text:
When they returned, we commenced with the work.
In 1926, the president at the time, Mr. Hyman Rabinovitch, traveled to Sochaczew for the opening of the Talmud Torah. It was a very solemn opening. The school was the pride of all the Sochaczew Jews. Here, it was as good as there. We took care of the upkeep of the school. We regularly sent money, every year, to clothe the children, as well as help for poor children. We also sent help to all the organizations that existed up to the time of that accursed Hitler. Shortly after the murderers entered Poland, we heard that all the Jews of Sochaczew were expelled to the Warsaw ghetto. The Jews had ill fortune and were annihilated. The Talmud Torah was destroyed. The destruction of Sochaczew affected us greatly. We all decided to work toward and to eagerly await the great day when our greatest hater would be destroyed. Nobody would have been able to believe that so many of our people were destroyed. More than three-quarters of the people from our hometown were murdered.
Aside from the support that we sent via the federation, we at that time did much assistance work. We received letters from the small remnant of our natives who were scattered in all parts of the world. We sent them packages of food and money. We also received letters from natives of other areas who were searching for their relatives. We did what we could to connect them with their relatives.
Sochaczew is no more. As faras we hear, the entire city has turned Polish. All signs of Judaism were erased. We are still bonded to our hometown of Sochaczew with thousands of threads, and we wish that Jewish Sochaczew would still live. We carry with us the hope of establishing a Sochaczewer settlement in the Land of Israel. We will attempt to realize our dream. It should be said about our fruitful work on behalf of our organization is thanks to the constant hard work of people such as Mr. Yitzchak Landau, who held office for more than 25 years already; Mr. Benny Beister, the ex-president[1]; H. Rabinovitch, Mr. J. Rabinovitch the treasurer; G. Beister and others, such as myself[2], who held the office of president and recording secretary for 20 years.
Chicago District
November 1947
|Pinchas Graubard
|Vova Rosenberg
|Max Graubard
|Max Landau
|Henry Miller
|Tzalel Nelson
|Eliezer Rosen
|Fanny Borenstein
|Meir Plamiak
|Phillip Nelson
|William Muney
|Hyman Goldberg
|Yisrael Keller
|Sam Leifer
|Jack Leifer
There are no record books, letters or books that tell about this. They do not exist. After a great deal of searching, we can find grave markers with letters that are peeling off in the old Jewish cemeteries that are no longer used today. On these, we can make out the word From Sochaczew beside the personal data of the deceased. There is no other reminder of the great immigration of the Sochaczew Jews who took up their wandering sticks and came to the Golden Land along with the great stream of Jewish immigrants from Poland and Russia at the end of the 19th century.
I had no choice other than to collect in a primitive manner the meager data from the remaining aging Sochaczew natives who remember themselves or who had heard stories told by their parents about their first years in New York. I will attempt to relate here that which I have collected.
The information goes back to the end of the 1870s, and I can state with certainty that at the beginning of 1880, there were already groups of Sochaczew Jews who not only came to worship in the Hassidic Shtibels that were located both on the East Side and in Harlem, but also served as gabbaim (synagogue trustees), prayer leaders, Torah readers, and other official positions in a number of groups of Polish Jews. They also took part in all of the institutions that began to arise during that time that were needed for the newly arrived immigrants who were fleeing the Russian pogroms. We find our Sochaczewers in the Beis Midrashes, in the beer halls, and also in the parks and gardens where they came to search for work or where they came on their day of rest with one objective: perhaps they might find a newly arrived immigrant with a warm greeting from the old country.
Thus do we find the names of Sochaczewers in the membership lists of the first Warsaw, Lodz, Vilna and Berdichev organizations. They were active in the work of these organizations.
For the first time in 1881, a small number of Sochaczewers in New York began to organize their own societal life, as well as assistance activities for their own fellow natives, who would be ashamed to ask for help from others even during their time of need but they would be willing to accept assistance from their own people from the same city, and they would not be ashamed of pouring out their difficult situation
In that year, a group of Sochaczewer worshippers at the Great Beis Midrash of the East Side founded the first Sochaczewer institution.
Despite the fact that its original name was not indicative of any unique Sochaczew origins, as it was called Chevra Bnei Rachmanim (The Organization of the Merciful Ones), and also offered assistance to other Jews in need. All of the unique Sochaczewer institutions and societies that exist until this day stem from it.
Among the first group of activists one finds names such as Chaim Slomak, Zindel Segal, Yeshaya Spiegel, Yona Sheinbaum, Yaakov Lewin, Aharon Zelig Leitheld, Yaakov Switzman, Yehoshua Goldberg, Shalom Leib Hershkowitz, Pinchas Keller (later the shamash at the Ludlow Street Synagogue), Tovia Speiss, Avraham Greenberg and others who later assisted in the founding of the Young Men's Organization.
I wish to mention here the scholar Ashenheim who assisted with the first institution with his entire energy and soul. In those days he was not yet an official rabbi, and he worked at various jobs such as a mashgiach (kashruth supervisor) and learning holy studies with youths so that he could sustain himself.
It also seems that the Sochaczewers in New York did not form an independent Sochaczewer organization, for with meager means it would not be possible to obtain their own building. They were centered around the beautiful synagogue on 117 Ludlow Street, which was founded in 1898 by almost the same group of people and activists.
Its first worshippers were members of the Bnei Rachmanim. Later, a group of Sochaczewer Jews gathered around the Chevra Mishnayos synagogue on Suffolk Street.
The fervent activity first began in 1894, when a new cemetery was needed for the members who died during that year. The members desired that the synagogue should have its own cemetery, as did other organizations. This led to the founding of the Chevra Kadisha Anshei Sochaczew that exists to this day, and has maintained an important set of records. (President Issie Silverstein, Chairman H. Landau, Treasurer Sidney W., Landau). For example, they transferred the remains of the long deceased members from the old cemetery, for the place was needed by the city for other purposes
To that end, two areas in the Washington Cemetery were purchased as a cemetery for the members of the synagogue. Later, they also purchased a place in the Beth David Cemetery in Long Island.
A mikva (ritual bath) was also constructed at the synagogue. It was called The Kosher Mikva for all Jewish daughters, and was still in existence at the end of 1928, when the bathhouse attendants provoked a scandal and the president of the time, Meir Slomak had to call a special meeting where the announcement that was sent to all of the Sochaczewers was read. It was tragic enough even for those times.
In the Yiddish and English invitation from the middle of October, 1928, we read: Worthy Members! You are called to attend a regular and special meeting on Tuesday, October 30, 1928 at 8:00 p.m. in the synagogue, 121 Ludlow Street, New York.
The purpose of this meeting is very important: the current circumstances of our synagogue and what will be the conclusion.
As you already know, the synagogue is undergoing a difficult situation with the bathhouse attendants who accused us. The trial will take place shortly. Also, since the contract with the bathhouse attendants expires in the month of April, we must begin to discuss and debate what we will do so that the name of our synagogue should not Heaven forbid be debased, the synagogue will not be driven to the ground, and the name of our city of Sochaczew will not be shamed so that we can continue to maintain a synagogue. At the last meeting, it was decided to send around circulars to every member to remind them to be present and take part in the meeting for this holy purpose. We have already existed for 45 years, and we must not, Heaven forbid, be driven into the ground through this terrible crisis.
It is impossible now to describe the situation in writing about all the years that we have toiled for the synagogue. We request that all the members come to the meeting with pure hearts and proper thoughts, to do what is needed, since the time is short.
The day is short and the task is great. If you do not attend the meeting, we will leave the synagogue in an abandoned state, as well as our portion of the cemetery with its plots. Nobody will be able to protest.
You should know that in our synagogue we have a member who has been sick for six months, and the synagogue has done what it could do. Now his family has set up a theater benefit. So that we can further help this member, every member must purchase a ticket. Every member who does not show up at the meeting will be charged a three dollar fee, which will go toward this sick member.
We are hoping that none of our members will be absent from this important meeting by the order of the president:
Meir Slomak, President, Tzemach Pomerantz, Secretary
I have especially included the meeting announcement from 1928, and even brought it down with its original orthography and language, in order to illustrate a small snippet of the large scale and multi-faceted work that has taken place throughout the years when, aside from serving as a holy place for worshipping, the synagogue served as a devoted home for our Sochaczewer immigrants who for the most part arrived alone and without their families. In the synagogue, they found familiar people and friends, and first and foremost, a warm, brotherly atmosphere and environment that was somewhat of a substitute for the old home.
At the time that I write a little about the long history of the Sochaczewer community in New York it is indeed our great duty to express to a small degree our great fondness for the builders, and to mention with respect the honorary list of the first group of activists, who did not hold back any money and time as they worked for the benefit of their society.
Among the original activists for the benefit of the Sochaczewers, we find the important names of Michael Landau, Yaakov Switman, Aharon Leidhold, Zindel Segal, Yeshaya Hershkowitz, Aharon Speiss, Hyman Hirsch, Sam Bauman, Shlomo Goldshneider, Max Landau and Rabbi Ashenheim, the first rabbi of the Sochaczewer Synagogue. He assisted the endeavor during the early period for a very small salary. He also learned with the Chevra Mishnayos group and played a very important role in forging the spiritual form of our society, which had to accustom itself to the new American style and customs.
The synagogue had two eras: the first one until 1920, and the second one until 1956. During the first period, its spiritual leaders included the rabbis Ashenheim, Efraim Einman, Landau, and others.
In 1920, a very large renovation of the synagogue took place. It took on the appearance of a modern, stately building, comparable with the large synagogues of New York. The work was done voluntarily and with great proficiency under the supervision of Moshe Cooper, who gave of his entire free time and experience. At that time, the prime activists included: Zindel Segal, Hyman Nelson, Hyman Hirsch, Max Bauman, Yaakov Switman, Max Landau, Shlomo Goldshneider, as well as the younger people Sidney Landau, David Segal, Reverend Louis Rosen who was the sexton of Reb Yitzchak Graubard, and others.
