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Diplomacy in EU4 is the system that involves all relations and actions with other nations. Relations can be increased through alliances, coalitions, common wars, common rivalries, decisions, events and having a diplomat improve relations. Relations are decreased by declaring war, being rivals, sending insults, having a different religion, breaking/dishonoring an alliance, events and decisions. Diplomacy is a bilateral system and will affect relations on both sides of an agreement.
Reasons for a nation's opinion of another are displayed in tooltips wherever opinion is shown. The total is capped at +200/−200.
Diplomacy is conducted by diplomats, and the diplomatic options available to diplomats depends on a country's technology and ideas. Diplomatic options are split in seven categories: alliance, influence, relations, dynastic, covert, economy and access. Three additional categories are available to any nation that qualifies for them:
- The emperor of the Holy Roman Empire has an extra category: Emperor actions.
- The Papal controller also has an extra category: Papal actions.
- The leading 8 powers of the world have an extra category: Great Power actions.
The declare war and sue for peace diplomatic options are found outside of these categories.
Diplomats[edit | edit source]
A diplomat is required to perform most diplomatic actions. Some actions - improving relations, annexing a vassal, building up a spy network and counterespionage - will occupy a diplomat indefinitely or until completion of the task, unless the diplomat is manually recalled. Actions that will occupy a diplomat for a period of time will display a diplomat icon () on their button. Other actions are immediate.
When initiating a mission, a diplomat takes one day to reach the target country and begin its mission. After completing a mission, a diplomat will be unavailable while he travels back home, the time which scales based on the distance between one's capital and that of the target country. The precise travel speed of diplomats is 20 distance per day.
Gaining diplomats[edit | edit source]
Each country has 2 diplomats by default. Additional diplomats may be gained through the following triggers, ideas and policies:
Diplomatic relations cap[edit | edit source]
The number of other countries a nation can have diplomatic agreements with is limited. Each relation over the cap costs 1 diplomatic monarch point per month. The limit only counts for the number of different countries with whom an agreement has been closed, not the number of agreements. Having multiple agreements with a single nation only counts as one diplomatic relation.
Agreements that count towards the cap include:
- Alliances
- Royal marriages
- Guarantees, but not the guarantees created from forcing the release of nations in peace deals
- Having a vassal or junior personal union partner
- Receiving military access
- Supporting independence
- Having a client state
Agreements that do not count toward the cap include:
- Granting military access
- Receiving or granting fleet basing rights
- Receiving or granting loans
- Coalitions
- Federations
- Embargoes
- Warning other nations
- Giving subsidies
- Having a colonial subject.
- War reparations
- Transferring trade power (including enforced 'transfer trade' as part of a peace agreement)
- Having vassals who are members of the empire as the Holy Roman Emperor, if Revoke the Privilegia has been passed.
- Receiving conditional military access (e.g. within the HRE due to being in a war with the Emperor, or with someone else who has access)
- Daimyo subjects of the Shogunate government type.
Increasing the diplomatic relations cap[edit | edit source]
The base diplomatic relations cap is 4 diplomatic relations.[1] It is affected by the following:
|Tribal government Duchy
Ideas and policies:
Certain events may also give a temporary increase in the relations cap.
Diplomatic reputation[edit | edit source]
A nation's diplomatic reputation represents its overall diplomatic ability and credibility. Diplomatic reputation is visible in the diplomacy window of the country screen.
Effects[edit | edit source]
Diplomatic reputation positively affects both subject relations and relations with sovereign nations.
With subject nations, each point of diplomatic reputation gives:
- +5% chance to inherit lesser partner in a personal union
- +1 diplomatic power used per month while annexing vassals or junior partners
- −3% to the liberty desire of all subject nations
With other countries, each point of diplomatic reputation gives the following bonuses when accepting diplomatic proposals:
|Offer Alliance
|Offensive Call to Arms
|Royal Marriage
|Offer Vassalization
|Transfer Trade Power
|Ask for Military Access
|Ask for fleet basing rights
|Request to share maps
|Demand unlawful territory
|Grant free city status
Increasing diplomatic reputation also improves:
- the country's score in elections for the Holy Roman Emperor.
- the chance that the country's candidate for the heir of an elective monarchy will gain points while being supported.
Gaining diplomatic reputation[edit | edit source]
Diplomatic reputation can be increased by completing certain missions, as well as by the following modifiers and ideas:
Modifiers[edit | edit source]
- Legitimacy: −1 at 0 legitimacy to +1 at 100 legitimacy
- Overextension: −2 per 100%
- Trading in Ivory: +2
- Statesman advisor: +1
- Subjugation of the Papacy (triggered modifier: Catholic nation with the Papal States as subject, other than Italy or (after revoking the Privilegia and if the Pope is a member) the Empire/Emperor): −2
- The Occupation of Rome (triggered modifier: Catholic nation other than Italy, the unified HRE or the Papal States owning Rome): −1
- Being a member state of the HRE: +1 (except the emperor)
- Institute Reichsregiment (HRE reform): +1 for the Emperor
- Enact Gemeiner Pfennig (HRE reform): +1 for non-emperor HRE member
- Hindu state with Ganesha as patron deity: +1
- Buddhist state with balanced karma: +2
- Buddhist state with high karma: +1
- Catholic state with Papal Influence spent on the "Send papal legate" option: +1 for 20 years
- Reformed state with stability focus: +1
- Tengri state with Catholic syncretic faith: +1
- Fetishist state: +1
- Austrian Diplomacy Splendor ability during Age of Revolutions (available only to Austria or Holy Roman Empire): +5
- Annexed Vassals: −3 for 10 years
- Dishonored alliance: −1 for 5 years
- 'Offices of Maritime Trade' faction of the Celestial Empire government: +1
- 'The Jacobins' faction of the Revolutionary Republic government: −2
- 'The Imperials' faction of the Revolutionary Republic government: +1
- Native diplomatic idea 2: Smoke Ceremonies: +1
- Diplomatic ideas event 'Improved Reputation' modifier: +1 for 10 years
- Diplomatic ideas event 'Babbling buffoons' modifier: −1 for 10 years
- Expansion idea event 'Enhanced Reputation' modifier: +1 for 10 years
- Expansion idea event 'Diplomatic Faux Pas' modifier: −1 for 10 years
- Influence idea event 'Popular Noble' modifier: +1 for 10 years
- Reichshofrat event for Austria: +1 for the rest of the campaign
- Internal Conflicts event National Instability: −5 for 10 years
- Diplomat advisor event Excellent Diplomacy: +1 for 10 years
- Defender of the Faith event 'Rise of the [Root.Religion.GetName] Faith' for Ibadi or Shia nations at Defender of the Faith tier 4 or higher: +1 for the rest of the campaign
- Holding Alhambra at "Significant" level or better: +1
- Holding Kanbawzathadi Palace: +1
- Holding Petra while meeting its culture requirements: +1 (+2 at "Magnificent" level)
National ideas and traditions, idea groups and policies[edit | edit source]
Diplomatic actions[edit | edit source]
War[edit | edit source]
- Main article: Warfare
Declaring war initiates a military conquest against the target country. A casus belli can be selected and the allies of both sides are shown in the declare war screen. Winning battles, achieving the wargoal, and occupying provinces accumulates war score for both parties, by which peace terms may be agreed upon. At war a country can offer a peace deal (sue for peace) or an unconditional surrender.
Alliance actions[edit | edit source]
Form coalition against[edit | edit source]
- Main article: Alliance#Coalition
A coalition is an alliance of nations who have bonded together against a common enemy because of that enemy's very high aggressive expansion. Coalitions members will automatically be offensively and defensively called to arms in any direct war between a coalition member and the coalition target.
Offer alliance[edit | edit source]
- Main article: Alliance
An alliance is a military agreement of mutual support in wars between two nations. The strength of an alliance is based on trust and favors with the alliance partner.
Support independence[edit | edit source]
|Available only with the Conquest of Paradise DLC or the El Dorado DLC enabled.
Nations may support the independence of a nation if the target nation is a subject nation and has a liberty desire of over 50%. If the target nation declares a war of independence, all nations supporting its independence will automatically ally the target nation and join the war against the former overlord of the now (temporarily) independent nation.
Offer condottieri[edit | edit source]
|Available only with the Mare Nostrum DLC enabled.
- Main article: Condottieri
A nation may rent out their armies to another nation in exchange for payment, while maintaining manual control of the army. A maximum of 20 regiments can be rented out simultaneously.
Trade league[edit | edit source]
|Available only with the Mare Nostrum DLC enabled.
- Main article: Trade league
Trade leagues are a group of small countries banded together to boost trade and provide defensive protection to each other. Only single province countries can join a trade league. A trade league must be lead by a Merchant republic or Veche republic.
Influence actions[edit | edit source]
Reign in Eyalet[edit | edit source]
Turns a Eyalet into a Core Eyalet.
Factors that influence the AI's willingness to be reigned in:
|Overlords Diplomatic reputation
|x 3
|Trust of Overlord
|x 0.1
|Opinion of Overlord
|x 0.2
|Subjects total development
|x 0.25
|Subjects liberty desire
|x 1
Furthermore, completing the "End the Eyalet Rebellion" mission, grants all Eyalets a flat +20 reasons to be Reigned in.
