text:
- The NVIDIA binary driver is installed but X boots without 3D, or fails to boot, intermittently
- With no driver specified in /etc/X11/xorg.conf, booting X loads the vesa driver (as seen by many "VESA:" lines in your /var/log/Xorg.0.log instead of "INTEL:", "FGLRX:", etc.)
- With a driver specified in /etc/X11/xorg.conf, booting X ignores the setting and loads vesa instead
- You had -fglrx installed previously but have switched to -ati, and now are seeing various odd problems including one or more of the following:
- Failure to boot, perhaps including an error mentioning MTRRs
- Performance issues
- Monitor power management stops working
- glxgears/glxinfo fails to work
- Various crashes, freezes, rendering errors, etc.
- You've just (un)installed a proprietary driver, and now
- ...it fails to boot into X, or
- ...weird things are being displayed on the monitor, or
- ...it works in 2D but 3D apps or compiz doesn't work properly
- Things were working fine, then you booted a different kernel and now they aren't
- Your system has hybrid graphics, and after toggling to the other graphics card strange things are happening
- You installed Ubuntu to a USB key and installed one of the proprietary drivers onto it. The key works on systems with nvidia graphics but does weird things on systems with intel graphics.
- If you've never had -fglrx installed on your system, there is no chance you have this problem
- /var/log/Xorg.0.log shows some other non-VESA driver, but just isn't loading up for some reason. In this case look in /var/log/gdm/*, /var/log/Xorg.0.log[.old], dmesg, or /var/log/syslog for error messages and go from there.
How It Works
The GL libraries are installed using an alternatives system. With this system, you can install any number of drivers, each of which places their GL files into their own separate subdirectories, and /usr/lib/libGL.so becomes just a symbolic link to whatever you've chosen to use.
The open source drivers use kernel mode setting (KMS), which makes the kernel portion of the graphics driver get loaded very early on in boot. If you want to use a proprietary driver, this piece needs to be disabled in order for the proprietary driver to load.
Since Hardy, the X server auto-detects what driver should be loaded for the video hardware it detects as present. It does this by polling the PCI bus for VGA devices, and then checks their PCI ID's against a registry of PCI ID's each video driver has reported as supported; if none are found, -vesa is the fallback. Next, it loads the driver and initializes it. Finally, it probes the monitor(s) for DDC or EDID information to determine its resolution, dpi, and other capabilities, and brings them up.
The fglrx driver includes kernel components which don't always get fully uninstalled when switching to -ati. In addition, -fglrx provides its own fglrx-specific version of libgl, which can cause breakage when running -ati.
In theory, apt should be able to clean up all the fglrx bits properly, but in practice there are many corner cases where bits get left behind.
dpkg -l '*fglrx*'
locate fglrx
to see if there is still some proprietary bits around causing problems.
It is possible to have proprietary video drivers installed alongside free ones without stomping on the GL libraries. However, there are certain situations where errors can happen.
Problem: Video card not supported by driver
Determine the PCI ID of the chip:
lspci -nn | grep VGA 01:00.0 VGA compatible controller [0300]: ATI Technologies Inc RV535 [Radeon X1650 Series] [1002:71c7] (rev 9e)
Here, the PCI ID is 1002:71c7.
Now look in the PCI ID registry to see which driver is used. (Drop the colon ':' when doing this.)
grep -i 100271c7 /usr/share/xserver-xorg/pci/*.ids /usr/share/xserver-xorg/pci/radeon.ids:100271C7
This indicates that X would pick the -radeon driver for me. If you did not get output, then your chip is not currently supported by any driver. There could be several reasons:
1. If you have newer hardware (such as if you're an OEM and testing hardware that is not yet released) then it may simply be the case that support for your chip has not been added to the driver, or was added only recently and is not available in the released driver.
You can try appending your pci id to the /usr/share/xserver-xorg/pci/*.ids file. This will tell X to load the driver anyway. *Sometimes* this works; more often it does not.
You can also try a newer version of the video driver by installing from upstream git. See Freedesktop Git Usage for directions on using git.
2. On the other hand, if you have older hardware, then if your hardware used to work with a non-vesa driver in the past, possibly support for your hardware has been dropped from the video driver. Check that driver's mailing list for more information.
3. If you have unusual hardware, such as a video card from a minor vendor, then a third possibility is that it needs a driver not available in the standard distribution (or perhaps not available at all). In this case, you'll need to locate and install the necessary driver.
Problem: No monitor detected
If no monitor is connected at the time X boots, it may not know what driver to load. Try attaching a monitor.
Problem: X is falling back to vesa or fbdev
In some cases, X will fail to boot with the correct driver, and try again with a different driver, like vesa. Usually in this case you should have a /var/log/Xorg.0.log or /var/log/Xorg.0.log.old that explains why it failed to load the original driver.
Problem: Missing NVIDIA kernel module on boot causes rapidly flashing black screen during boot
By and large it sounds like the vast majority of users had smooth upgrade experiences. However, it came to our attention that some nvidia users experienced a problem during upgrades to Karmic where X fails to load and instead flashes a black screen continuously rather than going into the low graphics failsafe mode; this problem is now solved. Further investigation as to why it was going into failsafe mode to begin with, showed that the problem was that the nvidia.ko kernel module was missing during boot; these are due to a variety of unusual situations, and are described in more detail below.
Flashing GDM Bug: The black screen flashing behavior on X failure was root caused to be due to the newly rewritten gdm 2.8, which dropped support for triggering failsafe on X failure. This trigger would kick in for a variety of different types of X failures, such as a typo in the xorg.conf, mis-installation of video drivers, certain kinds of X crashes, and so on. This failsafe trigger would boot the user into a low graphics mode session that includes some basic tools for diagnosing, reporting, and working around the problem. Since this trigger feature was not included in the gdm rewrite, instead of triggering failsafe-x, gdm would just keep trying to start X continuously. Because the new gdm was introduced fairly late in our release cycle, our testing only discovered the bug shortly before release, so we decided to handle it as a post-release update. This flashing issue was solved several days after the release by introducing an upstart job which detects if gdm has failed several times, and then boots into the failsafe session. This is ready for upload to Karmic as SRU bug #441638 and is currently in karmic-proposed for testing.
Effect on Nvidia: The flashing behavior can kick in for a variety of reasons and it is not driver-specific. However, since the broken failsafe symptoms are so strikingly unusual, many people with drastically different underlying bugs have assumed they have the same problem, and this has led to much confusion. Nvidia was notable in particular because, as a proprietary binary driver, it has a need to rebuild its kernel module when the kernel version changes (such as during upgrades), and needless to say this is not an error-proof process. In the past, if it failed for whatever reason, GDM would load the failsafe-x session, which then displayed a relevant error message to the user; with the broken failsafe in Karmic users were not able to see this and thus had no way to differentiate one issue from the next.
Troubleshooting Advice: Generally for missing nvidia.ko bugs, what we need is the make.log file - this is found in a subdirectory under /var/lib/dkms/nvidia/. Our bug tools should be given the logic to attach this file automatically to apport bug reports, but for now it needs to be collected manually by the bug reporter.
Below we go into the technical details of some of these different bugs that can cause a missing nvidia.ko.
A. No nvidia.ko because it failed to build but Jockey didn't notice
Normally, most users rely on Jockey, the hardware driver administration tool, to install -nvidia. In certain cases it may be possible that nvidia.ko simply fails to build for the given combination of hardware, kernel, and driver. The expectation is that on failure Jockey ought to bail out and notify the user of the problem, but there are cases where this does not happen, see bug #451305. A fix for this Jockey issue is uploaded to karmic-proposed now and will be released after gaining sufficient testing.
B. No nvidia.ko because GDM boots without waiting for DKMS to complete
Ironically, perhaps the most common situation that can cause a missing nvidia.ko kernel module is likely due to boot performance improvements in Karmic. In the past, when a new kernel was installed, on the next boot DKMS would rebuild nvidia.ko during the boot process. By the time X was ready to start this building would have been completed. In Karmic we now start X much earlier in the boot sequence, and this may not always give DKMS enough time to finish making nvidia.ko. When X discovers it is not there, it either falls back to the -nv or -vesa video driver (if possible) or triggers the failsafe.
At least, this is our theory. Because the way this works there is either never a true error, or else the log file with the error gets overwritten. So either way there is no solid evidence this issue has happened in the wild. Still, even if it is just theoretical, we should ensure it cannot happen. See bug #438398 for tracking this problem.
Some people have found that simply restarting the computer results in it coming back with -nvidia properly; others find they need to run:
dpkg-reconfigure nvidia-185-kernel-source
and some find they must fully reinstall the nvidia driver. (Many people reinstall the nvidia driver from the nvidia website at this point, which also will solve the problem but puts your system into a non-stock state which may make future support more challenging. It is probably sufficient to purge and reinstall nvidia.)
Ultimately the real fix will be to serialize the driver update process to ensure nvidia.ko always gets built for the new kernel before attempting to boot X. Since this issue is something which could affect any DKMS-using driver, it may be best to implement this as a new feature for DKMS in Lucid.
As a shorter term solution which might be safe enough to roll out for Karmic, we could add an upstart job which causes gdm to be delayed if a DKMS build is in process.
C. No nvidia.ko module for -rt, -server specialized kernels
Historically, the most common reason for a failed build of nvidia.ko was because the reporter was using one of the specialized kernels such as the real-time kernel kernel, which may not receive as much testing as the standard Ubuntu kernel. We put attention into Karmic to get these issues resolved, and most if not all of these bug reports are confirmed as solved, but it remains an area that remains only lightly tested and so will need continued vigilance.
D. No nvidia.ko module due to missing/broken build system pieces
In order to compile the nvidia.ko module it is necessary to have a working compiler, patch utility, and other build tools. There are certain (obscure) corner cases where these may be unavailable or broken. These are lower priority issues but still worth fixing. (Patches welcomed!)
One example of this that we need to examine closely for Lucid is upgrades directly from Hardy. (E.g. bug #467490)
Problem: Need to purge -fglrx
Typically, the following manual commands will properly uninstall -fglrx:
sudo apt-get remove --purge xorg-driver-fglrx fglrx* sudo apt-get install --reinstall libgl1-mesa-glx libgl1-mesa-dri xserver-xorg-core sudo dpkg-reconfigure xserver-xorg
For systems with multiarch enabled (Ubuntu 11.10/Oneiric and later has it by default), if you have installed more than one architecture of a package, you have to specify each to reinstall them (or you will get an "E: Internal Error, No file name for libgl1-mesa-glx"):
sudo apt-get install --reinstall libgl1-mesa-glx:amd64 libgl1-mesa-dri:amd64 libgl1-mesa-glx:i386 libgl1-mesa-dri:i386 xserver-xorg-core
To check which architectures you have installed, you must use dpkg, as no other program has such feature yet:
dpkg --get-selections|grep libgl1-mesa libgl1-mesa-dri install libgl1-mesa-dri:i386 install libgl1-mesa-glx install libgl1-mesa-glx:i386 install
Then reboot (or fix up the kernel modules and restart gdm).
Problem: Need to fully remove -nvidia and reinstall -nouveau from scratch
A similar issue exists for -nvidia/-nouveau, for similar reasons. People don't run into it quite as much since -nv doesn't tap 3D functionalities as often, but it still happens.
The nvidia kernel module is loading from the proprietary drivers, but x is trying to load -nouveau. If you installed the binary drivers from nvidia.com to get into this situation you will want to run sudo nvidia-settings --uninstall and then install the binary drivers provided by ubuntu instead after you reboot. if thats not the case you can do a sudo apt-get install nvidia-current and it will overwrite your xorg.conf with the needed one.
Here is a recipe which removes all old video drivers, and reinstalls nouveau:
sudo nvidia-settings --uninstall sudo apt-get remove --purge nvidia* sudo apt-get remove --purge xserver-xorg-video-nouveau xserver-xorg-video-nv sudo apt-get install nvidia-common sudo apt-get install xserver-xorg-video-nouveau sudo apt-get install --reinstall libgl1-mesa-glx libgl1-mesa-dri xserver-xorg-core sudo dpkg-reconfigure xserver-xorg
Then reboot your system and when it comes up it will be running with nouveau.
Problem: Breaks after upgrading to or from a proprietary driver and restarting X
Make sure to reboot after enabling or disabling a proprietary driver. This is necessary because the open source drivers use kernel mode-setting (KMS) which needs to be enabled or disabled in initrd. If you just restart X after switching drivers, it can leave your system in a really weird state. If it freezes at this point, just hold down the power button to do a hard restart of the system.
Problem: Need to manually review/tweak alternatives settings
The Additional Drivers utility in System Settings handles all the work of installing and configuring the driver, setting the alternatives, and so forth. However, if you do some of this manually, like installing files by hand, it can leave the alternatives system in an inconsistent state.
You can use the command 'update-alternatives' to manually review and alter your alternatives settings. Some helpful commands:
sudo update-alternatives --display gl_conf sudo update-alternatives --config gl_conf sudo ldconfig sudo update-initramfs -u
Problem: Switching drivers on system with hybrid graphics
There are systems on the market which ship with multiple video cards which you can toggle between. In the past, if you wished to use an open source driver for one card, and a proprietary one for the other, this would not work; you had to completely uninstall one driver and install and reconfigure the other in order to make it work.
Now, you should be able to do this more easily by using the Hardware Devices applet to enable or disable the proprietary driver, and then rebooting.
Problem: Swapping drive between system with -nvidia and non-nvidia causes breakage
After enabling -nvidia on one system, it puts in the nvidia libGL. When you move the drive to a different, non-nvidia system, it will boot with a different video driver (say, -intel or -ati), but it finds it has an incompatible libGL and wonky things happen as a result.
There are two ways to correct this issue if you are experiencing the same thing:
1) Boot the drive in the computer with the nvidia card and disable the nvidia driver in jockey-gtk (Hardware Drivers)
2) On the computer which flips the screen. Run the following command from a TTY
$ sudo update-alternatives --config gl_conf #Asks which alternative to select: #0 /usr/lib/nvidia-current/ld.so.conf 9700 auto mode #1 /usr/lib/mesa/ld.so.conf 9700 manual mode #2 /usr/lib/nvidia-current/ld.so.conf 9700 manual mode #Chose MESA (option 2) $ sudo ldconfig $ sudo update-initramfs -u $ sudo reboot
Problem: nvidia drivers from nvidia.com won't install
nvidia's drivers do not (yet) honor the alternatives system. For this reason installation of them would cause your system to get into a horribly inconsistent state.
X/Troubleshooting/VideoDriverDetection (last edited 2013-02-06 21:20:48 by c-174-55-144-102)


