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In the summer of 1856, Edward Payson Weston was struck by lightning and fired from his job at the circus. He was 17 years old and had been traveling with the big top for no more than a few weeks — "under an assumed name," as he reassured the readers of his 1862 memoir, The Pedestrian. One day, as the troupe's wagons passed near Tyngsborough, Massachusetts, he was "affected by a stroke of lightning" and nearly killed. Nineteenth-century circus managers were about as tenderhearted as you would expect when it came to physical infirmity. When Weston was too sick to perform in Boston a few days later, he was unceremoniously sacked.
For most of us, being hit by lightning and kicked out of the circus would be an extraordinary turn of events. For Weston, it was a pretty typical week. Weston, whose story is recounted in the spectacularly entertaining book A Man in a Hurry, by the British trio of Nick Harris, Helen Harris, and Paul Marshall, lived one of those fevered American lives that seem to hurtle from one beautiful strangeness to the next. By his mid-teens, he had already: worked on a steamship; sold newspapers on the Boston, Providence, and Stonington Railroad; spent a year crisscrossing the country with the most famous traveling musicians in America, the Hutchinson Family Singers, selling candy and songbooks at their concerts; and gone into business for himself as a journalist and publisher. In his 20s and 30s, he somehow became one of the most celebrated athletes in the English-speaking world despite the fact that he was physically unprepossessing — 5-foot-7, 130 pounds, with a body resembling "a baked potato stuck with two toothpicks," as one journalist wrote — and that his one athletic talent was walking. Just straight-up walking made Weston, for a while, probably the biggest sports star on earth.
Edward Payson Weston was born in Providence, Rhode Island, on March 15, 1839, into a respectable, if slightly eccentric, middle-class family that could trace its origins back to the Mayflower. His father Silas stood 6-foot-4, played the viol, and wrote poetry. When Weston was 10, Silas disappeared to dig for gold in California. He wrote a book about the experience, Four Months in the Mines of California, or Life in the Mountains, that his teenage son published in 1854. Weston's mother Maria wrote sentimental novels with titles like The Weldron Family, or Vicissitudes of Fortune and Kate Felton, or A Peep at Realities. Weston published some of these, too.
The family, not atypically for the 19th century, was constantly breaking up and reforming as various members traveled and got married. Weston went to school in Boston, apprenticed with a jeweler in Providence; in 1859 he pops up, age 20, working at a newspaper in New York. He was fragile, sensitive, and prone to reckless fits of enthusiasm as well as deep periods of despondency when one of his enthusiasms didn't work out. (It was during one such depression, after the failure of his venture to publish his father's travel book about the Azores, that he left home and joined the circus.) All his life, Weston had a keen gift for sales and self-promotion crossed with a baffling gullibility in the face of bad bets, sham investments, and get-rich-quick schemes, which more than once swallowed everything he had. He loved flamboyant clothes, crowds, and being the center of attention, but he also felt a constant anxiety about whether he was respectable in the sense promulgated by his mother's novels. His family was mortified when he became a professional walker. They accepted the decision, reluctantly, only when he promised his mother that he would never walk on the Sabbath — a promise he kept for the rest of his life.
Weston's athletic career started with two things: an insane bet, and the election of Abraham Lincoln as president of the United States. During the 1860 campaign, Weston bet his friend George Eddy that Lincoln would never win the White House. If he lost the bet, Weston would have to walk the 478 miles from the Massachusetts State House in Boston to Washington, D.C., to watch the inauguration. As it happened, Lincoln won a four-way race with 39.8 percent of the popular vote, and Weston set out in the deep winter of 1861. Weston, with his instinct for publicity, made sure that a large crowd gathered to see him off. Women gave him kisses to take to the president.1 A group of drummers followed him around. Debt collectors descended to arrest him — he was always in debt — but were persuaded to let him go.
After leaving the festival at the State House, Weston tromped for 10 straight days through snow, mud, and ice, sleeping an hour here and there, trailed by a carriage hauling his judges and friends. He fell repeatedly. Away from the crowd, he became dejected and irritable. At one point, as he writes in his memoir of the event, he "complained of a severe pain in his chest, and attributed it to the eating of mustard on sandwiches." (Nineteenth-century sports science!) In the end, he made it to the Capitol a few hours late for Lincoln's inauguration, but word of his endeavor had spread, and he attended Lincoln's first levee at the White House. The new president offered to pay his train fare back to Boston, but Weston theatrically insisted that since he had failed in his task, he would walk back.
When the war broke out in April, Weston volunteered to put his walking powers to the service of the Union Army by sneaking in disguise through Baltimore, which had been cut off by the Confederacy, to deliver mail to Northern troops in Annapolis and Washington, D.C. In his memoir, Weston dutifully notes that his disguise ("a Susquehanna raftsman on a bender") was provided by Brooks Brothers, and that he was given a lunch to take on the journey by the Howard Hotel.2 A New York regiment mistook him for a Southern spy and arrested him, but he talked his way out the next day, as he always did.
Competitive walking — pedestrianism, it was called — had existed before the mid-19th century. In 1809, a Scottish laird called Robert Barclay Allardice had caused a sensation by walking 1,000 miles in 1,000 hours for 1,000 guineas.3 But it was only after the Civil War that "the pedestrian mania," as Harper's Weekly called it in 1867, really took off in the United States.
Pedestrianism took two forms, each of which Weston helped to popularize. There was track walking, which usually took place at a skating rink or inside a large exhibition hall. Sometimes a competitor walked around the track alone, racing the clock; sometimes he faced one or more competitors, who would agree to walk for a certain period of time, or to a certain distance, or until one of them was forced to give up. (Weston sometimes competed solo against pairs of other walkers who were allowed to tag in and out of the race.) A crowd, which could be many thousands strong for the larger events, would buy tickets, consume refreshments — at one race in Madison Square Garden in 1879, organizers sold 5,000 oysters, 6,000 pickled sheep's tongues, and 200,000 glasses of lager — and place bets. Attendees came from all classes of society, though there seems to have been a steady tension between middle-class fans looking for an edifying sporting experience and the constellation of gamblers, pickpockets, and prostitutes who turned out for a day of easy action. Harris, Harris, and Marshall quote the Brooklyn Eagle on that same race in 1879:
There were women there whose bleached hair, cheeks flushed with rouge, gaudy costumes, and "loud" manner showed them to be fast; there were gamblers with big diamonds and dyed moustaches, and there were dwellers in the lower strata of society; but these collectively only formed a minority of the crowd, for with them sat hundreds of respectable people, intent on seeing every feature of the great walk.
Races were brutal endurance events, lasting many days; one of the central tactical questions the competitors had to face was when, and for how long, to pause for sleep. Walkers would push themselves to cover 400 miles in five days, or 500 miles in six days, often suffering bloody feet — think about doing 3,000 laps in mid-Victorian footwear — swollen joints, and nastier injuries. There were deaths on the track. Because of the influence of gambling, top competitors faced a constant danger of attacks intended to stop them from spoiling a bet; big matches often involved heavy police protection. Most hauntingly of all, to my mind: The crowds were kicked out at night, but the races kept going, hours and hours of exhausted men passing in silence around enormous, empty halls, judges noting their progress as they went.
The other form of pedestrianism was outdoor destination walking, of the sort that initially made Edward Weston famous. In 1867, he became a household name by walking from Portland, Maine, to Chicago in 26 days, 1,200 miles along the post road. Weston was greeted by massive crowds everywhere he went; newspaper writers around the country worked themselves into a froth debating the merits of the undertaking. He dined along the way with Grover Cleveland and Millard Fillmore. "Fake Westons" turned up in several cities, sometimes generating huge crowds of their own before the ruse was discovered. On this walk, Weston also found himself at the center of a national controversy due to his supposed involvement with the gangster and Tammany Hall politician John Morrissey. A side bet on Weston's walk to Chicago meant that Weston stood to win extra money by walking 100 miles in 24 hours. He failed at this task several times, and wild rumors circulated to the effect that he was being paid off by Morrissey to throw the bet. The newspapers' handling of the rumors soon took on unfortunate screaming-sports-pundit qualities, with various writers competing to denounce Weston as furiously as possible.4 For a few weeks in the fall of 1867, the question of whether Edward Weston was a "humbug" seemed like one of the most pressing issues facing American culture. Either way, a delirious crowd greeted him in Chicago. He climbed to the podium and gave an impassioned speech in defense of his good name.
From the very beginning, one of the central questions raised by organized sport has been whether it has moral value — whether athletic competition fosters virtue and makes society stronger, or whether the spectacle it offers is merely a decadent entertainment. Weston, whose showman's instincts were always running against his yearning to be viewed as "respectable," seems to have internalized this conflict in a particularly extreme way. He was never happier than when showboating; during one race, in England, he seized a cornet from a band member and pranced around the track playing "God Save the Queen." He was terribly vain and made a habit on long walks of stopping to change clothes before arriving in a town.5 He befriended P.T. Barnum, who helped to promote several of his races. On the other hand, he invested enormous time and energy in trying to make his walks appear to serve some larger purpose, with an eye toward winning the approval of polite society.
In New York and London, he allowed eminent scientists to study him during his races. (Here is how famous Weston was: The British Medical Journal once ran a report on his urine. It was, Harris, Harris, and Marshall note, "amber before the race, straw-colored during."6) He walked thousands of miles on behalf of the temperance movement, and in his later career would often link long walks with lecture tours promoting the benefits of not drinking or of not smoking or simply of walking itself. In 1893, in high Weston style, he walked from New York City to Albany in three days to convince working-class men that they could be healthy without eating meat. "In my recent walk from New York to Albany," he told the papers, flashing the barest hint of an ulterior motive, "I subsisted entirely on H-O Oatmeal and H-O Crackers without any flesh food or stimulant of any kind, and I personally selected H-O Oatmeal because of its nutritious and digestible qualities."
Weston's early trips to London in the 1870s made him a star on two sides of the Atlantic. He left a series of British challengers broken and exhausted, and ingratiated himself with the crowd by pledging his love for England. As the popularity of pedestrianism soared, however — largely, it should be said, because of his influence — he soon found himself being surpassed by other, often younger, competitors. His once-astounding feat of walking 500 miles in six days began to be seen as a rite of passage rather than an unassailable record. Some of his rivals, such as Daniel O'Leary, an Irishman from Chicago who beat him in three straight contests, became major celebrities themselves.
To make matters worse, a British nobleman, Sir John Astley, created a competition called the Astley Belt, which instantly became the de facto world championship of pedestrianism.7 Rather than defining "walking" in the rules, Astley made his contest go-as-you-please: Competitors weren't required to walk at all, but could also run, jog, skip, or whatever they liked, as long as they covered the farthest distance in the allotted time. (Think of go-as-you-please as the MMA of Victorian pedestrianism.) Weston was confident that walking would defeat all other forms of locomotion — after all, no one could run for 500 straight miles. But he soon found himself being trounced in go-as-you-please competitions by pedestrians who would, for instance, walk along the straight part of the track and run around the curves. It was a confusing time. By 1879, as Harris, Harris, and Marshall have it, "his standing in the sport had collapsed."
In 1879, however, he would also achieve his greatest triumph. Weston showed up for the 4th International Astley Belt a 40-year-old, 10-1 long shot, his best days hopelessly behind him. Only somehow, Weston had taught himself to run. Using "a mode of progression peculiar to himself," as Sporting Life described it — Harris, Harris, and Marshall call it "a mix of walking, running, and trotting" — Weston beat a room full of younger pedestrians, traveling an astonishing 550 miles in just under 142 hours.8 Here's how A Man in a Hurry describes the last few miles:
By 6:30 p.m. on Saturday Weston had made 530 miles. At 9:30 he clocked 542, beating Brown's record by seconds, and announced that he had breath enough for 550. The crowd roared their approval and on a track carpeted by flowers thrown from the galleries above Weston picked up his feet and trotted the last eight miles in 85 minutes. As he passed his tent on his last lap, he was handed a British and an American flag and carried them round the ring as the band played 'Yankee Doodle' and 'Rule Britannia'.
When Weston's ship arrived in New York, thousands of people turned out to welcome him home. He stood at the ship's rail and raised the Astley Belt over his head. The roar from the crowd was louder than the roar of the ocean.
In his later years, Weston retired and unretired from pedestrianism a number of times, sometimes because he was broke, sometimes because he missed the limelight, always on behalf of some cause or other. He never quite got middle-class respectability right — a ladies' man, he wound up separating from his wife and taking up with a much-younger woman whom the papers euphemistically described as his "niece" — but he never stopped longing for it. "It is a pity," he told the Philadelphia Ledger in 1891, that pedestrian contests "cannot be conducted on the elevated plane they once were." He walked throughout eastern New York giving speeches for Republican political candidates. In 1907, in his late 60s, he repeated his 40-year-old feat of walking from Portland, Maine, to Chicago, this time to prove that anyone who lived healthily could stay strong into old age.
Finally, in 1909, he decided to walk from one side of the country to the other: New York to San Francisco in 100 days. The cause this time was pedestrianism itself, to keep it from being surpassed by the newer sensation, running. He left on his 70th birthday. He walked most of the way alone because the car that was supposed to follow him kept breaking down on rough terrain. He walked along railroad tracks, learning to sense the vibrations that meant a train was coming. The further west he got, the harder it was to find food and shelter. In Wyoming he experienced an isolation so profound it terrified him. He saw no one but the occasional railway worker and the hobos waiting for the trains. In the Nevada desert he was blasted by 102-degree heat and swarmed by black clouds of mosquitoes. In the High Sierra train engineers guided him between snow sheds. He crossed the same terrain where his father had searched for gold 60 years before. Eventually he made it to San Francisco. He was five days late.
So he tried again. This time he was 71 and went from west to east. He made it to New York 13 days early with his ankle wrapped in bandages. There were 500,000 people packed on Broadway to cheer his arrival.
Pedestrianism was, of course, completely supplanted by running despite Weston's best efforts, and now lingers as an influence only in a few fringe sports (Olympic racewalking, certain forms of extreme marathoning). A week after his 88th birthday, Weston was hit by a cab in New York — did he ever do anything non-theatrically? — and never walked again. He died at the age of 90, on March 15, 1929, 68 years after Lincoln offered to buy him a train ticket.
If Weston matters at all today, it's not because of his sporting records, bizarre and impressive though they are, or for the moral causes he advertised, most of which now seem quaint if not actually sinister.9 To me, what's most affecting about his story is the way he prefigured modern sports in creating, at his best, an experience that transcended all the justifications people had to give themselves in order to enjoy it. You either care about middle-class respectability or you don't, but the moment of pure delight when Weston grabbed the cornet and started playing "God Save the Queen," or the moment when he staggered to the finish, in one of his silly costumes, after doing 500 miles in six days for the first time — that's the deeper part of sports.
It wasn't his causes that mattered, in other words. It was his character. It was his weird, trivial, utterly beautiful life.