Grant autonomy to core eyalet[edit | edit source]
Turns a Core Eyalet into an Eyalet
Promote to Eyalet[edit | edit source]
Turns a Vassal into a Eyalet
Call Eyalet to war[edit | edit source]
Call the Eyalet into all current wars they do not have a truce with the warleader.
Appoint Crown Prince[edit | edit source]
Takes the heir of the Appanage and turns them into the heir of the Overlord.
Offer Trade Protectorate[edit | edit source]
Target becomes a Trade Protectorate of the proposer. Can only be proposed to nations on a different continent that are in Trade range. Requires the Thalassocracy, Royal Charters or British Global Trade Policy government reform.
Factors that influence the AI's willingness to become a Trade Protectorate:
Cancel Trade Protectorate[edit | edit source]
Immediately cancels the Trade Protectorate Agreement between Overlord and Subject. The proposers stability will decrease by 1, unless the subject has 100% liberty desire. Both the subject and overlord can take this action at any time.
Call Trade Protectorate to War[edit | edit source]
Calls the Trade Protectorate into all current Wars. This will reduce their Opinion of the Overlord by 100. If they are called into only Defensive Wars, the Opinion will only be reduced by 50.
Revoke War Rights[edit | edit source]
Forbids the targeted Commercial Enterprise subject from declaring any wars except for Independence. This will incraese their Liberty desire by +20% and reduce their opinion of the Overlord by -50.
Grant War Rights[edit | edit source]
Allows the targeted Commercial Enterprise subject to declare Wars autonomously.
Enforce peace[edit | edit source]
The enforce peace action demands that the leading attacker in a war make a white peace with the leading defender. After clicking the Enforce peace action, the enforce peace screen is opened in which the enforcer has to select in which war they want to enforce peace by clicking on the flag of the defender in that war(even if there is only one war). Refusal will bring the enforcing nation into the war on the side of the defender. The following conditions must be met in order to enforce peace:
- The enforcer must not have a truce with the leading attacker.
- The enforcer must have at least +100 relations with the leading defender (if the enforcer is the emperor of the HRE and the defender is an HRE member, only +0 relations are necessary).
- The attacker must have −25% warscore or better.
- The enforcer must be able to declare war on the attacker (e.g. not in a regency and not being allied to the attacker and not having a transfer trade power relationship with the attacker)
If the defender is a colonial nation of the enforcer, only the last two conditions must be fulfilled and the enforcer becomes the warleader if the attacker refuses the demand.
Enforce peace is a useful method for entering wars without triggering any automatic defensive call to arms from the opponent. For example, European powers outside the Holy Roman Empire can use enforce peace on empire members to enter wars against them without having to fight the Emperor. Enforce peace can also turn the tides against a rival's offensive war.
Offer vassalization[edit | edit source]
- Main article: Vassal#Offer vassalization (diplomatic)
Vassalization makes the target nation a subject nation of the country that offered it. Vassals are automatically called to their overlord's wars and pay a portion of their tax income.
Break vassalization[edit | edit source]
Breaking vassalization cancels a subject nation's vassalage and makes them independent. This action costs −25 prestige and −200 relations penalty with the former vassal, and results in a truce of 5 years with the former overlord. Vassalization cannot be cancelled when a truce exists with the target.
Designate march[edit | edit source]
|Available only with the Art of War DLC enabled.
- Main article: March
Designating a vassal as a march grants it substantial military bonuses. Marches do not pay tax income to their overlord, and cannot be diplomatically annexed or peacefully released.
Revoke march[edit | edit source]
- Main article: March
Revoking a march changes it to normal vassal status, allowing for it to be annexed. This action costs −1 stability and results in a −50 relations penalty with the subject.
Annex vassal[edit | edit source]
- Main article: Vassal#Annexation
Diplomatic annexation incorporates a client state or vassal into the overlord's domain, resulting in direct control of the former subject's territory and military. This action occupies a diplomat for its duration and costs diplomatic power.
Integrate[edit | edit source]
- Main article: Personal Union#Integration
Diplomatic integration incorporates a junior parter of a personal union into the senior partner's realm. Like diplomatic annexation of vassals and client states, completion results in control of the junior partner's territory and military, but also gains control of the junior partner's vassals and colonial nations. Diplomatic integration of a junior partner in a personal union follows nearly the same principles for requirements, cost, speed, and effects as diplomatic annexation of a vassal.
Proclaim guarantee[edit | edit source]
Guaranteeing a nation calls the guarantor to war if the target nation is directly attacked by another nation. The guarantor will not be called to war if the guaranteed nation is called into another war as an ally, unless they are called in as a co-belligerent. The relation uses a diplomatic relations slot and lasts until revoked or a call to arms from the target is declined. A call to arms from a guarantee functions identically to a defensive call to arms in an alliance and carries the same penalties if declined. Guarantees can be revoked at will, which gives the former guarantor a truce on the formerly guaranteed country. It is only possible to guarantee countries that are significantly weaker than the guarantor - protection from a weaker nation will not be taken seriously.
Send warning[edit | edit source]
Sending a warning to a target country results in a defensive call to arms if the target attacks one of the warner's neighbors (bordering by land). Rejecting this call to arms only incurs a penalty to trust with relevant nations. The list of neighbors for any nation can be found in its diplomacy tab by filtering its relation list to neighbors only. A country cannot warn another country it is already warned by, or that is not significantly weaker. A warning lasts for 20 years and can be issued again once it expires.
Threaten war[edit | edit source]
|Available only with the The Cossacks DLC enabled.
Threaten war is a diplomatic action which lets a nation demand a province that it has a claim or core on. If the demand is accepted, the province is transferred to the demanding nation. If the demand is not accepted a war is declared with the Conquest casus belli for said province. War cannot be threatened over a country's capital (it cannot be targeted at an OPM) or if a truce exists with the target country, and nor can a subject nation (other than Tributaries) threaten war. Successfully demanding a province will cause the threatening country to gain aggressive expansion as if the province had be conquered in a peace deal and the target nation to lose −10 prestige. This also creates a 5-year truce between the two nations. A country will relinquish a province if the relative strength of the demanding country's alliance outweighs the relative worth of the province and the alliances of the threatened nation. The AI is more willing to give up provinces that the demanding country has a core on, and much less willing to give up provinces if that country has recently demanded another province.
Factors that influence the AI's willingness to giving up a province are:
|Base value:
|Province is not a core of the threatening nation:
|Relative strength of alliances:
|−100 to +100
|Relative worth of province to target's entire development:
|−1 to −200
|Recently gave in to threat:
|Base of −120, increasing by +1 per month after truce ended
Relations actions[edit | edit source]
- See also: Relations
Improve relations[edit | edit source]
Improving relations sends a diplomat to the target country to improve relations over time. Relations can be improved up to +200 for subjects and up to +100 for all other nations. Improved relations decay by −3 on the first day of each year if there is no diplomat currently improving relations with the target country. The rate at which relations improve is highest when relations are 0, and decreases as the difference increases. This rate can be further improved by the improve relations modifier. Any bonus to the improve relations modifier also affects how fast any accumulated aggressive expansion will decay.
When sending a diplomat to improve relations for the first time or when the improved relations value has decayed to 0 doubly improved opinion is gained on the first tick. The rest of the relations improvements take place at the end of each month.
Send an insult[edit | edit source]
Sending an insult gives the target country the 'Diplomatic Insult' casus belli on the insulter for 1 year. The target country also gets the opinion modifier "Insulted" towards the insulter for 10 years, worth −50 opinion with a yearly decay of +5. Insults are useful for negating the −1 stability hit of declaring war on nations that have +100 relations of the aggressor. Insulting a rival also grants +5 power projection, decaying by −1 per year, provided that the insulter neither has a truce with them nor already has power projection from a previous insult. Some ideas double the power projection from insults.
Scornful insult[edit | edit source]
|Available only with the Dharma DLC enabled.
A scornful insult will double the loss of opinion – the opinion modifier "Insulted" is replaced by the opinion modifier "Scornfully Insulted", worth −100 opinion – at costs of 5 prestige (only possible with a positive prestige). Scornfully insulting a rival gains +10 power projection that stacks upon the potential gain from regular insult. Rivals of the target country get the opinion modifier "Scornfully Insulted Enemy" towards the insulter for 10 years, worth +25 opinion with a yearly decay of −2.5.
Dynastic actions[edit | edit source]
Royal marriage[edit | edit source]
- For the dynastic effects of royal marriage, see Ruler#Royal marriage
- For information on personal unions, see personal union
Countries ruled by monarchs may arrange royal marriages with others. This improves relations by +25 while in effect. Attacking a country with whom a nation has a royal marriage results in −1 stability and +1 war exhaustion. Note that this penalty will not occur except through a standard declaration of war; to circumvent it, the player may find it useful to Threaten War over a province that the target will refuse to cede.
