text:
If you search on the internet for website design or internet marketing in Milton Keynes you will no doubt get hundreds of results. Which website designers do you choose? Are they Milton Keynes based and if so… does it really matter? There are different types of companies and individuals working within this sector including IT companies specialising primarily in website design and search engine optimisation. Also Graphic design houses or advertising agencies that have expanded their operation to include website design and related SEO services. Add to that any number of self-employed website developers with excellent coding skills who may or may not have the creative talent to make your site look attractive. There are a number of highly innovative, specialist companies who employ talented web developers who are also highly creative in design concepts and style. By using search engine optimisation, targeted at Milton Keynes they may well come up in the top end of your search results. You might think that, if they can do that for themselves, they can probably do it for you. Of course, there is more to website design than just getting the SEO work right. It's also about getting the right balance between technical know-how and achieving the right look and feel of your website. A growing city like Milton Keynes presents a wide catchment area for internet marketing and website designers. The nature of the World Wide Web means that some people may never actually meet their web designers in person as everything is done online. For search engine optimisation or internet marketing a personal consultation is more likely to be required. Some people might want to look around for local website designers in the Milton Keynes area just so they can hit them over the head with a brick if they're not up to the mark. The best advice is to look at the websites of your competitors; those that you like the look and feel of or those that have the functionality you desire for your own, then seek out the people who built them and take it from there.
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text:
Difficulty: Intermediate
Servings: 12Cook Time: Cupcakes: 23 min - Frosting: ~10 min
Nonstick vegetable oil spray
1 cup all purpose flour
1/2 cup cake flour
1/2 teaspoon baking powder
1/2 teaspoon baking soda
1/2 teaspoon fine sea salt
1 1/4 cups coarsely chopped toasted pecans
1/2 cup (1 stick) unsalted butter, room temperature
1 cup (packed) golden brown sugar
2 large eggs, room temperature
1/3 cup sour cream
1 teaspoon vanilla extract
1 cup sugar
1/4 cup water
1/2 cup heavy whipping cream
2 large egg yolks
1/2 cup (1 stick) unsalted butter, room temperature
1/8 teaspoon fine sea salt
3 1/2 cups powdered sugar, sifted
1 cup coarsely chopped toasted pecans
12 paper muffin cup liners
Put rack in bottom third of oven; preheat to 350°F. Spray 12-cup muffin pan with nonstick spray; line with muffin cups.
Whisk both flours, baking powder, baking soda, and sea salt in medium bowl. Stir in chopped pecans. Beat butter in large bowl until smooth. Add brown sugar; beat until light and fluffy, about 2 minutes. Add eggs 1 at a time, beating to blend between additions. Beat in sour cream and vanilla. Add dry ingredients; beat on low speed just to blend. Divide batter among muffin cups.
Bake cupcakes until tester inserted into center comes out clean, about 23 minutes. Cool in pan on rack 15 minutes. Transfer to rack; cool. DO AHEAD Can be made 8 hours ahead. Cover; store at room temperature.
Stir sugar and 1/4 cup water in medium saucepan over medium-low heat until sugar dissolves. Increase heat to medium-high; boil until syrup turns deep amber, swirling pan and brushing down sides with wet pastry brush, 6 to 7 minutes. Remove from heat; add cream (mixture will bubble up). Stir over low heat until caramel bits dissolve. Whisk egg yolks in medium bowl. Very gradually whisk hot caramel into yolks. Cool to room temperature.
Using electric mixer, beat butter and salt in large bowl until smooth. Beat in caramel. Add powdered sugar and beat until smooth. Let stand at room temperature until thick enough to spread, about 1 hour.
Categories: Cupcakes, Desserts, Frostings & Icings
Submitted by: kelliemusic on November 22, 2010

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Agnello al Calderotto
Region: Italy, Apulia
Category: Stews
Season: Any
Difficulty: Easy but long cooking time
There are many varieties of chicory and several are very popular in Apulia. Belgian endive, escarole, and radicchio all belong to this family. This greenery-laden dish is from the province of Taranto in southern Italy in the region of Apulia. A calderotto is an earthenware cauldron used for cooking stews. The amount of chicory called for in the recipe seems excessive, but it's not. The finished dish is very tender: flavorful lamb surrounded by the almost melted taste of chicory, which loses a lot of its bitterness in the cooking. If you can't find chicory, substitute escarole.
[photo: Clifford A. Wright]
Yield: Makes 6 servings
Preparation Time: 2:30 hours
1. Put the lamb, onion, parsley, tomato, wine, saffron, and olive oil in an earthenware casserole with a cover or in an enameled cast iron casserole. Turn the heat to medium-low and cook until the liquid has evaporated, about 1 1/2 hours. Stir occasionally and check to see that the liquid is not evaporating too fast. If it is, add a few tablespoons water each time you stir.
2. Add the water and the chicory, a handful at a time, stirring continuously. Let the chicory wilt so more handfuls can be added. Reduce the heat to low and season with salt and pepper. Cover and cook until the stew is unctuous, about 1 hour more, uncovering the last half hour if the stew is very liquidy. Serve immediately.
[photo: Clifford A. Wright]
Posted: 01/10/2007


