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When it comes to organizing the content and actions on mobile, solid information architecture principles like clear labeling, balanced breadth and depth, and appropriate mental models remain important. But the organization of mobile web experiences also needs to:
- Align with how people use their mobile devices and why.
- Emphasize content over navigation.
- Provide relevant options for exploration and pivoting.
- Maintain clarity and focus.
- Align with mobile behaviors
In the previous part, we talked about the constraints and capabilities that make designing for mobile unique. Similarly, the desktop web also has a set of limitations and possibilities that make it distinct. So simply porting over what worked for you on the desktop to mobile often doesn't make sense. Instead, you need to think about what mobile is uniquely good at and align it with the needs of your customers.
Looking at this intersection at a high level can illuminate how people are typically using their mobile devices and why. In his book Tapworthy, author Josh Clark focused on three critical mobile behaviors: micro-tasking, "I'm local," and "I'm bored." These align pretty well with Google's breakdown of mobile users into three behavioral groups: urgent now, repetitive now, and bored now. Regardless of how you chose to label these behaviors, mobile usage generally consists of a couple of interaction types:
- Lookup/Find (urgent info, local): I need an answer to something now—frequently related to my current location in the world.
- Explore/Play (bored, local): I have some time to kill and just want a few idle time distractions.
- Check In/Status (repeat/micro-tasking): Something important to me keeps changing or updating and I want to stay on top of it.
- Edit/Create (urgent change/micro-tasking): I need to get something done now that can't wait.
Because they directly align with why people pull out their mobile devices, these behaviors often determine how your mobile experience can be structured and organized to meet people's needs. For example, the Flickr photo sharing mobile web experience has four primary actions. Recent activity and uploads from your contacts let people check-in on what's new with their friends and photos; today's interestingness and photos taken nearby give people a way to fill idle time by looking at great pictures (Fig 4.1).
Fig 4.1: Both Flickr and Basecamp's mobile web experiences align with why people pull out their mobile devices.
Similarly, the Basecamp project management mobile web experience emphasizes the ability to check-in, edit, and create new messages, to-dos, and more. While people's reasons for using Flickr and Basecamp are different, both sites have thought through how they'll be used on mobile and adjusted their organization accordingly.
Aligning with mobile behaviors also naturally aligns your website with real-world needs. Since a mobile experience can be accessed anywhere and everywhere, you need to think through how it can be useful to people wherever they may be. That means lots of real-world use cases that ground your site's organization in what people actually want to do.
I recently found a great example of this in action. On the Mobile in Higher Ed blog, Dave Olsen responded to an xkcd comic (Fig 4.2) with:
I couldn't have said it better myself.
Fig 4.2: A comic from xkcd parodying what people want on a university website versus what they find.
Content over navigation#section2
As a general rule, content takes precedence over navigation on mobile. Whether people are checking on frequently updated data like stocks, news, or scores; looking up local information; or finding their way to articles through search or communication tools—they want immediate answers to their needs and not your site map.
Too many mobile web experiences (like the Flickr and Basecamp examples we just looked at) start the conversation off with a list of navigation options instead of content. Time is often precious on mobile and downloads can cost money, so get people to what they came for as soon as you can.
The YouTube and ESPN mobile web experiences do just that. A simple header tells you whose site you are on and relegates navigation options to a single action. The rest of the page is filled with timely content to check-in on (ESPN) and popular time killers to explore (YouTube) (Fig 4.3).
Fig 4.3: ESPN and YouTube's mobile web experiences put the focus on content instead of navigation.
Pivot and explore#section3
But wait—if content always takes precedence over navigation, how can I find my way around mobile web experiences? Don't we need a way to navigate and discover what's available? Of course, but allowing people to explore and pivot to relevant content doesn't have to mean piles of navigation bars that bury content.
For example, it's great that Facebook puts relevant content I can frequently check-in on front and center in their mobile web experience; but because of the three navigation bars at the top of their pages, I can only see one update on my screen. The Google Finance mobile web experience also has relevant, timely content—but it's sandwiched below five navigation bars. That's a lot of precious screen space spent on navigation options people might not need—space that could have been devoted to useful content instead (Fig 4.4).
Fig 4.4: Facebook and Google Finance fill precious space with lots of navigation options in their mobile web experience.
Facebook recently redesigned their mobile web experience and actually reduced the number of navigation options (Fig 4.5). If you don't count the Top News and Most Recent filters on their news feed, they cut the number of navigation choices in half (from ten to five). That's a pretty good start!
Fig 4.5: Facebook's recent redesign cut down on the number of navigation options in their mobile web experience.
The examples from YouTube and ESPN (Fig 4.3) both emphasize content over navigation, but they handle the ability to pivot and explore the rest of their site through navigation differently. YouTube provides a shortcut to a full screen experience dedicated to getting around the site (Fig 4.6). This approach requires you to actively seek out navigation options and takes you out of context (to a separate page) when you do. You also need to know that the grid icon in YouTube's header means "navigation menu, please."
Fig 4.6: YouTube's mobile web experience includes a full page of navigation options accessible from the header.
ESPN has a more clearly labeled "Menu" button in their header that reveals an extensive (and multi-leveled) navigation list directly below it (Fig 4.7). This approach allows you to stay on the current page when considering where to go next. No need to move to and load a separate page. ESPN also repeats their navigation options in a menu at the bottom of most pages.