Upon the death of a Christian monarch with no heir, a ruler from the dynasty of a more prestigious country that shares a royal marriage may rise to the throne. If the countries already share a dynasty, a personal union may result instead. Personal union partners function militarily like vassals. They do not pay a portion of their tax income but may be inherited. Higher prestige increases chances of gaining the crown of a royal marriage partner for a country's dynasty, either independently or as a personal union.
Royal marriages are unavailable to theocracies and republics, with the exceptions of the Dutch Republic and Italian Signoria. Christians may only marry other Christians. All non-Christians may marry each other, but personal unions will only occur for Christian nations.
The factors that influence a nation's acceptance of a royal marriage proposal are:
†: Distance between borders can only be seen in debug mode.
Break royal ties[edit | edit source]
Breaking royal ties ends a royal marriage. This results in −1 stability and −10 prestige. Furthermore, the relation with the target country is decreased by −75. The stability cost may be negated by completing Diplomatic ideas, being the Curia Controller, or rivaling the target country. The death of the ruler who proposed the marriage will also end a royal marriage without penalty.
Claim throne[edit | edit source]
- For information on improving chances of obtaining a personal union, see Personal Union
Claiming a throne gives the "claim on throne" CB, a military means of forcing a personal union.
The requirements to claim a throne are as follows:
- Target has a royal marriage
- Target shares the same dynasty as claimant
- Target has a weak claim heir or no heir
- Claimant has more prestige than target
Claiming the throne of a country results in the following diplomatic effects:
- −50 relations with other royal marriage partners
- −100 relations with the target country
- −20 prestige.
- −25 Trust with the target.
- Claimant gains "Claim on Throne" casus belli against the target. The war score cost to enforce a personal union is 84% regardless of the target's size.
- If the target country dies without an heir, and a succession war ensues, the claiment of the thone will have priority to be the defender in the war over those who do not have claim on the throne [usualy settled by highest dev].
If there are multiple claimants to the throne then the country with the highest dev will be the defender.
Note that while some allies may be willing to join a conquest war, they will not join a claim on throne war or succession war, due to opposition to a successful personal union. The gained casus belli lasts until the target country produces an heir with a strong claim or a new heir rises to the throne or the royal marriage is cancelled by claimant. Claimee cancelling RM, or claimant dying, while retaining dynasty, does not appear to invalidate it. Thus, when declaring war using this CB, the aggressor will take a -1 stability hit for the royal marriage.
The claim throne diplomatic action is only possible for Christian nations as no other religious group allows personal unions. While the Dutch republic, oligarchic republic, Italian Signoria, and elective monarchy can have royal marriages, their thrones cannot be claimed as they do not have heirs.
Support heir[edit | edit source]
|Available only with the Res Publica DLC enabled.
Supporting an heir is an action that can be initiated on nations with an elective monarchy (which can only be gained by event for Poland and the Commonwealth, or by using a custom nation). Any nation that is in the same religious group as the country with elective monarchy can support an heir.
In an elective monarchy, each nation that has supported its heir in the current election cycle has a possible heir to the throne with an associated amount of support. A diplomat must be sent in order to support a nation's own heir in an elective monarchy,
The probability of increasing the heir's support every month by 1 is as follows:
The elective monarchy may also increase support for its own heir by 5 points at the cost of −10 prestige. Upon the death of the elective monarchy's ruler, the heir with the most support rises to the throne in the elective monarchy.
If a foreign heir arises, the country that provided the heir gains:
- +25 prestige
- +10 legitimacy
- +24× administrative, diplomatic, and military power of the new ruler
If a local noble rises to the throne, the elective monarchy loses −20 relations with all countries that supported an heir in the election.
Covert actions[edit | edit source]
- Main article: Espionage
Diplomats can be send to other nations to build up a spy network, or to practice counterespionage and increase the chance of catching spies sent by the target nation. When a spy network has grown enough, espionage actions can be undertaken, which do not require sending a diplomat. Most of the espionage actions require certain ideas from the espionage idea group in order to become available. Actions that do not need this group are fabricate claim, support rebels and justify trade conflict. Completing the espionage group will give access to various powerful actions. One example is the vetting idea, the first of the idea group, which grants a discount to technology cost depending on the difference in technology level between the home country of the spies and the target country, as well as the size of the spy network there. Covert actions are described in more detail on the Espionage page.
Economy actions[edit | edit source]
- See also: Economy
Purchase Modern Ideas[edit | edit source]
|Available only with the Domination DLC enabled.
Spend 3 months worth of Income to gain 2 + 0.5 times the Total levels of tech they are ahead of Russia in Modernization, up to a total maximum of 5
The factors that influence a nation's willingness to sell Modern Ideas:
Sell Modern Ideas[edit | edit source]
|Available only with the Domination DLC enabled.
Offer 2 Modernization to Russia in exchange for 3 months worth of their Income.
This is supposed to scale like the "Purchase Modern idea" action but currently it doesnt.
Offer Indulgence[edit | edit source]
Available for Riga with the Blessed Plutocracy Government.
Selling Indulgences costs 50 Papal Influence and gives 3 months of the targets income, while raising their Stability by +1 and their Prestige by +10. Catholicism also gains 0.25% reform desire.
Only able to offer to other Catholic Nations.
Transfer trade power[edit | edit source]
|Available only with the Wealth of Nations DLC enabled.
Ask a target non-subject nation to transfer a percentage of its trade power to the proposer. While a transfer of trade power is active, the two nations involved cannot declare war on each other, and will also receive a mutual, scaling relation bonus (+20 if 100% of power is transferred). The agreement does not count towards each country's diplomatic relations limit. Even without , AI can be demanded to transfer trade power in a peace deal. Colonial nations automatically transfer trade power to their overlord.
The factors that influence an AI nation's desire to accept a request to transfer trade power are
Steer trade power[edit | edit source]
|Available only with the Rule Britannia DLC enabled.
Ask a target non-subject nation to use their merchants to steer trade toward the proposing nation's trade capital. While a transfer of trade power is active, the two nations involved cannot declare war on each other, but unlike transfer trade power, there is no relations bonus. This effectively hijacks trade power in as many nodes as the target has merchants, where their merchants can be placed for the maximum benefit of the proposer. Technically, no trade power is transferred, so the values for each nation in each trade node remain the same, and if both share the same home node, then the target will still collect with their trade power, effectively wasting the value of the diplomatic agreement. The agreement does not count toward either country's diplomatic relations limit.
Issue embargo[edit | edit source]
Reduces the trade power of the target country in every trade node the embargoing country has trade power in, depending on several factors. Embargoing a rival grants power projection. Embargoing a non-rival gives a penalty to trade efficiency, but can give a net gain in trade power share (and hence income) if the other country is very dominant in an important node.
The following bonuses apply to embargo efficiency:
Offer knowledge sharing[edit | edit source]
|Available only with the Rule Britannia DLC enabled.
Gives the other country +1 monthly progress in its capital area towards the oldest institution the sending country has embraced that the other one hasn't embraced. This costs 10% of the receiving country's monthly income and lasts for 10 years, or until all the sending country's institutions are present everywhere in the receiving country's capital state. It cannot be offered to a country with loans or which would suffer a deficit post acceptance.
For the player to be offered knowledge sharing by the AI, the player doesn't need to be allied nor have positive opinion with the target who has already embraced the required institution, but needs (i) to be within colonial range, (ii) have no loans, (iii) have a comfortable monthly profit remaining after covering the cost of 10% of income for the arrangement, and (iv) not be in any knowledge sharing agreement already.
This means there should be sufficient tax income, production, trade and gold (excluding war reparations or other flexible non-recurring items) to cover expenses for the duration of the agreement.
Send gift[edit | edit source]
Allows a nation to send money to improve relations with a country, up to a maximum of +25. The gift amount can be adjusted in increments of 25 ducats. The effect of the gift is:
The final value is rounded down to the nearest integer. The relation bonus will last for 5 years. Additional gifts sent during this time will have no effect unless it would increase relations more than previous gifts did.
Loan offer[edit | edit source]
Allows a nation to loan out money to other countries for interest. When the loan is due to be repaid, the loan-taker can instead choose to keep the ducats. This will give the loan-giver a casus belli. AI rulers will always decline unless they have one of the correct personalities.
Give subsidies[edit | edit source]
Transfer a specified amount of money each month to the target country for a certain duration. The sender may transfer between 0.1 ducats and +50% of its monthly income to the target country each month, adjustable in increments of 1% of its monthly income. The duration of the subsidy can be set between 10 and 400 years, adjustable in increments of 10 years.
Maintaining subsidies will improve the target country's relations with the subsidiser each month, up to a maximum of +15 per year. The accumulated relation bonus is completely removed when the subsidy is cancelled or expires. Since there is otherwise no penalty for terminating a subsidy early, it is generally good practice to set a long subsidy duration unless diplomat time is severely constrained. The relation bonus is
All monthly income mentioned in this section refers to the monthly income as reported in the ledger. Be aware that the target country's total monthly income will therefore include this monthly subsidy once the ledger is updated after the establishment of the subsidy. This imposes significant diminishing returns on the relation benefits of a large subsidy, and encourages one to maintain smaller subsidies over a longer time frame instead.
