text:
NBC's Guthrie on Ryan Budget: 'Huge Spending Cuts' and 'Massive Tax Cut' for Wealthy
In an interview with Republican National Committee chair Reince Priebus on Wednesday's NBC Today, co-host Savannah Guthrie slammed Paul Ryan's proposed budget:
"And the Ryan budget makes some very hard decisions and has some huge
spending cuts....But how can you justify in the Ryan budget defense
spending that stays flat and then giving a massive tax cut, which
predominantly benefits the wealthy?" [Listen to the audio]
In reality, Ryan's budget does not include "huge spending cuts," but simply slows the rate of growth of government spending. That was a "nuance" that NBC political director Chuck Todd made sure to point out on Monday as he attempted to diffuse Republican attacks on the President for taking Medicare funds to pay for ObamaCare.
Guthrie similarly tried to deflect that attack by interrogating Priebus
over Ryan's budget: "The Romney campaign is out with a pretty tough new
ad against President Obama today, saying that he has raided Medicare to
the tune of $700 billion....doesn't the Ryan plan have those exact same
$700 billion in cuts?...The $700 billion in cuts that you are
excoriating President Obama for are in the Ryan budget. That's not in
Notice that Guthrie used the word "cut" to describe the Obama administration shifting funding away from Medicare.
In comparison to her contentious interview with Priebus, moments earlier, fellow co-host Matt Lauer lobbed softballs to Democratic National Committee chair Debbie Wasserman-Schultz.
Here is a full transcript of Guthrie's August 15 exchange with Priebus:
SAVANNAH GUTHRIE: Reince Priebus is the chair of the Republican National Committee. Mr. Chairman, good morning to you.
REINCE PRIEBUS: Good morning, Savannah.
[ON-SCREEN HEADLINE: Decision 2012; Republican Chief on Obama-Biden vs. Romney-Ryan]
GUTHRIE: The Romney campaign is out with a pretty tough new ad against President Obama today, saying that he has raided Medicare to the tune of $700 billion. You yourself said on Meet the Press that President Obama has blood on his hands with regard to Medicare. My question to you is, doesn't the Ryan plan have those exact same $700 billion in cuts?
PRIEBUS: No. I mean, What Paul Ryan tried to do and what we're trying to do is something that I think all Americans out there, Republicans and Democrats alike can agree on, which is if we keep going down this road of not having solutions on the table, of demonizing people who put solutions on the table of how to save Medicare, if we keep going down the road of doing nothing, we all can agree that Medicare is going to go broke. And so far-
GUTHRIE: You speak of demonizing people, but let's go back to the initial question. The $700 billion in cuts that you are excoriating President Obama for are in the Ryan budget. That's not in dispute.
PRIEBUS: Paul Ryan's budget and what Mitt Romney is talking about is what we need to do in order to save Medicare for people in this country that are 54 years old and younger.
GUTHRIE: Fair enough. But contains the same cuts, right?
PRIEBUS: Savannah, no. The fact of the matter is, what Paul Ryan does in a budget, which by the way, the Democrats and my counterpart haven't passed in over three years, that we passed a budget to take care of a lot of things that are going wrong in this country. Number one, people are unemployed in this country. The President didn't fulfill his mission in regard to jobs, in regard to the debt and the deficit. If the President was really being truthful and honest with his approach to the debt and the deficit, he would have passed a budget. You cannot get control of the crushing deficits and the crushing debt in this country unless you address the exploding costs that are facing this country in regard to Medicare.
GUTHRIE: Well, let me ask you about that-
PRIEBUS: We're the only ones that have a solution to save Medicare.
GUTHRIE: And the Ryan budget makes some very hard decisions and has some huge spending cuts to get control of the deficit and I think a lot of Americans understand that we have a government we can't afford. But how can you justify in the Ryan budget defense spending that stays flat and then giving a massive tax cut, which predominantly benefits the wealthy?
PRIEBUS: No, that's not true. Because a lot of people in this country, when you talk about this $250,000 cut that the President wants to talk about, we have over 850,000 businesses in this country, small business owners that file as individuals. If you increase taxes on that group of people, it's going to have a crushing blow on jobs in this country. And one thing that this campaign needs to be about, Savannah, is jobs. That's what the President promised. And he hasn't delivered on those. We know that that's true.
GUTHRIE: I know you wanted to talk about tone. Vice President Biden, yesterday, in a speech in Virginia said that the Romney campaign wanted to "unchain Wall Street" and then said to the crowd, "they want to put you back in chains." The Romney campaign said that was wild and reckless and a disgrace. Based on that response, it seems the Romney campaign sees something quite dark in what the Vice President said. Let me ask you directly, what do you think he meant?
PRIEBUS: Well, I don't know what he meant. It obviously, I don't think it was very well received. I don't think it's the type of tone that we need in this campaign. I think it takes things to a new level. A level of just negativity. And I think it was a shameful comment. But it goes with what the Obama campaign is doing right now. They promised they were going to be different four years ago, that they were going to be positive, that they were going to bring people together. And look what they're doing, putting people in chains. Putting out an ad that says that Mitt Romney is responsible for the death of a gentleman's wife after he left a company six years. I mean, this is-
GUTHRIE: In fairness, you used some tough rhetoric yourself, you said the President has blood on his hands.
PRIEBUS: But here's where it's going, Matt just referred to it. We want to talk about the issues. We want to talk about not just the fact Barack Obama didn't fulfill the mission, he didn't fulfill the promises, we can do better in this country. But it's also about the fact that we're willing, I think very boldly, to talk about how do we save Medicare, how do we get our country back on track? That's what this campaign's about. And we're willing to do that. We don't want to go down this road that they're taking us down.
GUTHRIE: Well it is a conversation that will be ongoing. I know we'll talk to you again soon, particularly with the convention. Chairman Reince Priebus, thanks for your time this morning.
PRIEBUS: Thank you.


text:
If you're developing a new implementation for the Akismet API, or integrating an existing library with your own application, you will of course need to test it. Often we see developers get ahead of themselves, making a few trivial API calls with minimal values and drawing the wrong conclusions about Akismet's accuracy. Here are a few tips on what and how to test, and an outline of what you should and should not expect.
Use a test API key
If you're developing your own code, please contact us and ask about creating an API key for testing purposes. We like to keep in contact with developers so we can help make sure you get the most out of Akismet.
For automated testing, include the parameter
is_test=1 in your tests. That will tell Akismet not to change its behaviour based on those API calls – they will have no training effect. That means your tests will be somewhat repeatable, in the sense that one test won't influence subsequent calls. (Be aware however that Akismet is non-deterministic, so you can expect to see results that change over time. See below for ways of forcing a specific response when you need a predictable test.)
There are no separate sandboxes or test servers. You needn't worry about your tests having an effect on anyone else or on Akismet as a whole – we maintain careful isolation between API keys and users in order to make sure no one can adversely influence Akismet, accidentally or otherwise.
Test your API calls
Akismet works by examining all the available information combined. It is not enough to provide just the content of a message; you need to provide as many independent pieces of information as you can in each call. So before you can test Akismet's accuracy, you need to make sure you're sending complete and correct information.
To simulate a positive (spam) result, make a
comment-check API call with the
comment_author set to
viagra-test-123, and all other required fields populated with typical values. The Akismet API will always return a
true response to a valid request with that value. If you receive anything else, something is wrong in your client, data, or communications.
To simulate a negative (not spam) result, make a
comment-check API call with the
user_role set to
administrator, and all other required fields populated with typical values. The Akismet API will always return a
false response. Any other response indicates a data or communication problem.
Also, make sure your client will handle an unexpected response. Don't assume that the
comment-check API will always return either
true or
false. An invalid request may result in an
error response. Additional information will usually be available in HTTP headers in this case. And of course a connectivity problem may result in no response at all. It's important not to misinterpret an invalid response as meaning spam or ham.
Test your data
Akismet is highly dependent on the quality and completeness of the data you provide. It's important to provide as many parameters as possible, and to make sure they contain correct values. If you can't populate a particular field because that information is unavailable or irrelevant, use an empty string – a missing value is better than an incorrect or made up one.
We recommend capturing a few of your API calls in order to make sure they really do contain the intended values. It's quite common for a bug to cause the user_ip or user_agent value to be incorrect, for example – make sure they come from the remote browser that posted the comment, and not from your server.
Also make sure that the values your submit-spam and submit-ham API calls match your comment-check API calls as closely as possible. In order to learn from its mistakes, Akismet needs to match your missed spam and false positive reports to the original comment-check API call, made when the comment was first posted. It's normal for less information to be available for
submit-spam/ham calls, since most comment systems and forums won't store all metadata. But you should make sure that the values you do send match the originals. (A common bug is for clients to mistakenly send the moderator's IP address or user agent instead of the comment poster's when reporting a comment as spam).
Finally, try to send unmodified data if you can. Most applications will transform content with formatting and markup. It's best to send Akismet the original content, prior to formatting, if you can.
Test with live comments
It's important to test with a significant amount of real live data if you want to draw any conclusions about accuracy. We often hear from developers who have made a handful of API calls using imitation comments they've written themselves, and who aren't seeing the results they expect. This is because Akismet works by comparing comments to genuine spam activity that is happening right now (and it does so based on more than just the content). An artificially constructed test spam comment probably won't have much in common with real spam, so Akismet correctly returns a negative response.
The best way to measure Akismet's accuracy is with a feed of live data from your production servers. Don't act on its responses yet, just log the results to a file or store them in your metadata for analysis. Examine the results, or compare them with another filtering method, and decide if they are acceptable. Systematic errors usually indicate a data issue, so if you notice any oddities then please tell us – we can probably suggest ways of improving accuracy.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
We know that physical education teaches children about fitness and encourages them to live a healthy lifestyle. Now a Tel Aviv University researcher has statistical evidence that sports participation is also beneficial to a child's cognitive, emotional and behavioral well-being.
Keren Shahar, a Ph.D. student at Tel Aviv University\'s Bob Shapell School of Social Work working under the supervision of Prof. Tammie Ronen and Prof. Michael Rosenbaum, says that over the course of her study, which included 649 children from low socioeconomic backgrounds, a continuous program of various sports helped improve self-control and discipline and lowered feelings of aggression in the children overall.
Her research was recently presented at TAU's Renata Adler Memorial Research Center for Child Welfare and Protection Conference.
A prescription for a healthier body and mind
\"We set out to determine whether sports training would have a positive impact on these children by lowering aggression, and how this result can be achieved,\" explains Shahar. It would be more effective than verbal therapy, she says, because while verbal therapy encourages children to control their behavior, research indicates that it does not reduce negative emotions. The introduction of sport, however, is able to reduce aggressive behavior as a result of quelling negative emotions.
In 25 schools across Israel, Shahar and her fellow researchers analyzed a 24-week-long after-school program based on sports. Half the participants comprised a control group who did not receive sports instruction, and the other half were systematically introduced to a variety of sports for five hours a week. Three times a week, students ranging from grades 3-6 played group sports such as basketball or soccer. Twice a week, they participated in martial arts, including judo and karate.
After 24 weeks of programming, Shahar compared questionnaires and evaluations executed at the beginning of the program with the same tests administered at the end. Her results demonstrated an improvement in traits relating to participants' self-control, such as self-observation, problem-solving skills, and delayed gratification — which ultimately led to a decrease in the incidence of aggression. Only those children who exhibited higher levels of self-control also demonstrated the decline in aggression.
Boys benefit most
Girls had a much weaker response to sports programming than their male classmates, Shahar\'s research showed. Statistically, there was little change in the female population. Shahar reasons that girls do not often suffer from the same aggression problems as boys, and are less likely to exhibit a passion for sport.
But the research still applies, Shahar adds. The key is to introduce children to something that they love to do and in which they have a compelling interest. \"Find something that motivates them,\" she counsels. A strong connection with any activity gives children a sense of purpose and decreases the likelihood that they will \"act out\" their behavioral problems.