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My dog has calcium oxalate bladder stones. What are they?
Bladder stones (uroliths or cystic calculi), are rock-like formations of minerals that form in the urinary bladder, and are more common than kidney stones in dogs. There may be a large, single stone or a collection of stones that range in size from sand-like grains to gravel.
One of the more common uroliths in the dog is composed of calcium oxalate crystals.
What causes calcium oxalate bladder stones to form?
The exact cause of calcium oxalate bladder stones is complex and poorly understood at this time. Normal dog urine is slightly acidic and contains waste products from metabolism including dissolved mineral salts and other compounds. These mineral salts will remain dissolved in the urine as long as the pH stays within a narrow range, and as long as the urine does not become too concentrated.
Current research indicates that urine high in calcium, citrates, or oxalates and is acidic predisposes a pet to developing calcium oxalate urinary crystals and stones. Recent studies have shown diets that cause high urine acidity (urine pH less than 6.5) may predispose dogs to develop this type of bladder stone.
There are likely other causes of calcium oxalate bladder stones. Over-usage of antibiotics may reduce numbers of the intestinal bacteria Oxalobacter formigenes whose sole nutrient is oxalate. In dogs with low populations of Oxalobacter, excess oxalate is secreted in the urine, increasing the likelihood that calcium oxalate crystals and stones can form if the urine is highly concentrated or becomes acidic.
How common are calcium oxalate bladder stones?
Bladder stones are somewhat common in dogs, and calcium oxalate bladder stones are the second most common type of stone, second only to struvite stones. Together, struvite and calcium oxalate uroliths have been found to comprise over 85% of all canine uroliths. Based on the results of tens of thousands of stone analyses, it has been found that the number of struvite bladder stones has been declining in dogs, while the number of calcium oxalate stones has been increasing during the past ten years. Struvite uroliths were noted to be more common in female dogs and calcium oxalate uroliths in male dogs. Breeds most commonly diagnosed with struvite and calcium oxalate bladder stones included Shih Tzus, Miniature Schnauzer, Bichon Frise, Lhasa Apso, and Yorkshire Terrier.
What are the signs of calcium oxalate bladder stones?
The signs of bladder stones are very similar to the signs of an uncomplicated bladder infection or cystitis. The most common signs that a dog has bladder stones are hematuria (blood in the urine) and dysuria (straining to urinate). Hematuria occurs because the stones rub against the bladder wall, irritating and damaging the tissue and causing bleeding. Dysuria may result from inflammation and swelling of the bladder walls or the urethra (the tube that transports the urine from the bladder to the outside of the body), from muscle spasms, or from a physical obstruction to urine flow. Veterinarians assume that the condition is painful, because people with bladder stones experience pain, and because many clients remark about how much better and more active their dog becomes following surgical removal of bladder stones.
Large stones may act almost like a valve or stopcock, causing an intermittent or partial obstruction at the neck of the bladder, the point where the bladder attaches to the urethra. Small stones may flow with the urine into the urethra where they can become lodged and cause an obstruction. If an obstruction occurs, the bladder cannot be emptied fully; if the obstruction is complete, the dog will be unable to urinate at all. If the obstruction is not relieved, the bladder may rupture. A complete obstruction is potentially life threatening and requires immediate emergency treatment.
How are calcium oxalate bladder stones diagnosed?
In some cases, if your dog is relaxed and the bladder is not too painful, your veterinarian may be able to palpate (feel) calcium oxalate stones in the bladder. However, some stones are too small to be felt this way. Often, bladder stones are diagnosed by means of a radiograph (X-ray) of the bladder, or by means of an ultrasound. Calcium oxalate stones are almost always radiodense, meaning that they can be seen on a plain radiograph. However, sometimes bones or other overlying body parts will interfere with the ability to see bladder stones with regular X-rays, in which case your veterinarian may recommend a contrast study, a specialized technique that uses dye to outline the stones in the bladder, or a bladder ultrasound.
"The only way to be sure that a bladder stone is made of calcium oxalate is to have the stone analyzed."
These imaging procedures will identify the presence of a bladder stone, but will not definitively tell your veterinarian the composition of the stone. The only way to be sure that a bladder stone is made of calcium oxalate is to have the stone analyzed at a veterinary laboratory.
In some cases, your veterinarian may make an educated guess about the type of stone that is present, based on the radiographic appearance and results of a urinalysis. For example, if X-rays show that there are one or more stones present in the bladder, and the results of the urinalysis show the presence of acidic urine along with numerous calcium oxalate crystals, your veterinarian may make a presumptive diagnosis of calcium oxalate bladder stones and recommend treatment accordingly.
How are calcium oxalate bladder stones treated?
There are two primary treatment strategies for treating calcium oxalate bladder stones in dogs: non-surgical removal by urohydropropulsion, and 2) surgical removal.
Small stones may be removed non-surgically in some cases by urohydropropulsion. In simplest terms, the bladder stones are flushed out of the bladder using special urinary catheter technique. This is only possible when the stones are very small in diameter. In some cases, this procedure may be performed with the dog under heavy sedation, although general anesthesia is often necessary. If your veterinarian has a cystoscope, small stones in the bladder or urethra can sometimes be removed with this instrument, therefore avoiding a surgical procedure to open the bladder.
Either of these non-surgical procedures may also be used to obtain a sample stone for analysis so that your veterinarian can determine if dietary dissolution is possible.
Surgical removal is commonly recommended in cases where the bladder stones are too large for urohydropropulsion, when there are a large number of stones in the bladder, if there is an increased risk that the patient will develop an obstruction of the urinary tract, or if the client wishes to have the problem resolved as quickly as possible. Male dogs are at a much higher risk of developing an obstruction in the urinary tract as a result of bladder stones, so when bladder stones are diagnosed in a male dog, your veterinarian will often strongly recommend surgical removal. Your veterinarian will discuss the appropriate treatment strategy for your dog, based on your dog's individual situation.
Are there any other treatment options?
In some selected referral centers, another option may be available to treat bladder stones. This option is ultrasonic dissolution, a technique in which high frequency ultrasound waves are used to disrupt or break the stones into tiny particles that can then be flushed out of the bladder. It has the advantage of immediate removal of the offending stones without the need for surgery. Your veterinarian will discuss this treatment option with you if it is available in your area.
My dog is not showing any signs. What will happen if I do nothing?
In cases where only a few small bladder stones are present and the dog is not experiencing clinical signs (painful or frequent urination, blood in the urine, etc.), it might seem reasonable to do nothing. The most common scenario for this situation is when bladder stones are found as an 'incidental' finding when an X-ray is performed for another reason. Since calcium oxalate bladder stones are most commonly diagnosed in male dogs, and male dogs are at an increased risk of urinary obstruction due to a small stone becoming lodged in the urethra, it can be extremely risky to adopt a "wait-and- see approach". However, if for some reason the patient cannot undergo surgical treatment or non-surgical stone removal, and you are willing to assume the risks, it may be acceptable to delay the treatment for a short while. During this time the diet is often changed to one less likely to contribute to calcium oxalate stone formation. However, if there is ANY indication that your dog's condition is worsening, or if the dog develops a urinary obstruction, you must seek immediate veterinary attention.
How can I prevent my dog from developing calcium oxalate bladder stones in the future?
Dogs that have developed calcium oxalate bladder stones in the past will often be fed a therapeutic diet for life. Diets that promote less-acidic and more dilute urine are recommended. Diets that may help include Royal Canin® Urinary SO, Purina® ProPlan® Veterinary Diet UR Ox™/St™, Hill's Prescription Diet® c/d® Multi-Benefit, or Rayne Clinical Nutrition Adult Health-RSS™. Table food may be a problem for these dogs. Most dogs should be fed a canned or wet diet to encourage water consumption. Dilute urine with a low urine specific gravity (urine specific gravity or USpG less than 1.020) is an important part of the prevention of calcium oxalate bladder stones. In certain cases, medications to lower the urinary pH such as potassium citrate may be required. Dogs that repeatedly develop calcium oxalate bladder stones without high blood calcium levels may benefit from hydrochlorothiazide treatment.
"Dogs that have developed calcium oxalate bladder stones in the past will often be fed a therapeutic diet for life."
Dogs diagnosed with calcium oxalate stones should avoid calcium supplements unless specifically advised by your veterinarian. They should not be fed high oxalate foods such as nuts, rhubarb, beets, green beans, and spinach.
In addition, careful routine monitoring of the urine to detect any signs of bacterial infection is also recommended. Bladder X-rays and urinalysis will typically be performed one month after treatment and then every three to six months for the remainder of the dog's life. Dogs displaying any clinical signs such as frequent urination, urinating in unusual places, painful urination or the presence of blood in the urine should be evaluated immediately. Unfortunately, calcium oxalate stones have a somewhat high rate of recurrence, despite careful attention to diet and lifestyle.