Example: Country A has a monthly income of 10 ducats, and country B provides it with a monthly subsidy of 5 ducats. The reported yearly relations boost will start at +6 per year (B's subsidy is 1/2 of A's income), then immediately drop to +4 per year after the first month (the subsidy is now 1/3 their income).
Subsidies do not consume a diplomatic relations slot. This makes them a valuable tool for blandishing future targets of diplomatic vassalization or annexation.
Subsidizing a nation at war with a rival grants power projection.
Sell province[edit | edit source]
A province can be sold to an another nation for a price of 0 to 2,000 ducats at a cost of −10 prestige. Both the buyer and seller must be at peace, and neither can be rivals of the other party. Only one province can change hands in a single transaction. The AI will only offer to sell isolated provinces, particularly if it is unable to core them. When the sell province button is clicked, the province to be sold can be chosen together with the price that will be asked for it.
Factors that influence an AI nation's willingness to buy a province:
|Province is priced above current treasury of buyer
|Buyer has no core or claim on province that is of a different culture group
|Buyer has no core or claim on province that is of a different religious group
|Buyer has no core on province and is currently overextended by any amount
|Buyer has no core on province that is part of the Holy Roman Empire
|Buyer would lose Free City status
|−1 for every 1% above above 50% of buyer's treasury
|Province is adjacent to buyer
|Province has the same culture as buyer
|Province has the same religion as buyer
|−100 to +100 based on development of target province
A province can always be bought as long as the price is affordable if:
- Buyer is a subject and seller has a core on the province
- Buyer has core on province
- Buyer is at peace
- Seller is at peace
- Buyer is not at war with the seller
Additionally, it is not possible to sell a province to a colonial subject if the province is not in, bordering, or bordering a province which borders its own colonial region. If the province is particularly undesirable to the buyer, then its base value and associated price modifier will both be halved.
Selling provinces to a vassal is one method of saving administrative power by letting the vassal core the province. It is useful for avoiding overextension in the short term, and exchanges immediate administrative coring costs for diplomatic annexation costs later. The DLC enables giving provinces to vassals directly via the subject interactions interface, making selling provinces to them unnecessary.
As AI nations place a very high priority on core creation, one can delay their research progress in administrative technologies by selling them provinces with a high coring cost. This can be particularly useful if the next administrative technology would otherwise unlock a troublesome idea group (e.g. AI Portugal's first idea group is always exploration).
Sell ships[edit | edit source]
|Available only with the Art of War DLC enabled.
Navies can be sold to other nations for a price of 0 to 1000 ducats. If the target nation accepts the proposal, the fleet in question will transfer its allegiance to the buyer. In order to be able to sell ships to a nation, both sides have to be at peace and cannot be rivals of each other. After pressing the button, the fleet that is to be sold can be chosen together with the asking price. When offered to buy a fleet, the AI will want to hold on to a certain ratio of ships (for example, most countries on the Atlantic coast don't want to buy galleys) and will never go above their naval force limit. In order to be able to sell ships, the buyer has to have a fleet within supply range of the target nation. Fleets outside of the receiving country's supply range are not available to sell. The mouse-over on the YES/NO bar will give the factors for their decision (shown below), and if the fleet being offered is too large, it specifies how many less they desire, allowing the player to exit diplomacy and structure a fleet that meets the target countries desired profile.
The factors that influence an AI nation's willingness to buy ships:
The AI will at times purchase obsolete ships. This makes it possible to get friends, allies, and subjects, as well as other non-rival countries to pay for upgrading the player nation's vessels when new models become available through advances in diplomatic technology. An aggressive nation may have trouble finding willing buyers and could potentially arm subsequent targets/victims, albeit with obsolete weapons.
[edit | edit source]
|Available only with the Mare Nostrum DLC enabled.
This allows a nation to ask another nation if they want to share the map of a region. If the nation accepts, the proposer will, at a cost of −15 prestige, discover all provinces that were not yet discovered in the specific region. The nation giving the map will receive 10. Nations can't be rivals of each other. In order to be able confirm the map exchange, the receiving nation has to have a unit stationed in a region adjacent to the specific region.
The factors that influence an AI nation's willingness to share maps are:
Charter company[edit | edit source]
|Available only with the Dharma DLC enabled.
This option allows a nation to purchase a province in a Trade Company region on a different continent from another nation. Both nations must be at peace in order to negotiate the transaction. The player selects a non-capital province to purchase and moves the slider to increase the cash offered until the reasons to sell is one or more higher than the reasons not to sell. The more important the province to the owning nation the more reasons not to sell. Some of the factors are listed below.
|Base Reluctance
|Money offered
|up to +100
|+1 for each point of trust over 50 and −1 for each point below 50
|the maximum is +10 and the minimum is −50
|Diplomatic reputation
|Positive: +2 per point
|Negative: −2 per point
|Province Development
|this value is rounded down. e.g. -3.33 becomes -4
|Province share of development
|unknown exact formula, except for rounding error it seems to be :
|Other provinces nearby
|only other provinces of the buying nation matter. It doesn't matter if these provinces are part of a trade company or not. The amount of provinces and the distance matters, but the development of these provinces doesn't matter
|the formula for that is not known. It seems to be about +1 for each 40 opinion, but the thresholds don't seem to be the same in every situation.
|Feeling Threatened
|the selling nation has Threatened attitude towards the buyer.
|Too powerful
|the selling nation has empire rank
|the selling nation is a rival of the buying nation or the other way around
|Tradecharter Regional Scepticism
|this applies to provinces in the subcontinents Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Levant and Persia. The value differs. Observed values have been −50 and −70
The base cost for charter company depends on the colonial range:
Access actions[edit | edit source]
Ask for military access[edit | edit source]
Request military access from the target country, allowing the requester's land armies to pass through its territories. Acceptance will raise the requester's opinion of the host country by +10, while rejection will decrease it by −10. Declaring war on a country that is granting the aggressor military access causes a major −5 hit to stability.
AI nations will only grant military access if they have more positive than negative reasons for doing so. The relevant factors are
Military access is shared for all participants in a war. For example, if France and Brittany are in a war against Burgundy and France requests military access from Savoy, then Brittany will also have military access to Savoy. Similarly Burgundy, and all of its war allies, would also gain military access to Savoy.
Subject nations always give military access to their overlord. All participants in a war automatically grant military access to their allies, as well as being able to march into their enemies' territory. An army in non-allied land when war is declared, or in territory without military access when war ends, will be exiled.
Offer military access[edit | edit source]
Offer military access to the target country, allowing their land armies to pass through the requester's territory. Acceptance will raise the target country's opinion of the requester by +10. AI nations are typically uninterested in obtaining military access unless they are the country's ally or subject, or the country is a large and sprawling empire. They will also seek access if they need to travel through a nation to fight in a war. Countries automatically gain military access to countries that grant military access to someone they are at war or allied with.
A country can't revoke access to someone if they, or someone they are at war with, still has troops inside the country's borders.
Ask for fleet basing rights[edit | edit source]
Acquiring fleet basing rights from a nation will give the following benefits:
- Naval supply range will now extend from the ports of that nation.
- Trading range will now extend from the ports of that nation.
- The requester may dock and repair ships in the ports of that nation.
- The requester may disembark ground troops in that nation by docking loaded transports at its ports. These land troops will not be exiled, and may move into any adjacent province that they would normally be able to enter.
The cost of purchasing fleeting basing rights is as follows:
- The base cost is 0.1 ducats per month per port, with a minimum of 0.5 ducats and maximum of 2.0 ducats. This fee is based on the amount of permanent ports.
- Non-city colony ports are usable and count toward the fee.
- Ports that reside in a province which are terra incognita to the receiving country also count toward the fee.
- Occupied ports only charge a fee if they can be docked at.
- The fee can be seen in the economy window under Harbor Fees.
Fleet basing rights no longer extend colonial range as in past versions of the game. They can still be used to great advantage by distant fleets however. With El Dorado active, they are no longer useful to explorers since they no longer take attrition while exploring. Only nations that have diplomatic technology level 2 or higher can grant fleet basing rights.
The following factors will influence an AI nation's decision to grant fleet basing rights:
Once fleet basing rights have been obtained, AI nations will generally not revoke them unless there is a drastic change in relationship.
Favors[edit | edit source]
- See also: Diplomatic feedback
Please help with verifying or updating this section. It was last verified for version 1.31.
Favors are a diplomatic currency that measures the extent to which an AI country owes another country their support, although having a country owe favors is not a guarantee of their support.
Earning favors[edit | edit source]
Favors are gained from three sources:
- By participating in an ally's war - The higher the country's participation, the more favors will be owed. Base favors earned this way is 20, modified by the war contribution relative to the power of the contributing ally (nations expect strong allies to do more work). Participants will earn fewer favors if they receive land in a peace deal negotiated by their side's by the war leader.
- By giving an ally land in peace deals - The more land is given to an ally, the more favors a country will gain from that ally. The exact amount of favors gained is scaled to the warscore cost of the provinces and the war participation of the ally. It is reduced if the ally was promised land when they were called to arms. (In this circumstance, if the ally receives less land than it feels it deserves based on its war participation, the peace deal can cause the ally to lose trust with the war leader instead of the war leader gaining favors from the ally.)