The synagogue existed until the year 1956. Its last president was A. G. Silverstein. However, since the entire areas now had fewer Jews, and most of the Sochaczew builders and worshippers moved to other areas just like most of the Jews, a decision was made to sell the synagogue at a general meeting of its members.
The sum of 35,000 dollars was used for a very important project which was certainly very important to our fellow natives.
It was decided to donate the sum of 25,000 dollars to the eminent Bar Ilan University. A special, modern tablet with the names of all of the deceased members and worshippers of our Sochaczewer synagogue in New York was to be put up in the synagogue that was to be built at the University. This would serve as an eternal light, and on every yahrzeit date, a light would be turned on next to the name of the deceased, and someone would recite Kaddish. For this purpose we gave 15,000 dollars in cash and 10,000 dollars in Israel bonds. The rest of the money would be kept for cases of need in New York as would be determined through a regular meeting of the committee.
That first group of activists who came in 1900 included the founders of the broad based organization that is called to this day the Independent Sochaczewer Young Men's Sick Benefit Organization. It was officially founded on November 27, 1900, and conducts its activities to this day with a large membership.
It is interesting to bring down here a small snippet of its constitution, which was published in Yiddish and English in a 55 page booklet at the time that it was amended on December 28, 1939. (The booklet was published at the beginning of 1940.)
I will only bring down the first article of the constitution:
A further article: Members, that is a member or his widow, who become apostates, meaning that they abandon the Jewish faith, will be suspended from the society. Furthermore a member who marries a wife from outside the Jewish faith, or a Jewish wife who does not follow Orthodox Jewish practice, will be suspended.
From this small excerpt, we can get a bit of idea about the work in both the national and the social areas, as well as the concerns of the society during its early years, when the need of newly arrived townsfolk were a daily phenomenon, and they had to be helped during their time of need.
It would take up too much space to tell about the entire 60 years of its activity, and also to mention all of the activists, most of whom have already passed away. I will suffice myself with mentioning a number of the first elected officials, organizations and builders who lovingly gave of their time, health and monetary savings for the benefits of the community of Sochaczewers in New York.
The society was founded with 18 members.
Its father and actual founder was Max Eisenstop of blessed memory, who also served as president for the first six months. A few years later, he again served in that important office once again due to his important work.
The first committee consisted of Barney Greenberg of blessed memory, who served as vice president; Alex Gottlieb of blessed memory, treasurer; Harry Berman of blessed memory, financial secretary; Yaakov Friedman of blessed memory, recording secretary; and the members Benny Lewin of blessed memory, Hyman Slomak of blessed memory, Abe Rotstein of blessed memory, and Louis Schwartz of blessed memory.
They raised the number of members to 45.
The second president was Aharon Zelig Leitheld. Under his leadership, in May 1901, the area of 12 plots in the Mount Sinai Cemetery was purchased in May 1901. A. Z. Leitheld did a great deal more during his term of office as president.
The third president was Solomon Goldshneider of blessed memory. He excelled in intelligence, knowledge and tact, which gave a great deal to the society in those times.
The fourth was Louis Brokman of blessed memory.
The fifth was Mendel Frankenstein of blessed memory. He also simultaneously served as the treasurer.
The sixth was M. D. Helfand of blessed memory.
Max Sheinberg, who at that time was one of the first and the eldest members, was elected as president several times. He also arranged for the construction of the beautiful fence with an inscription around the Sochaczewer area in Mount Sinai Cemetery.
Aside from serving as president, Moshe Metchnik served several times as financial secretary. Aside from being among the first organizers, Barnet Kolsky served as president in 1910.
Aside from serving as the first financial secretary, Harry Berman was the president from 1910 to 1912, and he later took on many other positions of responsibility.
Yosef Miller, also one of the founders, was the president in 1913. In 1915, at the 15th anniversary of the society, a special souvenir collection of 50 pages with an accounting of the first 15 years of work, as well as photos of the first activists, both those who had already passed away and those who were still alive and active in the activities was published. We can take the names from this booklet.
These are: Aharon Z Leitheld, Harry Berman, Max Muney, Barney Greenberg, Moshe Metchnik, Henry Cohen, Chaim Slomak, Max Eisenstop, Barnet Kolsky, M. Frankenstein, Yosef Miller, Louis Schwartz, David Ohlberg, Max Lewin, Avraham German, Herman Jacobs, Arthur Sofron, Avraham Berman, David Miller, Yaakov Laosher, Avraham Rotstein, Max Sheinberg. The members included: V. Enis, B. Enis, D. Auerbach, Y. Berman, Yosef Berman, M. Berman, Y. Berger, A. Benzer, Y. Besserman, Meir Bauman, Y. Binder, L. Brzasky, M. Bernstein, L. Boznicky, Sh. H. Becker, A. Boznicky, A. Cohen, Y. Cohen, L. Cohen, R. Cohen, M. Cohen., Sh. Sholk, B. Cohen, Sh. Cohen, S. H. Diamond, M. Temple, H. Epstein, Y. Friedrich, Y. Felt, L. Pritz, L. Friedman, S. Finkel, Y. Goldflus, H. Greenberg, Y. Greenberg, S. Grobshmit, Y. Gursky, M. Greenwald, H. Heiman, D. Helman, S. Holtz, A. Innfeld, L. Jakobovitch, S. Jacobs, Y. Kozshinsky, A. Kotshinsky, V. Kornfeld, Pinchas Keller, V. Kopeld, Y. Lusky, H. Lewin, D. Lions, A. Levy, Sh. Levy, S. Levy, D. Lustig, L. Lisser, Y. Levkovich, Yosef Lewin, Sh. Miller, S. Miller, H. Miller, A. Miller, Y. Miller, Y. Mashman, A. Mashman, T. Morenfeld, H. Notan, P. Nelson, Y. Foster, Y. Putter, A. Peters, Sh. Rosen, Sol Rosen, H. Rotstein, L. Rappaport, Meir Slomak, B. Slomak, Y. Slomak, L. Slomak, Y. Speiss, M. Speiss, Y. Sofer, Y. Stromfeld, L. Stromfeld, A. Stromfeld, Sh. Schwartz, A. Schwartz, Sh. Schwartz, H. Silverman, M. Silver, B. Solomon, Sh. Sochaczewsky, M. Sherel, M. Zuckerwise, M. Temple, Sh. Weingard, H. Weingard, M. Wishinsky, S. Vidaver, Y. Wagner, Y. Weisman, L. Weltmsman, S. Zemel, L. Zand, M. Weisman. As well as the following people whose photos were not present:
S. Bauman, Y. Birnbaum, D. Balterman, H. Blinderman, S. Boznicky, L. Cohen number 1, M. Cohen, Dr. D. Diamond, Dr. H. B. Elster, Dr. H. Y. Friedman, P. Gorlik, S. Gilder, H. Goldman, Zimmerman, A. Gutman, Y. Gordon, Mrs. A. Greenwald. A. Greenwald, A. Greisman, H. Graubard, L. Grusky, A. Hershkowitz, Dr. M. D. Keller, H. Kramer, T Marenfeld, S. Moshkovich, L. Rappaport, S. Reiter, Y. Sofer, S. Solomon, A. Schlesinger, Y. Silber, B. Sochaczewsky, Mrs. H. M. Starkman, S. Starkman, Sh. Sneiberg, Y. Sh. Ohlberg, S. Weinberg, A. Wilhelm. N. Winter, Z. Zanger.
It would be interesting to give over a little bit of the financial and activity report of the first 15 years, which began with a small sum of dollars and at the anniversary year almost reached the sum of 6,000 dollars. In the treasury there was the sum of 2,300 dollars.
It is also very important to give a small list of the first people who were buried in our own cemetery. We can see from this that our town natives underwent a difficult struggle for their existence during the first years. We see from the death information that the oldest was 45 years old and that the youngest deceased was 25 years old (in the picture of the first graves in the aforementioned anthology).
In the later years we find among the active members the names of: secretary, Y. Donowitz (1915-1922), Yosef Sharfstein of blessed memory, M. Libert, Herman Nelson, Sol Levy, Nathan Slomak, S. Becker of blessed memory, Herman Hirsch, S. Solberg, Morris Cooper, Max Landau, Sam Miller, Aharon Nelson, Yosef Mittleman, Hyman Zabosky, Milton Robinson, Nat Dolow, Harry Temple, Hyman and Irving Nelson, Isadore Greenberg, and others.
In the booklet that was published for the 60th anniversary of the society, we find the following activists from 1960: ex president Sol Levy, President Nathan Slomak, vice president Shmuel V. Becker, Recording secretary Nat Dolow, Financial secretary M. Robinson, treasurers Aharon Boznicky and Isadore Greenberg. We also find a list of over 50 members who were active in the activities. We also find the names of the former presidents Shorl Cohen, Nat Dolow, Morris Feld, Morton Friedman, Herman V. Hirsch, Sol Levy, Herman Nelson, Yaakov Nelson, Robert Putter, Sam Solberg, Nat Slomak, and Sam A. Temple. We also find the names of the members in good standing, which reached a number of 270. This demonstrates the usefulness and the brotherliness of the society at its 60th anniversary, just as it was 60 years previously.
Our Young Men's society was called upon for every case of Jewish need, both for local as well as for general Jewish causes.
We also find in the annals of the first Jewish Relief Committee that was founded immediately after the First World War in order to assist Jews in Europe who were victims of the war and the Russian Revolution our large sums of assistance money that was raised with heart and soul by the general committee.
Aside from this, in those years we conducted a special activity for our Sochaczew natives, by giving power of attorney to our dear brother Hymie Nelson so that he could do what was necessary for our brothers in the old country.