subset: commoncrawl


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Mind Your Language: Modi Tells Babus
For the past two weeks, the top civil servants in India's labyrinthine bureaucracy have been sent back to school.
Graduate degrees are commonplace in this crowd. Plenty have diplomas from Oxford, Cambridge or Harvard, and most were raised speaking English - the language used in most official documents and correspondence in India.
But these days, they are spending their evenings frantically looking up words after new Prime Minister Narendra Modi declared that all official documents must be written in Hindi, spoken by hundreds of millions across northern India. While many bureaucrats speak the language, few know the formal phrases needed for official communication.
"It's unbelievable how much time I spend rifling through the Hindi dictionary,'' said a senior official, who asked not to be named for fear being seen as criticizing the new government. "A simple letter now takes me ages.''
Modi's campaign promises included a vow to crack the whip on Delhi's gargantuan and slow-moving bureaucracy, but the language shift is also clearly part of an outsider's attempt to etch his own imprint on the political culture of the Indian capital.
Many of Modi's early decisions have sent ripples of unease through the ranks of India's powerful civil servants, threatening to upend this city's long-established pecking order.
Another early signal came within days of Modi's inauguration, when Indian news outlets reported that the government had asked for a list of bureaucrats who belonged to New Delhi's golf clubs.
"The report that such a list was being drawn up gave many of us the jitters,'' said another official, an avid golfer, who also requested anonymity. "The implication was that if you are a regular on the golf course, then work may not be your first priority.''
The recent election brought seismic political changes to the capital, with the overwhelming majority gained by Modi's Bharatiya Janata Party all but wiping away the nearly six decades of dominance by the Congress party _ traditionally dominated by those who spoke English at home - which had shaped Delhi's bureaucratic landscape.
"Delhi's drawing room set, especially top government officials, are deeply suspicious of this new lot of power-wielders with whom they have little in common, let alone language,'' said Abhilasha Kumari, a New Delhi-based sociologist.
At his first meeting with the capital's top officials, Modi laid down new ground rules: Reduce delays, cut red tape and ensure greater accountability and efficiency. Other edicts: swift disposal of files, holding officials responsible for delays in decision-making, and limiting cushy post-retirement jobs for civil servants.
India's civil service, a collection of state and national agencies that totals some 6.5 million people, was the proud "steel frame'' that helped govern the vast subcontinent during British colonial rule. Families here dream of their children passing the rigorous entry examinations to join the exclusive ranks of civil servants.
These days, though, it's also widely derided as a contributing factor in the country's sluggish economic growth, with widespread corruption and lack of expertise often masked by tedious rules and sheer inefficiency.
Modi made streamlining the bureaucracy a campaign platform, vowing "maximum governance and minimum government.''__PAGEBREAK__
He also said he wanted to restore a sense of pride to India's dejected millions, many of them battling unemployment and grinding poverty. One quick boost would be giving prominence to Hindi, the language of the masses.
So a day after the new government took office, India's home ministry ordered officials to switch to Hindi on social media. Modi also ordered officials to use Hindi in all official correspondence and to take notes in Hindi. Modi himself declared he would only speak Hindi with foreign leaders.
The changes have shaken the government's power managers.
The newly elected lawmakers "speak a different language and are socially conservative in their outlook,'' Kumari said. "Certainly, there is a sense of disquiet among the bureaucrats,'' she said.
Modi could not be further removed from Delhi's reigning English-speaking caucus.
The son of a poor tea-seller, he rose to become the longtime chief minister of his native Gujarat state in western India. His patchy education was mostly in Hindi and Gujarati, and he earned his university degrees through correspondence courses.
But language is also politics for Modi, who spent years as a preacher with the Rashtriya Swayamsewak Sangh, or National Volunteers Association, a powerful Hindu nationalist movement that sees Hindi as the true language of a powerful India.
While Modi rarely speaks English in public, he is said to speak the language fairly well, even if he's not completely at ease.
But in a country with as many as 22 official languages, many question Hindi's dominance.
Although Hindi and its numerous dialects are spoken by about 45 percent of India's 1.2 billion people, there are hundreds of millions in the southern, eastern and remote northeast parts of the country who don't speak Hindi at all. In recent years, as India has joined the globalized economy, English has become increasingly important beyond the urban elite. Today, about 10 percent of the country is thought to be proficient in English.
For the senior civil servants, the sudden language shift is an added burden.
"Most officials think in English. But if they have to translate documents, or write letters in Hindi, it would slow down the process,'' said Amitabha Pande, a retired civil servant. "In many ways it would be counter to what Modi set out to achieve - speeding up government functioning.''
By Nirmala George for AP


