Contact


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Chapter K: Let Your Voice Be Heard: Synod on Cyberbullying
Students are challenged to write a speech as if they were a member of Pope Francis' synod addressing the problem of cyberbullying.
God's Presence in Nature
This assignment helps students to create a poem of praise about an object in nature.
Community Service Courses:
This past semester, at the end of a year-long service program at a residential treatment center for emotionally disturbed youth, two students from my community service course wrote a poem to express the significance of their experiences. These are the …


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We hadn't been back to The Wave for a couple of years, so we knew it was time to head back for dinner!
The Wave is a unique table-service spot at Disney, because their menu focuses on local and sustainable ingredients. Because of the ever-changing and seasonal local offerings, they are one of the few moderate table service restaurants I've encountered that changes up the menu four times per year. (Usually that's only allowed for signature restaurants!)
Available for breakfast (which also features a buffet), lunch, and dinner, you won't necessarily find the same dish here that you had six months ago. That can be good and bad, but it's always an adventure to stop in and see what's new!
Located in the back left corner of the Contemporary Resort's lobby (just past the concierge desks), you might miss The Wave altogether — except that they've dreamed up this groovy light tunnel for the entrance.
This gives you the feeling of heading below the waves for a culinary adventure. (Or it could also remind you of the dearly departed rainbow tunnel from the original Journey Into Your Imagination. Either way, it's still cool.)
The atmosphere is modern and contemporary, and the check-in and bar areas look a little "night-clubby," actually! But never fear — this restaurant is very family-friendly.
You make your way around the beautiful and expansive bar as you walk to the dining area. Here, you'll see more waves in the decor, like the backs of the comfortable bar chairs.
The bar features screw-top wines (more about that later) and fun organic local beers.
As you enter the sleek dining room, the color palette changes from blue to harvest gold. Waves (amber waves of grain, perhaps?) continue to surround you, even from above.
Although the look is decidedly modern, it maintains a comfortable feel, with padded seats and booths throughout. The finish also cleverly disguises the fact that you are actually dining in a windowless environment, with touches like the multicolored curtains. Suddenly, the "undersea" feeling makes more sense.
My favorite places to sit when dining at The Wave, hands down, are these high-backed booths. Perfect for quiet conversation and very comfortable, they are my preference over the tables in the middle of the area, which can sometimes get rather loud during more crowded times.
As I mentioned above, The Wave menu focuses on American flavors, and strives to incorporate seasonal, sustainable, and local ingredients whenever possible.
It's pretty fun, since you get to hear more about what the local farms are producing! (I always like feeling as though I "live" in Disney World, so knowing the local food production schedule is kind of fun. I know. I'm weird.)
While I didn't sample any of the wines on this visit, a fun piece of trivia is that The Wave features a fantastic (and almost exclusive) selection of wines with screw caps. (You can read all about it in my review here!!)
As this type of closure continues to gain popularity around the world everyday, it's fun to see such an array of quality wineries that use it gathered in one place.
We were visiting for dinner, so my friend opted to start with the Organic Beer Flight. This featured three samplings of Orlando Brewing Certified Organic Ales — a blonde, pale, and brown ale. He pronounced all of them very good.
I also love the presentation here, with the etched, stemless glasses. Nice detail.
The complimentary bread service is anything but ordinary. It features the Wave's signature — and delicious — multi-grain bread accompanied by butter, sprinkled with pink sea salt.
When it came time to order, we decided to take a somewhat light approach for our appetizers. My dinner companion opted for The Wave Spring Salad.
The dressed-up dinner salad included locally-grown greens, mango, fennel, and shelled soybeans, and featured wonton strips and a sesame-ginger vinaigrette. It was very good, but the color was the real wow factor.
As soon as I saw a soup featuring corn on the menu, I knew what I'd be having for a starter. 😉 (I think I need to do a "Corn Soup" round-up here one of these days…I love that stuff!) The Zellwood, Florida Corn Soup with Applewood-smoked Bacon was outstanding! Savory-sweet with that punch from the bacon — awesome!