Fig 4.7: ESPN's mobile web experience includes navigation options in the header and at the bottom of every page.
Controls at the bottom of the screen are easier to interact with one-handed and present people with choices and ideas on what to do next when they get to the end of a screen. YouTube's design lacks these pivots at the end of their pages; when you get to the bottom, there's nowhere left to go (Fig 4.8).
Fig 4.8: The options at the end of a page on YouTube's mobile web experience are basically a dead end. Sign out? Send feedback?
Though bottom menus are useful for further exploration, they probably shouldn't just duplicate a menu that can be found elsewhere. Instead, a top-level menu button can simply link people to a navigation list on the bottom of a mobile webpage (after the content). We recently used this approach on the Bagcheck mobile web experience (Fig 4.9).
Fig 4.9: An anchor link in the Bagcheck header jumps you to the site's navigation menu at the bottom of the page.
A simple anchor link in the site's header jumps people to navigation options at the bottom of the page. Having this list present at the bottom of content pages allows people to pivot and explore other parts of the site. Especially when they come directly to a content page and may not be familiar with the rest of what the site offers.
The menu on the bottom of Bagcheck pages also has a "top" link to bring people back up to the start of a page if they want to return to the content they were just viewing.
Content pages on Bagcheck also have unique related navigation lists for deeper exploration (Fig 4.10). These navigation options allow people to immerse themselves in further information about a single topic if they choose. Or they can simply use the global navigation options below to pivot to a different area of the site.
Fig 4.10: Contextual navigation menus on the Bagcheck mobile web experience allow people to explore related content.
Contextual navigation options are also useful for tasks. In the Gmail mobile web experience (Fig 4.11), a contextual menu of actions can be accessed from the top of the screen. Because these actions are directly related to the current email message being shown, putting them at the bottom of a web page wouldn't be very efficient. Instead, they are always present at the top and thereby instantly accessible.
Fig 4.11: Contextual actions in the Gmail mobile web experience allow people to quickly act on their email.
Getting back#section4
It's always interesting to see how design solutions migrate across digital borders. For example, many native iPhone applications have prominent "back" links in their navigation header (Fig 4.12). Apple's mobile devices lack a physical back button and don't display any system chrome actions for native apps.
Fig 4.12: The "back" button is a common feature in native iPhone applications.
But the presence of a "back" button in the header has unnecessarily migrated to mobile web experiences. Many devices (Android, Blackberry, Windows Phone 7, etc.) have physical back buttons (Fig 4.13). Even Apple's mobile web browser includes a prominent back control in the application toolbar (Fig 4.14). Adding another back button in your mobile web experience's header only confuses things. Someone using the site must ask, "Do both of these back buttons do the same thing?"
Fig 4.13: Android devices feature a hardware back button on the device.
Fig 4.14: Apple's mobile web browser has a permanent back button in the bottom toolbar.
So when designing mobile web experiences, you can leave "back" back in the native app. If you need to provide people with a quick way to go "up" a level in your site consider a label other than "back."
Sticking to the bottom#section5
Speaking of native iPhone applications, many of them also use fixed position navigation bars at the bottom of the screen. These menus make key actions easier to access with our thumbs, but unlike mobile web experiences, native iOS applications don't have web browser controls eating into their screen space. Yahoo! Mail's mobile web experience illustrates the impact browser chrome can have on a mobile web page. The two browser menus and two fixed position menus in Yahoo! Mail's mobile web experience leave little room for actually seeing what's in your inbox (Fig 4.15).
Fig 4.15: Yahoo! Mail's mobile web experience uses a navigation menu fixed to the bottom of the browser window.
But mobile web experiences don't just have to contend with the chrome of one web browser on iOS: they have to contend with many web browsers. Devices with physical controls below their screen also present a challenge for menus fixed to the bottom of the screen (Fig 4.16). The close proximity of these controls and an application's menu bar means errors are bound to happen as people miss menus and hit physical buttons.
Fig 4.16: Many devices have physical controls below the screen.
When developing a native mobile application you could adjust a menu's position to account for physical buttons below the screen, but mobile web experiences need to work across platforms—physical buttons below the screen or not.
So while navigation menus fixed to the bottom of the screen might be a good idea in some native mobile applications, the variable presence of web browser menus and physical controls below the screen on mobile devices means they are often a poor idea in mobile web experiences. If you need a fixed menu, better to fix it to the top, as Twitter has done in their redesigned mobile mobile web experience (Fig 4.17).
Fig 4.17: Twitter's latest mobile web experience uses a top navigation menu for key actions to account for the differences between mobile web devices.
Maintain clarity and focus#section6
As I mentioned in the first half of this book, when they are on their mobile devices, people are often just "one eyeball and one thumb." They're usually not comfortably seated in front of a desk and focused on your site. Instead, they are in the real world with many possible distractions around them. In these situations we only have people's partial attention; they need clear, focused designs to get things done—not lots of navigation options getting in their way.
Yahoo! Mail's compose email screen is a great example of removing extraneous actions and letting people focus on their primary task (in this case, writing an email) on their mobile device. This screen contains only a single navigation action: "cancel" (Fig 4.18). The rest of the interface is laser-focused on the task at hand.