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The performing arts include music performances, acting, dance performances, opera and musicals, circuses and puppet shows.
Performing arts industries
There were 1,437 employing businesses mainly engaged in the performing arts industries at the end of June 2000. Of these, 705 mainly provided live theatrical or musical presentations (i.e. music and theatre productions); 125 operated venues for performing arts such as concert halls and entertainment centres; and 606 provided services to the arts industry such as festival management, casting agency operation, costume design and set designing. They employed 16,429 persons at the end of June 2000. During 1999-2000 they accrued total income of $1,633.8m, of which $470.0m was from government funding and $460.5m from box office income.
For additional information about the performing arts industry, see Service industries.
Symphony Australia Orchestral Network
The Symphony Australia Orchestral Network comprises Australia's six major professional symphony orchestras - Adelaide Symphony Orchestra, Melbourne Symphony Orchestra, Queensland Orchestra, Sydney Symphony Orchestra, Tasmanian Symphony Orchestra and West Australian Symphony Orchestra - as well as the national service organisation, Symphony Australia. The network was established as a division of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) over a number of years from 1932. The orchestras and the national service organisation now operate as subsidiary companies of the ABC. The orchestras present live concerts in Australia's major performing arts venues and in free open-air concerts. They also present broadcasts on ABC radio and television, make recordings for international record labels, accompany opera and ballet performances, undertake international tours, and give performances in regional and country areas throughout Australia. In 2000-01, the six orchestras presented approximately 800 concerts to audiences totalling more than 1.1 million people (table 12.12) and reached much larger audiences through their recording and broadcast activities.
Musica Viva
Musica Viva, Australia's national promoter and organiser of chamber music concerts, began as a performing ensemble named Sydney Musica Viva in December 1945, as an initiative of violist, conductor and inventor Richard Goldner. It is now a non-profit company with headquarters in Sydney; it has a board with members throughout Australia, a state committee structure and branch offices in capital cities. During 2001, 2,537 concerts or other performances were presented by Musica Viva across Australia and overseas, with audiences exceeding 443,000 Australians and 34,000 overseas patrons (table 12.13). Ménage concerts, designed for people aged between 18 and 35 years and presented in unusual, intimate venues, were presented in Adelaide, Perth, Melbourne and Sydney to audiences totalling 1,069. CountryWide, a regional touring program, reached audiences of 22,921, while the live music education program ('Musica Viva in Schools') reached 367,189 students across Australia and in Singapore.
Opera Australia
In 1997 the Australian Opera and the Victorian State Opera merged to become Opera Australia. More reliant on box office receipts than many of the world's arts companies, 65% of Opera Australia's revenue comes directly from ticket sales.
With a repertoire spanning the history of opera, almost 250 performances are staged each year (table 12.14), making the company the third busiest opera company in the world after the Vienna State Opera and the Metropolitan Opera, New York. To support this schedule, the company engages a full-time opera chorus and two resident orchestras - The Australian Opera and Ballet Orchestra, based in Sydney, and Orchestra Victoria in Melbourne.
The Australian Ballet
The Australian Ballet, formed in 1962, is a full-time ensemble company that presents over 180 performances annually both in Australia and abroad. The company has received international acclaim for its presentations of great ballet classics, as well as modern repertoire created by Australian and international choreographers.
In 2001 the Australian Ballet gave 211 performances, up from 203 in 2000. It employed 150 persons, consisting of 69 dancers and 81 other staff (table 12.15).


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Our Homes are Located Across the World
Let Armstrong Lumber Co., Inc supply your panelized home package. We supply owner-builders and contractors in Montana. Over the years we have sent many home packages to Montana, to be built by our partner contractors and owner builders!
A typical panelized framing package consists of Exterior Walls, Interior Walls, Roof Trusses, Roof Sheathing, and Trim. These components are built using jigs, using computerized laser saws, and finished with 1/16" accuracy.
Exterior walls typicalls include the framing, sheathing, vapor barrier, siding, windows, and exterior doors installed, but Armstrong can modify this according to your building needs and local building codes.
Interior walls will be typically framed with all openings and headers in place.
Roof Trusses are pre-engineered and contructed on jigs with computerized laser saws.
Benefits of Building with Armstrong in Oregon
- Time – Faster construction as walls, trusses and other pre-made components arrive just in time and with value-added features you require. Cuts time in the framing stage by 30% - 50%.
- Labor – Fewer hard-to-find skilled framers are needed to get the job done. With Armstrong components, delays for labor shortages are far less.
- Quality & Consistency – Your components are built on pre-designed assembly stations where accuracy is assured. Lumber is pre-inspected to meet standards of quality. Wall and truss components are constructed under cover, eliminating lumber warpage due to extended sun and rain exposure.
- Money – Time saved gets you out of your construction loan to final turnover faster; a significant savings. Components are guaranteed built right – no tear down and rebuild of mistakes.
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- Security – Armstrong component construction eliminates pilferage of loose lumber and other loose materials.
- Uncluttered Job Site – An Armstrong Component package eliminates the need to have lot space cluttered with lumber stock-piles.
- Flexibility – You decide how much "value-added" you want. Order with as much or as little pre-installed siding, windows and other elements you need to optimize profitability.


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Thursday, August 5, 2010
Latter-day Saint perspectives on Nursing in Public
I have put together this collection of blog posts from LDS women, sharing their own opinions of the issue of modesty and breastfeeding:
2 comments:
This is one of those things that while I firmly believe there is nothing with nursing in public uncovered, I won't ever do it... because society hasn't caught up why it should be ok, and my anxiety problems make it too hard. Add to it that my long torso and small chest make it very hard to be discrete, and I'm bound to a cover. Maybe as I have more children, I'll branch out- on principle I'm all for it, but until I know I won't be making other people uncomfortable (whether or not it is right for them to be uncomfortable) I don't have it in me. But I do want to salute any woman I see NIP, and will use that as a learning opportunity for my children so they can know that it is normal, healthy, and beautiful.ReplyDelete
If I were to ever breastfeed anywhere but the mother's room in church it would be in RS. I think I may have done it in the past. I have seen a couple of ladies nurse in the chapel but I would rather go out than have my 2 yr old climbing all over me and the baby. I have NIP while sitting on a curb at the state fair and on an airplane and maybe a few other places, but I've never been able to be discreet enough, I feel, to nurse at a restaurant table or similar situations. I don't like the feeling of being looked at for any reason, especially when I feel like my breast could be suddenly exposed. My children, boys and girls, are very comfortable seeing me or other women nurse their babies anywhere. I feel like I am doing my part in this way to affect the next generation. I do admit to feeling some isolation this time around but a lot of that I think comes from having so many young children and not being able to take them places by myself. By the way, I do not think any of my attitudes about breastfeeding in general or NIP are at all related to my being LDS. It's just the way I am. Good topic. Thanks for all the links.ReplyDelete