text:
- Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway
Sarin attack on the Tokyo subway
Kasumigaseki Station, one of the many stations affected during the attack
Location Tokyo, Japan Date March 20, 1995
7:00-8:10 a.m. (UTC+ 9)
Target Tokyo Metro Attack type Chemical warfare Weapon(s) Sarin Death(s) 13 Injured 6,252(50 severe; 984 temporary vision problems) Perpetrator(s) Aum Shinrikyo
The Sarin attack on the Tokyo subway, usually referred to in the Japanese media as the Subway Sarin Incident (地下鉄サリン事件 Chikatetsu Sarin Jiken ), was an act of domestic terrorism perpetrated by members of Aum Shinrikyo on March 20, 1995.
In five coordinated attacks, the perpetrators released sarin on several lines of the Tokyo Metro, killing thirteen people, severely injuring fifty and causing temporary vision problems for nearly a thousand others. The attack was directed against trains passing through Kasumigaseki and Nagatachō, home to the Japanese government. It is the most serious attack to occur in Japan since the end of World War II.
- 1 Background
- 2 Main perpetrators
- 3 Attack
- 4 Aftermath
- 5 Aum/Aleph today
- 6 See also
- 7 References
- 8 External links
Aum Shinrikyo is the former name of a controversial group now known as Aleph. The Japanese police initially reported that the attack was the cult's way of hastening an apocalypse. The prosecution said that it was an attempt to bring down the government and install Shoko Asahara, the group's founder, as the "emperor" of Japan. Asahara's defense team claimed that certain senior members of the group independently planned the attack, but their motives for this were left unexplained.
Aum Shinrikyo first began their attacks on June 27, 1994 in Matsumoto, Japan. With the help of a converted refrigerator truck, members of the cult released a cloud of sarin which floated near the homes of judges who were overseeing a lawsuit concerning a real-estate dispute which was predicted to go against the cult. From this one event, 500 people were injured and seven people died.[1]
Main perpetrators
Ten men were responsible for carrying out the attacks; five released the sarin, while the other five served as get-away drivers.
The teams were:
Assigned Train Perpetrator Driver Chiyoda Line, train A725K Ikuo Hayashi (林 郁夫 Hayashi Ikuo ) Tomomitsu Niimi (新実 智光 Niimi Tomomitsu ) Marunouchi Line, train A777 Kenichi Hirose (広瀬 健一 Hirose Ken'ichi ) Koichi Kitamura (北村 浩一 Kitamura Kōichi ) Marunouchi Line, train B801 Toru Toyoda (豊田 亨 Toyoda Tōru ) Katsuya Takahashi (高橋 克也 Takahashi Katsuya ) Hibiya Line, train B711T Masato Yokoyama (横山 真人 Yokoyama Masato ) Kiyotaka Tonozaki (外崎 清隆 Tonozaki Kiyotaka ) Hibiya Line, train A720S Yasuo Hayashi (林 泰男 Hayashi Yasuo ) Shigeo Sugimoto (杉本 繁郎 Sugimoto Shigeo )
Ikuo HayashiMain article: Ikuo Hayashi
Prior to joining Aum, Hayashi was a senior medical doctor with "an active 'front-line' track record" at the Ministry of Science and Technology. Himself the son of a doctor, Hayashi graduated from Keio University, one of Tokyo's top schools. He was a heart and artery specialist at Keio Hospital, which he left to become head of Circulatory Medicine at the National Sanatorium Hospital in Tokai, Ibaraki (north of Tokyo). In 1990, he resigned his job and left his family to join Aum in the monastic order Sangha, where he became one of Asahara's favorites and was appointed the group's Minister of Healing, as which he was responsible for administering a variety of "treatments" to Aum members, including sodium pentothal and electric shocks to those whose loyalty was suspect. These treatments resulted in several deaths. Hayashi was later sentenced to life imprisonment.
Tomomitsu Niimi, who was his get-away driver, received the death sentence due to his involvement in other crimes perpetrated by Aum members.
Kenichi Hirose
Hirose was thirty years old at the time of the attacks. Holder of a postgraduate degree in Physics from prestigious Waseda University, Hirose became an important member of the group's Chemical Brigade in their Ministry of Science and Technology. He was also involved in the group's Automatic Light Weapon Development scheme.
Hirose teamed up with Koichi Kitamura, who was his get-away driver. After releasing the sarin, Hirose himself showed symptoms of sarin poisoning. He was able to inject himself with the antidote (atropine sulphate) and was rushed to the Aum-affiliated Shinrikyo Hospital in Nakano for treatment. However, medical personnel at the given hospital had not been given prior notice of the attack and were consequently clueless regarding what treatment Hirose needed. When Kitamura faced the fact that he had driven Hirose to the hospital in vain, he instead drove to Aum's headquarter in Shibuya where Ikuo Hayashi gave Hirose first aid.
Hirose's appeal of his death sentence was rejected by the Tokyo High Court on Wednesday, July 28, 2003. The sentence was upheld by the Supreme Court of Japan on November 6, 2009.[2]
Kitamura was sentenced to life imprisonment.
Toru Toyoda
Toyoda was twenty-seven at the time of the attack. He studied Applied Physics at University of Tokyo's Science Department and graduated with honors. He also holds a master's degree, and was about to begin doctoral studies when he joined Aum, where he belonged to the Chemical Brigade in their Ministry of Science and Technology.
Toyoda was sentenced to death. The appeal of his death sentence was rejected by the Tokyo High Court on Wednesday, July 28, 2003, and was upheld by the Supreme Court on November 6, 2009.[2]
Katsuya Takahashi was his get-away driver and is still at large.
Masato Yokoyama
Yokoyama was thirty-one at the time of the attack. He was a graduate in Applied Physics from Tokai University's Engineering Department. He worked for an electronics firm for three years after graduation before leaving to join Aum, where he became Undersecretary at the group's Ministry of Science and Technology. He was also involved in their Automatic Light Weapons Manufacturing scheme. Yokoyama was sentenced to death in 1999.
Kiyotaka Tonozaki, a high school graduate who joined the group in 1987, was a member of the group's Ministry of Construction, and served as Yokoyama's getaway driver. Tonozaki was sentenced to life imprisonment.
Yasuo Hayashi
Yasuo Hayashi was thirty-seven years old at the time of the attacks, and was the oldest person at the group's Ministry of Science and Technology. He studied Artificial Intelligence at Kogakuin University; after graduation he traveled to India where he studied yoga. He then became an Aum member, taking vows in 1988 and rising to the number three position in the group's Ministry of Science and Technology.
Asahara had at one time suspected Hayashi of being a spy. The extra packet of sarin he carried was part of "ritual character test" set up by Asahara to prove his allegiance, according to the prosecution.
Hayashi went on the run after the attacks; he was arrested twenty-one months later, one thousand miles from Tokyo on Ishigaki Island. He was later sentenced to death and has appealed.
Shigeo Sugimoto was his get-away driver. His lawyers argued that he played only a minor role in the attack, but the argument was rejected, and he has been sentenced to death.
On Monday March 20, 1995, five members of Aum Shinrikyo launched a chemical attack on the Tokyo Metro, one of the world's busiest commuter transport systems, at the peak of the morning rush hour. The chemical agent used, liquid sarin, was contained in plastic bags which each team then wrapped in newspaper. Each perpetrator carried two packets of sarin totaling approximately 900 millilitres of sarin, except Yasuo Hayashi, who carried three bags. Aum originally planned to spread the sarin as an aerosol but did not follow through with it. A single drop of sarin the size of a pinhead can kill an adult.
Carrying their packets of sarin and umbrellas with sharpened tips, the perpetrators boarded their appointed trains. At prearranged stations, the sarin packets were dropped and punctured several times with the sharpened tip of the umbrellas. The men then got off the train and exited the station to meet his accomplice with a car. By leaving the punctured packets on the floor, the sarin was allowed to leak out into the train car and stations. This sarin affected passengers, subway workers, and those who came into contact with them. Sarin is the most volatile of the nerve agents, which means that it can quickly and easily evaporate from a liquid into a vapor and spread into the environment. People can be exposed to the vapor even if they do not come in contact with the liquid form of sarin. Because it evaporates so quickly, sarin presents an immediate but short-lived threat.
Chiyoda Line
The team of Ikuo Hayashi and Tomomitsu Niimi were assigned to drop and puncture two sarin packets on the Chiyoda Line. Hayashi was the perpetrator and Niimi was his get-away driver. On the way to the station, Niimi purchased newspapers to wrap the sarin packets in—the Japan Communist Party's Akahata and the Sōka Gakkai's Seikyo Shimbun. Hayashi eventually chose to use Akahata. Wearing a surgical mask commonly worn by the Japanese during cold and flu season, Hayashi boarded the first car of southwest-bound 07:48 Chiyoda Line train number A725K. As the train approached Shin-Ochanomizu Station, the central business district in Chiyoda, he punctured one of his two bags of sarin, leaving the other untouched and exited the train at Shin-Ochanomizu.
The train proceeded down the line with the punctured bag of sarin leaking until 4 stops later at Kasumigaseki Station. There, the bags were removed and eventually disposed of by station attendants, of whom two died. The train continued on to the next station where it was completely stopped, evacuated and cleaned. There were a total of 2 deaths and 231 serious injuries from this attack.
Marunouchi Line
Two men, Kenichi Hirose and Koichi Kitamura, were assigned to release two sarin packets on the westbound Marunouchi Line destined for Ogikubo Station. The pair left Aum headquarters in Shibuya at 6:00 am and drove to Yotsuya Station. There Hirose boarded a westbound Marunouchi Line train, then changed to a northbound JR East Saikyō Line train at Shinjuku Station and got off at Ikebukuro Station. He then bought a sports tabloid to wrap the sarin packets in and boarded the second car of Marunouchi Line train A777.
As he was about to release the sarin, however, Hirose believed the loud noises caused by the newspaper-wrapped packets had caught the attention of a schoolgirl. To avoid further suspicion, he got off the train at either Myogadani or Korakuen Station and moved to the third car instead of the second. As the train approached Ochanomizu Station, Hirose dropped the packets to the floor, repeated an Aum mantra and punctured the sarin packets with so much force that he bent the tip of his sharpened umbrella. Both packets were successfully broken, and all 900 mL of sarin was released onto the floor of the train. Hirose then departed the train at Ochanomizu and left via Kitamura's car waiting outside the station.
At Nakano-sakaue Station, 14 stops later, two severely injured passengers were carried out of the train car, while station attendant Sumio Nishimura removed the sarin packets (one of these two passengers would end up being the only fatality from this attack). The train continued on, however, with sarin still on the floor of the third car. Five stops later, at 8:38 am, the train reached Ogikubo Station, the end of the Marunouchi Line, all the while passengers boarding the train. The train continued eastbound until it was finally taken out of service at Shin-Kōenji Station two stops later. The entire ordeal resulted in one passenger's death with 358 being seriously injured.
Masato Yokoyama and his driver Kiyotaka Tonozaki were assigned to release sarin on the Ikebukuro-bound Marunouchi Line. On the way to Shinjuku Station, Tonozaki stopped to allow Yokoyama to buy a copy of Nihon Keizai Shimbun, the paper he would use to wrap the two sarin packets. When they arrived at the station, Yokoyama put on a wig and fake glasses and boarded the fifth car of the Ikebukuro-bound 07:39 Marunouchi Line train number B801.
As the train approached Yotsuya Station, Yokoyama began poking at the sarin packets. When the train reached the next station, he fled the scene with Tonozaki, leaving the sarin packets on the train car. The packets, however, were not fully punctured. During his drop, Yokoyama accidentally left one packet fully intact, while the other packet was only punctured once resulting in the sarin being released relatively slowly.
The train reached the end of the line, Ikebukuro, at 8:30 am where it would head back in the opposite direction. However, before it departed the train was evacuated and searched, but the searchers failed to discover the sarin packets. One passenger attributes this oversight to the fact that the search was conducted by a part-time employee instead of a full-time train assistant. Nevertheless, the train departed Ikebukuro Station at 8:32 am as the Shinjuku-bound A801. Passengers soon became ill and alerted station attendants of the sarin soaked newspapers at Kōrakuen Station. One station later, at Hongō-sanchōme, staff removed the sarin packets and mopped the floor, but the train continued on to Shinjuku. After arriving at 9:09 am, the train once again began to make its way back to Ikebukuro as the B901. The train was finally put out of service at Kokkai-gijidō-mae Station in Chiyoda at 9:27 am, one hour and forty minutes after Yokoyama punctured the sarin packet. The attack resulted in no fatalities, but over 200 people were left in serious condition.
Hibiya Line
Tōbu Dōbutsu Kōen-bound
Toru Toyoda and his driver Katsuya Takahashi were assigned to release sarin on the northeast-bound Hibiya Line. The pair, with Takahashi driving, left Aum headquarters in Shibuya at 6:30 am. After purchasing a copy of Hochi Shimbun and wrapping his two sarin packets, Toyoda arrived at Naka-Meguro Station where he boarded the first car of northeast-bound 07:59 Hibiya Line train number B711T. Sitting close to the door, he set the sarin packets on the floor. When the train arrived at the next station, Ebisu, Toyoda punctured the packets and got off the train. He was on the train for a total of two minutes, by far the quickest sarin drop out of the five attacks that day.