text:
Job as a Medical Sales Representative at Novartis - Fresher
A global healthcare leader, Novartis has one of the most exciting product pipelines in the industry today. A pipeline of innovative medicines brought to life by diverse, talented and performance driven people. All of which makes them one of the most rewarding employers in their field.


text:
A Clown Shortage is Our Next National Nightmare. Apparently, All Sioux Falls Clowns CAN Fit Into Small Car.
All fears aside, a clown shortage is plaguing the nation. Apparently clowning isn't as popular as it once was.
Clowns of America International recently reported that the number of registered professional clowns in their organization has dramatically dropped since 2006. And, the World Clown Association reports that membership has fallen from about 3,500 to about 2,000 in the past decade.
Why? Perhaps it's the digital age with young people who desire a tech job. Or, maybe it's hard to find a date who thinks clowning is super-cool.
A search for clowns in Sioux Falls came up pretty thin. Trying to find a bulbous nosed, big footed, water-squirting, balloon-twisting, hula hoop pants-wearing entertainer turned out to be somewhat of a challenge. Two links, Gigsalad.com and punchbowl.com, claimed to help me locate a Sioux Falls clown but both came up short. Instead, giving me clowns in Omaha, Minneapolis, or Lincoln who were willing to travel. I imagine a travel expense was tacked onto the final tab.
I used to work with Debo the Clown and he was quite funny but we've have lost track through the years. He used to call me on my birthday and would carry a bag of one-liners that would stretch from here to Mt. Rushmore.
Maybe the recent news that there actually is a clown shortage is correct. And that's probably okay with some folks. Thank the movie 'It' for me. That terrifying clown named "Pennywise" holding balloons across the street staring at the house cemented my clown-fear.
Many clowns, like the Sioux Falls Shrine clowns, visit sick kids in hospitals and raise money for different children's charities. I love that about them. I just don't want to wake up to a pack of clowns staring at my house in the middle of the night.
Since finding a professional clown seems difficult, I'll just stick with the Sioux Falls Shriner's Clown unit. There's no shortage there. They do good work. And maybe, just maybe, if you work up the courage to hug one, they'll give you a ticket to the circus.
It's worth a try. Honk. Honk.
source: the Daily Beast


text:
The most comprehensive trails database for West Virginia on the net. From hardwood forests and open farmland to rushing rivers and high mountains, West Virginia provides outdoor enthusiasts with an abundance of trails to explore the pristine beauty of this mountain state.
Discover the wide variety of trails and activities available year round through this comprehensive database with over 300 trail listings as well as educational resources and information. Take a few moments now to see what www.wvtrails.com has to offer.


