text:
Learn Basics of Linux
1. What is Linux?Linux is a free Unix-type operating system for computer devices. The operating system is what makes the hardware work together with the software. The OS is the interface that allows you to do the things you want with your computer. Linux is freely available to everyone.
OS X and
Windows are other widely used OS.
Linux gives you a graphical interface that makes it easy to use your computer, yet it still allows those with know-how to change settings by adjusting
0 to
It is only the kernel that is named Linux, the rest of the OS are GNU tools. A package with the kernel and the needed tools make up a
Linux distribution.
Mandrake ,
SUSE Linux,
Gentoo and Redhat are some of the
many variants. GNU/Linux OS can be used on a large number of boxes,
including i386+ , Alpha, PowerPC and Sparc.
2. Understanding files and foldersLinux is made with one thought in mind: Everything is a file.
A blank piece of paper is called a file in the world of computers. You can use this piece of paper to write a text or make a drawing. Your text or drawing is called information. A computer file is another way of storing your information.
If you make many drawings then you will eventually want to sort them in different piles or make some other system that allows you to easily locate a given drawing. Computers use folders to sort your files in a hieratic system.
A file is an element of data storage in a file system (file systems manual page). Files are usually stored on harddrives, cdroms and other media, but may also be information stored in RAM or links to devices.
To organize our files into a system we use folders. The lowest possible folder is root / where you will find the user homes called /home/.
/ /home/ /home/mom/ /home/dad/Behind every configurable option there is a simple human-readable text file you can hand-edit to suit your needs. These days most programs come with nice GUI (graphical user interface) like Mandrakes Control Center and Suses YAST that can smoothly guide you through most configuration. Those who choose can gain full control of their system by manually adjusting the configuration files from foo=yes to foo=no in an editor.
Almost everything you do on a computer involves one or more files stored locally or on a network.
Your filesystems lowest folder root / contains the following folders:
|Essential user command binaries (for use by all users)
|Static files of the boot loader, only used at system startup
|Device files, links to your hardware devices like /dev/sound, /dev/input/js0 (joystick)
|Host-specific system configuration
|User home directories. This is where you save your personal files
|Essential shared libraries and kernel modules
|Mount point for a temporarily mounted filesystem like /mnt/cdrom
|Add-on application software packages
|/usr is the second major section of the filesystem. /usr is shareable, read-only data. That means that /usr should be shareable between various FHS-compliant hosts and must not be written to. Any information that is host-specific or varies with time is stored elsewhere.
|/var contains variable data files. This includes spool directories and files, administrative and logging data, and transient and temporary files.
|System information stored in memory mirrored as files.
/home/you/ - this is where you will be keeping all your documents.
/home/elvis/Documents /home/elvis/Music /home/elvis/Music/60sFiles are case sensitive, "myfile" and "MyFile" are two different files.
For more details, check out:
3. Understanding users and permissionsLinux is based on the idea that everyone using a system has their own username and password.
Every file belongs to a user and a group, and has a set of given attributes (read, write and executable) for users, groups and all (everybody).
A file or folder can have permissions that only allows the user it belongs to to read and write to it, allowing the group it belongs to to read it and at the same time all other users can't even read the file.
4. Who and what is rootLinux has one special user called
root (this is the user
name). Root is the "system administrator" and has access to all files
and folders. This special user has the right to do anything.
You should never log on as this user unless you actually need to do something that requires it!
su - to temporary become root and do the things you need, again: never log into your sytem as root!
Root is only for system maintenance, this is not a regular user (LindowsOS don't have any user management at all and uses root for everything, this is a very bad idea!).
You can execute a command as root with:
su -c 'command done as root'
Gentoo Linux: Note that on Gentoo Linux only users that are member of the wheel group are allowed to su to root.
5. Opening a command shell / terminalTo learn Linux, you need to learn the shell command line in a terminal emulator.
In KDE:
System ->
Konsoll to get a command shell)
Pressing CTRL-ALT-F1 to CTRL-ALT-F6 gives you the console command shell windows, while CTRL-ALT-F7 gives you XFree86 (the graphical interface).
xterm (manual page) is the standard XFree console installed on all boxes, run it with xterm (press ALT F2 in KDE and Gnome to run commands).
Terminals you probably have installed:
- xterm http://dickey.his.com/xterm/
- konsole (KDEs terminal)
- gnome-terminal (Gnomes terminal)
- rxvt http://www.rxvt.org/
- aterm http://aterm.sourceforge.net
6. Your first Linux commandsNow you should have managed to open a terminal shell and are ready to try your first Linux commands. Simply ask the computer to do the tasks you want it to using it's language and press the enter key (the big one with an arrow). You can add a
& after the command to
make it run
in the background (your terminal will be available while the job is
done). It can be practical to do things like moving big divx movies as a
background process:
cp movie.avi /pub &.
6.1. ls - short for listls lists the files in the current working folder. This is probably the first command to try out.
ls -al --color=yes
6.2. pwd - print name of current/working directory
pwd prints the fully resolved name of the current (working) directory.
6.3. cd - Change directorycd stands for change (working) directory and that's what it does. The folder below you (unless you are in /, where there is no lower directory) is called "..".
To go one folder down:
cd ..
Change into the folder Documents in your current working directory:
cd Documents
Change into a folder somewhere else:
cd /pub/video
The / in front of pub means that the folder pub is located in the / (lowest folder).
7. The basic commands
7.1. chmod - Make a file executableTo make a file executable and runnable by any user:
chmod a+x myfile
7.2. df - view filesystem disk space usage
df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/hda3 73G 67G 2.2G 97% / tmpfs 2.0M 24K 2.0M 2% /mnt/.init.d tmpfs 252M 0 252M 0% /dev/shmThe flags: -h, --human-readable Appends a size letter such as M for megabytes to each size.
7.3. du - View the space used by files and foldersUse du (Disk Usage) to view how much space files and folders occupy.
Example du usage:
du -sh Documents/ 409M Documents
7.4. mkdir - makes foldersFolders are created with the command mkdir:
mkdir folder
To make a long path, use mkdir -p :
mkdir -p /use/one/command/to/make/a/long/path/
Like most programs mkdir supports -v (verbose). Practical when used in scripts.
You can make multiple folders in bash and other shells with {folder1,folder2} :
mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,new,dist,bugs}
The command
rmdir removes folders.
7.5. passwd - changes your login passwordTo change your password in Linux, type:
The root user can change the password of any user by running passwd with the user name as argument:
passwd jonny
will change jonnys password. Running passwd without arguments as root changes the root password.
If you need to add several new users and give them password you can use a handy program like Another Password Generator to generate a large set of "random" passwords.
7.5.1. KDEFrom KDE you can change your password by going:
Change Password
Control Center->
System Administration->
User Account
7.6. rm - delete files and folders, short for removeFiles are deleted with the command rm:
rm /home/you/youfile.txtTo delete folders, use rm together with -f (Do not prompt for confirmation) and -r (Recursively remove directory trees):
rm -rf /home/you/foo/Like most programs rm supports -v (verbose).
7.7. ln - make symbolic linksA symbolic link is a "file" pointing to another file.
To make a symbolic link :
ln /original/file /new/linkThis makes /original/file and /new/link the same file - edit one and the other will change. The file will not be gone until both /original/file and /new/link are deleted.
You can only do this with files. For folders, you must make a "soft" link.
To make a soft symbolic link :
ln -s /original/file /new/linkExample:
ln -s /usr/src/linux-2.4.20 /usr/src/linuxNote that -s makes an "empty" file pointing to the original file/folder. So if you delete the folder a symlink points to, you will be stuck with a dead symlink (just rm it).
7.8. tar archiving utility - tar.bz2 and tar.gztar is a very handle little program to store files and folders in archives, originally made for tapestreamer backups. Tar is usually used together with gzip or bzip2, comprepssion programs that make your .tar archive a much smaller .tar.gz or .tar.bz2 archive.
You can use the program
ark (
Utilities ->
Ark) to handle archives in KDE.
treats file archives like normal folders, simply click on the archive to
open it. The archive becomes a virtual folder that can be used to open,
add or remove files just as if you were working with a normal folder.
7.8.1. tar files (.tar.gz)To untar files:
tar xvzf file.tar.gzTo tar files:
tar cvzf file.tar.gz filedir1 filedir2 filedir2...Note: A .tgz file is the same as a .tar.gz file. Both are also often refered to as tarballs.
The flags: z is for gzip, v is for verbose, c is for create, x is for extract, f is for file (default is to use a tape device).
7.8.2. bzip2 files (.tar.bz2)To unpack files:
tar xjvf file.tar.bz2To pack files:
tar cvjf file.tar.bz2 filedir1 filedir2 filedir2...The flags: Same as above, but with j for for bzip2
You can also use bunzip2 file.tar.bz2 , will turn it into a tar.
For older versions of tar, try tar -xjvf or -xYvf or -xkvf to unpack.There's a few other options it could be, they couldn't decide which switch to use for bzip2 for a while.
How to untar an entire directory full or archives?
for i in `ls *.tar`; do tar xvf $i; done
for i in `ls *.tar.gz`; do tar xvfz $i; done
for i in `ls *.tar.bz2`; do tar xvfj $i; done


text:
Michael Cook , the Cleveland Dodge Professor of Near Eastern Studies at Princeton University, has been selected by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation as one of five winners of its Distinguished Achievement Award. The awards, in their second year, are intended to honor scholars who have made significant contributions to the humanities and to provide the recipients and their institutions with resources to deepen and extend humanistic research.
The three-year awards, amounting to as much as $1.5 million each, aim to underscore the decisive contributions the humanities make to the nation's intellectual life. In contrast to other notable academic award programs that benefit the individual scholar exclusively, the Distinguished Achievement Awards are designed to recognize the interdependence of scholars and their institutions. Accordingly, while this grant program recognizes the achievements of individuals, the grants themselves will support specific programs of activities that will enhance scholarship and teaching more broadly at the recipients' institutions.
Cook, who joined the Princeton faculty in 1986, is widely considered among the most outstanding Islamicists in America today. He has made major contributions to the intellectual history of the medieval Islamic world. His works on Muhammad and early Islamic theology have become classics.
Cook's recently published pioneering study of the interaction between morality and authority in Islamic belief and thought has garnered praise throughout the field and beyond. His scholarship draws upon a wide range of medieval and modern legal, literary and philosophical sources from across the lands and languages of the Islamic world.
The full story is available in a news release.
Contact: Eric Quinones (609) 258-3601