Two stops later, at Roppongi Station, passengers in the train's first car began to feel the effects of the sarin and began to open the windows. By Kamiyacho Station, the next stop, the passengers in the car had begun panicking. The first car was evacuated and several passengers were immediately taken to a hospital. Still, with the first car empty the train continued down the line for one more stop until it was completely evacuated at Kasumigaseki Station. This attack killed one person and seriously injured 532 others.
Yasuo Hayashi and Shigeo Sugimoto were the team assigned to drop sarin on the southwest-bound Hibiya Line departing Kita-Senju Station for Naka-Meguro Station. Unlike the rest of the attacks, Hayashi carried three sarin packets onto the train instead of two. Prior to the attack, Hayashi asked to carry a flawed leftover packet in addition to the two others in an apparent bid to allay suspicions and prove his loyalty to the group. After Sugimoto escorted him to Ueno Station, Hayashi boarded the third car of southwest-bound 07:43 Hibiya Line train number A720S and dropped his sarin packets to the floor. Two stops later, at Akihabara Station, he punctured the packets, left the train and arrived back at Aum headquarters with Sugimoto by 8:30 am. Hayashi made the most punctures of any of the perpetrators.
By the next stop, passengers in the third car began to feel effects from the sarin. Noticing the large, liquid soaked package on the floor and assuming it was the culprit, one passenger kicked the sarin packets out of the train and onto Kodenmachō Station's subway platform. Four people in the station died as a result.
A puddle of sarin, however, remained on the floor of the passenger car as the train continued to the next station. At 8:10 am, after the train pulled out of Hatchōbori Station, a passenger in the third car pressed the emergency stop button. The train was in a tunnel at the time, and was forced to proceed to Tsukiji Station where passengers stumbled out and collapsed on the station's platform and the train was taken out of service.
The attack was originally believed to be an explosion and was thus labeled as such in media reports. Eventually, station attendants realized that the attack was not an explosion, but rather a chemical attack. At 8:35 am, the Hibiya Line was completely shut down and all commuters were evacuated. Between the five stations affected in this attack, 8 people died and 275 were seriously injured.
On the day of the attack, ambulances transported 688 patients and nearly five thousand people reached hospitals by other means. Hospitals saw 5,510 patients, seventeen of whom were deemed critical, thirty-seven severe and 984 moderately ill with vision problems. Most of those reporting to hospitals were the "worried well," who had to be distinguished from those who were ill.[3]
By mid-afternoon, the mildly affected victims had recovered from vision problems and were released from hospital. Most of the remaining patients were well enough to go home the following day, and within a week only a few critical patients remained in hospital. The death toll on the day of the attack was eight that eventually rose to at least a dozen.[4]
The injured
Witnesses have said that subway entrances resembled battlefields. In many cases, the injured simply lay on the ground, many with breathing difficulties.[citation needed] Several of those affected by sarin went to work in spite of their symptoms, most of them not realizing that they had been exposed to sarin. Most of the victims sought medical treatment as the symptoms worsened and as they learned of the actual circumstances of the attacks via news broadcasts.
Several of those affected were exposed to sarin only by helping those who had been directly exposed. Among these were passengers on other trains, subway workers and health care workers. A 2008 law enacted by the Japanese government authorized payments of damages to victims of the gas attack, because the attack was directed at the government of Japan. As of December 2009, 5,259 people have applied for benefits under the law. Of those, 47 out of 70 have been certified as disabled and 1,077 of 1,163 applications for serious injuries or illnesses have been certified.[5]
Surveys of the victims (in 1998 and 2001) showed that many were still suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder. In one survey, twenty percent of 837 respondents complained that they felt insecure whenever riding a train, while ten percent answered that they tried to avoid any nerve-attack related news. Over sixty percent reported chronic eyestrain and said their vision had worsened.[1]
Emergency services
Emergency services including police, fire and ambulance services were criticised for their handling of the attack and the injured, as were the media (some of whom, though present at subway entrances and filming the injured, hesitated when asked to transport victims to the hospital) and the Subway Authority, which failed to halt several of the trains despite reports of passenger injury. Health services including hospitals and health staff were also criticised: one hospital refused to admit a victim for almost an hour, and many hospitals turned victims away.
Sarin poisoning was not well known at the time, and many hospitals only received information on diagnosis and treatment because a professor at Shinshu University's school of medicine happened to see reports on television. Dr. Nobuo Yanagisawa had experience with treating sarin poisoning after the Matsumoto incident; he recognized the symptoms, had information on diagnosis and treatment collected, and led a team who sent the information to hospitals throughout Tokyo via fax.
St. Luke's Hospital at Tsukiji was one of very few hospitals in Tokyo at that time to have the entire building wired and piped for conversion into a "Field Hospital" in the event of a major disaster. This proved to be a very fortunate coincidence as the hospital was able to take in most of the 600+ victims at Tsukiji station, resulting in no fatalities at that station.
As there was a severe shortage of antidotes in Tokyo, sarin antidote stored in rural hospitals as an antidote for herbicide/insecticide poisoning were delivered to nearby Shinkansen stations, where it was collected by a Ministry of Health official on a train bound for Tokyo.
Defended by new religions scholars
In May 1995, after the sarin attack on the Tokyo subway, American scholars James R. Lewis and J. Gordon Melton flew to Japan to hold a pair of press conferences in which they announced that the chief suspect in the murders, religious group Aum Shinrikyo, couldn't have produced the sarin that the attacks had been committed with. They had determined this, Lewis said, from photos and documents provided by the group.[6]
However, the Japanese police had already discovered at Aum's main compound back in March a sophisticated chemical weapons laboratory that was capable of producing thousands of kilograms a year of the poison.[1] Later investigation showed that Aum not only created the sarin used in the subway attacks, but had committed previous chemical and biological weapons attacks, including a previous attack with sarin that had killed eight and injured 144.[7] [8]
During the Aum Shinrikyo incident Lewis and Melton's bills for travel, lodging and accommodations were paid for by Aum, according to The Washington Post.[9] Lewis openly disclosed that "Aum [...] arranged to provide all expenses [for the trip] ahead of time", but claimed that this was "so that financial considerations would not be attached to our final report".[10]
Murakami book
Popular contemporary novelist Haruki Murakami wrote Underground: The Tokyo Gas Attack and the Japanese Psyche (1997). He was critical of the Japanese media for focusing on the sensational profiles of the attackers and ignoring the lives of the victimized average citizens. The book contains extensive interviews with the survivors in order to tell their stories. Murakami would later add a second part to the work, The Place That Was Promised, which focuses on Aum Shinrikyo.
Aum/Aleph todayMain article: Aum_Shinrikyo#Current_activities
The sarin attack was the most serious terrorist attack in Japan's modern history. It caused massive disruption and widespread fear in a society that had previously been perceived as virtually free of crime.
Shortly after the attack, Aum lost its status as a religious organization, and many of its assets were seized. However, the Diet (Japanese parliament) rejected a request from government officials to outlaw the group. The National Public Safety Commission received increased funding to monitor the group. In 1999, the Diet gave the commission broad powers to monitor and curtail the activities of groups that have been involved in "indiscriminate mass murder" and whose leaders are "holding strong sway over their members", a bill custom-tailored to Aum Shinrikyo.
About twenty of Aum's members, including its founder Asahara, are either standing trial or have already been convicted for crimes related to the attack. As of July 2004, eight Aum members have received death sentences for their roles in the attack.
Asahara was sentenced to death by hanging on February 27, 2004, but lawyers immediately appealed the ruling. The Tokyo High Court postponed its decision on the appeal until results were obtained from a court-ordered psychiatric evaluation, which was issued to determine whether Asahara was fit to stand trial. In February 2006, the court ruled that Asahara was indeed fit to stand trial, and on March 27, rejected the appeal against his death sentence. Japan's Supreme Court upheld this decision on September 15, 2006. (Japan does not announce dates of executions, which are by hanging, in advance of them being carried out.)
The group reportedly still has about 2,100 members, and continues to recruit new members under the name "Aleph". Though the group has renounced its violent past, it still continues to follow Asahara's spiritual teachings. Members operate several businesses, though boycotts of known Aleph-related businesses, in addition to searches, confiscations of possible evidence and picketing by protest groups, have resulted in closures.
Aum/Aleph remains on the US State Department's list of terrorist groups, but has not been linked to any further terrorist acts, nor any terrorist acts in the US. Aleph has announced a change of its policies, apologized to victims of the subway attack, and established a special compensation fund. Aum members convicted in relation to the attack or other crimes are not permitted to join the new organization, and are referred to as "ex-members" by the group.
See also
- A - a documentary film made following the arrest of the leaders of Aum Shinrikyo
- Banjawarn station
- Religion in Japan
- ^ a b c CDC website, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Aum Shinrikyo: Once and Future Threat?, Kyle B. Olson, Research Planning, Inc., Arlington, Virginia
- ^ a b Asahi.com Website, Death sentences upheld for cultists
- ^ http://www.stimson.org/cbw/pdf/atxchapter3.pdf#page=25
- ^ http://www.stimson.org/cbw/pdf/atxchapter3.pdf#page=30
- ^ Sasaki, Sayo, (Kyodo News), "Aum victim keeps memory alive via film", Japan Times, March 9, 2010, p. 3.
- ^ Apologetics Index, Aum Shinrikyo, Aum Supreme Truth; Aum Shinri Kyo; Aleph, 2005
- ^ CW Terrorism Tutorial, A Brief History of Chemical Warfare, Historical Cases of CW Terrorism, Aum Shinrikyo, 2004
- ^ Matsumoto sarin victim dies 14 years after attack, Yomiuri Shimbun (August 6, 2008).
- ^ Tokyo Cult Finds an Unlikely Supporter, The Washington Post, T.R. Reid, May 1995. "The Americans said the sect had invited them to visit after they expressed concern to Aum's New York branch about religious freedom in Japan. The said their airfare, hotel bills and 'basic expenses' were paid by the cult"
- ^ Japan's Waco: Aum Shinrikyo and the Eclipse of Freedom in the Land of the Rising Sun, James R. Lewis, 1998
- "Survey: Subway sarin attack haunts more survivors" in Mainichi Online June 18, 2001.
- Detailed information on each subway line, including names of perpetrators, times of attack, train numbers and numbers of casualties, as well as biographical details on the perpetrators, were taken from Underground: The Tokyo Gas Attack and the Japanese Psyche by Haruki Murakami.
- Ataxia: The Chemical and Biological Terrorism Threat and the US Response, Chapter 3 - Rethinking the Lessons of Tokyo, Henry L. Stimson Centre Report No. 35, October 2000
- Tu A. T. (2000). "Overview of sarin terrorist attacks in Japan". ACS Symposium Series 745: 304–317. doi:10.1021/bk-2000-0745.ch020.
- Ogawa Y, Yamamura Y, Ando A, et al. (2000). "An attack with sarin nerve gas on the Tokyo subway system and its effects on victims". ACS Symposium Series 745: 333–355. doi:10.1021/bk-2000-0745.ch022.
- Sidell, Frederick R. (1998). Jane's Chem-Bio Handbook 3rd edition. Jane's Information Group.
- Bonino, Stefano. Il Caso Aum Shinrikyo: Società, Religione e Terrorismo nel Giappone Contemporaneo, 2010, Edizioni Solfanelli, ISBN-978-88-89756-88-1. Preface by Erica Baffelli.
External links
- Aum Shinrikyo A history of Aum and list of Aum-related links
- The Aum Supreme Truth Terrorist Organization - The Crime library Crime Library article about Aum
- I got some pictures of sarin scattered on the metro floor Several pictures taken by One of the passengers on the scene (in Japanese)
Aum Shinrikyo LeadershipShoko Asahara · Masami Tsuchiya · Fumihiro Joyu · Ikuo Hayashi · Hideo Murai · Tomomitsu Niimi Criticism IncidentsSakamoto family murder (1989) · Matsumoto incident (1994) · Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway (1995) In mediaUnderground Railway accidents in 1995 Location and date
Ais Gill, England (31 January) • Toronto, Canada (11 August) • Firozabad, India (20 August) • Palo Verde, AZ, United States (9 October) • Fox River, IL, United States (25 October) • Baku, Azerbaijan (28 October)Categories:
- Railway accidents in Japan
- Railway accidents in 1995
- Aum Shinrikyo
- History of Tokyo
- Terrorist incidents in 1995
- 1995 in Japan
- Terrorist incidents on railway systems
- Terrorism in Japan
- Mass murder in 1995
- Chemical weapons attacks
- Religious terrorism
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.


