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Earth:Aerial photography
Aerial photography (or airborne imagery) is the taking of photographs from an aircraft or other flying object.[1] Platforms for aerial photography include fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs or "drones"), balloons, blimps and dirigibles, rockets, pigeons, kites, parachutes, stand-alone telescoping and vehicle-mounted poles. Mounted cameras may be triggered remotely or automatically; hand-held photographs may be taken by a photographer.
Aerial photography should not be confused with air-to-air photography, where one or more aircraft are used as chase planes that "chase" and photograph other aircraft in flight.
Early history
Aerial photography was first practiced by the French photographer and balloonist Gaspard-Félix Tournachon, known as "Nadar", in 1858 over Paris, France .[2] However, the photographs he produced no longer exist and therefore the earliest surviving aerial photograph is titled 'Boston, as the Eagle and the Wild Goose See It.' Taken by James Wallace Black and Samuel Archer King on October 13, 1860, it depicts Boston from a height of 630m.[3][4]
Kite aerial photography was pioneered by British meteorologist E.D. Archibald in 1882. He used an explosive charge on a timer to take photographs from the air.[5] Frenchman Arthur Batut began using kites for photography in 1888, and wrote a book on his methods in 1890.[6][7] Samuel Franklin Cody developed his advanced 'Man-lifter War Kite' and succeeded in interesting the British War Office with its capabilities.
The first use of a motion picture camera mounted to a heavier-than-air aircraft took place on April 24, 1909, over Rome in the 3:28 silent film short, Wilbur Wright und seine Flugmaschine.
World War I
The use of aerial photography rapidly matured during the war, as reconnaissance aircraft were equipped with cameras to record enemy movements and defences. At the start of the conflict, the usefulness of aerial photography was not fully appreciated, with reconnaissance being accomplished with map sketching from the air.
Germany adopted the first aerial camera, a Görz, in 1913. The French began the war with several squadrons of Blériot observation aircraft equipped with cameras for reconnaissance. The French Army developed procedures for getting prints into the hands of field commanders in record time.
Frederick Charles Victor Laws started aerial photography experiments in 1912 with No.1 Squadron of the Royal Flying Corps (later No. 1 Squadron RAF), taking photographs from the British dirigible Beta. He discovered that vertical photos taken with 60% overlap could be used to create a stereoscopic effect when viewed in a stereoscope, thus creating a perception of depth that could aid in cartography and in intelligence derived from aerial images. The Royal Flying Corps recon pilots began to use cameras for recording their observations in 1914 and by the Battle of Neuve Chapelle in 1915, the entire system of German trenches was being photographed.[8] In 1916 the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy made vertical camera axis aerial photos above Italy for map-making.
The first purpose-built and practical aerial camera was invented by Captain John Moore-Brabazon in 1915 with the help of the Thornton-Pickard company, greatly enhancing the efficiency of aerial photography. The camera was inserted into the floor of the aircraft and could be triggered by the pilot at intervals. Moore-Brabazon also pioneered the incorporation of stereoscopic techniques into aerial photography, allowing the height of objects on the landscape to be discerned by comparing photographs taken at different angles.[9][10]
By the end of the war aerial cameras had dramatically increased in size and focal power and were used increasingly frequently as they proved their pivotal military worth; by 1918 both sides were photographing the entire front twice a day, and had taken over half a million photos since the beginning of the conflict. In January 1918, General Allenby used five Australian pilots from No. 1 Squadron AFC to photograph a 624 square miles (1,620 km2) area in Palestine as an aid to correcting and improving maps of the Turkish front. This was a pioneering use of aerial photography as an aid for cartography. Lieutenants Leonard Taplin, Allan Runciman Brown, H. L. Fraser, Edward Patrick Kenny, and L. W. Rogers photographed a block of land stretching from the Turkish front lines 32 miles (51 km) deep into their rear areas. Beginning 5 January, they flew with a fighter escort to ward off enemy fighters. Using Royal Aircraft Factory BE.12 and Martinsyde airplanes, they not only overcame enemy air attacks, but also had to contend with 65 mph (105 km/h) winds, antiaircraft fire, and malfunctioning equipment to complete their task.[11]
Commercial aerial photography
The first commercial aerial photography company in the UK was Aerofilms Ltd, founded by World War I veterans Francis Wills and Claude Graham White in 1919. The company soon expanded into a business with major contracts in Africa and Asia as well as in the UK. Operations began from the Stag Lane Aerodrome at Edgware, using the aircraft of the London Flying School. Subsequently, the Aircraft Manufacturing Company (later the De Havilland Aircraft Company), hired an Airco DH.9 along with pilot entrepreneur Alan Cobham.[12]
From 1921, Aerofilms carried out vertical photography for survey and mapping purposes. During the 1930s, the company pioneered the science of photogrammetry (mapping from aerial photographs), with the Ordnance Survey amongst the company's clients.[13] In 1920, the Australian Milton Kent started using a half-plate oblique aero camera purchased from Carl Zeiss AG in his aerial photographic business.[14]
Another successful pioneer of the commercial use of aerial photography was the American Sherman Fairchild who started his own aircraft firm Fairchild Aircraft to develop and build specialized aircraft for high altitude aerial survey missions.[15] One Fairchild aerial survey aircraft in 1935 carried unit that combined two synchronized cameras, and each camera having five six inch lenses with a ten-inch lenses and took photos from 23,000 feet. Each photo covered two hundred and twenty five square miles. One of its first government contracts was an aerial survey of New Mexico to study soil erosion.[16] A year later, Fairchild introduced a better high altitude camera with nine-lens in one unit that could take a photo of 600 square miles with each exposure from 30,000 feet.[17]
World War II
In 1939 Sidney Cotton and Flying Officer Maurice Longbottom of the Royal Air Force were among the first to suggest that airborne reconnaissance may be a task better suited to fast, small aircraft which would use their speed and high service ceiling to avoid detection and interception. Although this seems obvious now, with modern reconnaissance tasks performed by fast, high flying aircraft, at the time it was radical thinking.[citation needed]
They proposed the use of Spitfires with their armament and radios removed and replaced with extra fuel and cameras. This led to the development of the Spitfire PR variants. Spitfires proved to be extremely successful in their reconnaissance role and there were many variants built specifically for that purpose. They served initially with what later became No. 1 Photographic Reconnaissance Unit (PRU). In 1928, the RAF developed an electric heating system for the aerial camera. This allowed reconnaissance aircraft to take pictures from very high altitudes without the camera parts freezing.[18] Based at RAF Medmenham, the collection and interpretation of such photographs became a considerable enterprise.[19]
Cotton's aerial photographs were far ahead of their time. Together with other members of the 1 PRU, he pioneered the techniques of high-altitude, high-speed stereoscopic photography that were instrumental in revealing the locations of many crucial military and intelligence targets. According to R.V. Jones, photographs were used to establish the size and the characteristic launching mechanisms for both the V-1 flying bomb and the V-2 rocket. Cotton also worked on ideas such as a prototype specialist reconnaissance aircraft and further refinements of photographic equipment. At the peak, the British flew over 100 reconnaissance flights a day, yielding 50,000 images per day to interpret. Similar efforts were taken by other countries.[citation needed]
Aerial photography is used in cartography[20] (particularly in photogrammetric surveys, which are often the basis for topographic maps[21][22]), land-use planning,[20] archaeology,[20] movie production, environmental studies,[23] power line inspection,[24] surveillance, commercial advertising, conveyancing, and artistic projects. An example of how aerial photography is used in the field of archaeology is the mapping project done at the site Angkor Borei in Cambodia from 1995–1996. Using aerial photography, archaeologists were able to identify archaeological features, including 112 water features (reservoirs, artificially constructed pools and natural ponds) within the walled site of Angkor Borei.[25] In the United States, aerial photographs are used in many Phase I Environmental Site Assessments for property analysis.