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Round Wood Christmas Ornaments | S Monogram
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On the eve of Friday's meeting by G7 finance ministers in Iqaluit, Canada, 94 members of the House of Representatives sent a letter to Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner that also called for "the provision of assistance to Haiti in the form of grants so that the country does not accumulate additional debts."
That call was echoed by a several non-governmental organisations (NGOs), including Oxfam, Jubilee USA, and Avaaz, which said they plan to deliver hundreds of thousands of individual signatures on petitions appealing for debt cancellation from across the world to this weekend's ministerial meeting.
"(While) the international community has acted rapidly and generously to provide for Haiti's immediate emergency needs," said Emma Seery, Oxfam's campaign manager, "the G7 must now also make sure that Haiti is not left saddled with crippling debts as it recovers and rebuilds."
"They must agree to all new financial support being in the form of grants, not loans, and commit to a clear plan to cancel what remains of Haiti's debt," she said.
The push on the G7, which, in addition to the U.S., includes Canada, France, Britain, Germany, Italy and Japan, comes as Haiti struggles to clean up and begin recovering from the cataclysmic Jan. 12 earthquake that is estimated to have killed at least 150,000 people, and possibly tens of thousands more.
In addition to damaging much of the country's infrastructure, the quake, the most lethal in the Americas' recorded history, also rendered nearly one million of its nearly 10 million people homeless, creating unprecedented challenges for the government of President Rene Preval, humanitarian NGOs and foreign aid groups, and more than 20,000 U.S. troops and U.N. peacekeepers.
With the vast majority of the population living on less than two U.S. dollars a day before the earthquake, Haiti has long been the western hemisphere's poorest country. The quake was the latest in a series of natural disasters, including devastating hurricanes in 2008.
Last June, 1.2 billion dollars in Haiti's external debt, including that owed to the Washington-based International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank, and Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), was cancelled after the Preval government completed a three-year Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) programme.
Over half of that debt had been incurred by Haiti's dictatorships, notably the Duvalier dynasty that ruled the country from 1957 to 1986.
But the cancellation covered debt incurred by Haiti only through 2004. In the last five years, the country has received new loans – some of them to help it recover from the floods and other hurricane damage – totalling another 1.05 billion dollars.
Some two-thirds of that total is owed to multilateral agencies, including some 447 million dollars to the IDB, 39 million dollars to the World Bank, and some 165 million dollars to the IMF.
The remainder is bilateral debt, most of it owed to Taiwan (92 million dollars) and Venezuela (167 million dollars). Haiti also owes the Rome-based International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) another 58 million dollars.
While the terms of the multilateral loans are concessional – most of them carry only nominal interest rates and can be repaid over as much as 50 years – servicing of the IMF and IDB loans by themselves alone would normally require Haiti to pay more than 100 million dollars over the next decade, a sum that it can ill afford in the wake of last month's earthquake, according to the NGOs.
Oxfam and the Jubilee USA Network, veterans in the campaign to gain debt relief for the world's poorest countries, began calling for comprehensive debt cancellation immediately after the earthquake.
In the days following the earthquake, officials at the IMF, the World Bank, and the IDB – whose governing boards are dominated by the G7 countries – said they were sympathetic to that appeal.
On Jan. 21, the World Bank announced a waiver of Haiti's pending debt payment for five years and said it would explore ways that the remaining debt could be cancelled. The IDB has said it is engaged in a similar effort and will present alternatives for reducing or cancelling the debt to its board of governors.
On Jan. 27, the IMF, which lacks the authority to provide outright grants, announced that it would give Haiti a 102 million-dollar loan at zero-percent interest and that would not be subject to any of the Fund's usual performance conditions.
Last week, all three international lenders reported to an emergency donors' conference in Montreal on debt relief for Haiti, but no further announcements were forthcoming.
In their letter, the lawmakers, who were led by California Democratic Congresswoman Maxine Waters and Florida Republican Ileana Ros-Lehtinen, called on Geithner to push hard on his colleagues.
"We welcome recent statements from officials at the multilateral financial institutions of their intentions to consider cancellation of Haiti's remaining debts," the letter stated.
"We urge you to use the voice and vote of the United States on the Executive Boards of these institutions to secure cancellation of all of Haiti's remaining multilateral debts. While arrangements are worked out for cancellation, we urge you to support a moratorium on debt service payments from Haiti to these institutions, without the accrual of interest."
Melinda St. Louis, Jubilee's deputy director, said action was urgent.
"This weekend the G7 finance ministers must respond to the mounting global consensus to drop Haiti's debt," she said. "It's time our leaders announced their commitment to cancel Haiti's debts once and for all, including the new IMF loan. Debt cancellation is a critical step in the long road to Haiti's recovery."


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(visited by Philipp Funovits and Anna Steiner)
14-Aug-2005 -- This Confluence lies beneath a lake near the small village Kichik Dachna. When we studied our maps we figured this would be an easy one, judging from the facts that the area is flat, and that the nearby village would be a good starting point.
We started from Sheki, and left the bus at the turnoff to the gravel track leading to Kichik Dachna. The GPS showed about 10km Distance. We walked one or two kilometers, before we managed to stop a car. The Driver was a local farmer whose farm lies somewhat beyond the western end of the town. He brought us within 5km distance from the confluence.
We left the road and started approaching directly through the harvested fields. The terrain was easy, almost no vegetation, the only obstacle were some irrigation canals. Several big sheep herds were grazing on the dried remains of this years crop. Luckily it was a cloudy day. Neither of us would have endured the 8 kilometers we had eventually to hike in this semi desert, if the blazing Azeri sun would have burned down that day.
Our main concern beforehand was that the confluence could be actually lying in the lake. But it turned out not to be the case. We reached the Confluence without any problems, took the pictures and walked back to the eastern end of Kichik Dachna where we organised a vehicle to bring us back to the main Road to catch the bus to Ganja.


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Eating big meals on road trips weighs you down and makes you sleepy. That's why snacks are better, and Jalopnik readers know the very best driving foods of all.
Welcome back to Answers of the Day — our daily Jalopnik feature where we take the best ten responses from the previous day's Question of the Day and shine it up to show off. It's by you and for you, the Jalopnik readers. Enjoy!
Everyone has their own favorite snack, but we have used scientific measurements to determine which foods score the highest on a number of important variables: portability, cleanliness, one-hand-ability, greasiness, sweetness, saltiness, and affordability. Using these factors and a secret algorithm, we have determined which ten foods are best from behind the wheel.
Photo Credit: NCM3
10.) Sour Patch Kids
Human beings are scientifically proven to have five tastes: sweet, salty, bitter, umami, and sour. An additional unscientifically-proven taste is chemically-processed sugar-dusted sweet/sour. Found in things like Sour Patch Kids, it is the most addictive flavor and can never be sated, even on ten-hour road trips.
Suggested By: Patrick Frawley, Photo Credit: Rick Cano
9.) Pork Rinds
I've never had pork rinds (l'chaim!), but they look like they're salty, crispy, and hand-held — all excellent road trip snack qualities.
Suggested By: Kiwi_Commander, Photo Credit: Polly Ann
8.) Chocolate Covered Coffee Beans
These are nature's own caffeine pills. They're a little gourmet for road trips, but they will keep you wired on long, cold nights.
Suggested By: Gamecat235, Photo Credit: Dave Rutt
7.) TimBits
Tim Horton's TimBits have a lot going against them when it comes to being perfect road trip foods. They're heavy, so they'll put you into a food coma easily. They're glazed and frosted and dusted, so your hands get all dirty. They're also hard to find for those of us not living in Canuckistan.
TimBits, however, are so g** d**** m******f****** tasty we eat them anyway.
Suggested By: crashonice, Photo Credit: Sarah
6.) Baby Carrots
Now that we've gorged ourselves on candy, pork rinds, and donut holes, let's take a light health food break. Carrots have the second highest sugar content of any vegetable (behind sugar beets), so they're sweet and crunchy and very hand held. Perfect.
Suggested By: DasWauto, Photo Credit: Sam Lee
5.) Combos
Much like baby carrots, combos are great because they're so small. After all, we don't eat on road trips because we're hungry, we eat because we're bored. Combos are good not because they're super tasty, but because they take a long time to eat. This extends our Duration of Snack Food Appreciation (DSFA), a vital component of Road Trip Snack Enjoyment (RTSE).
Suggested By: StreetsideStig, Photo Credit: Combos
4.) Bananas
Fruits are good road trip snacks because they don't put you in a food coma after you eat them. Bananas are the best because they come in their own wrapper.
Suggested By: ForSweden, Photo Credit: paula izzo
3.) Trail Mix
Hitting that sweet/salty bullseye like an Olympic biathlete, trail mix is one of the best foods ever created. All you need are raisins and peanuts. We will allow M&M because we're not tyrannical monsters, but chocolate and other additions are not really necessary.
Suggested By: Brian, The Life of, Photo Credit: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
2.) Sunflower Seeds
Sunflower seeds take a little work to eat, and that might seem annoying, but it's actually the best part about them. You have to sit there and crack the little shells. This keeps your brain working even after you've covered 730 miles because you're crossing from South Dakota to Salt Lake City and you're on your own and you've listened to all your music already.
Suggested By: racer_147, Photo Credit: Vinni123
1.) Beef Jerky
There is simply no better road trip snack than beef jerky. It traces its history back to the Incas, who figured out that you can dry alpaca meat and eat it with one hand. Sadly, automobiles hadn't been invented yet, so the Incas couldn't enjoy the pleasure of snacking on tasty meat at seventy miles an hour, one of mankind's greatest achievements.
Suggested By: deepfriedcheese, Photo Credit: jessica wilson