This is not your standard corn chowder, with its less-yellow-more-orange hue. But the flavors were a perfect balance of creamy, smoky, and rich, without being heavy. I also LOVED the zippy jalapeño cornbread that accompanied the soup. And as you know, anytime I can have corn soup and cornbread, I will be in heaven!
Soon, it was time to turn our attention to our entrees. I was in the mood for steak, so I chose the Grilled Beef Tenderloin with Shallot Butter, Potatoes, and Spring Ratatouille. Something to note here: the portion wasn't as HUGE as I am accustom to getting in Disney, but I found it to be just perfect.
Everything on the plate was well-prepared, thoughtful, and delicious. My steak was cooked to perfection, and that shallot butter was fantastic!
The ratatouille was surprisingly flavorful, and the mashed potatoes were a nice textural addition. One of my favorite weird food habits: mixing the ratatouille with the mashed potatoes. I do this at the Cheesecake Factory, too, with the corn succotash and mashed taters. Again…weird.
By the way, it looks like the steak may be served with a potato gateau now based on the menu. You can probably swap out mash if you'd prefer.
My friend chose the Locally-sourced Thompson Farms Pork Tenderloin, a selection he made based upon our wonderful server's suggestion. She just loves the bread salad, and she was sure we would love it as well. The dish also featured Bourbon-grilled Florida peaches. (Sounds yum, right?)
While cooking pork well isn't always an easy thing to do, the kitchen staff at The Wave did a great job. It might be a testament to the superiority of the meat, but it was perfectly prepared and not in the least bit dry.
The bread salad was an unusual and delicious side dish…and I totally could have eaten a million more of those grilled peaches. More grilled peaches, please, WAVE! (Yes…I stole them from my friend's plate.)
After our delicious entrees, we had a peek at the dessert menu. They do something really fun here at The Wave: although there are only four dessert offerings, they all feature trios, so you get to try multiple flavors with every selection.
I also love the fact that they offer pots of loose leaf tea, generous enough for two to share. There are also organic coffee selections. Both are really lovely touches that, once again, set this spot apart.
I chose the American Flavors trio, which featured, from right to left, a Coconut Raspberry Bar with Roasted Pineapples; S'mores with a Housemade Vanilla Bean Marshmallow; and the Key Lime Cube with Citrus Cream. They were all incredibly good. The key lime was my favorite (you're not surprised). With a pucker worthy of its name, it was delightfully sour.
The s'more was fantastic as well. It may look a little burnt, but it was exactly right, and the vanilla bean flavor definitely came through…these were not grocery-store marshmallows to be sure!
Of the three, I liked the coconut-raspberry bar the least, but even so, the sticky coconut was very good. It just paled in comparison with the other two.
Our other choice was the Creamy Indulgence, a trio which featured Vanilla Cheesecake with Florida Strawberries (although they were substituting raspberries during our visit); White Chocolate Crème Brûlée; and Olive Oil-Infused Chocolate Truffle Mousse with Salted Caramel Sauce. Wow!
There are so many things to mention here that are just delightful. For starters, this is one of the few places at Disney World that you will find the hotter-than-hot trend of macarons, which garnish the tasty crème brûlée (chefs tell us the humidity makes a mess of them in Florida, but these were great).
Also, the chocolate mousse is a favorite that has been around for a while, and is certainly unique with the addition of olive oil. It's a great example of where The Wave has been ahead of the trend: salted caramel is popping up all over the place these days, but this was one of the first places that we sampled the delightful sweet-salty combo a year or two ago.
The Wave is a solid contender for a mid-priced Disney World restaurant. While it's not themed to the hilt and doesn't offer characters, it does provide a consistently good meal and decent service for any time of day. And when my mantra is "The only consistent thing about Disney Restaurants is that they're inconsistent," an always-quality spot like this is golden.