text:
Saturday, November 12, 2011
Truck Customization in ETS2
198 comments:
Very good. congratulations SCS SOFTWAREReplyDelete
And if you can put a background of garage to get better.ReplyDelete
Great work ! now i can make the truck as i want it :) Thanks cant wait until the release.ReplyDelete
this kind of news was worth the waitReplyDelete
great, awesome, fantastic work scs software
applause for you
- AnonymousNovember 12, 2011 at 12:10 AM
Marinheiro Poupuay (Brasil)ReplyDelete
ficow show !!!
muito bom !!
- AnonymousNovember 12, 2011 at 12:18 AM
Oh my god !!!ReplyDelete
Awesome work, congratulations from France !
- AnonymousNovember 12, 2011 at 12:21 AM
excellent work keep this upReplyDelete
Great stuff!ReplyDelete
I love this video!
I know it that it was good thing that you are not posting anything for a week.This is soooo good.Some high budget companies don`t have interface like this.I like every piece of things showed in this video.I just hope that it gonna be a manual gearbox as an option.If not,it`s ok,it is necessary.
SCS,continue like this,and you are gonna make a perfect game!
- AnonymousNovember 12, 2011 at 12:26 AM
Just, no words...ReplyDelete
Okay, one word: WONDERFUL!
Please more videos about customizing on the other trucks, like MAN, Mercedes and so on...
Good Job SCS.ReplyDelete
Great job
Rafael Brusque Toporowicz
São Mateus do Sul - Paraná - Brasil
- AnonymousNovember 12, 2011 at 12:45 AM
Wow SCS! This is such great work. The interface is nice and clean, and I love how the parts and paint jobs have names. Anyone can see that you have put in so much effort, the parts list is extensive. I am amazed. The truck looks good. I can't stress enough how much I like the extensive list of parts, whenever you customize your truck, it really is yours. This is better than Rig N Roll. They've got nothing on you!ReplyDelete
I am so glad to see that everything that I hoped and dreamed for has been put into this game, and much more. I can see that the release date must be soon. Please get it out soon, we're all anxious to play. But, then again, don't rush, your game is great so far, and that shall not be ruined. It's worth the wait. Please make sure it works on all computers, and that the scenery is beautiful on all settings. This post really has excited me. You will make a ton of money on this project!!!! Only wonderful things lay ahead of you.
- AnonymousNovember 12, 2011 at 12:49 AM
great job scs teamReplyDelete
SUPERB , BRAVOooooooooooooooooooooooReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 12, 2011 at 1:10 AM
I am speechless. You've done a great work so far, but this is more, it is amazing! I really enjoyed how the menu works, and each that spot can be selected and customized.ReplyDelete
I loved the details of choosing engine configs (from 250 to 730 hp), axle configs and cabin configs. Very cool!
Best regards and keep it up SCS!
- Matii PolandNovember 12, 2011 at 1:12 AM
Very Very good SCS SOFTWARE , I Love This .ReplyDelete
Greats form Poland !
That's AMAZING!!!
Fantastic work. Looking forward to the release very much.ReplyDelete
Keep up the outstanding work SCS Software team.
AWESOME,GREAT,PERFECT!!!! All the best world for this job SCS! This game it's awesome,awesome!!!ReplyDelete
Ohhhhhh really awesome , i hope interior steering wheel too can change works XDReplyDelete
likely vabis steering
very good work!ReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 12, 2011 at 2:51 AM
I have one question from watching the video i see we have beacons that can be use but will they be operational if we need them to be by using a key on the keyboard to activate them and deactivate them.ReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 12, 2011 at 3:18 AM
What would it be like if there wasn't something like a "Pimp My Truck"? I'm more than really impressed about the effort SCS really put into this simulator. No rush, keep on working and working and working!ReplyDelete
Scs soft it looks good yall really did good i cant whait to buy this from a store in TexasReplyDelete
- federico.la.12November 12, 2011 at 5:00 AM
OMG!!!! EXCELLENT, I CAN'T WAITReplyDelete
will these becon lights on roof works?? i mean will it shine??ReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 12, 2011 at 6:14 AM
http://www.google.bg/imgres?q=mercedes+actros+2012&hl=bg&sa=X&biw=1920&bih=920&tbm=isch&prmd=imvnso&tbnid=R5XftMqol6HEKM:&imgrefurl=http://www.trucktrend.com/features/news/2011/163_news110701_mercedes_benz_ford_big_trucks/photo_01.html&docid=yRUgFCjQdnK2oM&imgurl=http://image.trucktrend.com/f/32076662/2012-mercedes-actros-front-view.jpg&w=1500&h=938&ei=BwC-Tuhbhd_xA9zYzJsE&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=532&sig=111839236697302799414&page=1&tbnh=133&tbnw=177&start=0&ndsp=45&ved=1t:429,r:15,s:0&tx=49&ty=32 scs please let me have a new aktros the game just ask you this greetings from BulgariaReplyDelete
You are very close to giving people heart attacks. Be careful!ReplyDelete
Excellent work!
- AnonymousNovember 12, 2011 at 7:17 AM
IM SPEECHLESS!!!!! THATS SO COOL: CONGRATULATIONS SCS FOR THIS WONDERFUL WORK: EUROTRUCKSIMULATOR 2 FOREVERReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 12, 2011 at 7:19 AM
this question is very intresting? Are the beacon lights working on roof? I hope so.ReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 12, 2011 at 7:39 AM
best simulator ever. I could only say its an absolutly MUST HAVE for every truck fan all over the world, and not only in europe!!!ReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 12, 2011 at 7:42 AM
I ENJOYED IT AND I HAVE A HEART ATTACK BECAUSE ITS SO COOL, WANT TO HAVE AND PLAY IT NOW :DReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 12, 2011 at 7:48 AM
now there is only one thing. changeable registration plates for all trucks. from all countries to put them on truck, czech republic poland germany netherlands and coReplyDelete
please put it into ets2 scs
best job ever - best truck simulator ever
- AnonymousNovember 12, 2011 at 8:04 AM
Good work !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!ReplyDelete
greeting from Serbia
- AnonymousNovember 12, 2011 at 8:15 AM
100 points for scs!!!!ReplyDelete
cant wait for release :D
- AnonymousNovember 12, 2011 at 8:46 AM
WOW! you got 10/10 for this. I would like to custom the trailers to, so if you by a trailer i can put lights and aluminium rims on that to. Great work with the game so far, and dont listen to the people that complains.ReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 12, 2011 at 9:35 AM
omg i can't wait. this game is like a dream. Not having the game is like a nightmare.ReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 12, 2011 at 9:52 AM
can you make a video even for the interior?
thx you very much
- AnonymousNovember 12, 2011 at 9:53 AM
The customization is beautiful! All my wishes will be come true! Cant wait to buy ETS2 and play it for hours and hours to discover the whole ETS2 world!! Its fantastic ;)ReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 12, 2011 at 9:54 AM
Well done SCS!!!!ReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 12, 2011 at 9:54 AM
that is amazing. special news today.ReplyDelete
I enjoy it for 100%
- AnonymousNovember 12, 2011 at 9:59 AM
scs, beacon lights work? next time you can show video where a truck is going on tour across europe and driving at night with the beacon lights ;)ReplyDelete
sorry for my english
Outstanding work! Well done! This is a major surprise for all of us! We thank you for this speechless video! It is incredible how good the truck looks, moves and how easy is to make a tuning for the truck! I hope you make a whole new sounds for the engine, because this game deserve it! And also maybe you put a little bit more energy in that music as background, just to feel alive!ReplyDelete
Simple beautifulReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 12, 2011 at 10:20 AM
E X C E L L E N TReplyDelete
Why you guys from scs didn't put the iterior customatization in to video....ReplyDelete
Nice job for extirior upgradeing... :D
Sorry on my bad English...
I want it now! *.* Nice video. Great job guys! Release date?ReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 12, 2011 at 10:49 AM
I watched this video around 15 times and still watching it great Job Guys and continue like this SCS the game will be fantastic. Thanks guys and have a great week end.ReplyDelete
Very good and fine work SCS. Go On!ReplyDelete
Regards from your Mods & More TrucksimCom
for our german friends.
- AnonymousNovember 12, 2011 at 11:05 AM
I LOVE IT SCS! I WILL MARRY YOU! ;o)ReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 12, 2011 at 11:08 AM
a lotof parts and that is very good. everybody has his own style and can do what he want. perfect done. what about license plates, can we change them,too?ReplyDelete
Excellent ... perfectly ... Congratulations SCSReplyDelete
Good Job...
- AnonymousNovember 12, 2011 at 11:14 AM
WOW! unbeliveble !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! THIS IS SO COOLLLLLLLLLLL STUFF!!!!!!!!!!!!!!ReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 12, 2011 at 11:15 AM
very good video - absolut coolReplyDelete
:ETS2 Forever:
- AnonymousNovember 12, 2011 at 11:20 AM
The Scania looks perfect, great job scs. Perfect parts S-U-P-E-RReplyDelete
Excellent ... perfectly ... Congratulations SCSReplyDelete
Good Job...
Relase date...
- AnonymousNovember 12, 2011 at 11:23 AM
YEEEEAH!! NICE STUFF SCS. WANT TO HAVE ETS2ReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 12, 2011 at 11:44 AM
Just look at the use of it you will not have to play this game to look good: (ReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 12, 2011 at 11:53 AM
It is amazing.ReplyDelete
Thanks SCS for this great feature!
Thumb up!
Wow!!!!! I love you SCS!!!!! :-DReplyDelete
WOW !!!ReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 12, 2011 at 12:45 PM
Awesome work Scs :) Will you be able to buy your own trailer as well, and customize that with lights and stuff Well Done Scs I can't wait till the game comes I just Can't Wait :)ReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 12, 2011 at 12:45 PM
Hello has all, thank you for this great game Can put yourselves the option :"v8 power sound" in the tuning of the truck pleaseReplyDelete
- Dorian->daf-25November 12, 2011 at 12:46 PM
Hi, I'm French and do not speak English well sorry. In any case you provide the very good work! However the game is out soon ... I propose an assumption. Why not get out now while continuing to improve it by selling ADDITIONAL CD's? ByeReplyDelete
nice video SCS, but how to change the license plate? and when you in other countrys do you see than a lot of the license plates of that country?ReplyDelete
Greetzzz Jurian (Jupie)
PS: Dorian vous pouvez aussi simplement parler français. (google translate)
- AnonymousNovember 12, 2011 at 12:53 PM
It's too good to be true! :DDReplyDelete
Really Cool!ReplyDelete
You exceeded my wildest expectations.
This time you do a bang!
- AnonymousNovember 12, 2011 at 2:23 PM
I´m so lucky about the video. Thank you a lot SCS- People!! ;DReplyDelete
But please include there all registration plates from europe. Look here please, all License plates with pictures.
Evo link na blog za Republiku HrvatskuReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 12, 2011 at 2:29 PM
Hope that the beacon can light and the other orange lighs on the roof too!? Perfect game.ReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 12, 2011 at 2:35 PM
brilliant work!!!ReplyDelete
but i would like the back wheels to be modified like the front
- AnonymousNovember 12, 2011 at 2:44 PM
Bravo pour ce que vous faite mais pourquoi ne pas sortie le jeu et faire des mise a jour tout les mois et se basé sur le multijoueur. Et encore Bravo pour ce travail.ReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 12, 2011 at 2:45 PM
Unbelieveble work SCS i cant wait the relise date!! :)ReplyDelete
Best video so far !!! Love it :)ReplyDelete
3 things though ;
Can we have more than one colour on truck ?
Can we edit number plate ?
Can we add company name to truck ?
- AnonymousNovember 12, 2011 at 2:55 PM
Very nice! ^^ReplyDelete
What's a gearbox? Do made 16th gears?
Greetings from Polalnd.
- AnonymousNovember 12, 2011 at 2:57 PM
yes more colors on truck would be a big wish and dream. and registration plates of all countries pleaseReplyDelete
its incredibleReplyDelete
- federico.la.12November 12, 2011 at 3:19 PM
OMG!!!! EXCELLENT, I CAN'T WAITReplyDelete
- NORWAY-TRUCKERNovember 12, 2011 at 3:31 PM
EXELENT..But WHERE IS THE BOGGIE??.....Only tandem and pusher??....WANT BOGGIE AND Boggieliftbutton ;)ReplyDelete
- AlasdairNovember 12, 2011 at 3:35 PM
plese make becons work and have componey neames on trucksReplyDelete
http://img856.imageshack.us/img856/2503/58m32meterhout1.jpg plz scs doe deze er inReplyDelete
when will this be realeased i want it for christmas :)ReplyDelete
- brun3tz3luNovember 12, 2011 at 4:37 PM
hello again my congratulations SCS job well done and are happy with what you have created so far shown the work of you and the game will be more complex than what you have created so far tried to create the same thing on the back cabin and to be able tune with lumini.va Thanks for this video and hopefully more than now are so ecstatic that barely wait Release date and please add and Romania than in the game until then just to work better and increaseReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 12, 2011 at 5:40 PM
Bravo Software 10/9ReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 12, 2011 at 5:42 PM
Great ! Amazing ! Good job SCS Software ;)ReplyDelete
Greetings from Poland!
There's basically absolutley nothing you CAN'T change. AWESOME!ReplyDelete
Now, how long before a release? We talking before christmas or?
- AnonymousNovember 12, 2011 at 6:42 PM
Superbe travail !ReplyDelete
Les différences ETS1-ETS2 vont être Extraordinaire !
Salutations de la France =)
- AnonymousNovember 12, 2011 at 6:43 PM
Multiplayer ?ReplyDelete
Hello guys from SCS! God damn, this is really great feature, but, its so sad, that there is not multiplayer, it would be great drive with guys, everybody with own type of tuned parts... still great work!ReplyDelete
This comment has been removed by the author.ReplyDelete
This is link for short video... ETS2 pictures...
- AnonymousNovember 12, 2011 at 8:33 PM
Love it, totally love it. There's no other thing i can say but "love it". Thank you for your hard work!ReplyDelete
I hope there will be also interior customizations...ReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 12, 2011 at 8:40 PM
Cobra11 It is ;)ReplyDelete
when its come out?ReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 12, 2011 at 9:52 PM
- AnonymousNovember 12, 2011 at 9:57 PM
When it release? i just waiting for it!!ReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 12, 2011 at 10:05 PM
When i saw this i was just like O MY GOD I NEED TO GET THIS GAMEReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 12, 2011 at 10:26 PM
best video ever, good work - absolutly must have.ReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 12, 2011 at 10:35 PM
hi scs, everything is cool, but what about the beacon´s on roof, can they light?ReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 12, 2011 at 10:47 PM
scs perfect personalization is wonderful ahh some ideas that came to me because when we go to work for a company we have a test parking between cones to be hired also note that the truck is heavy when loaded by scsReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 12, 2011 at 10:53 PM
