text:
that the chairman of the judging panel (which had changed over time) behaved as if they believed the evidence of the girl and expressed his sympathy for her suffering. Kowalski and the other defense witnesses gave evidence on behalf of Jashinski, though they did not dare accuse me like that lowlife.
The trail ended with the acquittal of Jashinski and the chairman of the judging panel noted that measures would be taken against some witnesses. The joy among thirty to forty of Jashinski supporters was great. They had given him character witnesses throughout the trail but to no avail. Only the final evidence turned the scales in his favour.
After the trail I was broken. I feared that they would charge me with perjury. I traveled to the chairman of the Jewish Committee in Warsaw, Mr. Domb. He told me that I had nothing to fear as a trail of that sort would cause international uproar and that they could not afford that.
I would not like that someone would see my actions as an attempt to flaunt myself as a hero. All that I wrote is the truth. That was the reality. I do not see my evidence as something outstanding, I simply followed my heart. That was my duty.
From the Courtroom
Was it all a misunderstanding?
By our special correspondent - S. Tenenbaum.
We were in the District Court of Olsztyn. In the corridor outside hall no. 238 some people were in discussion. They remembered earlier times, some decades before, when they would meet daily. These people all came from one Shtetl.
"We're starting, please enter the courtroom" announced the court orderly. They entered and took their places. The hall was quiet. "Stand, the court is in session". The witnesses were sworn in. In the court only a few people stayed. Later the court refilled with witnesses who had given evidence. To the left of the judging panel, guarded by a policeman, sat a tall man with wide shoulders, about fifty years old - calm and collected. From time to time he leans to his attorney and tells his something to ask of the witnesses. On his face you can read his thoughts - shortly everything will be clear, this is simply a misunderstanding.
Is it really so?
The court session continues. The events took place some twenty odd years before in the town of Braslav, 180 km. from Vilna. Like hundreds of other shtetlach in the Vilna Guberniya the town was inhabited by a few thousand Jews who were exterminated by the genocidal Nazis.
"I, your honours, saw it with my own eyes", states one of the witnesses, "it was terrible, outrageous, they hit, killed, laughed and then shot"
Of the Jews of Braslav, who numbered some thousand, survived after the years of terror of the Nazi occupation - only 30 people. Most fought with the partisans.
At the end of 1962 there was a trial in Kiszalyn. In the court was Sima Zilberman, Nuita Zelikman of Walbrzych, and Michael Vinokorovski (previously Moshe Fisher) of Lodz. They identified one of the witnesses, a person wanted for some time by the authorities, who was the Chief of Police in Braslav, Stanislaw Jashinski. The investigation began. An indictment was sent to the District Court at Olsztyn.
"Does the witness identify the accused?"
"Of course!, your honour, he was an honest man, he often helped people and we conversed frequently".
Please answer the question, does the witness know where the accused worked?"
"They say he worked for the police, but I never saw him in uniform, he was affair man"
From the Indictment
Stanislav Janshinski is accused that in 1941, after the German occupation of Braslav, he went to serve the Hilterists abd was appointed chief of the local Shutzpoleizei. He is charged with treason, and that he took part in the murder of civilian population, especially Jews.
If the court finds him guilty, wrote the newspaper Glos Olsztynski before the trial, then based in the 1944 law, he should be sentenced to death.
Q: Did the local police participate in the expulsion of the Jewish population?
A: Yes, but I did not see Jashinski among them, the hangings and the murders were conducted by the Germans.
Q: Did the witness see the accused in uniform, did he carry arms?
A: Yes, but .
Q: How did the accused treat the Jewish population?
A: As I have said, the treatment was good, once he told me, during the war, that he was revolted by the shootings, they even said that he hid three Jewish women.
Q: Did the witness see them?
A: No.
Q: and what happened to them?
A: I don't know, but
"He is an honest man, he had a good name", these words repeat themselves many times.
The face of Jashinski woke more and more. He was a policeman, chief of the Shutzpoleizei. He did not deny this during the investigation. According to him, he stayed away from the incidents. It is clear, evident, is this a case of a misunderstanding?
Facts, Facts
The witness Nuita Zelikman: It was by the train station, in the first months of the occupation. Among the other people my brother was working. I brought him food. Suddenly, I saw, from a distance .. yes, I state with full certainty that I saw Jashinski. Shouts were heard, curses and shots. Six Jews were killed.
Q: Who else can confirm that?
The witness is quiet. Is it correct? Did the accused shoot or not? In this trail this issue is very important.
The witness Michael Vinokorovski, 46, lives in Lodz, previously known as Moshe Fisher. The witness: Yes, I was born and lived in Braslav. The accused I knew before the war. He was dressed in uniform with a band of the Shutzpoleizei. Like all the policemen he was armed.
Q: Did he take part in the murder?
A: Which policeman didn't shoot? They all
Judge: Please be accurate facts!
A: I was in the Ghetto during the liquidation, in June 1942, I succeeded to escape, afterwards I hid in the tanners building. I hid there with my sister Sima Zilberman.