Hymie Nelson is one of the sons of the elder Sochaczew native Reb Shmuel Nelson of blessed memory, who was one of the first of Chovevei Zion in the town. He came to his children in 1924, and died on April 1, 1931 in New York.
The United Sochaczewer Relief was founded at the end of 1939, a the time when the sword of destruction of Polish Jewry was launched among them being our townsfolk who found themselves under Hitler's bloody rule.
The relief committee was comprised of all of the Sochaczewer organizations in New York. There were representatives from the Young Men's Society, the synagogue, the Lady's Assistance Organization, and from Branch 337 of the National Workers' Union.
The following people were on the first committee: Hymie Nelson, Harry Miller, David Wolrat, Sam Winter, Chava Zuckerwise, Bella Weitzman, Max Graubard, Moshe Speisshendler, Vove Rosenberg, Pinchas Graubard, Betzalel Nelson, Yisrael Moshe Zuckerwise, Shimon Neiten and Meir Menzer. The first president was David Wolrat, and the secretary was Pinchas Graubard. His term lasted until the end of the war in 1945.
Immediately after the war a new committee was created which had the great task of aid and rescue. Under the leadership of Hymie Nelson as president, Bella Weitzman as recording secretary and Moshe Speisshendler as financial secretary, we began to forge contact with the survivors of Hitler's death camps and those who returned from the forests and Russian exile.
We got in touch with friends and acquaintances in the German camps, in Poland, in Austria and Italy. Aside from packages with food and clothing, we also sent them our warm feelings. We sent over 500 packages to townsfolk in all corners of the world. We helped them with various sums of money to enable them to emigrate from the camps to the State of Israel, South America, Australia and the United States. We also offered our brotherly assistance to help them acquire dwellings and furniture when they propitiously arrived in their new homelands. We gave them general assistance so that they would be able to begin a new life after the dark Hitler and Stalin years. We assisted the Sochaczewer Charitable Fund in the State of Israel with a large sum of money so that those in need could find a source of livelihood, so that they could support themselves on their own two feet.
We did everything for those Sochaczewers who wished to come to America we helped with papers, affidavits, and other material and moral assistance. Here, they were able to experience our best family relationships, so that they were able to quickly acclimatize to our environment in our Sochaczewer Society.
In April 1952, on the 10th anniversary of the Warsaw Ghetto uprising, we arranged a large memorial gathering. Close to 400 Sochaczewers came to pay their respects to our martyrs.
The gathering took place under the chairmanship of our member Vove Rosenberg of blessed memory. The program included speeches about our hometown, about the martyr and writer M. Demblyn, and about our townsfolk the folklorist and scholar Pinchas Graubard of blessed memory. The memorial prayer was recited by our esteemed fellow townsman Cantor and Rabbi Leifer.
The current activists in the relief committee include Hyman Nelson chairman, Isadore Silverstein treasurer, Moshe Speisshendler financial secretary, and Moshe Geier recording secretary. They never refuse, and are always prepared to assist Sochaczewers in need, either personally or through others. We regularly send assistance to those in need in the State of Israel.
Aside from all of the Sochaczewer institutions of various forms, on March 18, 1934, a special institution with a different purpose was founded. This was the Sochaczewer Branch 337 of the National Workers' Union of America.
In the group of the first ten activists we find Sam Winter, Shimon Neiten, Max Zuckerwise, Yosef Winter the recently deceased Moshe Birnbaum, Meir Benzer, Chaim Fleischman, Meir Slomak, Mendel Graubard and Jack Leifer. They did not suffice themselves with all of the activity of all of the previous organizations that took on solely a material character and rarely concerned themselves with the national and spiritual life.
Their first task was to establish connection with Sochaczewers who had recently left Poland and had settled in the Land of Israel. To this end, they paid great attention to those organizations that worked for the chalutzim (pioneers), for the Histadrut Campaign, for the Keren Kayemet LeYisrael (Jewish National Fund) and its branches. Aside from this, we took part in all of the activities for the JOINT and for the United Jewish Appeal. Our program attracted a number of nationally conscious townsfolk. Today, the Branch consists of 35 families who are one Sochaczewer family. The branch participated in and continues to participate in all activities to strengthen Jewish life in all countries. We conduct special undertakings to help our townsfolk who survived and came back from the great Jewish destruction.
Aside from what was sent through the relief, we sent our own 500 packages of food and clothing to needy people in the German camps and in Poland. We helped a number of our townsfolk in Israel with their needs. To this end we arranged a special event every year, with the entire proceeds going to the State of Israel. Each of us in the branch separately purchased Israel bonds, the sum of which has already reached 20,000 dollars. We expended the effort and succeeded in bringing two of our townsfolk to America on our affidavits. We helped them and their families settle in to the United States.
The following friends were active in the branch throughout the 25 year period: Sam Winter, Eliahu Weitzman, Abe Shorken, Issie Brafman, Moshe Speisshendler, Shimon Neiten, Yoel Rotstein, Yosef Winter, Menashe Baron, Saul Weiss, Max Lieder, Avraham Hirsch, Mendel Gombinsky, Mrs. Becky Birnbaum, Henry Weiss, Herbert Berkovitch, Anshel Pinczewski, Henry Olewing, Irving Brafman, Max Zuckerwise, David Speisshendler, Walter Speisshendler, Yisrael Brafman, David Speisshendler, and others.
We hold a monthly meeting which deals with all matters of the branch, and our own cemetery which we have had since 1950.
We wish to dedicate a few lines of memory to one of our builders who fell in the line of duty in the war against the Nazis during the Second World War. This is our former dear comrade Chaim David Neiten (Shlomo Neiten's son), who was killed by the Germans at the age of 24 during the air raids over London on April 28, 1944. May he rest in peace!
Our current officers are:
Sam Winter chairman, Yosef Winter vice chairman, Abe Sharken financial secretary, and Irving Brafman recording secretary.
The organization grew from the first group of twelve founders. Today it plays an important role in the work of the Sochaczewers in New York.
Some of the original group are unfortunately no longer alive, but their names must be mentioned honor.
These include the longstanding chairwoman and recording secretary Feiga Bornstein and the activists Chava Winter, Floris Speiss, Malka and Chava Tenner, Becky Graubard and Mrs. Fleischman.
We must also mention those of the first group who were actively constantly until today. These include Becky Winter, Chava Benzer (the wife of the late activist in the Sochaczewer Landsleit Organization Meir Benzer of blessed memory. Their son Seymour, who affiliates as a child of Sochaczew natives, is one of the ten most famous scientists in all of America[4]), our first chairwoman Rae Baron, Becky Birnbaum, Fleischman, Clara and Polly Leifer, and a number who today do not live in New York.
Dozens of women followed voluntarily, who gave of their precious time and money, going around to all of the Sochaczewers in New York to collect money for assistance that was later sent back home to Sochaczew.
Thus did the work progress until the war in 1939.
We held our meetings in our old synagogue on Ludlow Street in order to save a few dollars that we utilized to send help.
We undertook various activities. We arranged various theatrical performances in English and Yiddish. The ticket sales and benefits went toward the assistance effort.
Through our common efforts we collected various items and raffled them off, with the entire proceeds going toward those in need
This took place between the years 1939-1944. During that time, the former president and secretary Bella Weitzman excelled. She brought the work to a higher level.
The highest level of our activity began at the end of the Second World War, when Chava Zuckerwise was elected as chairwoman and Mali Solomon as secretary. They assisted in the founding of the much needed Sochaczewer Relief Committee, to which all of the Sochaczewer organization of New York belong today. These include the Sochaczewer Young Men's Society, the synagogue, Branch 337 of the National Workers' Union, and our Women's Help Organization. All of them together raised the capital for help and rescue of the surviving Sochaczewers after the huge Jewish destruction.
Aside from the general assistance through the relief committee, we ourselves with our own means through the help of our women sent hundreds of packages of food and clothing, as well as medicine and other necessities to those who miraculously survived Hitler's death camps, to those who returned from their wanderings in Russian, and to those who remained alive in the bunkers and hiding places in the Polish forests.
Already from the first day of their liberation, we sent the needed assistance along with our good wishes to those who were in Poland as well as Germany, Austria and Italy. We saw to it that they would remain in contact in us and not feel lost after their difficult experiences.
We assisted them and continued to assist them as they settled in the State of Israel or here in America. We offered both individual and collective help.
We adopted two war orphans and gave 600 dollars for their maintenance, at first in a home in Paris and today in Israel. Throughout the time, we sent them whatever they needed.
This took place over a period of 15 years of daily work, which we conducted with love, in order that those who required our assistance should feel as part of one Sochaczewer family.
Finally, I wish to mention our active activists who give of their assistance and hearts for our organization. Let us mention with honor the late activists such as: Reverend Louis Rosen who never refused any undertaking of ours, and helped with words and deeds; the shochet (ritual slaughterer) Reb Naftali Geshen and his wife Sarah of the Neiten family; the prominent Vove Rosenberg; Reb Yitzchak Graubard (called Reb Yitzchak Shamash) and his son Mendel Graubard; Yisrael Moshe Zuckerwise; Max Shpilker and the writer Pinchas Graubard.
I also wish to thank the active workers Chava Benzer, Bella Weitzman and Sarah Lessinger.
I especially wish to stress the great material and moral assistance from our friends Max and Ida Zuckerwise, Issie Fen and Moshe and Becky Cooper, without whose help we would have had to restrict our activity.
Our current committee consists of: Chava Zuckerwise chairwoman, Chana Esther Green vice chairwoman, Yetti Shpikler social secretary, Becky Winter and Pearl Rosen managing committee, and Mali Solomon general secretary.