In the United States, except when necessary for take off and landing, full-sized manned aircraft are prohibited from flying at altitudes under 1000 feet over congested areas and not closer than 500 feet from any person, vessel, vehicle or structure over non-congested areas. Certain exceptions are allowed for helicopters, powered parachutes and weight-shift-control aircraft.[26]
Radio-controlled model aircraft
Advances in radio controlled models have made it possible for model aircraft to conduct low-altitude aerial photography. This had benefited real-estate advertising, where commercial and residential properties are the photographic subject when in 2014 the US Federal Communications Commission, issued an order banning the use of "Drones" in any commercial application related to photographs for use in real estate advertisements.[27] This ban has since been lifted, as the FAA Part 107 regulations for small UAS became effective on August 29, 2016.[citation needed]
Small scale model aircraft offer increased photographic access to these previously restricted areas. Miniature vehicles do not replace full size aircraft, as full size aircraft are capable of longer flight times, higher altitudes, and greater equipment payloads. They are, however, useful in any situation in which a full-scale aircraft would be dangerous to operate. Examples would include the inspection of transformers atop power transmission lines and slow, low-level flight over agricultural fields, both of which can be accomplished by a large-scale radio controlled helicopter. Professional-grade, gyroscopically stabilized camera platforms are available for use under such a model; a large model helicopter with a 26cc gasoline engine can hoist a payload of approximately seven kilograms (15 lbs). In addition to gyroscopically stabilized footage, the use of RC copters as reliable aerial photography tools increased with the integration of FPV (first-person-view) technology. Many radio-controlled aircraft are now capable of utilizing Wi-Fi to stream live video from the aircraft's camera back to the pilot's or pilot in command's (PIC) ground station.[citation needed]
In Australia Civil Aviation Safety Regulation 101 (CASR 101)[28] allows for commercial use of radio control aircraft. Under these regulations radio controlled unmanned aircraft for commercial are referred to as Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS), where as radio controlled aircraft for recreational purposes are referred to as model aircraft. Under CASR 101, businesses/persons operating radio controlled aircraft commercially are required to hold an operator certificate, just like manned aircraft operators. Pilots of radio controlled aircraft operating commercially are also required to be licensed by the Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA).[29] Whilst a small UAS and model aircraft may actually be identical, unlike model aircraft, a UAS may enter controlled airspace with approval, and operate within close proximity to an aerodrome.
Due to a number of illegal operators in Australia making false claims of being approved, CASA maintains and publishes a list of approved UAS operators.[30] However, CASA has modified the regulations and from the 29th of September 2016 drones under 2 kg may be operated for commercial purposes.[31]
United States
2006 FAA regulations grounding all commercial RC model flights have been upgraded to require formal FAA certification before permission is granted to fly at any altitude in the US.
June 25, 2014, The FAA, in ruling 14 CFR Part 91 [Docket No. FAA–2014–0396] "Interpretation of the Special Rule for Model Aircraft", banned the commercial use of unmanned aircraft over U.S. airspace.[32] On September 26, 2014, the FAA began granting the right to use drones in aerial filmmaking. Operators are required to be licensed pilots and must keep the drone in view at all times. Drones cannot be used to film in areas where people might be put at risk.[33]
The FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012 established, in Section 336, a special rule for model aircraft. In Section 336, Congress confirmed the FAA's long-standing position that model aircraft are aircraft. Under the terms of the Act, a model aircraft is defined as "an unmanned aircraft" that is "(1) capable of sustained flight in the atmosphere; (2) flown within visual line of sight of the person operating the aircraft; and (3) flown for hobby or recreational purposes."[34]
Because anything capable of being viewed from a public space is considered outside the realm of privacy in the United States, aerial photography may legally document features and occurrences on private property.[35]
The FAA can pursue enforcement action against persons operating model aircraft who endanger the safety of the national airspace system. Public Law 112–95, section 336(b).[27]
June 21, 2016, the FAA released its summary of small unmanned aircraft rules (Part 107). The rules established guidelines for small UAS operators including operating only during the daytime, a 400 ft. ceiling and pilots must keep the UAS in visual range.[36]
April 7, 2017, the FAA announced special security instructions under 14 CFR § 99.7. Effective April 14, 2017, all UAS flights within 400 feet of the lateral boundaries of U.S. military installations are prohibited unless a special permit is secured from the base and/or the FAA.[37]
United Kingdom
Aerial photography in the UK has tight regulations as to where a drone is able to fly.[38]
Aerial Photography on Light aircraft under 20 kg. Basic Rules for non commercial flying Of a SUA (Small Unmanned Aircraft).
Article 241 Endangering safety of any person or property. A person must not recklessly or negligently cause or permit an aircraft to endanger any person or property.
Article 94 small unmanned aircraft 1. A person must not cause or permit any article or animal (whether or not attached to a parachute) to be dropped from a small unmanned aircraft so as to endanger persons or property.
2. The person in charge of a small unmanned aircraft may only fly the aircraft if reasonably satisfied that the flight can safely be made.
3. The person in charge of a small unmanned aircraft must maintain direct, unaided visual contact with the aircraft sufficient to monitor its flight path in relation to other aircraft, persons, vehicles, vessels and structures for the purpose of avoiding collisions. (500metres)
4. The person in charge of a small unmanned aircraft which has a mass of more than 7 kg excluding its fuel but including any articles or equipment installed in or attached to the aircraft at the commencement of its flight, must not fly the aircraft: 4.1 In Class A, C, D or E airspace unless the permission of the appropriate air traffic control unit has been obtained; 4.2 Within an aerodrome traffic zone during the notified hours of watch of the air traffic control unit (if any) at that aerodrome unless the permission of any such air traffic control unit has been obtained; 4.3 At a height of more than 400 feet above the surface
5. The person in charge of a small unmanned aircraft must not fly the aircraft for the purposes of commercial operations except in accordance with a permission granted by the CAA.
Article 95 small unmanned surveillance aircraft 1. You Must not fly your aircraft over or within 150 metres of any congested Area. (This is quite vague, err on the side of caution if an accident did happen, it's the authorities view against you).
2. Over or within 150 metres of an organised open-air assembly of more than 1,000 persons.
3. Within 50 metres of any vessel, vehicle or structure which is not under the control of the person in charge of the aircraft.
4. Within 50 metres of any person, during take-off or landing, a small unmanned surveillance aircraft must not be flown within 30 metres of any person. This does not apply to the person in charge of the small unmanned surveillance aircraft or a person under the control of the person in charge of the aircraft.
Model aircraft with a mass of more than 20 kg are termed 'Large Model Aircraft' – within the UK, large model aircraft may only be flown in accordance with an Exemption from the ANO, which must be issued by the CAA.
Dronesafe is a website Developed to help your flying stay safe and legal in the UK in conjunction with NATS (National Air Traffic Services) Look at the Dronesafe website for more information.
Full details on the process to be followed for Large Model Aircraft can be found in CAP 658 on the CAA website
Aerial Work on larger manned aircraft can be found here CAA
Commercial Permissions Information [39] </ref>
Photographs taken at an angle are called oblique photographs. If they are taken from a low angle relative to the earth's surface, they are called low oblique and photographs taken from a high angle are called high or steep oblique.[40]
Vertical photographs are taken straight down.[41] They are mainly used in photogrammetry and image interpretation. Pictures that will be used in photogrammetry are traditionally taken with special large format cameras with calibrated and documented geometric properties.
Aerial photographs are often combined. Depending on their purpose it can be done in several ways, of which a few are listed below.
- Panoramas can be made by stitching several photographs taken in different angles from one spot (e.g. with a hand held camera) or from different spots at the same angle (e.g. from a plane).
- Stereo photography techniques allow for the creation of 3D-images from several photographs of the same area taken from different spots.
- In pictometry five rigidly mounted cameras provide one vertical and four low oblique pictures that can be used together.
- In some digital cameras for aerial photogrammetry images from several imaging elements, sometimes with separate lenses, are geometrically corrected and combined to one image in the camera.
Vertical photographs are often used to create orthophotos, alternatively known as orthophotomaps, photographs which have been geometrically "corrected" so as to be usable as a map. In other words, an orthophoto is a simulation of a photograph taken from an infinite distance, looking straight down to nadir. Perspective must obviously be removed, but variations in terrain should also be corrected for. Multiple geometric transformations are applied to the image, depending on the perspective and terrain corrections required on a particular part of the image.
Orthophotos are commonly used in geographic information systems, such as are used by mapping agencies (e.g. Ordnance Survey) to create maps. Once the images have been aligned, or "registered", with known real-world coordinates, they can be widely deployed.
Large sets of orthophotos, typically derived from multiple sources and divided into "tiles" (each typically 256 x 256 pixels in size), are widely used in online map systems such as Google Maps. OpenStreetMap offers the use of similar orthophotos for deriving new map data. Google Earth overlays orthophotos or satellite imagery onto a digital elevation model to simulate 3D landscapes.
Aerial video
File:Cliffs of Moher drone-video.webm With advancements in video technology, aerial video is becoming more popular. Orthogonal video is shot from aircraft mapping pipelines, crop fields, and other points of interest. Using GPS, video may be embedded with meta data and later synced with a video mapping program.
This "Spatial Multimedia" is the timely union of digital media including still photography, motion video, stereo, panoramic imagery sets, immersive media constructs, audio, and other data with location and date-time information from the GPS and other location designs.
Aerial videos are emerging Spatial Multimedia which can be used for scene understanding and object tracking. The input video is captured by low flying aerial platforms and typically consists of strong parallax from non-ground-plane structures. The integration of digital video, global positioning systems (GPS) and automated image processing will improve the accuracy and cost-effectiveness of data collection and reduction. Several different aerial platforms are under investigation for the data collection.