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Monday, April 23, 2012
2012 Il Lombardia, Honoring Felice Gimondi in Bergamo
The race, one of the five "monuments" of the one day classics, is also known as the "Race of the Falling Leaves" ("classica delle foglie morte") as it is normally held in October. However, this year the race has been brought forward to the weekend following the UCI Road World Championships to allow riders to directly benefit from their World Championship form.
Gimondi won all three of the grand tours: Tour de France (1965, his first year as a pro), Giro d'Italia (1967, 1969 and 1976), and Vuelta a España (1968). He remains one of only five cyclists to have done so. He also won the World Championship in 1973, Paris-Roubaix (1966), Milan-Sanremo (1974) and the Giro di Lombardia, among other races, in 1966 and 1973.
Photo: www.bikeraceinfo.com
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Stories for the Italian Cycling Journal about rides, granfondos, touring, having a good time cycling in Italy, Italian cycling history, etc. are always welcome. Contact me at email@example.com. There are more than 2,400 stories in this blog. The search feature to the right works best for finding subjects in the blog. There is also a translate button at the bottom so you can translate each page .
1 comment:
What the? The race of the falling leaves moves to a time when the leaves are NOT falling? AGHHHH! Great for Gimondi's (we've met the living legend quite a few times) birthday but other than that...moving a monument so it will not "conflict" with a race in CHINA? Why not move the silly race in China to another date and leave the monument of cycling alone? These morons are out to destroy cycling as we know it, says Larry.ReplyDelete
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Morning Snack + Under 100 Calories + Kid Friendly + Late Night + Sweet + Weight Watchers Friendly Recipes + Afternoon Snack + Recipes + Gluten-Free + Whole Food
Too long between breakfast and lunch? Keep these on hand for a quick pick-me-up.
Take On The Prickly Fruit: In Season and Super Sweet
Pineapples are in season right now and costing about $2 each in my neck of the woods. YUM!...
February 29, 2012 11 Comments


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To view every page and read every word of The Kenmare News each week,
subscribe to our ONLINE EDITION!
So what would happen if beloved fairytale characters appeared in each others' stories?
11/09/11 (Wed)
Broadway in Berthold . . . The cast of the Broadway musical Into the
Woods takes the stage to rehearse the last musical number of Act I, the finale for the Berthold High School performance. The first musical
produced in the school's history will pay at the Sportsmen's Building
on Main Street November 18th, 19th and 20th.


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The Australian College of Midwives have issued an Interim Homebirth Position Statement and Interim Guidance for Privately Practising Midwives along with a request for comments. Here is the response I have sent…
As a privately practising midwife who attends homebirths I have grave concerns regarding the above interim documents and the direction of the College in general. I am providing my comments despite having little faith that the opinions of homebirthing women and their midwives will be heard or reflected. My main concerns centre on the expectation that the midwife, rather than the woman determines risk status, and then actively blocks access to birth options based on this assessment.
Evidence-based practice?
After a review of the research literature ACM acknowledge the lack of 'good quality' research into homebirth yet concludes that "it seems evident from the literature that planned homebirth is a safe option for women who are at low risk of complications…". To my knowledge there has been no research specifically examining the outcomes of homebirth for 'high risk' women. Therefore, we do not have adequate research about outcomes of homebirth for women who are classified as high risk. However, we do have research supporting continuity of care for all women, and often the only way in which a woman can access this care is by hiring a private midwife and having a homebirth. There is also research available regarding birth outcomes for those women you have categorised as being too high risk for homebirth. Women classified as high risk (eg. previous c-section) often choose homebirth in order to increase their chance of a successful vaginal birth after accessing this research.
It can be argued that the way in which ACM have determined 'high risk' (simply by the chance of an adverse event occurring) places all women in a 'high risk' category. A woman with a 'scarred uterus' has a 0.5% chance of a uterine rupture during labour. A woman with an unscarred uterus has a 1% chance of a shoulder dystocia occurring. However, ACM is not advocating that all women should birth in hospital in case they experience a shoulder dystocia.
In addition, the notion that 'evidence-based' means purely 'research-based' does not align with the vision of early advocates of evidence-based medicine from which the concept of 'evidence-based practice' emerged . For example, Sackett et al.'s (1996) interpretation of evidence-based medicine involves blending research evidence with the expertise/experience of the practitioner and the individual requirements and choice of the 'patient'. This definition of evidence-based practice seems more aligned with a midwifery philosophy than one which universally applies research findings to practice. Particularly in an area in which 'good quality' research is difficult to come by for many reasons. Midwives should develop their own body of knowledge on which to base practice using a variety of types of evidence (experience, intuition, research, stories, etc.), rather than trying to emulate the medical profession and their narrow/technocratic definition of evidence (RCTs).
In any case the right to self determination and bodily autonomy has nothing to do with research evidence or externally defined concepts of safety.
Redefining midwifery
ACM appears to be contradicting and re-defining the role of the midwife. The International Confederation of Midwives (ICM) Philosophy of Care includes these statements:
- Midwifery care empowers women to assume responsibility for their health and for the health of their families
- Midwifery care takes place in partnership with women and is personalised, continuous and non-authoritarian
- The woman is the primary decision-maker in her care and she has the right to information that enhances her decision-making abilities.
- Midwives provide women with appropriate information and advice in a way that promotes participation and facilitates informed decision making
- Midwifery care promotes, protects and supports women's reproductive rights and respects ethnic and cultural diversity
- Midwives value the woman's legal and moral right (in all but exceptional circumstances) to self-determination during pregnancy, labour, birth and early parenting on the basis of informed decision making (Code of Ethics for Midwives)
- Midwives focus on a woman's health needs, her expectations and aspirations, supporting the informed decision making of each woman (Code of Conduct)
- Explains options while recognising the woman's right to choose (Competency Standards)
The way in which midwifery is being regulated and redefined is resulting in registered midwives being unable to reflect the philosophy of midwifery and meet the needs of homebirthing women. Women are subsequently turning to doulas and birthworkers because they are the only practitioners able to provide 'with woman' care at home. As a registered homebirth midwife I feel unsupported by the College and marginalised by my own profession. I don't want to be regulated the College – I want to be supported. Perhaps an alternative homebirth statement would be: 'Women have the right to choose where and how they wish to give birth. Midwives must provide adequate information to assist women's decision making and support their birth choices.'
We could learn a few lessons from history re. midwifery regulation: Gloria Lemay's podcast Licensing and regulating midwifery – at what cost?