Fig 4.18: Contrast the amount of navigation options in Yahoo's Compose Mail (left) and ESPN's live game screens (right).
ESPN's real-time updates of NBA games, on the other hand, are covered with so many navigation options that the display of what's happening in the game is pushed off screen. The task at hand is seeing play-by-play action not jumping between menu options.
Minimizing the amount of navigation options on mobile screens helps to prevent errors as well. With fewer navigation choices, people are less likely to accidentally tap away to other tasks while trying to accomplish their current objective.
Organizing mobile#section7
When organizing your mobile web experience, think through how you can align mobile behaviors with your customer's needs.
- Mobile use cases like lookup/find, explore/play, check-in/status, and edit/create allow you to think through how your site will be used on mobile and adjust its structure appropriately.
- Focusing on content first, navigation second gets people to the information and tasks they want quickly.
- Relevant and well-placed navigation options allow people to dive deeper or pivot to explore other parts of your site.
- Reducing the amount of navigation choices and chrome on key tasks maintains clarity and focus on what people need to accomplish—helpful when they are hurried or in less than ideal situations.
- And when they do have some relaxing time on the couch with their mobile, people will still appreciate the simplicity of your design!


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EL PASO, Texas — Two more victims of the mass shooting in El Paso, Texas, Saturday have died, bringing the death toll to 22 people.
The state of Texas is seeking the death penalty for the suspect, who also injured more than two dozen others in an attack at a Walmart where people were shopping during the busy back-to-school season.
Authorities said Monday the suspect, who has not shown any remorse, had driven more than 10 hours to El Paso, got lost in a neighborhood, then found his way to the Walmart because he was hungry.
President Donald Trump plans to visit El Paso on Wednesday, El Paso Mayor Dee Margo confirmed during a press conference Monday afternoon.
"We are three states, two countries, and one reason. And as I've been saying, there's no other region like El Paso/Juarez," Margo said.
A Justice Department official said the federal government is treating the shooting as a domestic terrorism case. U.S Attorney John Bash also said that the federal government would investigate the attack in order to bring forward federal hate crime and federal firearms charges.
Local officials said Monday that 15 victims are still being treated at the hospital, including two who are still in critical condition.
Of the 22 fatalities, seven are Mexican nationals, one is from Germany, 13 are American citizens and one victim's nationality has yet to be determined.
A racist, anti-immigrant screed posted online shortly beforehand was attributed to the man arrested in the attack on the 680,000-resident border city, according to El Paso Police Chief Greg Allen. That man is 21-year-old Patrick Crusius of Allen, Texas, who has been booked into the El Paso County Jail on capital murder charges, and authorities are seeking the death penalty.
Crusius was arrested without police firing any shots outside the Walmart near the Cielo Vista Mall, about five miles from the main border checkpoint with Ciudad Juárez, Mexico. He was on foot when he was taken into custody.
The FBI has activated their domestic terrorism fusion cell and carried out three search warrants related to the shooting.
Police said they did not know where the weapon was purchased. Allen acknowledged that it is legal under Texas law to carry a long gun openly in a public place.
"Of course, normal individuals seeing that type of weapon might be alarmed," but before he began firing, the suspect was technically "within the realm of the law," El Paso Police Chief Greg Allen said.
"The scene was a horrific one," said Chief Allen, adding that many of the 26 people who were hurt had life-threatening injuries.
"It's chaos right now," said Austin Johnson, an Army medic at nearby Fort Bliss, who volunteered to help at the shopping center and later at a school serving as a reunification center.
The shooting occurred at the Walmart and its parking lot, and no related incidents happened elsewhere in the Cielo Vista Mall, according to El Paso Police Department Sgt. Robert Gomez.
All of the bodies had been removed from the crime scene by Sunday evening, and FBI spokesperson Jeanette Harper said crime scene forensic review is underway.
Residents quickly volunteered to give blood to the injured after the El Paso shooting, and police and military members were helping people look for missing loved ones.
In a press conference Sunday evening, Gomez said the blood donations have been 'overwhelming' and asked future donors to make appointments.
Adriana Quezada, 39, said she was in the women's clothing section of Walmart with her two children when she heard gunfire.
"But I thought they were hits, like roof construction," she said of the shots.
Her 19-year-old daughter and 16-year-old son threw themselves to the ground, then ran out of the store through an emergency exit. They were not hurt, Quezada said.
She said she saw four men, dressed in black, moving together firing guns indiscriminately. Police later said they believed the suspect, who was armed with a rifle, was the only shooter.
Ryan Mielke, a spokesman for University Medical Center of El Paso, said 13 of the injured were brought to the hospital with injuries, including one who died. Two of the injured were children who were being transferred to El Paso Children's Hospital, he said. He wouldn't provide additional details on the victims.
Eleven other victims were being treated at Del Sol Medical Center, hospital spokesman Victor Guerrero said. Those victims' ages ranged from 35 to 82, he said.
Relatives said a 25-year-old woman who was shot while holding her 2-month-old son was among those killed, while Mexican officials said three Mexican nationals were among the dead and six more were wounded.