See also
- Aerial archaeology
- Aerial landscape art
- Aerofilms Ltd., the first commercial aerial photography company in the UK, founded in 1919
- Airborne Real-time Cueing Hyperspectral Enhanced Reconnaissance
- Astrocam
- Aviation photography
- Battle of Neuve Chapelle
- Douglas Douglas-Hamilton, 14th Duke of Hamilton 1932 photo flight over Mount Everest
- English Heritage Archive the public archive of English Heritage, who hold one of the largest collections of aerial photographs of England
- Fairchild K-20 A WWII era aerial camera
- Federal Aviation Regulations
- Geoinformatics
- Harvey Lloyd (photographer)
- Kite aerial photography
- Lidar
- Oracle model photographic rocket
- Pictometry
- Pigeon photography
- Photogrammetry
- Remote sensing
- Satellite imagery
- Scheimpflug principle
- TopoFlight
- Unmanned aerial vehicle
- ↑ "aerial photograph". https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/aerial%20photograph. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
- ↑ History of Aerial Photography Professional Aerial Photographers Association (retrieved 5 October 2016)
- ↑ Ron Graham and Roger E. Read, Manual of Aerial Photography, London and Boston, Focal Press, ISBN:0-240-51229-4
- ↑ Staff writer (April 3, 2013). "This Picture of Boston, Circa 1860, Is the World's Oldest Surviving Aerial Photo". Smithsonian Magazine. http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/this-picture-of-boston-circa-1860-is-the-worlds-oldest-surviving-aerial-photo-14756301/. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
- ↑ Archibald, Douglas (1897). "The Story of the Earth's Atmosphere". p. 174. Retrieved 2011-04-16.
- ↑ Benton, Cris (June 25, 2010). "The First Kite Photographs". arch.ced.berkeley.edu. Archived from the original on 2011-06-09. https://web.archive.org/web/20110609184810/http://www.arch.ced.berkeley.edu/kap/background/history1.html. Retrieved 2011-04-16.
- ↑ "Arthur Batut Museum" (in French). http://www.espacebatut.fr/. Retrieved 2008-01-08.
- ↑ "A Brief History of Aerial Photography". http://northstargallery.com/aerialphotography/history%20aerial%20photography/history.htm.
- ↑ "Royal Flying Corps Founded". History Today. http://www.historytoday.com/richard-cavendish/royal-flying-corps-founded.
- ↑ Marshall Cavendish Corporation (2003). How It Works: Science and Technology. Marshall Cavendish. p. 33. https://books.google.com/books?id=J06OFiCSBroC&source=gbs_navlinks_s.
- ↑ "Lieutenant Leonard T.E. Taplin, D.F.C". Southsearepublic.org. Archived from the original on 2012-07-15. https://web.archive.org/web/20120715020116/http://www.southsearepublic.org/2002_1999/afc_aces_taplin.htm. Retrieved 2013-01-24.
- ↑ BFI Screenonline: Friese-Greene, Claude (1898–1943) Biography
- ↑ "Municipal Air Surveys. Contracts From Doncaster And Birkenhead". The Times. Gale:The Times digital archive 1785–1985 (issue:44229,column:E): p. 11. 25 March 1926. http://infotrac.galegroup.com/itw/infomark/1/1/1/purl=rc1_TTDA_0_CS185801337&dyn=5!xrn_1_0_CS185801337?Z3950=1&sw_aep=cam_earl#retrieve. Retrieved 30 August 2012. (Subscription content?)
- ↑ A Modern Ariel with a camera, People [magazine], 15 July 1953, pp. 24-27
- ↑ The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. 1997. p. 382. ISBN 0-7607-0592-5.
- ↑ "Wide Area Is Mapped From Air By Giant Ten Lens Camera" Popular Mechanics, October 1935 editors have stated Fairchild Aircraft in hand written comment to left of archived article
- ↑ Hearst Magazines (April 1936). "Nine Lens Aerial Camera Films 600 Square Miles". Popular Science (Hearst Magazines): 571. https://books.google.com/books?id=lNsDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA571.
- ↑ "Photography Before Edgerton". http://web.mit.edu/6.933/www/Fall2000/edgerton/www/pre-hee.html#aerial.
- ↑ Cotton, Sidney (1969). Aviator Extraordinary: The Sidney Cotton Story. Chatto & Windus. p. 169. ISBN 0-7011-1334-0. https://books.google.com/books/about/Aviator_extraordinary.html?id=TUHbAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 "Aerial Photography and Remote Sensing". University of Colorado Boulder. 2011. http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/remote/remote_f.html. Retrieved March 25, 2011.
- ↑ Mills, J.P. (1997). "Photogrammetry from Archived Digital Imagery for Seal Monitoring". The Photogrammetric Record 15 (89): 715–724. doi:10.1111/0031-868X.00080.
- ↑ Twiss, S.D. (2001). "Topographic spatial characterisation of grey seal Halichoerus grypus breeding habitat at a sub-seal size spatial grain". Ecography 24 (3): 257–266. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0587.2001.tb00198.x.
- ↑ Stewart, J.E. (2014). "Finescale ecological niche modeling provides evidence that lactating gray seals (Halichoerus grypus) prefer access to fresh water in order to drink". Marine Mammal Science 30 (4): 1456–1472. doi:10.1111/mms.12126.
- ↑ Yan G.; et al.(2007). "Automatic extraction of power lines from aerial images", IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 4(3):387–391.
- ↑ Stark, M. T., Griffin, P., Phoeurn, C., Ledgerwood, J., Dega, M., Mortland, C., ... & Latinis, K. (1999). Results of the 1995–1996 archaeological field investigations at Angkor Borei, Cambodia. Asian Perspectives 38(1)
- ↑ United States Federal Aviation Regulations FAR part 91 section 119(14CFR91.119)
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2014-06-25/pdf/2014-14948.pdf
- ↑ "Civil Aviation Safety Regulations 1998". Australian Civil Aviation Safety Authority. 2002-12-19. https://www.legislation.gov.au/Series/F1998B00220. Retrieved 2013-01-24.
- ↑ "Civil Aviation Safety Authority". Australian Civil Aviation Safety Authority. 2002-12-19. http://www.casa.gov.au. Retrieved 2013-01-24.
- ↑ "List of UAS Operator Certificate Holders". Australian Civil Aviation Safety Authority. https://www.casa.gov.au/aircraft/standard-page/uas-certificate-holders?WCMS%3ASTANDARD%3A%3Apc=PC_100959. Retrieved 2013-01-24.
- ↑ "Part 101 Amendments – Cutting red tape for remotely piloted aircraft". CASA. 2016. https://www.casa.gov.au/aircraft/standard-page/part-101-amendments-cutting-red-tape-remotely-piloted-aircraft. Retrieved 5 October 2016.
- ↑ Huerta, Michael P. (18 June 2014). "Interpretation of the Special Rule for Model Aircraft". FAA. http://www.faa.gov/uas/media/model_aircraft_spec_rule.pdf. Retrieved 5 October 2016.
- ↑ "U.S. Transportation Secretary Foxx Announces FAA Exemptions for Commercial UAS Movie and TV Production". Press Release. FAA. 25 September 2014. http://www.faa.gov/news/press_releases/news_story.cfm?newsId=17194. Retrieved 4 October 2014.
- ↑ Public Law 112–95, section 336(c).
- ↑ California v. Ciraolo, 476 U.S. 206 (1986)
- ↑ "SUMMARY OF SMALL UNMANNED AIRCRAFT RULE (PART 107)". https://www.faa.gov/uas/media/Part_107_Summary.pdf.
- ↑ "Security Sensitive Airspace Restrictions". https://www.faa.gov/uas/where_to_fly/airspace_restrictions/.
- ↑ "UK Drone law". https://www.aerialrepublic.com/drone-hire/uk-drone-law-licensing-need-know/.
- ↑ "Aerial Photography Regulations UK". https://drone.sdimaging.co.uk/aerial-photography-regulations-uk/.
- ↑ "Lecture 6.1: Classification of Photographs". The Remote Sensing Core Curriculum. University of Maryland, Baltimore County. 1999. http://userpages.umbc.edu/~tbenja1/umbc7/santabar/vol1/lec6/6-1.html. Retrieved 2011-03-25.
- ↑ Short, Nicholas (2010-04-28). "Elements of Aerial Photography". Remote Sensing Tutorial Page 10-1. NASA. Archived from the original on March 17, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110317194519/http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect10/Sect10_1.html. Retrieved 2011-03-25.
Further reading
- Price, Alfred (2003). Targeting the Reich: Allied Photographic Reconnaissance over Europe, 1939–1945. [S.l.]: Military Book Club. N.B.: First published 2003 by Greenhill Books, London. ISBN:0-7394-3496-9
External links
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- Aerial photography and remote sensing
- INTERACTIVE MAP OF Drone "Restriction Areas"
- California Coastal Records Project
- Bird's eye view of the Delaware Valley by the Dallin Aerial Survey Company (1924–1941)
- Historic aerial photos of Columbia, South Carolina from the University of South Carolina Library
- Historical Aerial Photographs of New York , Cornell University Library & Cornell Institute for Resource Information Sciences
- National Collection of Aerial Photography The official archive of British Government declassified aerial photography.