Translator's Footnotes
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text:
After witnessing, in slack-jawed awe, the truly beautiful thing that has been Deadspin Hall of Fame nomination post, we stand before you, at full attention, with the sharpest possible salute we can muster. That was so much fun to be a part of that the actual Hall of Fame almost seems redundant.
We're gonna do it anyway, though, so some thoughts the day after.
• Number Of Nominees And Percentage Vote Needed. Since we have, obviously, a lot to sort through this weekend, we are limiting ourselves to 12 nominees, two a day, until next Tuesday, starting Monday. The polls will not be closed until induction day. Also, we've decided that 66.6 percent is, in fact, too low; we don't want a Tony Perez slipping through just because it happens to be trendy at that moment. So we're bumping it up to 75 percent. It should be very difficult to be enshrined.
• Location. Since we've yet to actually lease space, the actual hallowed halls must remain, for now, theoretical. But we can't imagine a better place than Berea. We just gotta figure out a way.
• Commenters. Many have suggested inducting individual commenters, or just "Commenters" as a whole. First off, we will be doing something specific involving commenters in the coming months, so for now, know that your praises of the best ones are being heard, and sit tight. As for "Commenters" in general ... we believe that commenters are so inherent and vital to the site that inducting them as a group would be like inducting "bat," "ball," "bases" and "players" to the Baseball Hall Of Fame. We're open for disagreement on this, though.
• The Inaugural Class. The more we've thought about it, we don't see any way we can even put two stories up for debate: They're just in the first class, and we can't imagine anyone possibly disagreeing. We'll do a formal induction in a couple of weeks, but we'd like to be the first to congratulate "You're With Me Leather" and Carl Monday for initial induction into the Deadspin Hall Of Fame. Their inductions include subsections — Mike Cooper, Damien Fahey, Neil Everett, "I'm a combat vet!" — we'll get into during the actual induction, but for now ... their inductions cover it all. Congratulations to them both. Other nominees coming Monday. And thank you.
(UPDATE: Commenter Wingman just came up with what we think is the perfect idea. To wit:
"I have an idea for location - each HOF post can be printed, we should create a book and stick it in the local Berea library (or the library Mike Cooper was caught floging the dolphin in). It's not like libraries ever check what books are on the shelves. Each year we should make a trip to the hallowed ground to add the new class of HOF inductees. In the end located in a local library with no ones knowledge will be the Deadspin Hall of Fame."
This is exactly what we should do. We're kind of blown away by this idea, actually.)

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The list of assembly constituencies are listed above for the district Dewas , in the state of
. In Dewas district, there are 4 assembly constituencies in total.
Number of reserved assembly constituencies are 1. Mostly the reserved Seats allocated for SC , ST and other community.
Number of reserved seats for Schedued caste in Dewas is 0 and for ST is 1 seats.
No.of vidhan sabha seats under General category is 3.
District Name : Dewas
No. of Seats in General Category - 3
No. of Seats for reserved for SC - 0
No. of seats reserved for ST - 1
Total no.of Seats - 4


text:
SEATTLE (AP) — The FBI is refusing to run nationwide background checks on people applying to run legal marijuana businesses in Washington state, even though it has conducted similar checks in Colorado — a discrepancy that illustrates the quandary the Justice Department faces as it allows the states to experiment with regulating a drug that's long been illegal under federal law.
Washington state has been asking for nearly a year if the FBI would conduct background checks on its applicants, to no avail. The bureau's refusal raises the possibility that people with troublesome criminal histories could wind up with pot licenses in the state — undermining the department's own priorities in ensuring that states keep a tight rein on the nascent industry.
It's a strange jam for the feds, who announced last summer that they wouldn't sue to prevent Washington and Colorado from regulating marijuana after 75 years of prohibition.
The Obama administration has said it wants the states to make sure pot revenue doesn't go to organized crime and that state marijuana industries don't become a cover for the trafficking of other illegal drugs. At the same time, it might be tough for the FBI to stomach conducting such background checks — essentially helping the states violate federal law.
The Justice Department declined to explain why it isn't conducting the checks in Washington when it has in Colorado. Stephen Fischer, a spokesman for the FBI's Criminal Justice Information Services Division, referred an Associated Press inquiry to DOJ headquarters, which would only issue a written statement.
"To ensure a consistent national approach, the department has been reviewing its background check policies, and we hope to have guidance for states in the near term," it said in its entirety.
In Washington, three people so far have received licenses to grow marijuana — without going through a national background check, even though the state Liquor Control Board's rules require that that they do so before a license is issued.
"The federal government has not stated why it has not yet agreed to conduct national background checks on our behalf," Washington state Liquor Control Board spokesman Brian Smith said in an email. "However, the Liquor Control Board is ready to deliver fingerprints as soon as DOJ is ready."
In the meantime, officials are relying on background checks by the Washington State Patrol to catch any in-state arrests or convictions. Applicants must have lived in Washington state for three months before applying, and many are longtime Washington residents whose criminal history would likely turn up on a State Patrol check. But others specifically moved to the state in hopes of joining the new industry.
"Both Washington state and Washington, D.C., have been unequivocal that they want organized crime out of the marijuana business," said Alison Holcomb, the Seattle lawyer who authored the legal pot law. "Requiring, and ensuring, nationwide background checks on Washington state licensees is a no-brainer."
The FBI has run nationwide background checks since 2010 on applicants who sought to be involved in medical marijuana dispensaries in Colorado, Daria Serna, a spokeswoman for that state's Department of Revenue, said in an email. The applicants provide fingerprints to Revenue's Marijuana Enforcement Division, which turns them over to the Colorado Bureau of Investigation. The agency conducts a statewide background check and supplies the prints to the FBI for a national check.
Because Colorado launched its marijuana industry by converting medical dispensaries to recreational pot shops, it's likely that no additional background checks were required for the key employees of those shops, Serna said. However, all new employees of recreational or medical shops must undergo the same background checks — and those are still being processed, Serna said.
"Doing background checks and making sure the criminal element has been locked out of the program has been enormously important in Colorado," said Michael Elliott, director of the Medical Marijuana Industry Group. "The integrity of Washington's program may be put into jeopardy because the FBI is not willing to ensure that drug cartels and criminals are being locked out, and that is absurd."
In Washington, officials use a point system to determine whether someone's criminal history is too troubling to grant them a license to grow, process or sell marijuana under the state's law, passed by voters in 2012. A felony within the past 10 years normally disqualifies an applicant, as does being under federal or state supervision for a felony conviction.
The state received more than 7,000 applications during a monthlong window that began in November. Applicants are required to supply fingerprints and disclose their criminal history, with omissions punishable by license forfeiture or denial. But without a federal background check, there's no way for state officials to verify what the applicants report.
Under rules adopted by the Liquor Control Board, the applicants' fingerprints must be submitted to the State Patrol and the FBI for checks as a condition of receiving a license. Asked whether issuing licenses without the FBI check contradicted that rule, Smith wrote: "Applicants have provided the prints necessary for running the check."
Deborah Collinsworth, manager of the Washington State Patrol's Identification and Criminal History Section, said she first asked the FBI in April 2013 about conducting national background checks on pot-business applicants.
"They haven't responded because marijuana is still federally illegal," Collinsworth said. "That's the rub."


text:
Click here to support news free of corporate influence by donating to Truthout. Help us reach our fundraising goal so we can continue doing this work in 2013!
As long ago as 1999, I argued that neoliberalism – the Washington Consensus – was cracked and that the development debate would once again open up. Now, after research in the Philippines and after studying the food prices crises of the past four years, I have become convinced that the crisis of food and farming could well be the catalyst for several countries to shift away from free- market policies. At the very least, some countries are shifting from more "vulnerable" to more "rooted" agriculture.
My most recent article on this subject, coauthored with John Cavanagh (director of the Institute for Policy Studies), was recently published in the Journal of Peasant Studies. We point out that a lot of countries have been left vulnerable in agriculture to the cruel batterings of volatile global markets.
Agriculture has been transformed over the past five centuries by trade and colonialism from a once "rooted" activity to an increasingly "vulnerable" one. A half century ago, most countries began embracing new technologies such as the Green Revolution, making them dependent on imports of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and seeds. Most governments gave incentives for farmers to export more of what they produced and, in most countries, imports of food grew as well.
Neoliberalism's emphasis on trading more and more of a country's food output has had profound impacts. Take grains, important because most people in the world get the bulk of their calories from basic grains. In almost all countries, this means wheat or rice or corn. As a result of neoliberalism, over the past few decades, many countries have become dependent on imports for these vital food items.
Recent trade figures from the United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization (UN FAO) illuminate just how dependent and vulnerable some nations have become: Haiti's number one grain is rice, and it imports over 80 percent of what Haitians eat. Mexico, the birthplace of corn, had its food markets ripped open by the North American Free Trade Agreement: Mexico now imports most of its corn consumption. Or take Egypt. Today, it is one of the world's largest wheat importers — importing over half the wheat that its people eat (again, based on UN FAO data). As a result, ordinary Egyptians are held hostage to the whims of manipulative trading by speculators on commodity futures markets and to weather catastrophes in other countries.
There are food vulnerability lessons to be learned as well from sub-Saharan Africa. Most of the sub-Saharan countries are less food- import-dependent than nations in Latin America and Asia or the "protest belt" in Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco; hence they are less affected by spiraling food prices. In addition, as food prices have risen, there is now evidence that in several of these sub-Saharan countries, people are returning to native-grown cassava and sorghum in place of imported food.
Amidst this crisis for import-dependent countries, while millions were already suffering as the result of vulnerable development models, the food price crisis of 2011 further rocked the debate. In these recent years of food price and supply volatility, millions of small-scale farmers are making the transition from vulnerable import-dependent, chemical agriculture to rooted chemical-free agriculture.
But what exactly is the implication of this for the larger development debate? To answer this question we traveled to the Philippines to spend time with farmers making this shift, to understand how they view their choices, their past, and their future.