I love you SCS, this was the video what I was waiting for :P. Great job, I love it.ReplyDelete
Greetings from Estonia:P
- AnonymousNovember 12, 2011 at 10:54 PM
I can't say a word. this is much much more what im expected. Lots of variations, options, nice interface-simple easy. Great work guys. Keep up.ReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 12, 2011 at 11:33 PM
good job scssoft its way better then Rig N RollReplyDelete
good luck from ALGERIA
- AnonymousNovember 12, 2011 at 11:56 PM
It's nice, but I hope the physics will good as the customization too!
- AnonymousNovember 13, 2011 at 12:10 AM
Separate button: dipped beam, reflectors, position lamp, fog lamp !!!ReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 13, 2011 at 1:34 AM
nice work scs i like this video too much my congratulations from egyptReplyDelete
SCS i dont mean anything bad ... but here are the physics and smoke are okReplyDelete
I recorded it from the game mafia II .. and i do not advertise it here...
just saying that the truck is moving sluggishly, almost as real. I am a professional driver, and I hope that trucks will not go faster than 100km / h
horsepower is important, when a truck going up the hill and of course what transports,
and the motion of the left and right large cargos.
continue the good work ... goes well with you
Fun Club Croatia
- AnonymousNovember 13, 2011 at 3:37 AM
"good job scssoft its way better then Rig N RollReplyDelete
good luck from ALGERIA"
I agree, much better than Rig N Roll. SCS's games actually make sense and are not just thrown together. SCS, keep going, you've got great stuff. I don't agree with the idea of putting the game on multiple CDs, because that costs more for you, and people can wait if they have to, including myself, who has been waiting for so long. But, no rush, just do the job properly.
This comment has been removed by the author.ReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 13, 2011 at 4:07 AM
I wonder if it is possible that the flashing light on some of the trucks will be flashing in the euro truck.2 seen on the video we can import their parts because of euro truck they were not all they enough flashing of add a module to make it work on some trucks!ReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 13, 2011 at 8:22 AM
Hej SCS gooooooooood job This is very very very nice!!!!! :OReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 13, 2011 at 9:28 AM
its a dream scs. wonderful options, cant get enough of it. please show more.ReplyDelete
Thanks for the gameplay video.ReplyDelete
Plastik sideskirts ?
Cab spoilers ?
Real tank capacity ? (or choose what tanks do we want)
- AnonymousNovember 13, 2011 at 9:40 AM
Changeable original number plates of EU-States?ReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 13, 2011 at 9:46 AM
But what about kind of trailers?
Any news?
Or new physics video?
- AnonymousNovember 13, 2011 at 10:03 AM
This comment has been removed by the author.ReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 13, 2011 at 10:05 AM
Great job!ReplyDelete
I hope, there will be a chance to use more than one color on trucks...
I'm still waiting for beta release :P
- AnonymousNovember 13, 2011 at 10:19 AM
is it possible scs that you can show more videos about gameplay??ReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 13, 2011 at 10:31 AM
it's not a gameplayReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 13, 2011 at 10:36 AM
I LOVE THIS GAMEEEE!!!ReplyDelete
superbe boulot les gars c est un plaisir de suivre l évolution du jeu un grand merci et continuer comme ça bon courageReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 13, 2011 at 12:19 PM
good work,scs
now we need a similar function to buy and tune trailers!!
- AnonymousNovember 13, 2011 at 12:53 PM
You haven't got highline cab for ScaniaReplyDelete
Please insert light colours like xenon lights
Iwant exhausts have different sounds
From... Greece
- AnonymousNovember 13, 2011 at 1:03 PM
JUST GREATReplyDelete
JUST UNBELIEVABLE SCS Team.
Hope for MORE
From... Greece
- AnonymousNovember 13, 2011 at 1:09 PM
Have you got the new mercedes actros?ReplyDelete
If you don't please insert it.
- AnonymousNovember 13, 2011 at 1:12 PM
Have you got Scandinavia map in ETS2?ReplyDelete
Have you got all Balkan maps?
- AnonymousNovember 13, 2011 at 2:04 PM
the highline cabin (its the cabin in the middle of your options) must have spoilers, please include it with spoilers scs. ;)ReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 13, 2011 at 2:08 PM
You are an excellent development team. You listen to customers and take inspiration from the mods to create a better product, ETS2 will be fantastic! Great!ReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 13, 2011 at 2:44 PM
Just perfect but i realy realy want multiplay in this gameReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 13, 2011 at 2:50 PM
It's very impressive!
But, when will be new news about these?!
1. Truck physics:
2. Roads and prefabs:
3. Doubles:
Seven months since no new news!
Please update these!
- AnonymousNovember 13, 2011 at 4:40 PM
It also plans to pre-order?ReplyDelete
The game is available on STEAM?
Well...... IMPRESED!!!!ReplyDelete
Tbh honest i have already deside to buy this game before it was released and now i'm 100% sure i will buy this game no matter what.
I just only hope that you make also radio working like in RNR ( with some extra map where yoy could add some mp3's and radio could take and play it randomply by genre like ROCK, POP, Classic stations) and that game will be for sure an SUPER HIT!
DOnt forget that it must be also some kind of challange in game to achive something, but not the main goal of the game.
- AnonymousNovember 13, 2011 at 8:33 PM
Great work, I hope the 6x2 and 6x4 trucks will have sideskirts like the 4x2 trucks.ReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 13, 2011 at 9:29 PM
Please scs ! Could you tell us when is the game's releaseReplyDelete
congratulation from france
- AnonymousNovember 13, 2011 at 10:10 PM
I'm gonna buy this game when it comes out, period :DReplyDelete
Keep up the good work!!!
This new game is amazing.ReplyDelete
I've seen this video over 15 times, since last night(here are 23:10 hours).
Was thinking, ever thought of developing a 3D game? It would put us in the truck, not behind the screen of a PC.
I know that would be complicated. Was just an idea.
The map is huge ? We need a higher, with many places of Europe, many even.
Thanks SCS Soft.
Gean from Belo Horizonte.
Great video. Could we have an option to add an accessory multiple times? Eg: Adding exhausts at both sides at once.ReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 14, 2011 at 7:34 AM
Fantastic Video SCS.More StuffReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 14, 2011 at 11:20 AM
Great work Scs!!! Cant wait to play this game. :)ReplyDelete
elladara pantou reeeeeee!!!!!!!
- AnonymousNovember 14, 2011 at 1:00 PM
Londrina - Paraná - Brazil
- AnonymousNovember 14, 2011 at 1:16 PM
Can some1 translate the http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ir4VUJfor3Q video to english?ReplyDelete
Thanks in advance :)
- AnonymousNovember 14, 2011 at 1:28 PM
- AnonymousNovember 14, 2011 at 1:37 PM
The video from "November 14, 2011 1:16 PM"ReplyDelete
Is preaty cool .. but if we only could understand it :X
- AnonymousNovember 14, 2011 at 3:20 PM
In general they say, that they are unable to add things like multiplayer and more countries, that their fans ask for because they are small team (even thouhgh team working on ETS 2 is bigger than the team that worked on a previous games) and they don't have enought money to add these things. Than they talk about realism they want in the game and that they want it to be AAA game like. If you want video with czech titles so you can manually translate them check: http://www.ceskatelevize.cz/porady/1095870977-game-page/211563242600032/?clanek=852 (and turn on titles)ReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 14, 2011 at 7:49 PM
good movie but the scania r cab highline must have spoilersReplyDelete
Hey guys! I found the interview with Pavel Šebor CEO SCSSoft about ETS2. For our Czech fans its great to listen but i think it would be great for others to see this video =) Enjoy! http://www.ceskatelevize.cz/porady/1095870977-game-page/video/ReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 14, 2011 at 8:58 PM
Oh my god! so nie :DReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 14, 2011 at 9:18 PM
can you say how many % is done? Please give us some news :PReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 14, 2011 at 10:31 PM
please more news scs ;DReplyDelete
here are some hardcore-fans and they cant get enough ;D
- AnonymousNovember 15, 2011 at 1:01 AM
scs to note that the trucks loaded with 30 or 40 tons are not only heavy when accelerating but a few inches lower suspension and tires were flattened by the load and also include this in their previous games as being loaded trucks gave the impression that they were not here because some imaguenes http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5-Hehr16QrE&feature=relatedReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 15, 2011 at 1:44 AM
Well, I agree with Raimond(Estonia). I would like an estimated percentage.ReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 15, 2011 at 9:25 AM
::EURO TRUCK SIMULATOR 2:: forever!! Great video Scs.ReplyDelete
Fantastic customization parts and cool style of the Scania R Series. Hope the roof beacon lights can light.
- AnonymousNovember 15, 2011 at 9:58 AM
WOW beautiful Scania,beautiful custiomuzationReplyDelete
greets from germany
- Emanuele /ItalyNovember 15, 2011 at 1:49 PM
Awesome utility!!!!ReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 15, 2011 at 6:58 PM
i hope you guys are done with 90% of the game - let us know!!!!ReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 15, 2011 at 7:19 PM
I hope that too :PReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 15, 2011 at 11:54 PM
MERCI A VOUS C'EST SUPER TROP IMPATIENT !!!!!!!!ReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 16, 2011 at 8:55 AM
S U P E R SCSReplyDelete
Can you show more of ETS2? When is the release, can you say a date?
- AnonymousNovember 16, 2011 at 9:37 AM
updated map with all roads and highways next time scs?ReplyDelete
what about the registration plates, do you have a good idea how you can include them into game, that they are changeable?
some images of parking places, borders, highways?
what kind of companys? New names for all companys.
- AnonymousNovember 16, 2011 at 7:10 PM
good worckReplyDelete
but will it come to argentina some time???
i´m a proper fan i´ve got the uk and the euro truck.
- AnonymousNovember 16, 2011 at 10:28 PM
i watched the video over 10 times and cant get enough of it ;DReplyDelete
excellent scs
- AnonymousNovember 17, 2011 at 11:45 AM
Any news about doubles?ReplyDelete
Any news about doubles?
Any news about doubles?
Any news about doubles?
Any news about doubles?
- AnonymousNovember 17, 2011 at 5:34 PM
I am so going to buy this game at launch!!!!!!ReplyDelete
Congratz Scs for making the best game evah*!
- AnonymousNovember 17, 2011 at 8:59 PM
There's only one thing to say now,ReplyDelete
Can't wait to play the game...
- AnonymousNovember 17, 2011 at 10:37 PM
WHAT Is The Expected RELEASE DATE Or It's Still TBD??? Thanks
- AnonymousNovember 18, 2011 at 8:29 AM
NEW UPDATE TODAY?? THIS ONE WAS/IS SO FANTASTIC, PLEASE GIVE US MORE SCS.ReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 18, 2011 at 8:57 AM
When is the release date?ReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 18, 2011 at 9:16 AM
I saw you at czech tv scs! Very nice report.ReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 18, 2011 at 9:55 AM
hope that we can change the number plates at truckstore...ReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 18, 2011 at 11:06 AM
tomorrow its one week without news. its a long time for us, please update something about ets2 like map, highways etc.ReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 18, 2011 at 12:26 PM
any news today?ReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 18, 2011 at 12:47 PM
please new updates scs :PReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 18, 2011 at 2:32 PM
je voulais savoir quand le jeu sortirais officiellement en France et en Français, et si les compétence requise pour jouer au jeu sont les même que pour ETS,GTS,...
- AnonymousNovember 18, 2011 at 3:32 PM
Hoping for some epic news today/tomorrow! :DReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 18, 2011 at 5:34 PM
Come on SCS team give us a video or something elseReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 18, 2011 at 5:43 PM
SCS team everyone want a new video like the last one please give us one.ReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 18, 2011 at 5:53 PM
Can you please say the month of release?ReplyDelete
Greetings from Greek fans
- AlasdairNovember 18, 2011 at 6:14 PM
Any news?,It better be worth the wait what ever happend to updates twice a week.ReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 18, 2011 at 8:28 PM
Or you can put into play prostitutes who are waiting at a gas station and you can pick up "overnight".?ReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 19, 2011 at 3:17 AM
Great work here:) I cant remember last time i was as excited for a game!ReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 21, 2011 at 9:14 PM
Fantastic customization parts and cool style of the Scania R Series.I hope yhe 6x2 and 6x4 trucks will have sideskirts when we will customise them.Olso it will be great if we will find bdf trucks in the game.ReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 22, 2011 at 2:38 PM
You can insert the 144 or 164 cab to scaniaReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 23, 2011 at 2:33 PM
What about 8x6 or 8x4 to be more real.ReplyDelete
- BOGDAN92VSNovember 24, 2011 at 5:32 PM
REALEASE DATE plzReplyDelete
Why not make Volvo Truck Customization and daf man renault iveco mercedes benz and safacet and videos as you did with scaniaReplyDelete
- AnonymousNovember 28, 2011 at 8:48 PM
wenn the new ets is ready to play ?ReplyDelete
ik kan niet wachten tot dat het spel uit is!!!!!!!!ReplyDelete
- AnonymousDecember 29, 2011 at 12:51 AM
Ola pessoal sou Brasileiro gosto muito desse jogo mas precisa da umas melhorada e bem como subir e descer o vidro da porta o motorista descer do caminhão alguns pedestre na pista por uma camará central aonde você pode ver o motorista dirigindo passando as marchas como no Ring roll que é um jogo muito bom.ReplyDelete
- AnonymousDecember 30, 2011 at 12:12 PM
WOW seinen eigenen truck zu tunen ist cool was auc cool wäre wenn man sich die auflieger kaufen könnte sie den anderen fahrern zu teilen und sie dann auch noch tunen zum eispiel das man an einem gekauften kühlauflieger anstatt die normalen rücklichter 3 kammmer rückleuchten anbringt und noch mit lichtern ausstattet :) aber ansonst sehr gute arbeitReplyDelete
the best! visit my site on the ETS2, here's the link: http://mafiaets2.blogspot.com/ReplyDelete
- AnonymousJanuary 11, 2012 at 5:06 PM
trés beau une petite suggestion pourrait vous faire une fonctionnalité pour crée des rideaux de differentes couleur et une sellerie en cuire aussi de différentes couleurs merci et trés bon travail :DReplyDelete
This is really an intersted blog......Thanks for sharing with us. Car dealer websitesReplyDelete
Spam, offensive, hateful and other inappropriate comments will be removed and authors may be permanently restricted from commenting.
Note: Only a member of this blog may post a comment.