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Queen's In The News Thursday, June 20, 2019
|Media Outlets
|Fernanda De Felice
CBC Radio: Slowing the progress of Alzheimer's Disease
Dr. De Felice says her research could slow the process of the disease.
|Detomasi, David
Globe and Mail: Calm down over Brexit
Professor Detomasi says he thinks Britain's main problem with Europe has been the appearance of being subservient to EU rules.
|Mabee, Warren
Radio Canada International: Major pipeline project approved
Dr. Mabee says that with no legal or protest impediments, the earliest completion date would be about 18 months from now, but with challenges and/or protests, possibly double that time frame.
|Nossal, Kim
CKWS/Global Kingston: Trudeau government struggles to balance human rights push with bid for security council seat
Dr. Nossal says Clerk of the Privy Council Ian Shugart is doing his due diligence by noting for the record that in an environment where the key supporter of human rights — the U.S. — has gone MIA.
|Rose, Jonathan
Hill Times: Early third-party advertising 'unintended consequence' of fixed election dates,
Dr. Rose says these kinds of digital campaigns are cheaper, more effective (since they reach 'friends' with whom you're more likely to share political ideology) and have the patina of populism.
If you would like to receive Queen's In The News by email, please send an email to firstname.lastname@example.com with the text "SUBSCRIBE QITN-OI-L" in the body.


text:
Motorola Inc. today announced a radical shift in its cell phone business, saying that it will ship fewer phone models early next year but that the company plans to ship its first Android smart phone by the 2009 Christmas sales season.
While officials did not discuss layoffs, Motorola expects to reduce its overall costs by $800 million in 2009, which includes $600 million in reductions from the cell phone business. Plans still include spinning off the cell phone division as a separate company, but that move will be pushed beyond 2009 because of the unfavorable climate in the global economy.
Sanjay Jha, Motorola's new chief of mobile devices, said the company will no longer develop phones on some operating systems, including Symbian, but plans to continue with Windows Mobile at the high end and its own P2K proprietary platform at the low end. The Android phone will hit the midtier market where Motorola has not done well, he said.
Jha said Motorola will work closely with Android engineers, including officials at Google Inc. in California, and will open an office in Seattle to work more closely with Microsoft Corp. engineers on producing phones on Windows Mobile 6.5 by mid-2009.
Jha told analysts during a third-quarter earnings call that Motorola could separate its new phones from others in the market even though it doesn't own the operating systems, as Research In Motion Ltd. does with the BlackBerry or Apple Inc. does with the iPhone.
"It's possible to deliver differentiation without owning the platform," Jha said. Motorola's longtime use of Linux and Java in developing software and applications will help in efforts to create unique and unusual devices, he said.
Jack Gold, an analyst at J. Gold Associates in Northboro, Mass., said Motorola's focus on differentiation will be critical. "Having Android alone is not enough. It must also be a compelling device that users want to buy, and not just a device that Motorola will compete with on price," he said. "Of course, the competition -- such as Nokia, Apple, Samsung, RIM and HTC -- haven't been sitting still. So it remains to be seen if Motorola can recapture the market share it once had by offering compelling devices that demand a premium, rather than commodity products."
Jha said that Motorola cell phone designers and engineers have done a "wonderful job in a limited sphere," but he added that "complete user services and the user interface are all becoming more important."
He said that even Windows Mobile has not delivered the user experience that Apple has delivered with the iPhone, but he predicted that Windows Mobile 6.5 and 7.0 "have significant new added features that will help."
"The platforms we have chosen will be capable of delivering better performance and a better experience. The new teams in California and Seattle have been chosen to deliver [user] experiences," Jha said. "That's where we have to differentiate. Our [competitors] have done that better than we have. We recognize that and are focused on it."
A report yesterday in the Wall Street Journal quoting unnamed sources said that Motorola plans to drop four phone platforms in all and dozens of phones under development, likely resulting in thousands of layoffs. But Jha and Greg Brown, co-CEO of Motorola with Jha, did not elaborate on any of those details. Jha would not say how many fewer phones would ship in the first half of 2009, but said it will be a "retrenchment."
Motorola also reported third quarter sales of nearly $7.5 billion, down from $8.8 billion for the same quarter a year ago.
Earnings at the communications equipment maker also fell $397 million, dropping 18 cents a share for the quarter, compared to an increase of 3 cents a share for the same quarter in 2007.
The company's lowest performing unit, Mobile Devices, had sales of $3.1 billion, a reduction of 31% compared to a year ago. The reductions came even as Motorola shipped 25.4 million handsets and introduced 16 new products.
By comparison, Motorola's two other divisions performed much better. Home and Networks Mobility sales dropped 1% over a year ago to $2.4 billion, but earnings in the division increased 65%.
Enterprise Mobility Solutions did even better, up 4% over a year ago, with sales of $2 billion and an earnings increase of 23%.
Gold said Motorola's enterprise business "seems to be doing fairly well, especially in their Symbol division," with ruggedized devices and Wi-Fi implementations. The WiMax business should also "start to kick in for them" in the next year, as Clearwire Inc. and Xohm, a division of Sprint Nextel Inc., launch more systems in more markets, he added.
"Overall, I think that Motorola is a tale of two cities - it is the best of times for enterprise and infrastructure and the worst of times for handsets," Gold concluded. "Can they improve their handsets division which they are planning on selling off or spinning out? This remains the big question."


text:
Party Rental in Oxford, MI - Full Service Support
We have proudly provided both our residential and commercial customers full service, party rental support to help plan their unforgettable events not only in the city of Oxford, but throughout the entire State of Michigan. From tent rentals and table and chair rentals to linen, dance floor and bounce house rentals and everything in between, Perry's Tents & Events prides itself on its impeccable reputation for delivering the best party equipment and supplies available.
From our knowledgeable sales staff to our hard-working delivery personnel, everyone at Perry's Tents & Events knows that the best parties starts with the highest quality party rental equipment and that the highest quality equipment comes from Perry's! So if your party is for 6 people or 6,000 people, Perry's has everything you need to make your party in Oxford memorable, fun, and one-of-a-kind!
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text:
This is really too easy: President Obama is willing to negotiate with Iran, but not with the House of Representatives. Commentators have been all over it, and I don't really have much to add. Except to note that not only has Obama refused to negotiate with the House, he has also had his spokesman describe Republicans as suicide bombers. The irony is rich: those who are concerned about $17 trillion in debt "have bombs strapped to their chests," while the world's biggest sponsor of actual suicide bombers–you know, the ones who blow people up, as opposed to disagreeing with Democrats–are newly-discovered moderates.
Cheap shots aside, it is not surprising that Obama is more comfortable dealing with Hassan Rouhani than with Congressional Republicans. Obama doesn't really care about foreign policy. The foundational belief of the leftists among whom Obama came of age was that America (or "Amerika," as the Left spelled it) is too rich and too powerful. So Obama has a general desire to make the United States poorer and weaker. He is doing a great job so far. But as to specific foreign policy issues, all Obama wants is to sweep them under the rug: Iraq, Afghanistan, Libya, Syria, and now Iran. Just give me a fig leaf, Obama says, so I can get on with what I really care about–transforming the United States into a government-dominated country, against its will. No doubt Obama sees Rouhani as an ally, as they want the same thing: Iran left in peace to develop nuclear weapons, while the administration and the United Nations declare Iran a problem solved. The consequences won't come until Obama is safely out of office.
So it's business as usual at the White House.