President Donald Trump ordered American flags in the U.S. and around the world lowered to half staff until Aug. 8, "as a mark of solemn respect" for both the victims of the shooting in El Paso as well as victims of a shooting in Dayton, Ohio, that occurred less than 24 hours later.
"There are no reasons or excuses that will ever justify killing innocent people," also Trump wrote.
At a candidate forum Saturday in Las Vegas, presidential candidate and former Texas congressman Beto O'Rourke, who is from El Paso, appeared shaken after news of the shooting in his hometown was reported.
O'Rourke said he heard early reports that the shooter might have had a military-style weapon, saying we need to "keep that (expletive) on the battlefield. Do not bring it into our communities."
Texas Gov. Greg Abbott described the shooting as one of the deadliest days in the state's history.
"Texas grieves for the people of El Paso today," he said during a press conference, during which authorities confirmed the number of people killed and wounded. "On a day that would have been a normal day for someone to leisurely go shopping... Lives were taken who should still be with us today."
When asked about the manifesto, Abbott said "This is disgusting, intolerable. It's not Texan. And we are going to aggressively prosecute it as capital murder and as a hate crime, which is exactly what it appears to be, without having seen all of the evidence yet."
El Paso Mayor Dee Margo said he knew the shooter was not from his town.
"It's not what we're about," he said at the news conference with Abbott. El Paso is nearly a 10-hour drive from Allen.
In the hours after the shooting, authorities blocked streets near a home in Allen associated with the suspect. Officers appeared to speak briefly with a woman who answered the door of the gray stone house and later entered the residence.
El Paso County is more than 80% Latino, according to the latest census data, and the city, where the mayor said tens of thousands of Mexicans legally cross the border each day to work and shop, has become a focal point of the immigration debate. Trump visited in February to argue that walling off the southern border would make the U.S. safer, while city residents and O'Rourke led thousands on a protest march past the barrier of barbed wire-topped fencing and towering metal slats.
RELATED: Moms Demand Action activists rally at White House to show solidarity for El Paso shooting victims
O'Rourke stressed that border walls haven't made his hometown safer. The city's murder rate was less than half the national average in 2005, the year before the start of its border fence. Before the wall project started, El Paso had been rated one of the three safest major U.S. cities going back to 1997.
Heidi Beirich, director of the Southern Poverty Law Center's Intelligence Project, said the El Paso shooting suspect wasn't on her group's radar before the shooting.
"We had nothing in our files on him," Beirich wrote in an email.
A donation page has been created to support the victims. The El Paso Victims Relief Fund is the only official such page, police said. It was established by the Paso del Norte Community Foundation, which supports nonprofit organizations and charitable causes in the region.
The shooting came less than a week after a 19-year-old gunman killed three people and injured 13 others at the popular Gilroy Garlic Festival in California before dying of a self-inflicted gunshot wound.

subset: commoncrawl


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Hello from the Cold Stone parking lot…again! Haha!
I feel so out of the loop and incomplete without my blog…without internet!!! It has been 9 days since I last had internet and I'm basically foaming at the mouth and jittery with anxiety. What has our world come to!? Internet is nearly a necessity of life – right up there with water, shelter, and safety! And sadly, I have another 2 ½ days without internet! Here is where heart palpitations begin. It's been hard, and it's not getting any easier!
I will say, being internet-less has forced me to a bit more productive as far as unpacking (which is not done, by the way…ugh) and just taking time for me. Gina sent me a really sweet email tonight, assuring me that Columbus would soon feel like home and I would enjoy my job in no time. How did she know that's just what I needed to hear? 🙂 As much as I love Columbus, it's not home…yet. And my job is simply training this week…OSHA, HIPPA…you know, the stuff that makes you want to sob out of boredom. At least tomorrow I'm training with the district dietitian and will finally get a better idea of what my day-to-day responsibilities will be.
I did want to take a moment and tell you guys that Columbus is one healthy place! Please note that my most recent geographic comparison is Tulsa, Oklahoma! But I am loving Columbus' "green" and "active" living. I made a little top 10 list for you guys…
Top 10 Things I Love About Columbus (so far…)
- Local, hormone-free, grass fed meat sold in major grocery stores
- Runners, walkers, and bikers…everywhere!
- The summer's "heat wave" – this is easy breezy coming from the south!
- Hills! Ohio is surprisingly very hilly! Makes for challenging workouts!
- Selection of fruits and vegetables at grocery stores – I found shallots and star fruit…yay!
- Trader Joes (!!)
- Wine and beer is sold in grocery stores…and it's full-proof! Oklahoma has some DUMB liquor laws..
- Walking trails within walking distance of our house!
- Living across from a pond and a block from corn and soybean fields
- Farmer's markets and fruit and vegetable stands
Tonight was my first time actually "cooking". Finally! Between no cooking and no internet…I am completely out of my element and am frankly, a little lost. At least I've been keeping up with regular runs, albeit not very long since moving is nothing short of exhausting!
Anyways, tonight was Georgie's vodka sauce recipe that she shared in her guest post for Prevention RD last week.