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When he was a surgeon at the Cleveland Clinic, Dr. Caldwell Esselstyn Jr. published a controversial paper in the American Journal of Cardiology, highlighted in my video, Fully Consensual Heart Disease Treatment, noting that heart bypass operations carry significant risks including the potential to cause further heart damage, stroke, and brain dysfunction. Angioplasty isn't much better, also carrying significant mortality and morbidity, and often doesn't work (in terms of decreasing the risk of subsequent heart attack or death). "So," he writes, "it seems we have an enormous paradox. The disease that is the leading killer of men and women in Western civilization is largely untreated." The benefits of bypass surgery and angioplasty "are at best temporary and erode over time, with most patients eventually succumbing to their disease." In cancer management, we call that palliative care, where we just kind of throw up our hands, throw in the towel, and give up actually trying to treat the disease.
Why does this juggernaut of invasive procedures persist? Well one reason he suggests is that performing surgical interventions has the potential for enormous financial reward. Conversely, lack of adequate return is considered one of the barriers to the practice of preventive cardiology. Diet and lifestyle interventions lose money for the physician.
Another barrier is that doctors don't think patients want it. Physician surveys show that doctors often don't even bring up diet and lifestyle options because they assume that patients would prefer to be on cholesterol-lowering drugs every day for the rest of their lives rather than change their eating habits. That may be true for some, but it's up to the patient, not the doctor, to decide.
According to the official AMA Code of Medical Ethics, physicians are supposed to disclose all relevant medical information to patients. "The patient's right of self-decision can be effectively exercised only if the patient possesses enough information to enable an informed choice. The physician's obligation is to present the medical facts accurately to the patient." For example, before starting someone at moderate risk on a cholesterol-lowering statin drug, a physician might ideally say something like:
"You should know that for folks in your situation, the number of individuals who must be treated with a statin to prevent one death from a cardiovascular event such as a heart attack or stroke is generally between 60 and 100, which means that if I treated 60 people in your situation, 1 would benefit and 59 would not. As these numbers show, it is important for you to know that most of the people who take a statin will not benefit from doing so and, moreover, that statins can have side effects, such as muscle pain, liver damage, and upset stomach, even in people who do not benefit from the medication. I am giving you this information so that you can weigh the risks and benefits of drugs versus diet and then make an informed decision."
Yet, how many physicians have these kinds of frank and open discussions with their patients? Non-disclosure of medical information by doctors—that kind of paternalism is supposed to be a thing of the past. Today's physicians are supposed to honor informed consent under all but a very specific set of conditions (such as the patient is in a coma or it's an emergency). However, too many physicians continue to treat their patients as if they were unconscious.
At the end of this long roundtable discussion on angioplasty and stents, the editor-in-chief of the American Journal of Cardiology reminded us of an important fact to place it all in context. Atherosclerosis is due to high cholesterol, which is due to poor dietary choices, so if we all existed on a plant-based diet, we would not have even needed this discussion.
The lack of nutrition training in medical school is another barrier. See, for example, my videos Doctors' Nutritional Ignorance and Doctors Know Less Than They Think About Nutrition.
Shockingly, mainstream medical associations actively oppose attempts to educate physicians about clinical nutrition. See my 4-part video series:
- Nutrition Education Mandate Introduced for Doctors
- Medical Associations Oppose Bill to Mandate Nutrition Training
- California Medical Association Tries to Kill Nutrition Bill
- Nutrition Bill Doctored in the California Senate
For more on why doctors don't make more dietary prescriptions, see my video The Tomato Effect, Lifestyle Medicine: Treating the Cause of Disease, and Convincing Doctors to Embrace Lifestyle Medicine.
Heart disease may be a choice. See Cavities and Coronaries: Our Choice and One in a Thousand: Ending the Heart Disease Epidemic.
-Michael Greger, M.D.
PS: If you haven't yet, you can subscribe to my free videos here and watch my live year-in-review presentations Uprooting the Leading Causes of Death, More Than an Apple a Day, and From Table to Able.
Image Credit: Leandro Ciuffo / Flickr


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Atmospheric aerosols and their effect on clouds are thought to be important for anthropogenic radiative forcing of the climate, yet remain poorly understood1. Globally, around half of cloud condensation nuclei originate from nucleation of atmospheric vapours2. It is thought that sulfuric acid is essential to initiate most particle formation in the atmosphere3,4, and that ions have a relatively minor role5. Some laboratory studies, however, have reported organic particle formation without the intentional addition of sulfuric acid, although contamination could not be excluded6,7. Here we present evidence for the formation of aerosol particles from highly oxidized biogenic vapours in the absence of sulfuric acid in a large chamber under atmospheric conditions. The highly oxygenated molecules (HOMs) are produced by ozonolysis of α-pinene. We find that ions from Galactic cosmic rays increase the nucleation rate by one to two orders of magnitude compared with neutral nucleation. Our experimental findings are supported by quantum chemical calculations of the cluster binding energies of representative HOMs. Ion-induced nucleation of pure organic particles constitutes a potentially widespread source of aerosol particles in terrestrial environments with low sulfuric acid pollution.
About half of present-day cloud condensation nuclei originate from atmospheric nucleation, frequently appearing as a burst of new particles near midday1. Atmospheric observations show that the growth rate of new particles often accelerates when the diameter of the particles is between one and ten nanometres2,3. In this critical size range, new particles are most likely to be lost by coagulation with pre-existing particles4, thereby failing to form new cloud condensation nuclei that are typically 50 to 100 nanometres across. Sulfuric acid vapour is often involved in nucleation but is too scarce to explain most subsequent growth5,6, leaving organic vapours as the most plausible alternative, at least in the planetary boundary layer7,8,9,10. Although recent studies11,12,13 predict that low-volatility organic vapours contribute during initial growth, direct evidence has been lacking. The accelerating growth may result from increased photolytic production of condensable organic species in the afternoon2, and the presence of a possible Kelvin (curvature) effect, which inhibits organic vapour condensation on the smallest particles (the nano-Köhler theory)2,14, has so far remained ambiguous. Here we present experiments performed in a large chamber under atmospheric conditions that investigate the role of organic vapours in the initial growth of nucleated organic particles in the absence of inorganic acids and bases such as sulfuric acid or ammonia and amines, respectively. Using data from the same set of experiments, it has been shown15 that organic vapours alone can drive nucleation. We focus on the growth of nucleated particles and find that the organic vapours that drive initial growth have extremely low volatilities (saturation concentration less than 10−4.5 micrograms per cubic metre). As the particles increase in size and the Kelvin barrier falls, subsequent growth is primarily due to more abundant organic vapours of slightly higher volatility (saturation concentrations of 10−4.5 to 10−0.5 micrograms per cubic metre). We present a particle growth model that quantitatively reproduces our measurements. Furthermore, we implement a parameterization of the first steps of growth in a global aerosol model and find that concentrations of atmospheric cloud concentration nuclei can change substantially in response, that is, by up to 50 per cent in comparison with previously assumed growth rate parameterizations.


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A month or so ago I had lunch with Danny Rogers, then the editor of PRWeek, now the editor-in-chief of all Haymarket's marketing and brand titles. One of our many topics of discussion was the Barcelona declaration and I asked him if PRWeek was going to follow the Chartered Institute of Public Relations' lead and ban advertising value equivalents (AVEs) as an evaluation metric in its annual awards.
The great news is that it has finally banned AVEs from the PRWeek awards. We touched on this at yesterday's CIPR Social Media Council meeting and Philip Sheldrake suggested that we should shame and humiliate those that still cling to this entirely bogus metric. I'm all for that and for years have been on attacking those daft or weak enough to use AVEs.


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Every librarian with a connection to the Internet now has access to several hundred thousand maps in digital form--more maps than can be found in all but the largest paper-based map collections.
The chief limitation on providing map reference service is no longer lack of maps, but lack of knowledge. The Web sites listed below provide entry to the rich collection of cartographic resources on the Internet.
Driving Directions and Street Maps
Probably the most common map reference questions are for driving directions or city street maps. Several sites do an excellent job of providing this kind of information. Try: Mapquest, EarthaMaps , or Mapblast
General Reference Maps and Atlases
-- The Perry-Castenada Library has a large collection of small-scale maps, which are good for including in school reports.
-- The CIA World Factbook is for those who want to get their maps directly from the government.
-- The National Geographic Society offers numerous resources, including an online atlas.
-- The United States Geological Survey offers many resources, including the National Atlas of the United States.
Topographic Maps
-- TerraServer-USA has topographic maps, along with aerial photos and community information.
-- TopoZone: "We've got every USGS 1:100,000, 1:63,360, 1:25,000, and 1:24,000 scale topographic map for the entire United States." Free.
Aerial Photographs and Satellite Images
In addition to the popular Microsoft TerraServer (above), try TerraFly for aerial photos and satellite images of the United States.
NASA's Visible Earth is a fascinating worldwide collection of satellite images. Investigate local and regional sources for aerial photographs of your area. Look for USGS digital orthophotoquads (DOQs), which can be downloaded for a small fee from the GIS Data Depot, and are available online for selected regions from many state agencies and academic institutions.
Historical Maps
The best starting place is the History of Cartography Gateway. For maps of specific places, investigate the links at Odden's Bookmarks. Two outstanding sites for historical maps are hosted by the Library of Congress, and by David Rumsey.
There are many excellent regional collections of historical maps, for example: the Hargrett Library at the University of Georgia, the Osher Map Library and the New York Public Library.
All Other Maps
Odden's Bookmarks is the most comprehensive collection of links for all aspects of cartography, and is particularly useful for areas outside of the U.S. Infomine (http://infomine.ucr.edu/) has a more selective collection of map and GIS links, focusing on the U.S. For regional and state sources, consult the Web pages of research libraries in your area.
-- GNIS. Geographic Names for the U.S.
-- GEOnet Names Server. Foreign place names.
Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names. Both U.S. and foreign names, some historical names.
Librarians who want to acquaint themselves with GIS (Geographic Information Systems) can experiment with several Web sites that use GIS-type interfaces. These include the Census Bureau's American Factfinder, the EPA's EnviroMapper, and David Rumsey's digital atlases of the San Francisco and Boston Metropolitan Areas.
Supporting a full-fledged GIS service may be beyond the resources of many libraries, but a small investment in time and money will make it possible to download, view, and print numerous maps from the Internet. Investigate the free ArcExplorer from
ESRI, and the sources of free data listed at the
MAGERT electronic publications page.
The Map and Geography Round Table ( MAGERT) of the American Library Association Web site has numerous links to professional resources. Deserving of special mention are the listserv Maps-L and The Map Librarian's Toolbox from the Western Association of Map Librarians.
Compiled by David Y. Allen
Revised 7/22/03