She is in the hall and listens through the trail. She is an elder woman and had already given evidence. During the break we walk in the corridor. I'm already tired of the trail, she says. To go through that nightmare again. What do you think, who do you think the court will believe?
The witness: I hid in the attic, there my sister told me that I saw through a crack how they murdered a injured woman, Jashinski shot, she saw him.
Q: What happened next to the witness?
A: I succeeded, your honour, to reach the partisans. I stayed with them till the end of the war. I was in the special unit. I got the order to catch Jashinski for trail, but two weeks before the entry of the Soviet Army, he escaped.
Q: For what did you want to try him?
A: For what exactly I don't know, but
Again there is no clarity. After twenty something years it is difficult to rely on human memory. But who can forget those days, full of nightmares?! Who should the court believe? The circumstances should be checked.
In Israel is a man, named Yerachmiel Milyotin, originally from Braslav, a former partisan his written testimony is added to the indictment, as an affidavit.
The judge reads. The self-confidence disappears from the face of the accused for the first time, and he hides his face momentarily in his hands. Is it going to be ?
I heard of the investigation against Stanislaw Jashinski. I lived in Braslav and knew him well. I met him when he worked as apoliceman. He was especially active in the extermination and dispossession of Jews. Alongside his gun he always carried a white baton which he liked to use often. The 3
. June 1942 is a day fixed in my memory. An afternoon of a summer's day. The Germans and the police led Jews, on that day 4000 Jews of Braslav were murdered, and I succeeded to escape. From my hide I saw Jashinski take my wife and daughter. At one point he ordered them to stop, the procession continued to move, with a hand movement he commanded them to walk, meanwhile he took out his pistol and shot them twice, and then there was quiet. I left my hide, and made my farewell from my dear-ones for ever. After that I joined the partisans and fought with them till the end of the war. I am prepared to give evidence in person.
We listen. The judge reads an affidavit that came from the US during the investigation. Eliyahu and Luba Schmidt and Sasha Templeman accuse Jashinski, but as they did not follow the correct procedures their evidence is not taken under consideration.
A short advisement at the District Court of Olsztyn. The chairman, D. Yavarski, the prosecutor - St. Warznitzka, came to the conclusion that it was impossible to reach a verdict. It was decided that the accused would stay in jail and that all the documents would be sent to the district attorney in Kiszalin, who had investigated the case, in order to finalise the affidavits. It was also recommended to the office of the chief prosecutor so that he could get further material from the judicial department of Belarus.
For a verdict, we would have to wait.
(Falks-Stima, Warsaw, 20 November 1963, no. 181)
Stanislaw Jashinski - The Murderer of Braslav Jewry
After WWII the murderer Jashinski was placed on trial. The trail took place in the District Court in Olsztyn in Poland. The following are portions of the court protocol of the witnesses. Some were given in the court, while others were presented as affidavits form witnesses from the USA and Israel. All are translated from original protocols written in Polish.
The Evidence of Sima Zilberman
During the war I lived in Braslav. On the 3rd. June 1942, in the early hours, at around three, I heard the sounds of police running Jews through the street. I ran outside in my nightdress. When I saw the actions of the police I got very scared and ran to the attic of our house. With me came my brother Fisher-Vinokorovski. I hid in a cupboard that stood there. After the noise in the street subsided I looked through a crack and saw a women lying in the street screaming, "Oi, my intestines have come out". Around her stood a number of police and other people. From time to time shots rang out. With my own eyes I saw the accused shot her with his pistol, killing her. On his lips I saw white foam. I knew him instantaneously. When the Jews were taken for forced labour, during the German occupation, the accused was with the Germans. When the Ghetto was founded in Braslav in 1942, and the Judenrat elected, the accused would come to the Judenrat with edicts from the Germans to provide valuables and fur coats. I met him there and got to know him for the first time. He was dressed in a black uniform. Everyone said that he was "Chief Jashinski". Jashinski would come to the Judenrat and I knew him well as I saw him in daylight. When I hid in the attic I told my brother how Jashinski had shot and killed the woman from the Bialik family. At evening my brother and myself went downstairs to change clothes. Outside I heard the shouts of the policemen saying, " come, we're going to the Fisher house, they have everything". I don't know who looted the house. The woman who was killed I knew from her voice, and saw her husband beside her. I'm sure that it was her. There can be no doubt or mistake. I'm convinced the accused killed the woman. One day before the liquidation of the Ghetto I saw him take furniture from our house. I saw the accused from the front, not only from the side. I saw his face and the foam on his lips. On our street there were not many people from other nations. Most were Jews. Jashinski with the Germans would come on occasion to the Judenrat. In the Ghetto I heard that by the train station Chazkel Vinoker was shot and killed. He was shot at a distance from the station. At this time they would shot people there almost every day. Ullman was also killed. Emma Milutin said that Jashinski shot her mother and killed her. From the Ghetto 100 girls were expelled on foot to Slabodka. I do not know if Jashinski was present. I saw him when he ran us through the snow.