- Aerial Photographic Techniques Suitable for Children
- Graber Collection of Florida Aerial Photographs at the University of South Florida
- Usage for Historical Aerial Photos
es:Fotografía#Aplicaciones científicas


text:
Raptor Jesus
"He went extinct for your sins to save you from Satanasaurus Rex"
"The Corinthians' third letter to Raptor Jesus came back slashed and stained with blood."
Raptor Jesus roamed the Earth back when God Himself was still only a teenager. His execution is thought to be the cause of the extinction of the dinosaurs, as God was mad at the Romans for aiding in His son's death. Raptor Jesus attended Michigan State University where he double majored Philosophy and Human Sexuality. Raptor Jesus went on to earn his PhD in aerospace engineering at University of Florida. Later, Raptor Jesus got bored, so he went on to receive his CPA certification in the state of New Jersey. His academic career was constantly challenged by his ladysmanship. He did become the manager at Hooters. He has retired to El Paso, Texas, where he is considering opening a crochet supply boutique with an elderly prostitute.
During the Mesozoic era, God went through an experimental Scales phase, similar to Picasso's Blue period. Rather than making beings in his own image, he populated the Earth with giant lumbering reptiles. Other scriptures such as the Dead Primordial Sea scrolls suggest that God was actually a dinosaur during his teens, and was the true inspiration for Godzilla.
While known to themselves as "Giant Awesomes", dinosaurs kept no written records, so scientists did not learn their real name until modern technology made it possible to read their fossilized minds. At first, the dinosaurs rampaged at will, eating each other, stepping on houses, and generally causing major property damage. God was forced to intervene when His mother found out about the world He had created, and ordered Him to "clean up this mess before your father gets home."
Unwilling to enter His world, God created Raptor Jesus. Raptor Jesus's primary role on Earth was to convert the dinosaurs from the paganistic theory of Evolution by fostering a new belief in Intelligent Design. Opponents of his theory, primarily the Romans, viciously attacked Him and His followers, condemning them to extinction via PBS and really bad singing.
God had originally intended Raptor Jesus to simply preach to his fellow dinosaurs, however his early doctrine consisted mostly of low production value skits and rewrites of Metallica songs. In order to impress the dinosaur brethren in higher numbers, God's Secretary of Divine Intervention, Triceratops Goldbaum granted Raptor Jesus the ability to perform miracles with a temporary license, based on his fantastically high credit score and W-2.
The following year, Raptor Jesus overnight built an entire town of self sustaining low income subsidized housing for his followers. He was hailed a saint by Dinosaur Greenpeace, and that night held a feast of 1,000 souls. During the feast, Raptor Jesus spat on an amputee and covered her with mud, so that she'd spawn new limbs. However, although she did grow new limbs, she remained paralyzed in all of them, after all he was just one raptor. Raptor Jesus has also been credited with the ability to turn water into factory fresh Diet Fresca™. Further miracles are still attributed to Raptor Jesus to this day. It has been proven that people suffering from cancer who call of Raptor Jesus experience momentary feelings of health. Chuck Norris calls on Raptor Jesus to give him his strength in every roundhouse kick he performs.
Final Days[edit]
By his early twenties, God grew bored of reptiles. Raptor Jesus' good intentions, kindness to his fellow reptiles, and impressive water walking skills had converted the entire dinosaur population.
God felt that His game had gotten so effing lame that He wiped out the dinosaurs by smashing the earth with a giant asteroid PS3 (though some, primarily Raptor Gnostics, claim it was a Wii) and started over. Some have argued that it was a XBox that was actually involved in the impact, scientists claim this has been proven false as it happened so long ago that it could only be a Dreamcast.
Other scholars attribute the extinction to Raptor Jesus's environmentally friendly certification, which had low standards on the Paleozoic.
The Raptor Bible[edit]
After Raptor Jesus' death, his teachings were collected in the Raptor Bible. It shows many of his most popular sayings, including "Grrrrrrrr" and "ROOOOOOOAAAAAAR"; as well as the most popular of all: "Grating, high-pitched screech". It also contains prophecies of what is to come in the future of dinosaurs and Raptor Jesus, though this information is kept secret by the Lutheran Church. Copies are not available to the general public, and are only open to Lutheran Church members, dinosaurs, and the guys who made Canadian bacon. They are written in heiroglyphic Jurassic German, anyhow.
To quote Oviraptorosaurians 3:13, "A person cannot live on ramen alone but every word that Raptor Jesus (God) speaks. RAAAR."
There is also a fair amount of commentary on his teachings, as well as fun little poems about the big master of epic himself.
To quote Utahraptors 5:e
- "Raptor Jesus had a lamb,
- He ate it with mint jelly.
- And everywhere that RJ went,
- The lamb went in his belly."
The final book of the Raptor Bible, Rawrvelations, was written by Raptor Jesus's apostle, Dylasaur, after he received visions of Earth's end times while guzzling absinthe and huffing kittens. His visions of The VelociRapture, Armageddon, and ants crawling out of his skin are all described in horrifying detail. According to scripture, Gabriel will blow his horn, and believers will raise their arms to the heavens, but their flesh will be ripped from their bones and sucked into the sky, because Raptor Jesus is hungry and loves the taste of gullibility.
Raptor Jesus in Popular Culture[edit]
Raptor Jesus has appeared in numerous films over the years. Nazareth Park was a hit in 1996 and was soon followed by Nazareth Park 2: The Lost Word. The film series finished off with Nazareth Park III: Trinity, although the latter two were direct-to-DVD (namely because of the commercial failure of the first).
Modern Beliefs[edit]
Today, few can refute the evidence that Raptor Jesus once roamed the Earth. In the late 20th century, many foresaw his return, when the world would see his glory one last time in an event known as The Age of Rawr. Recently, he has become known in smaller communities as the only major religious competition for the Flying Spaghetti Monster. It is said the two may be having space wars in a galaxy far, far away with freaky intros and Wookiees.
A common misconception is that Philosoraptor is the rebirth of Raptor Jesus, this though was dismissed by the head of Raptor Worship going by the common day name of Ron Paul inside the grand church of Raptor Jesus located in Moab, Utah.
Following His extinction, those strong in the faith of Raptor Jesus began bickering and ripping each other to shreds with their claws (similar to the later Christian movement in the Mediterranean). However, following the acceptance of creeds and all, the Cretaceous Church was accepted as the "catholic" church. It was headed by the pope, who was always a Tyrannosaurus, because they are scavengers and lack the means to masturbate. However, the Oviraptors did not agree with the T-rexes taking charge, so they made the Oviraptor Church, located in the east of Pangaea. A few centuries following the split, the Cretaceous Church soon found an enemy; the religion of Ice-lam, whose followers were called "Mastadons." The battles involved a lot of hardcore street fights, and the voice talents James Earl Jones and Freddie Prinze Jr; as well as the first recorded "full-contact tic-tac-toe" event in history.
See also[edit]
|Fear their wrath, and beware their contrived names.
If you are still confused about which one you want, you were probably much better off with Original Jesus.
|Monster Jesii
|Jesusaurus Rex: The tyrant Jesus...lizard
|Save yourself from Werejesus!
|Raptor Jesus: Nazareth Park is frightening in the dark
|And they said Jesus rode on a Mule...Nyah!:Llama Jesus
|Attack of the 500 foot Jesus: Demolishing non-blessed skyscrapers -- New York, watch out!
|This Jesus loves your brains...: Zombie Jesus
|Munchie Jesii
|Jam Jesus: With a name like 'Jam Jesus', it has to be good.
|Savour the Saviour: Cheese Jesus
|Jesus Juice: An Energy Drink...IT'S GOT ELECTROLYTES!
|Finally, something on a stick the whole family can enjoy!: Sweet Jesus on a Stick!