text:
In most industrialized countries about 105 boys are born for every 100 girls, for a ratio of 1.05, known as the secondary sex ratio, or SSR; the primary sex ratio is the ratio at conception. This is often expressed as the percentage of boys among all births, or about 51.2 percent. Thus, the short answer to the question is: "On average, no." The percentage of males among all births is not fixed, however. Since the 1950s and 1960s the overall SSR has been declining in the U.S., Canada and several European countries, but some groups display different trends. In the U.S., the SSR is declining for whites, whereas among African-Americans and other races, the SSR has been increasing since the 1960s. Currently the SSR among African-Americans in the U.S. is only about 50.7 percent. There are also both personal and environmental factors that affect the average sex ratio.
The chance of having a boy appears to decline with the mother's age, the father's age and the number of children the family already has. These effects are small. One study in Denmark found that the SSR of children born to fathers younger than 25 was 51.6 percent, which decreased to 51.0 percent among children of fathers at least 40 years of age. Therefore it is unlikely that the declining SSR in many countries results solely from large-scale changes in such personal factors.
With regard to environmental factors, improved prenatal and obstetrical care during the first part of the 20th century is largely responsible for an increased SSR over this period in many countries. The male fetus is more susceptible to loss in the womb than is the female fetus, so with more conceptions reaching term, proportionally more males are born.
It is difficult to discern how much of the decrease in sex ratio since the 1950s arises from contaminants in the environment. What is known is that drug use, high occupational exposures and environmental accidents can affect SSR. For example, hopeful mothers taking clomiphene citrate (Clomid) for infertility bore babies with an SSR of only 48.5 percent. Workers producing 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP), a chemical used to kill worms in agriculture, experienced even larger decreases in the number of male babies they welcomed into the world. Effects of DBCP on sperm quality were discovered incidentally when male workers found that they were unable to father children. After the exposure ended, male workers experienced some recovery of sperm quality and 36 children were born to 44 workers. Of these 36 children only 10 were boys--an SSR of just 27.8 percent. Decreases in the SSR of offspring from fathers exposed to dioxin and dioxinlike chemicals occurred following an explosion in an herbicide factory in Seveso, Italy, in 1976 and contamination of rice oil used for cooking in Yu-Cheng, Taiwan. The decreases were most extreme among the children of fathers who were exposed at earlier ages: an SSR of 38.2 percent was recorded for fathers exposed before age 19 in Seveso, and fathers exposed before age 20 in Yu-Cheng experienced an SSR of 45.8 percent.
These dramatic changes resulting from extreme exposures raise the concern that chemicals in the environment at lower concentrations may also change the SSR by exposing people over longer periods of time. For example, there are reports that parental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and mercury, each of which is widely distributed in the environment, can affect the sex ratio. Confirming such effects will take careful work on large populations, but the results may be quite important for other reasons as well. In the general population, sperm quality deteriorated and testicular cancer and abnormalities of male genitalia increased over the same period that SSR declined. Furthermore, for men who go on to develop testicular cancer, both their semen quality and the SSR of their children are significantly reduced, suggesting a possible biological link between these male reproductive characteristics. Thus, effects of environmental contaminants on the sex ratio may be only the tip of the iceberg.


text:
Sheri Slim Ankle Jeans In Plus Size
With Frayed Hems
Sheri Slim Ankle Jeans In Plus Size - Mauve Mist
Regular price
Prepare yourself for more than a few admiring stares. NYDJ's Sheri Slim Ankle Jeans in Plus Size are an expertly cut fit that's always in season. Lift Tuck® Technology uses a proprietary slimming panel with a patented criss-cross design to shape and support your curves for an always-sleek silhouette. Features frayed hems, classic five-pocket styling, zip fly and button closure. This jean is made with earth-friendly methods that result in reduced consumption of water, chemicals and/or energy.Style #: WFOSSA8014
- 88% Cotton, 10% Polyester, 2% Elastane
- Made with Lift Tuck® Technology to flatten in the front and flatter curves in the back.
- Made using earth-friendly production methods that result in a reduction in consumption of water, chemicals and/or energy.
- Zip fly and button closure; five-pocket styling; frayed hems
- Machine wash cold and line dry.
- Inseam: 27"
- Front Rise: 11.5"
- Back Rise: 18.5"
- Knee: 17.5"
- Leg Opening: 15"
- Measurements taken on size 16W.
- Select one size smaller for the perfect fit.
- Model is wearing size 14W and is 5'11" with a 43" bust, 37.5" waist and 48" hips.
Size Guide


text:
(317) 848-0215
November 28, 2016
Scientists in the far eastern Amur River region of Russia are building a facility that can extract gold from ordinary coal. The announcement brings to mind the alchemists of ancient times, who sought to turn lead into gold.
While the alchemists never found a way to transform base metals into precious metals, Russian scientists are reporting that after 15 years of research they finally have a commercially viable method for pulling trace amounts of gold from coal.
Scientists capture minute particles of gold during the burning process. To secure the precious metal, smoke generated during combustion passes through a 100-fold purifying filter. The contaminants are washed out with water and the gold is captured by the filter.
For every ton of coal burned, one-half gram of gold can be recovered. At today's gold price, the gold extracted from one ton of coal would be worth about $19. As the process is perfected, the researchers believe they can get 1 gram of gold from a ton of coal.
The proof-of-concept experiments will continue this coming year as the Russian Academy of Sciences' Far East branch will be adding the purifying system to one of the Amur region's boiler houses. If the tests are successful, the team hopes to receive a grant to develop and implement an industrial-grade device, according to RT.com.
"We plan to use municipal boiler houses to implement our filtering system because they burn about eight to 10 thousand tons in a season, and that's potentially 10 kilos of gold," Oleg Ageev, CEO of Complex Innovative Technologies of the Amur Scientific Center, said in a press statement.
The Amur installation, which is near the Chinese border, will get into full gear once the temperatures warm up in the remote far eastern region of Russia. Because the filtering system uses water and part of the process takes place outdoors, it only works when the temperature is above freezing.
Coal is one of the most important sources of energy in Russia. The country produced 323 million tons of coal in 2009 and is estimated to have the second-largest coal reserves in the world at 173 billion tons. The U.S. has the largest coal reserves at 263 billion tons.
Credits: Coal mining photo by Peabody Energy, Inc. (Provided by Peabody Energy) [CC BY-SA 4.0], via Wikimedia Commons. Gold bars by istara [CC0], via Wikimedia Commons. Map by GoogleMaps.com.


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Evans & Sutherland will debut the world's highest-resolution production digital projector at next month's InfoComm 2009 conference in Florida. The ESLP 8K laser projector offers a resolution of 8,192 x 4,096 (or 32 megapixels) with the ability to display 3D at a resolution of 4,096 x 4,096. It's expected to ship in the second half of this year.
Targeted toward education, simulation, planetariums, control rooms, visualization centers, and digital cinemas, the ESLP laser projector uses "NanoPixel technology" to deliver about 33.55 million pixels at 36 bits per pixel (12 bits each per red, green, and blue channel), for 16 times the resolution and twice the color range of 1080p HDTV video. (1080p HD is roughly 2 megapixels.)
The system has been installed in some venues already as part of E&S' Digistar 3 Laser planetarium system (including the Samuel Oschin Planetarium at Griffith Observatory in Los Angeles, where it's been in place for about two years).
The 550-pound projector uses three nanopixel chips (one for each color channel), each with more than 8,000 reflective elements. Using a "micro electro-mechanical system," the chips display all pixel rows in an image simultaneously, along with a horizontal scan mirror operating at 60 Hz to 120 Hz. It offers a response time (full on to full off) of less than 200 nanoseconds. E&S said the system has zero persistence (i.e., no smearing of moving images) and produces no visible boundaries between pixels. The laser projector does not use lamps; its lasers have a life expectancy of more than 30,000 hours.
There will be two configurations of the projector once it ships, one offering a brightness of 5,000 ANSI lumens and a contrast ratio of 2,500:1 and one offering a brightness of 2,000 ANSI lumens with a contrast ratio of 2,500:1. Lenses are available for flat screens, domes, and panoramic or cylindrical screens. Connectivity options include DVI, HDMI 1.3, HDSDI, and 10/100 Base-T Ethernet for control and diagnostics.
Prices for the ESLP 8K laser projector will range from $500,000 to $750,000. Further information, including a data sheet, can be found here.
About the Author
David Nagel is editorial director of 1105 Media's Education Technology Group and editor-in-chief of THE Journal and STEAM Universe. A 29-year publishing veteran, Nagel has led or contributed to dozens of technology, art and business publications.
He can be reached at [email protected]. You can also connect with him on LinkedIn at or follow him on Twitter at @THEDavidNagel (K-12) or @CampusTechDave (higher education).
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LOS ANGELES (AP) — "Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen" introduces some 40 new mechanized characters of all shapes, sizes and even sexes — but it's a pair of jive-talking 'bots that critics are singling out as more than just harmless comic relief.
Skids and Mudflap, twin robots disguised as compact Chevys, constantly brawl and bicker in rap-inspired street slang. They're forced to acknowledge that they can't read. One has a gold tooth.
As good guys, they fight alongside the Autobots and are intended to provide comic relief. But the traits they're ascribed raise the specter of stereotypes most notably seen when Jar Jar Binks, the clumsy, broken-English speaking alien from " Star Wars: Episode I — The Phantom Menace" was criticized as a racial caricature.
Wall Street Journal film critic Joe Morgenstern described Binks in 1999 as a "Rastafarian Stepin Fetchit," a reference to a black character from the 1920s and '30s that exploited negative stereotypes for comic effect. Extending that metaphor to the "Transformers" sequel was AP Movie Critic Christy Lemire, who calls Skids and Mudflap "Jar Jar Binks in car form."
And Manohla Dargis, film critic for The New York Times, takes it a step further, writing that the "Transformers" characters were given "conspicuously cartoonish, so-called black voices that indicate that minstrelsy remains as much in fashion in Hollywood as when, well, Jar Jar Binks was set loose by George Lucas."
Director Michael Bay insists that the bumbling 'bots are just good clean fun.
"We're just putting more personality in," Bay said. "I don't know if it's stereotypes — they are robots, by the way. These are the voice actors. This is kind of the direction they were taking the characters and we went with it."
TV actor Reno Wilson, who is black, voices Mudflap. Tom Kenny, the white actor behind SpongeBob SquarePants, voices Skids. Neither immediately responded to interview requests for this story.
Bay said the twins' parts "were kind of written but not really written, so the voice actors is when we started to really kind of come up with their characters."
"I purely did it for kids," the director said. "Young kids love these robots, because it makes it more accessible to them."
Screenwriters Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman said they followed Bay's lead in creating the twins. Still, the characters serve no real purpose in the story, and when the action gets serious, they disappear entirely, notes Tasha Robinson, associate entertainment editor at The Onion.
"They don't really have any positive effect on the film," she said. "They only exist to talk in bad ebonics, beat each other up and talk about how stupid each other is."
Hollywood has a track record of using negative stereotypes of black characters for comic relief, said Todd Boyd, a professor of popular culture at the University of Southern California's School of Cinematic Arts, who has not seen the "Transformers" sequel.
"There's a history of people getting laughs at the expense of African-Americans and African-American culture," Boyd said. "These images are not completely divorced from history even though it's a new movie and even though they're robots and not humans."
American cinema also has a tendency to deal with race indirectly, said Allyson Nadia Field, an assistant professor of cinema and media studies at the University of California, Los Angeles.
"There's a persistent dehumanization of African-Americans throughout Hollywood that displaces issues of race onto non-human entities," said Field, who also hasn't seen the film. "It's not about skin color or robot color. It's about how their actions and language are coded racially."
If these characters weren't animated and instead played by real black actors, "then you might have to admit that it's racist," Robinson said. "But stick it into a robot's mouth, and it's just a robot, it's OK."
But if they're alien robots, she continued, "why do they talk like bad black stereotypes?"
Bay brushes off any whiff of controversy.
"Listen, you're going to have your naysayers on anything," he said. "It's like is everything going to be melba toast? It takes all forms and shapes and sizes."