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Fabio novembre uses furniture design to tell intense and fascinating stories in which the protagonist is often the human figure.
This human figure is capable of becoming abstract and universal, able to propose a mythic beauty as occurred in greek art. So that nemo, a face with classic features, is hollowed out to create an inhabitable space. The result is a head-armchair to be lived from the inside. Like a mask, it simultaneously conceals and reveals its inhabitant.
Fabio Novembre was born il lecce in 1966 and graduated in architecture from milan polytechnic in 1992. he also studied cinema at new york university in 1993. fabio opened his studio in 1994 and, as per today he has worked with the most important italian design companies. his work has been recognized and published all over the world for its visionary approach.


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This jewelry line emerged from a desire for modern, geometric jewelry that would add a mark to my outfit. Trained as an architect and always thinking like a designer I set out to create exactly what I was missing and Black Dot Products was born. Designs are imagined, sketched and then produced with a mix of laser cutting and handwork in Miami, FL. They are classic pieces for the modern mind. -Camila Borges-Chiang
We make architectural jewelry pieces in honor of all those affected by Alzheimer's. We promote making memories and statements for others to relate to and remember through Architecture and Fashion. Partial proceeds are donated to alz.org.
Be bold, be modern. Make memories – wear Black Dot.
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© 2023 NomadTribe.
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# $EPIC: bind_blink.txt,v 1.2 2006/07/12 13:57:46 sthalik Exp $
bind <key> blink
This function toggles the current blink setting. Due to internal limitations of the client, BLINK is displayed as an F on the input line, regardless of the key it is bound to.
Blinking text can be typed at any time, but it will only be displayed if set BLINK_VIDEO is on.


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In a day or two, Steve Ballmer will be unveiling Microsoft Live Search's latest attempt to climb out of the dung heap of second-rate search engines and raise its head high enough to see the dust left behind by Google.
Even Ballmer has had to admit that, with a market share under 9 percent and sliding, Live Search is officially Dead Search. With the hopes of a hookup with Yahoo scuttled, at least until Carol Bartz is in a more conducive mood, Microsoft has had to go to Plan B: Start over.
[ Got amazing IT tales, real-life experiences, lessons learned the hard way, or war stories from the trenches? Submit it to InfoWorld's Off the Record blog. If we publish your story, we'll send you a $50 American Express gift card. ]
Microsoft's code name for its new Dead Live Search is Kumo, which is Japanese for "spider" or "cloud," depending on which Kanji characters are employed. (Its Native American name would probably be "spider who drifts like cloud," or possibly "cloud that scuttles like spider.") But according to reports that first surfaced on Danny Sullivan's Search Engine Land last week and have been echoed by Ad Age and other mainstream pubs, Microsoft's new, improved, slightly-less-sucky search engine will be called "Bing."
Why Bing? A fondness for old Crosby tunes maybe. Or ex-Pistons hall of famer (and now Detroit Mayor-elect) Dave Bing. Or because it rhymes with "bling." At least they're not planning to call it Windows Live Search Ultimate Multimedia Edition 2009 version 1.0a.
Ad Age reports that Microsoft plans to drop an $80 million to $100 million marketing campaign on our heads, trying to convince us Google causes cancer (or something), so picking the right name is at least mildly important. And it appears that name may well be Bing. In March, Microsoft trademarked Bing; that also appears to be around the time it purchased the Bing.com domain.
Interestingly, it turns out Microsoft never gained control over the domain LiveSearch.com. As PaidContent blogger Joseph Tartakoff points out, that domain is owned by one Tyler Tullock of Bothell, Wash., who seems quite pleased about telling Microsoft (or its proxies) to put its offers for the domain where the sun shines even less often than in Seattle.
[Tullock] says he has rejected several offers for the site. "I've had many offers—they've always been really stealthy—saying 'I represent a client blah blah blah,'" Tullock told us. He says that the most recent offer came about six months ago, when an entity offered him $40,000 for LiveSearch.com. Tullock asked for $800,000. They countered with $200,000, but Tullock had to answer within a day. He says he passed.
Maybe Tullock got tipped off when the buyer insisted on meeting him in an underground parking garage wearing a Groucho nose and glasses.
Microsoft won't confirm or deny trying to buy the domain from Tullock. Please. Who else would be interested? A domain name dealer who wanted to flip it for a profit, maybe. But why would the company hide its identity? And what other corporate entity besides Microsoft would have any interest?
The point: It seems Microsoft believed LiveSearch.com was worth at most $200,00, but really closer to $40,000. That tells you everything you need to know right there.
How much do you suppose the domain "Google.com" is worth? I don't think I can write a number that big without sending out for more digits from the Zeroes Factory.
Tullock couldn't resist sticking the knife in and twisting, just a bit:
Nowadays, Tullock runs a chain of seven music schools in the Seattle area, and parks Google ads on LiveSearch.com. "It makes me plenty of money sending all that Microsoft business to Google," he says.
According to the Internet Archive's WayBack Machine, in at least one of its previous incarnations Bing.com was a Web service that aimed to "deliver snail mail at Internet speeds." Yes, that's right -- it was designed to speed up postal mail delivery. According to the BingMail brochure [PDF], instead of printing out a doc, putting it in an envelope, licking the envelope, adding a stamp, and dropping it in the mailbox, you'd send it to Bing.com, and they would print out the doc, put it in an envelope, lick it, add a stamp, and drop it in the mailbox.
Hmm, I wonder why that never caught on.
So maybe this is why Microsoft chose "Bing." It plans to make real-time search as fast and efficient as dropping letters in the mail. And to spend $100 million beating us over the head with ads that tell us how good the envelopes taste.
Do you think Microsoft can pull off a search service that's actually worth using? Post your thoughts below or e-mail me direct: email@example.com.


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Virtual viewing recorded
- Bedrooms: 2
- Bathrooms: 2
- Asking price: 39,750 GBP converts to 45.976 EUR
- Park fees per month: 365€ Landscaped 200 sq mtr plot
- Home Reference Number: 121LP
2 Bedroom | 2 Bathroom: 35′ x 12′ Victory Coaster Mobile Home in Spain on residential Park La Posada with "buyer protection". Click "Show all description" to see all the details, including a virtual viewing request form.
Buy with confidence. The legal transfer of ownership of this home is guaranteed under the terms of a Spanish SAPA contract (Sale Agreement by Private Arrangement) signed by all parties. The agreement governs the terms of sale and is overseen by Costa Difference as the authorised park agent. They take full possession of the home before the final payment is made.
Virtual Viewing:
Would you like to be shown around this home online as if you were doing it for real? We have an up to date recorded virtual viewing that you can watch from the comfort of your own home.
We host the virtual viewing experience as a private video recording, so you need to request the link. Once we send the link, you can watch the video as often as you wish.
Request the link to the recorded virtual viewing
Want to be the first to know if the price of this home is reduced any time in the future? Sign up for the Costa Difference "Price Alert" e-mail service. Subscribers get to know first. Click to subscribe.
Park La Posada residential park offers the following facilities.
- Reception & Administration
- Communal areas
- Garden & Swimming pool maintenance
- Bar/Leisure facility
- Rubbish disposal
- 24 hr security
- Wireless internet provision
- UK Internet TV
- Communal lighting
- Telephone Connection
- Water metered costs less than in the UK
- Electricity metered costs less than in the UK
- Park fees are 365€ per month for a large 200 sq mtr landscaped plot.
- Air-Con
- Ceiling fans
- Double glazing
- En-suite master bedroom
- Enclosed side extension
- fireplace
- Fridge/Freezer
- Fully furnished
- Patio area
- Shed
- Washing Machine
- Wooden flooring
- 24 hour security
- Badminton court
- Bowls green
- Community centre
- hotel next to the park
- open air gym
- own post box
- Swimming pool
- Translation services


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All Vectra C/Signum/car related general chat. Go to the Technical sections if it's regarding a problem.
This section is for posting vehicle progression threads, Think of it as a sort of diary of what you've done to your car (Progress Threads For All Makes Welcome)
There are currently 274 users browsing this forum. (1 members & 273 guests)


text: Commissions & Sales All original paintings on this website are available for sale unless otherwise noted. David also offers high quality limited edition prints of each painting. Contact us for pricing and availability. David welcomes commercial commissions and licensing as well as personal commissions. If you have a project you'd like to discuss, please contact us for more information.


text: Officials from the International Swimming Federation (aka FINA) want to speak with Speedo next week about their high-tech swimsuit. Seems the athletes who use the swimsuit are breaking all sorts of records and, with the Olympics coming up, FINA doesn't want anyone getting an unfair advantage. Unfortunately for FINA, the only real resolutions appear to be a general ban, which Speedo would protest, or to allow every country to wear it in violation of their existing equipment contracts. The last option is probably the most appealing: FINA brings back the old suits and those swim team shaving parties of yesteryear. [MSNBC]


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When you know yourself, you can plan your career and education based on what's important to you: your interests, abilities, values and experiences.
There was an error. Please try again.
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Butchery and Charcuterie Management
Southern Alberta Institute of Technologywww.sait.ca
Located in central Calgary, the Southern Alberta Institute of Technology (SAIT) is a polytechnic institute serving over 16,000 students. A leader in applied research and innovation, SAIT encourages collaboration between industry and education. SAIT offers two bachelor degrees, four applied bachelor degrees, 66 diploma and certificate programs and 30 Apprenticeship programs. Transfer options allow students to receive credit from other post-secondary institutions. Over 300 distance education and 1,800 continuing education and corporate training courses provide flexible options for learning. Agreements with post-secondary schools in the United States, Singapore and Australia allow SAIT students to experience international learning. Students enjoy a campus recreation centre that includes a swimming pool and ice arena. Students interested in competitive sports can challenge themselves in basketball, cross-country running, curling, hockey, soccer and volleyball. Campus amenities include two student residences and instructional facilities with 57 computer labs, 66 e-learning classrooms, and 90 per cent wireless coverage. Information sessions are held throughout the year for prospective students. In addition, prospective students can participate in Student for a Day or attend the fall and spring Open House events, which offer two days of displays, activities and tours.
Office of the Registrar
1301 16 Avenue NW
Calgary, Alberta, T2M0L4, Canada
Program Type Standard
Credential Type Certificate
Length 1 Year or Less
- Part Time Only
- Cooperative Education
- Continuing Education
- Distance Learning
A minimum of 35 Alberta high school credits with at least 50% in the following courses or their equivalents:
- Math 10C or Math 10-3 or Pure Math 10 or Applied Math 10, AND,
- English Language Arts 10-1 or English Language Arts 10-2 or Humanities 10.
- All applicants must demonstrate English Language Proficiency prior to admission, including students educated in Canada.
This program is eligible for full-time post-secondary assistance by Alberta Student Aid for the funding year 2023/08/01 to 2024/07/31*.
Tuition $6,990.00 Year One
Mandatory Fees $1,900.00 Year One
Books/Supplies/Instruments $800.00 Year One
* Tuition, books, supplies, instruments, and other/mandatory fees are provided to Alberta Student Aid and may be used when processing full-time post-secondary funding applications. The educational costs provided are based on a 100% full-course load and may not reflect current or all educational costs charged by the school. Contact the school to obtain accurate educational cost information.
Search Transfer Alberta for course and program transfer information including transfer agreements between post-secondary schools in Alberta, British Columbia, Northwest Territories, Nunavut and Yukon.
Transfer(s) available outside of Transfer Alberta: Not available
Updated June 20, 2022. The information contained in this profile is current as of the date shown.
Educational program information is provided as an introduction and for general reference. For current information about programs and school requirements or policies, check the school calendar, visit their website or contact the school directly.
The Government of Alberta is working in partnership with the Government of Canada to provide employment support programs and services.