text:
FoVeOOS 2010
SCOPEFormal software verification has outgrown the area of academic case studies, and industry is showing serious interest. The logical next goal is the verification of industrial software products. Most programming languages used in industrial practice (such as Java, C++, and C#) are object-oriented.
The International Conference on Formal Verification of Object-Oriented Software (FoVeOOS) aims to foster collaboration and interactions among researchers in this area.
ORGANIZATIONThe conference is organised by COST Action IC0701 but it goes beyond the framework of this action. This conference is open to the whole scientific community around the following topics, and also encourages people close to industrial applications to submit papers and participate.
The Action may provide travel grants.
TOPICSTopics include but are not limited to:


text:
Character Bios
Other Names: Hal
Location(s): Overhill
Race/Species: Hobbit
Dates: born 2972 III
Parents: father: Halfred of Overhill
Halfast, son of Halfred of Overhill, was the nephew of Hamfast (Gaffer) Gamgee:
'All right,' said Sam, laughing with the rest. 'But what about these Tree-men, these giants, as you might call them? They do say that one bigger than a tree was seen up away beyond the North Moors not long back.'
'Who's they?'
'My cousin Hal for one. He works for Mr. Boffin at Overhill and goes up to the Northfarthing for the hunting. He saw one.'
'Says he did, perhaps. Your Hal's always saying he's seen things; and maybe he sees things that ain't there.'
'But this one was as big as an elm tree, and walking — walking seven yards to a stride, if it was an inch.'
'Then I bet it wasn't an inch. What he saw was an elm tree, as like as not.'
'But this one was walking, I tell you; and there ain't no elm tree on the North Moors.'
'Then Hal can't have seen one,' said Ted. There was some laughing and clapping: the audience seemed to think that Ted had scored a point.
'All the same,' said Sam, 'you can't deny that others besides our Halfast have seen queer folk crossing the Shire — crossing it, mind you: there are more that are turned back at the borders. The Bounders have never been so busy before.
The Fellowship of the Ring, LoTR Book 1, Ch 2, The Shadow of the Past
Marta - 09 May 2005
Elena Tiriel 6Oct08


text:
There was no coverage of Libya's rebel forces taking over great parts of Tripoli in the Monday edition of Syria's Tishreen, the national daily.
With the curtain appearing to fall on Colonel Muammar Gaddafi's reign, political analysts are now looking towards Syria and the impact this will have on Bashar al-Assad, one of the last Arab dictators standing.
Though Assad took power in 2000, his father's Baathist regime has been in charge since 1970 – just a year after Gaddafi took charge in Libya. In both countries, the family power structure and the secret service apparatus take precedence over everything else.
Assad now seems to be buying time.
On Sunday, he gave an interview on state television. In a wood-panelled office reminiscent of American talk shows, he warned against foreign meddling and announced parliamentary reforms, which he has scheduled for February 2012.
"We are at a transitional stage and we will follow up on the laws," said Assad. "There will be elections and a review of the constitution… The most important thing at this stage is to continue dialogue."
This week, he is also letting in a UN delegation to investigate alleged massacres.
Whatever the Syrian president says on television, there is little doubt that the opposition, now in its fifth month of protest, is going to feel vindicated by this week's events in Libya. While they do not have Nato's might to back them, the idea of a Turkish-led military intervention is being floated around; members of Syria's opposition are also meeting in Turkey this week to appoint an executive council.
The regime's growing isolation from Arab states and former allies like Turkey and Hamas will bolster the opposition's legitimacy. In an unexpected twist, Iran's ambassador has also packed up, with the excuse that he might run for parliamentary elections back home.
But in Aleppo and Damascus, it is still a waiting game for the urban middle and upper classes, who fear they have much to lose from a regime change. "Whereas in Libya, I felt the uprising was a popular movement that spread throughout the country, in Syria the majority is still silent," says a Damascene businessman, who believes the future could potentially be worse if Assad was to leave. "I'm only for change if we can be assured of a peaceful transition. If you look at Egypt or Libya right now, there are too many unknowns."
The opposition is going to have to go on a PR drive to win over this "silent majority". However ruthless the old Baathist regime might appear, in the end, economic arguments will probably be the decisive factor for risk-averse Syrians.


text:
This sleeve could actually be a cross over post with Fabulous Free Pattern Friday as it is really nothing more than half of a circle. And to be honest, it's easier to draft than a circle.
Gail, who follows my blog left a message earlier today that had me rolling on the floor. Living in the United States, we forget that there is another side of the world where they are experiencing winter. It has been so hot here in Chicago. I can't remember a time when I have run my air conditioner as much as I have this summer. I ended yesterday's post with, "I hope you're staying cool." Gail replied, "Cool? That snapping you heard was the sound of my poor frozen toes breaking off." Gail lives in Sydney, Australia where it is now winter. So, to you Gail and any others who may stop by from the other side of the world, file this sleeve away until your warm weather arrives when you'll be able to smile knowing that we here in the midwest are probably freezing to death. When we have a really warm summer, it is usually followed by a really cold winter. And when I say really cold, I mean really cold!
It's extremely easy to draft. Measure the armhole of your pattern as you see below. Make a note of the front armhole measurement and the back armhole measurement.
If you would like for your sleeve to have more fullness, divide the sleeve as you see below. Besure to number the pieces.
The final pattern. This will give you a very nice floaty little sleeve and it is so very easy to draft.
A lovely treatment for this sleeve is to do three that are stacked one on top of the other. The bottom sleeve would be widest. The second would be a little smaller and the last would be once again a little smaller.
This is especially pretty in light weight fabrics like chiffons.
I hope you'll give this sleeve a try. It's so easy to do and it adds a lovely feminine air to any dress or blouse.
Hope you're having a lovely weekend whether it's warn or cold!!!


text:
Our solar system resides about 2/3 of the way out from the center of a large flattened spiral galaxy. From this vantage point, we view the Galaxy as a narrow strip that extends across the sky. This strip appears as the "Milky Way" on a dark moonless night away from city lights.
When we first proposed to survey the inner 10-65 degrees of the Galactic plane with the Spitzer Space Telescope, we never dreamed it would be so successful and would grow into several GLIMPSE surveys spanning the entire 360 degrees of the Galactic plane. The Spitzer Space Telescope is an infrared observatory with a leap in sensitivity and spatial resolution that allows us to see stars and star forming regions to the edge of the Galaxy for the first time.
The acronym for GLIMPSE has meaning in that we originally went for the shortest exposures possible to allow for the largest mapping area in a reasonable time on the telescope, that is, to "glimpse" the Galactic plane. We use the Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) with a wavelength range of 3.6 – 8 microns. (currently 3.6 – 4.5 microns in the "warm mission" phase of the observatory).
Our most recently awarded survey will return toward the center of the Galaxy and map above and below our original survey with deeper exposures in order to map the far outer Galaxy as it warps up and below the midplane. This survey is aptly named "Deep GLIMPSE".
The various GLIMPSE surveys (GLIMPSE, GLIMPSE II, GLIMPSE3D, GLIMPSE360, and Deep GLIMPSE) have to date mapped an area of 960 square degrees, producing beautiful panoramic images of the Galactic plane and catalogs of over 160 million sources. Our team has worked diligently, especially researchers Marilyn Meade and Brian Babler, to produce high quality images and catalogs. These data products are publicly available at the Spitzer Science Center and IRSA. The Principle Investigators of the various GLIMPSE projects are Ed Churchwell, Robert Benjamin, and Barbara Whitney.
For more detailed information see the GLIMPSE webpages.
Our team has also processed the Spitzer IRAC data (catalogs and images) for the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds. See this page for descriptions of those projects.


text:
So-called "psychic" and Grief Vampire Sylvia Browne died in San Jose, CA on November 20, at the age of 77. I thought she was a reprehensible person, willing to tell any lie, no matter how emotionally disturbing, to get money from a sucker. In fact, she seemed to think that truth is "whatever Sylvia says." There was no need for her "facts" to correspond to the real world. If Sylvia said it, that made it true.
Bob Steiner and I founded the Bay Area Skeptics in 1982, one of the earliest local skeptics groups, and for quite a while the most active. We felt that our location in the Bay Area conferred a special advantage, as the most famous of WooMeisters were right in our area. Targ and Puthoff were still at SRI in Menlo Park, and we did what we could to challenge their claims about Uri Geller's supposed Magic Powers. Sylvia (then) Brown's home and "Foundation" was then almost right in my neighborhood, in Saratoga. (Brown became "Browne" when she divorced her husband.) At that time I was living in west San Jose, near the Westgate shopping center, and Saratoga Avenue. According to a story in the Huffington Post, Saratoga has the third-most expensive housing in the U.S., with an average home listing price over $1,582,000. (When Sylvia complains in a letter linked below about not being really rich because she lives on Johnson Avenue, she is calling attention to the fact that she is not in the highest-priced zip code in Saratoga. So her house might be worth "only" a million or so today.)
In the 1980s, Sylvia was well-known locally, but not yet nationally, primarily because of her regular appearances on local TV stations to "prognosticate." Viewers ate it up, no matter how bad her record, or how stupid her statements. So naturally we went after her in every way we could, challenging her claims.
We wrote letters challenging her to test her supposed "powers," and she replied that she was far too elevated to be tested by the likes of us. She also had some rather colorful things to say about us. Apparently she had never run across a skeptics' group before. I have scanned these challenges, letters, and other papers relating to Sylvia Brown, and placed them on my historical page on debunker.com. The direct link is here. Rather than describing their contents here, I invite you to read for yourself this unique collection of Sylvia silliness. She was making stuff up then, and continued to do so right up until the end.
|A welcoming committee for Sylvia Brown'e Las Vegas gig, assembling at The Amazing Meeting 2012,
South Point Hotel (at the horse's ass). Note Randi on the left, Susan Gerbic with arms extended on the right.


text:
Publication Date: Available Now
❗Many publication dates have moved recently and may not be up to date. ❗
|On our shelves now
Ages 8 to 12, Grades 3 to 7
Determination meets dance in this middle grade adaptation of the New York Times bestselling memoir by the first African-American principal dancer in American Ballet Theatre history, Misty Copeland.
As the first African-American principal dancer at the American Ballet Theatre, Misty Copeland has been breaking down all kinds of barriers in the world of dance.
But when she first started dancing—at the late age of thirteen—no one would have guessed the shy, underprivileged girl would one day make history in her field.
Her road to excellence was not easy—a chaotic home life, with several siblings and a single mother, was a stark contrast to the control and comfort she found on stage. And when her home life and incredible dance promise begin to clash, Misty had to learn to stand up for herself and navigate a complex relationship with her mother, while pursuing her ballet dreams.
Life in Motion is a story for all the kids who dare to be different, dream bigger, and want to break stereotypes in whatever they do.
No reviews yet. Be the first to write a review.