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18 Female Idols With Most Contagious Smiles Around In K-Pop
A smile is often one of the very first things people notice about someone and the same is true for K-Pop idols. While every smile by our favorite idols is enough to make our day a little bit better, some smiles are so charming and bright that they make us smile too! Here are just a few of those incredibly contagious smiles that will have you beaming right along with them.
1. Nayeon (TWICE)
Nayeon's cute bunny smile has captured the hearts of fans and non-fans alike because it's so cute!
Her wide smile always feels genuine and heartfelt whether on or off the stage…
Her smile will put one on your face too!
2. Jisoo (BLACKPINK)
Even when Jisoo is wearing her serious smile on stage she glows…
But when she's having fun with her members, her grin lights up the whole room…
And you can't help but smile right along with her.
3. Seulgi (Red Velvet)
Seulgi can sing and dance, but she also has an incredibly infectious smile.
You can tell how much she loves her fans just from her smile.
Her smile could make even the grumpiest person happy again.
4. Tiffany (Girls' Generation)
The queen of eye smiles, Tiffany has captured the hearts of fans everywhere with her sweet grin.
And fans have often said that her smile perfectly matches her bubbly personality!
Just try watching her on stage, in an interview, or behind the scenes and try not to smile. It's impossible!
5. Eunji (Apink)
Eunji's smile can light up any room, let alone taking into account her bright personality and amazing skills as a singer and actress!
Her pearly whites have stopped many a heart…
And no one can resist her stunning smile.
6. Bona (Cosmic Girls)
Bona has many different levels of smiles…
And each one is full of so much happiness…
That no one can resist her!
7. Sejeong (Gugudan)
You know when they say someone is beaming?
Well, we're pretty sure they're always talking about Sejeong.
Because her smile is like a beam of light on a cold winter day!
8. Hyojung (Oh My Girl)
Hyojung's sweet personality is the perfect complement to her bright smile.
Fans have thoroughly fallen in love with her…
And why wouldn't they?
9. Lisa (BLACKPINK)
Although Lisa's smile is often a little bit shyer than Jisoo's…
It's certainly just as bright!
And combined with her absolutely lovable personality, just see if you can resist grinning from ear to ear!
10. Irene (Red Velvet)
Irene may be someone who is a little more introverted and reserved…
But when she lets loose and really smiles…
It's like the clouds have finally parted!
11. Taeyeon (Girls' Generation)
Taeyeon doesn't just blow everyone away with her singing and dancing skills, she's also got a killer smile.
Her smile can make anywhere feel a little brighter.
And you'll want to smile right along with her!
12. Dahyun (TWICE)
Dahyun is always so bright and bubbly.
And she has a bright smile to match!
Fans can't help but break out in their own grin when they see hers!
13. Jang Wonyoung (IZ*ONE)
Although she's still young, Jang Wonyoung has already captured many hearts.
And it's not just because she has amazing talent!
Her contagious smile has warmed many hearts!
14. Chuu (LOONA)
Take one look at Chuu's smile…
And you'll start to feel your own face twitching…
Before you break out into a full grin!
15. Jang Gyuri (fromis_9)
Some people have compared Jang Gyuri's stunning visuals to the equally gorgeous visuals of BLACKPINK's Jisoo…
And there is definitely at least one thing the two share in common besides their skills on stage…
A smile that that is incredibly infectious!
16. Yuju (GFRIEND)
Yuju's smile could give the sun a run for its money it's so warm and heartfelt!
I mean, even the sun can't help but beam a little more when it experiences her cheeful grin!
17. Kei (Lovelyz)
See that smile? Yeah, Kei's smile!
Doesn't it just make you want to show your pearly whites too?
18. Hyerin (EXID)
If you're not smiling after seeing all these great smiles…
Including the incredibly bright and bubbly ones by Hyerin…
Well, we just don't know what will make you grin!


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It was registered by Domain Administrator , who can be reached at . The site is owned by China Capital Investment Limited. Registration details show that it was registered on 09 Jan 2016 through interweb advertising d.b.a. profile builder and will expire on 09 Jan 2017.
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Do young people in the Caribbean Netherlands ever encounter bullying? What do they do in their free time? What are their future plans after graduation? This and more is presented in the Caribbean Netherlands Student Survey, held for the first time at the end of 2020. The survey forms part of the National Youth Monitor, compiled by Statistics Netherlands (CBS) in collaboration with the Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport (VWS).Read publication
5.3 percent of 12 to 24-year-old internet users report that they were bullied, stalked or threatened online in 2018. Over 140 thousand young people were affected. Girls were almost twice as likely to be a victim as boys (7.1 versus 3.6 percent). Statistics Netherlands (CBS) reports this based on a survey on cybersecurity and cybercrime.Read publication
In 2017/'18, more girls than boys in the third year of secondary education were studying at a higher level than recommended by their primary school.Read publication
In 2017, disrespectful behaviour was encountered relatively most often by women between the ages of 18 and 24 years; 33 percent experienced such behaviour on the street and 22 percent did so in public transport.Read publication
Fewer young, highly educated people have completed technical studies compared to ten years ago. Among these engineering graduates, the number of men is four times as high as the number of women. According to Statistics Netherlands, nearly 30 percent of female and almost half of male engineering graduates start working in technical occupations.Read publication
Approximately one quarter of young people became victims of crime in 2012. Young men are more often victims of violent crimes than young women. The number of young men receiving victim support is also higher.Read publication


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The Fibre Company's Cumbria is a classic worsted weight yarn in saturated colours inspired by the countryside of the Northwest United Kingdom. In combining the brown wool from English Masham with a fine Mohair from Argentina, a strength, lustre and warmth is produced that is ideal for handmade staples. These two fibres are blended with a fine South American Merino to give the final yarn the softness and beautiful hand that defines The Fibre Co. yarns. The resulting light brown-grey shade is then over-dyed creating lovely deep saturated colours. The cream shade and all heathers use a natural ecru Masham.
Made in Peru.
- Fiber Content: 60% merino wool, 30% masham wool, 10% mohair
- Yarn Weight: Worsted (#4)
- Yardage / Unit Weight: 236 y (216 m) / 100 g (3.5 oz)
- Gauge: 18-20 stitches = 4 in (10 cm)
- Suggested Needle Size: US 6-8 (4.0-5.0 mm)
- Care: Gently hand wash colors separately in cool water, dry flat
**NOTE: We do the best we can to present accurate images of our yarns. However, computer & mobile devices may not reliably display the actual color of a product. If you are trying to match a color or dye lot exactly, please call the shop for help.
Sorry, there are no products in this collection


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New customer?Register
69% Cotton: A very soft and pleasant material whose properties include tensile strength and elongation at break.
1% Elastane: used in combination with other materials, especially for its excellent flexibility - its fiber can stretch up to three times its normal length and then return to its original state.
30% Polyester: a very strong synthetic fiber that boasts high heat resistance and excellent odor absorption
Show all Diadora products


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SpaceX's swanky new crew capsule made an old-fashioned splashdown in the Atlantic on Friday, ending a six-day test flight to the International Space Station.
The Dragon capsule pulled away from the orbiting lab early Friday. Six hours later, the capsule carrying a test dummy parachuted into the ocean, a couple hundred miles off the Florida coast.
SpaceX employees cheered and applauded at company headquarters near Los Angeles when the red and white parachutes popped open. NASA televised the descent live, the dramatic views coming from a plane. The crowd went wild when splashdown occurred on time and the capsule was seen floating upright.
"I'm kind of shaky and I'm super excited," said Benji Reed, SpaceX's director of crew mission management. "It was an incredible journey to get to this moment."
It was the first time in 50 years that a capsule designed for astronauts returned from space by plopping into the Atlantic. Apollo 9 — which orbited Earth in preparation for the moon landings — splashed down near the Bahamas on March 13, 1969.
Space station astronauts have been stuck riding Russian rockets since NASA's shuttles retired eight years ago. NASA is counting on SpaceX and Boeing to start launching astronauts this year. SpaceX — which has been delivering station cargo for years — is shooting for summer.
Friday morning's splashdown was the final hurdle of SpaceX's test flight. While improvements still need to be made, the company aims to fly NASA astronauts Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley on the next demo flight.
U.S. & World
News from around the country and around the globe
A pair of recovery ships was stationed in the Atlantic well before splashdown and quickly moved in, ready to lift crew Dragon from the water and return it to Port Canaveral.
All this is "leading to a day where we are launching American astronauts on American rockets from American soil," said NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine.
Boeing plans to launch its Starliner capsule without a crew as early as next month and with astronauts possibly in August. The Starliner is designed to land on land — in the U.S. Southwest.
Canadian space station astronaut David Saint-Jacques was the first to enter the Dragon capsule and the last to leave this week. He found it "very slick" and called it business class.
NASA's Bridenstine considers privately built and operated spacecraft the way to go when it comes to rides to the space station. NASA awarded the first contracts in 2014 to SpaceX and Boeing, now totaling about $8 billion. This first SpaceX test flight opens a new era, Bridenstine said, with new technology and new business approaches.
SpaceX acknowledges some capsule systems need more work before Behnken and Hurley climb aboard for liftoff, as early as July. Vibration, acoustic and other measurements were taken throughout the recently completed flight, not only of the capsule but also the mannequin — named Ripley after the lead character in the "Alien" films — which was strapped into one of the four seats.
A small blue and green plush toy shaped like Earth — which SpaceX chief executive Elon Musk termed a zero-gravity indicator — was left behind on the space station. Behnken and Hurley will bring it back on their flight.