Another great part of the Wave: the staff here knows their stuff. Chefs and servers are incredibly knowledgeable about the menu and the local produce, so you can usually rely on their recommendations.
While it remains a terrific choice for a fall back meal — it's normally pretty easy to get a last-minute ADR here — I think The Wave should be moved up to a first-choice option for many folks. I always enjoy myself when dining at The Wave. This time was no exception.
Have you had the chance to dine at The Wave? Is this a spot that you would like to try on your next visit? Share with us your thoughts below!


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Rihanna -- Fined $47,000 for Pulling a Lindsay Lohan
Rihanna Fined $47,000 For Pulling a Lindsay
Rihanna just learned a hard lesson ... acting like an irresponsible Lindsay Lohan can cost you a LOT of money -- in this case $47,050.
TMZ broke the story ... Rihanna's ex-accountants have been trying to get the singer to sit for a deposition in a lawsuit she filed against them. Rihanna claims they mismanaged her money and owed her millions, but the accountants claim Rihanna's the one who's at fault.
According to the accountants -- Berdon LLP -- Rihanna's been blowing off deposition after deposition (Lindsay-style) costing them boatloads in attorneys' fees, so Berdon asked the judge to punish the singer.
And this month, the judge agreed, fining Rihanna $47,050 for Berdon's legal bills.
On top of the fine, the judge also ordered Rihanna to sit for a deposition once and for all on August 28 ... and if she doesn't show up, he might dismiss her case entirely.
There's still hope.


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Deep Drawable Steels: Part One
Thermo-Mechanical Treatment (TMT) of Non-Ferrous Alloys: Part One
DataPLUS er et supplerende data modul som leverer korrosions data, materiale samlings information, materiale dimensioner og tolerancer og belægnings informationer for tusinder af metalliske og ikke-metalliske materialer.
Klik her for at se mere.
Overview of Total Materia database 12th January 2022
Overview of Total Materia database 13th January 2022
Total Materia har ved at give os en bestemt metode tilladt os at løse alle problemerne vi havde med søgning af alternative materialer i udlandet. Takket være Total Materia har vi udstedt virkelige "internationale" specifikationer for køb af stål i fremmede lande.Total Materia er fortsat det eneste værktøj, der vil blive brugt til dette formål.
Massimo Manfredini
Bonfiglioli Industrial Gearmotors, Bologna, Italia
Vores mission er simpel;at gøre Total Materiatil det eneste destination ogførste valg for ingeniørerover hele verden.
Prof. Dr. Viktor Pocajt, CEOKey to Metals AG
Generally, inclusions degrade the mechanical properties of the steel by decreasing the toughness of the cast metal and increasing the risk for mechanical and/or corrosive failure of the final product.
While trying to maintain equilibrium with the surroundings, inclusions may be undercooled during some steps of the treatment and result in amorphous phases, or solidify and take the form of supersaturated solid solution.
The presence of non-metalic oxide inclusions is a major concern in many grades of commercial steel. Generally, inclusions degrade the mechanical properties of the steel by decreasing the toughness of the cast metal and increasing the risk for mechanical and/or corrosive failure of the final product. Oxide inclusions are usually classified into two categories, (depending on their origin): (i) as residual products resulting from intentionally added alloying elements for de-oxidation in the ladle and (ii) as reduction products resulting from reactions between the melt and the atmosphere, slag or refractory. Examples of the latter (often referred to as exogenous or macro-inclusions) are the results of re-oxidation of the molten metal or slag emulsification in the liquid.
Details of the formation or origin of exogenous inclusions are summarized below:
Indigenous inclusions, such as deoxidation products, are generated by chemical reactions between dissolved species in the steel bath and are generally smaller in size. Deoxidation products originate from the reaction between dissolved oxygen and added deoxidants and can be both solid and liquid at steelmaking temperatures. The presence of a few large indigenous inclusions has a strong effect on the properties of steel products.