text:
Note: Click on Ribbon for description
Fred Thomas Berry was an American dirigible commander. He was born 23 November 1887 in Logan, Iowa, was a member of the United States Naval Academy class of 1908. Through much of his early career he specialized in engineering duty, and during WWI commanded USS McCall (DD-28). He was awarded the Navy Cross for his outstanding performance of duty in this billet.
In 1927, he began training in dirigibles, and later commanded the airship Los Angeles (ZR-3). Commander Berry, then commanding Naval Air Station Lakehurst, was lost in the crash of the airship Akron (ZRS-4) off the New Jersey coast 4 April 1933.
Webmaster can be reached at: firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
"Kill Devil Hill" is a short film based on an unsolved crime that triggered a bizarre series of murders through out North Carolina.
Kill Devil Hill is a debut horror short directed by Robert "Ace" Jordan. The 12 minute piece is an introduction short that reenacts a crime case that occurred in North Carolina. The town of "Kill Devil hill" is a real place as noted in wikipedia "Kill Devil Hills is a town in Dare County, North Carolina, USA. The population was 5,897 at the 2000 census."
In this piece, we meet a happy family of 4 who seemingly are taking in for the night as any other normal evening. However, little would they know that the father of 2 boys is in fact possessed by an evil spirit he encountered when "he" was a boy. This spirit somehow infected him and stayed with until adulthood in which possesses him to proceed to murder his 2 boys, this very evening. The event is brutal, cold and a mystery as to what the true motivation was. His wife finds the bodies slaughtered about as the father weeps over his own evil deeds.
As an introduction piece, this kept wanting more to the point that I thought the when the credits rolled that it was just a prologue to what was going to transpire. Though the prologue was the actual piece which either felt unfinished or was cut off before just getting started. As an unfinished piece its hard to draw any real conclusive review other than I hope to see this develop into a full feature. The camera work, music and production were all professionally done so there doesn't seem to be any reason to hold back. My hope would be that the possession aspect is taken into darker territories that explore the deterioration of mind body and spirit in both a visual manner and premise construction. The film stars Melinda Bennett, Taylor Graham, Aiden Miranda, and Hunter Miranda
This piece comes from Jordan film Empirical Pictures who seem to have all there bases in place.


text:
Doctor Who as Lighting U.
We have a rule in the Hobby household. If the kids can get ready for bed quickly enough, we get to watch an episode of Doctor Who together. It is one of those rare shows that is equally enjoyed by every member of our family—including two middle-aged parents, a 12-year-old boy and a 14-year-girl.
That alone is remarkable. And as good as the show is, I've lately found myself watching it for the lighting as much as the imaginative story lines. A look at perhaps the most Strobist-y show on the TV dial, below.
It's Bigger on the Inside
For the uninitiated, a couple of things. The TARDIS (which stands for Time And Relative Dimension In Space) is essentially a machine in which The Doctor is able to travel across space and time. The exterior of the TARDIS is seen just above; the interior is seen at top. The Doctor is a Time Lord, and various things are revealed about his history through the course of the series.
I won't waste space here duplicating previous efforts at describing the show. Hit IMDB and Wikipedia to learn more. But suffice to say that without the limits of linear space and time (and with a Doctor who can regenerate into another form) the potential plot lines for the show are essentially limitless.
We're playing catch up, watching on demand via Netflix Streaming and are presently in Season 5 (c.2010). So we are traveling in time, too, I guess.
Legions of fans throughout the world attest to the fact that the show stands on its own. But I also have grown to love it for its no-fear approach to lighting. At first, it head me in the face like a baseball bat. I had never seen anything like it, via TV or cinema. Love it or hate it (and I was not sure at first) you can't ignore the lighting in Doctor Who.
Now five years in, the lighting on almost everything else I watch seems boring by comparison. They do so much with light on this show. I suspect they accomplish many cinematic looks on a TV budget that would otherwise be impossible without having developed a language to their lighting on the show.
The storytelling is equally brilliant. And together, the two make it must-watch TV for me—and for the rest of my family, but not for all of the same reasons.
An Ernest Approach to Light
Much of the visual language of Doctor Who is down to cinematographer (AKA Director of Photography) Ernest "Ernie" Vincze. He helmed 38 episodes over the period from 2005-2009. Included among those was Blink, a screen grab from which is seen above. Blink may well be the most creative and imaginative single episode of TV that I have ever seen.
You watch in wonder as they manipulate you more with creativity than brute force (or Cameron-esque resources). I won't spoil it other than to say they use such simple devices as time and light to steamroll you with tension and suspense.
Doctor Who is a visual tour de force. And once it has grabbed you as a lighting photographer you are doubly hooked compared to the typical viewing fan.
I have learned so much about light by critically watching this show. I can't recommend it enough, both as something to study and a show to simply enjoy. I am just now realizing this as I type this post, but if Heisler lit a TV show that show would be Doctor Who.
The Doctor Who stills shown here are not necessarily all from episodes done by Vincze, but his DNA is definitely present throughout. As I was researching him (and trying, unsuccessfully, to contact him) I came across a BBC web page wherein he talked about his philosophy of light.
Selected quotes are below. For more, see the BBC page.
"Light is beautiful. Light reveals the world to us. Light permeates our reality at every scale of our existence. Light is a carrier of beauty, a giver of life."
"Light is amazing. Light sets our biological clocks. Light is craved by the body and soul. It triggers in our brain the sensation of colour. Light feeds us and it inspires us with specials like rainbows, sunsets, Northern Lights."
"Light can be gentle or violent, living or dead, clear or misty, hot or dark and sensual. Light can be straight or slanting, subdued or bright, poisonous or calming."
"Apart from technical, there are no rules. You have to trust your instinct and the knowledge accumulated over a lifetime."
"My starting concept is stark blackness. From then on I build up the lighting to complement the storyline, narrative, the actors, composition and depth. Depth is an art in itself. It complements the lighting and it helps guide the viewer's focus and attention to where the director wants it."
Cool stuff, huh?
So, anyone else out there intrigued/inspired by the lighting in Doctor Who? What are your thoughts?
And for any of you who have yet to discover the show, I am jealous. Many nights await—either alone or with the family—as you travel in time and space and attend a lighting class, all once.
New to Strobist? Start here | Or jump right to Lighting 101
Got a question? Hit me on Twitter: @Strobist
Have a passport? Join me in Hanoi: X-Peditions Location Workshops


text:
Use coupon code SCREEN44 at checkout to get this product for $44 off
The TRIO from Mobile Pixels is an innovative multi-screen laptop accessory designed to boost productivity and make it easier than ever to multitask. Perfect for working professionals, gamers, stock traders, entrepreneurs, coders, and students that are on-the-go, it makes it easy to add an additional screen to your setup, wherever you are. Simply plug TRIO into your laptop, and you're ready to boost your productivity by up to 50%. To make it even easier, the TRIO uses only one cable for both power and data. TRIO is compatible with any Mac, Linux, Chrome, and Android devices via USB connection.
Successfully funded on Indiegogo at $1,452,559
- Make your laptop a dual-screen PC in an instant
- Choose your optimum viewing angle for any situation w/ the full 270° rotation
- Easily move from one workspace to another thanks to TRIO's lighter, compact design
- Adjust the brightness to your liking
- Driver installation required before use. Download drivers here
Featured on BuzzFeed, Geeky Gadgets, WIRED, Boston Business Journal, and more


text:
A California essayist on American optimism and how landscape shapes our imaginations
An interview with Richard Rodriguez.
Richard Rodriguez grew up with Mexican immigrant parents, "a scholarship boy in Sacramento." His new book, Darling: A Spiritual Biography (Viking, October) is dedicated to the Sisters of Mercy nuns who taught him to speak English. Rodriguez's autobiographical essay collections include Hunger of Memory, Days of Obligation: An Argument with My Mexican Father, a finalist for the 1992 Pulitzer Prize in nonfiction, and Brown: The Last Discovery of America. "I'm not interested in writing a memoir to tell you what I did that year," he says. "I'm interested always in writing a biography of my ideas, of how I came to think about those things." In Darling, Rodriguez examines his faith, particularly what it means that three of the world's major religions were founded in the desert. At the same time, he ponders the state of American consciousness today, looking at Las Vegas, Nev., California and the U.S.-Mexican borderlands. HCN contributor Jenny Shank recently spoke with Rodriguez from his home in San Francisco; the interview has been edited and condensed.
High Country News One of the main themes of Darling is the idea that Christianity is "a desert religion," as are Judaism and Islam. Can deserts today, especially those in the American West, contribute to one's faith in these desert religions?
Richard Rodriguez A lot of the things we think about the Judeo-Christian-Muslim God come out of the fact that the Israelites experienced a very specific ecology. The God who came to them was a desert God. One of the most important desert cities in the American West is Las Vegas. Las Vegas seems to represent a particular anxiety we feel in this landscape. This is not a landscape to which we feel immediately welcomed.
We have learned, in desert cities like Phoenix, to insist on the desert's sky by denying the desert's terrain. So we plant gardens that are not appropriate, we water the desert. In Las Vegas, there's this fantasy, this architectural idea of the denial of the desert: If the desert is flat, you build these shapes into the sky; if the desert is by definition emptiness, then you can fill it with toys. You can fill it with the Empire State Building or the Eiffel Tower or with golf courses.
I find Death Valley to be one of the most beautiful environments in the world, but it is really scary to hike around Death Valley. What everyone says about the desert, "Well, there's plenty of life in the desert," is also true, but we have to say that while coating ourselves with sunblock. The desert threatens us.
HCN I've never been to Las Vegas. I've been avoiding it.
RR I'm going to send you there! You have to go to Las Vegas. If you really love nature, you have to go there to see how frightened we are of nature; it's one of the reasons we light up the night in Las Vegas. Nature is no easy thing to live with.
HCN You discuss the contrast between Mexican "stoicism" and American "optimism" that plays into the conflict over our mutual border. Would an understanding of our countries' differences in outlook ease tensions?
RR What Mexico knows is the suffering of life. It's a culture based on that notion that to live is to suffer and to endure. Bravery is the virtue, not winning.
People come into the United States illegally because there's no food for the family or their mother needs an operation. There is a sense of obligation to other people. It's very rare to find somebody just coming on his own. Mexicans come searching for an American dream that has exhausted itself in the American consciousness. You meet optimism coming across the border from the South, from a tragic culture, at the same time that the optimistic culture of America seems to be in a kind of dejection or despair. That's the paradox of our border for me. The peasant is optimistic, and those who are guarding themselves against the peasant tend to be afraid. The collision between these two impulses is really strong.
No one is talking about the human drama playing out on the border, on that extraordinary landscape. At the very time when China has turned its wall into a tourist attraction and the Chinese are everywhere in the world, America builds a wall against the future. That should tell you a great deal about how it is with us right now.