To summarize what we found: some combination of economic, social and environmental 'vulnerability' versus 'rootedness' factors is motivating a shift among some small-scale Philippine rice farmers from chemical to organic rice farming. On the economic front, farmers were excited about the large drop in costs as they abandon chemical fertilizers and pesticides (that had to be purchased along with seeds and other inputs, often leading to mounting debts). Most told us that yields fell only marginally if at all, with the result of higher incomes. Many found that yields actually increased after two or three crop cycles as the soil became more fertile with the end of chemical inputs.
On the health side, farmers and consumers alike experience better health with reduced contact with pesticides and their dangerous residues. And, on the environmental front, less chemical inputs means less greenhouse gas emissions.
In sum, our field research suggests many small-scale farmers internalize a triple-bottom line that is some combination of economic, social, and environmental. (For more details on these interviews and results, see the Journal of Peasant Studies article.)
Part of what is significant about what we found in our Philippine research is the extent to which it meshes with the academic literature and research from other parts of the world in its account of what motivates small-scale farmers to transition (or not to transition) to sustainable agriculture, and on the post-transition results in economic, social and environmental terms.
Our research results are in accord with what UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to FoodOlivier de Schutter found recently. His report presents substantial empirical evidence, across many crops and countries (including that of Miguel Altieri in Latin America and Jules Pretty in Africa), of major increases in yields for farmers practicing agro-ecology. De Schutter's review explicitly goes beyond economics to social and environmental arguments. As he emphasizes: "We won't solve hunger and stop climate change with industrial farming on large plantations. The solution lies in supporting small-scale farmers' knowledge and experimentation, and in raising incomes of smallholders so as to contribute to rural development."
Briefly, we wanted to update you on where Truthout stands this month.
To be brutally honest, Truthout is behind on our fundraising goals for the year. There are a lot of reasons why. We're dealing with broad trends in our industry, trends that have led publications like Vice, BuzzFeed, and National Geographic to make painful cuts. Everyone is feeling the squeeze of inflation. And despite its lasting importance, news readership is declining.
To ensure we stay out of the red by the end of the year, we have a long way to go. Our future is threatened.
We've stayed online over two decades thanks to the support of our readers. Because you believe in the power of our work, share our transformative stories, and give to keep us going strong, we know we can make it through this tough moment.
We've launched a campaign to raise $42,000 in the next 6 days. Please consider making a donation today.


text:
Associated Press//May 17, 2013
//May 17, 2013
NEW YORK — A research report by the Pew Charitable Trusts says younger baby boomers and Generation Xers face an uncertain retirement because of reduced savings, high levels of debt, and losses during the Great Recession.
The study found that members of Generation X, who are now between 38 and 47 years old, lost almost half their wealth between 2007 and 2010. Young baby boomers, who are between 48 and 57, lost more money but a smaller portion of their overall wealth. The report says both of those groups are struggling to save enough money for retirement and are lagging older groups in terms of their savings. They also hold more debt than those groups did at similar points in their lives.
"Early boomers may be the last cohort on track to retire with enough savings and assets to maintain their financial security through their golden years," said the authors.
The report is based on the Survey of Consumer Finances, which is conducted every three years by the Federal Reserve, and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, which has followed a group of families since 1968. It takes into account financial assets like savings accounts and retirement accounts, nonfinancial assets like business properties, and home equity minus debt.
Members of Generation X were born between 1966 and 1975. The report divides the baby-boom generation into two groups: early boomers, who were born between 1946 and 1955 and are now 58 to 67, and late boomers, who were born between 1956 and 1965. They were compared to people who were born between 1926 and 1935, around the time of the Great Depression, and people who were born from 1936 to 1945, closer to or during World War II.
According to the report, Gen Xers lost 45 percent of their wealth during the recession, as their median net worth dropped to about $42,000 in 2010, from $75,000 in 2007. Early baby boomers, lost 28 percent of their wealth, falling to about $173,000 from $241,000, and later boomers lost 25 percent of their wealth, to about $111,000 from $147,000.
Early boomers were approaching retirement in better financial shape than older groups because they benefited from the dot-com boom in the 1990s and the housing bubble of the last decade.
Based on the theory that people should have enough savings and wealth to replace at least 70 percent of their income in retirement, late baby boomers and Gen Xers appear to be falling short: late baby boomers are on track to replace about 60 percent of their income in retirement, and for Generation Xers, that figure falls to about 50 percent.
The report also found that baby boomers and Gen Xers have also been accumulating debt over the last two decades, and baby boomers are approaching retirement age with more debt than people who were born during the Great Depression or around World War II.
Of the five generational groups tracked, "Gen Xers are the least financially secure and the most likely to experience downward mobility in retirement," the report concluded.-


text:
There is a story running around on the intertubes which I am blogging about just to increase the Streisand effect, not because this has much of anything to do with nitric oxide. Check out the whole scoop at the Quackometer (a site I highly recommend for the quackometer).
Doctor's Data has sued Dr Stephen Barrett of QuackWatch for a bunch of stuff, mostly for pointing out that Doctor's Data is facilitating the exploitation of parents of children with autism by participating in the bogus testing of urine for heavy metals including mercury. I happen to share Dr Stephen Barrett's opinion that this is fraudulent behavior on the part of Doctor's Data.
What reinforces my opinion that Doctor's Data is engaging in fraudulent behavior is that they object to posts by Dr Stephen Barrett that are only reports of individuals suing Doctor's Data for fraud.
I think the description of Doctor's Data use of chelation provoked urine tests for mercury by Quackwatch is accurate and does describe actual fraudulent behavior by Doctor's Data.
Unnecessary chelation is harmful, and does cause intellectual declines in experimental animals. There is zero evidence that mercury is involved in autism, much evidence that mercury is not involved in autism, no evidence that chelation helps autism symptoms. It is pure quackery.
I recommend that everyone go to Quackwatch and donate to help defeat the forces of darkness, now epitomized by Doctor's Data.


text:
Language: Swedish
China's thousands of years old medical traditions are still very much alive today. Although Western medicine has come a long way there is much to be gained from the East, especially in terms of wellness preservation.
Fan Xiulan, Chinese physician and Qigong master, has spent many years in Sweden and knows the Nordic countries well. For the Nordic people, she has written the Tao Health, where she wants to share this knowledge. Fan Xiulan is a specialist in medical qigong, herbal medicine and acupressure. She also shares stories of Biyun, the school she has founded in Qigong and Chinese medicine, which is another rich treasure. The essence of the Chinese health thinking is that everything is related: man, nature, heaven and earth. The human body is a microcosm, a mirror of the universe. The five elements are wood, fire, earth, metal and water have their counterparts not only in the seasons, but also in the body's organs and our emotions. Everything is connected.
In the book, the reader will find many quotations from the Chinese classics previously not translated into Swedish. There is also advice on how to use food as medicine, recipes, sketches of several of the body's most important acupressure points, thoughts on ethics and the environment - all in order to help us to a long, healthy and harmonious life. On top of all this it is a reflectection on Fan Xiulan's own background and roots which makes the book particularly rich.
Biyun Sverige AB
Biyun Health & Medicine CenterFrösundaviks allé 15, plan 4169 03 Solna08-526 94 111 / 070-775 79 77http://email@example.com


text:
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text:
Chapter Contents
The invasion of the Philistines. (1-7) Saul sacrifices, He is reproved by Samuel. (8-14) The policy of the Philistines. (15-23)
Commentary on 1 Samuel 13:1-7
(Read 1 Samuel 13:1-7)
Saul reigned one year, and nothing particular happened; but in his second year the events recorded in this chapter took place. For above a year he gave the Philistine time to prepare for war, and to weaken and to disarm the Israelites. When men are lifted up in self-sufficiency, they are often led into folly. The chief advantages of the enemies of the church are derived from the misconduct of its professed friends. When Saul at length sounded an alarm, the people, dissatisfied with his management, or terrified by the power of the enemy, did not come to him, or speedily deserted him.
Commentary on 1 Samuel 13:8-14
(Read 1 Samuel 13:8-14)
Saul broke the order expressly given by Samuel, see 1 Samuel 10:8, as to what should be done in cases of extremity. Saul offered sacrifice without Samuel, and did it himself, though he was neither priest nor prophet. When charged with disobedience, he justified himself in what he had done, and gave no sign of repentance for it. He would have this act of disobedience pass for an instance of his prudence, and as a proof of his piety. Men destitute of inward piety, often lay great stress on the outward performances of religion. Samuel charges Saul with being an enemy to himself. Those that disobey the commandments of God, do foolishly for themselves. Sin is folly, and the greatest sinners are the greatest fools. Our disposition to obey or disobey God, will often be proved by our behaviour in things which appear small. Men see nothing but Saul's outward act, which seems small; but God saw that he did this with unbelief and distrust of his providence, with contempt of his authority and justice, and with rebellion against the light of his own conscience. Blessed Saviour, may we never, like Saul, bring our poor offerings, or fancied peace-offerings, without looking to thy precious, thy all-sufficient sacrifice! Thou only, O Lord, canst make, or hast made, our peace in the blood of the cross.
Commentary on 1 Samuel 13:15-23
(Read 1 Samuel 13:15-23)
See how politic the Philistines were when they had power; they not only prevented the people of Israel from making weapons of war, but obliged them to depend upon their enemies, even for instruments of husbandry. How impolitic Saul was, who did not, in the beginning of his reign, set himself to redress this. Want of true sense always accompanies want of grace. Sins which appear to us very little, have dangerous consequences. Miserable is a guilty, defenceless nation; much more those who are destitute of the whole armour of God.


text:
Customize your JAMA Network experience by selecting one or more topics from the list below.