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Review Date:1 Mar 2000
'From the Sea of Perpetual Gloom to the Holiday Cruise'
Review Date:1 Mar 2010
The Pacific forms part of the series 'Seas in History' edited by the late Geoffrey Scammell. Already published are the volumes about the Atlantic, the Baltic and North Seas and the Indian Ocean. The historiography of seas and oceans has an illustrious tradition (Fernand Braudel, Kirti Chaudhuri, O. H. K. Spate, J. H.


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- Sales Home
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General Admission Timed Entry Tickets
Monday, September 25, 2023 - 9:30 AM
Tickets only valid for the date selected. Tickets are non-refundable.
Front Doors lock at 4:15 p.m.
Tickets must be reserved for children under 2.
EBT/SNAP recipients can receive discounted tickets by showing their card to the front desk when purchasing tickets. EBT/SNAP discounts are not available online.
Please see Visitor Information or FAQ page for more information.
Looking for the best time to visit Butterfly Pavilion? View our live occupancy tracker!
Don't miss September's sweet deals at Butterfly Pavilion!
Special Ticket Packs with a FREE bottle of Local Hive Honey are available!
Take advantage of our exclusive ticket packs. This September, we are offering 2-packs and 4-packs that not only grant you access to our immersive exhibits but also come with a free bottle of Local Hive Honey!
2-Pack ($35): Customize your experience with any combination of two tickets to Butterfly Pavilion, plus one delectable bottle of honey. This ticket pack is valued at $45.
4-Pack ($60): Choose any combination of four general admission tickets and recieve a hottle of honey alongside. This ticket pack is valued at $75.
**Honey Month Ticket Packs are only available to purchase online; ticket packs will not be sold in person. Honey Month Ticket Pack honey bottles cannot be exchanged in the Gift Shop.


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When Arthur Chu got the call saying he'd been selected to go on Jeopardy, his first move was thorough and decisive: He went to Google and typed in "jeopardy strategy."
"I knew that just like in terms of my natural knowledge base, I wasn't ready to go on Jeopardy," Chu told me on the phone this morning. "I wasn't like Ken Jennings—automatically knowing everything from the top of my head. So I had to train."
By training—that is, going through Internet message boards and reading up on past Jeopardy winners—Chu developed an unorthodox strategy that has made headlines over the last week. It's rare, controversial, and effective—and it's turned him into something of a grand villain for some fans of the long-running quiz show. Just one glance at his Twitter feed will show you some of the ridiculous vitriolic messages he's gotten over the past few days, as his story—and winning streak—started picking up steam. (He's won four games so far, and needs one more to get into the Tournament of Champions. His next appearance will be televised on February 24.)
So what makes Chu so unusual? While most players will start from the top of each column on the Jeopardy board and progress sequentially as question difficulty increases, Chu picks questions at random, using what's called the Forrest Bounce to hunt for the three Daily Doubles, which are often scattered among the harder questions in every game. Instead of moving from the $200 question to the $400 question and so forth, Chu might bounce between all of the $1,600 or $2,000 questions—not the kind of strategy you often see on Jeopardy.
Chu does this for two reasons. For one, it throws everyone off balance. "It's a lot more mentally tiring to have to jump around the board like that," Chu told me.
More importantly, snagging those Daily Doubles offers him a massive statistical advantage. Since Daily Doubles allow players to bet up to their entire bankrolls, just one can swing an entire Jeopardy match—and Chu's strategy is to control them all, even just to prevent other players from using them.
"The only chance you have to give yourself an edge—the only moment of power, or choice you have in Jeopardy is choosing the next clue if you got the last one right," Chu said. "So if you're unpredictable when you do that, and keep opponents on their toes, it's a lot more mentally tiring and might tick off people in the audience, but it lets you gain and keep an edge that's very important to winning the game."
Chu's Daily Double hunting can be disorienting and unpleasant for an audience accustomed to watching one category at a time. Check it out:
It's clear why this style of play—combined with Chu's slightly arrogant smirk—might upset some Jeopardy fans. But Chu points out that it isn't his job to entertain people. "For us, we're out there playing for real money, and quite a bit of money," he said. "I think it's obvious for me why that'd be more important than making the game fun for the viewers at home. I don't get paid for that—I get paid for winning the game."
Chu, who is 30, works in the legal department of an insurance company, where he reads contracts and does other technical work. He's into gaming, citing BioShock, Portal, and the Arkham games among his favorites. And his dream job, he says, is to work alongside the likes of Troy Baker and Jennifer Hale.
"My first love has always been acting and performing," Chu said, pointing me to his website, which has a voice acting demo roll. "I've always wanted to voice a video game some day... I would be happy to just be the voice of the grunt who gets killed in 20 different ways."
Chu does narration for a webcomic called Erfworld, and he even auditioned for the reality show King of the Nerds:
Chu's unusual Jeopardy strategy has netted him $108,000 so far. Given all this attention—and his success—it's likely we'll see future contestants start adopting it, but it's not a new invention: Chu cites older Jeopardy champions like Chuck Forrest and Roger Craig as inspiration for his techniques. In fact, Chu says, Jeopardy's "contestant coordinators" make it clear to everyone on the show that bouncing around the board is totally allowed.
"They tell you when you come onto Jeopardy, this is how most people play because it's easier to play the game this way—and it is," Chu said. "But the important thing for me was, I wanna maximize my chances of winning."
In theory, the producers of Jeopardy could nullify the bulk of Chu's strategy by shifting up board placement —if every question had an equal chance of being a Daily Double, board bouncing would be pointless. But there's one other wrinkle to Chu's technique: during the Final Jeopardy round, instead of playing for a win, he plays to tie.
Here's where we get into hardcore game theory: to sum it up, Chu bets for the possibilities that 1) both the first- and second-place players will get the final question right, and 2) they'll both get it wrong. (If one player is right and the other is wrong, it's safe to assume the correct player will win.)
So let's say Chu is in first place with $20,000, while, say, Julie is in second place with $18,600. Common sense might dictate that Chu should bet $17,201, so that if Julie bets her whole bankroll, and they both win, Chu beats her by a dollar. (Julie would have $37,200, while Chu would take home $37,201.)
But what if Julie considers that possibility, and then wants to bet so that she'd win if they both get the question wrong? In that case, playing on the assumption that Chu is betting $17,201, Julie would bet $15,800—that way, she'd make the most money if she was right and he was wrong, but she'd still win if they were both wrong, because Chu would have $2,799 and she'd have $2,800.
If there's a tie, of course, both players move on—so Chu bets $17,200, knowing that in both scenarios he'd make it to the next game. (Granted, Julie would still win if they both got the question wrong and she bet less than $15,800, but that's one of the risks to this approach.)
Here's one example of his plan in action:
Of course, the strategy was irrelevant in this case, because Chu was the only person to get the right answer, but you can see why he bet what he did—if they had both been wrong, a tie would be the worst-case scenario, and if they had both been right, he'd win.
It will be fascinating to see whether future Jeopardy contestants emulate Chu's strategy, and how the game changes accordingly. Internet reactions have been mixed; some fans and pundits think he's ruining the integrity of the quiz show, while others think he's improving it. No matter your position, it's hard to deny that now that "optimal Jeopardy strategy" has gone viral, Alex Trebek could have a whole new type of show to host.
"When I first started, I thought maybe I should just hide in a hole and wait for this to die down, because it's gonna be so unrelentingly negative," Chu said. "But I discovered it's not really so bad. Most people get what I'm trying to do, and don't judge me for it. And the people who don't like me? Well, you can never please everyone."