The Evidence of Anna Zelikman
I was present in Braslav in 1941 in the area of the train station, when the accused Jashinski and other police murdered three Jews - Boris Kress, Chazkel Vinoker and another Jew, whose name I don't know but I recognised by sight. At the station were many logs and many Jewish men worked ti clean up the station. My brother David Kantor worked there too, and I would bring him food. It was during the early Autumn 1941, when I brought my brother lunch. He approached me and began to eat. Not far from me I saw three boys sitting on sleepers and smoking cigarettes. Suddenly Jashinski and another policeman ran towards them, shouting and moving them to the side. After a moment they shot them, Jashinski with his pistol and the other with his rifle. If I remember they kicked the bodies and shouted, "that will teach the others a lesson". They turned to the other Jews and ordered them to "remove the carcasses". Upon seeing this I fled from the place. Jashinski I would see in the street. He ruled the Jewish affairs, and would rush about in the street with a stick in his hand budging Jews from the pavement. The accused had constant contact with the Judenrat. All the residents of Braslav knew that. Jashinski intermediated between the Germans and the Jews. Everyone knew him as Chief Jashinski. Amongst the Jewish population he did not have a good name. Maybe that changed after the liquidation of the Ghetto and maybe that is the reason why some witnesses have given evidence in his favour, but they are not Jews. I was in Braslav till the 24th. December 1941. After the liberation I returned to Braslav for two years. I did not inform the Soviet authorities concerning the activities of Jashinski because I was mentally broken during this period. I did not even try to get back my mothers inheritance. After that I traveled to Vilna, where I stayed till 1958. In that year I came to Poland and lived in Walbzych.
Jashinski badly afflicted the Jewish population. On the day he killed the Jews he was dressed in civilian clothes, though I do not remember for certain, he may have worn a military coat with a band on his arm. On that day they shot only three Jews. Before that, when they started the humiliations, a few Jews were shot. The Jewish population of Braslav numbered 4000-4500 souls. From that number only thirty survived after the liberation. After the shooting of the Jews by the train station I stopped bringing food to my brother. I was scared. I'm sure that the accused committed the murder. Everyone said that Jashinski had done it. In Christian history we, the Jews, are culpable for the crucifixion of Christ. "A Jew is not a Man", they said. Many non-Jewish people from Braslav, knew of the imminent liquidation of the Ghetto and none came to warn the Jews.
The Evidence of Michael Vinokorovski (Moshe Fisher)
During the Nazi occupation I went by the name Fisher. From my birth I had lived in Braslav. The accused I knew from before the war. With the breakout of hostilities he was appointed chief of police and later acting chief. A few months after the arrival of the Germans, they shot and killed some Jews in Dubene. A Jew named Blacher fled and informed us that the accused together with a group of police, were in Dubene and killed Jews. Blacher told me and some members of the Judenrat. During the first days following the Nazi occupation I saw Jashinski speaking beside the Church. After two days I ran with my sister to a village where we hid. Later we joined the partisans. When we hid in the attic my sister told me that she saw Jashinski shot in the stomach of a woman. Four years later, at the trial of Kolkovski in Koshlin I met Jashinski again. After the trail I sat with some friends, among them the witness Zapolski, in a restaurant. Jashinski appeared and approached me. He took me aside and said that for his actions as Chief of Police in Braslav he had already been tried, and that he had hidden and saved one Jewess. The name of the Jewesses he mentioned I do not remember. To this I answered that I knew that that woman had been killed during the shootings. When I was with the partisans we organised lists of suspects of collaboration with the Germans. Jashinski appeared in the list as the Chief of Police of Braslav. In 1941 I worked near the train station loading logs onto wagons. My cousin Chazkel Vinoker worked there too. We were sent to work by the Judenrat. I do not know if there were Germans there too. The train courtyard was large. At noon of one of the days 5 to 6 people were shot and killed. When the shooting started I ran from the place. I did not see what happened, but Kress, Vinoker and others were killed. Ullman was not killed on that day. He succeeded, by pleading to the Police, to save himself. I participated only a few times in the work near the trains. I used a medical certificate, which I presented to the Judenrat. I did not see Germans near the station and I do not know what happened afterwards.
The Evidence of Anatoljusz Zawacki
I met the accused in Braslav. I lived there from 1937 to 1945. I worked in Braslav as a land surveyor. I knew the accused only from sight. I knew he worked for the police. I do not remember what uniform he wore. They say he was the chief of the local police. I heard nothing against Jashinski. As far as I know, the local police took no part in the liquidation of the first Ghetto. I worked then in the office of the District Governor. One morning, at around 7, I saw the arrival of a group of Germans soldiers dressed in black uniforms with skull badges on their caps and possibly on their arms. I know it was a military unit as some of the soldiers expressed their fear about up coming front line postings. The officer of this unit was Bucholtz. By the train station a group of Jewish men were working. The Germans brought them to work and guarded them. The group numbered around twenty men. He heard that on the platform a number of Jews were shot. I did not see the shootings. I heard that somebody told Bucholtz that one of the groups was not working properly and he ordered them brought to the station. This was told me by the Jews who worked there. Those who were brought to the station, some 10-11 people, were locked in a wagon. At nightfall they were taken from the wagons, taken a short distance and all shot. Children of our family saw it. The following day I met a German who was cleaning his weapon. "I'm not doing this for parade", he said, "we shot Jews yesterday". That was the only occasion when Jews were shot near the station. I know that a group of Soviet prisoners escaped at the station. Some were returned and shot. This happened after the killing of the Jews.