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New Hot-Pink Slug Found in Australia
This new species of 8-inch-long slug is found only on one mountain.
He's big. He's slimy. And he's … neon pink?! Meet Triboniophorus aff. graeffei, a new species of 8-inch-long slug that's found only on one Australian mountain.
Scientists already knew that a bright-pink slug lived on Mount Kaputar (map), thinking it was a variety of the red triangle slug, a species common along the east coast of Australia. But new research shows that the colorful critter is actually its own species, said Australia's National Parks and Wildlife Service ranger Michael Murphy.
"Recent morphological and genetics work by a researcher working on this slug family—the Athorcophoridae—has indicated the Kaputar slugs are a unique species endemic to Mount Kaputar and the only representative of this family in inland Australia," said Murphy, who's been stationed on Mount Kaputar for 20 years. (Also see "Photos: Fiery Sea Slug Discovered, Lays Lacy Egg Case.")
The pink slug had gone unstudied for so long because Australian slug and snail researchers—known as malacologists—are far outnumbered by their koala-investigating brethren, Murphy said.
Their research on the new slug will likely be submitted for publication soon, he added.
Meanwhile, though, the Australian government has moved to protect this rosy rarity and other unique species by designating their mountain home in New South Wales as an "endangered ecological area."
"Quirk of Evolution"
Tens of millions of years ago, Australia was part of a larger southern continent known as Gondwana, which included Australia, Papua New Guinea, India, and parts of Africa and South America. It was covered in rain forests similar to those of modern-day Papua New Guinea.
A volcanic eruption 17 million years ago on Mount Kaputar kept a small, four-square-mile (ten-square-kilometer) area lush and wet even as much of the rest of Australia turned to desert. This changing environment marooned the plants and animals living on Mount Kaputar from their nearest neighbors for millions of years, making the area a unique haven for species such as the pink slug.
These little sea slug cuties are one of 3000 known species of nudibranchs. Their crazy coloring comes from the food they eat. (See more nudibranchs in our nudibranch gallery).
Because the pink slugs live in beds of red eucalyptus leaves, Murphy suspects their color could potentially serve as camouflage, helping the animals blend in to their leafy habitat.
"However, [the slugs] also spend a lot of their time high on tree trunks nowhere near fallen leaves, so it is possible that the color is just a quirk of evolution. I think if you are isolated on a remote mountaintop, you can pretty much be whatever color you like," Murphy noted.
Slug Fan
Murphy added that the slugs play important roles in their ecosystems—for example, by recycling plant matter.
"I'm a big believer in invertebrates. People tend to focus on the cute and cuddly bird and mammal species like koalas. But these little behind-the-scenes invertebrates really drive whole ecosystems," Murphy told the Australian Broadcasting Service.
Besides the pink slug, researchers have also identified several other invertebrate species that are unique to Mount Kaputar, such as the Kaputar hairy snail and the Kaputar cannibal snail.
These finds, combined with Mount Kaputar's uniqueness and the growing threat from global warming—temperatures just a degree or two warmer would destroy Kaputar's flora and fauna—prompted the Australian government's proposal to preserve Kaputar.
"They are a unique and colorful part of our natural heritage, and we should do everything we can to avoid causing their extinction," Murphy said.


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Auburn, AL (SportsNetwork.com) - The 14th-ranked Kentucky Wildcats will attempt to win their fourth straight game on Wednesday night when they pay a visit to the Auburn Tigers in an SEC clash.
Kentucky captured an impressive 69-59 road victory over Mississippi State on Saturday to keep its winning streak alive. The Wildcats, who have won two straight road games, are a stellar 18-5 overall this season, and at 8-2 in the SEC, they sit alone in second place in the league standings behind Florida.
Auburn had won three straight games prior to its 87-80 setback at LSU on Saturday, which caused it to drop to 11-10 on the season and just 3-7 in league action. Most of the Tigers' success this season has come at Auburn Arena, where they've gone 10-3.
The Wildcats have a dominating advantage over the Tigers in the all-time series, 88-17, with Auburn going winless versus Kentucky since January of 2000.
Kentucky held on for a 10-point victory over the weekend by outshooting Mississippi State from the field, 45 percent to 38.3 percent, and by earning advantages in the both the rebounding (38-33) and turnover (13-9) battles. Julius Randle was the top performer on the afternoon, shooting 8-of-13 from the field for 16 points to go with seven rebounds. James Young added 11 points, and Aaron Harrison filled the stat sheet with nine points, six assists, six rebounds and two steals.
On the season, the Wildcats are a very well-rounded team, as they shoot 47.5 percent from the field for 79.5 ppg, while allowing just 66.7 ppg on 39.7 percent shooting for a scoring margin (+12.8) topped only by Florida in the SEC. They're also outstanding on the glass, ranking third in the nation in rebounding margin (+10.1). Randle anchors the squad from the frontcourt with 16.0 ppg and 9.8 rpg. Young (14.5 ppg), Aaron Harrison (14.5 ppg) and Andrew Harrison (10.7 ppg, 3.5 apg) join Randle as part of a great freshman class. Sophomore Willie Cauley-Stein had been solid in the paint with 7.9 ppg and 6.4 and is an elite defender with 1.2 spg and 3.1 bpg.
The Tigers held a three-point lead early in the second half of their most recent contest but fell victim to a 10-0 LSU run and never got closer than four points the rest of the way. They shot a mere 40.3 percent from the field and were both outrebounded (46-35) and outscored at the free-throw line (27-16) by convincing margins. Chris Denson was excellent despite the defeat, as he shot 11-of-23 from the field on his way to a game-high 29 points. KT Harrell chipped in 19 points before fouling out and Tahj Shamsid-Deen added 16 points to the losing effort.
Scoring points hasn't been the issue this season for Auburn, as it shoots 45.2 percent from the field for 73.2 ppg, but it has struggled in SEC action due to its 13th-ranked scoring defense (72.0 ppg). With Denson's latest performance, he has taken over the SEC scoring lead with 20.2 ppg, doing so on 48.6 percent shooting from the floor. Harrell is right on his tail with 19.4 ppg, having made 50 3-pointers at a 39.1 percent clip, while knocking down 85.2 percent of his free-throw tries. Shamsid-Deen has also been solid with 9.4 ppg and Allen Payne (7.0 ppg, 6.0 rpg, 1.2 bpg) mans the paint.