Shrimp Scallops in Vodka Cream Sauce slightly adapted from Ask Georgie
1 teaspoon olive oil
1 large shallot, minced
1 garlic clove, minced
½ cup vodka OR ½ cup broth
1 (14-ounce) can diced tomatoes, drained well
1 tablespoon minced fresh basil
1/8 to ¼ teaspoon red pepper flakes (optional)
¾ cup fat free half and half
1½ teaspoons cornstarch
¼ teaspoon baking soda
Salt and pepper to taste
1 pound large shrimp scallops, peeled and deveined
10 ounces linguine, cooked
Place a medium pot of water over high heat for pasta. (Note: This will be also used to boil the shrimp/scallops in step 5.)
Heat a large nonstick skillet over medium heat. When hot, add oil, shallot and garlic and cook 2 minutes to soften.
Add vodka or broth to skillet and raise heat to bring to a boil. Boil 2 to 4 minutes or until reduced by about half. Stir in tomatoes, basil and hot pepper flakes and reduce heat to medium.
In a small bowl, whisk together half and half, cornstarch and baking soda until smooth. Whisk mixture into sauce, and cook 3 to 4 minutes, until slightly thickened. Season with salt and pepper to taste and turn heat to very low to keep warm.
Add shrimp to boiling water for 5 to 7 minutes with pasta or until opaque. Drain and pat with paper towels to remove excess moisture. Toss shrimp with vodka sauce and serve.
Makes 2 4 servings.
Result: It was delicious! Mr. Prevention agrees. It was also really simple and really fast! The scallops worked wonderfully as a substitute for the shrimp, as well. We definitely plan to make this again! Thanks, Georgie!
Well, Mr. Prevention is finished with his Cold Stone and so I'd better leave the free internet and head back home. Thanks for reading and being patient with me during this transition! Your support means so much – thank you!! Hugs!
Much love,


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Keith Olbermann Enraged Over Being Called 'Angry'
Donny Deutsch got a weeklong anchor slot on MSNBC. He did a segment about angry TV pundithosts (click to watch). One of those featured was fellow MSNBCer Keith Olbermann. Now, Donny's been dumped from his gig. Why?
The four people briefed on MSNBC's decision said Mr. Olbermann's anger about the segment prompted the cancellation of the weeklong "America the Angry" series.
Ha. Olbermann's version of events: "Phil Griffin phoned me yesterday enraged at what was on that show and I didn't disagree with him." Still, why so much rage?
UPDATE: And look at this funny clip of the Morning Joe people being too terrified to even say Keith Olbermann's name. Is Keith Olbermann the world's scariest man?


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Newsmap. Monday, November 15, 1943 : week of November 4 to November 11, 218th week of the war, 100th week of U.S. participation
Text describes action on various war fronts: Russia, Italy, Air offensive, Southwest Pacific, China-Burma, Submarines, Greenland. Maps: Eastern Front, Advance toward Rome, Southwest Pacific. Photographs: Moving into Lae, New Guinea; Jap bases in the South and Southwest Pacific; Rocket glider used against Allied ships during the invasion of Italy; Germans trying to hold up the advance of the Allied Fifth Army on the Naples-Benevento Road fastened these aerial bombs to notched trees; Italian bombs unloaded from a rail car at an airfield captured in Italy. Back: U.S. Army ribbons representing decorations and awards. Includes a large color illustration of the Medal of Honor.
Date: November 15, 1943
Creator: [United States.] Army Orientation Course.
System: The UNT Digital Library


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GREENBELT, Md. — Newly discovered cliffs in the lunar crust indicate the moon shrank globally in the geologically recent past and might still be shrinking today, according to a team analyzing new images from NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) spacecraft. The results provide important clues to the moon's recent geologic and tectonic evolution.
The moon formed in a chaotic environment of intense bombardment by asteroids and meteors. These collisions, along with the decay of radioactive elements, made the moon hot. The moon cooled off as it aged, and scientists have long thought the moon shrank over time as it cooled, especially in its early history. The new research reveals relatively recent tectonic activity connected to the long-lived cooling and associated contraction of the lunar interior.
"We estimate these cliffs, called lobate scarps, formed less than a billion years ago, and they could be as young as a hundred million years," said Dr. Thomas Watters of the Center for Earth and Planetary Studies at the Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum, Washington. While ancient in human terms, it is less than 25 percent of the moon's current age of more than four billion years. "Based on the size of the scarps, we estimate the distance between the moon's center and its surface shrank by about 300 feet," said Watters, lead author of a paper on this research appearing in Science August 20.
"These exciting results highlight the importance of global observations for understanding global processes," said Dr. John Keller, Deputy Project Scientist for LRO at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. "As the LRO mission continues in to a new phase, with emphasis on science measurements, our ability to create inventories of lunar geologic features will be a powerful tool for understanding the history of the moon and the solar system."
The scarps are relatively small; the largest is about 300 feet high and extends for several miles or so, but typical lengths are shorter and heights are more in the tens of yards (meters) range. The team believes they are among the freshest features on the moon, in part because they cut across small craters. Since the moon is constantly bombarded by meteors, features like small craters (those less than about 1,200 feet across) are likely to be young because they are quickly destroyed by other impacts and don't last long. So, if a small crater has been disrupted by a scarp, the scarp formed after the crater and is even younger. Even more compelling evidence is that large craters, which are likely to be old, don't appear on top any of the scarps, and the scarps look crisp and relatively undegraded.