The Evidence of Michael Laffir
I lived in Braslav from my birth till 1946. I know that Jashinski was highly praised and had a good name in the town. This was noted when he served in the police. He was acting Chief of Police. I heard that Jews were shot near the train station. There was a base there of the German army under the command of Bucholtz. The Germans had an independent police station. Opposite the station were storage rooms and a loading platform. I heard that the Jews did not want to work loading wood and so they were closed in wagons and later shot.
The Evidence of Chalbovitz
In 1944 I enrolled in the Polish Army. Till then I lived in Braslav, near the train station. During the liquidation of the Ghetto I worked in the office of the District Governor near Braslav. We received an order to go with them to the town. When I passed through the town I saw the Germans leading Jews. Near the train station some Jews were working. There was a German base there commanded by Bucholtz. When I went to visit my sister I went past the station. The Germans shot there some 13 Jews. This happened in a swamp near the station, shortly after the front moved further away. Kress I knew, though Vinoker I don't remember. The Jews worked loading wood. The area of the station was closed to strangers. We were not allowed to come nearer. I did not try to approach the Jews.
Evidence of Alexander (Sasha) Templeman (died in the USA)
As I was in Braslav Ghetto during the Nazi occupation, it is my duty to give evidence in the trail of the accused Stanislaw Jashinski, who was the chief of police in Braslav during the German occupation and whose trial is being conducted.
Stanislav Jashinski led a reign of terror and sanctioned fear among the Jews of the Ghetto. He would not allow them to buy foodstuffs from the peasants, and imprisoned and beat all those who dared sell the Jews bread and potatoes.
Under his command, people were struck without reason. In December 1941 somebody informed the police that Zelig Ullman, who lived with us in the Ghetto, expressed that the Nazis had suffered some failures and that the Allies would liberate us all. Jashinski imprisoned Zelig and killed him and his family - five souls. After a few days I saw Jashinski walking in the Ghetto wearing the yellow boots of Ullman. In June Jashinski caught in the woods five caravans of Gypsy families. They were exterminated we, the Jews, had to dig pits in which to bury them. Some 23-25 people were killed, among them children.
During the liquidation of the Ghetto, Jashinski, armed with a pistol, shot indiscriminately at Jews who fled to take cover. I hid in an attic and with my own eyes I saw how this criminal shot, I saw him catch Yizhak Mindel, who had a child in his arms, and shot them.
Victims of Jashinski included my father, brother-in-law, sister and her children - chemists from Slobodka near Braslav. He arrested them, and on the way to the pits shot them. This I learnt after the war on my visit to Slobodka and Braslav.
Is it possible at all to describe and detail the acts of cruelty of Jashinski, a Pole who sold his soul to the Germans, a tried to exceed them in brutality and murder. More than once Dr. Kovlaski, who was the mayor, expressed himself that Jashinski had allowed himself too much. Later they also murdered Kovlaski.
Till my dying day I will not forget the awful murderer and his actions to exterminate innocent people, children and women amongst them.
(New York, 26 October 1963)
Testimony - Nuita Zelikman
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Braslav Home
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Nuita Kantor-Zelikman
The Survival Story of Anna (Nuita) Kantor-Zelikman
and the
Testimony of the Trial of the Stanislaw Jashinski
The following text is the translation of the testimony of Anna (Nuita) Kantor-Zelikman. Anna, the daughter of Rachel and Ya'acov Kantor, was born in Braslav. After school she became a pianist, playing the accompaniment to the silent movies in Braslav's only pre-war cinema. During the war Anna stayed initially in Braslav. In December 1941 Anna went to hid with the family of Michael Kizlo in Szemelki near Plussy on the recommendation of the priest of Kraslava. The Kizlos, a poor peasant family, provided shelter to Anna and the Barkan family until the Red Army reconquered to the area in 1944. Anna returned to Braslav, where she met and married Szachno Zelikman, the only survivor of the Zelikman (Seligman) family from Slobodka. Soon the Jews moved to Vilna. In 1958 ex-Polish citizens, including all the surviving Jews of the Braslav area, were transferred to the new post war Polish territory. . There they found themselves together with their former tormentors in the town of Walbryzch in Lower Silesia including Stanislaw Jashinski, the former Police chief of Braslav, who during the Nazi occupation had been directly involved in the liquidation of the Jews of Jod and Braslav. Anna initiated proceedings against him in Olsztyn in 1962. The court records document Jashinkski's
brutal behaviour towards the Jews under Nazi occupation and the stratagems, threats, and bribery that some ex-Braslav Poles resorted to in an attempt to defend him. Unbelievably the Polish law courts tried to shift the blame onto the victims, especially Anna herself, and the trial ended with the acquittal of Jasinkski. Polish anti-Semitism had not disappeared and most of Poland's remaining Jews were yet again expelled in 1968. Many found their way to Israel, while others, including Anna and her two children, Ya'acov (Yasha) and Ewa, traveled to Stockholm. Anna died in Sweden in 1986.