- Over time while allied - The rate depends on the relative strength of the two countries; the stronger one nation is compared to the other, the faster it will accumulate favors.
- Using the "Curry Favors" diplomatic action - Generates favors every month based on Opinion, Diplomatic Reputation, and comparable military strength.
Spending favors[edit | edit source]
Favors can be spent in the following ways:
- Call to Arms - The main purpose of favors is to call allies into offensive wars. Allies have to either be promised land or 10 favors have to be spent in order to invite them into an offensive war. However, if an ally does not first have net positive reasons to accept the call, then no favors can be spent to invite them.
- Prepare for war - Ten favors can be spent to tell a country to prepare for war. For one year they will raise maintenance on their armies and avoid declaring offensive wars. In addition they gain +20 reasons to accept when being called into a war.
- Trade Favors for Trust - Favors can also be spent in order to increase an ally's trust at a rate of 10 favors for 5 trust.
Players with the Leviathan expansion can also spend favors in the following ways:
|Available only with the Leviathan DLC enabled.
- Trade Favors for Ducats - Spend 10 favors to receive 6 months of the lowest of the requesting country's and the target country's income.
- Trade Favors for Soldiers - Spend 10 favors for 6 months of the lowest of the requesting country's and the target country's manpower.
- Trade Favors for Sailors - Spend 10 favors for 6 months of the lowest of the requesting country's and the target country's sailors.
- Reduce Opinion - Spend 10 favors to reduce the target country's opinion of a third country by 100.
- Ask to Return Core - Spend 3 favor per development to force another country to cede any province it owns and which you or your subject has a core on.
- Break Alliance with X - Spend 50 favors to force an allied country to break an alliance with a third country. This also blocks them from reforming the broken alliance for ten years.
- Request Relative as Heir - Spend 90 favors to give an heirless country an heir of your dynasty. Both the acting and target countries must be monarchies. However, it generates 20 aggressive expansion with every country of the same religion. (It generates aggressive expansion with countries of your own religion, if the religion of your own nation and the target nation differ.)
Papal actions[edit | edit source]
- Main article: Papacy
Some diplomatic actions require control of the Curia and are also discussed on the papacy page. One of the diplomatic actions, call for crusade, allows the curia controller to call a crusade on a heathen nation. This will give every Christian nation bonuses if they are fighting in a war against the crusade target. The other action, excommunication, will grant every neighbor of the excommunicated ruler of a nation a free casus belli.
Emperor actions[edit | edit source]
- Main article: Holy Roman Empire#Diplomatic Actions of the Emperor
The Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire has several special diplomatic options available. These action are each explained in more detail on the Holy Roman Empire page.
Great Power actions[edit | edit source]
- Main article: Great power
|Available only with the Rights of Man DLC or the Emperor DLC enabled.
The top 8 high-scoring nations receive the Great Power status. For being a great power, you will unlock the following actions:
- Take on Foreign Debt – Pay off all the loans of the target independent non-great power country. Gives +10 relations bonus for every standard size loan of the target you clear, capped at +200, decaying -2/year. Also grants +5 trust and +2 favours (if The Cossacks is enabled). Requires enough money to pay off target's loans.
- Influence Nation – Pay 1 year of target income(minimum cost 60) to increase relations and grant +1 monarch points in their weakest category for 10 years in a target non-great power nation. This raises their opinion of the great power by +25 for the 10 years, also gives +5 trust. Going to war with them cancels this bonus.
- Intervene in War – If there is an ongoing war between three or more great powers but an imbalance in the number of great powers involved on each side, you can make it your business to intervene. For example, if great power England is singlehandedly fighting the great powers of France and Spain, you as a great power Commonwealth can intervene on England's side to balance out the number of great powers involved.
- Break Alliance – This will force a nation to break its alliance with another. They will accept if the target nation is sufficiently afraid of the player and you will gain a 10-year one-way truce with the nation you forced this upon. It is useful for stripping the war target of pesky roadblocks, because there won't be a truce between the great power and the former ally. The former ally gets a "Forced ally to break alliance" CB against the great power for 10 years. Both the target country and the former ally get a -50 relations modifier with the great power. The target country's trust towards the great power will be reduced by 5. This action is only available with the Rights of Man DLC, but not with the Emperor DLC.
Note: nations who lose the status have access to the above actions for a grace period of 5 years.
Other[edit | edit source]
These actions are not in the main list, but are also conducted via the Diplomacy panel.
Select rival[edit | edit source]
Rivals are countries that a nation expects to come into conflict with in the future. Rivals are usually very comparable in military and diplomatic power and have interests in the same regions and thus will often clash with each other. Rivals may be only selected from countries that are comparable in power. When in the rival selection screen, the nations that are available as rivals and their corresponding opinion of the country and their relative army and navy strength can be seen. A country can have up to 3 rivals[2] at the same time. If a rival becomes too weak or too strong it will cease being a valid rival. When selecting possible rivals, the game will take the relative army strength into higher account than the relative navy strength. Relative development and technology levels are also taken into accord. Nations must be relatively near to be eligible rivals, with more powerful countries able to have rivals at greater distance. Setting a nation as a rival will greatly decrease the amount of diplomacy that can be exchanged between the two nations. Rivals rarely accept diplomatic requests from their nemeses. In order to be rivals both countries must have each other discovered. Selecting a rival has the following benefits:
- A nation is more likely to sign alliances with the enemies of their rivals.
- +25% prestige from defeating a rival in battle.[3]
- No trade efficiency penalty from embargoing the rival.
- +25% spy network build rate against the rival.[4]
- −33% Diplomatic Power cost for demanding unjustified provinces from the rival in peace deals.[5]
Having a rival and taking actions against it grants power projection. Not having enough rivals gives a penalty to power projection.
Changing a rival is possible after 5 years[6] for 100 diplomatic power[7]. The cost to change a rival may be reduced by 50% with the 'Flexible Rivalries' ability during the 'Age of Absolutism' and by 20% with the North Western Native idea 1: Raid Warfare.
AI nations have distance penalty cut by 50% and given a lower treshold than the player as to when existing rivals become too small or too big.
Historical Rivals[edit | edit source]
Please help with verifying or updating this section. It was last verified for version 1.30.
- Main article: Relations#Historical_friends_and_rivals
Historical rivals are pre-set by the scenario's starting conditions, and do not change over time (except by events). Historical rivalry not only affects relations by giving −25 malus, but historical rivals will almost always rival each other and if that's no longer possible, they will never make an alliance. If historical rival country is a vassal or lesser partner in personal union, it will have +50% liberty desire modifier. For example: Denmark and Sweden after The Scandinavian Constitution event.
Release subject[edit | edit source]
This releases a country as a vassal. The released country gets all of their core provinces that are owned by the releasing country, except for the releasing country's capital if applicable; the releasing country does not need to have cores on any of the provinces. Nations can only be released if at least one owned province is both a core of the nation and has its primary culture. This action can not be done while at war.
This is far more useful of an action than it looks like at first:
- Annex one or two provinces with cores of an extinct, but formerly large nation, and release that nation as a vassal. Then, you can slowly retake all their former land with the Reconquest CB, at no diplomatic point cost and only 25% of the Aggressive Expansion penalty.
- You should also do this if the nation is merely near death, but cannot be diplomatically vassalized for whatever reason. It causes more AE than forced vassalization, but the difference will not be significant if the country is small, and you will immediately have a vassal with low liberty desire and a good opinion of you, instead of large penalties from forced vassalization and aggressive expansion.
Achievements[edit | edit source]
Footnotes[edit | edit source]
- ↑ See in /Europa Universalis IV/common/static_modifiers/00_static_modifiers.txt (Static modifiers#Base values).