Lobate scarps on the moon were discovered during the Apollo missions with analysis of pictures from the high-resolution Panoramic Camera installed on Apollo 15, 16, and 17. However, these missions orbited over regions near the lunar equator, and were only able to photograph some 20 percent of the lunar surface, so researchers couldn't be sure the scarps were not just the result of local activity around the equator. The team found 14 previously undetected scarps in the LRO images, seven of which are at high latitudes (more than 60 degrees). This confirms that the scarps are a global phenomenon, making a shrinking moon the most likely explanation for their wide distribution, according to the team.
As the moon contracted, the mantle and surface crust were forced to respond, forming thrust faults where a section of the crust cracks and juts out over another. Many of the resulting cliffs, or scarps, have a semi-circular or lobe-shaped appearance, giving rise to the term "lobate scarps". Scientists aren't sure why they look this way; perhaps it's the way the lunar soil (regolith) expresses thrust faults, according to Watters.
Lobate scarps are found on other worlds in our solar system, including Mercury, where they are much larger. "Lobate scarps on Mercury can be over a mile high and run for hundreds of miles," said Watters. Massive scarps like these lead scientists to believe that Mercury was completely molten as it formed. If so, Mercury would be expected to shrink more as it cooled, and thus form larger scarps, than a world that may have been only partially molten with a relatively small core. Our moon has more than a third of the volume of Mercury, but since the moon's scarps are typically much smaller, the team believes the moon shrank less.
Because the scarps are so young, the moon could have been cooling and shrinking very recently, according to the team. Seismometers emplaced by the Apollo missions have recorded moonquakes. While most can be attributed to things like meteorite strikes, the Earth's gravitational tides, and day/night temperature changes, it's remotely possible that some moonquakes might be associated with ongoing scarp formation, according to Watters. The team plans to compare photographs of scarps by the Apollo Panoramic Cameras to new images from LRO to see if any have changed over the decades, possibly indicating recent activity.
While Earth's tides are most likely not strong enough to create the scarps, they could contribute to their appearance, perhaps influencing their orientation, according to Watters. During the next few years, the team hopes to use LRO's high-resolution Narrow Angle Cameras (NACs) to build up a global, highly detailed map of the moon. This could identify additional scarps and allow the team to see if some have a preferred orientation or other features that might be associated with Earth's gravitational pull.
"The ultrahigh resolution images from the NACs are changing our view of the moon," said Dr. Mark Robinson of the School of Earth and Space Exploration at Arizona State University, Tempe, Ariz., a coauthor and Principal Investigator of the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera. "We've not only detected many previously unknown lunar scarps; we're also seeing much greater detail on the scarps identified in the Apollo photographs."
The research was funded by NASA's Exploration Systems Mission Directorate at NASA Headquarters, Washington. The team includes researchers from the Smithsonian, Arizona State, the SETI Institute, Mountain View, Calif., NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif., Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., Institut für Planetologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany, Brown University, Providence, R.I., and the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, Md.
For images, refer to:


text: Different treatment for similarly situated parties, especially when no legitimate reason appears to exist. An employer who rejects all male applicants and hires the first female applicant with the same qualifications might be discriminating on the basis of gender. The more repugnant the discrimination, the more likely it is to be found unlawful under the U.S. Constitution or some other law.


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Popular Science
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My Israeli friend and colleague Jonathan Spyer sneaked into Syria from Turkey with the Free Syrian Army. He wrote two dispatches, one for Tablet and the other for the Weekly Standard, that everybody should read.
Here's a snip from his piece in Tablet:
Last Thursday afternoon, in the town square of Bini'ish in Idleb Province, northwest Syria, a small group gathered to protest against the dictatorship of Bashar al-Assad. It was drizzling, and the protesters, about 200 of them, were mostly schoolchildren. A group of young men in kaffiyehs soon arrived on the scene. They were carrying a large yellow-and-green flag—the flag of Hezbollah. One of the protesters opened his motorcycle's gas cap, and seconds later the flag was in flames. The youngsters gathered around the burning flag, whooping, cheering, and chanting slogans against the regime.
The flag burning in the main square in Bini'ish distilled in a single moment much of what I saw and experienced in Syria: The men fighting against the regime lack uniforms, a chain of command, and they have little by way of a unifying ideology. But they are fiercely united against Assad and his chief ally, the Islamic Republic of Iran.
Several days before the flag-burning incident, on a black night with heavy rain, I had crossed into Syria. I had come to report on the Free Syrian Army, which has emerged as the most significant organization in the Syrian revolution—though it isn't really an organization at all. It consists of a series of local armed initiatives centered around strongmen of various political orientations. These militias operate according to their own perceived needs, mainly seeing their job as protecting the precarious autonomous zones carved out from the Assad regime in Idleb, Homs, and other areas in the course of the uprising.
I came by way of the mountains on the Turkish-Syrian border, in the company of a group of Syrian smugglers whose assistance I had paid for. We rode horses laden with contraband in sealed boxes. For parts of the journey, stymied by rough trail, we had to lead the horses by rope. The smugglers moved at lightning speed, almost sprinting up the rocky ascents, and I was worried that I'd fall behind. But we reached Syria safely after a trek of an hour or so.