text:
I finished reading Push last Thursday and saw Precious the following day. Although the latter opens this Friday, I'm already horrified at a lot of the discussion prompted by the film. Did these people watch the same movie I did?
For the sake of brevity, let's simply focus on the "WTF Moments."
Outlet: New York Magazine
Article: "When Push Comes to Shove"
Speaker: David Edelstein, author of the piece
I'm not judging girls who look like Sidibe in life, but her image onscreen is jarring to the point of being transgressive, its only equivalent to be seen in John Waters's pointedly outrageous carnivals. Her head is a balloon on the body of a zeppelin, her cheeks so inflated they squash her eyes into slits. Her expression is either surly or unreadable. Even with her voice-over narration, you're meant to stare at her ebony face and see nothing.
Sidibe does look like this in real life - what, has he never seen a big girl before? I suppose not - watching the movie, many different emotions flicker across Precious' face, but these are easily missed if one is gawking rather than watching.
But the woman who drops a TV onto Precious as she hurries down the stairs with her infant is a sociopath, too singularly garish to be universal.
Spoken like someone who has never watched one of their parents lose their mind over something you did and prepare to commit homicide. There's a reason Precious was running so fucking fast. Did he just miss that part in the opening where her mother Mary promises to whoop her ass for being uppity? That wasn't hyperbole.
Edelstein must have also missed some of Lee Daniels' memories from growing up. As he explains to the Daily Beast:
"It brought back a feeling I had when I was 11 years old and living in the projects in Philly. I answered the door one day, and a neighbor of ours, a light-skinned black girl who was about five years old, was standing there naked and bleeding. She'd been beaten with an electrical cord. I looked in my mom's eyes, and it was the first time I ever saw fear in her eyes. When I read Sapphire's book, those memories came back, and I felt I have to deal with this."
I get the impression from Edelstein's review that the book and the movie were simply too much dysfunction for him to stomach. And that's fine, I can understand that instinct - but why does he feel the need to dismiss brutal shows of force as "too singularly garish to be universal?" Please keep in mind that just because an experience is out of your ken, it may be heartbreakingly common to someone else.
Outlet: New York Post
Article: "Harlem Scuffle"
Speaker: Lee Daniels, director of Precious
What separated Gabby from the others," Daniels says, "was she starts talking like this, 'Oh, my God! I love your films so much. Oh, my God!' She talks like a white girl from the Valley."
Daniels, and his ideas of blackness, grate on me a bit . Ever since I read the NYT piece where he made a lot of references bowing to a monolithic view of what it means to be black, I've been slightly salty. Especially when one considers that many African-Americans feel rejected because they don't "fit" a certain paradigm of what is authentically black. I will forever call bullshit on this idea because it flattens the actual black experience.
Outlet: The Daily Beast
Article: "The Powerful Force at the Center of Precious"
Speaker: Gabourey "Gaby" Sidibe, lead actress and title character in Precious
"For most of my life, my friends would ask me, 'Were you adopted by white people?' And I'd say, 'No, my parents went to college.'
What? Hold the phone. Having a certain type of speech pattern does not indicate your parents' education levels. It may indicate the region where you grew up, or your parents' vigilance to ensure you didn't have a lazy tongue, but "talking like a white girl" isn't some special collegiate exclusive. However, Sibide adds:
"My voice is different because my dad's Senegalese and my mom is from the South, so they both have accents. The mix of their accents created mine; I have little sisters who sound like me, too. And we are certainly black!"
When Push Comes to Shove [NY Mag]
Lee Daniels Reveals His Gritty Vision [Daily Beast]
Harlem Scuffle [New York Post]
The Powerful Force At The Center Of Precious [The Daily Beast]