- ↑ See in /Europa Universalis IV/common/defines.lua: NUM_POSSIBLE_RIVALS = 3,
- ↑ See in /Europa Universalis IV/common/defines.lua: RIVAL_PRESTIGE_BONUS = 0.25,
- ↑ See in /Europa Universalis IV/common/defines.lua: RIVAL_SPY_OFFENCE = 0.25,
- ↑ See in /Europa Universalis IV/common/defines.lua: RIVAL_PEACE_COST_REDUCTION = -0.33,
- ↑ See in /Europa Universalis IV/common/defines.lua: CHANGE_RIVAL_YEARS = 5,
- ↑ See in /Europa Universalis IV/common/defines.lua: PS_REPLACE_RIVAL = 100,
|Diplomacy • Diplomatic feedback • Envoy • Espionage
|Defender of the Faith • Great power • Hegemon • Prestige • Regions
|Political structures
|Emperor of China • Holy Roman Empire • Papacy
|Personal union • Relations • Subject nation
|Corruption • Governing capacity • Overextension • Power projection • Rebellion • Regions • Stability • States and territories
|Advisors • Consort • Monarch power • National focus • Ruler • Ruler personalities
|Estates and Factions
|Factions • Estates (Base estates (Burghers • Clergy • Nobility) • Cossaks estates (Cossacks • Dhimmi • Tribes) • Dharma estates (Brahmins • Jains • Marathas • Rajputs • Vaishyas) • Domination estates (Janissaries • Eunuchs))
|Events and Missions
|Decisions • Disasters • Events • List of decisions • Missions
|Absolutism • Culture • Government • Government rank • Modifiers • Policies
|Province mechanics
|Autonomy • Buildings • Canal • Capital • Core • Province
|Christian denominations • Eastern denominations • Muslim denominations • Other denominations • Pagan denominations • Religion
|Specific governments
|Native council • Parliament • Steppe hordes
|Exploration • Colonisation • Colonial nation • Tariffs • Trade company
|Debase currency • Development • Economy • Privateering • Production • Raid coasts • Tax
|Trade • Trade company • Trade goods • Trade nodes
|Nation designer • Random New World
|Achievements • Luck • Score system
|Ideas and Policies
|Idea groups • National ideas • Policies
|Ages and Institutions
|Ages • Institutions
|Innovativeness and Technology
|Innovativeness • Technology
|Declaring war
|Alliance • Casus belli • Claim • Peace • War exhaustion • Warfare
|Fort • Zone of control
|Land warfare
|Army • Condottieri • Discipline • Drilling • Land units • Land warfare • Manpower • Militarisation • Mercenaries • Professionalism
|Naval warfare
|Flagship • Naval blockade • Naval doctrine • Naval units • Naval warfare • Navy • Sailors
|Force limit • Military leader • Military tradition


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Svetlana Gladkova / Profy: First Google Android Phone Expected to Hit Stores in October
MG Siegler / VentureBeat:
iPhone apps like Whrrl preview the power of location, but there is far greater potential — With a global positioning system (GPS) chip now in the iPhone 3G, location services are becoming important to many mobile application developers. Each day, we're seeing new iPhone apps launch which …
Eric Savitz / Tech Trader Daily:
Nortel Shrs Plunge On Lower '08 Outlook; Blames Carriers — Nortel Networks (NT) this morning reduced its outlook for 2008 revenues, noting that carriers are cutting their capital spending further than previously expected, and enterprise and metro customers defer new IT and optical investments.
Discussion: Mark Evans and The Register
Market Wire:
Nortel Announces Preliminary View of the Third Quarter and Revised …
Nortel Announces Preliminary View of the Third Quarter and Revised …
Discussion: Fortune and Between the Lines
Scott Moritz / Fortune: Nortel crashes in tech pileup
Don Reisinger / TechCrunch:
Google Launches Audio Indexing — As the Web becomes more sophisticated and audio and video becomes a more important part of our online lives, we need something that will help us sift through the junk and find what we're looking for in all that content. To address that, Google announced Wednesday …
Arnaud Sahuguet / The Official Google Blog:
Google Audio Indexing now on Google Labs
Google Audio Indexing now on Google Labs
Discussion: Epicenter and Webware.com
Chris Snyder / Epicenter: Google's Audio Indexer Keeps Politicians on Point
Stephen Shankland / Webware.com: Google audio search graduates to Labs project
Wired News:
Run Mac OS X on an Eee PC — Feel like stepping beyond the limits of Apple hardware? Want a Mac netbook for under $650? How about an EeePC running Mac OS X? — At least part of the appeal of the dimunitive EeePC netbook is its hackability — from Linux to Vista, intrepid hackers …
Discussion: Lifehacker and Gizmodo
Kevin Purdy / Lifehacker: Run Mac OS X on an Eee PC
Mark Wilson / Gizmodo: Full, Realiable Instructions to Load OSX on Eee PC
Jim Puzzanghera / L.A. Times Tech Blog:
More than 20 million homes have cut the cord on landline phones — People of a certain generation remember when a wire connected the headset to your phone, your phone to the wall and your wall to the world. The big advance in the 1990s was — amazingly — freeing the handset from the wire …
Discussion: Bits
Saul Hansell / Bits: Snip! Nearly One-fifth of Homes Have no Phones
Bret Taylor on FriendFeed's Road to Monetization, Early Surprises — This evening, at a panel on lifestreaming put on by the MIT/Stanford Venture Lab, FriendFeed co-founder Bret Taylor spoke about the popular aggregation and lifestreaming service's early months, explained what he and the team …
Discussion: BoomTown and Sexy Widget
Kara Swisher / BoomTown: Debating the "Real-Time" Web at Stanford University
Lawrence / Sexy Widget: Lifestreaming Panel: A Recap
Prince McLean / AppleInsider:
Adobe Creative Suite 4 details emerge — Adobe next week will unveil Creative Suite 4, a new version of its media design bundle set to ship the following month with features such as enhanced options for working with 3D objects in Photoshop, new Flash document exports from within InDesign …
Discussion: TG Daily
Wolfgang Gruener / TG Daily: Photoshop CS4 coming on September 23
Open set-top box ships — Neuros Technology has started shipping its second open set-top box, which targets both consumers and product companies. The high-definition capable "Open Source Device 2.0" (OSD 2.0) runs several open Linux stacks on a tiny TI Davinci-based CPU module delivered with a mini-ITX I/O board and enclosure.
Discussion: Gizmodo, CrunchGear and Engadget HD
Matt Burns / CrunchGear: Neuros shipping OSD 2.0 HD developers set-top box
Darren Murph / Engadget HD: Neuros ships HD-capable OSD 2.0 set-top-box

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Dear Diana,
I've always struggled to put the (often dark) joy of reading your books into words. You aren't as easy to describe as some of the other authors: "Do you read Diana Wynn Jones?" I'd ask my friends, in my childhood, and they'd shake their heads. "Well go read her. Go read the Chrestomanci series." But they wouldn't.
Your books, I realize, aren't the teenage wildfires that the Hunger Games or the Twilight books are. They're … different. Darker. Witty. More realistic, I feel. More difficult, too.
Tor.com had a call for letters late last year, when the editors found out that you stopped chemo. I considered sending a letter. I never did, and I regret that now.
I realize – in the wake of your passing – that I loved your books more fiercely than I did any other writer; if Stephanie Mayer or Rowling died I wouldn't have felt as terrible as when Gaiman reported your death.
I found my first Chrestomanci book when I was 11; in the children's section of the Sarawak Club library. It was on a bottom shelf by the large picture-windows facing the hallway, all of them HarperCollins reprints of your catalog. I didn't borrow any other writer for quite a bit after my discovery. My sister and I fought over the only copy of Howl's Moving Castle.
When the Sarawak Club burned down my mind leapt, almost immediately, to their collection of your books.
In my first semester in NUS, shortly after finishing Kazuo Ishiguro's Never Let Me Go, I took a chance and searched for your name in the NUS library's cataloging system. There were only three books of yours in the catalog that I'd not read. I finished all three in three days, during the reading week, procrastinating when I should've been studying for my theatre exam.
I gave my youngest sister a copy of Wilkin's Tooth as a 12th birthday present. It's lost now, and I feel a little bad about that.
I don't really know how to talk about your writing. I suppose I should, but I can't. Too many layers. Cruel protagonists and unbelieving parents. Sulky dragons and self-absorbed enchanters. Broken marriages and young, vain lovers. I feel a bit better knowing that bits of you live on in writers like Neil Gaiman (whom you dedicated Hexwood to, how dare he!), John Scalzi, and Rowling (though she has not admitted it!).
I miss you already.
Rest in peace, Diana Wynn Jones. I promise you – when I have kids, your books will be amongst the first they read. Thank you for such a wonderful childhood.
PS: More tributes here, here and here. In particular, I loved this bit by Emma Bull:
She was passionate about what children want and deserve from their literature. Adults would approach her at signings, wanting to know why she wrote such difficult books. In one case, when a woman protested, the woman's young son spoke up and assured Diana, "Don't worry. I understood it."
She had such faith in us.


text:
This search box can be used to search both titles and article topics on the numerous subjects Chuck has extensively written on over the past decade.
On February 28, 1993, agents of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (BATF, now known as the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives or BATFE) began their assault on the home of the Branch Davidians outside Waco, Texas. An unarmed David Koresh was shot by the agents as he stepped onto his front porch. A shootout resulted with several deaths on both sides.
Shortly afterward, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) took charge of the situation, and on April 19, 1993 agents from both departments (utilizing military hardware and both U.S. and foreign military advisers) assaulted the dwellings, which resulted in the deaths of 80 American citizens. Most of the victims were old men, women, and small children.
The events at Waco have contributed to the disdain of federal abuse of power like nothing since the Boston Massacre back in 1770. (By comparison, the British killed 5 Americans in that assault.) Moved by grassroots pressure, the Congress of the United States convened special hearings into the conduct of those federal agencies responsible for the Waco debacle. The result was less than satisfactory to many Americans.
The congressional hearings, along with eyewitness testimony and subsequent infrared video of the events at Waco led many to believe that federal agents were allowed to lie under oath with impunity. It is a fact that crucial evidence was conveniently "lost" by federal agents. Worse still was the release of videotapes of the events by investigative reporters showing the utter absurdity and duplicity of the government's account of the tragedy.
At the end of the hearings, questions remained unanswered, and no one within the federal government was held accountable. Davidians who survived the raid were tried for murder. A jury found them innocent, but no charges were ever brought against any federal agents.