The survival story was published in Hebrew in 1986. (Ariel, Machnes. Ed. 1986.
Darkness and Desolation - In Memory of the Communities of Braslaw, Dubene, Jaisi, Jod, Kislowszczizna, Okmienic, Opsa, Plusy, Rimszan, Slobodka, Zamosz, Zaracz
. Pp.124-133). A translation of the contents and some of the chapters are available at the Jewish Gen
including a
mirror page
for this webpage.
The story reads in Hebrew as a spoken text, the character of which is retained in translation.
I remember that sunny Sunday morning, a day of rest and rosy dreams. During those days, as usual, the radio was on. The speech by the Soviet Foreign Minister, Molotov, caught us by surprise and changed our lives in an instant. Panic did not spread at first as people believed in the strength of the Red Army. We all hoped that the battles would be short and that they would end in a Soviet victory.
Days passed and the information we received was scattered and not encouraging, some tried to flee to the east; collecting what they could - carts, bicycles; the youth on foot, some families moving with their children.
My family, who worked with Soviet citizens, organised a truck. My mother, brother, sister, myself and all the other family members loaded some of our processions. Full of hope we set out, but our happiness was short. The police stopped us, order us to exit the truck, remove our packages, as they needed the vehicle for themselves - to catch terrorists. Broken and disappointed we returned home. I would like to emphasise that this was not only our experience, some other families (Kurt, Edelson and others) reached the border only to be turned back by the Red Army. During these days, someone ruled the town, kept order, and there was no looting.
A few shells fell on the town, there were deaths and injuries, but it was still unreal. We lived in constant shock and uncertainty. Everything happened so fast, as though in a kaleidoscope.
If my memory doesn't betray me, a few days after the breakout of war, German reconnaissance units entered the town, but ignored the residents. A number of days later we woke to the sound of heavy artillery passing through the town, and to the clatter of the hooves of huge horses. The Wehrmacht entered Braslav with full force. Well built, healthy soldiers with rough features against the background of massive red flags with the swastika at their centre. Fear and hopelessness grabbed us.
I forget the immediate events that followed. I think that the first decision of the Germans was to send the Jews to the swamp. Someone else has doubtlessly written about this and all that occurred that night. None of us believed we would return alive. We heard that the pleas of Kowalski and Dr. Berzki saved all except two. We heard of the terrible murder of the Jews of Jaisi (a Shtetl beside Braslav). Zelig Ullman was informed that in the Shtetl of Borovka in Latvia the Germans drove 200 Jews, children, women, old people, youth into the lake and shot them. After a few days the Jews of Braslav were ordered to the shores of the Drywiata Lake and the women, children, men and outside residents were separated. We were collected thus a number of times, and we were guarded by the Germans with huge Alsatian dogs. Till today I fail to understand the reason for their actions. I especially remember the time groups of Poles, clerks, teachers, and many of the 'good' Polish youth, dressed in their best clothes, gleefully gathered, already hoping it seems for our extermination. It is possible to understand that in their eyes, our death, the death of men, women and children, was for them entertainment. In our home lived two families of refugees from Lithuania who had tried to flee eastwards but their fuel had not sufficed and they had got 'stuck' in Braslav, only to be murdered there, except for a number of people who survived by hiding with peasants in the area.
The Germans, after their entry to Braslav, found enough people who would willingly conduct their criminal dirty work. They were Poles and Belarussians, villagers and residents of the town, who dreamed of looting and murdering Jews. The collaborated with the Nazis up until the disintegration of the German Reich. Few of them refused to be hangmen.
The Judenrat was organised, their headquarters in the Yiddish School opposite our home. The members of the Judenrat would often come to our house as we were well informed on what was happening in the town. On the Polish side a joint Polish-German administration was organised. We were thus between a rock and a hard place, on one side the Judenrat and on the other the local collaborators.
At the head of the local administration was the head of police, a Belarussian, who arrived from no-where and was essentially a puppet. Other persons who received a high positions in the administration were the teacher Pawlik and his wife, who were Volkdeutsch.
The most enthusiastic collaborators were the deputy police chief, Jachinski (see below), the mayor - Kowalski and the prison director - Szliachczik - Volkdeutsch and a sadist. During Russian rule he had fixed typewriters and had lived modestly. With the entry of the Germans he began to show his true nature, his control was unlimited.
I would like to emphasise that at the from the start the Germans were well received by the Christian citizens. Even Dr. Berzki was carried along by the general euphoria and received the Germans with a magnificent banquet at the municipal hospital. This was his big sin. Dr. Berzki hid the family of Usteiv the tinmaker for a long period, and told me personally, when he came to Vilna with his wife in the 50's. After the war, when the soviet authorities arrested Dr. Berzki, all the survivors signed a petition a request to release him. Dr. Berzki tried to aid the Jews. He worked to raise the bread allowance for the Jews. He also risked himself by operating on a growth my mother had after the establishment of the Ghetto.