At a small stone house on the mountains just over the border, I met with a contact from the Free Syrian Army (FSA) who was due to take me down into Idleb Province, a deeply religious, conservative, Sunni Muslim region where I would spend the following week in the company of the FSA. The man, in his late 20s, was bespectacled, bearded, and polite, but reserved. His appearance and behavior were familiar to me: This young fighter was obviously a Salafi Islamist. I had heard that there were Salafis—radical Sunnis—among the FSA fighters but was surprised to meet one so soon.
An hour or so after, he and I arrived at one of the "liberated zones" of Idleb Province—one of the towns in this part of northern Syria where signs of the Assad regime have disappeared. The flag of the uprising, which is the flag of the pre-Baath Syrian republic, flies over the town. In the course of my time there, I met not a single fighter or officer who considered Col. Riyad Asaad, the nominal head of the FSA who is based in Antakya, Turkey, to constitute the real directing hand of the movement.
Instead, it is very clear that there is, in fact, no real leader. Armed resistance against the Assad regime has emerged out of the very basic need to protect the Syrian civilian population from their murderous dictator. A united, countrywide armed resistance movement does not yet exist in Syria. Nor do the rebels possess a single, uniting political idea, beyond bringing down the dictatorship. They seemed to be united by something more fundamental: They have all witnessed suffering caused by the regime. A good number of the fighters I spoke with were asked to carry out the violence themselves. The armed men of the FSA and the local civilian leadership of the uprising maintain law and order in the liberated zones of Idleb. It proved a good place from which to observe the Syria that may emerge when—or if—the Assad dictatorship falls.


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Does hypnobirthing really work?
Nicola put all of her faith in hypnobirthing to make birthing her first baby a good experience so why did she feel so let down?Hypnobirthing – when things don't go according to plan
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For those of you who don't think that software patents are evil, or don't know enough about the subject, check out This American Life #441: When Patents Attack!
You could extend it to all patents are evil but I'm mostly concerned with software patents, which are probably the number one thing stifling innovation in the technology industry.
If you want more audio content about patents, you can also check out TWiG #106.


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By Maj. Gen. (Ret.) Kulwant Singh and Dr. David Leffler
Violence and conflict have plagued mankind throughout history, and the terrorist attacks by Boko Haram are just a current manifestation. How can Nigeria protect itself from future attacks? Ideally, the best way to guard against emerging terrorist threats would be to have no enemies. No enemies = no terrorism! An unfamiliar but effective human resource-based approach called Invincible Defence Technology would help the military of Nigeria to begin creating a lasting peace by preventing such enemies from arising, both internally and externally.
Invincible Defence Technology (IDT) is a scientifically validated solution to conflict and violence. There are over 50 published studies confirming its effectiveness. This recently revived method of preventive defense promises to end terrorism and conflict. Its adoption in Nigeria can set an example of peace-based defense for the rest of the world - something all military leaders would value.
Militaries have tried to quell violence and conflict through a dynamic approach, i.e., with weaponry and military personnel. But, interestingly, even with advanced weapons, they cannot eliminate problems like terrorism. New terrorist threats constantly emerge, and the number of terrorist cadres and cells continues to grow. Even with more fully equipped police and paramilitary forces, militaries cannot eradicate them. More alarming, defense experts predict that terrorists will soon start using portable, easily concealed weapons of mass destruction to launch their attacks around the world. Imagine the dire ramifications for Nigeria if a dangerous terrorist group like Boko Haram could obtain such devastating weaponry.
War, conflict, violence and terrorism are human problems; they require a human solution
So the question remains: Can war and terrorism be prevented with the military methods used in the past? Again and again, history shows that the answer is "no." War, conflict, violence and terrorism are human problems. Therefore, they require a human solution. Their underlying cause is accumulated stress in society's collective consciousness. If the collective consciousness is full of tension and fear, then disorder is more likely to erupt into some specific act of violence than if the prevailing mood is one of contentment. Social injustice and unfavorable economic conditions thrive in and contribute to chaotic environments. Unresolved religious, territorial, political, and cultural differences further add to the unrest.
A dissatisfied and frustrated population contributes to its own instability
Thus, a dissatisfied and frustrated population contributes to its own instability. The buildup of this sort of tension is dangerous to any nation's sovereignty, producing an unstable government that is prone to war. However, if the collective social stress driving these problems is prevented, negative manifestations would cease. Thus, zero collective stress ultimately means no war and no terrorism.
Invincible Defense Technology is rooted in the ancient Vedic knowledge of India, which describes the best approach to prevention as Heyam duhkham anagatam (Yoga-Sutra 2.16): "Avert the danger before it arises." Similarly, Yoga-Sutra 2.35 affirms Tat sannidhau vairatyagah: "In the vicinity of Yogic influence - unifying influence, integrating influence, coherent and harmonious influence - conflicting tendencies do not arise." These ancient principles were effectively applied in past, and they have already been successfully applied in today's world, with commendable results.