subset: commoncrawl


text:
LOUISIANA. The name of one of the new states of the United States of America. This state was admitted into the Union by the act of congress, entitled "An act for the admission of the state of Louisiana into the Union, and to extend the laws of the United States to the said state," approved April 8, 1812, 2 Story's L. U. S. 1224; the preamble of which recites and the first section enacts as follows, namely:
2. Whereas the representatives of the people of all that part of the territory or country ceded, under the name of "Louisiana," by the treaty made at Paris, on the thirtieth day of April, one thousand eight hundred and three, between the United States and France, contained within the following limits; that is to say: beginning at the mouth of the river Sabine; thence, by a line to be drawn along the middle of said river, including all islands to the thirty-second degree of latitude; thence, due north, to the northernmost part of the thirty-third degree of north latitude, thence, along the said parallel of latitude, to the river Mississippi; thence, down the said river, to the river Iberville; and from thence, along the middle of the said river, and lakes Maurepas and Ponchartrain, to the gulf of Mexico; thence, bounded by the said gulf, to the place of beginning; including all islands within three leagues of the coast; did, on the twenty-second day of January, one thousand eight hundred and twelve, form for themselves a constitution and state government, and give to the said state the name of the state of Louisiana, in pursuance of an act of congress, entitled "An act to enable the people of the territory of Orleans to form a constitution and state government, and for the admission of the said state into the Union, on an equal footing with the original states, and for other purposes: And the said constitution having been transmitted to congress, and by them being hereby approved; therefore,
3. - §1. Be it enacted, &c. That the said state shall be one, and is hereby declared to be one of the United Staies of America and admitted into the Union on an equal footing with the original states, in all respects whatever, by the name and title of the state of Louisiana: Provided, That it shall be taken as a condition upon which the said state is incorporated in the Union, that the river Mississippi, and the navigable rivers and waters leading into the same, and into the Gulf of Mexico, shall be common highways, and forever free, as well to the inhabitants of the said state as to the inhabitants of other states, and the territories of the United States, without any tax, duty, impost, or toll, therefor, imposed by the said state; and that the above con- dition, and also all other the conditions and terms contained in the third section of the act, the title whereof is hereinbefore recited, shall be considered, deemed, and taken, fundamental conditions and terms, upon which the said state is incorporated in the Union. See 11 M. R. 309.
4. By the present constitution of the state of Louisiana, which was adopted in 1845; the powers of the government of the state of Louisiana, are divided into three distinct departments, each of them confined to a separate body of magistracy, to wit: The legislative to one, the executive to another, and the judicial to a third. Title I.
5.-1st. The legislative power is vested in a general assembly, which consists of a senate and house of representatives.
6. - §1. The senate will be considered with reference to the qualification of the electors; the qualification of the members the length of time for which they are elected and the time of their election. 1. In all elections by the people, every free white male, who has been two years a citizen of the United States, who has attained the age of twenty-one years, and resided in the state two consecutive years next preceding the election, and the last year thereof in the parish in which he offers to vote, shall have the right of voting: Provided, That no person shall be deprived of the right of voting, who, at the time of the adoption of this constitution, was entitled to that right under the constitution of 1812. Absence from the state for more than ninety conse- cutive days, shall interrupt the acquisition of the residence required in the preceding section, unless the person absenting himself shall be a housekeeper, or shall occupy a tenement for carrying on business, and his dwelling house or tenements for carrying on business, be actually occupied during his absence, by his family or servants, or some portion thereof, or by some one employed by him. No soldier, seaman, or marine in the army or navy of the United States, no pauper, no person under interdiction, nor under conviction of any crime punishable by hard labor, shall be entitled to vote at any election in this state. 2. No person shall be a senator, who, at the time of bis election, has not been a citizen of the United States ten years, and who has not attained the age of twenty-seven years and resided in the state four years next preceding his election, and the last year thereof, in the district in which he may be chosen. The number of senators shall be thirty-two. 3. The members of the senate shall be chosen for the term of four years. 4. Their election takes place on the first Monday in November, every two years, so that one half of their number are elected every two years, and a perpetual rotation thereby kept up.
7. - §2. The house of representatives will be treated of in the same manner as that of the senate. 1. The electors are qualified in the same manner as those of the senate. 2. No person shall be a representative, who, at the time of his election, is not a free white male, and has not been for three years a citizen of the United States, and has not attained the age of twenty-one years, and resided in the state for three years next preceding the election, and the last year thereof in the parish for which he may be chosen. The number of representatives shall not be more than one hundred, nor less than seventy. 3. They are chosen every two years. 4. Their election is on the first Monday in November, every two years. Title II.
8. - 2d. The supreme executive power of the state shall be vested in a chief magistrate, who shall be styled the governor of the state of Louisiana. He is elected by the qualified electors at the time and place of voting for representatives; the person having the greatest number of votes, shall be declared elected. But if two or more persons shall be equal in the highest number of votes polled, one of them shall immediately be chosen governor by the joint vote of the members of the general assembly. 2. No person shall be eligible to the office of governor, who shall not have attained the age of thirty-five years, been fifteen years a citizen of the United States, and a resident within the state for the same space of time next preceding his election. 3. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, but shall be ineligible for the succeeding four years after its termination. 4. His principal functions are as follows: He shall be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of this state, and of the militia thereof, except when they shall be called into the service of the United States. He shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed. From time to time give to the general assembly information respecting the situation of the state, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he may deem expedient. Shall have power to grant reprieves for all offences against the state. With the consent of the senate, have power to grant pardons and remit fines and forfeitures, after conviction, except in cases of impeachment. In cases of treason, may grant reprieves until the end of the next session of the general assembly, in which the pardoning power shall be vested. Shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the senate, appoint all officers established by this constitution, whose mode of appointment is not otherwise prescribed by the constitution, nor by the legislature. Have power to fill vacancies during the recess of the senate, provided he appoint no one whom the senate have rejected for the same office. May, on extraordinary occasions convene the general asserably at the seat of government, or at a different place, if that should have become dangerous from an enemy or from an epidemic; and in case of disagreement between the two houses as to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he may think proper, not exceeding four months. He shall have the veto power. Title III.
9. - 3d. The judicial power is vested by title IV of the constitution, as follows:
10. - §1. The judicial power shall be vested in a supreme court, in district courts, and in justices of the peace.
11. - §2. The supreme court, except in cases hereinafter provided, shall have appellate jurisdiction only, which jurisdiction shall extend to all cases when the matter in dispute shall exceed three hundred dollars, and to all cases in which the constitutionality or legality of any tax, toll, or impost of any kind or nature soever, shall be in contestation, whatever may be the amount thereof; and likewise to all fines, forfeitures, and penalties imposed by municipal corporations, and in criminal cases on questions of law alone, whenever the punishment of death or hard labor may be inflicted, or when a fine exceeding three hundred dollars is actually imposed.
12. - §3. The supreme court shall be composed of one chief justice, and of three associate justices, a majority of whom shall constitute a quorum. The chief justice shall receive a salary of six thousand dollars, and each of the associate judges a salary of five thousand five hundred dollars annually. The court shall appoint its own clerks. The judges shall be appointed for the term of eight years.
13. - §4. When the first appointments are made under this constitution, the chief justice shall be appointed for eight years, one of the associate judges for six years, one for four years, and one for two years and in the event of the death, resignation, or removal of any of said judges before the expiration of the period for which he was appointed, his successor shall be appointed only for the remainder of his term; so that the term of service of no two of said judges shall expire at the same time.
14. - §5. The supreme court shall hold its sessions in New Orleans, from the first Monday of the month of November, to the end of the month of June, inclusive. The legislature shall have power to fix the sessions elsewhere during the rest of the year; until otherwise provided, the sessions shall be held as heretofore.
15. - §6. The supreme court, and each of the judges thereof, shall have power to issue writs of habeas corpus, at the instance of all persons in actual custody under process, in all cases in which they may have appellate jurisdiction.
16. - §7. In all cases in which the judges shall be equally divided in opinion, the judgment appealed from shall stand affirmed; in which case each of the judges shall give his separate opinions in writing.
17. - §8. All judges, by virtue of their office, shall be conservators of the peace throughout the state. The style of all processes shall be, "The State of Louisiana." All prosecutions, shall be carried on in the name and by the authority of the state of Louisiana, and conclude, against the peace and dignity of the same.
18. - §9. The judges of all the courts within this state shall, as often as it may be possible so to do, in every definite judgment, refer to the particular law in virtue of which such judgment may be rendered, and in all cases adduce the reasons on which their judgment is founded.
19. - §10. No court or judge shall make any allowance by way of fee or compensation in any suit or proceedings, except for the payment of such fees to ministerial officers as may be established by law.
20. - §11. No duties or functions shall ever be attached by law to the supreme or district courts, or to the several judges thereof, but such as are judicial; and the said judges are prohibited from receiving any fees of office or other compensation than their salaries for any civil duties performed by them.
21. - §12. The judges of all courts shall be liable to impeachment; but for any reasonable cause, which shall not be sufficient ground for impeachment, the governor shall remove any of them on the address of three-fourths of the members present of each house of the general assembly. In every such case the cause or causes for which such removal may be required, shall be stated at length in the address, and inserted in the journal of each house.
22. - §13. The first legislature assembled under this constitution shall divide the state into judicial districts, which shall remain unchanged for six years, and be subject to reorganization every sixth year thereafter. The number of districts shall not be less than twelve, nor more than twenty. For each district one judge, learned in the law, shall be appointed, except in the districts in which the cities of New Orleans and Lafayette are situated, in which the legislature may establish as many district courts as the public interest may require.