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The Canonical Epistle of St. Gregory, Bishop of Nyssa, to St. Letoïus, Bishop of Melitene.600600 These Canons, in Beveridge's Synodicon, are annotated only by Balsamon.
Canon I.
At Easter not only they who are transformed by the grace of the laver, i.e. baptism, but they who are penitents and converts, are to be brought to God, i.e. to the Communion: for Easter is that Catholic feast in which there is a resurrection from the fall of sin.
Canon II.
They who lapse without any force, so as to deny Christ, or do by choice turn Jews, idolaters, or Manichees, or infidels of any sort, not to be admitted to communion till the hour of death; and if they chance to recover beyond expectation, to return to their penance. But they who were forced by torments, to do the penance of fornication.
Canon III.
If they who run to conjurers or diviners, do it through unbelief, they shall be treated as they who wilfully lapse, but if through want of sense, and through a vain hope of being relieved under their necessities, they shall be treated as those who lapse through the violence of torment.
Canon IV.
That fornicators be three years wholly ejected from prayer, three years hearers, three years prostrators, and then admitted to communion; but the time of hearing and prostrating may be lessened to them who of their own accord confess, and are earnest penitents. That this time be doubled in case of adultery, and unlawful lusts, but discretion to be used.
Canon V.
Voluntary murderers shall be nine years ejected out of the church, nine years hearers, nine years prostrators; but every one of these nine years may be reduced to seven or six, or even five, if the penitents be very diligent. Involuntary murderers to be treated as fornicators, but still with discretion, and allowing the communion on a death-bed, but on condition, that they return to penance if they survive.
Canon VI.
That the Fathers have been too gentle toward the idolatry of covetous persons, in condemning to penance only robbery, digging of graves, and sacrilege, whereas usury and oppression, though under colour of contract, are forbidden by Scripture. That highwaymen returning to the Church, be treated as murderers. They that pilfer, and then confess their sin to the priest, are only obliged to amendment, and to be liberal to the poor; and if they have nothing, to labour and give their earnings.
Canon VII.
They who dig into graves, and rake into the ashes and bones of the dead, in order to find some valuable thing buried together with the corpse, (not they who only take some stones belonging to a sepulchre, in order to use them in building) to do the penance of fornicators.
Canon VIII.
He observes that by the law of Moses, sacrilege was punished as murder, and that the guilty person was stoned to death, and thinks the Fathers too gentle, in imposing a shorter penance on sacrilege than adultery.
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WASHINGTON (Reuters) - The Congressional Budget Office on Tuesday said Senate-passed legislation to avert the "fiscal cliff" would add nearly $4 trillion to federal deficits over a decade, largely because it would extend low tax rates for almost all Americans.
The congressional scorekeeper's analysis was released as a number of Republicans in the House of Representatives voiced opposition to the bill, and considered amending it with deeper spending cuts.
House Majority Leader Eric Cantor and others complained the bill's spending cuts would do little to curb trillion-dollar deficits.
Senate-passed plan extends decade-old Bush-era tax rates for individuals earning up to $400,000 and couples earning up to $450,000 - nearly 99 percent of U.S. taxpayers.
But the non-partisan CBO compared the Senate plan's revenue and expenditure changes to laws that are currently in force, which call for $600 billion in tax hikes and automatic spending cuts in 2013 alone - effectively a dive off the fiscal cliff.
With Congress feverishly working to avoid the fiscal cliff in recent weeks, many Washington policymakers had viewed the current-law budget "baseline" as unlikely to be maintained.
Compared to an alternative CBO scenario in which Congress extends all expiring tax provisions and turns off automatic spending cuts slated to start taking effect this week, the Senate plan achieves minimal deficit reduction in the early years.
Over 10 years, deficits under the Senate plan would be $3.75 trillion less than permanently extending all of the tax and spending policies in the alternative scenario. That is largely because the CBO expects that remaining on an unsustainable fiscal path would severely constrict economic growth later in the decade, holding back revenue growth and keeping outlays higher.
By going over the fiscal cliff, the CBO had previously forecast that the higher taxes and lower spending would slash the fiscal 2013 U.S. budget deficit by more than half, to $641 billion from $1.1 trillion the prior year.
But in its analysis of the Senate-passed plan, the CBO said fiscal 2013 revenues would be $280 billion lower and spending $50 billion higher, resulting in a $330 billion deficit increase, for a total deficit of around $971 billion.
Under the CBO's keep-taxes-unchanged scenario, the deficit would be $1.04 trillion for fiscal 2013.
None of the CBO's analyses takes into consideration possible future spending cuts and reforms to federal health care and retirement programs that Congress might make in a new budget battle emerging around mid-February over the next increase in the U.S. debt limit.
(Reporting By Kim Dixon and David Lawder; Editing by David Gregorio and Vicki Allen)


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Afghan Troop Withdrawal Plans Roil GOP Presidential RaceResume
Here & Now Guest:
- Rick Klein, ABC World News senior Washington editor & host of Top Line
President Obama is expected to outline long term U.S. strategy in Afghanistan tomorrow, including his plans for troop withdrawals from the region. White House officials, speaking off the record, say the President is still weighing the choices, including numbers and a timetable.
But, in a major shift for the GOP, the debate is dividing the Republican party, with leading Presidential candidates like Jon Huntsman and Mitt Romney calling for a quick draw down.
Update: Obama To Move US Closer To Leaving Afghanistan
By: ASSOCIATED PRESS
WASHINGTON - President Barack Obama will move the United States a step closer to ending the war in Afghanistan when he announces plans Wednesday to bring thousands of American troops home, beginning next month.
Administration officials said the president was still in the final phase of a decision-making process that has focused not only on how many troops will come home in July, but also on a broader withdrawal blueprint designed to put the U.S. on a path toward giving Afghans control of their security by 2014.
Officials said Obama was expected to lay out at least two benchmarks for bringing troops home. The first withdrawal, in July, could reduce the number of U.S. troops in Afghanistan by up to 5,000.
Obama was given a range of options for the withdrawal last week by Gen. David Petraeus, the top U.S. and NATO commander in Afghanistan. The military favors a gradual reduction in troops but other advisers are advocating a significant decrease in the coming months.
The president has said he favors a significant withdrawal, his advisers have not quantified that statement.
At a democratic fundraiser in Washington Monday night, Obama said that by the end of the year, "we will be transitioning in Afghanistan to turn over more and more security to the Afghan people."
Obama is expected to make Wednesday's announcement in Washington. On Thursday, he will visit troops at Fort Drum, the upstate New York military base that is home to the 10th Mountain Division, one of the most frequently deployed divisions to Afghanistan and Iraq.
While much of the attention is focused on how many troops will leave Afghanistan next month, the more telling aspects of Obama's decision center on what happens after July, particularly how long the president plans to keep the 30,000 surge forces he sent to the country in 2009.
There is a growing belief that the president must at least map out the initial withdrawal of the surge troops when he addresses the public. But whether those forces should come out over the next eight to 12 months or slowly trickle out over a longer time is hotly debated.
Military commanders want to keep as many of those forces in Afghanistan for as long as possible, arguing that too fast a withdrawal could undermine the fragile security gains in the fight against the Taliban insurgency in Afghanistan, the al-Qaida training ground for the Sept. 11 attacks. There are also concerns about pulling out a substantial number of U.S. forces as the heightened summer fighting season gets under way.
Retiring Defense Secretary Robert Gates has said he believes the initial drawdown should be "modest."
But other advisers are backing a more significant withdrawal that starts in July and proceeds steadily through the following months. That camp believes the slow yet steady security gains in Afghanistan, combined with the death of Osama bin Laden and U.S. success in dismantling much of the al-Qaida network in the country, give the president an opportunity to make larger reductions this year.
There is also growing political pressure on Capitol Hill for a more significant withdrawal. Twenty-seven senators, Democrats as well as Republicans, sent Obama a letter last week pressing for a shift in Afghanistan strategy and major troop cuts.
"Given our successes, it is the right moment to initiate a sizable and sustained reduction in forces, with the goal of steadily redeploying all regular combat troops," the senators wrote. "The costs of prolonging the war far outweigh the benefits."
Arizona Sen. John McCain, the top Republican on the Senate Armed Services Committee, differed with that assessment. He told ABC's "Good Morning America" on Tuesday that he agreed with Gates in hoping the withdrawal would be "modest."
"I believe that one more fighting season and we can get this thing pretty well wrapped up," McCain said.
There is broad public support for starting to withdraw U.S. troops. According to an Associated Press-GfK poll last month, 80 percent of Americans say they approve of Obama's decision to begin withdrawal of combat troops in July and end U.S. combat operations in Afghanistan by 2014. Just 15 percent disapprove.
Obama has tripled the number of U.S. forces in Afghanistan since taking office, bringing the total there to about 100,000. The 30,000-troop surge he announced at the end of 2009 came with the condition that he would start bringing forces home in July 2011.
The president took months to settle on the surge strategy. This time around, aides say the process is far less formal and Obama is far more knowledgeable about the situation in Afghanistan than he was in 2009, his first year in office.
Aides say Obama won't be overhauling the U.S. strategy in Afghanistan as he starts the drawdown. Instead, they say he sees it as a critical part of the process to end the U.S. combat mission in Afghanistan by the end of 2014 and turn security responsibility over to the Afghans.
On a trip to Afghanistan earlier this month, Gates advocated for a comprehensive decision from the president.
"I think to make a decision on July in complete isolation from anything else has no strategic meaning," Gates said. "And so part of that has to be kind of, what's the book end? Where are we headed? What's the ramp look like?"
Gates is retiring from the Pentagon June 30.
There are also indications that the administration, having learned from the U.S. experience in Iraq, will set deadline dates for the drawdown as it progresses, in order to keep pressure on the Afghans and give Congress mileposts.
With Iraq as a blueprint, commanders will need time to figure out what they call "battlefield geometry" - what types of troops are needed where. Those could include trainers, intelligence officers, special operations forces, various support units - from medical and construction to air transport - as well as combat troops.
Much of that will depend on where the Afghan security forces are able to take the lead, as well as the state of the insurgency. Part of the debate will also require commanders to determine the appropriate ratio of trainers versus combat troops.
This segment aired on June 21, 2011.