Alarcon WA, Calvert GM, Blondell JM, et al. Acute Illnesses Associated With Pesticide Exposure at Schools. JAMA. 2005;294(4):455–465. doi:10.1001/jama.294.4.455
© 2023
Author Affiliations: National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
Cincinnati, Ohio (Drs Alarcon and Calvert); Office of Pesticide Programs,
US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC (Dr Blondell); Department
of Pesticide Regulation, California Environmental Protection Agency, Sacramento
(Dr Mehler); Environmental and Injury Epidemiology and Toxicology Branch,
Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin (Mss Sievert and Propeck);
Pesticides and Surveillance Section, Washington Department of Health, Olympia
(Ms Tibbetts); Bureau of Community Environmental Health, Florida Department
of Health, Tallahassee (Mr Becker); Section of Environmental Epidemiology
and Toxicology, Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals, New Orleans
(Mss Lackovic and Soileau); Occupational Health Branch, California Department
of Health Services, Oakland (Dr Das); Public Health Institute, Oakland, Calif
(Mr Beckman); Bureau of Occupational Health, New York State Department of
Health, Troy (Ms Male); Environmental and Occupational Epidemiology, Oregon
Department of Human Services–Health Services, Portland (Ms Thomsen);
and Division of Environmental and Occupational Epidemiology, Michigan Department
of Community Health, Lansing (Ms Stanbury).
Context Pesticides continue to be used on school property, and some schools
are at risk of pesticide drift exposure from neighboring farms, which leads
to pesticide exposure among students and school employees. However, information
on the magnitude of illnesses and risk factors associated with these pesticide
exposures is not available.
Objective To estimate the magnitude of and associated risk factors for pesticide-related
illnesses at schools.
Design, Setting, and Participants Analysis of surveillance data from 1998 to 2002 of 2593 persons with
acute pesticide-related illnesses associated with exposure at schools. Nationwide
information on pesticide-related illnesses is routinely collected by 3 national
pesticide surveillance systems: the National Institute for Occupational Safety
and Health's Sentinel Event Notification System for Occupational Risks
pesticides program, the California Department of Pesticide Regulation, and
the Toxic Exposure Surveillance System.
Main Outcome Measures Incidence rates and severity of acute pesticide-related illnesses.
Results Incidence rates for 1998-2002 were 7.4 cases per million children and
27.3 cases per million school employee full-time equivalents. The incidence
rates among children increased significantly from 1998 to 2002. Illness of
high severity was found in 3 cases (0.1%), moderate severity in 275 cases
(11%), and low severity in 2315 cases (89%). Most illnesses were associated
with insecticides (n = 895, 35%), disinfectants (n = 830,
32%), repellents (n = 335, 13%), or herbicides (n = 279,
11%). Among 406 cases with detailed information on the source of pesticide
exposure, 281 (69%) were associated with pesticides used at schools and 125
(31%) were associated with pesticide drift exposure from farmland.
Conclusions Pesticide exposure at schools produces acute illnesses among school
employees and students. To prevent pesticide-related illnesses at schools,
implementation of integrated pest management programs in schools, practices
to reduce pesticide drift, and adoption of pesticide spray buffer zones around
schools are recommended.
Exposure to pesticides in the school environment is a health risk facing
children and school employees. Despite efforts of several organizations and
laws in several states to reduce pesticide use at and around schools,1 pesticides continue to be used in schools.2 Another source of pesticide exposure at schools is
from pesticides used on farmland contiguous to school facilities. However,
as a result of the work of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), advocacy
groups, universities, state regulators, the pest control industry, and others,
and laws or strong voluntary programs in several states, pesticide use has
been reduced in some school districts.3
Currently, there are no specific federal requirements on limiting pesticide
exposures at schools. Under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide
Act, pesticides must be registered with the EPA before they are sold or distributed.4 The Food Quality Protection Act5 of
1996 amended the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, bolstering
the protection of children through requiring that pesticides used on foods
produce no harm. However, there are no specific provisions in these laws about
the use of pesticides at schools.1,6
The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act is often supplemented
by more stringent state pesticide laws to protect children from pesticides
at schools. For example, 18 states recommend (n = 6) or require
(n = 12) schools to use integrated pest management strategies and
7 states restrict pesticide applications in areas neighboring a school.7 However, there are still large gaps throughout the
country where children may not be afforded adequate protection.1,8
Pesticide poisoning is a commonly underdiagnosed illness in the United
States today. The clinical findings of acute pesticide poisoning are rarely
pathognomonic but instead can resemble acute upper respiratory tract illness,
conjunctivitis, or gastrointestinal illness, among other conditions. Detailed
description of the diverse syndromes associated with different types of pesticides
is available.9
Although some information about acute illnesses associated with pesticide
exposures at schools is available,10,11 there
has not been an effort to provide a nationwide summary of this health problem.
To estimate the magnitude of and the risk factors for pesticide-related illnesses
associated with exposures at schools, we examined information from state-based
pesticide poisoning surveillance systems (the National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health's Sentinel Event Notification System for Occupational
Risks [SENSOR] pesticides program and the California Department of Pesticide
Regulation [CDPR]), and the Toxic Exposure Surveillance System (TESS), which
is a national database of all calls made to poison control centers and is
maintained by the American Association of Poison Control Centers.12,13
School employees, parents, and students who developed acute pesticide-related
illnesses from pesticide exposure at child care centers and elementary and
secondary schools from 1998 to 2002 were identified (Table 1). Data were obtained from states participating in the SENSOR
pesticides program (California, Washington, Texas, Florida, Louisiana, New
York, Oregon, and Michigan), CDPR (California), and TESS (all US states and
District of Columbia, with the exception of Hawaii). The data used in these
analyses were surveillance data and as such are exempt from consideration
by the human subjects review board and need for informed consent. Integrating
data from these 3 surveillance systems provides the best available understanding
of the problem of pesticide poisoning at schools. The states participating
in the SENSOR and CDPR programs obtain information from multiple sources (government
agencies, poison control centers, and reports from health care organizations)
and conduct active case follow-up.12 In addition,
all cases identified by the CDPR are referred to the relevant county agricultural
commissioner who investigates the exposure circumstances.10,12 The
TESS data are provided by approximately 67 US poison control centers.13 Approximately 13% of their calls come from physicians
treating patients who are exposed and 87% come from patients or their relatives.12,13
Cases were included if health effects developed subsequent to pesticide
exposure and if these effects were consistent with the known toxicology of
the pesticide product, as determined by state surveillance professionals (SENSOR
and CDPR cases) or a poison control center specialist (TESS cases). The states
participating in the SENSOR pesticides program adopted a standardized case
definition in 1998, and CDPR uses a similar case definition. Briefly, the
case definition required information on pesticide exposure, health effects,
and evidence supporting an association between the pesticide exposure and
the health effects. A full description of the standardized case definition
has been previously published.12 Identification
of TESS cases relied on the experience and judgment of the poison control
center specialist managing the specific case. Multiple cases exposed in a
single exposure incident were identified as 1 exposure event. Exclusion criteria
included exposure to substances other than pesticides, suicides, intentional
abuse, and malicious use.
SENSOR and CDPR primarily capture work-related pesticide poisoning cases,
whereas TESS primarily captures non–work-related cases (Table 1). Detailed information on work-related cases was provided
by SENSOR and CDPR only. The SENSOR and CDPR cases were further classified
into exposure to pesticides applied on school grounds when
indoor and outdoor pesticide applications on school grounds resulted in illness,
and to pesticide drift when pesticide drift from
applications to neighboring farmland resulted in illness among students and
school employees.
For the present analyses, the toxicity category of the pesticide product
was retrieved from a data set made available by the EPA. The EPA assigns acute
toxicity category I to the most toxic pesticide products and category IV to
the least toxic pesticide.14
Illness severity was categorized for SENSOR and CDPR cases using standardized
criteria.15 State agencies classified severity
for the cases they identified in 2001 and 2002. Two authors (W.A.A. and G.M.C.)
assigned severity to 1998-2000 SENSOR cases, all CDPR cases, and all TESS
cases.16 High severity includes cases in which
the illness or injury is severe enough to be considered life-threatening and
commonly involves hospitalization to prevent death. Signs and symptoms include
seizures and pulmonary edema. Moderate severity illness or injury includes
cases of less severe illness or injury often involving systemic manifestations
requiring treatment. The individual is able to return to normal functioning
without any residual disability. Low severity illness or injury typically
resolves without treatment and is often manifested by skin, eye, or upper
respiratory tract irritation.15
Data quality control procedures included the elimination of duplicates
between SENSOR (California) and CDPR, and between SENSOR and CDPR combined
and TESS. To detect duplicates between SENSOR and CDPR combined and TESS,
a case-by-case comparison was performed when a reporting source for SENSOR
and CDPR cases was a poison control center. Cases that matched each other
on state, date of exposure, age, sex, and pesticide name were assumed to involve
the same individual. Such individuals were included only once in the state
agency totals. Six CDPR and 8 TESS duplicates were deleted.
SAS release 8.02 (SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC) and Epi Info version
3.2.2 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga) were used
for data management and statistical analysis. Age was stratified into children
(<18 years) and adults (≥18 years).