text:
925 Silver 14K Plate
Gold plated
To protect the best quality, all of our gold-plated jewelry is made of 925 sterling silver and coated with 14K gold. As a quality standard, all of our jewels have 14K stamp or 585.
Jewelry is Forever
Gold-plated silver jewelry treatment
Gold-plated silver jewelry allow us to enjoy the prestigious look of gold at affordable prices. To ensure you can continue to enjoy the jewelry's beauty for years to come, we recommend avoiding going into the ocean or pool while wearing it, and avoiding contact between the jewelry and various cleaning materials and cosmetic solutions.
Jewelry Design from the Heart
Israeli craftmanship
Our jewelry was made with our passion for craftsmanship and love for beauty and aesthetics of the precious gems and metals. Each and every one of them has a unique design, custom-made with Israeli craftsmanship.


text:
By Carolyn Zellander
This November, Californians will their first opportunity in more than 30 years to abolish the death penalty. Last April, Proposition 34, also known as the Savings, Accountability, and Full Enforcement for California Act (SAFE California), qualified for the November Ballot. If approved by voters, the new law will convert sentences of death row inmates to life in prison without the possibility of parole.
The death penalty debate has been argued from several different perspectives:
"…Death sentences are imposed in a criminal justice system that treats you better if you're rich and guilty, than if you're poor and innocent. The legacy of racial apartheid, racial bias, and ethnic discrimination is unavoidably evident in the administration of Capital punishment in America." — Bryan Stevenson JD, Professor Of Law at New York University
Many opponents of the death penalty argue that it is cruel and unusual punishment, thus prohibited by the Constitution.
"The death penalty has no deterrent effect. Claims that each execution deters a certain number of murders have been thoroughly discredited by social science research." — American Civil Liberties Union
Irrevocable Mistakes
It is better that many guilty go free than one innocent suffer a death punishment.
"Retribution is just another word for revenge, and the desire for revenge is one of the lowest human emotions – perhaps sometimes understandable, but not really a rational response to a critical situation.
To kill the person who has killed someone close to you is simply to continue the cycle of violence which ultimately destroys the avenger as well as the offender. That this execution somehow give 'closure' to a tragedy is a myth. Expressing one's violence simply reinforces the desire to express it.
Just as expressing anger simply makes us more angry. It does not drain away. It contaminates the otherwise good will which any human being needs to progress in love and understanding." –
— Raymond A, Schroth, SJ Jesuit Priest and Community Professors of the Humanities, St. Peter's College
Cost of Death vs. Life in Prison
Many people are surprised to learn that the death penalty is far more expensive than life without parole. Death row inmates live in special housing (individual cells), and have special lawyers, exercise and visitor privileges and tax-payer funded appeals that last for decades.
California reinstated the death penalty in 1978 and has spent $4 billion to execute only 13 of the 125 inmates condemned to death; 60 inmates died from natural causes.
According to an impartial study, Proposition 34 would save $1 billion in five years without releasing a single prisoner – funds that could be invested in our kids schools, services for elderly and disabled, and crime-solving technology like DNA analysis to keep our communities safe.*
A shocking 46% of murders and 56% of reported rapes go unsolved in California each year. While we waste $130 billion dollars every year on the death penalty, death row inmates sit in private cells doing nothing.*
We need to use our scarce law enforcement resources to bring more killers to justice and to protect our families. Prop 34 sets aside $100 million to solve more murder and rape cases, from the hundreds of millions saved from replacing the death penalty with life in prison without parole. Instead of wasting millions of dollars on a system that's broken beyond repair, let's use our limited taxpayer funds to protect our families and our kids' schools.
California is ready to replace the death penalty. The lead campaigner for the death penalty in 1978(Ron Briggs), the author of California's death penalty law(Don Heller), and a former warden at San Quentin State Prison(Jeanne Woodford), all support Proposition 34. Vote YES on Proposition 34
*From "Executing the Will of The Voters" by Judge Arthur Alarcon and Loyola Law Professor Paula Mitchell, Loyola Law Review, 2011: The California Legislative Analyst for the official voter guide estimates the savings will be $130 million dollars per year.