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True Grit Has Plenty of Fighting Spirit
- Christa Banister Crosswalk.com Contributing Writer
- 2010 22 Dec
DVD Release Date: June 7, 2011
Theatrical Release Date: December 22, 2010
Rating: PG-13 (for some intense sequences of western violence including disturbing images)
Genre: Western, Remake, Drama
Run Time: 110 min.
Directors: Ethan and Joel Coen
Actors: Jeff Bridges, Matt Damon, Hailee Steinfield, Josh Brolin, Barry Pepper, Paul Rae, Ed Corbin
Truth be told, it takes some true grit to reprise the role that led to John Wayne's first Oscar.
As it turns out, however, last year's Best Actor winner Jeff Bridges (Crazy Heart) is more than up to the task as the story's slovenly hero Rooster Cogburn. And thanks to a whip-smart script by those ever-inventive Coen brothers, not to mention an old-fashioned fighting spirit in this classic quest for wrongs being made right by any means necessary, True Grit has plenty of substance and style, a formidable combination for any film, let alone a remake.
Like the best stories, the premise of True Grit is simple yet jam-packed with opportunities for emotional investment. Back in the era where women were still considered second-class citizens, a feisty 14-year-old farm girl named Mattie Ross (newcomer Hailee Steinfield, who is nothing short of superb) isn't about to let her father's killer roam free, even if her family has all but given up on justice being served.
Determined that ol' Tom Chaney (Josh Brolin) should pay the price for his crime sooner rather than later, Mattie wants to make sure the job's done right. Sensing that she probably shouldn't venture out into those wide open spaces all by herself, she eventually enlists the aid of the toughest U.S. Marshall she can find, namely one Rooster Cogburn.
Getting Rooster to actually agree to help is far more of a challenge than Mattie was ever expecting, though. See, these days, Rooster, who joins the locals in poking fun at himself for being fat and only being able to see out of one eye, prefers drinking and laying around to just about anything. But for the right price, Mattie eventually convinces the man who's still got a pretty great shot that her cause is a worthy one.
Of course, Rooster's not exactly all that invested in what's right, so despite the "true grit" the locals say Rooster has in spades, Mattie doesn't exactly trust him not to take advantage of her. Afraid he'll cut and run with the money she had such a hard time securing in the first place, she insists on accompanying him on the journey, something that's not only against his wishes, but downright laughable in his eyes because girls, let alone ones who aren't "much bigger than a corn kernel," simply can't keep up.
Naturally, Mattie isn't your ordinary girly girl with a bad case of boy craziness. Not only does she possess maturity way beyond her years and manages to stay toe to toe with Rooster through one perilous situation after another, but she trades verbal barbs just as easily, too. In fact, one of the film's biggest pleasures is hearing Rooster and Mattie banter back and forth in the witty, winning way only the Coen brothers could've made possible—even if you can only understand about half what Rooster is actually saying. A strong case could've probably been made for providing subtitles, but Rooster's nonverbal communication is effective enough to allow the viewer to fill in the blanks.
Adding another intriguing dimension to the action is when a Texas ranger sporting a handlebar mustache named LaBoeuf (Matt Damon) shows up. Repeatedly equating him to "circus folk," Rooster isn't exactly thrilled with his desire to help either. But like Mattie, La Boeuf is also intent on seeing Tom Chaney dead because he murdered a famed Texas senator. So despite Rooster's reluctance to let him, LaBoeuf joins the motley crew, and from there, the story only grows more interesting.
Surprisingly enough, there's quite a bit of biblical imagery of the Old Testament variety peppered throughout the proceedings. Opening with a quote from Proverbs 1, the script later references the call for righteous vengeance found in Ezekiel 1 and also serves up a poignant soliloquy on the grace of God, not only in the soundtrack, but in a few lines of particularly meaningful dialogue.
Unlike, say, O Brother Where Art Thou? where the underlying faith message was far more tongue in cheek than something worth regarding seriously, the deeper spiritual truths in True Grit are ultimately the basis for what's an engaging tale of a man who learns the meaning of sacrifice from a much younger woman who wasn't afraid to stand up for what's right—even if it meant endangering her own life in the process.
Drugs/Alcohol: Rooster is notorious for drinking and smoking way too much.
Language/Profanity: A couple of instances where the Lord's name is taken in vain.
Sex/Nudity: None.
Violence: There's a public hanging of three men, plus plenty of shoot 'em up scenes that have various degrees of bloodiness. Anyone afraid of snakes will be less than thrilled with one scene in particular that involves young Mattie, the aforementioned reptile and a tightly enclosed space.
Christa Banister is a full-time freelancer writer, specializing in music, movies and books-related reviews and interviews and is the author of two novels, Around the World in 80 Dates and Blessed Are the Meddlers. Based in Dallas, Texas, she also weighs in on various aspects of pop culture on her personal blog.
For more information, including her upcoming book signings and sample chapters of her novels, check out her Website.


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Thursday, September 22, 2011
What Did They Name That Baby?
4 comments:
Such sweet pictures.ReplyDelete
Michael J Madsen was at 11316 Michigan Avenue from 1897-1900.
He really liked that chair - another picture by him here --> http://www.flickr.com/photos/danishamericanimmigrantphotos/5466297746
And as you discovered, Theodore Von Dieck, 184 92nd St. & Ontario Ave., Chicago, IL (1899-1900) *cab card. He was born about Jan 1844 in Germany, emigrated to US 1880-1882. His son Theodore Von Dieck, Jr., photographer, born about Aug 1869 in England, owned studio by 1910. See 1900, 1910 Censuses. But I would suspect the pictures were from 1899-1900 or so. Farside of Fifty has a good eye for girl-boy and dates... far better than I do.ReplyDelete
The photo from Milwaukee is much earlier - Hugo von Broiche and John Kremer were partners only for a short while around 1875-1880. I found a mention of Broiche and Co. with J Kremer dated 1875, so perhaps they became "full partners" (e.g., Broiche and Kremer) after 1875 - but before 1880.ReplyDelete
oh, my, you make me want to take out my passel of baby pictures --- mostly tintypes --- and try to identify those babes. I know, in a general sort of way, the names of the families and the towns, villages, counties in which they lived. But oh, how babies tend to look so alike!!ReplyDelete
Loved your pics.


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Lisa Esile, MS
Lisa Esile is an author, illustrator, blogger, vegetable gardener, and whole-food enthusiast with a special fondness for potatoes. She has a master's degree in human nutrition and is passionate about showing people how to live happier, healthier lives. She is the author of Reach Your Big Calm and the co-author of Whose Mind Is It Anyway? Find her on Facebook.see more from this author


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Create a Website Account - Manage notification subscriptions, save form progress and more.
Visit Xcel Energy's webpage to begin, stop or transfer your Xcel electrical and gas utility needs.
Medical Emergencies ............................... 911
Electrical Emergency / Power Outage ..... 1-800-895-1999
Gas Emergency / Gas Odor .................... 911 or 1-800-895-2999
Outdoor Lighting Outages ....................... 1-800-960-6235
If you detect a sulfur or rotten egg smell in your home, it could be the odorant that Xcel puts in natural gas to help detect leaks. If you notice the smell, leave your home immediately! Do not turn any electrical devices on or off and do not use a garage door opener. Avoid anything that can create a spark. Once you are outside and safely away, call us at 1-800-895-2999 or call 911.


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This system grades pearls on a scale from AAA to A, with AAA being the highest grade, this grading scale is common to freshwater and akoya pearls only, but is accepted by many South Sea and Tahitian pearl dealers. The AAA to A grades are as follows:
Nice light reflection,reflected image slightly fuzzy
Very nice reflection,with good reflection
Outstanding luster,amazing reflection and clarity
More than 25% Inclusions on Surface. Perfections are visible
75% of the pearl surface is clean. See small imperfections.
95% of the pearl surface is clean. Not easy to see imperfections.
Non-symetrical, off-round,slightly irregular
Round to casual observer, slight off-round symmetry
The pearls are of a near perfect round shape
Irregular shape with atypical growth
Tear drop shape perfect for pendants and earrings
Oval (button) shape perfect for comfortable earrings
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We don't have this item available for sale at the moment. Please enter your information to be notified of updates about this product.
Each Box contains One Color Sketch Card!
Sketch cards will feature the greatest heroes and villains through the 75-year history of the Marvel Universe!!
Iron Man, Spider-Man, Thor, Captain America, Hulk, Thing, Wolverine and many more!
Every box will contain hand-drawn, color sketch card.
Artists include Axebone, Sanna Umemoto, Veronica O'Connell, Rhiannon Owens, Tim Shay, Jon Hughes, Norman Jim Faustino, Lak Lim and more than 100 others.
- 90-card base set featuring a retrospective look at the evolution of the greatest heroes and villains of the Marvel Universe
- 90-card "Sapphire" parallel base set (1:3 packs)
- 90-card "Emerald" parallel base set, individually numbered to 100 (1 per box)
- 90-card "Diamond" parallel base set, individually numbered to 10 (1 per case)
25 cards (part two) of our 75-card, year-long MARVEL 75TH ANNIVERSARY celebration! This second set of 25 cards, each numbered to 75, will be inserted at the rate of 2 per case (1:144 packs)!
- 18-card Retro Sticker Card bonus set (1:24 packs/1 per box)
- 14-card X-Men Evolution bonus set (1:24 packs/1 per box)
- 14-card X-Men Evolution parallel bonus set (1:144 packs/2 per case)(#d to 150)
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Archive Cuts, featuring original, vintage cut comic panels culled from classic Golden Age, Silver Age and Bronze Age comics (1:288 packs/1 per case).
24 Packs Per Box, 5 Cards Per Pack