Whatever one thinks of David Koresh and the Branch Davidians, they had committed no capital crimes. Neither could the charges of child abuse, illegal weapons, or illegal drug activity (charges that were used by the feds to justify their raid) be substantiated.
Furthermore, it is unconscionable (not to mention a violation of U.S. law as prescribed in the Posse Comitatus Act--a law that President Bush recently had the audacity to expunge, by the way) that tanks and other military equipment would be used against mostly women and children within our own country. The bizarre tactics employed by the BATF and FBI at Waco are unfathomable and unforgivable! Our government has been more lenient and patient when dealing with many of America's deadliest enemies than it was in dealing with those poor Davidians.
There must never be another Waco!
God-given, constitutional liberties apply to every American, even those who are considered strange or unconventional. Under no circumstances must we allow federal agencies (or any other agencies, for that matter) to circumvent the laws of our nation that protect individual life and liberty. And, unfortunately, with the advent of the Patriot Act, the federal government has far more power and authority--and individuals have far less freedom and protection--than in 1993. This portends an even more ominous future for liberty.
The demands of liberty and justice rest upon us all. Certainly, Congress plays a part. Their investigation into Waco was inept, to say the least. The media also plays an important role. They have the power to inform; they also have the power to sedate. Absent a love for truth and justice by a lackadaisical media and a cowardly Congress, the fires of Waco still burn in the heart of the American conscience.
Beyond that, under the Bush administration, we have watched the size and scope of the federal government burgeon to proportions never before seen. It seems clear that we have entered an era of unlimited and unbridled federal power and authority. Can we assume, therefore, that more Wacos are on the horizon?
It is incumbent upon each of us to seriously ponder our future. It is imperative that each of us be willing to study, once again, the great principles upon which this country was built. Such a study demands that we re-familiarize ourselves with the U.S. Constitution and Bill of Rights. We must re-read our Declaration of Independence. We must read the words of wisdom and warning delivered by our Founding Fathers. In short, we must be completely familiar with the principles of liberty, because those principles made us, and those principles will keep us. Without them, liberty's future is about as permanent as the wooden buildings at Mt. Carmel. Without them, the fire of tyranny will reduce us to the cinders of obscurity as surely as did the fire outside Waco, Texas on April 19, 1993.
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text:
De ou par Marcel Duchamp par Ulf Linde
276 pp., 8 x 11 in, 59 color illus., 151 b&w illus.
- Hardcover
- 9783943365467
- Published: September 6, 2013
- Publisher: Sternberg Press
- Rights: not for sale in Europe or the UK
In 1961, Ulf Linde produced the first authorized copy of Marcel Duchamp's monumental piece, The Bride Stripped Bare by her Bachelors, Even (1915–23), and Linde is without doubt one of the world's most important interpreters of Marcel Duchamp's art. For more than half a century, he has pursued intense studies of Duchamp's entire oeuvre and has made perfect replicas of all his major works. Like no one else, he knows the works in minute detail.
Linde's replicas and his early texts on Duchamp were essential to the international reception of the artist's work and played a key role in such major exhibitions as Walter Hopps's 1963 Duchamp retrospective at the Pasadena Art Museum, and the Centre Pompidou's opening exhibition in 1977. Linde, who is still as active as ever, is the author of numerous books and essays on Duchamp. His as-yet unpublished manuscript scrutinizing the mathematical principles behind Duchamp's art reveals what Linde claims to be the key to Marcel Duchamp's poetic universe.
Produced by Academie Anartiste as an extension of the eponymous exhibition organized by the Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts and Moderna Museet in 2011.
Jan Åman, Daniel Birnbaum, Marcel Duchamp, Ulf Linde, Henrik Samuelsson, Susanna Slöör


text:
I just realized this morning that I hate surveys. They tend to be as impersonal and non-conversational as a TV signal — even when a human being is conducting the survey in person. They always see me as part of a group rather than as an individual (which is how each of us feels our needs). They always make assumptions (about me, about what I might want, about what I belong to) that range from slightly-off to outright-wrong. And they always lead to conclusions that represent neither me nor the population in which I am being grouped.
I don't doubt or deny that surveys do a lot of good. But only in the context of a marketplace where vendors alone bear the full responsibility for relating to customers. Once we, as customers, get tools that let us educate vendors personally, many surveys will become unnecessary. One way we can gauge the success of VRM is by watching the number of surveys decline.
Thought: Some of the best survey questions are the ones that never get asked because sales and marketing impulses override knowledge that the customer would certainly say "no".
One example is a global customer preference not to hear a sales pitch, "you can go to our website" or "our menu has changed".
The ability to express global preferences is high on my VRM wish list.


text:
Infographic: Keeping Medicare Strong
Empower yourself with the facts
Who needs Medicare? Where do Medicare funds come from? What are the challenges ahead? These types of questions are asked every day.
As the election heats up and politicians debate the issues, it's important that everyone have a clear picture of Medicare. The AARP "You've Earned a Say: Keeping Medicare Strong" infographic visually displays key facts that you should know about Medicare.
Check out the infographic below and then use the links above to share it with your friends, family and colleagues.
Click image to view full-size


text:
|PostgreSQL 8.2.6 Documentation
|Fast Backward
|Chapter 8. Data Types
|Fast Forward
The PostgreSQL type system contains a number of special-purpose entries that are collectively called pseudo-types. A pseudo-type cannot be used as a column data type, but it can be used to declare a function's argument or result type. Each of the available pseudo-types is useful in situations where a function's behavior does not correspond to simply taking or returning a value of a specific SQL data type. Table 8-20 lists the existing pseudo-types.
Table 8-20. Pseudo-Types
|Indicates that a function accepts any input data type whatever.
|Indicates that a function accepts any array data type (see Section 33.2.5).
|Indicates that a function accepts any data type (see Section 33.2.5).
|Indicates that a function accepts or returns a null-terminated C string.
|Indicates that a function accepts or returns a server-internal data type.
|A procedural language call handler is declared to return language_handler.
|Identifies a function returning an unspecified row type.
|A trigger function is declared to return trigger.
|Indicates that a function returns no value.
|An obsolete type name that formerly served all the above purposes.
Functions coded in C (whether built-in or dynamically loaded) may be declared to accept or return any of these pseudo data types. It is up to the function author to ensure that the function will behave safely when a pseudo-type is used as an argument type.
Functions coded in procedural languages may use pseudo-types only as allowed by their implementation languages. At present the procedural languages all forbid use of a pseudo-type as argument type, and allow only void and record as a result type (plus trigger when the function is used as a trigger). Some also support polymorphic functions using the types anyarray and anyelement.
The internal pseudo-type is used to declare functions that are meant only to be called internally by the database system, and not by direct invocation in a SQL query. If a function has at least one internal-type argument then it cannot be called from SQL. To preserve the type safety of this restriction it is important to follow this coding rule: do not create any function that is declared to return internal unless it has at least one internal argument.


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Wednesday, December 19, 2012
On Angels' WingsJacqueline December 19, 2012
Chocolat - French for Chocolate. I adored chocolate from a young age when I had to sneak in the cupboard to find where my mother had hidden the Nestle's Chocolate Chips. Having read about the famous chocolat shoppes in Paris, when I finally got there I was determined to try a chocolate from every Paris shoppe. I invite you to share my adventures in creating, in travel, and in life.
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38 comments:
Jacqueline ~ we are all struggling to understand this senseless act of cruelty and violence. Your post truly captures love and light and brings a little bit of comfort, at least to me. Your table is just magnificent. It's so beautifully done. I'm wondering where your daughter-in-law found those wings? I have been looking for some here in Salt Lake and haven't found any! And by the way, what a sweetheart for bringing them to you! Have a truly blessed Christmas! xoReplyDelete
Your table is gorgeous, Jacqueline! Pure elegance. The angel wings are a wonderful way to gently remind us of those precious lives lost last week. And how sweet that you saved the angel topper! We have always had an angel on top of our tree....hubby bought it and at first I didn't really like it, but I could never part with it now knowing all the wonderful Christmas's in the past that she has looked down upon.ReplyDelete
Blessings to you and yours this holiday season!
All I have to write is "Gorgeous"!!! Wow!ReplyDelete
What a blessed reminder of our savior and His reason for being. Your table is gorgeous. D-I-L = angel for sure!!! Love those wings. She knows you well. The china is lovely and the table is mind blowing!! I love the cloth and the napkins too. Wow. OOOh, naughty naughty using your gifts early. However, I couldn't wrap the boots I bought so they are sitting under the tree sans packaging!! No room for me to talk. I wish you the merriest of Christmases and many many blessings for this season and next year. xo marlisReplyDelete
- AnonymousDecember 19, 2012 at 4:19 PM
And the reason for the season even more so.
I had admired these wings before..ReplyDelete
I have always loved angel wings:(
Remember the movie Michael?
You have the perfect home for these.
What a nice gesture on your daughter-in-laws part:)
She knows you well..
So sweet I find..
Everything is purely out of a magazine..but I feel the love:)Not..like a spread..
I can feel the comfort..and joy that will reign at your home.Thank you for sharing..
Enjoy every moment Jacqueline.