According to Vedic tradition, conflict results from ignorance - ignorance of how to prevent the buildup of collective stress through the harmonizing influence of coherence. For example, the Ramayana states that "... ignorance will have no access within eight miles from [the Yogi's hermitage]." The Ramayana describes the ancient city of Ayodhya, whose name means "Invincible." Certainly, Ayodhya relied on the conventional defense technologies of its time. For instance, "It was enclosed by strong fortifications and a deep moat, which no enemy, by any expedient whatsoever, could penetrate." Also, "Ayodhya abounded in warriors undefeated in battle, fearless and skilled in the use of arms, resembling lions guarding their mountain caves." However, the descriptions of the enlightened, stress-free life of the inhabitants of Ayodhya indicate that its first line of defense was the city's freedom from collective stress. According to the Ramayana, this low stress level, based on life in harmony with Natural Law, made Ayodhya worthy of its name.
In today's modern cities, however, social stress gets generated by countless violations of natural laws (i.e., crimes are committed every day). People's weakness results in an inability to find positive and life-supporting ways to fulfill their desires. Crime contributes to a growing cloud of negativity for a city and for a nation. When the stress from crime, frustration, unhappiness and lack of national fulfillment grows beyond a certain limit it spontaneously erupts into terrorism and war. Therefore, ignorance, or lack of understanding of how to act in accord Natural Law, is responsible for suffering in human affairs.
Military personnel in USA, Latin America, Asia, and Africa practice group Transcendental Meditation to increase their performance and resilience, better helping them protect their nations
Implementing Ideal National Defense
Maharishi Mahesh Yogi revived the practical components of this silent approach for national defense. They are all-known around the world as the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program. These programs are evidenced-based solutions, with a substantial amount of published, peer-reviewed research that has accumulated since 1970. Because they are human resource-based technologies, they are easy to implement and practice. It is important to note that they do not involve religious belief or practices. Members of many faiths worldwide have practiced these meditation techniques. Extensive scientific research documents the ability of the TM and TM-Sidhi program to dissolve stress on the individual and collective levels.
Could the ideal of Ayodhya's preventive defense again be accomplished by militaries today? Yes! It is already starting to happen now. Military-related leaders in the USA, Latin America, and Africa, are applying TM because peer-reviewed scientific papers have confirmed that regular practice produces many other wide-ranging, measurable benefits. These include increased intelligence, creativity; reduced stress and improved health; and more fulfilling and harmonious interpersonal relationships. Most importantly to warriors, TM increases resilience, mental clarity and physical strength as well as enhancing mind-body coordination (see Defence and Security Alert, Vol. 4, Issue No. 8, pages 34-39). Also, from a practical standpoint, the TM program is easy to do and has no religious philosophy attached. For nearly sixty years it has been taught to millions of people (including schoolchildren and their teachers) around the world from every race, cultural background, religion, ethnicity, and educational background.
Are soldiers willing participants in such an unusual endeavor? Again, yes! A study was conducted by Ecuadorian army psychologists to assess the value of the IDT preventive-defense program after its soldiers had been practicing it for one month. The results? Over 96% of the soldiers thought it was a very practical activity. Why are these warriors convinced? As the study showed, 92% felt their performance in activity had improved and they were better able to deal with stress; 96% declared their relationships with others had improved; and 95% said their practice of IDT was completely satisfying.
The operative part of IDT requires having a Prevention Wing of the military. This wing is composed of a small portion of the armed forces of a country. The rest of the military carries on with their usual duties. The Prevention Wing of the military creates societal coherence by practicing the TM and TM-Sidhi program in large groups morning and evening. Their collective practice produces positive benefits for both themselves and their adversaries. Peaceful overtures increase from all sides.
Similar coherence-creating groups have been deployed in many war zones and conflict-prone areas with great success. Extensive scientific research indicates that when the square root of 1% of the population practices the advanced TM-Sidhi program in a group, a "field effect" is created. Scientists call this field effect the "Maharishi Effect." Many carefully controlled studies have documented and validated positive social trends such as reduced conflict and lowered crime rate resulting from the Maharishi Effect. These studies have been scrutinized and published in respected peer-reviewed journals such as Social Indicators Research, Journal of Conflict Resolution, Journal of Mind and Behavior, and Journal of Crime and Justice.
This coherence-creating effect has also been documented on a global scale in a study published in the Journal of Offender Rehabilitation. When large assemblies of practitioners of the TM-Sidhi program exceeded the Maharishi Effect threshold for the world (about 7,000 at that time) during the years 1983-1985, international conflict decreased 32%, terrorist casualties decreased 72%, and violence was reduced in other nations without intrusion by other governments.
IDT is a force multiplier because it creates coherence for the entire military and the whole country, thus making everyone's jobs easier. While the majority of the military continues with the dynamic approach (weaponry, equipment, training), the minority implements the silent approach of Invincible Defense Technology. Defense of the nation is perfect, thus invincible, when both these approaches are combined.
The military of Nigeria cannot solve the problem of terrorism by standard military means alone. It also needs a silent approach that will help people focus more on peaceful means of settling differences. Nigeria needs to deploy Prevention Wings of the Military immediately to prevent terrorism, and achieve true invincibility and permanent peace. The authors urge Nigerian leaders to immediately adopt this evidence-based approach.
About the authors:http://www.StrongMilitary.org. He served as an Associate of the Proteus Management Group at the Center for Strategic Leadership, US Army War College. Dr. Leffler is the author of "A New Role for the Military: Preventing Enemies from Arising - Reviving an Ancient Approach to Peace." He is on Twitter.