Indigenous inclusions often go through a series of transformations as the steel cools from 1600°C to room temperature. While trying to maintain equilibrium with the surroundings, inclusions may be undercooled during some steps of the treatment and result in amorphous phases, or solidify and take the form of supersaturated solid solution. Indigenous inclusions can therefore categorized into formation steps, as summarized below:
I. Primary inclusions: generated during deoxidation reaction
II. Secondary inclusions: generated due to equilibrium shift as temperature decreases during vessel transfer, such as tapping and teeming operations
III. Tertiary inclusions: generated during the process of solidification, usually characterized by rapid cooling
IV. Quaternary inclusions: generated during solid state phase transformation, which causes changes in solubility limits of various constituents.
Deoxidized melt is commonly refined in the ladle to trim temperature and chemical composition and to remove deoxidation products. Ladle refining usually removes most of the large indigenous inclusions, leaving only a small amount of inclusions of up to 20-50 µm in diameter suspended in the melt. Inclusions greater than about 50 µm, often of exogenous origin, may be called macro inclusions. Inclusions smaller than about 50 µm, mostly of indigenous origin, and small agglomerates of the indigenous inclusions may be called micro inclusions.
The above definitions are not unique, but are used for convenience.
Inclusions in the cast strands greater than the critical size impair the properties of steel products are listed in Table 1.
Table 1: Critical size of macro inclusions in cast semis that cause process upsets and product defects
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The Total Materia database contains a large number of metallography images across a large range of countries and standards.
Using the specifically designed Metallography tab in the menu bar, you can select the material of interest to you from the list of materials with metallography data included.
Metallography data can also be found through our standard quick search and will show relevant data is available through the standard Subgroup page for the material of interest.
Simply enter your material designation in to the "Material" field and select the standard of interest if known, then click "Search".
General information on microstructure can be found along with the relevant chemical composition for the material of interest.
Where available, a series of images will be provided showing a range of structural detail at various levels of magnification.
It is also possible to select different condition options from the "Select condition" drop-down to show metallography images under different process and heat treatment states.
For you're a chance to take a test drive of the Total Materia database, we invite you to join a community of over 150,000 registered users through the Total Materia Free Demo.


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DotGNU Posters
Right now the only posters we have are those for the DotGNU Collaborative Coding Competition. There are six variants (each of them is a 313KB postscript file).
Alternatively, all six variants are in this tar.gz file (890 KB).
The goal is to get some of these posters put up in every computer science department, of universities and technical colleges worldwide.
A More Long-Term Posters Project
While the above poster is a relatively simple one for promoting the Collaborative Coding Competition, it would be nice to have a really cool poster which will promote the Free Software movement in general and at the same time also raise awareness of the DotGNU project. We would like DotGNU to be seen in the context of the overall desire of the Free Software movement to provide businesses with viable alternatives to proprietary software for all business processes. One major challenge in this area is to provide a migration path which provides significant benefits already during the first stages of the transition to Free Software. DotGNU helps here, because the webservices approach allows to make the transition in multiple small steps.
This requires some funding for printing of the posters and postage.
How to contribute
Please use GIMP, the GNU Image Manipulation Program for creating graphics files for this project, and put them under the GNU Free Documentation License.
An anonymous ftp area has been set up on dotgnu.org where you can upload poster ideas, drafts, submissions, etc. to the incoming directory. After uploading something, please let us know by sending email to firstname.lastname@example.com


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Filter:All Blogs News & Events
January 12, 2016 by Gustavo Padovan | Blog
Linux Kernel 4.4 was released this week and Collabora engineers helped in the development of the new kernel in a few different areas. A total of 38 patches from 8 Collabora engineers were added, making it the kernel release with the most Collabora developers…
December 17, 2015 by Mark Filion | News and Events
Amsterdam, The Netherlands - from 09/02/2016 to 12/02/2016: We'll be exhibiting at ISE 2016, the world's largest tradeshow dedicated to professional AV and electronic systems integration. Collabora booth 8-K321
November 12, 2015 by Gustavo Padovan | Blog
Collabora developers contributed a total of 48 patches to kernel 4.3 as part of our current projects.