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Type Keywords to Search for a Treaty
African Convention On The Conservation Of Nature And Natural Resources (1968)
|African Union
|Environmental Conservation
|Date of Adoption
|July 11th 2003
|Place of Adoption
|Algiers, Algeria
|Date of Entry into Force
|June 16th 1969
|Date of Signature
|September 15th 1968
|Date of Accession/Succession/Ratification
|May 12th 1969
|Date of Deposition
|May 12th 1969
|Place of Deposit
|Treaty Status
|Declarations and Reservations
|Domestic Legislation
|Relevant Government Ministry
We, the Heads of State and Government of Independent African States,
FULLY CONSCIOUS that soil, water, flora and faunal resources constitute a capital of vital importance to mankind;
CONFIRMING, as we accepted upon declaring our adherence to the Charter of the Organization of African Unity, that we know that it is our duty "to harness the natural and human resources of our continent for the total advancement of our peoples in spheres of human endeavour";
FULLY CONSCIOUS of the ever-growing importance of natural resources from an economic, nutritional, scientific, educational, cultural and aesthetic point of view;
CONSCIOUS of the dangers which threaten some of these irreplaceable assets;
ACCEPTING that the utilization of the natural resources must aim at satisfying the needs of man according to the carrying capacity of the environment;
DESIROUS of undertaking individual and joint action for the conservation, utilization and development of these assets by establishing and maintaining their rational utilization for the present and future welfare of mankind;
CONVINCED that one of the most appropriate means of achieving this end is to bring into force a convention;
Article IThe Contracting States hereby establish an AFRICAN CONVENTION ON THE CONSERVATION OF NATURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES.
Article II - Fundamental Principle
The Contracting States shall undertake to adopt the measures to ensure conservation, utilization and development of soil, water, flora and faunal resources in accordance with scientific principles and with due regard to the best interests of the people.
Article III - Definitions
For purposes of the present Convention, the meaning of the following expressions shall be as defined below:
(a). "Natural Resources" means renewable resources, that is soil, water, flora and fauna.
(b). "Specimen" means an individual example of a species of wild animal or wild plant or part of a wild plant.
(c). "Trophy" means any dead animal specimen or part thereof whether included in a manufactured or processed object or otherwise dealt with, unless it has lost its original identity; also nests, eggs and eggshells.
(d). "Conservation area" means any protected natural resource area, whether it be a strict natural reserve, a national park or a special reserve;
1) "strict nature reserve" means an area:
i) under State control and the boundaries of which may not be altered nor any portion alienated except by the competent legislative authority,
ii) throughout which any form of hunting or fishing, any undertaking connected with forestry, agriculture or mining, any grazing, any excavation or prospecting, drilling, levelling of the ground or construction, any work tending to alter the configuration of the soil or the character of the vegetation, any water pollution and, generally, any act likely to harm or disturb the fauna or flora, including introduction of zoological or botanical species, whether indigenous or imported, wild or domesticated, are strictly forbidden.
iii) where it shall be forbidden to reside, enter, traverse or camp, and where it shall be forbidden to fly over at low altitude, without a special written permit from the competent authority, and in which scientific investigations (including removal of animals and plants in order to maintain an ecosystem) may only be undertaken by permission of the competent authority;
2) "national park" means an area:
i) under State control and the boundaries of which may not be altered or any portion alienated except by the competent legislative authority,
ii) exclusively set aside for the propagation, protection, conservation and management of vegetation and wild animals as well as for the protection of sites, land-spaces or geological formations of particular scientific or aesthetic value, for the benefit and enjoyment of the general public, and
iii) in which the killing, hunting and capture of animals and the destruction or collection of plants are prohibited except for scientific and management purposes and on the condition that such measures are taken under the direction or control of the competent authority;
iv) covering any aquatic environment to which all of the provisions of section (b) (1-3) above are applicable.
The activities prohibited in "strict nature reserve" under the provisions of section (a) (2) of paragraph (4) of this article are equally prohibited in national parks except in so far as they are necessary to enable the park authorities to implement the provisions of section (2) of this paragraph, by applying, for example, appropriate management practices, and to enable the public to visit these parks; however, sport fishing may be practised with the authorization and under the control of the competent authority;
3) "special reserve" means other protected areas such as:
i) "game reserve" which shall denote an area
a) set aside for the conservation, management and propagation of wild animal life and the protection and management of its habitat,
b) within which the hunting, killing or capture of fauna shall be prohibited except by or under the direction or control of the reserve authorities,
c) where settlement and other human activities shall be controlled or prohibited;
ii) "partial reserve" or "sanctuary" which shall denote an area
a) set aside to protect characteristic wildlife and especially bird communities, or to protect particularly threatened animal or plant species and especially those listed in the Annex to this Convention, together with the biotopes essential for their survival,
b) in which all other interests and activities shall be subordinated to this end;
iii) "soil", "water" or "forest" reserve shall denote areas set aside to protect such resources.
Article IV-Soil
1. The Contracting States shall take effective measures for conservation and improvement of the soil and shall in particular combat erosion and misuse of the soil. To this end:
a) they shall establish land-use plans based on scientific investigations (ecological, pedological, economic, and sociological) and, in particular, classification and land-use capability;
b) they shall, when implementing agricultural practices and agrarian reforms,
1) improve soil conservation and introduce improved farming methods, which ensure long-term productivity of the land,
2) control erosion caused by various forms of land-use which may lead to loss of vegetation cover.
Article V - Water
1. The Contracting States shall establish policies for conservation, utilization and development of underground and surface water, and shall endeavour to guarantee for their populations a sufficient and continuous supply of suitable water, taking appropriate measures with due regard to:
a) the study of water cycles and the investigation of each catchment area,
b) the co-ordination and planning of water resources development projects,
c) the administration and control of all water utilization, and
d) prevention and control of water pollution.
2. Where surface or underground water resources are shared by two or more of the Contracting States, the latter shall act in consultation, and if the need arises, set up inter-State Commissions to study and resolve problems arising from the joint use of these resources, and for the joint development and conservation thereof.
Article VI - Flora
1. The Contracting States shall take all necessary measures for the protection of flora and to ensure its best utilization and development. To this end the Contracting States shall:
a) adopt scientifically-based conservation, utilization and management plans of forests and' rangeland, taking into account the social and economic needs of the States concerned, the importance of the vegetation cover for the maintenance of the water balance of an area, the productivity of soils and the habitat requirements of the fauna;
b) observe section (a) above by paying particular attention to controlling bush fires, forest exploitation, land clearing for cultivation, and over-grazing by domestic and wild animals;
c) set aside areas for forest reserves and carry out afforestation programmes where necessary;
d) limitation of forest grazing to season and intensities that will not prevent forest regeneration; and
e) establish botanical gardens to perpetuate plant species of particular interest.
2. The Contracting States also shall undertake the conservation of plant species or communities, which are threatened and/or of special scientific or aesthetic value by ensuring that they are included in conservation areas.
Article VII-Faunal Resources
1. The Contracting States shall ensure conservation, wise use and development of faunal resources and their environment, within the framework of land-use planning and of economic and social development. Management shall be carried out in accordance with plans based on scientific principles, and to that end the Contracting States shall:
a) manage wildlife populations inside designated areas according to the objectives of such areas and also manage exploitable wildlife populations outside such areas for an optimum sustained yield, compatible with and complementary to other land uses; and
b) manage aquatic environments, whether in fresh, brackish or coastal water, with a view to minimise deleterious effects of any water and land use practice which might adversely affect aquatic habitats.
2. The Contracting States shall adopt adequate legislation on hunting, capture and fishing, under which:
a) the issue of permits is properly regulated;
b) unauthorized methods are prohibited;
c) the following methods of hunting, capture and fishing are prohibited:
1) any method liable to cause a mass destruction of wild animals,
2) the use of drugs, poisons, poisoned weapons or poisoned baits,
3) the use of explosives;
4) the following methods of hunting and capture are particularly prohibited:
i). the use of mechanically propelled vehicles;
ii). the use of fire;
iii). the use of fire arms capable of firing more than one round at each pull of the trigger;
iv). hunting or capture at night;
v). the use of missiles containing detonators;
d) the following methods of hunting or capture are as far as possible prohibited:
1) the use of nets and stockades,
2) the use of concealed traps, pits, snares, set-gun traps, deadfalls, and hunting from a blind or hide;
e) with a view to as rational use as possible of game meat, the abandonment by hunters of carcasses of animals, which represent a food resource, is prohibited.
Capture of animals with the aid of drugs or mechanically propelled vehicles, or hunting or capture by night if carried out by, or under the control of, the competent authority shall nevertheless be exempted from the prohibitions under (c) above.
Article VIII - Protected Species
1. The Contracting States recognize that it is important and urgent to accord a special protection to those animal and plant species that are threatened with extinction, or which may become so, and to the habitat necessary to their survival. Where such a species is represented only in the territory of one Contracting State, that State has a particular responsibility for its protection. These species which are, or may be, listed according to the degree of protection that shall be given to them are placed in Class A or B of the Annex to this Convention, and shall be protected by Contracting States as follows:
a) species in Class A shall be totally protected throughout the entire territory of the Contracting States; the hunting, killing, capture or collection of specimens shall be permitted only on the authorization in each case of the highest competent authority and only if required in the national interest or for scientific purposes; and
b) species in Class B shall be totally protected, but may be hunted, killed, captured or collected under special authorization granted by the competent authority.
2. The competent authority of each Contracting State shall examine the necessity of applying the provisions of this article to species not listed in the annex, in order to conserve the indigenous flora and fauna of their respective countries. Such additional species shall be placed in Class A or B by the State concerned, according to its specific requirements.
Article IX -Traffic in Specimens and Trophies
1. In the case of animal species to which Article VIII does not apply the Contracting States shall:
a) regulate trade in and transport of specimens and trophies;
b) control the application of these regulations in such a way as to prevent trade in specimens and trophies which have been illegally captured or killed or obtained.
2. In the case of plant and animal species to which Article VIII paragraph (1) applies, the Contracting States shall:
a) take all measures similar to those in paragraph (1);
b) make the export of such specimens and trophies subject to an authorization:
1) additional to that required for their capture, killing or collection by Article VIII,
2) which indicates their destination,
3) which shall not be given unless the specimens or trophies have been obtained legally,
4) which shall be examined prior to exportation,
5) which shall be on a standard form, as may be arranged under Article XVI.
c) make the import and transit of such specimens and trophies subject to the presentation of the authorization required under section (b) above with due provision for the confiscation of specimens and trophies exported illegally, without prejudice to the application of other penalties.
Article X - Conservation Areas
1. The Contracting States shall maintain and extend where appropriate, within their territory and where applicable in their territorial waters, the Conservation areas existing at the time of entry into force of the present Convention and, preferably within the framework of land-use planning programmes, assess the necessity of establishing additional conservation areas in order to:
a) protect those ecosystems which are most representative of and particularly those which are in any respect peculiar to their territories,
b) ensure the conservation of all species and more particularly of those listed or which may be listed in the annex to this Convention;
2. The Contracting States shall establish, where necessary, around the borders of conservation areas, zones within which the competent authorities shall control activities detrimental to the protected natural resources.
Article XI - Customary Rights
The Contracting States shall take all necessary legislative measures to reconcile customary rights with the provisions of this Convention.
Article XII - Research
The Contracting States shall encourage and promote research in conservation, utilization and management of natural resources and shall pay particular attention to ecological and sociological factors.
Article XIII - Conservation Education
1. a) The Contracting States shall ensure that their peoples appreciate their close dependence on natural resources and that they understand the need, and rules for, the rational utilization of these resources.
b) For this purpose they shall ensure that the principles indicated in paragraph (1):
i) are included in educational programmes at all levels,
ii) form the object of information campaigns capable of acquainting the public with, and winning it over to, the idea of conservation.
2. In order to put into effect paragraph (l) above, the Contracting States shall make maximum use of the educational value of conservation areas.
Article XIV-Development Plans
1. The Contracting States shall ensure that conservation and management of natural resources are treated as an integral part of national and/or regional development plans.
2. In the formulation of all development plans, full consideration shall be given to ecological, as well as to economic and social factors.
3. Where any development plan is likely to affect the natural resources of another State, the latter shall be consulted.
Article XV-Organization of National Conservation Services
Each Contracting State shall establish, if it has not already done so, a single agency empowered to deal with all matters covered by the Convention, but, where this is not possible, a co-ordinating machinery shall be established for this purpose.
Article XVI-Inter-State Co-operation
1. The Contracting States shall co-operate:
a) whenever such co-operation is necessary to give effect to the provisions of this Convention and
b) whenever any national measure is likely to affect the natural resources of any other State.
2. The Contracting States shall supply the Organization of African Unity with:
a) the text of laws, decrees, regulations and instructions in force in their territories, which are intended to ensure the implementation of this Convention,
b) reports on the results achieved in applying the provisions of this Convention, and
c) all the information necessary for the complete documentation of matters dealt with by this Convention if requested.
3. If so requested by Contracting States, the organization of African Unity shall organize any meeting which may be necessary to dispose of any matters covered by this Convention. Requests for such meetings must be made by at least three of the Contracting States and be approved by two-thirds of the States which it is proposed should participate in such meetings.
4. Any expenditure arising from this Convention, which devolves upon the Organization of African Unity shall be included in its regular budget, unless shared by the Contracting States or otherwise defrayed.
Article XVII-Provision for Exceptions
1. The provisions of this Convention shall not affect the responsibilities of Contracting States concerning:
a) the paramount interest of the State,
b) "force majeure",
c) defence of human life.
2. The provisions of this Convention shall not prevent Contracting States:
a) in time of famine,
b) for the protection of public health,
c) in defence of property,
to enact measures contrary to the provisions of the Convention, provided their application is precisely defined in respect of aim, time and place.
Article XVIII-Settlement of Disputes
Any dispute between the Contracting States relating to the interpretation or application of this Convention which cannot be settled by negotiation, shall at the request of any party be submitted to the Commission of Mediation, Conciliation and Arbitration of the Organization of African Unity.
Article XIX-Signature and Ratification
1. This Convention shall be open for signature immediately after being approved by the Assembly of Heads of State and Government of the Organization of African Unity.
2. The Convention shall be ratified by each of the Contracting States. The instruments of ratification shall be deposited with the Administrative Secretary General of the Organization of African Unity.
Article XX-Reservations
1. At the time of signature, ratification or accession, any State may declare its acceptance of this Convention in part only, provided that such reservation may not apply to the provisions of Articles II-XI.
2. Reservations made in conformity with the preceding paragraph shall be deposited together with the instruments of ratification or accession.
3. Any Contracting State which has formulated a reservation in conformity with the preceding paragraph may at any time withdraw it by notifying the Administrative Secretary General of the Organization of African Unity.
Article XXI-Entry into force
1. This Convention shall come into force on the thirtieth day following the date of deposit of the fourth instrument of ratification or accession with the Administrative Secretary General of the Organization of African Unity, who shall inform participating States accordingly.
2. In the case of a State ratifying or acceding to the Convention after the depositing of the fourth instrument of ratification or accession, the Convention shall come into force on the thirtieth day after the deposit by such State of its instrument of ratification or accession.
3. The London Convention of 1933 or any other Convention on the conservation of flora and fauna in their natural state shall cease to have effect in States in which this Convention has come into force.
Article XXII-Accession
1. After the date of approval specified in Article XIX paragraph (1), this Convention shall be open to accession by any independent and sovereign African State.
2. The instruments of accession shall be deposited with the Administrative Secretary General of the Organization of African Unity.
Article XXIII-Denunciation
1. Any Contracting State may denounce this Convention by notification in writing addressed to the Administrative Secretary General of the Organization of African Unity.
2. Such denunciation shall take effect, for such a State, one year after the date of receipt of its notification by the Administrative Secretary General of the Organization of African Unity.
3. No denunciation shall, however, be made before the expiry of a period of five years from the date at which for the State concerned this Convention comes into force.
Article XXIV-Revision
1. After the expiry of a period of five years from the date of entry into force of this Convention, any Contracting State may at any time make a request for the revision of part or the whole of this Convention by notification in writing addressed to the Administrative Secretary General of the Organization of African Unity.
2. In the event of such a request the appropriate organ of the Organization of African Unity shall deal with the matter in accordance with the provisions of section 3 of Article XVI of this Convention.
3. i) At the request of one or more Contracting States and notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (1) and (2) of this Article, the annex to this Convention may be revised or added to by the appropriate organ of the Organization of African Unity.
ii) Such revision or addition shall come into force three months after the approval by the appropriate organ of the Organization of African Unity.
Article XXV-Final Provisions
The original of this Convention of which both the English and the French texts are authentic, shall be deposited with the Administrative Secretary General of the Organization of African Unity.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF we the Heads of State and Government of Independent African States, assembled at Algiers, Algeria, on 15 September 1968, have signed this Convention.
Class A
All Malagasy lemuroids
Macaca sylvana
Barbary ape
Theropithecus gelada
Gelada baboon
Cercocebus galeritus galeritus
Tana River mangabey
Cercopithecus diana
Diana monkey
Colobus badius kirkii
Zanzibar red colobus
Colobus badius ruformitratus
Tana River red colobus
Colobus badius gordonorum
Uhehe red colobus
Colobus verus
Green colobus
Pan troglodytes
Pan paniscus
Pygmy chimpanzee
Gorilla gorilla
Epixerus spp.
African palm squirrels
Canis simensis
Simenian jackal
Osbornictis piscivora
Water civet
Fossa fossa
Malagasy civet
Eupleres spp.
Felis nigripes
Black-footed cat
Felis aurata
African golden cat
Acinonyx jubatus
Monachus monachus
Mediterranean monk seal
Dugong dugong
Trichechis senegalenis
West African manatee
Equus asinus
Wild ass
Equus zebra zebra
Cape mountain zebra
Certotherium simum
Square-lipped rhinoceros
Cheoropsis liberiensis
Pygmy hippopotamus
Cervus elaphus barbarus
Barbary stag
Okapia johnstoni
Taurotaragus derbianus derbianus
Western giant eland
Cephalophus jentiniki
Jentink's duiker
Hippotragus niger varinai
Giant sable antelope
Alcelaphus buselaphus
Tora Hartebeest
Alcelaphus buselaphus
Swaynei's Hartebeest
Nesotragus moschatus moschatus
Zanzibar suni
Dorcatragus megalotis
Biera antelope
Cazella dorcas neglecta
Algerian dorcas gazelle
Gazella dorcas massaesyla
Moroccan dorcas gazelle
Gazella leptocerus leprocerus
Slender-horned gazelle
Gazella pelzelni
Pelzeln's gazelle
Cazella spekei
Speke's gazelle
Gazella dama mhorr
Mhorr gazelle
Gazella dama lozanoi
Rio de Ora dama gazelle
Capra Walie
Walia ibex
All pelicans
Ciconiidae, Scopidae et Ardeidae
All storks, hammerkops, ibises
spoonbills, herons and bitterns
All flamingos
Sagittarius serpentarius
Secretary bird
Aegypius, Gyps, Pseudogyps, Torgos,
Triconoceps, Neophron et Necrosyrtes
All vultures
Gypaetus barbatus
Stephanoaetas coronatus
Crowned hawk-eagle
Falco fasciinucha
Teita falcon
Agelastes melaegrides
White-head guineafowl
Afroparvo congensis
Congo peacock
All cranes
Bucorvus spp.
All ground hornbills
Picarthates gymnocephalus
White-necked rockfowl
Picarthates oreas
Grey-necked rockfowl
Warsanglia johannis
Warsangli linnet
Cheloniidae, Dermochelyidaie
All marine turtles
Testudo gigantia
Giant tortoise
Testudo yniphora
Angulated tortoise
Testudo radiata
Testudo radiata
Macroscincus coctei
Cape Verde skink
Gecko uroplates
Leaf-tailed gecko
Casarea dussemieri
Plate island boa
Boilieria multicarinata
Rhonde Island boa
Acrantophis madagascariensi
Acrantophis madagascariensi
Acrantophis dumerilii
Acrantophis dumerilii
Bufo superciliaris
Cameroon toad
Nectophrynoides occidentalis
Viviparous toad
Caecobarbus Caecomastacembelus, Eilichtys,
Typheleotris, Phreatichthys Uegitglanis
Blind fishes
Welwitschia bainesii
Encephalartos laurentanus
Encepahalartos septentrionalis
Class B
All other shrews of the family Potamogladiae
Lorisidae Primates
All promisians of the family Lorisidae
All monkeys except common baboons
Manis gigantea
Giant pangolin
Manis temmincki
Cape pangolin
Manis tricuspis
Tree pangolin
Manis longicaudata
Long-tailed tree pangolin
All others of the sub-family Lutrinae
Proteles cristatus
Hyaena hyaena barbara
Barbary hyaena
Felis caracal
Caracal lynx
Felis serval
Panthera leo
Panthera pardus
Madagascar Tenrecs (all species)
Crytoprocto ferox
All Malagasy mongooses of the sub-family Gailidinae
Orycepteropus afer
Loxodonta africana
Equus zebra hartmanne
Hartmann's mountain zebra
Equus burchelli
Burchell's zebra
Equus grevyi
Grevy's zebra
Diceros bicornis
Black rhinoceros
Hylocherus meinertzhageni
Giant forest hog
Hippopotamus amphibius
Hyemoschus aquaticus
Water chevrotain
Girrafa camelopardalis
Tragelaphus angasi
Tragelaphus buxtoni
Mountain nyala
Tragelaphus spekei
Tragelaphus imberbis
Lesser kudu
Tregelaphus strepsiceros
Greater kudu
Taurotragus oryx
Taurotragus derbianus
Giant eland
Boocerus eurycerus
Syncerus caffer
Cephalophus adersi
Zanzibar duiker
Cephalophus ogilbyi
Ogilby's duiker
Cephalophus silvicultor
Yellow-backed duiker
Cephalophus spadix
Abbott's duiker
Cephalophus Zebra
Banded duiker
Kobus ellipsiprymnus
Kobus defassa
Defassa waterbuck
Kobus leche
Kobus magaceros
Nile Lechwe
Adenota kob
Redunca arundinum
Redunca fulvorufula
Mountain reedbuck
Redunca redunca
Bohor antelope
Hippotragus equinus
Roan antelope
Hippootragus niger
Sable antelope
Oryx gazella
Oryx tao
Scimitar-horned oryx
Addax nasomaculatus
Damaliscus lunatus
Tsessebe (Sassaby)
Damaliscus korrigum
Damaliscus dorcas dorcas
Damaliscus dorcas phillipsi
Damaliscus hunteri
Hunter's hartebeest
Alcelaphus buselaphus
Alcelaphus lichtensteini
Lichtenstein s hartebeest
Connochaetes gnou
Black wildebeest
Oreotragus oreotragus
Ourebia spp.
Oribis (All species)
Neotragus pygmaeus
Royal antelope
Neotragus batesi
Dwarf antelope
Madoqua kirki
Damara dikdik
Aepyceros melampus
Ammodorcas clarkei
Litocranius walleri
Gazella dorcas
Dorcas gazelle
Gazella rufifons
Korin gazelle
Gazella tilonura
Heuglin's gazelle
Gazella dama
Dama gazelle
Gazella soemmerringi
Soemmering's gazelle
Capre ibex nubiana
Nubian ibex
Ammotragus lervia
Barbary sheep (Aoudad)
Struthio camelus
Falconiformes etc., Strigiformers
All birds of prey and all owls not in Class A
All bustards
All Crocodiles