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Final Tests
On this page, you will remotely test the system with the cloud client like you did before. But this time, a virtual machine will be started for you as expected.
Back to the cloud client
Several pages ago, we set up and tested the cloud client against the service. Now we are ready to revisit that client installation and try again, but with a real VM. First off, run the status and list commands to ensure that the IaaS and repository services are still running correctly.
$ cd nimbus-cloud-client/
$ ./bin/cloud-client.sh --status Querying for ALL instances. There's nothing running on this cloud that you own.
$ bin/cloud-client.sh --list No files.
If these commands succeeded, we can move on and attempt to upload a real VM image to the repository.
Upload image
It is recommended to start with the image that you used earlier to test the VMM. If you don't still have it, fetch it again. Remember that there is a different sample image for Xen vs. KVM.
$ curl -O https://www.nimbusproject.org/downloads/nimbus-z2c.gz $ gunzip nimbus-z2c.gz
$ curl -O https://www.nimbusproject.org/downloads/ubuntu10.10.gz $ gunzip ubuntu10.10.gz
Now use the cloud-client to upload the VM image to the Cumulus repository. For the following commands, replace image with the name of the image file you just unzipped. So nimbus-z2c or ubuntu10.10.
$ ./bin/cloud-client.sh --transfer --sourcefile image Transferring - Source: image - Destination: cumulus://Repo/VMS/04NjWi75iz1TzNf4Y3zvU/image
Now the list operation should show the new image.
$ ./bin/cloud-client.sh --list [Image] 'image' Read/write Modified: Jun 7 2010 @ 12:43 Size: 288358400 bytes (~275 MB)
Start VM
For KVM you need to make an additional configuration change to the cloud.properties file. You must tell Nimbus to treat the image as a disk, not just a single partition. Add the following line to conf/cloud.properties:
Once you have everything working, you should also add this (along with any other customizations) to the cloud properties template file used for new users. It is located in the service installation at $NIMBUS_HOME/var/cloud.properties.in.
Now we are ready to boot this image and see if we can ssh into it.
$ ./bin/cloud-client.sh --run --name image --hours 1 Launching workspace. Workspace Factory Service: https://nimbus.example.edu:8445/wsrf/services/WorkspaceFactoryService Creating workspace "vm-001"... done. IP address: 220.127.116.11 Hostname: x001.nimbus.example.edu Start time: Mon Jul 05 21:27:20 CDT 2010 Shutdown time: Mon Jul 05 22:27:20 CDT 2010 Termination time: Mon Jul 05 22:37:20 CDT 2010 Waiting for updates.
If all goes well, a VM should be booting and its IP should be printed to the screen. The client will not exit until the image is distributed and the VM is booting. When this happens, you can attempt to SSH into the new VM. SSH may not immediately work because the VM may take some time to boot and start its networking and daemons.
$ ssh [email protected]
Notice also that a "handle" was printed out to the screen for this launch. In the example above, this handle is "vm-001". When you are ready to destroy a running VM, you do so using this handle.
$ ./bin/cloud-client.sh --terminate --handle vm-001
The cloud client has many other options and features. For details, check --help and the client quickstart.
Once more, with contextualization
The KVM sample image does not support contextualization at this time, so you can skip this step.
The cloud client also supports launching VMs with contextualization. The nimbus-z2c image has an agent installed that securely contacts a broker and exchanges information about itself and other nodes. This allows launching groups of nodes that are contextualized into clusters.
Metadata server
This test will fail if you have not configured the metadata server. The VM will launch but get stuck in the phase "Waiting for context broker updates".
The nimbus-z2c image supports simple contextualization. Each VM's SSH public key will be retrieved by the cloud client and installed into your ~/.ssh/known_hosts file. If you launch multiple nimbus-z2c VMs, they will be contextualized and configured with host-based authentication.
Clusters are launched using a cluster document which describes the instances and their relationships. An example for nimbus-z2c is available here.
$ curl -O https://www.nimbusproject.org/downloads/nimbus-z2c.xml
<cluster> <workspace> <name>node1</name> <image>nimbus-z2c</image> <!-- How many to launch --> <quantity>1</quantity> <nic wantlogin="true">public</nic> <ctx> <provides> <identity /> <role>testrole1</role> </provides> <requires> <identity /> <role name="testrole2" hostname="true" pubkey="true" /> <role name="testrole3" /> </requires> </ctx> </workspace> </cluster>
Run the cloud client again, specifying this file with the --cluster argument.
$ ./bin/cloud-client.sh --run --cluster nimbus-z2c.xml --hours 1 Requesting cluster. - node1: image 'nimbus-z2c', 1 instance Context Broker: https://nimbus.example.edu:8445/wsrf/services/NimbusContextBroker Created new context with broker. Workspace Factory Service: https://nimbus.example.edu:8445/wsrf/services/WorkspaceFactoryService Creating workspace "node1"... done. - 126.96.36.199 [ x001.nimbus.example.edu ] Launching cluster-001... done. Waiting for launch updates. - cluster-001: all members are Running Waiting for context broker updates. - cluster-001: contextualized SSH trusts new key for x001.nimbus.example.edu [[ node1 ]]
If all went well, you should see output similar to the example. The VM was booted and its SSH key was sent back to the client via the Context Broker. If you want to try booting multiple VMs in a cluster, edit the XML file and adjust the quantity element then try again. You can also check out the cluster guide for more information.
If the VM successfully launches but the cloud client gets stuck with the message "Waiting for context broker updates", try logging into the VM with SSH and examining the context agent log file /opt/nimbus/ctxlog.txt. There may be a problem with the context broker or metadata server.
What's next?
Once all of these tests succeed, your cloud is up and running. At this point you probably want to configure more VMM nodes and add them to the resource pool. You may also want to check out the reference page sections for more a list of other configurations and information.
You can also now start enabling remote users. You should familiarize yourself with the user management tools, the web application that is available for securely distributing credentials, and look into configuring per-user rights and allocations.
Thanks for trying out Nimbus! If you have any questions or comments please contact our support lists.


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Sometimes you need the second cup of coffee. Am I right?
Having a crawling baby that gets into everything and your house isn't baby proofed because you're in the process of selling, makes for an exhausted mommy.
Bring on the second cup!
Well, Mr. Coffee has a single cup brewer is just perfect for that. In the mornings, my husband and I like to split an 8 cup french press, but lately I need that second cup around 2pm when I'm running on empty.
Check out how quick it is! Oh, how I love gifs, even though they are a 2nd decade old technology. 🙂
It's only natural to want something to pair the delicious hot cup of coffee with. Bring on the biscotti! I've made a great variety of biscotti before, see:
- Gingerbread Biscotti
- Triple Chocolate Peppermint Biscotti
- Double Chocolate Biscotti
- Pecan Cranberry Biscotti
All of them have been delicious and it was about time I made a simple chocolate chip biscotti.
The semi-sweet chocolate chips in every bite, melting in the hot coffee, makes my mouth water just thinking about it.
And usually my husband takes all of the goodies into work with him, but these biscotti stayed right here at home. I ate one every single day for a snack with my coffee until they were gone. Sad.
Oh, and yes, we have a designated coffee section on our kitchen counter and this is the decor beside it:
Cute, right?
Okay, let's get back to the hot coffee and delicious biscotti.
So the biscotti are so versatile in the fact that you can bake them to the hardness that you desire. I personally enjoy them a little softer than bricks, but no matter what hardness you choose, they'll soften right up when you give them a little dip in the hot bath…I'm mean, coffee.
Go ahead. You know you want to take a dip. Now you have to make these biscotti and dip them in the coffee yourself.
And as you can see, they didn't last long. If you keep scrolling down the page, you'll have a chance to win a Mr. Coffee single cup brewer too! This machine provides the Keurig technology, allowing it to brew all varieties of K-Cup® packs. It also has a 24-oz removable water reservoir, so you're not refilling it every time, but more like every other time. When you brew, you can choose to brew a 6-oz or 10-oz coffee.
What's nice about the single cup brewer too is the removable drip tray so you can fit your mega mugs and tall cutesy travel mugs! And I think the only down side to this machine is that you have to buy the k-cups which are crazy expensive. I almost have to use them in moderation because they're basically like $1 a piece. However, the upside of the K-cup technology is that there's no clean up, which I never have time for anyway with a baby on my hip. 😉
Whole Wheat Chocolate Chip Biscotti
adapted from A Full Measure of Happiness
- 1 cup whole wheat pastry flour
- 1 cup white whole wheat flour
- 2 teaspoons baking powder
- 1/2 cup sugar
- 3 eggs
- 1 teaspoon vanilla extract
- 1 cup semi-sweet chocolate chips
- Preheat the oven to 300°F.
- In a large bowl, whisk the flours, baking powder and sugar together.
- Add in the eggs and vanilla to the bowl. Stir with a spatula until combined.
- Fold in the chocolate chips.
- Divide the dough in half and lay into two long logs on a silpat or parchment paper covered baking sheet, pressing the logs out flat and evenly. If you want small biscotti, make sure you do long and narrow logs.
- Bake for 1 hour.
- Remove from the oven and with a sharp cerated knife, cut into strips horizontally or on an angle.
- Lay the biscotti on their sides back on the baking sheet.
- Lower the temperature to 250F and bake again for 30 minutes (just 15 minutes for less hard biscotti).
- Remove and let cool before storing in an air tight container at room temperature.
Servings: about 20 biscotti