October 28, 2015 by Mark Filion | News and Events
Berlin, Germany - from 05/11/2015 to 07/11/2015: The systemd.conf is the first conference devoted to the systemd project. It aims to bring developers, distribution packagers and devops professionals together to present, discuss, and work on that topics that will shape the future of the systemd project.
October 28, 2015 by Mark Filion | News and Events
A Coruña, Spain - from 07/12/2015 to 09/12/2015: The Web Engines Hackfest is a hacking oriented invitation-only event involving members from all parts of the Web Platform community, including those who work on Blink, WebKit, Gecko, and Servo.
October 13, 2015 by Guy Lunardi | News and Events
Seoul, South Korea - From 20/10/2015 to 23/10/2015: We will be exhibiting at the GENIVI Showcase during the All Member Meeting.
October 13, 2015 by Philip Withnall | Blog
For those who like their I/O packetised, GLib now has a companion for its GIOStream class — the GDatagramBasedinterface, which we've implemented as part of R&D work at Collabora.
September 28, 2015 by Guy Lunardi | News and Events
Dublin, Ireland - from 08/10/2015 to 09/10/2015: The GStreamer Conference is a conference for anyone interested in the GStreamer multimedia framework or Open Source and cross-platform multimedia.
September 15, 2015 by Guy Lunardi | Blog
Standing on the shoulders of giants. As Collabora turns 10 years this month, we are forced to stop and marvel at the accomplishments of GNU in its 30 years of existence. Happy 30th anniversary GNU
September 05, 2015 by Guy Lunardi | News and Events
Amsterdam, The Netherlands - from 10/09/2015 to 15/09/2015: we are thrilled to be joining ARM to demonstrate our latest technology showcases together at their booth at IBC 2015. Booth Hall 4.C61
August 25, 2015 by Gustavo Padovan | Blog
Kernel.org Collabora contributions
August 24, 2015 by Javier Martinez Canillas | Blog
Kernel.org Collabora contributions
August 27, 2020 by Gabriel Krisman Bertazi | Blog
Last year, a (controversial) feature was added to the Linux kernel to support optimized case-insensitive file name lookups in the Ext4 filesystem. Here's a look at why this was merged, what improvements have been made since, and how to put it to work.
August 21, 2020 by Antonio Caggiano | Blog
We have now integrated Mali GPU hardware counters supported by Panfrost with Perfetto's tracing SDK, unlocking all-in-one graphics-aware profiling on Panfrost systems!
August 20, 2020 by Antonio Ospite | Blog
Key performance improvements and fixes to GStreamer's RTP stack have landed in GStreamer 1.18, due in the coming months. The latest enhancements provide an important boost in throughput, opening the gate to high bitrate video streaming.
August 13, 2020 by Marcus Edel | Blog
Following our recent presentation at OSSummit, many showed interest in learning more about solving real-world problems with computer vision. Here is a new blog series, on computer vision, object detection, and building a system on the edge.
August 07, 2020 by Leandro Ribeiro | Blog
Recent work in Weston, the industry-standard Wayland compositor, has enabled DRM/KMS backends to be tested in the absence of real hardware, enabling more battle testing of corner-case and error conditions within automated testing frameworks.
July 14, 2020 by Mylène Josserand | Blog
Initcalls, which serve to call functions during boot, were implemented early on in the development of the Linux Kernel. Read on as we take a closer look, including their purpose, their usage, ways to debug them (using initcall_debug or FTrace), and more.
July 09, 2020 by Louis-Francis Ratté-Boulianne | Blog
Earlier this year, we announced a new project with Microsoft: the implementation of OpenCL & OpenGL to DirectX translation layers. Here's the latest on this work, including the steps taken to improve the performance of the OpenGL-On-D3D12 driver.
June 26, 2020 by Ricardo Cañuelo Navarro | Blog
Syzkaller is much needed tool for Linux kernel testing and debugging. With some work, it can also be enhanced to find bugs in specific drivers, such as V4L2. Here's how.