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While current research regarding the relationship between alcohol consumption and prostate cancer risk is inconclusive, a new study by Dr. Alan Kristal and colleagues reports that daily, heavy drinking increases the risk of high-grade prostate cancer. The paper, which appears in online in the journal CANCER, also reports that such drinking renders preventive drug therapy with finasteride ineffective.
Kristal, a nutritional epidemiologist in the Hutchinson Center's Public Health Sciences Division, and colleagues examined the associations of total alcohol, type of alcoholic beverage and drinking pattern with risks of total, low- and high-grade prostate cancer, using data from more than 10,000 men participating in the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT). They found participants who reported heavy alcohol consumption (more than 50 grams of alcohol per day) and regular heavy drinking (more than four drinks per day for at least five days per week) were twice as likely or more to be diagnosed with high-grade prostate cancer.
Less heavy drinking was not associated with risk. The researchers also compared drinking patterns with treatment outcome among those diagnosed with prostate cancer enrolled on this placebo-controlled trial of the drug finasteride. They found finasteride's ability to lower prostate cancer risk was blocked in men who drank less than 50 grams of alcohol per day.
Kristal, who is also associate head of the Cancer Prevention Program, said the findings are important because few studies have combined the following:
"Basically, moderate drinking has no effect on prostate cancer risk, but regular heavy drinking may, Kristal said. "Men who are using finasteride for prostate cancer prevention should reduce the amount they drink to fewer than four drinks per day."
The authors of the paper, "Alcohol Consumption, Finasteride and Prostate Cancer Risk: Results from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial," include Jeannette Schenk, Dr. Catherine Tangen, Phyllis Goodman, all of the PHS division; first author Dr. Zhihong Gong, formerly of PHS who is now at the University of California San Francisco; and Dr. Ian Thompson of the University of Texas Health Science Center of San Antonio.
[Adapted from a news release from the journal CANCER.]
Every dollar counts. Please support lifesaving research today.