The Germans exploited the Jews for work, repairs in the workshops, clearing trees at the train station etc. The women knitted socks and gloves and cleaned. On occasions these works were used to humiliate and torture. The terror was indescribable.
After the regular German soldiers left the town, some of the SS hoodlums stayed near the train station with their commander Bucholz. Everyone was scared of him, from his sadism and from his officers baton with which he would strike indiscriminately. Later this platoon moved on. Rule stayed in the control of the local collaborators and a few SS officers. At this time their worst characteristics showed themselves. We were in their eyes sub-human.
During the months I stayed in Braslav there were a number of murders prior to the extermination of the Ghetto. At this time the family of Zelig Ullman, a Judenrat member, were killed. Shlomo the Shochet and Chaim Milutin were killed on the way to the swamp. At the same time Frida Ullman, Beilke Deutsch and Ya'akov Musin were murdered. Also killed were five to six people who were peeling bark from logs. This murder was the basis for my suing of Jashinski for trial.
The family of Zelig Ullman had given jewelry and valuables to a villager, with the hope that the family could conceal themselves at his house in the village. The peasant, who wished to gain all the property, reported that Zelig Ullman had been listening to Soviet radio and had distributed the information. Zelig, his wife and daughter were sent to the prison, to the sadist Szliachczik. They were held there for some time. They were tortures and finally murdered. Boris, their only son, succeeded to escape.
Connections between Jews and Poles were forbidden. A notice concerning this was posted.
The winters of 1941-1943 were especially cold in all the occupied areas. Temperatures dropped to 42 degrees below zero. After the initial victories, came stagnation and the German troops suffered from their unsuitable clothing for the Russian climate. For this reason the Germans demanded that the Judenrat collect warm clothes and demanded a high ransom as a condition to allow the continued existence of the Ghetto. As usual, the Germans promised that with the raising of the value of the ransom of gold, silver and clothes, the chances of the Jews to live would increase. And they said, that the hard working people of Braslav had nothing to fear.
I will always remember the collection of the clothes. Everyone came, bringing warm clothes, furs, sheep-skin coats, hats and gold and silver valuables. Poor families brought Pesach goblets, trays, candelabra, gold coins, earrings etc. These were items they had collected their whole lives as a dowry for their daughters. The richer gave only part of their property. The wife of Bezalel-Ya'akov cried bitterly when they took caracal fur coat. A lots of items were collected and the Judenrat said the Germans were very pleased. Life continued under pressure, inducement and torture at every step. But people were not discouraged and at meetings would encourage one another. From the front we received encouraging rumours.
Sasha Templeman, who we knew for a long time, would come to us often to tell us that Jashinski has passed him news he had heard on the radio, promising to inform him of any impending trouble. For the information Jashinski received gold, but with time people believed less in miracles and understood that they were living dead.
We knew that the Jews of Latvia and Lithuania had been exterminated by the Germans immediately after they conquered those countries. The brutal murderous measures taken by the Latvians and the Lithuanians were indescribable. To save bullets the murders would cut the throats of small children or would bash their heads on the wall. The adults met a similar fate. In Vilna, Kovno and Riga only a small group of Jews were left in the Ghettos after the massacres. The residents of south Latvia were brought to Dvinsk and killed there. That was the fate of the Jews of Kraslava. After all the Jews of Kraslava were brought to Dvinsk, only one rich and respectable family survived, the Barkan family, who were hidden by the Catholic priest in the church. The condition for their survival was that the family would convert to Christianity. A difficult condition, which they accepted. I am sure that all those who condemn them would have done the same if they were placed in a similar situation. Who could watch their child ripped to pieces. I am sure that God, in his mercy, would forgive them. The Barkan family were Zusia and Loyba, the son Yasha (Ya'akov) 9, Raphaela 6, and Loyba's mother - Mrs. Dinerman, a very respectable matron. They were saved.
With time the priest concluded that their conversion would not guarantee their survival, and the area of Braslav was very dangerous. He decided to move them to a safer place. For this he contacted the priest at Plusy. There the situation was less tense. The priest turned to one of the most religious and poorest families, the M. Kizlo family at Szemelki, noting that the Barkan's were converts and needed to be saved, noting that they are rich and that if saved would certainly compensate them generously. But not only this influenced the peasant. The main reason for his agreement was his deep religiosity, together with his whole family.
With their agreement the Barkan's crossed the Dvina river at night and were hosted in the village. The mother, Mrs. Dinerman, refused to eat non-Kosher food in the village. As we were related her son-in law decided to bring her to us in Braslav. The peasant Michael brought her to our house at the end of 1941. She was happy to be among Jews. She knitted socks with all of us and was relatively happy. It continued like this till December 1941, till the destruction of the Jews of Jod.
I remember that the action included the 'Schutzpoletzei' of Braslav under Jashinski. People saw the trucks loaded with the possessions of the murdered, returning to Braslav. The murderers, Jashinski among them, sat on the loot, drunk, and sang merrily. It was a terrible reality check after months of hope.