June 23, 2020 by Guillaume Desmottes | Blog
Previously, we discussed about how Rust can be a great language for embedded programming. In this article, we'll explain an easy setup to cross build Rust code depending on system libraries, a common requirement when working on embedded systems.
June 12, 2020 by Stéphane Cerveau | Blog
Adaptive streaming is a technique to provide flexibility and scalability by offering variable bit-rate streams to the client. Here's a quick guide on how to generate a MPEG-DASH stream (the most completely adaptive streaming technique) using GStreamer.
June 05, 2020 by Alyssa Rosenzweig | Blog
With only free software, a Mali G31 chip can now run Wayland compositors with zero-copy graphics, including GNOME 3. We can run every scene in glmark2-es2, 3D games like Neverball can be played, and video players mpv and Kodi are now supported.
May 27, 2020 by Adrian Ratiu | Blog
Device drivers can support more revisions and SoC platforms by abstracting away specific hardware interface layouts. Let's examine a specific instance of this process, namely the effort to make the MIPI DSI host controller driver more generic.
November 16, 2017 by Mark Filion | News & Events
We're headed to France's southern Occitanie region to attend and sponsor the 6th edition of Capitole du Libre, a weekend dedicated to free and Open Source software!
November 13, 2017 by Gabriel Krisman Bertazi | News & Events
Linux Kernel 4.14 is out, and once again Collabora developers were very active, contributing nearly 200 patches, reviews & sign-offs combined during this development cycle!
November 10, 2017 by Mark Filion | News & Events
We're very excited to be sponsoring and speaking at the very first Linux Developer Conference Brazil, taking place on November 11 at the Instituto de Computação in Campinas!
November 08, 2017 by Mark Filion | News & Events
On November 8, we'll be in Düsseldorf, Germany, to take part & exhibit at the 1st edition of the Renesas European R-Car Consortium Forum, a one-day event aimed at bringing together OEMs and Tier1s to discuss the future of car mobility.
October 20, 2017 by Mark Filion | News & Events
Following a weekend at the GStreamer Conference, Collabora will be continuing its week-long stay in Prague by sponsoring, exhibiting and speaking at Embedded Linux Conference Europe 2017.
October 19, 2017 by Mark Filion | News & Events
We're thrilled to be once again a platinum sponsor of the annual GStreamer Conference, taking place this weekend (October 21 & 22) at Node5 in Prague, Czech Republic. Come say hello, or catch one of the five presentations given by Collaborans!
September 25, 2017 by Mark Filion | News & Events
This week, Collabora is heading to the city of lights, Paris, to sponsor and attend the very first (and sold-out!) edition of Embedded Recipes, as well as the 6th edition of Kernel Recipes!
September 20, 2017 by Mark Filion | News & Events
The 2017 X.Org Developer's Conference kicks off today in Mountain View, California, and along with Collaborans attending & presenting, we're delighted to announce the first ever Collabora XDC Happy Hour!
September 11, 2017 by Mark Filion | News & Events
Collaborans will be giving five talks during this year's edition, which starts today in Los Angeles!
September 06, 2017 by Sebastian Reichel | News & Events
Linux Kernel 4.13 is out, with 12 Collabora developers having contributed, pairing up with 4.12 as another kernel release with our highest number of Collabora developers!
August 04, 2017 by Mark Filion | News and Events
Collabora is proud to once again be a Gold Sponsor of this year's DebConf, the annual Debian conference for developers! This year's week-long conference takes place from August 6 to 12 at Collège de Maisonneuve in beautiful Montréal, where one of our…
July 27, 2017 by Mark Filion | News and Events
Over the next few days, Collaborans will be getting back on the road and attending two events, one in Manchester and one in Los Angeles. We're also very pleased to be sponsoring one of these events!
Here are the events we'll be attending in the coming weeks – come say hello!
September 28-29, Paris, France
October 17-19, A Coruña, Spain