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Diesel engines are used in many applications by the offshore industry: from lifeboat engines and emergency power generation applications to powering drilling operations.
Castrol has a product to meet the demanding lubricant needs of each offshore engine application.
Lubrication recommendations vary, but all consider the following factors: Industry specifications, OEM recommendation, lubricant oil viscosity and base number.
Our diesel engine oils meet the specifications of main diesel engine OEMs such as Caterpillar, GM-EMD, Detroit Diesel, MTU and Wärtsilä. For more information contact your local Castrol Technical Service Engineer.
Castrol Elixion is a high performance CJ-4h multigrade oil, suitable for Caterpillar units in low ambient temperatures (Arctic). Engineered to improve the fuel economy of equipment it helps engines stay in peak condition, fully protected even at extended oil drain intervals and under extreme operating conditions.
Castrol Tection Global 15W-40 is mineral based multigrade engine oil meeting API CI-4 specification. Its versatile formulation protects against wear and deposits, reducing maintenance costs and preventing unscheduled downtime. Widely used in turbo-charged and naturally aspirated diesel engines of European (Euro 4 and Euro 3), US and Japanese technology vehicles, Castrol Tection Global 15W-40 is approved by OEMs for use at extended drain intervals.
Diesel engine oil Castrol Tection Monograde is available in SAE 10W, SAE 20W, SAE 30 and SAE 40 viscosities. It is a standard monograde diesel engine oil range meeting API CF specification.
This high performance diesel engine oil is specially formulated for use in Detroit Diesel two-stroke engines, operating with diesel fuels up to 0.5% maximum sulfur. Castrol Tection DD Monograde 40 has a low ash formulation developed to protect Detroit Diesel two-stroke diesel engines.
This Zinc and Chlorine free monograde engine crankcase lubricant is designed to lubricate diesel propulsion, diesel electric and stationary power generation installations, where a zinc free lubricant is specified. Formulated to meet the requirements of engines manufactured by General Motors Electromotive Division (GM-EMD), General Electric (GE) and ALCO, it is suitable for all engines fitted with silver bearings, particularly those used in Marine and Offshore power generation sets.
Castrol Enduron MT is an SAE 10W-40 semi-synthetic diesel engine lubricant which is particularly recommended for MTU diesel engines where "Type 3" approval is required. It is also recommended for other high-speed marine engines such as MAN where ACEA E4 performance is required and/or extreme conditions require cold-start ability.
Castrol HLX is formulated for use in very highly rated high speed marine and power generation diesel engines that use distillate fuel with sulfur from zero up to 1%. Particularly suitable for high power density applications such as fast ferries, Castrol HLX meets performance requirements of marine monograde lubricant specifications. It extends drain periods to deliver performance normally associated with synthetic oils. Castrol HLX is available in both SAE 30 and 40 viscosity grades.
Castrol MHP Range is a high performance lubricant formulated using high quality base oils and additives. Available in both SAE 30 and 40 viscosity grades it is specifically developed for use in modern highly rated marine and power generation four-stroke engines operating on distillate fuels. MHP's high load carrying capabilities and excellent gear performance means it can be used as a common oil for engine and transmission systems. MHP exceeds the specifications of API CF and is approved by major marine engine makers worldwide.