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May 18, 2012 — -- The Facebook IPO generated intense attention from the media and investors on its opening day Friday, but it failed to generate much of a profit.
The stock closed at $38.23 in Nasdaq trading, up just 23 cents from its initial price, when many analysts had expected at least a jump of 5 to 10 percent.
As Max Wolff an analyst with Greencrest Capital Management put it, "this starlet tripped on the red carpet."
The market completed its worst week of the year, contributing to Facebook's disappointing closing price. The tech stock was one of the most-traded stocks on the Nasdaq, however.
The Nasdaq closed down 1.2 percent to 2,779 while the Dow Jones Industrial Average closed down 0.6 percent to 12,369. The S&P 500 closed down 0.7 percent to 1,295.
"Facebook closed up only a few cents but likely would have fared even worse if not for underwriters' buying every time the stock touched $38," Jim Krapfel, IPO analyst with investment firm Morningstar, said. "Facebook debuted at an inopportune time, as overall stock market weakness clearly pressured the shares. Had the company gone public a couple of weeks earlier, first day performance would likely have been much better."
After some technical hiccups, trading in Facebook's blockbuster IPO officially opened to an eager public today at $42.05 a share. The shares faded after that, touching the offer price of $38 numerous times throughout the day. The big investment houses that underwrote the share offering purchased the stock to keep it from falling below the offer price, sources told Bloomberg News and CNBC.
The trading day started with what is being reported as trading glitches at the NASDAQ, though officials at the exchange are not providing any clarifications for now.
Still, at $38, Facebook is priced more than 100 times its profit -- a steep premium compared with Google at 18 times earnings and Apple at 13 times.
Krapfel said he was surprised to see Facebook stay flat given the pent-up retail demand for its shares.
"Clearly concerns regarding the company's valuation, increased insider selling, and GM news are weighing on the stock. Weakness in the stock market over the last several days is also likely playing a significant role," he said.
General Motors said this week it was pulling about $10 million of advertising from Facebook.
Morningstar has valued the company at $32 a share but Krapfel had expected the stock to trade into $50 and above.
He said that Facebook's IPO was "overhyped."
"Everyone and their child was interested in the IPO," he said.
Visit Yahoo Finance to view real-time trading of Facebook shares.
On Friday morning, Mark Zuckerberg, CEO and founder of Facebook, and COO Sheryl Sandberg gathered with a throng of cheering employees at the company headquarters in Menlo Park, Calif., to ring the Nasdaq's opening bell at 9:30 a.m. eastern time ahead of the social media network's long-awaited IPO.
"Right now, this all seems like a big deal," Zuckerberg said before ringing the bell. "Going public is an important milestone in our history. But here's the thing. Our mission isn't to be a public company. Our mission is to make the world more open and connected."
Trading of the company's shares, designated with the ticker symbol, "FB," was scheduled to begin around 10:45 a.m. eastern time but began almost an hour later because Facebook's underwriter, Morgan Stanley, was reportedly having trouble executing changing orders.
Facebook's $16 billion raised on Thursday evening, when it priced its shares at IPO, brought in more capital in one listing than all of the combined U.S. IPOs this year, which was $12.1 billion, according to Thompson Reuters.
"In the past eight years, all of you out there have built the largest community in the history of the world," Zuckerberg said to employees in Menlo Park Friday morning. "You've done amazing things that we never would have dreamed of. And I can't wait to see what you guys all do going forward."
Facebook will raise $18.4 billion including the full share overallotment, which is the second largest initial public offering in U.S. history behind Visa's $19.7 billion offering in March 2008. Visa's initial public offering was priced at $44 a share.
With a large monitor and stage set up outdoors in "Hacker Square," instead of visiting Nasdaq's New York exchange, hundreds of employees gathered in the early hours of the morning in California. Many of them had participated in Facebook's 31st "hackathon," a company tradition described as an overnight sleepover that encourages employees to work on anything but their normal work duties.
Nasdaq's CEO, Bob Greifeld, stood beaming next to Zuckerberg, 28, sans necktie, donning a t-shirt and clapping along with the other employees.
Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg to Top List of Youngest CEOs: In Photos
It was a long-awaited moment for the eight-year old company that started in the Harvard University dormitory, Kirkland House.
In Photos: A Timeline of Facebook
Not to abandon Wall Street completely, Facebook CFO David Ebersman reportedly was at the Nasdaq in New York City during the opening bell. Instead of scrolling the usual stock prices of the day, Nasdaq's digital billboard at its market center in Times Square this morning read, "Nasdaq Welcomes Facebook."
On Thursday night, Facebook priced its initial public offering at $38 a share, raising $16 billion and valuing the company at $104 billion. The company said it made $3.7 billion in revenue in 2011.
The company offered 421.2 million shares of common A-class stock, which includes 180 million new shares sold by the company and 241.2 million shares sold by existing shareholders, such as early employees.
In Photos: Meet the New Facebook Billionaires
The biggest IPO for a U.S. technology firm has gotten the attention of everyone from high school students to Wall Street professionals, many of whom are likely among the 900 million monthly users of the social media site.
Out of four recent technology IPOs -- those of LinkedIn, Zynga, Pandora and Groupon -- only LinkedIn has recently traded above its IPO price. LinkedIn's IPO price last May was $45 a share. Shares of LinkedIn were trading down around 5.8 percent on Friday late afternoon at $98.83.


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The Windows 8 Consumer Preview comes with a pre-installed e-mail client for webmail and Exchange. While it's designed with the touch-friendly Metro interface in mind, it's quite usable even in traditional desktop mode, at least for the basic tasks of reading and writing messages.
Windows 8 Mail is an alternative to the mail client in Windows Live Essentials, a free productivity suite for download on the stable versions of Windows in use today. Microsoft has not yet released a Windows 8-specific version of Outlook, the fee-based, business-class e-mail client that is part of Office. A beta version of "Office 15" is expected this summer, Office President Kurt DelBene said this week.
For now, we have the free, consumer Mail client to look at, and it's one of the highlights of the Windows 8 Consumer Preview. It's not as fully functional as Windows Live Mail, yet it outshines much of the rest of this experimental version of the operating system.
So far, I have a hard time picturing myself using the Metro interface as my regular desktop. One reason for that is it so clearly geared toward touch usage. Peter Bright explains just how to use Windows 8 with a mouse and keyboard, including the proper use of those pesky "hot corners," but many of the operating system's applications are still in a proof-of-concept phase. The Mail app stands out in Windows 8 because it is quite usable for daily e-mailing, even with a mouse and keyboard.
Let's take a look at Windows Live Mail running in Windows 7:
As you can see, there is a big difference. Windows Live Mail looks a lot like Outlook, with the familiar ribbon interface offering tons of options for reading, sorting, and flagging e-mail. Windows 8 Mail is far more basic, yet perfectly usable and (to my eyes) easy to look at. If I could separate the Mail application from the rest of the operating system, I'd probably have no trouble using it today despite its status as a beta product. That's not a criticism of Windows 8—this is a preview version of the operating system that Microsoft does not intend for daily use.
I set up the Windows 8 Mail client with Gmail, Yahoo, and Microsoft Exchange, and all three accounts loaded perfectly with no hassle or extra configuration required—just type in your e-mail address and password. The available options are the basic ones, with the ability to move e-mails to folders, mark as unread, search through mail, and more.
One limitation arises from Microsoft's decision to create separate Windows 8 clients for Mail and Calendar. Windows Live puts your e-mail accounts and calendars into the same program, making it easy to add events from your inbox. In the Consumer Preview of Windows 8, there's no integration between the separate Mail and Calendar applications. Both work fine, they just don't work together.
Early screenshots of Office 15 show a fusion of the ribbon and Metro interfaces, and an integrated mail/calendar client. Outlook for Windows 8 will be the premier mail client, but it will cost money, and many people—particularly those tablet buyers Microsoft wants to court—will be satisfied with an easy-to-use, free mail application. While it will be months until we see a final version, Microsoft looks set to deliver just that.


text:
And it is. Going back to my "file" (a long portable table stretched out over the chair and ottoman in my bedroom, for lack of any other room in the house to leave an unwieldy, but organized, stack of papers) I discover that the carefully-stacked pile of letters, sorted by month of origin, has two surprises.
Second, inside, there was—wait! INSIDE THERE WAS…oh, no, I missed a letter! And, to boot, it was undated! Now, what? Oh, my precious organized world, obliterated by a late discovery!
On the other hand, I can take a more optimistic stance and celebrate the fact that I made one more discovery: a letter, out of sequence, that never-the-less deserves to take its place in Frank's story line.
At least at this point, my halting "Yes, it was December 1945," versus "No, it was December 1944" two-step can be set aside as we waltz toward the finish of this story of my father-in-law.