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Professional Online Photo Proofing with WordPress
Send a collection of photographs to your clients for approval.
- With picu you can create photo galleries that allow your clients to select and approve images.
- Send a link to your clients via email as part of the workflow.
- Once your client approves a collection, you will automatically be informed via email.
- You can then easily retrieve your client's selection to use in your photo management software of choice.
All from the comfort of your own WordPress website.
Install picu and say goodbye to overcomplicated communication with your clients. Shoot, upload, get approved!
picu uses its own, beautiful, theme-independent design for proofing collections. This ensures a consistent, user-friendly and easy to understand workflow for your clients. Customization and branding options are available with our Pro modules.
Images uploaded through picu are separated from the the regular media library. This is by design. We separate them, because proofing images are usually not meant to being published.
If you have any questions or suggestions, take a look at our documentation or ask via email. We are here to help and love to hear your feedback.
Go Pro
picu Pro – Enables even greater functionality:
- Brand & Customize lets you add a custom logo and adapt the client gallery to match your branding.
- Mark & Comment allows your clients to add comments and markers to individual images.
- Selection Options allows you to define the number of images your client needs to select to approve a collection.
- Download enables your client to download all collections images as a .zip file.
- Import gives you the ability to upload large amounts of images via FTP and import them directly from your web server.
- Theft Protection helps you to prevent image theft from picu collections by adding a watermark to your uploads and more.
- Multi-Client Support allows you to send collections to multiple recipients and receive individual selections.
Priority Support: We try our best to provide support and answer questions in the WordPress.org forums, but please be aware that one-on-one priority support via email is only guaranteed to people who bought a Pro license.
- WordPress 5.6
- Upload the
picufolder to your
- Activate the "picu" plugin in the WordPress administration interface.
I have a problem. Where can I get help?
Please take a look at our documentation first.
Still having issues? Check out the support forum here on wp.org or reach out via our support page.
Emails are not working
Can WordPress send emails?
picu uses functions built into WordPress to send emails. If you have any email issues, please make sure your WordPress installation can send emails, eg. notifications for new comments, resetting passwords etc. If those don't work, picu can't send out emails either.
Receiving a notification once the client has approved a collection
An email will be sent to you, announcing that the client has approved a collection. This email will be sent to the email address specified in your user profile. In the WordPress Admin go to "Users > Your Profile" to see/change that address. Make sure it is correct and working, otherwise you won't receive any notifications!
Changing the FROM name and address
In case picu emails end up in the client's SPAM folder, they can either whitelist the from address (no-reply@ + your domain name) or you can use these filters to change the FROM name and address.
When viewing a collection I get a "page not found" / 404 error
In your WordPress Admin, go to "Settings > Permalinks". There is no need to "Save Changes", just visiting the page will flush the rewrite rules so that any changes to the permalink structure will take effect. Sometimes this needs to be done manually, eg. after changing the language of your website or after a new plugin was activated that introduced new permalinks.
I don't see any images when viewing my collection
In 90% of cases this issue stems from using some kind of optimization or caching plugin. Please make sure to exclude picu collections from any kind of optimization or caching in the respective plugin's settings.
picu images show up in the Media Library
This sometimes happens. Usually third party plugins tamper with the way image uploads are connected to their parent. If that connection between image and collection is lost, picu can't filter its images from appearing the library.
picu images do not show up in the Media Library
This is intentional. 🙂 We wanted to strictly separate the images that you use in a picu collection from the images you use on your website, thereby keeping you from accidentally using an image from a collection in a blog post or in your portfolio.
The media library would get completely crammed und confusing having hundreds or in some cases thousands of (temporary) images in there.
picu also cleans up behind itself: When you delete a collection, all images are deleted from the server automatically. (You can see how using an image elsewhere on the site would become a problem here.)
More options are available via filters and action hooks
There are lots of additional options to configure and extend picu by using a little bit of code. To get started, have a look at our developers page. Also, please have a look at our examples page with lots of working code snippets.
Can I help translate picu into my language?
Yes! picu has been translated by our kind users in more than ten languages. You can add translations by going to translate.wordpress.org. Choose your language, then click on "Stable (latest release)" and start adding translations.
(Please note, that you need a WordPress.org account to add translations.)
BTW: We are looking for people to help us translate our Pro modules as well. If you are interested in a free license, get in touch.
I have an idea that would make picu even better
Awesome! We are always open to feature suggestions and are always interested to learn about photographers' workflows. Please get in touch!
Bidragsydere & udviklere
"picu – WordPress Photo Proofing Gallery" is open source software. The following people have contributed to this plugin.Bidragsydere
"picu – WordPress Photo Proofing Gallery" er blevet oversat til 16 sprog. Tak til oversætterne for deres bidrag.
Translate "picu – WordPress Photo Proofing Gallery" into your language.
Interesseret i udvikling?
Gennemse koden, tjek SVN repository, eller abonner på udviklerloggen via RSS.
Release Date: September 18th, 2023
- Fix a bug where, when using the filter to customize filenames, certrain characters could break the copy to clipboard button (Thx Roberto S.)
- Fix button alignment
- Improve translations, add more translator comments
Release Date: September 6th, 2023
- Enhancements
- Introducing picu Telemetry: We would very much appreciate you allowing us to gather some anonymous usage data. You can find more information about this topic on our website: https://picu.io/docs/telemetry
Release Date: August 22nd, 2023
- Enhancements
- This is probably only exciting for us plugin devs, but we are now using GitHub actions to release new versions of picu.
Release Date: July 7th, 2023
- Enhancements
- It is now possible to filter the "Send selection…" button text
- Changing the order of collection images can now be undone
- Display a notice, if the old Pro modules are still in use
Release Date: June 19th, 2023
- Enhancements
- Collection base slug can now be defined unter "Settings > Permalinks"
- New picu Pro plugin compatibility
Release Date: May 12th, 2023
- Sorting images by filename – either in ascending or descending order
- Add a button to easily copy the collection URL to the clipboard, when the share option is set to "manual"
- Use more meaningful link texts in the collection overview row actions depending on the collection status (e. g. "View Proof Results" instead of "Edit")
- Add more contrast to UI elements to make it more accessible
- Minimum required PHP version is now 7.4
- Fix a bug in the media library, where the date filter dropdown could display empty months
Release Date: April 26th, 2023
- Bugfixes
- Fix an issue where switching between picu settings tabs did not work
Release Date: April 26th, 2023
- We moved our debug info into "Tools > Site Health > Info"; We also added a button that copies all of the debug info into your clipboard
- Fix a bug in displaying very long URLs in picu emails
- Fix a bug where tabs in the WP Admin could look wrong on small screens
- Fixed a bug where picu image sizes could be generated for images that are not part of a picu collection
Release Date: March 14th, 2023
- Enhancements
- picu now remembers previous recipients' email addresses
- The date column now contains the modified date and reflects the latest status change
Release Date: February 21st, 2023
- Bugfixes
- Fix image dimensions in Safari (Thx Ivo T.)
- Fix an issue with long image titles in the Delivery Module (Thx Andreas S.)
- Add missing string for translations (Thx Romain L.)
Release Date: November 23rd, 2022
- Bugfixes
- Fix an issue where the email subject of the approval email could contain encoded characters (Thx Anna)
- Fix a PHP warning when duplicating a collection (Thx Anderas S.)
Release Date: November 17th, 2022
- Bugfixes
- Fix an issue where the the delivery email would not be sent out (Thx Ricardo)
- Fix an issue where the selection target (as part of the Selection Options Pro module) would not be added to the email
Release Date: November 11th, 2022
- Fix an issue where the email subject could contain encoded characters (Thx Anna)
- Fix an issue where collections sent to mutliple recipients would be listed when using the picu_list_collections short code without also specifing an email address (Thx Thomas)
- Adding a referrer field to the password form to make it more reliable (Thx Benjamin R.)
Release Date: November 8th, 2022
- Enhancements
- Completely rewritten email functionality
- picu now supports custom email templates and styling
- The proof file is now attached to the notification email
- Added many new filters in regards to email, eg. to add CC and BCC addresses
- Added new action hooks for various picu events, eg. after a collection has been approved
- Find out more in our release post at https://picu.io/2022/11/new-in-picu-1-7-0/
Release Date: June 13th, 2022
- Added a new action hook that allows you to display content above the collection images
- Added a new filter to change the approval heading
- Added a new filter to change the approval button text
- Added a new filter for collection post type arguments
- Added a new action hook after a collection has been approved
- Added support for custom approval forms (part of the Brand & Customize Pro module)
- Fix a visual regression bug in the media upload modal introduced with WP 5.8
Release Date: January 27th, 2022
- Bugfixes
- Fix a PHP warning when using WordPress 5.9 (Thx Jörg S.)
Release Date: December 15th, 2021
- Enhancements
- It is now possible to define a custom FROM name and address for picu emails in the settings (before, it was only possible to set these via a filter)
- Define an email address to receive all picu notifications (by default notifications are sent to the collection author)
- The number of collection images is now displayed in the status meta box
Release Date: October 7th, 2021
- Bugfixes
- Fix a bug where the photographer would not receive an email when a collection was approved
Release Date: September 30th, 2021
- Enhancements
- Display the time (in addtion to the date) for each status in the collection status box
- Add a Move to Trash link when editing a collection
- Add new filter "picu_approval_mail_recipient", to overwrite the TO email address for approval mails
- Performance optimizations
Release Date: August 10th, 2021
- Enhancements
- Compatibility with new Pro feature to send collections to multiple clients
- Download the proofing .txt file right from the collection overview
- Refined approved view
- Copy filenames based on a filter (eg. approved, not approved)
- Update color scheme to match WordPress
Release Date: March 29th, 2021
- Enhancements
- Improved collection list shortcode, added two new attributes: status and current_user
Release Date: January 25th, 2021
- Bugfix
- It seems that one Yoast filter did cause some issues when uploading images. We will file a bug report with them shortly.
Release Date: January 25th, 2021
- Enhancements
- Improved compatibility with Yoast SEO plugin
Release Date: November 20th, 2020
- Bugfixes
- Fix a bug where a collection could not be displayed if an image description contained certain characters
Release Date: August 7th, 2020
- Enhancements
- Compatibility improvements and fixes for the upcoming WordPress 5.5 release
Release Date: July 31st, 2020
- Enhancements
- Improve light theme for delivery collections
Release Date: July 29th, 2020
- Enhancements
- WordPress 5.5 compatibility
- Add filter for the filenames when copying approved images
Release Date: July 16th, 2020
- Enhancements
- Improve Delivery module integration
Release Date: June 19th, 2020
- Enhancements
- The collection password will now be accessible in the approved view (Thx Michal)
- The collection author no longer needs to enter the password to access password protected collections (Thx Charles O.)
- Updated Pro screen to include the Delivery module
Release Date: June 17th, 2020
- Enhancements
- New approved view
- You can now see which images are selected even before the collection is approved
- You can now download a text file that contains the proofing information for archiving/save keeping
- You can now disable random collection slugs in the settings
- You can now disable sending collection passwords with the email to the client in the settings
- Prepare for upcoming Delivery Pro module release
Release Date: March 13th, 2020
- You can now duplicate a collection, using just the unselected images (before you could use all or just the selected images)
- Fix an issue were full sized images could be loaded in the collection overview (Thx Charles O.)
- Fix an issue where picu images, that were uploaded with a specific IPTC keyword, could show up in a keyword based gallery, created with the Media Library Assistant plugin (Thx Thorsten K.)
- Fix a bug where a php notice could show up when using NextGen Gallery (Thx Helene V.)
Release Date: February 5th, 2020
- Bugfixes
- Fix a bug where a single download would link to a scaled version of the image (Thx Marcus B.)
- Fix a bug where scaled image would be generated when duplicating a collection (Thx Alan)
- Fix media modal alignment and improve third party plugin compatibility
Release Date: December 18th, 2019
- Bugfixes
- Include the updated stylesheet, duh!
Release Date: December 18th, 2019
- Prepare for upcoming Download Pro module update
- Fix a bug where a button would have the wrong label when the default send method is set to manually (Thx Charles O.)
Release Date: November 24th, 2019
- Enhancements
- Add filter to change the email subject when sending a collection to a client (Thx Mohamed E.)
- Add filter to set the default share method (Thanks Charles O.)
- picu will not generate a "scaled" version of an image, introduced in WordPress 5.3 (Thx Sean T.)
Release Date: October 18th, 2019
- Enhancements
- Flush permalinks after collection base slug has been changed
- Automatic redirection from old to new collection base slug
- Add wpml-config.xml
Release Date: September 13th, 2019
- Prepare for upcoming Import and Theft Protection Pro module releases
- Fix a bug where special characters in the description could break the collection view
Release Date: August 20th, 2019
- Prepare for new Brand & Customize Pro module version
- Improve mobile view when using the Mark & Comment Pro module
- Fix strings that could not be translated (Thx Charles O.)
- Fix a PHP warning that would trigger an error message when approving a collection (Thx Shane B.)
- Fix an error where the approval screen would indicate a client message, when there actually was none (Thx Thorsten K.)
Release Date: July 24th, 2019
- Prepare for Theft Protection Pro module update
- Integrate traduttore registry to automatically update translations for Pro modules (Thx @wearerequired)
- Use proper way to include the password form for collections
- Fix a bug where the slug could not be changed when the collection has not been saved (Thx Charles O.)
- Fix strings that could not be translated
Release Date: April 24th, 2019
- When using the
picu_list_collectionsshortcode, you can now add a message to be displayed, when no collections are found (Thx Nicolas L.)
- When using the
- Fix a bug where single quotes would be falsely converted (Thx Charles O.)
Release Date: April 15th, 2019
- Bugfixes
- Fix a bug where the logo could not be updated in the Brand & Customize settings (Thx Pascal O.)
Release Date: April 8th, 2019
- Enhancements
- Make picu compatibale with more plugins, that hijack image upload handling
- Prepare for upcoming Theft Protection Pro module release
Release Date: April 3rd, 2019
- Button text switches between "Publish" and "Send to Client" depending on which sharing method is selected.
- Collections are once again accessible when published but not yet sent. (Would return a 404 error in version 1.4.0.)
- Fix a tinymce styling bug (Thx Bastien J.)
Release Date: March 22nd, 2019
- Lazy loading!
- Fix lightbox view in IE 11
- Fix duplicate filter name (Thx Christian F.)
- Prevent Real Media Library plugin to mess with the upload screen
Release Date: January 31st, 2019
- New button to reopen a collection after it has been approved
- Use Quick Edit to set the collection status to draft, sent or approved
- You can now duplicate either all or selected images only
- Fix a bug that could prevent duplication from working
- Fix image count in collection overview
Release Date: January 14th, 2019
- Include my-picu.php_example file to show available filters/hooks
- Debug info is now only shown to administrators
- Fix a bug where the custom picu upload path could not be set correctly (Thx Jörg S.)
- Fix a bug where a Pro license could not be removed
Release Date: November 22nd, 2018
- Prevent Autoptimize from "optimizing" picu collections
- Fix a bug where collections could fail to load in IE
- Fix a bug where collections could not be send in IE
- Fix a bug where image meta data could cause collections not to load
- Fix a bug where left over code would show up in the UI (D'oh!)
Release Date: November 8th, 2018
- Add a new filter to disable random URL slugs
- Introduce picu Pro
- Update welcome and picu Pro screens
- Update plugin name and readme content
- Fix a bug where picu images would show up in the Media Library (Thx David G.)
- Fix a bug where images would be stretched beyond their natural size in the light box
- Fix a minor bug that could throw a PHP notice
- Fix minor bugs regarding Mark & Comment module
Release Date: September 25th, 2018
- Collections now auto save!
- Table view is now the default when viewing approved collections in the WordPress Admin
- Prepare for upcoming Mark & Comment add-on release
- Disable Gutenberg for picu collections (until it is ready)
- Automatically remove picu collections from xml sitemaps generated by The SEO Framework plugin
- Automatically remove The SEO Framework and Yoast meta boxes from the collection edit view
- Disable NextGen Gallery "resource manager" that caused issues when viewing picu collections
- Fix searching by filename in the media library
Release Date: November 4th, 2017
- Add image number to the lightbox view
- Add filter that allows you adjust the from email address for picu emails
- Fix a bug that could prevent duplication from working
- Fix encoding for translations
Release Date: July 25th, 2017
- Add shortcode
[picu_list_collections]to display a list of collections
- Update add-ons page
- Final preparations for Download add-on release
- Add shortcode
- Lightbox performance improvement for large collections
Release Date: May 26th, 2017
- Copy filenames into the clipboard with one click!
- Add blog URL and active theme to our debug page
- Final preparations for Selection Options add-on release
- Remove a bug that prevented some collections from being duplicated
Release Date: April 14th, 2017
- Enhancements
- Add possibility to filter selected/unselected images in the front end
- Add a new column to the collection overview screen, that shows how many images have been selected
- New default image size is now 3000px wide (was 1024px before)
- Small design refinements
- Add filter for picu collection slug
- JS templates will now work with asp style php tags enabled
- Attachment pages for picu images will not show up in Yoast xml sitemaps, attachment pages will redirect to the homepage
- Preparation for upcoming Selection Options add-on release
Release Date: December 9th, 2016
- Enhancements
- Revised notification system with more meaningful notices when saving and sending collections
- More preparation for upcoming add-on releases
- Speaking of add-ons: Check out https://picu.io/add-ons for the first two add-ons!
Release Date: October 11th, 2016
* Enhancements
* Preparation for upcoming add-on releases
- Bugfixes
- Removes an embarrassing bug which added "test: " before email subjects
Release Date: August 16th, 2016
- Enhancements
- You can now duplicate collections
- Update how picu sends emails
- Prevent picu collections form showing up in Yoast SEO's xml sitemaps
- More preparation for upcoming add-on releases
Release Date: June 7th, 2016
- Enhancements
- Add rudimentary print css
- Add page with debug information under settings
- picu can now be translated by everyone via https://translate.wordpress.org/projects/wp-plugins/picu
- Update Add-Ons page
- Preparation for upcoming add-on releases
Release Date: April 21st, 2016
- Add filter to change the default filename separator, see picu FAQs for details
- Add Finnish translation (Thx Rami & Tom)
- Make picu compatible with (some) caching plugins
Release Date: March 12th, 2016
- Enhancements
- Redirect clients to the homepage after they submitted their selection
- Implemented a hook to change the default email message
- Small styling enhancements
Release Date: January 22nd, 2016
- Enhancements
- picu now (officially) supports password protection for collections
- Added a dialog box when trying to edit a collection that has already been sent to the client
- Added a loading indicator when saving/sending collections in the front end
- Lots of small styling enhancements
Release Date: December 29th, 2015
- Added new labels for our Custom Post Type "Collections" (WordPress 4.4+)
- Added a new filter for customizations through Add-Ons
- Fixed a conflict on some admin screens when $current_screen wasn't set
Release Date: December 9th, 2015
- Added support for native responsive images (WordPress 4.4+)
- Updated German translations
- Fixed a display error in the backend for WP 4.4+
Release Date: November 25th, 2015
- Completely redesigned backend UI!
- Added the possibility for other sharing options (instead of email)
- Re-Organized some files behind the scenes
- Fixed size of thumbnails in backend after upload
- Fixed a bug on the welcome screen
- Fixed width of Add-On boxes for large screens
Release Date: October 29th, 2015
- Update translations
- Added licensing functionality for picu add-ons
- Fixed a bug where a collection would not be displayed correctly
- Fixed a bug where email content was not formated correctly
Release Date: October 23rd, 2015
- Display maximum file size limit for image uploads
- HTML emails are now sent by default (can be turned off in Settings)
- Added some missing translations
- Added custom hooks and more small preparations for picu add-ons
- Add versioning to js/css files to make sure the right files are loaded, regardless of caching
- Fixed some display bugs in IE
Release Date: October 7th, 2015
- Enhancements
- HTML email notifications
- Improved compatibility with other plugins
- Added more under-the-hood goodness to prepare for future updates and the release of picu add-ons
Release Date: September 12th, 2015
- Added a new list view and filter to check approved images in the backend
- Added preview thumbnails to theme settings
- Added filter hooks to backbone templates and collections, models & views
- Remove double admin page titles
Release Date: September 7th, 2015
- Added the photographers email address as CC in emails to the client
- Fixed confirmation emails to the photographer when a collection is approved
- Fixed a bug where images were displayed in the wrong order
- Fixed a bug where admin notices were displayed in the wrong places
- Fixed password protection for collections
- Fixed uninstall routine for multisite installations
Release Date: September 1th, 2015
- First official release (public beta) to the WordPress.org repo.