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Facility Rules
River Springs Water Park General Facility Rules
- Communicable disease: No person with or suspected of having a communicable disease which could be transmitted through use of the pool shall work at or use any public pool.
- Warning: A person with any considerable area of exposed sub epidermal tissue, open blisters, or cuts must be warned that these may become infected and advised not to use the public pool.
- Showering: Any person using a public pool must take a cleansing shower using warm water and soap and thoroughly rinse off all soap before entering the pool enclosure. A user leaving the pool to use the toilet must take a second cleansing shower before returning to the pool enclosure. A person who exercises, applies lotion, or uses a sauna or steam room must shower before using the pool.
- No Spitting: Spitting, spouting water from the mouth and blowing the nose in the pool is prohibited.
- No running: No running or boisterous or rough play, except supervised water sports, is permitted in the pool, in dressing rooms or shower rooms, on runways, on the diving board, or platform.
- Glassware: Glassware and similar material with a tendency to shatter on impact are not allowed in the pool enclosure area.
- Diving: Diving is not permitted anywhere in the Water Park except from the North wall side of the Activity Pool (you must dive away from the climbing wall).
- No Pets: Domestic animals are not permitted in the pool enclosure, showers, or dressing rooms.
- Guests must change diapers in the locker rooms, not on the deck.
- No swinging or hanging on the ladders, nets and ropes.
- Guests are not allowed to bring outside food into the Water Park.
- Appropriate swimsuits must be worn by all guests. View swimwear examples (PDF).
- Only U.S. Coast Guard approved life jackets are allowed in the Water Park and they are permitted only in the zero depth entry area, lazy river and shallow end of the activity pool. A guardian must be within 'arms reach' of the child wearing the life jacket.
- Masks/goggles that cover the nose are not allowed in the water; however, goggles that do not cover the nose are permitted.
- Guests may not bring water toys, sand toys, noodles, water wings and balls into the Water Park during general admission hours.
- Guests who are not toilet-trained will be asked to be in "Little Swimmers" diapers or plastic pants without disposable or cloth diapers underneath.
- Associates will not be able to hold guests' personal belongings.
- All persons entering the facility, including spectators, will be required to pay the daily fee.
- The Water Park is a tobacco-free facility.
- Any person suspected of being under the influence of alcohol or drugs shall be prohibited from entering the pool.
- If the Water Park has reached capacity, admission will be taken on a first come, first served basis.
Unsupervised Youth
Youth must be at least 10 years old to be left at River Springs Water Park unsupervised.
Parent or Guardian must be within arms reach of an individual wearing a lifejacket at all times. Lifejackets are allowed in the Shallow end, Zero Depth and Lazy River.
Swimwear Required
Any individual entering the water must be wearing a swimsuit. Neoprene, spandex, and white cotton clothing are allowed to be worn in addition to a swim suit. See options here.
Outside Food and Beverage
River Springs Water Park does not allow any outside or beverage inside the water park, however there is a picnic table located outside the fenced in area.
River Springs Water Park Features Rules
Lazy River
- All riders must be in a tube. You must have two people on a double tube in order to use it.
- Guests less than 48 inches must be accompanied by an adult.
- Parents may ride with small children on a single or a double tube.
- Please enter and exit the river at stairways.
- Guests must stay in their tubes at all times.
- No standing or kneeling on tubes.
- Diving or jumping into the lazy river is prohibited.
- No horseplay is allowed.
- Head and elbows must remain above tube at all times.
Tube Slide Rules
- Guests less than 48 inches must be accompanied by an adult (and ride on a double tube).
- Double riding on double tubes only and single riding on single tubes only.
- Please do not stand or kneel on tubes.
- Water depth is 3 feet and 6 inches.
- Please wait until the attendant signals you before entering the slide.
- Follow the instructions of the slide attendant.
- Please clear the area under the slide immediately after entering the water.
- Life jackets are not permitted on the slides.
- Goggles and Sunglasses are not permitted on the slides.
Body Slide Rules
- You must be 48 inches or taller to ride.
- Slide lying on your back only.
- Only one person at time.
- Please wait until the attendant signals you before entering the slide.
- Follow the instructions of the slide attendant.
- No running, standing, kneeling, rotating, tumbling, or stopping in the slides.
- Keep your hands inside the slide.
- No diving from the slides.
- Leave the plunge area promptly after entering.
- Life jackets are not permitted on the slides.
- Goggles and sunglasses are not permitted on the slides.
Climbing Wall
- Only 2 people in the Climbing Wall Area at a time
- The line starts at the stairs on the North Wall-no one is allowed past this area until the people using the Climbing Wall have exited the Climbing Wall Area.
Lily Pad Walk
- You must be able to reach the lily pads and ropes by yourself to use this feature
- Only 1 person in the Lily Pad Area at a time
- No Walking through the Lily Pad Area


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Deep Drawable Steels: Part One
Thermo-Mechanical Treatment (TMT) of Non-Ferrous Alloys: Part One
DataPLUS is een aanvullende data module met corrosie data, materiaalverbindings informatie, materiaaldemensies en tolerances en coatings voor duizenden van metallische en niet metallische materialen
Klik hier voor een voorbeeld.
Overview of Total Materia database 12th January 2022
Overview of Total Materia database 13th January 2022
Na enkele maanden gebruik te hebben gemaakt van Total Materia en na alle mogelijkheden te hebben onderzocht, bedank ik jullie voor een uitstekende prestatie en de constante upgrades.
Total Materia zal de enige tool blijven voor deze doeleinden.
M. Manfredini
Bonfiglioli Industrial Gearmotors Bologna, Italy
Onze missie is simpel: het maken van Total Materia als de one-stop oplossing voor de engineering wereld, voor alle materiaaleigenschappen.
Prof. Dr. Viktor Pocajt, CEOKey to Metals AG
Alonizing or aluminizing is one of many available surface treatments, which helps to improve environmental resistance in steels.
The process effectively diffuses aluminum into the surface of the material, which then provides enhanced protection against elevated-temperature scaling, corrosion oxidation, carburization and hydrogen permeation.
Protective coatings offer the prospect of minimizing material degradation under the severe operating environments commonly encountered in industries such as aerospace, petroleum and chemical industries. Metallic coatings based on Cr, Al and Si, either singly or in combination, have been in use for several decades to enhance environmental resistance of materials to high temperature corrosion, including high temperature oxidation and hot corrosion, particle erosion, erosion-corrosion, wear and thermal degradation.
Alonizing (also known as Aluminizing) is a metallurgical process that diffuses aluminum into the surface of steels and alloys, providing excellent protection against elevated-temperature scaling, corrosion oxidation, carburization and hydrogen permeation.
Simply put it is a thermochemical treatment where the surface layer of a metal is enriched with some metallic element.
The best way found to eliminate scale formation on the heat exchanger tubes is to have the tubes aluminized. Aluminizing can be performed by hot dipping the tube into a bath of molten aluminum, spray metallizing the surface of the tube with aluminum or diffusing aluminum into the surface of the tube. Spraying or dipping results in a layer of pure aluminum on top of the steel. The layer may or may not have voids depending on the condition of the surface of the tubing before aluminizing and the technique used in applying the aluminum. Also, this method results in a condition in which a temperature runway could result in a melting away of the aluminum protection (at temperatures of 1300°F (704°C) or above). Finally, this methods of aluminizing are not capable of insuring the integrity of a coating of inside surfaces of long tubes of small diameter.
The alonizing method overcomes all these difficulties. The process is a pack cementation operation during which aluminum, in a high temperature vapor phase, is diffused into the surface of the tubing. The resultant diffusion zone, since it is not a coating but is rather a true alloy, cannot be lost through accidentally scraping, scratching, abrading or melting away. The diffusion zone, which can protect both the inside and the outside surface of tubing, is about 0.010 " (0.254 mm) minimum thickness and has an aluminum content on the surface of about 55%, making the tubes impervious to sulfide scaling.
Characteristics of the aluminizing treatment:
As mentioned above, alonized materials are used most commonly in tubing and piping utilized in corrosive environments. These types of tubing and piping include furnace tubes, reformer tubes, heat exchanger tubes, waste gas heater tubes, line pipe and downhole tubes for wells and production vessels, sulphur condensers and piping used in oil and chemical production and power generation and wrought metal products, bars, rods, plates and sheets, panels, waterwell panels, and wire screens and metal castings by adding aluminum or aluminum and silicon corrosion and erosion preventive diffusion coatings.
1. Eurpean Patent Application, No 0 294 987, Date 31.5.88.; Accessed April 2019;
2. J. Wyatt: Endurance Technologies Contact Information, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
3. S.Berman: What is alonizing? Metal Manufacturing, July 22, 2016, Accessed April 2019;
4. W. A. McGill, M. J. Weinbaum: The use of the alonizing process in sulfuric acid plant construction, United Nations Industrial Development Organization, ID/WG.175/5, 23 July 1974, Helsinki, Finland.
5. Alonizing, Accessed April 2019;
6. Alonizing, Accessed April 2019;
7. Aluminized steel, Accessed April 2019.
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The Total Materia database contains many corrosion resistant materials across a large range of countries and standards.
Where available, full property information can be viewed for materials including chemical composition, mechanical properties, physical properties, advanced property data and much more.
Using the Advanced Search page, it is possible to search for materials by their key descriptive words detailed in the standard title by using the Standard Description function of Advanced Search.
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