text:
50 S.Ct. 444
74 L.Ed. 1098
ANN ARBOR R. CO. et al.
UNITED STATES et al.
No. 7.
Reargued Oct. 21, 22, 1929.
Decided June 2, 1930.
[Syllabus from pages 658-660 intentionally omitted]
Messrs. Herman Phleger, of San Francisco. Cal., and Frederic D. McKenney, of Washington, D. C., for appellants.
The Attorney General, and Messrs. Charles E. Hughes, Jr., Sol. Gen., and J. Stanley Payne, both of Washington, D. C., for the United States and the Interstate Commerce Commission.
[Argument of Counsel from pages 660-662 intentionally omitted]
Mr. Justice VAN DEVANTER delivered the opinion of the Court.
This is a suit to set aside an order of the Interstate Commerce Commission condemning existing rates for the transportation of deciduous fruits from California to Eastern destinations-chiefly points between the Mississippi river and the Atlantic seaboard. A hearing in the District Court before three judges under section 47, Title 28, U. S. C. (28 USCA § 47) resulted in a decree dismissing the bill; and a direct appeal has brought the case here.
The proceeding which resulted in the order was instituted before the Commission December 27, 1926, by the California Growers' and Shippers' Protective League through a complaint assailing the existing rates as unjust and unreasonable under section 1 of the Interstate Commerce Act (49 USCA § 1), unduly and unreasonably preferential under § 3 of that act (49 USCA § 3), and having an unjust and unreasonable basis, and being too high within the meaning of the joint resolution of Congress of January 30, 1925, known as the Hoch-Smith Resolution. The order was made July 20, 1927, and was changed by the Commission in some particulars November 14 of that year. Originally it was to be effective October 10, 1927, but the Commission extended the time to January 10, 1928.
The plaintiffs in the suit are the railroad companies which participate in the transportation. In their bill and on this appeal they challenge the validity of the order upon the ground, among others, that the Commission based it upon the joint resolution and a construction thereof which is inadmissible.
The Interstate Commerce Act, Title 49, U. S. C. (49 USCA §§ 1, 3 and 15) provides in sections 1, 3 and 15:
Section 1, par. (5): 'All charges * * * shall be just and reasonable, and every unjust and unreasonable charge * * * is prohibited and declared to be unlawful. * * *'
Section 3, par. (1): 'It shall be unlawful * * * to make or give any undue or unreasonable preference or advantage to any particular person, company, firm, corporation, or locality, or any particular description of traffic, in any respect whatsoever, or to subject any particular person, company, firm, corporation, or locality, or any particular description of traffic, to any undue or unreasonable prejudice or disadvantage in any respect whatsoever.'
Section 15, par. (1): 'Whenever, after full hearing, upon a complaint * * * or * * * under an order for investigation and hearing made by the commission on its own initiative, * * * the commission shall be of opinion that any individual or joint rate, fare, or charge whatsoever * * * is or will be unjust or unreasonable or unjustly discriminatory or unduly preferential or prejudicial * * * the commission is authorized and empowered to determine and prescribe what will be the just and reasonable individual or joint rate, fare, or charge, or rates, fares, or charges, to be thereafter observed in such case. * * *'
The joint resolution, c. 120, 43 Stat. 801 (49 USCA § 55) reads:
'That it is hereby declared to be the true policy in rate making to be pursued by the Interstate Commerce Commission in adjusting freight rates, that the conditions which at any given time prevail in our several industries should be considered in so far as it is legally possible to do so, to the end that commodities may freely move.
'That the Interstate Commerce Commission is authorized and directed to make a thorough investigation of the rate structure of common carriers subject to the interstate commerce act, in order to determine to what extent and in what manner existing rates and charges may be unjust, unreasonable, unjustly discriminatory, or unduly preferential, thereby imposing undue burdens, or giving undue advantage as between the various localities and parts of the country, the various classes of traffic, and the various classes and kinds of commodities, and to make, in accordance with law, such changes, adjustments, and redistribution of rates and charges as may be found necessary to correct any defects so found to exist. In making any such change, adjustment, or redistribution the commission shall give due regard, among other factors, to the general and comparative levels in market value of the various classes and kinds of commodities as indicated over a reasonable period of years to a natural and proper development of the country as a whole, and to the maintenance of an adequate system of transportation. In the progress of such investigation the commission shall, from time to time, and as expeditiously as possible, make such decisions and orders as it may find to be necessary or appropriate upon the record then made in order to place the rates upon designated classes of traffic upon a just and reasonable basis with relation to other rates. Such investigation shall be conducted with due regard to other investigations or proceedings affecting rate adjustments which may be pending before the commission.
'In view of the existing depression in agriculture, the commission is hereby directed to effect with the least practicable delay such lawful changes in the rate structure of the country as will promote the freedom of movement by common carriers of the products of agriculture affected by that depression, including livestock, at the lowest possible lawful rates compatible with the maintenance of adequate transportation service: Provided, That no investigation or proceeding resulting from the adoption of this resolution shall be permitted to delay the decision of cases now pending before the commission involving rates on products of agriculture, and that such cases shall be decided in accordance with this resolution.'
The original and supplemental opinions of the commission show quite plainly that the commission based the order entirely upon the joint resolution. It is said in the opinions that 'the joint resolution was primarily relied upon' by the complainant; that, while a violation of section 3(1) of the Interstate Commerce Act was alleged in the complaint, 'no great reliance was placed upon that allegation'; that the 'primary issue to be determined' was whether the existing rates were in accord with the resolution; that the resolution effected a change 'in the basic law'; and that this change operated to eliminate a decision made June 25, 1925, in another proceeding between the same parties wherein the Commission found the same rates neither unreasonable nor unduly preferential and sustained them as lawful rates. California Growers' & Shippers' Protective League v. Southern Pacific Co., 100 I. C. C. 79. True, in both the original and supplemental opinions it is said that the existing rates are unreasonable, but the opinions taken as a whole show that this means the rates were deemed unreasonable under the joint resolution when construed as the Commission construed it, and not that they were deemed unreasonable under § 1(5) or § 3(1) of the Interstate Commerce Act. Throughout the opinions it is manifest that the Commission was testing the reasonableness and validity of the rates by considerations not applicable under those sections, but believed by it to have been brought into the problem by the resolution.
The joint resolution is the outgrowth of several measures proposed in Congress but not adopted. Some of the measures may have been designed by their proposers to make real changes in existing laws relating to transportation rates. But they are not before us. The measure that is before us is the joint resolution which emerged from the legislative deliberations and proceedings. It is brought here to the end that we may determine its proper construction, which of course is to be done by applying to it the rules applicable to legislation in general.
The question presented is whether the resolution changes the substantive provisions of existing laws relating to transportation rates, and particularly whether rates which would be lawful under those laws are made unlawful by it.
The resolution is in three paragraphs. The first declares it be to a true policy in rate making that the conditions which at any given time prevail in the several industries 'should be considered' in so far as it is 'legally possible' to do so, to the end that commodities may move freely. This policy is not new. It rate making under existing laws it has been recognized that conditions in a particular industry may and should be considered along with other factors in fixing rates for that industry and in determining their reasonableness; and it also has been recognized that, so far as can be done with due regard for the interests affected, rates should be such as will permit the commodities to which they relate to move freely in the channels of commerce.
The second paragraph is devoted chiefly to requiring the Commission to proceed along stated lines for the purpose of securing prompt observance of existing laws, such as sections 1(5) and 3(1) of the Interstate Commerce Act, 49 USCA §§ 1(5), 3(1), requiring that all rates be just and reasonable, and prohibiting all undue preferences and unjust discriminations, whether relating to shippers, commodities, classes of traffic, or localities. The only substantive provision in the paragraph is one declaring that in the adjustment of rates the factors to be considered shall include (a) the general and comparative levels in marker value of the various classes and kinds of commodities as indicated over a reasonable period of years, (b) a natural and proper development of the country as a whole, and (c) the maintenance of an adequate system of transporation. These matters have all been regarded as factors requiring consideration under existing laws. The prohibition in section 3(1) of the Interstate Commerce Act of any undue preference of one locality over another always has been treated as intended to prevent the use of rates as a means of promoting the artificial development of one locality to the detriment of another. And what is said about the maintenance of an adequate system of transportation is but a reiteration of provisions embodied in existing laws.
The third paragraph was construed by the Commission as making a change 'in the basic law,' as placing agricultural products in a 'most favored' class, and as justifying a reduction in the rates on deciduous fruits moving from California to Eastern points, notwithstanding most of the carriers 'have not as yet made the fair return,' for which section 15a of the Interstate Commerce Act as added by Transportation Act § 422, 41 Stat. 488 (49 USCA § 15a) makes provision as a means of securing the maintenance of an adequate transportation system. Indeed, it is apparent from the Commission's opinions that it regarded this paragraph as requiring it to condemn the existing rates as unreasonable and unlawful, although, had they been considered independently of the paragraph, they must have been upheld as reasonable and lawful under the applicable sections, 1(5) and 3(1), of the existing law.
We are of opinion that the Commission's construction cannot be supported. The paragraph does not purport to make any change in the existing law, but on the contrary requires that that law be given effect. Nor does it purport to make unlawful any rate which under the existing law is a lawful rate, but on the contrary leaves the validity of the rate to be tested by that law.
The paragraph requires only that 'lawful changes' in the rate structure be made; and we find in it no sanction for any other change. Unless the paragraph can be said to give its own definition of a lawful change, reference must be had to section 15, par. (1), 49 USCA § 15(1), of the existing law which shows under what conditions and how a lawful change of rate may be effected by the Commission.
The Commission stresses the concluding words in the same sentence with 'lawful changes,' and evidently regards them as qualifying the natural import of the latter and in effect specifying a new and reduced scale to be applied in rate making. The words stressed are, 'at the lowest possible lawful rates compatible with the maintenance of adequate transportation service.'
Considering the connection in which these words are brought into the sentence, we think they fall much short of supporting the construction adopted by the Commission. They are more in the nature of a hopeful characterization of an object deemed desirable if, and in so far as, it may be attainable, than of a rule intended to control rate making. See United States v. New York Central R. R. Co., 263 U. S. 603, 44 S. Ct. 212, 68 L. Ed. 470. Of course they should not lightly be disregarded. Neither should they lightly be accepted as overturning positive and unambiguous provisions constituting part of a system of laws reflecting a settled legislative policy, such as the Interstate Commerce Act (49 USCA § 1 et seq.) If they mean no more than that the depressed condition of the industry is to be given such consideration as may be reasonable, considering the nature and cost of the transportation service and the need for maintaining an adequate transportation system, they work no change in the existing law. But, if they mean more, and are intended to require that rates be reduced to some uncertain level below that standard, they give rise to a serious question respecting the constitutional validity of the paragraph of which they are a part. See Northern Pacific R. R. Co. v. North Dakota, 236 U. S. 585, 595, 35 S. Ct. 429, 59 L. Ed. 735, L. R. A. 1917F, 1148, Ann. Cas. 1916A, 1; Norfolk & Western Ry. Co. v. Conley, 236 U. S. 605, 608, 35 S. Ct. 437, 59 L. Ed. 745. By reason of their uncertain meaning, United States v. Barnes, 222 U. S. 513, 520, 32 S. Ct. 117, 56 L. Ed. 291, and of the constitutional question which would be raised if they were taken as the Commission thinks they should be taken, Harriman v. Interstate Commerce Commission, 211 U. S. 407, 422, 29 S. Ct. 115, 53 L. Ed. 253, we think they must be held to work no substantial change in the meaning or operation of sections 1(5), 3(1), and 15, par. (1), of the existing law (49 USCA §§ 1(5), 3(1) and 15(1).
Our conclusion is that the order of the Commission was based upon an erroneous construction of the joint resolution, and therefore should have been set aside by the court below.
Decree reversed.


text:
Dear Parents/Families,
Welcome back to the 2017-18 school year!
You may have heard in the news that school lunches around the country are changing for the better. For the first time in nearly two decades, the federal government has issued new nutrition standards for meals served to school children. Luckily, New Haven has been leading the nation in terms of healthy school food offerings, so your child may not even notice any changes have taken place.
The new requirements include strict limits on the portion sizes, calories, saturated fat, trans fat, and sodium in school meals. We are meeting these nutrition standards by offering students a selection of low-fat and fat-free milk, larger portions of colorful fruits and vegetables, and a variety of whole grains and lean protein choices. All lunches include five meal components:
As always, each child must select at least three of these five components on their tray to make a meal. The biggest change to this old requirement is that now at least one of those three components must be a fruit or a vegetable.
Please explain these changes to your child before they arrive at school. Every student needs to be prepared to select at least one fruit or vegetable with their lunch every day. We are planning our menus to include selections we know students like, as well as different foods they may not have tried before. Please encourage your child to try these new foods. They just might find a new favorite!
We look forward to serving your child this year and we welcome your feedback regarding our menus and choices.
Click here to Download the School Meals Application Form!
Click Here to Download the Spanish Meals Application Form!
Click here for the NON-UNIVERSAL FREE MEALS SCHOOLS Meal Charge Policy
Click here to view the NHPS Food Services Initiative/Accomplishment Document.
Individualized Health Care Plan (For Food Allergies)
Welcome to New Haven School Food! Where Hungry Kids & Healthy Food Meet
The Mission of the Food Service Department is to ensure that delicious, healthy meals are available to all New Haven students. We strive to serve good quality meals utilizing ingredients from many local producers that promotes the health and wellness of students so they can be more productive in the classroom. We are an active participant in the Connecticut Farm to School & Farm to Chef Programs.
The Food Service Department is comprised of over 200 employees, working in our 46 cafeterias, on the delivery trucks and in our central kitchen offices. Every day, these amazing employees produce and serve over 17,000 lunches and 12,000 breakfasts to the students of New Haven; in school year 2011-2012 we served 5 million meals!
This website is designed to provide information to students, parents and schools about the school food service program, as well as provide information about food, health and nutrition.
Job applications available at NHPS Central Kitchen, 75 Barnes Avenue.
In accordance with Federal law and U.S. Department of Agriculture policy, this institution is prohibited from discriminating on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, age or disability. To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C. 20250-9410 or call (800) 795-3272 or (202) 720-6382 (TTY). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.