23. - §14. Each of the said judges shall receive a salary to be fixed by law, which shall not be increased or diminished during his term of office, and shall never be less than two thousand five hundred dollars annually. He must be a citizen of the United States, over the age of thirty years, and have resided in the state for six years next preceding his appointment, and have practised law therein for the space of five years.
24. - §15. The judges of the district courts shall hold their offices for the term of six years. The judges first appointed shall be divided by lot into three classes, as nearly equal as can be, and the term of office of the judges of the first class shall expire at the end of two years, of the second class at the end of four years, and of the third class at the end of six years.
25. - §16. The district courts shall have original jurisdiction in all civil cases when the amount in dispute exceeds fifty dollars, exclusive of interest. In all criminal cases, and in all matters connected with successions, their jurisdiction shall be unlimited.
26. - §17. The jurisdiction of justices of the peace shall never exceed, in civil cases, the sum of one hundred dollars, exclusive of interest, subject to appeal to the district court in such cases as shall be provided for by law. They shall be elected by the qualified voters of each parish for the term of two years, and shall have such criminal jurisdiction as shall be provided for by law.


text:
Health Economics Vol. 12(8) August 2003
Contents of Health Economics Vol. 12(8) August 2003
AU Smith, R.D.
TI Construction of the contingent valuation market in health care: a
critical assessment
AU Brouwer, W.B.F. and Rutten, F.F.H.
TI The missing link: on the line between C and E
AU Burstrom, K., Johannesson, M. and Diderichsen, F.
TI The value of the change in health in Sweden 1980/81 to 1996/97
AU Spencer, A.
TI The TTO method and procedural invariance
AU Jacobs, R. and Dawson, D.
TI Hospital efficiency targets
AU Gupta, S., Verhoeven, M. and Tiongson, E.
TI Public spending on health care and the poor
AU Petrou, S.
TI Methodological issues raised by preference-based approaches to
measuring the health status of children
Journal: Journal of Health Economics
Volume : 22
Issue : 5
Date : Sep-2003
For more information about this journal visit:
Table of Contents:
Inside front cover-Editorial Board
pp CO2
The effect of urban hospital closure on markets
R.C. Lindrooth, A.T. Lo Sasso, G.J. Bazzoli
pp 691-712
Exploring the health-wealth nexus
J. Meer, D.L. Miller, H.S. Rosen
pp 713-730
The integration of claims to health-care: a programming approach
P. Anand
pp 731-745
A low-key social insurance reform-effects of multidisciplinary
outpatient treatment for back pain patients in Norway
A. Aakvik, T.H. Holmas, E. Kjerstad
pp 747-762
Supply-side cost sharing when patients and doctors collude
R. Vaithianathan
pp 763-780
The opportunity costs of informal care: does gender matter?
F. Carmichael, S. Charles
pp 781-803
The effect of comorbidities on treatment decisions
H. Bleichrodt, D. Crainich, L. Eeckhoudt
pp 805-820
Estimating price elasticities when there is smuggling: the
sensitivity of smoking to price in Canada
J. Gruber, A. Sen, M. Stabile
pp 821-842
The impact of tobacco control program expenditures on aggregate
cigarette sales: 1981-2000
M.C. Farrelly, T.F. Pechacek, F.J. Chaloupka
pp 843-859
Parental involvement laws and fertility behavior
P.B. Levine
pp 861-878
Journal: Health Policy
Volume : 65
Issue : 3
Date : Sep-2003
For more information about this journal visit:
Table of Contents:
Editorial Board
pp CO2
Towards a new welfare state: the social sustainability principle and
health care strategies
J. Garces, F. Rodenas, V. Sanjose
pp 201 - 215
Health care policy: qualitative evidence and health technology
M. Leys
pp 217 - 226
Development of integrated care in England and the Netherlands -
Managing across public-private boundaries
I. Mur-Veeman, B. Hardy, M. Steenbergen, G. Wistow
pp 227 - 241
Should general practitioners purchase health care for their patients?
The total purchasing experiment in Britain
S. Wyke, N. Mays, A. Street, G. Bevan, H. McLeod, N. Goodwin
pp 243 - 259
Modifications of health resource-use in Italy after the introduction
of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Pharmaco-economic
implications in a population-based setting
C. Torti, S. Casari, L. Palvarini, E. Quiros-Roldan, F. Moretti, L.
Leone, A. Patroni, F. Castelli, D. Ripamonti, A. Tramarin, G. Carosi,
the PEC Study Group
pp 261 - 267
A prospective multicenter study of the effect of patient education on
acceptability of generic prescribing in general practice
J.-A. Valles, M. Barreiro, G. Cereza, J.-J. Ferro, M.-J. Martinez,
J.-M. Escriba, B. Iglesias, E. Cucurull, E. Barcelo, Generic Drug
Study Group
pp 269 - 275
Determinants of child mortality in LDCs - Empirical findings from
demographic and health surveys
L. Wang
pp 277 - 299
Access to drug therapy and substitution between alternative
antidepressants following an expansion of the California medicaid
J.S. McCombs, L. Shi, T.W. Croghan, G.L. Stimmel
pp 301 - 311
International Journal of Health Care Finance and Economics
September 2003, Volume 3, Issue 3
pp. 147-166 Unexpected Yes- and No-Answering Behaviour in the Discrete
Choice Approach to Elicit Willingness to Pay: A Methodological Comparison
with Payment Cards
Thomas Hammerschmidt, Hans-Peter Zeitler, Reiner Leidl
pp. 167-181 Chronic Illness, Treatment Choice and Workforce
Richard A. Hirth, Michael E. Chernew, Marc N. Turenne, Mark V. Pauly, Sean
M. Orzol, Philip J. Held
pp. 183-205 Differential Pricing for Pharmaceuticals: Reconciling
Access, R&D and Patents
Patricia M. Danzon, Adrian Towse
pp. 207-224 Setting Prices for New Vaccines (in Advance)
Thomas G. McGuire
Los art�culos de ECONSALUD son distribuidos gracias al apoyo y colaboraci�n
t�cnica de RedIRIS - Red Acad�mica espa�ola - (http://www.rediris.es)


text:
Sunday, 30 January 2011
Wednesday, 26 January 2011
Twin Colossals, Feralas
Want to see more pretty pictures? Visit R&R's Gallery Page.
Posted by Angelya at 1:01 pm View Comments
Sunday, 23 January 2011
Lunar Festival: New locations in Kalimdor
Due to the Cataclysm, some of the Elders' locations have changed.
I took Aefa for a run around Kalimdor tonight, and I must say things are made much easier by the ability to fly from place to place rather than taking taxis and riding.
I used the Horde guide on Wow-Pro as a basic guide. All Kalimdor locations are still correct, apart from the following:
- Orgrimmar - no longer in the Valley of Wisdom, but up near the zeppelin towers.
- Darkshore - the Elder from Auberdine has moved north to Lor'danel, coords 50,19.
- Barrens - the Elder from Camp Taurajo has moved slightly north to Vendetta Point.
- Thousand Needles - the Elder at the Mirage Speedway is now on the Speedbarge, at 77,75
I haven't visited all the Eastern Kingdoms locations, but most seem to be in areas that weren't badly affected by the Shattering so I would assume they are still accurate. Please comment if they aren't!
Posted by Angelya at 10:52 pm View Comments
Labels: festival, lunar festival
Reminder: Lunar Festival
The Lunar Festival begins today!
This festival is a favourite of Druids of all types as the centre of festivities is Moonglade, but there will be Elders all over the world in towns and cities for you to honour.
You can find more information about the achievements associated with the festival at Wowhead.
Getting around to the Elders
NOTE: Visiting the Elders is now purely an activity for achievement chasers or costume collectors. In previous years, the Elders awarded experience or money for max level toons - now sadly, those rewards have been removed.
But there are still plenty of achievements to complete and if your toon is high enough, you can also earn the title of Elder. Last year there was an Elder in Heroic Gundrak so level 80 was required to complete all the achievements.
Due to the changes to Horde and Alliance towns all over Azeroth, there are likely to be some changes to the locations and optimal routes for visiting Elders. Keep an eye on the Wowhead guide and on Wowpedia for the updated information.
Just remember, while you're out and about visiting the Elders - be respectful.
Posted by Angelya at 3:18 pm View Comments
Labels: festival, lunar festival
Wednesday, 19 January 2011
Sand Drift
Click the image for a 1600 by 900px wallpaper image.
Orsis, Uldum
Want to see more pretty pictures? Visit R&R's Gallery Page.
Posted by Angelya at 8:05 pm View Comments
Friday, 14 January 2011
You may have noticed things are a little quieter around here than usual. That's not just from the floods or because we lost power for a few days either.