Michael, our peasant, who was always well informed, learnt of the massacre. He was brave and did not hesitate. He came to Braslav and took Mrs. Dinerman. Panic and fear gripped us all. My family asked Michael to take me with him to the village, as I was the youngest daughter and without my own family. Only after time would I understand the noble sacrifice they made. The peasant, a warm hearted open man, did not refuse, and I agreed to leave my loved ones. Till today I cannot forget or forgive myself for my decision.
It was the 24
. December 1941. When it darkened we crept, covered in scarves, to the sled. My brother-in-law Ya'acov Feldman accompanied us to the other side of Lake Noviaty. After a dramatic goodbye he disappeared into the fog with all my dearest, who I would never see again.
I arrived in Szemelki on Christmas eve. The Kizlo family, together with the Barkans, waited for us beside the festive table. My arrival was not a surprise as all believed that Michael would want to save another person.
Szemelki was divided into individual farms. Each compound was distant from the next. In the village were related members of the Kizlo family. One of them, Josef, was told of our presence. He was an honest good-hearted man. Three hideouts were organised ahead of time by Michael. One was a pit under the cowshed covered with boards aired through a covered opening. Food was brought us during the feeding of the cows. We were there most of the time. The second hide was a concealed room in the house with its own toilet. The third place was in the attic of the verandah with a hidden entry. It was used only during extreme danger. It was cramped and very small.
Our hosts shared with us their last food. The winter was hard, the summer harvest was very poor and it was difficult for them to support us. But there was a more difficult problem - Michael's neighbours would visit often and could see the large quantity of food cooking and the smoke coming from the chimney at unusual times. Even the two small children could mention something by mistake. Even the smallest suspicion could arose danger as two families of policemen lived in the village.
We lived in constant fear, hoping to get through the period. This feeling was shared by our host. He received no prize or payment. The end of the war was still not imminent and worse - every day he endangered his family who could all be killed because of us.
But, through a miracle, everything went well. The children never chattered even though they knew we were there and even played with us at calmer times when they let us leave our hideaway to warm ourselves in the kitchen during the coldest days.
In June 1942, as we lay in our hide, we heard someone ask our host, "Michael, do you need rubbish?", "Why?" he asked and the other answered, "They're killing the Braslav Jews today, there will be a lot of rubbish". These words were spoken by a man called Josef Bozo, the manager of the 'Steshletz' (Sniper) organisation of Braslav. He was originally from Plussy. He would often visit Michael and he was known as a respectable man.
I did not have the right or possibility to shout, wail or even bang my head on the wall. I could only sit quietly in despair. After some time a villager came to visit the grandmother and also spoke about the issue; "Jews, cats or rubbish - they're all the same". These views were common to 95% of the Christian population. Almost all held these opinions.
The wife of the watchmaker Krzyzanek - a Christian family, lived near the Christian witness house (Dom Perpilni?) near the Catholic church, told me, when I returned to Braslav after the liberation, that she had watched from the window of her house the liquidation of the Ghetto. She noted that they brought many Jews and filled the Witness House, placed them under guard where they waited for their fate for three days without water and then they were taken to the pits. She saw the old Rabbi, Reb Abba Zahorie, marching calmly at the head of the crowd on their last way. She also saw my mother Rachel and my sister Fanya walking together. Fanya's husband, Ya'akov Feldman, died later.
We lived between life and death. I suffered from asthma. Sometimes we got medicines through the priest Bilcher. I would lie with a pillow on the mouth to prevent someone hearing my coughing. Walls in these times could hear everything. After some months Mrs. Dinerman got a brain hemorrhage and she became unstable, she shouted that the war had ended and that she wanted to return home. And she endangered us all with discovery. Unluckily she had a further attack and was completely paralysed. She rasped so loudly for three days that Michael's wife and grandmother guarded the entry into the farmyard to prevent anyone hearing her dying. These were terrible times. Finally her suffering ended and she passed away. The grandfather prepared a coffin and buried her at night in the garden. Later her body was transferred to the cemetery in Kraslava.
Life continued. The warning signs used in Plussy helped us a lot. For instance, of police or gendarmes entered Plussy they would hang a white sheet on the building near the church on the other side of the lake. We then would hide in the safest hideaway. It is hard to describe our suffering. The children with us became pale with lack of air, poor food and bad living conditions. But with our suffering we were strengthened by a strong will to stay alive.
Month after month passed, year after year, till 1944 when the front approached. Our fear grew. Rumours spread that the Germans, in their defeat, were expelling the residents westwards and wre torching the villages. Luckily for us, the Germans were caught in a 'pocket' and were attacked from all sides, and were unable to carry out their plot. But in the Dvinsk area the people were moved on. For this reason Michael took in a non-Jewish refugee family. By a miracle they did not discover us. We lay in hiding for days without food as Michael feared to bring us food.
The front moved closer, the Germans prepared defensive lines through the village, but they did not hold and they retreated. The Russians took Plussy. Michael, our saviour, let us come out to the verandah and our presence was no longer a secret. You can understand our terror when the Germans retook Plussy the next day. But there was no longer the fear that someone would turn us over to the Nazis as all understood that the Nazi beast was dying.