Illness incidence rates among children were calculated. Rate numerators
were obtained by summing the number of ill children reported by year, and
denominators were obtained from the US Census data17 by
summing the number of children in the corresponding state and year. Denominators
were adjusted by subtracting estimates of preschoolers not attending organized
child care centers18 and home-schooled children.19
Illness incidence rates among school employees were calculated for SENSOR
and CDPR cases only. Denominators were obtained from the Current Population
Survey20 by summing the number of full-time
equivalents employed in schools in states and years that contributed to the
numerator. Non–work-related cases (eg, parents) and cases with unknown
work-related status, which included all TESS cases, were not included in these
We used odds ratios (ORs) to assess whether age, sex, acute toxicity
pesticide category, surveillance system, or site of pesticide applications
were associated with severity of illness. Odds ratios, 95% confidence intervals
(CIs), χ2 tests, and P values were
calculated using the Epi Info Statcalc utility. SAS release 8.02 was used
to calculate the Poisson regression test for trends in incidence rates across
the years of exposure. P≤.05 was considered statistically
From 1998 to 2002, 2593 individuals were identified with acute pesticide-related
illnesses associated with pesticide exposures at schools. SENSOR identified
147 cases (6%), CDPR identified 259 cases (10%), and TESS identified 2187
cases (84%) (Table 2). Most illnesses
reported by SENSOR (n = 96, 65%) and CDPR (n = 158, 61%)
were adults, whereas most cases reported by TESS were children (n = 1831,
84%). Among the 2181 persons with known exact age, the mean age for children
was 9.5 years (range, 0.5-17.2 years) and the mean age for adults was 36.1
years (range, 18-76 years).
Three cases of high severity illness were identified. There were no
fatalities reported. The odds of high and moderate severity illness were higher
among cases reported by SENSOR and CDPR (15%) compared with TESS (10%) (OR,
1.6; 95% CI, 1.1-2.2), among adults (18%) compared with children (8%) (OR,
2.6; 95% CI, 2.0-3.5), and among females (12%) compared with males (8%) (OR,
1.5; 95% CI, 1.2-2.0). Moderate severity illness was more common (Table 3) among those exposed to fumigants (n = 4,
40%), herbicides (n = 41, 15%), insecticides (n = 83,
9%), and disinfectants (n = 101, 12%). Table 4 describes symptoms of high and moderate severity cases.
Insecticides were associated with 895 illnesses (Table 2). The most frequent insecticides were pyrethrins (n = 119,
13% of all insecticides), chlorpyrifos (n = 116, 13%), malathion
(n = 84, 9%), diazinon (n = 78, 9%), and pyrethroids (n = 47,
5%). Disinfectants were associated with 830 illnesses. The most frequent disinfectants
were sodium hypochlorite (n = 175, 21% of all disinfectants), phenol
compounds (n = 175, 21%), pine oil (n = 104, 13%), and
quaternary ammonium compounds (n = 81, 10%). Repellents were associated
with 335 illnesses, including naphthalene (n = 136, 41%) and diethyl
toluamide (DEET, n = 127, 38%). Herbicides were associated with
279 illnesses, including glyphosate (n = 100, 36%), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic
acid (n = 53, 19%), and pendimethalin (n = 40, 14%).
Information on the toxicity category of pesticides associated with illnesses
was available for 1686 cases (Table 3).
Children were less likely to be exposed to toxicity category I pesticides
compared with adults (14% of children and 42% of adults, P<.001). The odds of high and moderate severity illness were higher
among cases exposed to toxicity category I (18%) than cases exposed to toxicity
category III pesticides (12%) (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.1-2.2). The pesticide active
ingredients associated with high and moderate severity illness are shown in Table 5.
The overall incidence rate among children for 1998-2002 was 7.4 cases
per million children (Table 6). The
yearly incidence rates increased from 1998 through 2002 for preschool children
(P<.001), school-aged children (P = .002), and all combined (P<.001).
The overall incidence rate among adults was 27.3 cases per million full-time
equivalents (Table 7), and the yearly
incidence rates decreased from 1998 through 2002 (P<.001).
The SENSOR and CDPR results are combined (Table 2) because the case definition and level of detail are similar.
A total of 406 persons were exposed to pesticides in 173 events for a mean
of 2.3 cases per exposure event (range, 1-61 cases). Eleven exposure events
accounted for 208 cases (51%). The 244 work-related cases were exposed in
155 events.
Occupational Illnesses. Among the 244 work-related
cases, 144 (59%) were not applying pesticides, 93 (38%) were applying or handling
pesticides, and 7 (3%) had no information available. Among the 144 employees
not applying pesticides, 96 (67%) were exposed to pesticides applied on school
grounds and 48 (33%) were exposed to pesticide drift from neighboring farmland.
Sixty-three nonapplicator illnesses (44%) were among teachers. Among the 93
school employees who were applying or handling pesticides, there were 41 custodians
and gardeners, 26 food preparation workers, 7 teachers, 7 maintenance workers,
and 12 unspecified school employees.
Illnesses Associated With Exposure to Pesticides Applied
on School Grounds and Pesticide Drift From Farmland. A total of 281
cases (69%) that were reported to SENSOR and CDPR were exposed to pesticide
applications on school grounds (Table 8).
Insecticides (n = 156, 56%) and disinfectants (n = 99,
35%) accounted for most of the cases. The most common active ingredients were
diazinon (n = 64, 23%), sodium hypochlorite (n = 47, 17%),
chlorpyrifos (n = 40, 14%), quaternary ammonium compound (n = 38,
14%), and malathion (n = 14, 5%).
A total of 125 cases (31%) were exposed to pesticide drift. Insecticides
accounted for 114 cases (91%) and fumigants for 9 cases (7%). The most common
active ingredients were chlorpyrifos (n = 28, 22%), methamidophos
combined with chlorothalonil and propargite (n = 25, 20%), mancozeb
combined with glyphosate (n = 20, 16%), cyfluthrin combined with
dicofol (n = 16, 13%), and malathion (n = 13, 10%).
Exposure via pesticide drift compared with pesticides applied on school
grounds did not increase the odds of high and moderate severity illness (OR,
0.6; 95% CI, 0.3-1.2; P = .09). A higher
proportion of children compared with adults were exposed via drift from neighboring
farmland (40% vs 25%, P = .001).
These findings indicate that pesticide exposures at schools continue
to produce acute illnesses among school employees and students in the United
States, albeit mainly of low severity and with relatively low incidence rates.
Illnesses were associated with pesticides applied on school grounds and with
pesticide drift from neighboring farmland. The pesticide exposures at schools
might be associated in part with several factors: a lack of federal and state
regulations regarding pesticide usage in schools1;
regulatory noncompliance by school management, school employees, and pesticide
applicators in states in which regulations and recommendations have been passed;
and insufficient involvement of stakeholders (eg, parents, teachers, students,
school administrators, pest managers).6
We found that the pesticide poisoning incidence rates among children
increased during the period of our report. Given that 40% (n = 59)
of SENSOR and CDPR cases involving children were exposed to pesticide drift
and, given increasing suburban sprawl, this trend among children might be
related to an increased number of schools situated next to farmland.6 Additional studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis.
Hypotheses for the decreasing trend in illness rates among school employees
include changes in pesticide use practices and increased awareness of the
toxic effects of pesticides.
Incidence rates among school employees were found to be higher than
incidence rates among children. Possible explanations include school employees
are called to protect children when incidents occur, whereas students are
often quickly evacuated; school employees are at schools for more hours compared
with students; and some school employees handle or apply pesticides.
Based on SENSOR and CDPR data, most cases of acute pesticide-related
illnesses were associated with pesticides applied on school grounds (n = 281,
69%). Repeated pesticide applications on school grounds raise concerns about
persistent low level exposures to pesticides at schools. It is known that
some pesticides degrade slowly when they are not exposed to sun, rain, and
bacterial action in the soil.21-24 In
addition, pesticide residues on the school grounds might be tracked into school
buildings by students and school employees. The chronic long-term impacts
of pesticide exposures have not been comprehensively evaluated; therefore,
the potential for chronic health effects from pesticide exposures at schools
should not be dismissed.25 Unfortunately, the
surveillance methods used in our report are inadequate for assessing chronic
Although insecticides were most frequently associated with pesticide-related
illnesses (n = 895, 35%), we found that exposure to disinfectants
at schools might also be a cause for concern. First, disinfectants accounted
for 830 (32%) of 2593 total cases and for 101 (37%) of 275 moderate severity
cases. Second, 259 (56%) of 461 cases of disinfectant exposure with toxicity
category available were of toxicity category I. Finally, most of the disinfectants
associated with moderate illnesses were products commonly used at schools
(sodium hypochlorite and quaternary ammonium compounds).
We also found acute illnesses associated with exposure to pesticide
drift from neighboring farmland. These exposures might have resulted from
pesticide applicators not complying with pesticide labels, regulations, and/or
guidance to avoid pesticide spray drift, or lack of federal and state regulations
regarding pesticide application around schools. Additionally, pesticide drift
from neighboring farm fields might increase pesticide exposure inside schools.
Some studies26-29 suggest
that dwellings adjacent to fields can be contaminated by pesticide drift during
applications and subsequent wind recirculation of dust from the fields.
To prevent illnesses associated with pesticide applications on or near
school grounds, there is a need to reduce pesticide use. This can be accomplished
by implementing integrated pest management at schools and using methods that
reduce pesticide drift from farmland. Integrated pest management programs
can reduce pesticide use at schools.3,30 Integrated
pest management is endorsed by the EPA,3 National
Parent Teacher Association,31 National Education
Association, and other organizations. The elements of integrated pest management
are detailed in the Box. Useful
guidance and references on integrated pest management in schools are widely
available.3,32 Some disadvantages
of integrated pest management implementation include the requirements of more
involvement of school employees, parents, and students, and the need to be
educated on pest biology and integrated pest management. Finally, some economic
investment is usually required at the outset of an integrated pest management
program. However, over the long term, the costs of integrated pest management
have been found to be lower than traditional pest control.3,30
Pesticides Applied on School PropertyImplement
school integrated pest management programs:
Monitor for pest problems.
Identify the sources of any pest problems.
Eliminate the sources of any pest problems, using
pesticides only as a last resort. Use nontoxic methods, such as ensuring sanitary
conditions and structural integrity.
If nontoxic pest control methods are impractical
or unsuccessful, then use pesticides having the lowest possible toxicity.