Beautiful post, beautiful table, perfect in every way, and the sentiment behind it, is just so touching. Made me teary again. xo (I am jealous that you know Mrs. Claus personally!)ReplyDelete
What a beautiful, angelic table, Jacqueline. It's a lovely tribute to all the dear angels who have departed to the heavenly kingdom. Merry Christmas, Mrs. Claus!!ReplyDelete
Your table is lovely Jacqueline; all gold and sparkly. The angel wings on the back of the chair are a nice tribute those lost during the tragedy. Have you seen the poem 'God's Angels' that anon wrote about it?ReplyDelete
Jacqueline, what a stunning table, with so much sentiment and beauty! You have so wonderfully captured the essence of those little angels who were taken to Heaven last week. I wish you and your family a Very Merry Christmas!ReplyDelete
This is a wonderful tribute to the memory of those angels - big and small - who recently lost their lives in such a senseless and evil way. Your daughter-in-law was right on time with that wing delivery! (Wait a minute...that sounded like a Pizza Hut hot wings commercial!) Seriously, though, those are fabulous wings that I know you can use over and over again. You did an outstanding job with this table! I love the stemware and how it works so well with your fabulous china and your early Christmas present. (Don't worry...we won't tell!) The trees DO resemble those in the photo!!! How cool! I'm so glad you thought to keep that little angel from your childhood. Those things mean so much more to us as we "mature." Of COURSE you had to hang some baubles from the chandelier! That's what chandeliers are for!!! :-) Gorgeous, gorgeous!!! Wonderful post!ReplyDelete
Hi Jacqueline, We are all struggling to understand the horrific event. Many parties and activities have been cancelled or changed here, and I think it will be a long time before we go through a day without feeling the sadness and pain. People stop and cry, and everyone seems to know someone affected. You table is gorgeous. Absolutely wonderful in every way, including your text. I, too, used the white chargers today! They are so versatile. Merry Christmas to your beautiful and loving family. LindaReplyDelete
Very Special! You have taken an idea and flown on the wings of the beautiful angel wings. The tablescape is gorgeous with gold and white but the sweetess of all is your childhood angel! I am glad you are speaking about the tragedy for these families are in our thoughts and prayers! If it had not been for the courage of these teachers more lives would have been lost. Have a beautiful Christmas with your family!ReplyDelete
What a beautiful post, beautiful tribute, and beautiful table. Your china, crystal and flatware are exquisite.ReplyDelete
What a delightful table and an inspiring post, Jacqueline! I love how you include the stories behind your tables, explaining the history of various items you've included. The end result is ethereally beautiful!ReplyDelete
Your table and the sentiment behind it is beautiful. Merry Christmas and have a blessed New Year.ReplyDelete
- AnonymousDecember 20, 2012 at 6:35 AM
The angel wings are AWESOME! What a fabulous fun thing to have to go with your beautiful table, and tribute to all the angels we have lost...ReplyDelete
What a wonderful table. I love all the gold and white and your china and the new gold flatware. I always did love the angel on the tree -- she is so sweet -- and she did seem bigger when we were children. Now THAT is a well-suited gift that Audra brought to you! Love them on the back of the chairs. I too know that OUR Saviour can heal all our wounds, and that he is there for us. Hopefully, we will see you on Sunday. There is snow in the forecast... Beautiful job. JoniReplyDelete
- AnonymousDecember 20, 2012 at 7:29 AM
the angel wings are just precious, thank you for sharing today! anneReplyDelete
Amen. I love your sentiment and your beautiful table. So very appropriate.ReplyDelete
What a beautiful table...so elegant. Thanks for sharing.ReplyDelete
Wishing you a very Merry Christmas, Jacqueline.
- AnonymousDecember 20, 2012 at 12:35 PM
Your decorating is absolutely beautiful. I think it is so important for us to remember and honor these precious angels who are now in our heavenly fathers arms. By the way I have been looking for some angel wings like those. Do you happen to know where your DIL got them? Have a Merry Christmas and Happy New Year.
Beautiful table to honor those dear angels!ReplyDelete
Your table and the sentiment behind it are lovely. May the wings of angels support those who lost loved ones in Sandy Hook.ReplyDelete
This is amazing!!! I love all of the GOLD. It's wonderful - the chine, the glassware. It's spectacular.ReplyDelete
- The Tablescaper
Beautiful table but, most of all a touching & much needed sweetness in a sea of tears. You are so right in all you said. But, still it is so hard to imagine what those families are going through. GOD BLESS! And Merry Christmas!ReplyDelete
- AnonymousDecember 21, 2012 at 2:01 AM
Also, these kind of northern facial area Indian trend [URL=http://www.northfacedenalijacket.org/#812]north face denali jackets[/URL] area inside their own effort alongside with ingenuity while planning the actual American indigenous outfits to deal with.A good deal of people will get a single bit of straight down jackets for the chilly winter months thanks to its very good results on keeping away from the [URL=http://www.northfacedenalijacket.org/#744]north face denali[/URL] local weather and remaining very hot and cozy.ReplyDelete
Amazing - my Christmas table appears so humble and slap dash compared to yours. However, your angel wings are a poignant reminder that it is the people around our table that really give our Christmas joy.ReplyDelete
À joyeux Noël.
So stunning..the sentiment, the wings, the gold, I'm speechless! This is my favorite table of yours. The angel wings on the chairs are inspired~ what a perfect and timely gift from your DIL! I adore your family's angel tree topper~ so dear! I know you're glad she was saved from the GW pile. Wishing you and your family all the Joy of the Season!ReplyDelete
Oh Jacqueline, I love, love, love the wings and your beautiful table! I almost ordered them after I saw them in Country Living Magazine. Did you find your wings at U.S. Toy...the place C.L mentioned and did you go with the "adult" size or the children's size like they used in Country Living? Such a beautiful table! I love it!ReplyDelete
Jacqueline, I'm so excited...just ordered them in the child size. I'm thinking they will be cute for a Valentine's table. :) Merry Christmas to you and your family!ReplyDelete
Thank you so much......for your post....I love your Golden Angel table....and I LOVE YOUR HEART OF GOLD! Thank you for your testimony....it fills my heart with comfort and sweet love from the Lord, and for the Lord and his children. The loss of a child is truly difficult...in my extended family there have been four angels return to Heaven, in my generation alone, and many more in the generation before. It is so wonderful to know that they are held in His arms and feel His peace and that we can be held in His peace as we reach to Him for that comfort that comes from none else.
What a beautiful reminder of this in your home at your dinner table....Thank you....
Hugs to your heart,
Such a beautiful and eloquent tribute in words and table setting. Thanks for sharing your precious testimony, Jacqueline:)ReplyDelete
Your table is beautiful. I love your story about the fine china. That must have been tough having to do bed rest like that, especially if this was number 5....which means you had 4 others to take care of! I miss those big old Spiegal catalogs! I loved looking through them! Your napkins and tablecloth are beautiful! Don't you love the flatware at Horchow! I like what Mrs. Claus picked out for you! I agree they go with the table so well they really did need to be there!! :-)ReplyDelete
I love your On Angels Wings tribute- we all need something beautiful to focus on after all this tragedy.
Have a Merry Christmas,
For those who asked, I asked my DIL and she got them at Zurchers. I am sure they are the child size. I don't know if Zurchers is a national chain, but it is a party store with some costumes.ReplyDelete
That is absolutely gorgeous! The gold and white so elegant. The wings are precious, like those babies lost last week.ReplyDelete
May the peace of Christ heal their hearts, we must pray for them always.
Thanks for linking to Let's Dish, and have a very Merry Christmas, J!
- AnonymousDecember 21, 2012 at 8:06 PM
So much glamor yet with such a sense of fun. As with all that you do, I am impressed. I have been so close to tears all week so your image of angel wings touches my heart.ReplyDelete
A beautiful tablescape, and of course your sentiment. Hope you have a very Merry Christmas, and and blessings to you and your family in the coming New Year.ReplyDelete
Your comments are the highlight of my day! Leave a comment and then I can come and visit your blog. Have a wonderful day! Unfortunately I have had to block anonymous comments, hope you understand.
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The no.1 manufacturers and suppliers. Sleep and Sound have sourced the best suppliers and the best products from around the world. We regularly get approached by Asian manufacturing companies offering cheaper (inferior products) we stand proud to say that we have not and will not sacrifice quality for the price. You can skimp on many things in life but looking after one of our most valuable senses, our hearing, is just not something that is worth the compromise.


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Our new online service
From booking exams to receiving results, find out what's new.
Creating your account
The first time you book exams using our online service you will need to register and create an account. Find out more here.
Who can book an exam?
Anyone aged 18 or over can book exams on behalf of candidates. This could be a teacher, parent/carer or member of staff at a school, music service or other organisation. Candidates aged 18 and over can book their own exams. The person who books the exam is known as the applicant.
Ways to book
We have a new online booking service for graded exams, ARSM, Prep Test and Performance Assessment. We are unable to accept postal bookings for these assessments.
For DipABRSM, LRSM and FRSM diplomas, and Choral Singing and Ensembles exams, you will need to book by post. You can download entry forms here.