text:
- Neural development
Neural development comprises the processes that generate, shape, and reshape the nervous system, from the earliest stages of embryogenesis to the final years of life. The study of neural development aims to describe the cellular basis of brain development and to address the underlying mechanisms. The field draws on both neuroscience and developmental biology to provide insight into the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which complex nervous systems develop. Defects in neural development can lead to cognitive, motor, and intellectual disability, as well as neurological disorders such as autism, Rett syndrome, and mental retardation.
Overview of brain development
The brain emerges during embryonic development from the neural tube, an early embryonic structure. The most anterior part of the neural tube is called the telencephalon, which expands rapidly due to cell proliferation, and eventually gives rise to the brain. Gradually some of the cells stop dividing and differentiate into neurons and glial cells, which are the main cellular components of the brain. The newly generated neurons migrate to different parts of the developing brain to self-organize into different brain structures. Once the neurons have reached their regional positions, they extend axons and dendrites, which allow them to communicate with other neurons via synapses. Synaptic communication between neurons leads to the establishment of functional neural circuits that mediate sensory and motor processing, and underlie behavior. The brain does most of its development within the first 20 years of life.
Aspects of neural development
Some landmarks of neural development include the birth and differentiation of neurons from stem cell precursors, the migration of immature neurons from their birthplaces in the embryo to their final positions, outgrowth of axons and dendrites from neurons, guidance of the motile growth cone through the embryo towards postsynaptic partners, the generation of synapses between these axons and their postsynaptic partners, and finally the lifelong changes in synapses, which are thought to underlie learning and memory.
Typically, these neurodevelopmental processes can be broadly divided into two classes: activity-independent mechanisms and activity-dependent mechanisms. Activity-independent mechanisms are generally believed to occur as hardwired processes determined by genetic programs played out within individual neurons. These include differentiation, migration and axon guidance to their initial target areas. These processes are thought of as being independent of neural activity and sensory experience. Once axons reach their target areas, activity-dependent mechanisms come into play. Although synapse formation is an activity-independent event, modification of synapses and synapse elimination requires neural activity.
Developmental neuroscience uses a variety of animal models including mice Mus musculus , the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster , the zebrafish Danio rerio, Xenopus laevis tadpoles and the worm Caenorhabditis elegans, among others.
Neural induction
During early embryonic development the ectoderm becomes specified to give rise to the epidermis (skin) and the neural plate. The conversion of undifferentiated ectoderm to neuro-ectoderm requires signals from the mesoderm. At the onset of gastrulation presumptive mesodermal cells move through the dorsal blastopore lip and form a layer in between the endoderm and the ectoderm. These mesodermal cells that migrate along the dorsal midline give rise to a structure called the notochord. Ectodermal cells overlying the notochord develop into the neural plate in response to a diffusible signal produced by the notochord. The remainder of the ectoderm gives rise to the epidermis (skin). The ability of the mesoderm to convert the overlying ectoderm into neural tissue is called Neural Induction.
The neural plate folds outwards during the third week of gestation to form the neural groove. Beginning in the future neck region, the neural folds of this groove close to create the neural tube. The formation of the neural tube from the ectoderm is called Neurulation. The ventral part of the neural tube is called the basal plate; the dorsal part is called the alar plate. The hollow interior is called the neural canal. By the end of the fourth week of gestation, the open ends of the neural tube (the neuropores) close off.[1]
Identification of neural inducers
A transplanted blastopore lip can convert ectoderm into neural tissue and is said to have an inductive effect. Neural Inducers are molecules that can induce the expression of neural genes in ectoderm explants without inducing mesodermal genes as well. Neural induction is often studied in Xenopus embryos since they have a simple body pattern and there are good markers to distinguish between neural and non-neural tissue. Examples of Neural Inducers are the molecules Noggin and Chordin.
When embryonic ectodermal cells are cultured at low density in the absence of mesodermal cells they undergo neural differentiation (express neural genes), suggesting that neural differentiation is the default fate of ectodermal cells. In explant cultures (which allow direct cell-cell interactions) the same cells differentiate into epidermis. This is due to the action of BMP4 (a TGF-β family protein) that induces ectodermal cultures to differentiate into epidermis. During neural induction, Noggin and Chordin are produced by the dorsal mesoderm (notochord) and diffuse into the overlying ectoderm to inhibit the activity of BMP4. This inhibition of BMP4 causes the cells to differentiate into neural cells.
Late in the fourth week, the superior part of the neural tube flexes at the level of the future midbrain—the mesencephalon. Above the mesencephalon is the prosencephalon (future forebrain) and beneath it is the rhombencephalon (future hindbrain).
The optical vesicle (which will eventually become the optic nerve, retina and iris) forms at the basal plate of the prosencephalon. The alar plate of the prosencephalon expands to form the cerebral hemispheres (the telencephalon) whilst its basal plate becomes the diencephalon. Finally, the optic vesicle grows to form an optic outgrowth.
Patterning of the nervous system
In chordates, dorsal ectoderm forms all neural tissue and the nervous system. Patterning occurs due to specific environmental conditions - different concentrations of signaling molecules
Dorsoventral axis [2]
The ventral half of the neural plate is controlled by the notochord, which acts as the 'organiser'. The dorsal half is controlled by the ectoderm plate which flanks the neural plate on either side.
Ectoderm follows a default pathway to become neural tissue. Evidence for this comes from single, cultured cells of ectoderm which go on to form neural tissue. This is postulated to be because of a lack of BMPs, which are blocked by the organiser. The organiser may produce molecules such as follistatin, noggin and chordin which inhibit BMPs.
The ventral neural tube is patterned by Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) from the notochord, which acts as the inducing tissue. Notochord-derived Shh signals to the floor plate, and induces Shh expression in the floor plate. Floor plate-derived Shh subsequently signals to other cells in the neural tube, and is essential for proper specification of ventral neuron progenitor domains. Loss of Shh from the notochord and/or floor plate prevents proper specification of these progenitor domains. Shh binds Patched1, relieving Patched-mediated inhibition of Smoothened, leading to activation of Gli family of transcription factors (Gli1, Gli2, and Gli3) transcription factors.
In this context Shh acts as a morphogen - it induces cell differentiation dependent on its concentration. At low concentrations it forms ventral interneurones, at higher concentrations it induces motor neuron development, and at highest concentrations it induces floor plate differentiation. Failure of Shh-modulated differentiation causes holoprosencephaly.
The dorsal neural tube is patterned by BMPs from the epidermal ectoderm flanking the neural plate. These induce sensory interneurones by activating Sr/Thr kinases and altering SMAD transcription factor levels.
Rostrocaudal (Anteroposterior) axis
Signals that control anteroposterior neural development include FGF and retinoic acid which act in the hindbrain and spinal cord.[3] The hindbrain, for example, is patterned by Hox genes, which are expressed in overlapping domains along the anteroposterior axis under the control of retinoic acid. The 3' genes in the Hox cluster are induced by retinoic acid in the hindbrain, whereas the 5' Hox genes are not induced by retinoic acid and are expressed more posteriorly in the spinal cord. Hoxb-1 is expressed in rhombomere 4 and gives rise to the facial nerve. Without this Hoxb-1 expression, a nerve which is similar to the trigeminal nerve arises.
Neuronal migration
Neuronal migration is the method by which neurons travel from their origin or birth place to their final position in the brain. There are several ways they can do this, e.g. by radial migration or tangential migration. (see time lapse sequences of radial migration (also known as glial guidance) and somal translocation.)[4]
Radial migration Neuronal precursor cells proliferate in the ventricular zone of the developing neocortex. The first postmitotic cells to migrate form the preplate which are destined to become Cajal-Retzius cells and subplate neurons. These cells do so by somal translocation. Neurons migrating with this mode of locomotion are bipolar and attach the leading edge of the process to the pia. The soma is then transported to the pial surface by nucleokinesis, a process by which a microtubule "cage" around the nucleus elongates and contracts in association with the centrosome to guide the nucleus to its final destination.[5] Radial glia, whose fibers serve as a scaffolding for migrating cells, can itself divide[6] or translocate to the cortical plate and differentiate either into astrocytes or neurons.[7] Somal translocation can occur at any time during development.[4]
Subsequent waves of neurons split the preplate by migrating along radial glial fibres to form the cortical plate. Each wave of migrating cells travel past their predecessors forming layers in an inside-out manner, meaning that the youngest neurons are the closest to the surface.[8][9] It is estimated that glial guided migration represents 90% of migrating neurons in human and about 75% in rodents.[10]
Tangential migration Most interneurons migrate tangentially through multiple modes of migration to reach their appropriate location in the cortex. An example of tangential migration is the movement of interneurons from the ganglionic eminence to the cerebral cortex. One example of ongoing tangential migration in a mature organism, observed in some animals, is the rostral migratory stream connecting subventricular zone and olfactory bulb.
Others modes of migration There is also a method of neuronal migration called multipolar migration.[11][12] This is seen in multipolar cells, which are abundantly present in the cortical intermediate zone. They do not resemble the cells migrating by locomotion or somal translocation. Instead these multipolar cells express neuronal markers and extend multiple thin processes in various directions independently of the radial glial fibers.[11]
Neurotrophic factors
The survival of neurons is regulated by survival factors, called trophic factors. The neurotrophic hypothesis was formulated by Victor Hamburger and Rita Levi Montalcini based on studies of the developing nervous system. Victor Hamburger discovered that implanting an extra limb in the developing chick led to an increase in the number of spinal motor neurons. Initially he thought that the extra limb was inducing proliferation of motor neurons, but he and his colleagues later showed that there was a great deal of motor neuron death during normal development, and the extra limb prevented this cell death. According to the neurotrophic hypothesis, growing axons compete for limiting amounts of target-derived trophic factors and axons that neurons that fail to receive insufficient trophic support die by apoptosis. It is now clear that factors produced by a number of sources contribute to neuronal survival.
Nerve Growth Factor (NGF): Rita Levi Montalcini and Stanley Cohen purified the first trophic factor, Nerve Growth Factor (NGF), for which they received the Nobel Prize. There are three NGF-related trophic factors: BDNF, NT3, and NT4, which regulate survival of various neuronal populations. The Trk proteins act as receptors for NGF and related factors. Trk is a receptor tyrosine kinase. Trk dimerization and phosphorylation leads to activation of various intracellular signaling pathways including the MAP kinase, Akt, and PKC pathways.
CNTF: Ciliary neurotrophic factor is another protein that acts as a survival factor for motor neurons. CNTF acts via a receptor complex that includes CNTFRα, GP130, and LIFRβ. Activation of the receptor leads to phosphorylation and recruitment of the JAK kinase, which in turn phosphorylates LIFRβ. LIFRβ acts as a docking site for the STAT transcription factors. JAK kinase phosphorylates STAT proteins, which dissociate from the receptor and translocate to the nucleus to regulate gene expression.
GDNF: Glial derived neurotrophic factor is a member of the TGFb family of proteins, and is a potent trophic factor for striatal neurons. The functional receptor is a heterodimer, composed of type 1 and type 2 receptors. Activation of the type 1 receptor leads to phosphorylation of Smad proteins, which translocate to the nucleus to activate gene expression.
Synapse formation
Neuromuscular junction Much of our understanding of synapse formation comes from studies at the neuromuscular junction. The transmitter at this synapse is acetylcholine. The acetylcholine receptor (AchR) is present at the surface of muscle cells before synapse formation. The arrival of the nerve induces clustering of the receptors at the synapse. McMahan and Sanes showed that the synaptogenic signal is concentrated at the basal lamina. They also showed that the synaptogenic signal is produced by the nerve, and they identified the factor as Agrin. Agrin induces clustering of AchRs on the muscle surface and synapse formation is disrupted in agrin knockout mice. Agrin transuces the signal via MuSK receptor to rapsyn. Fischbach and colleagues showed that receptor subunits are selectively transcribed from nuclei next to the synaptic site. This is mediated by neuregulins.
In the mature synapse each muscle fiber is innervated by one motor neuron. However, during development many of the fibers are innervated by multiple axons. Lichtman and colleagues have studied the process of synapses elimination. This is an activity-dependent event. Partial blockage of the receptor leads to retraction of corresponding presynaptic terminals.
CNS synapses Agrin appears not to be a central mediator of CNS synapse formation and there is active interest in identifying signals that mediate CNS synaptogenesis. Neurons in culture develop synapses that are similar to those that form in vivo, suggesting that synaptogenic signals can function properly in vitro. CNS synaptogenesis studies have focused mainly on glutamatergic synapses. Imaging experiments show that dendrites are highly dynamic during development and often initiate contact with axons. This is followed by recruitment of postsynaptic proteins to the site of contact. Stephen Smith and colleagues have shown that contact initiated by dendritic filopodia can develop into synapses.
Induction of synapse formation by glial factors: Barres and colleagues made the observation that factors in glial conditioned media induce synapse formation in retinal ganglion cell cultures. Synapse formation in the CNS is correlated with astrocyte differentiation suggesting that astrocytes might provide a synaptogenic factor. The identity of the astrocytic factors is not yet known.
Neuroligins and SynCAM as synaptogenic signals: Sudhof, Serafini, Scheiffele and colleagues have shown that neuroligins and SynCAM can act as factors that will induce presynaptic differentiation. Neuroligins are concentrated at the postsynaptic site and act via neurexins concentrated in the presynaptic axons. SynCAM is a cell adhesion molecule that is present in both pre- and post-synaptic membranes.
Synapse elimination
Several motorneurones compete for each neuromuscular junction, but only one survives till adulthood. Competition in vitro has been shown to involve a limited neurotrophic substance that is released, or that neural activity infers advantage to strong post-synaptic connections by giving resistance to a toxin also released upon nerve stimulation. In vivo it is suggested that muscle fibres select the strongest neuron through a retrograde signal.
See also
- Neural development in humans
- Axon guidance
- Pioneer neuron
- Neural Darwinism
- Neurodevelopmental disorder
- Pre- and perinatal psychology
- Brain development timelines
- Malleable intelligence
- Human brain development timeline
- Mouse brain development timeline
- Macaque brain development timeline
- ^ Estomih Mtui; Gregory Gruener (2006). Clinical Neuroanatomy and Neuroscience. Philadelphia: Saunders. pp. 1. ISBN 1-4160-3445-5.
- ^ Jessell, Thomas M.; Kandel, Eric R.; Schwartz, James H. (2000). "Chapter 55". Principles of neural science (4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-8385-7701-6.
- ^ Duester, G (September 2008). "Retinoic acid synthesis and signaling during early organogenesis". Cell 134 (6): 921–31. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2008.09.002. PMC 2632951. PMID 18805086. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2632951.
- ^ a b Nadarajah B, Brunstrom J, Grutzendler J, Wong R, Pearlman A (2001). "Two modes of radial migration in early development of the cerebral cortex". Nat Neurosci 4 (2): 143–50. doi:10.1038/83967. PMID 11175874. http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v4/n2/full/nn0201_143.html.
- ^ Samuels B, Tsai L (2004). "Nucleokinesis illuminated". Nat Neurosci 7 (11): 1169–70. doi:10.1038/nn1104-1169. PMID 15508010. http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v7/n11/full/nn1104-1169.html.
- ^ Tamamaki N, Nakamura K, Okamoto K, Kaneko T (September 2001). "Radial glia is a progenitor of neocortical neurons in the developing cerebral cortex". Neurosci. Res. 41 (1): 51–60. doi:10.1016/S0168-0102(01)00259-0. PMID 11535293. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168010201002590.
- ^ Miyata T, Kawaguchi A, Okano H, Ogawa M (September 2001). "Asymmetric inheritance of radial glial fibers by cortical neurons". Neuron 31 (5): 727–41. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(01)00420-2. PMID 11567613. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0896-6273(01)00420-2.
- ^ Nadarajah B, Parnavelas J (2002). "Modes of neuronal migration in the developing cerebral cortex". Nat Rev Neurosci 3 (6): 423–32. doi:10.1038/nrn845. PMID 12042877.
- ^ Rakic P (1972). "Mode of cell migration to the superficial layers of fetal monkey neocortex". J Comp Neurol 145 (1): 61–83. doi:10.1002/cne.901450105. PMID 4624784.
- ^ Letinic K, Zoncu R, Rakic P (June 2002). "Origin of GABAergic neurons in the human neocortex". Nature 417 (6889): 645–9. doi:10.1038/nature00779. PMID 12050665.
- ^ a b Tabata H, Nakajima K (5 November 2003). "Multipolar migration: the third mode of radial neuronal migration in the developing cerebral cortex". J Neurosci 23 (31): 9996–10001. PMID 14602813. http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/full/23/31/9996.
- ^ Nadarajah B, Alifragis P, Wong R, Parnavelas J (2003). "Neuronal migration in the developing cerebral cortex: observations based on real-time imaging". Cereb Cortex 13 (6): 607–11. doi:10.1093/cercor/13.6.607. PMID 12764035. http://cercor.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/13/6/607.
External links
- Neural Development (peer-reviewed open access journal).
- Translating Neurodevelopmental Time Across Mammalian Species
Prenatal development/Mammalian development of nervous system (GA 9.733 and GA 10.1002, TE E5.13-16) NeurogenesisGeneral neural development/
neurulation/neurulaCranial neural crest (Cardiac neural crest complex) · Truncal neural crest
Rostral neuropore
Cephalic flexure · Pontine flexure
Alar plate (sensory) · Basal plate (motor)Germinal matrix
Eye development Auditory developmentnote: NS is mostly ectoderm, but mesoderm is precursor for epineurium, perineurium, and endoneurium
noco/cong/tumr, epon
proc, drug(S1A/1E/1F/1L)
noco/cong, epon
proc, drug(S2)Categories:
- Developmental biology
- Embryology of nervous system
- Developmental neuroscience
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.