Pesticides in US Environmental Protection Agency toxicity categories I and
II should be avoided if possible. If pesticides are used:
Provide prior written notification of the application.
Post notices in designated areas at the school.
Students and staff should not be present during pesticide applications.
Restrict entry into a previously treated area for a specified duration
following an application.
Call a poison control center or seek medical attention
if pesticide-related illnesses arise.
Trained and qualified workers should handle and apply
pesticides. They must be provided with appropriate safety equipment.
Put the school's policy on pest control in
writing and distribute it to school stakeholders periodically (eg, at the
beginning of the school year).
Involve and train stakeholders (school management,
parents, teachers, students, and pesticide applicators).
Pesticide Drift From Neighboring FarmlandReduce
or eliminate application methods that result in drift.Timing of pesticide
applications. Applications should be performed when students and school employees
are not present.Farmers and pesticide applicators should comply with
labels, regulations, and guidance to avoid pesticide spray drift.Pesticides
should be applied by trained applicators.Establish and enforce nonspray
buffer zones around schools. Size of buffer zone depends on toxicity of pesticide,
type of application (ground or aerial), and weather conditions. For example,
7 states require buffer zones ranging from 300 feet to 2.5 miles around schools.
UnderreportingImprovement in pesticide
poisoning surveillance is needed. Every state should implement an acute pesticide-related
illness surveillance system.Acute pesticide-related illnesses should
be a reportable condition in all states.
We tried to identify illness rate differences among children across
states with different integrated pest management laws (mandatory, voluntary,
without laws). However, this comparison was not meaningful because these laws
have tremendous variation across states in terms of coverage, enforcement,
and implementation. Additionally, 40% of cases among children in SENSOR and
CDPR were exposed to pesticide drift. A similar proportion of children in
the entire data set might have been exposed to pesticide drift but these cases
could not be identified in TESS. Integrated pest management practices in schools
are not designed to prevent exposures to pesticide drift. There were too few
SENSOR and CDPR cases involving onsite applications in schools (n = 281)
to assess integrated pest management laws.
Our findings are subject to at least 3 limitations. First, these results
should be considered low estimates of the magnitude of the problem because
many cases of pesticide poisoning are likely not reported to surveillance
systems or poison control centers. Individuals who do not seek medical care
or report their illness to a surveillance system or a poison control center
will not be identified. Even when individuals seek medical care, their illness
may not be recognized as pesticide-related, because of the nonpathognomonic
nature of the signs and symptoms and because clinicians receive little training
on these illnesses.33,34 Second,
although all of these cases met the definition criteria, the possibility of
some false-positives cannot be excluded. Given both the nonspecificity of
the clinical findings of pesticide poisoning and the lack of a criterion standard
diagnostic test, some illnesses temporally related to pesticide exposures
may be coincidental and not caused by these exposures. Third, although the
case definition was similar, some characteristics of the populations reported
by these 3 systems were different. TESS was efficient in capturing data for
children, but it did not collect information on occupation, work-relatedness,
and the activity the person was performing when exposed to pesticides. The
SENSOR and CDPR data apply to 8 states and principally identify work-related
cases. Not all states participating in SENSOR collect information on nonoccupational
cases; therefore, many cases among children were likely missed by SENSOR and
CDPR. None of these data sources are comprehensive. The literature suggests
that less than one third of poisoning cases treated in health care facilities
are reported to poison control centers and in states where SENSOR and TESS
systems are in place, TESS identified only 10% of the cases identified by
In conclusion, despite the limitations of these 3 surveillance systems,
our report is useful in providing national estimates of the magnitude of pesticide-related
illnesses among school employees and students, and in identifying the risk
factors that should be targeted for prevention. Strategies recommended to
reduce pesticide exposures at schools include adopting integrated pest management
programs and using methods to reduce pesticide drift from farmland.
Corresponding Author: Walter A. Alarcon,
MD, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 4676 Columbia Pkwy,
Mail Stop R-17, Cincinnati, OH 45226 (firstname.lastname@example.com).
Author Contributions: Dr Alarcon had full access
to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity
of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
Study concept and design: Alarcon, Calvert.
Acquisition of data: Calvert, Blondell, Mehler,
Sievert, Propeck, Tibbetts, Becker, Lackovic, Soileau, Das, Beckman, Male,
Thomsen, Stanbury.
Analysis and interpretation of data: Alarcon,
Drafting of the manuscript: Alarcon, Calvert.
Critical revision of the manuscript for important
intellectual content: Alarcon, Calvert, Blondell, Mehler, Sievert,
Propeck, Tibbetts, Becker, Lackovic, Soileau, Das, Beckman, Male, Thomsen,
Statistical analysis: Alarcon.
Administrative, technical, or material support:
Alarcon, Calvert, Blondell, Mehler, Sievert, Propeck, Tibbetts, Becker, Lackovic,
Soileau, Beckman, Male, Thomsen, Stanbury.
Study supervision: Calvert.
Financial Disclosures: None reported.
Funding/Support: This study was supported by
the US government through the US Environmental Protection Agency and the Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention, which employs Drs Alarcon, Calvert, and
Role of the Sponsor: The National Institute
for Occupational Safety and Health/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC) designed and conducted the study; collected, managed, analyzed, and
interpreted the data; and prepared, reviewed, obtained external peer review,
and approved the manuscript.
Disclaimer: The reviews expressed and the results/conclusions
reached within this article do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the
CDC, US Environmental Protection Agency, or each author's state agency.
Acknowledgment: We thank Ximena Vergara (Public
Health Institute, Oakland, Calif) who provided support in data management
in the California Department of Health Services; Marty Petersen (National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health/CDC, Division of Surveillance,
Hazard Evaluation and Field Studies) who provided support in statistical analysis;
Donald Baumgartner (US Environmental Protection Agency, Region V), Sherry
E. Jones (National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion/CDC,
Division of Adolescent and School Health), and John Palassis (National Institute
for Occupational Safety and Health/CDC, Education and Information Division)
who provided a comprehensive review of this article; and Jia Li (National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health/CDC, Division of Surveillance,
Hazard Evaluation and Field Studies) who provided information on full-time
equivalents from the US Current Population Survey.


text:
Electronic Musician Presents the Recording Secrets Behind 50 Great Albums
|: Kylee Swenson Gordon
|: Backbeat Books
|Total Pages
|: 201
|: 2012-05-01
|: 9781476821368
|: 1476821364
|: 4/5 (364 Downloads)
Download or read book Electronic Musician Presents the Recording Secrets Behind 50 Great Albums written by Kylee Swenson Gordon and published by Backbeat Books. This book was released on 2012-05-01 with total page 201 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: (Electronic Musicians Presents). Culled from 10 years of the Electronic Musician , Remix , and EQ magazines' archives, the articles in Electronic Musician Presents the Recording Secrets Behind 50 Great Albums will enlighten readers about the recording and songwriting techniques that helped create 50 great albums, spanning as far back as 1967 and as recent as 2011, revealing the methodology of numerous talented artists, producers, and engineers. Ranging from such seminal classics as Fleetwood Mac's Rumours , Aerosmith's Toys in the Attic , and the Who's Quadrophenia to recently recorded works by Danger Mouse, Foo Fighters, and Phoenix, this compilation of articles taps into the inner studio realm of a wide range of artists, crossing boundaries of era, genre, geography, and recording style. But what these articles have in common is a wealth of behind-the-scenes secrets that inform how many amazing sounds and songs were captured and constructed. Musicians craving great tips and advice to pursue their own musical dreams as well as fans interested in how their favorite artists made their music will find a treasure trove of stories from the long-respected music-production magazines that dug deep to capture all of the juicy recording details.


text:
For information about cotton rats, collaboration and contract work please contact:
Dr. Stefan Niewiesk
DVM, PhD, DECLAM
Department of Veterinary Biosciences
The Ohio State University
Cotton rats as models of infectious diseases
Cotton rats are an important animal model to study infectious diseases because of their unique susceptibility towards human pathogens. Whereas mice and rats are often not susceptible to human pathogens, replicate them at low levels or require rodent-adapted pathogen strains, the cotton rat has proven susceptible to a wide variety of human pathogens and to be a model system to simulate a number of important parameters of human disease. In addition to the study of infectious diseases, cotton rats have been used to study toxins in the environment and recently also as a tumor model.
Reagents and Methods (for details see references)
Immunological methods
A variety of immunological methods have been established for the cotton rat so that immunological responses after infection or vaccination can be evaluated.
Chemokines and Cytokines
A large number of chemokine and cytokine genes have been cloned and ELISA and other antibody based systems are commercially available through R&D Systems. In addition, PCR assays have been established.
For a number of immunologically relevant cotton rat markers antibodies have been produced or cross-reactive antibodies have been defined which were produced for CD molecules of different species. In addition, a number of sera produced against intracellular molecules like AKT kinase, heat shock protein 72, COX 2 and others react well with the cotton rat counterpart.
Inbred cotton rats
Cotton rats were inbred by the Veterinary Branch of the National Institutes of Health. Commercial suppliers for this inbred strain are in the USA Harlan Inc.and Sigmovir, and in Europe Charles River. In addition, breeding colonies can be found at various universities worldwide.
Articles about the biology, use, handling and breeding of cotton rats
Gia Green, Devra Huey and Stefan Niewiesk. (2013)
Cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus): an animal model for respiratory tract infections with human pathogens.
Lab Animal, 42, 170-176.
Niewiesk, S. and Prince, G. A. (2002).
Diversifying animal models: the use of hispid cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus in infectious diseases. Laboratory Animals 36: 357-372.
Ward, L. E. (2001).
Handling the cotton rat for research. Lab Animal 1: 31-36.
Niewiesk, S., F. Völp and V. ter Meulen (1997).
A maintenance and handling device for cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus).
Lab Animal 26: 32-33.