text:
My Dog Has Fleas
My Dog Has Fleas, a.k.a. K.314159 (German: Mein Hund hat Flöhe) is a dramatic German opera that was composed in 1776 by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart while he was fleeing bitter persecution from the Austrian Philharmonic Orchestra. Mozart attributed the libretto to William Shakespeare, though whether this is indeed The Bard or merely a different man of the same name remains a popular drinking topic for academics.
A sequel, My Dog Has No Nose (German: Wie Riecht er? Schrecklich!), was originally in the works but ultimately dropped due to lack of interest.
Mozart, who was down to his last gold pfennig at the time, sought the approval of the Emperor Joseph II to stage a lavish musical production for the Austrian National Theatre using many thousands of trained dancing canines in revealing leotards. In spite of the fact that the private ownership of dogs was banned throughout all Central Europe at the time, the Emperor was sufficiently intrigued to temporarily waive the inconvenient restriction in acquiescence to the brilliant composer's logistical requirements. That a virulent flea-borne strain of bubonic plague wiped out 60% of the Holy Roman Empire's population a mere two weeks later was declared a complete coincidence by Imperial analysts, and later often by Mozart himself whilst beating off hordes of angry, plague-ridden opera-going survivors.
The opera, in one act lacking any major scene changes, lasts all of 4.33 seconds. The Overture in E major dominates the entire production with a powerful rising archipelago of nearly perfect fourths (played by hundreds of strings and tuning forks in unison). This classic Mozartian melodic motif is recognized the world over to this day, even by unsuspecting people who had never even heard of Mozart, let alone classical music.
The Plot, as such
The plot, as such, centers around a coastal seaport in 16th century Portugal, in which the main protagonist, Don Ho, attempts to woo a young nubile maiden (Donna Summer) with his gigantic electric ukulele. Emotional tension rises to unbearable levels when the Don accidentally strikes an off-note (D flat instead of D natural), because, as luck wouldst have it, the ukulele, instead of being a genuine Stradivarius™ as the Don was led to believe when he purchased it not half an hour previously, was, in fact, a cheap Hawaiian import. Summer's pet French poodle bites the Don in retaliation, who immediately drops dead of rabies (Don Ho, that is, not the poodle. Although the poodle presumably dies of sexual exhaustion soon after the events of the opera.). As the Don breathes his last, thousands of poodles, hounds, terriers, spaniels, bulldogs, collies, beagles, mastiffs, pinschers, sheepdogs, boxers, huskies, labradors, rottweilers, pugs, schnauzers, pekingese, mutts, mongrels, and vagrants pirouette onstage in skimpy leotards in what was historically the first example of a psychedelic representation of a character's inner state. As the curtain descends, we (the opera-going audience) are compelled to reflect upon the mysteries of life, death, rabid poodles, and unrequited love, until such time that we are bodily thrown out of the theatre by the angry theatre manager, presumably for loitering.
Lackluster Reception
The opera opened to mixed reviews in the Vienna Times, and was mercilessly slammed by the Italian press as "having too few notes". Rumour had it that Mozart was so disappointed with the lackluster reception that he blamed his mortal enemy Antonio Salieri of malicious sabotagé, and immediately filed suit against him in the Habsburg Court of Petty Revenge (HCPR), where the case is still pending to this day.
Mozart, meanwhile, went on to compose entire shitloads of other, relatively unimportant operas, all of which bombed similarly.
Modern Revival
In today's postmodern world of operatic revival, Mein Hund hat Flöhe is orchestrated mostly as Mozart intended, with ukuleles and French poodles, except where illegal, in which case it is performed entirely by trained monkeys with banjos. The recent outbreak of monkey-borne rabies currently decimating the opera-going populace has been declared a complete coincidence by the World Health Organization, which still recommends that one shoots oneself after seeing the opera.
See Also
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text:
Pile of stuff for trips. Logistics is hard!
Lucy the Mini is all loaded up. Ted FYYFF.
Community Cycling Center brought two Biketown bikes! They were ridden on at least one day, and I took one into town for errands on a rest day.
Jeremy's tent.
Jeremy's tent. Ted is next door to the right.
Tents! Mountains! Moon!
Jeremy, programming his radio at sunset.
Sunset over Tri-City.
First day announcements.
It's 7am! Let's go!
Jeremy and Ted's tents.
The historic Rice Brothers and Adams Building in Myrtle Creek.
Friendcat! Wasn't too friendly, we couldn't pet it.
Panorama along the South Umpqua River. So pretty.
Jeremy along the South Umpqua River.
Ted along the South Umpqua River. Love the rocky sections.
Pretty little valley.
Here we go. First good-sized climb of the ride.
Selfie on the climb.
Jeremy at the top of the climb. Yay!
Cool geology along the route.
Jeremy and the geology. (band name?)
Looking at the wall of hills surrounding Camas Valey. It's a 360 degree view like this.
People discovered a power cord, so it became an ad-hoc daytime charging station.
Super-cold, foggy morning in Camas Valley. Jeremy had ice on his bar bag. Brrrr.
Jeremy is entirely too happy considering he can't feel his fingers.
Jeremy, leaving the Camas Valley camp.
Jeremy, signalling a turn.
Jeremy, riding no-hands to try to warm up said hands.
At the first landslide section of (repaired) road. Made for a great view.
Camas Valley from the landslide section. Look at that pool of fog.
Panorama, looking west from the top of the Tyee Escarpment "knife edge".
Looking west on the Tyee Escarpment. Pretties.
Another panorama from on top of Tyee.
Ted, ready for the descent.
In line for the descent. They were releasing small groups (since it's such a dangerous descent), but we were all held to clear a crash.
Jeremy at the bottom of the Tyee descent. He's happy.
Ted at sunset in Bandon.
Bandon beach panorama in the morning.
Ted at the beach in Bandon.