There will be a bit of a lull in my Druid-related posting for a little while. I haven't been actually playing Wow all that much - I've been logging in, but pottering around doing Archeology and random other stuff, rather than actively gearing up or pushing my guildies to do so.
It's a little burn out, and some stress. I only have six weeks of work left now before I go on maternity leave, so things are pretty hectic there. Add to that natural disasters plus the drama of getting everything ready for a baby and you have one rather stressed Tauren. So, I'm cutting back with the Druidy posting to encourage myself to calm down and get on with things. Do please forgive me.
I'll still be around, but it might just be wallpaper posts for a little while ;)
Posted by Angelya at 8:33 pm View Comments
Labels: random
Thursday, 13 January 2011
Submerged City
Click the image for a 1600 by 900px wallpaper image.
Ruins of Vashj'ir, Shimmering Expanse.
This shot is in honour of my own city, which is suffering some watery destruction of its own right now. We are reasonably close to the action with the nearest flooding to us about 400m away, but I am happy to report that Mr Ang and I and our families are all high, dry and safe. Others... are not so lucky.
Want to see more pretty pictures? Visit R&R's Gallery Page.
Posted by Angelya at 9:10 pm View Comments
Monday, 10 January 2011
Lifebloom and Grid
Now that Lifebloom is one of a Druid's main healing spells again, its important that we are able to keep track of it. There was a post on Murloc Parliament the other day detailing a few different ways to do it and today I'd like to share how I've set mine up.
We can only have Lifebloom on one person at a time, and we are trying to keep three stacks rolling using Nourish, Healing Touch or just by refreshing with Lifebloom. For this reason, I needed to know the following things in my Grid:
- Who has Lifebloom?
- How many stacks?
- Duration remaining
Happily, this is fairly straightforward in Grid. You don't even need any extra Grid addons.
Firstly, I set the centre icon to show Lifebloom stacks.
In the Status tab, select Buff: Lifebloom in the menu then make sure that "Show if mine" and "Show duration" are selected.
When I started using this in dungeons, I realised that poison, curse, magic and disease icons also appear in the centre of Grid squares, covering the Lifebloom icon. I use decursive for my debuff removal, so I just went back into the Indicators tab for Grid, switched off the debuffs for the "Center Icon" and stuck them on the "Bottom Side" location as little dots (you need GridSideIndicators to do this). Now they still show up in Grid, but they don't overlap my Lifebloom indicator.
To help me notice when Lifebloom is close to bloom, I'm trying out a Power Aura showing the icon and a timer when the duration is less than four seconds. Once I get a better feel for the timing I'll probably turn it off, and if I'm managing to roll on more than one target it will screw up a bit, but until I'm used to healing again it's helping me out.
If you'd like to use it, you can import this string directly into your Power Auras:
Version:4.9; InvertAuraBelow:4; icon:INV_Misc_Herb_Felblossom; buffname:Lifebloom; owntex:true; isResting:0; mine:true; groupOrSelf:true; size:0.27; y:116; timer.h:1.45; timer.enabled:true; timer.y:114; timer.x:-9
How do you track Lifebloom? I'm interested in hearing other people's methods!
Further Information
Further Information
- For great help with setting up Grid, Murloc Parliament has loads of information.
- More Power Auras for Healing
Posted by Angelya at 10:21 pm View Comments
Labels: addons
Saturday, 8 January 2011
Moonkin Power Auras updated
Just a quickie today to let you know that I've updated my Power Auras for Moonkin page.
I've added a couple of extras and changed the way the Eclipse auras work slightly. I'm still working on the healing auras - watch this space.
Posted by Angelya at 11:42 am View Comments
Thursday, 6 January 2011
Click the image for a 1600 by 900px wallpaper image.
Guardians in Uldum.
Want to see more pretty pictures? Visit R&R's Gallery Page.
Posted by Angelya at 5:56 pm View Comments
Wednesday, 5 January 2011
Drought and Flooding Rains
Photo from http://www.couriermail.com.au/
I apologise for the non-WoW material today, but I just wanted to get this out there.
If you read this blog there's a good chance you also read Tree Bark Jacket, so you may have already read Keeva's post about the floods in Queensland or seen it on the news.
I'd like to thank those of you who have expressed concern. Mr Ang and I and our families live in Brisbane where thankfully, while we have had plenty of drenching rain, we haven't seen flooding at all yet. For our house to be flooded, a huge number of other houses would be completely under. The only immediate effects we are personally seeing at the moment are higher food prices and cancelled holidays.
But yes, much of the state is or has been underwater. Parts of north western New South Wales are also flooded. I have heard several comparisons - the area that has been underwater at some point during the last two weeks is larger than the area of France and Germany combined, larger than Texas, of "biblical proportions". This week, more rain and thunderstorms are predicted in Central and South East Queensland.
Keep in mind that much of Central Queensland is farms and bushland and fairly sparsely populated. Even so, there have been 22 cities and towns and an estimated that have faced isolation, evacuations and inundation over the Christmas and New Year period, with the estimated damage bill tipped to be into the billions of Aussie dollars. Farmers have had to evacuate, leaving their animals behind, not knowing when they will be able to return.
In some towns, such as Bundaberg and Emerald, the waters have already dropped and residents have been able to return to begin the huge clean up task.
Others are still in danger. In the city of Rockhampton, the flood waters were due to peak today at some 9.4 metres, flooding 400 homes and forcing the evacuation of many more of the 75 000 residents. In Rocky and in many more towns, people will remain homeless for weeks, perhaps months as the clean up continues.
How can I help?
If you are able to and would like to help, the Premier of Queensland has an emergency fund that you can donate to at http://www.qld.gov.au/floods/donate.html. If you're unable to or don't want to use your credit card on an overseas site, that's fine too.
Before anyone gets too worried about climate change and so on - this sort of thing does happen from time to time here. Yes, this flood has been record breaking in several ways and has probably been worsened by this year's La Niña effect, but monsoonal flooding happens now and then. The devastation comes from the number of people that have been affected by this flood across the state, with more likely to be affected as the water moves to the coast and down rivers into the south of Australia.
Thanks for reading. WoW-related material will resume soon.
More Information
- The Courier-Mail has the latest information
- Bureau of Meteorology Flood Warning Centre
- A map of Central and South East Queensland showing affected towns (abc.net.au)
I love a sunburnt country,
A land of sweeping plains,
Of ragged mountain ranges,
Of drought and flooding rains,
I love her far horizons,
I love her jewel sea,
Her beauty and her terror -
The wide brown land for me.
Excerpt from "My Country" by Dorothea McKellar
Posted by Angelya at 12:17 pm View Comments
Sunday, 2 January 2011
Making Merry
Happy New Year to you all!
I've had a great lazy week, this week. I had the whole week off work and in between our social commitments, I've just been mucking around in-game - A few dailies here, a normal dungeon there, leveling my Mage here, leveling Leesah's archaeology there.
I did try to Moonkin a LFD heroic at one point since Leesah's gear is just good enough, but the group wiped at the first boss and everyone left. I was a bit disheartened after that - after all the queues on my server are between 30-45 minutes for DPS.
In general I am just pottering around and enjoying the new things. I have lots of guildies who are 85 now but we haven't had enough heroic-ready people on at the same time to try one out. We've all been busy over the holidays so hopefully in the next few weeks people will be back on at normal times and we can start with the gearing up. Raiding still looks a way off at this stage, but we'll get there.
Making Merry
In the meantime, I got on with some Merrymaking on Leesah! I wasn't going to bother with it since we were going to be pretty busy this week, but after I went into a Tol Barad as a Gnome and got the achievement in one go, I figured the rest of it couldn't be too hard, right?
I managed to pick up the Red Winter Hat in a normal Stonecore, and borrowed the boots off a guildie (top tip - they're not soulbound). The two remaining that were the work of several days, off and on, were [A Frosty Shake] and [Let It Snow]. There just really aren't many people in Dalaran these days, and those who are are level 70-ish alts who aren't likely to be there for snowmannish purposes. I was actually hanging around looking for Allies for the Let It Snow achievement, when lo and behold, there was a snowman before me! Thanks Deenah of Nagrand, you made my day!
Alliance? Where Art Thou?
The first problem with [Let It Snow] was getting the snowflakes in the first place. You get them by blowing kisses to Winter Revelers in the inns of any city or town, but my bags were heavily laden with holly and mistletoe before I got any snowflakes at all!
My first five handfuls were quickly used on the Horde classes around Orgrimmar, but now that we don't have a central location for Horde and Alliance to mingle, the Alliance races proved more tricky. I picked up a couple of them around Dalaran, but the place was pretty much a ghost town so I decided to try my luck in the non-battle part of Tol Barad. After a few circuits I had only a Gnome Mage remaining.