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Women with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) gain weight more rapidly and are more likely to be overweight or obese than women without the disorder, find researchers at Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health and Harvard School of Public Health. It is the first study to look at the relationship between PTSD and obesity over time. Results appear online in JAMA Psychiatry.
One in nine women will have PTSD at sometime over the course of their lifetime—twice as often as men. Women are also more likely to experience extreme traumatic events like rape that carry a high risk for the disorder.
"PTSD is not just a mental health issue," says study senior author Karestan Koenen, PhD, Mailman School associate professor of Epidemiology. "Along with cardiovascular disease and diabetes, we can now add obesity to the list of known health risks of PTSD."
"The good news from the study is that it appears that when PTSD symptoms abate, risk of becoming overweight or obese is also significantly reduced," says first author Laura D. Kubzansky, PhD, Professor of Social and Behavioral Sciences at Harvard School of Public Health. However, despite the growing evidence of potential far-reaching problems associated with PTSD, it's estimated that only half of women in the United States with the disorder are ever treated. "Hopefully, wider recognition that PTSD can also influence physical health will improve this statistic, leading to better screening and treatments, including those to prevent obesity," says Dr. Kubzansky.
While it's known that women with PTSD have high rates of obesity, it has been unclear whether PTSD was actually driving the weight gain. To explore the issue, the researchers analyzed data collected from 50,504 women, aged 22-44 years, taking part in the Nurses' Health Study II between 1989 and 2009. Participants were asked about the worst trauma they experienced and if they had related post-traumatic stress symptoms. The threshold for PTSD was the persistence of four or more symptoms over a month or longer. Common symptoms include re-experiencing the traumatic event, feeling under threat, social avoidance, and numbness.
Normal-weight women who developed PTSD during the study period had 36% increased odds of becoming overweight or obese compared with women who experienced trauma but had no symptoms of PTSD. The higher risk was evident even for women with sub-threshold symptoms levels and remained after adjusting for depression, which has also been proposed as a major risk factor for obesity. In women with PTSD that began prior to the study period, body mass index increased at a more rapid pace than women without PTSD.
The observed effect of PTSD on obesity is likely stronger in the general population of women than in nurses, notes Dr. Koenen. "Nurses are great for studies because they report health measures like BMI with a high degree of accuracy. But they are also more health conscious and probably less likely to become obese than most of us, which makes these results more conservative than they would otherwise be."
Symptoms of PTSD rather than the trauma itself seemed to be behind the weight gain. "We looked at the women who developed PTSD and compared them to women who experienced trauma but did not develop PTSD. On the whole, before their symptoms emerged, the rate of change in BMI was the same as the women who never experienced trauma or did experience trauma but never developed symptoms," says Dr. Kubzansky.
How exactly does PTSD lead to weight gain? The biological pathway is unknown, but scientists have a number of guesses. One is through the over-activation of stress hormones. PTSD may lead to disturbances in functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system, each of which are involved in regulating a broad range of body processes, including metabolism. Another is through unhealthy behavior patterns that may be used to cope with stress. Ongoing research is looking at whether PTSD increases women's preference for processed foods and decreases their likelihood of exercising.
Co-authors include Pula Bordelois, MPH, and Andrea Roberts, PhD, at Harvard School of Public Health; Hee Jin Jun, DrPH, at the Channing Division of Network Medicine at Brigham and Women's Hospital; Noah Blustone, BA, at Harvard Medical School and Boston University; and Magdalena Cerda, DrPH, at Columbia's Mailman School.
The study was supported by grants from the National Institute of Mental Health to Dr. Koenen (MH078928 and MH093612). The authors declare no conflict of interest.
JAMA Psychiatry


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Similar applications:
Applications close to:
Valiant bank Bern with dynamic LED light
Location: Bern/Switzerland
Products: DALI PS2
An LED light ceiling spans the counter hall at Valiant bank at Bahnhofplatz in Bern. With its Tunable White function, it enables variable light colours to be generated, ranging from warm and neutral white to cold white.
"The idea of the architects was to bring back to life the original situation with the atrium and daylight. So it was obvious to backlight the ceiling with LED technology that offers Tunable White functionality," explains David Breil, Director at Licht+Raum. His company planned and implemented the light ceiling in the counter hall.
In the 36 ceiling coffers measuring 90 x 90 cm each, Licht+Raum used its square low-profile ZETA luminaires. The luminaires are equipped with LED light engines from the Tridonic QLE PREMIUM Tunable White module family. They have been chosen especially because of their high quality of light. In the counter hall, four LED light engines in square versions (QLE) with a luminous flux of 1,250 lumen each were installed per luminaire. Like all PREMIUM Tunable White modules they enable infinitely adjustable colour temperatures at constant luminous flux, but can also be dimmed between 100 and 10 % without colour shifts.
The LED drivers provide digital interfaces for various lighting control protocols – DALI DT8, DSI, switchDIM and colourSWITCH. In the counter hall at Valiant bank the light is controlled via DALI x/e-touchPANEL 02. This lighting control system has a pre-installed Tunable White program that only needs to be linked to the desired schedule.
|Project Data
|Valiant Bank AG, Bern
|Rykart Architekten AG, Bern
|Lighting planning/luminaire development:
|Licht+Raum AG, Ittigen, Switzerland
|Used equipment:


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The China Study is a very powerful book filled with decades of research by T. Colin Campbell, Ph.D. I highly recommend this book if you are interested in learning more about plant based diets and why specifically they are beneficial for your health. Below is an article from the New York Times Health section written by Tara Parker-Pope
Six years ago a small Texas publisher released an obscure book written by a father-son research team. The work, based on a series of studies conducted in rural China and Taiwan, challenged the conventional wisdom about health and nutrition by espousing the benefits of a plant-based diet.
To everyone's surprise, the book, called "The China Study," has since sold 500,000 copies, making it one of the country's best-selling nutrition titles. The book focuses on the knowledge gained from the China Study, a 20-year partnership of Cornell University, Oxford University and the Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine that showed high consumption of animal-based foods is associated with more chronic disease, while those who ate primarily a plant-based diet were the healthiest.
Last fall, former President Bill Clinton even cited the book in explaining how he lost 24 pounds by converting to a plant-based diet in hopes of improving his heart health. The president gave up dairy, switching to almond milk, and says he lives primarily on beans and other legumes, vegetables and fruit, although he will, on rare occasions, eat fish.
Recently, I spoke with T. Colin Campbell, a co-author of the book and professor emeritus at Cornell University, about the success of the book, the research behind it, and why he thinks the nation's health woes can be solved by plant-based eating. Here's our conversation.
How did you end up writing this book?
I have been in the field for a long time and had a major research program at Cornell. We published a lot of research over the years. My program had a good reputation. I'd finally gotten to a point where we'd discovered a lot of things that were very exciting, things that were provocative. Finally I sat down to write the book, to tell my story.
What was so unusual about your story?
In the beginning of my career I was teaching nutrition in a very classical sense. Nutrient by nutrient. That's the way we did research, that's the way I taught it. I came to believe, after doing the work we did in the Philippines and China, that there was a very different world of understanding nutrition. I ended up with a view now that is almost diametrically opposed to what I had when I started my career.
How have your views changed?
I was raised on a dairy farm. I milked cows. I went away to graduate school at Cornell University, and I thought the good old American diet is the best there is. The more dairy, meat and eggs we consumed, the better. The early part of my career was focused on protein, protein, protein. It was supposed to solve the world's ills. But when we started doing our research, we found that when we start consuming protein in excess of the amount we need, it elevates blood cholesterol and atherosclerosis and creates other problems.
The problem is that we study one nutrient out of context. That's the way we did research — one vitamin at a time, one mineral, one fat. It was always in a reductionist, narrowly focused way. But I learned that protein is not quite what we thought it was. We've distorted our diet seriously through the ages, and we have all the problems we have because of that distortion.
What loomed large for me was that we shouldn't be thinking in a linear way that A causes B. We should be thinking about how things work together. It's a very complex biological system. The body is always trying to restore health every microsecond of our lives. How do we furnish the resources for the body to use? In order to try to understand that, we shouldn't be giving ourselves individual nutrient supplements. We shouldn't be trying to discover which gene causes what. But those two areas have become the major focus of research over the years.
So how should we be eating?
I don't use the word "vegan" or "vegetarian." I don't like those words. People who chose to eat that way chose to because of ideological reasons. I don't want to denigrate their reasons for doing so, but I want people to talk about plant-based nutrition and to think about these ideas in a very empirical scientific sense, and not with an ideological bent to it.
The idea is that we should be consuming whole foods. We should not be relying on the idea that genes are determinants of our health. We should not be relying on the idea that nutrient supplementation is the way to get nutrition, because it's not. I'm talking about whole, plant-based foods. The effect it produces is broad for treatment and prevention of a wide variety of ailments, from cancer to heart disease to diabetes.
Do you advocate a 100 percent plant-based diet?
We eat that way, meaning my family, our five grown children and five grandchildren. We all eat this way now. I say the closer we get to a plant-based diet the healthier we are going to be.
It's not because we have data to show that 100 percent plant-based eating is better than 95 percent. But if someone has been diagnosed with cancer or heart disease, it's smart to go ahead and do the whole thing. If I start saying you can have a little of this, a little of that, it allows them to deviate off course. Our taste preferences change. We tend to choose the foods we become accustomed to, and in part because we become addicted to them, dietary fat in particular.
If we go to a plant-based diet, at first it might be difficult, but it turns out after a month or two our taste preferences change and we discover new tastes and feel a lot better, and we don't want to go back. It's not a religion with me, it's just that the closer we get to a 100 percent plant-based diet, the better off we're going to be.
Have you been surprised by the success of your book?
I have been a little surprised. When I finished writing the book with my son, who had just finished medical school, I didn't know how well it was going to do. We had an agent who shopped the manuscript around, and the publishers all wanted 60 to 70 percent of the pages to be recipes. I said, "That's not my shtick." They wanted me to dumb it down.
I went to a small publisher in Texas who let us do what we wanted to do. I didn't want to proselytize and preach. I didn't want to write a book that says, "This is the way it has to be." It's a chronology. Here's how I learned it, and let the reader decide. I say, "If you don't believe me, just try it." They do, and they get results. And then they tell everybody else.
To read this article directly on the New York Times website click here


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Americans consume 130 pounds of sugar per year, about...one immediately pictures someone standing with an open bag of sugar just letting it slide down the throat, but no!
There's 10 t. of sugar in a 12 oz Coke, people.
View the graphic here.
Read more
© The Food Museum, Meredith and Tom Hughes, 2020