text:
Negotiations between LightSquared and its lenders remained "far apart" over the weekend, leaving the beleaguered would-be data carrier likely to file for bankruptcy protection Monday, The Wall Street Journal reported Sunday, citing anonymous sources involved in the negotiations.
LightSquared has until 5 p.m. Monday to negotiate a deal with lenders to keep from defaulting on loans. Sources told the newspaper that lenders are unlikely to grant LightSquared an extension to a debt-term violations waiver that expires at that time.
Hedge-fund manager Philip Falcone, whose firm Harbinger Capital Partners is the venture's primary backer, and lenders have been unable to agree on how much ownership LightSquared should turn over to lenders, the sources were quoted as saying. Other terms of any potential deal are also sticking points in the negotiations, the sources said.
LightSquared's board was tentatively planning to meet Sunday to talk about whether to authorize the bankruptcy filing, which sources said is expected to be filed before Monday evening.
Lenders have sought an independent board that didn't include Falcone to oversee LightSquared and although he "tacitly agreed" to that, financial restructuring of the venture "created a gulf" between the sides, the Journal reported. Lenders also wanted to hold Falcone liable for a bankruptcy filing under circumstances not specified in the newspaper report, which said that Falcone would not agree to those terms given that the he would no longer be on the board or be making decisions for LightSquared.
After Harbinger acquired SkyTerra and part of TerreStar, which are both satellite mobile data providers, it formed LightSquared in 2010. LightSquared operates satellite-based services and had planned to built a land-based LTE-network and sell on a wholesale basis capacity of both systems to other carriers. However, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission announced in February its intent to kill the land-based component of the initiative because tests showed it would interfere with GPS receivers.


text:
Note: While currently out of print, requests for the 'Garden of Eden on Wheels' catalogue have been such that we have chosen to make the essays and selected images available on our web page.
Introductory Essay
Erna Aljasmets, Eesti NSV udhariduskoolide opilaste toid
And swear by him who created heaven, and the things that therein are, and the earth, and the things that therein are, and the sea, and the things which are therein, that there should be time no longer. Rev 10:6
In 1933 Mary Elliott Wing, a seamstress living in Roanoke Virginia, conceived of and constructed the first truly modern mobile home. Inspired both by the dimensions of the Biblical ark as well as Scriptural accounts of the Noachian deluge and promises of subsequent apocalyptic eras, Mary Wing devised a mobile dwelling capable of quickly adapting to a world of rapid changing environmental and social conditions. Whether driven by the lure of distant attractions or the threat of impending disaster, Mary Wing's mobile home was able to uproot at a moments notice and migrate to any location to which her 1930 Chevrolet could haul her and her mobile dwelling. Mary Wing's construction project was inspired not only by the physical Ark but by its plan and purpose as well. Living as she was in the early years of the economic downturn of the 1930's, Mary Wing carefully and lovingly equipped her trailer with all such things as would be needed to preserve life against the devastating economic storm that raged outside the protected confines of her land-ark.
Mary Wing's was, of course, neither the first mobile dwelling nor even the first mobile home in the contemporary understanding of the term. As noted by J.B. Jackson in his The Movable Dwelling and How it Came to America,
The verb to dwell has a distinct meaning. At one time it meant to hesitate, to linger to delay, as when we say, "He is dwelling too long on this insignificant matter." To dwell, like the verb to abide (from which we derive abode) simply means to pause, to stay put for a length of time; it implies that we will eventually move on.
As if propelled by a literal understanding of the verb, the dwellings of our forefathers were for millennia predominantly mobile in nature. As David A. Thornburg remarks,
The history of the house trailer really begins with the covered carts and wagons used by prehistoric nomads who wandered the steppes of Asia. Four thousand year old models of these ox drawn vehicles have been unearthed in Syria, and Assyria, some of them looking surprisingly like 19th century Conestogas.
The house trailer is, of course, but a sub-set of the larger age-old category of mobile dwelling. From the Basque sheepherder tent/coat and Bedouin woven goat hair "blacktent" to Mongolian yurts, human ingenuity has created an astonishing array of portable dwellings.
However, in America, it was the migratory worker and seasonal factory worker, tacking together small masonite trailers or packing up their home built housecars and assembling in camps as early as 1920; or, the evangelist, carpenter or salesman, who built their first trailer to follow some private dream; or simply the old time "trailerite" or auto camper, a casual, cantankerous and fiercely independent soul of the teens and twenties who together caused a brand new industry, mobile home production, to emerge and flourish right out of the depths of the Great Depression.
* * *Coincidentally, as the seamstress Mary Elliott Wing was designing and constructing her mobile home on the Atlantic coast, 3000 miles away on the Pacific coast, the astronomer, Edwin Hubble, observing distant stars from the vantage point of a 5000 ft. mountain-top a short distance north east of Pasadena, California, was making important observations concerning the spectra of distant stars - observations that help place Mary Wing's unique efforts in perspective.Erna Aljasmets is Keeper of Folk, Traditional and Urban Handcrafts at the Eesti NSV udhariduskoolide opilaste toid in Tallinn, Estonia. Erna teaches Vernacular Art and Aesthetics at the Eesti vabariik kultuuripaevade raames and is a Research Fellow in Visual and Cultural Studies at the Vasteliina keskkooli optetaja. She has curated several handcrafts exhibitions in locations as diverse as Moscow, Yerevan, Kiev, Switzerland, Berlin, and Helsinki, as well as her native Tallinn. Her books include Ma ise ilutegija (1969), Laste loomeroom (1978), and Laste loomertoo (1988).
Hubble's keen, if fortuitous, 1933 observation that the more distant the star the redder the coloration of its characteristic spectra, was the first step in what was to become a cascade of deductive reasoning which culminated in two of the most significant understandings in the history of Western cosmological thought - namely that the universe is thousands or millions of times larger than was commonly supposed and secondly, the universe is not only much larger than had been assumed but it is dramatically increasing in size with each passing moment.
There is an important corollary to Hubble's second realization that all of existence is expanding: if the amount of matter in the universe is more or less fixed but the size of the universe is constantly expanding, then the space between the objects in the universe is that which is increasing. The amount of matter in creation is not expanding; the distance between the bits of matter is getting greater. In other words the stuff of existence is thinning out, getting colder, running down. Or in the words of W.B. Yeats "the center does not hold; things fall apart."
Ants Viires, the noted Estonian historian, responding in 1975 to Hubble's view of an ever expanding cosmos, wrote in his Puud ja inimesed: puude osast Eesti rehvakulturis "...time ravages everything, our person, our experience, our material world. In the end everything will be lost. In the end there is only the darkness. ...and despite the apparent fullness and richness of our lives there is, deposited at the core of each of us, a seed of this total loss of this inevitable and ultimate darkness."
Against this flood of darkness, against this inevitable annihilation, certain individuals are called upon to preserve what they can. And those of us who hear and heed this call to hold back for a time some small part of existence from the inevitability of entropic disintegration have come to be known as collectors.
Steven Jay Gould and Rosamond Wolff Purcell in their poetic essay on collecting, Finders, Keepers, note that collecting is an act of passion. Speaking of the 16th through 19th century collectors, represented in their unabashedly beautiful book, Gould and Purcell note:
* * *
They all believed passionately in the value of their work; they were driven, sometimes at the cost of life or sanity, by this conviction, this urge to collect, to bring part of a limitless diversity into an orbit of personal or public appreciation. In an age of passivity, where Walkman and television bring so much to us and demand so little in return, we must grasp the engaging passion of these collectors, And we must also remember that passion, for all it public and private joys, literally means suffering.
If viewed from the perspective of self-preservation, this activity of gathering together, compiling and tending to often useless objects might appear illogical. In attempt to make sense of this seeming senseless and curiously compulsive activity, commentary on themes of collecting often focus on issues of scarcity and value, on the of amassment of objects as a vehicle for the accumulation of wealth and/or power. But it is all too easy to ascribe motives of self interest to this passion to gather - to view collecting as an act of hoarding, of taking for one's self when, in fact, to assume the mantle of gathering for aftertime can just as easily be viewed as a self-less if not sacrificial act.
Over the past half century agricultural science has engineered remarkably successful plants with yields that would have been unthinkable a century ago. These remarkable successes have understandably rendered these hybrids nearly ubiquitous. This success and ubiquity, however, carry with them very real if often overlooked risks - risks of susceptibility of the world's hybridized food stuffs to disease and the very real potential for famine - risks which have been eclipsed in the largely justifiable euphoria of success. Against this possibility of potential wide scale famine, as well as out of simple concern for the loss of genetic material, there has developed a system know as The Indigenous Seed Bank Project, a loose network of gardeners around the world.
* * *
Like Adam and Eve tending to and caring for their Garden, the seed bank gardeners, by collecting, sowing and harvesting seeds of traditional indigenous plants, are similarly cultivating and caring for genetic strains, perhaps as ancient as the Garden itself - strains that would have surely been lost were it not for the seed bank's collective effort. Similarly, if less concretely, all collectors can be seen as participating in a larger species wide project of keeping and preserving the "stuff of life", nourishment in another but not less important form, from the ravages of time.
Four thousand three hundred and forty three years ago, Noah, was called to build an ark and provision it with all such as was necessary to withstand the impending apocalypse. That ark proved to be the first and most complete museum of natural history ever assembled and, by extension, Noah and his family, the first and most successful of collectors - collecting systematically, if urgently, to rescue from extinction all of creation. Sixty three years ago, Mary Elliot Wing was also called to build an ark and provision it with all such as was necessary to withstand the economic apocalypse of the 1930's. Like Noah and his family, Mary Wing also built and assembled those things necessary to rescue from extinction life itself.
* * *
And when he had opened the seventh seal, there was silence in heaven about the space of half an hour. Rev 10:6
* * *
Whether by earthquake, seas of blood and clouds of human-faced locusts or the final entropic death of all star matter, knowledge of the end of time is part of human consciousness and Ants Viires' "seed of total loss, of inevitable and ultimate darkness" resides in us all. Against this inevitability of ruin, some of us are called to collect and preserve. And it is our belief that those who have been appointed collectors are in fact serving in that capacity for us all. This exhibition presents the fruits of the efforts of five such individuals to whom we are deeply indebted.
__ _____________________ __
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© 1996-2006 The Museum Of Jurassic Technology, 9341 Venice Boulevard, Culver City, CA 90232