The problem with Gnomes, is that they are small. By the time I realised a character was a gnome and determined their class, they had usually ridden off into the distance and in any case, the only gnomes I found were Warlocks for some reason. I went through two Tol Barad battles and a Wintergrasp, but PvP battles are just so furious and Gnomes are kind of lost in the spell effects.
After the second Tol Barad battle, I was riding back out across the bridge for another loop around the Peninsula when I spied a Gnome, riding in the other direction! A Gnome Mage, in fact! I gave chase while I found the snowflakes in my bag, and must have just managed to hit him with it before he rode out of range.
Have you got a favourite place for finding the opposite faction now that Dalaran is no longer populated? Do share!
Posted by Angelya at 10:10 am View Comments
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Toni Braxton's twenty-year music career has come to an end. The "He Wasn't Man Enough" singer made the announcement during a Friday, Feb. 8, appearance on Good Morning America.
"It's not affecting me, making me feel that thing I've always felt when I perform. It's leaving me," Braxton said. "I'm not sure what's going on in my life. Maybe a female mid-life crisis? My heart isn't in it anymore. I hate to say that."
Known for monster hits like "Un-Break My Heart" and "Breathe Again," the eight-time Grammy winner released her seventh studio album, Pulse, in 2010. Braxton, 45, further explained her decision to abandon music in an interview with The Grio.
"For what I do I have to love it. I have to feel that excitement and it's gone," Braxton explained. "I'm just not going to do any albums anymore; maybe touring occasionally here and there because I love performing, but not as much as I did in the past. But no new projects."
Braxton won't be stepping out of the spotlight entirely. The reality star and Twist of Faith actress said she plans to further her film career by taking on more challenging roles. "I would like to play a lesbian. I don't know why. And do a whole make-out scene and the whole thing; just something completely different than people would expect from me," Braxton revealed. "Not a lipstick lesbian, either."


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Puerto Rico Could Change Congress If Made A State
Puerto Rico Could Change Congress If Made A State
Robert Siegel talks with Pedro Pierluisi, Puerto Rico's resident commissioner in Washington, D.C., about support swelling on the island for U.S. statehood.
Of the 50 million Hispanics in the U.S., nearly two-thirds are of Mexican origin. The second largest group - accounting for about 9 percent - are the nearly five million Puerto Ricans who live in the 50 states and the District of Columbia - that is, not on the island of Puerto Rico. Puerto Ricans are U.S. citizens. The island has been a U.S. territory since the Spanish-American War.
Well, on Election Day, Puerto Rico held a vote on the island's status, and although some people dispute the meaning of the result, the winning option was statehood. Joining us now to talk about this is a statehood advocate, resident commissioner Pedro Pierluisi, who is also Puerto Rico's non-voting member of Congress. He caucuses with the Democratic Party. Welcome.
RESIDENT COMMISSIONER PEDRO PIERLUISI: Thank you. Thank you for having me here, Robert. I'll be glad to expand on what happened in Puerto Rico on November 6th.
SIEGEL: Well, let's begin with the rather controversial result. There were two questions on the ballot. First: Should the current territorial status continue? Fifty-four percent said no. And the second question was: If not, what should be the status? And of three choices offered - independence, a sovereign, free associated state or statehood - statehood got 61 percent of the vote.
Some people say, though, so many people didn't vote on question number two, it really doesn't say that much.
PIERLUISI: Yes. But let's go step by step. The first question was pretty clear, basically whether Puerto Rican should remain the way it is, a territory. And 54 percent of the voters said no.
SIEGEL: But just to pursue the result one more time, about a quarter of the people who voted on question number one didn't vote on question number two. Some people said they didn't even know they could vote, or that it made any sense to vote on question number two if they supported the status quo.
PIERLUISI: It was pretty clear in terms of the public discourse. And there was a lot of informative ads telling voters that these were two questions, separate questions, and that regardless of the answer to the first question, they should make a choice. So that's where we are.
SIEGEL: Right. All right, that's where we are. So we have a result. We have an election that's taken place, a referendum. President Obama has said - and I'm quoting now - "When the people of Puerto Rico make a clear decision, my administration will stand by you." The Republican platform of 2012 said that party supports the right of U.S. citizens of Puerto Rico to be admitted to the union as a fully sovereign state if they freely so determine.
But it then speaks of that happening by means of a general right of referendum, or specific referenda sponsored by the U.S. government. Does that mean a different kind of election than the one you just held in Puerto Rico?
PIERLUISI: The government of Puerto Rico has every right to hold a plebiscite, to consult the people of Puerto Rico regarding their wishes. But the truth is that for a change in the status of Puerto Rico to happen, you need both Congress and Puerto Rico agreeing to it.
SIEGEL: Let me ask you a couple of questions about statehood. The benefits of statehood may be self-evident. On the other hand, Puerto Rico enjoys a very unusual status. Puerto Ricans don't pay federal income tax, I understand it. You have your own Olympic team and, you know, your own baseball team in the World Baseball Classic, and you also use Spanish as an official language.
This makes you remarkably different from the other states. Would Puerto Ricans be willing to give up those privileges of the current situation in order to become a state?
PIERLUISI: Well, we would have to see if Congress imposes terms and conditions on the admission of Puerto Rico as a state. There are now over 50 million Hispanics in America. Spanish is the predominant language in many areas of the country. Now, Puerto Rico will get a lot of additional federal assistance, but at the same time, corporations and wealthy taxpayers on the island would pay federal income taxes.
Right now, we pay federal payroll taxes - Social Security, Medicare. But close to half of the households in the U.S. mainland do not owe federal income taxes. So in the case of Puerto Rico, right now, at least eight out of 10 taxpayers wouldn't be paying federal taxes, anyway. I believe in the long run, this would be a win-win for both the U.S. and Puerto Rico.
All property values would increase, like it happened in Hawaii and Alaska. The economic growth in the island would also increase like it happened in Hawaii after Hawaii became a state. So that would offset any kind of impact that federal income taxes could have.
SIEGEL: As you know, the smart money in Washington, and certainly on the world's editorial pages, is against the prospects of Puerto Rico becoming a state. People note that unlike Alaska or Hawaii, Puerto Rico would not enter with just one seat in Congress. It would have a delegation about as big as that of Connecticut or Oregon's. Lots of people look at Puerto Rican voting in the States and say they're all going to be Democrats, and the Republicans are not going to admit that many new Democrats to the Congress.
PIERLUISI: They don't know Puerto Rico that well. Puerto Rico is predominantly Catholic but a lot of evangelical Christians in Puerto Rico right now. It is conservative on social issues. Pretty much this is like a middle-of-the-road type terrain. Puerto Rico should not continue to have the current status which is colonial in nature if the people of Puerto Rico - and on top of it, American citizens - are telling the world we don't want it anymore.
SIEGEL: Well, Representative Pierluisi, thank you very much for talking with us.
PIERLUISI: Thank you.
SIEGEL: Pedro Pierluisi is the resident commissioner and nonvoting member of Congress from Puerto Rico.
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NPR transcripts are created on a rush deadline by an NPR contractor. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. Accuracy and availability may vary. The authoritative record of NPR's programming is the audio record.


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I washed up like this - mermaid planner clipart collection
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More photos below. . .
Wednesday, October 9
Wordless Wednesday Dose of Jasper Cute
More photos below. . .
5 comments:
- Anonymous10/10/2013 3:22 AM
OH, He is a cutie and there is nothing better than sun and a high vantage point.ReplyDelete
Jasper is so handsome! Don't forget to share the story of how Jasper came to live at the farm - I know we would all love to hear that!ReplyDelete
Um, if I send a pre-paid postage label, would you ship King Jasper up to NYC so he could live with me for a while? Puhleeeeeeze? I promise I'd send him back! (I made your sweet photo of him conked out under a truck while guarded by chickens my screen saver, so you know I would take great care of him!)ReplyDelete
He's so fluffy! Ginger farm kitties are the best. Ours follow us everywhere like worried parents. Apparently we need looking after ;)ReplyDelete
Beautiful beast!ReplyDelete
December 2015 update: Hi! For some reason I can't figure out, Blogger hasn't been letting me leave comments on my own blog (!) for the last several months, so I've been unable to respond to your comments and questions. My apologies for any inconvenience! You're always welcome to email me: farmgirlfare AT gmail DOT com.
Hi! Thanks for visiting Farmgirl Fare and taking the time to write. While I'm not always able to reply to every comment, I receive and enjoy reading them all.
Your feedback is greatly appreciated, and I especially love hearing about your experiences with my recipes. Comments on older posts are always welcome!
Please note that I moderate comments, so if I'm away from the computer it may be a while before yours appears.
I try my best to answer all questions, though sometimes it takes me a few days. And sometimes, I'm sorry to say, they fall through the cracks, and for that I sincerely apologize.
I look forward to hearing from you and hope you enjoy your e-visits to our farm!