The battles carried on for some days, shells fell around us, but no we were no longer scared, liberation was imminent. Soon we met tired Soviet soldiers, dirty but victorious. It is difficult to describe what did we felt upon leaving our cramped airless holes, to breath clean air scented with flowers and fields.
It was August 1944 when the Barkan's returned to Kraslava. The grandmother took me to Braslav, where I met with a small group of Jewish survivors of my town. I found work and stayed in Braslav till 1946. From there I moved to Vilna.
A few more words about the brave and noble family that saved us. It is difficult to describe what we and they experienced over two years and seven months. At times we were all in danger of death, in despair, when we felt all was lost. At times we were ready to drown ourselves in the lake, to stop endangered those good people. But their answer was always that our fate would be their fate.
During the German occupation, probably during the second winter of their rule, the frozen bodies of the Schlossberg family were found on they lake who had land near Plussy and owned a shop there. The son was an agronomist and the daughter ran the shop. According to Michael, the people who hid them could not keep them any longer and they poisoned the whole family, four souls, and threw the bodies in the frozen lake. The family of Aharon Ziff was similarly poisoned just before the end of the war.
And another detail: a cousin of Michael visited from Braslav. He was also a Kizlo, but one for who celebrated the liquidation of the Ghetto. From our hide I heard how he boasted how he helped the Germans find hiding Jews during the action. "I grabbed the Zids by their hair and grabbed a lot of loot", he said.
After the war I took him to court. The trail was conducted in Polotzk before a panel of three NKVD officers. The criminal Kizlo and his family were exiled for five years to Siberia. This trail, and the indictment of Jashinski, I brought because of a deep need for retribution, and I am very pleased with my actions.
The arrival of the Germans was for the Poles, intelligentsia, and lower classes, like the coming of the Messiah. The Germans would deliver them from the pains of Soviet occupation. Many Poles expressed their enthusiasm and willingness to serve the Germans, and organised for them receptions and banquets. Even Dr. Berzki was swept along. Jashinski, who lived through the Soviet occupation in constant fear, was one of the first to welcome the Nazis. I don't know how he succeeded under the Germans, but he was soon appointed Chief of Police.
Who was Jashinski. If I am correct, he was a sergeant in the Border Guards of the Polish Army. With the entry of the Soviets many Polish Army soldiers were arrested. Some of them escaped to Latvia and Lithuania. Jashinski, with help of a local Jew, registered as a labourer and stayed in Braslav. During the first days of Nazi rule the Germans were helped by volunteers who wore a white band on their sleeves. Soon many of the volunteers resigned when they understood what was about to happen and they did not wish to be among the murderers.
Jashinski was two faced. In the first months he did not murder anyone, quite the opposite, he developed good connections with the Judenrat, with its chairman Yizhak Mindel and with Sasha Templeman. The Judenrat was placed in the school opposite us. Often acquaintances would come to our house to meet us and to drink tea. I have only a few memories of this period, except the incident I raised in the courtroom, that in December 1942, during Hanukah, the Jews of Jod were massacred. The killing was conducted by the Braslav Police under Jashinski. We saw the murderers return drunk and full of loot, Janshinski at their head - drink and happy.
As I have already described, I hid with a peasant from December 1941 till the liberation. After the war I stayed in Braslav for some time, from there I went to Vilna and later on to Poland. Sima Fisher also lived there. She was related to my late husband and we would meet often. Once, in 1962-3, Moshe Fisher and Boris Ullman came to the flat and told us that they had given evidence in the trail of one of the Police, where Jashinski had appeared as a defense witness. We decided at that time that we must take Jashinski to trail. After some time Sima and myself were called to the court to identify Jashinski and we pointed him out. The Warsaw press noted that Jashinski would get the death penalty. At the trail a reporter of the Yiddish newspaper Folksteimer - Tenenbaum was present and he wrote an account of the trail.
Copyright © 2008 Jon Seligman. All Rights Reserved.
Directly after we indicted Janshinski I sent a letter to Masha and Mendel Meron, to Luba and Eliyahi Schmidt, and to Sasha Templeman in USA asking them for affidavits. I wrote to Israel too - to Raichel and Yerachmiel Milutin. Their evidence arrived and was read to court, but was rejected and not taken in consideration.
My situation during the trial was difficult. I was not in Braslav during the massacres. I told the court that among the Jews peeling the bark near the train station was my brother David. I would bring him food every day. One day I saw Jashinski and some other police shooting at Jews who were smoking while working. That was my evidence, which I kept to. I see that evidence as the most important thing I did in my life.
In the book, 'Til Ullenspeigal' the hero of the story avenges the death of his father, "the ashes of Klaus always beats in my heart". In my heart beats and will always beat the ashes of those who were so brutally murdered in cold blood.
The trail was delayed a number of times for various reasons. Meanwhile I wrote a detailed account of the period of occupation of Braslav. This was difficult to take for those who "celebrated during the plague" and welcomed the Nazi occupation. I explained why I had initiated the trial. The article raised a negative response among the judges and lawyers.
The trail was conducted in Olsztyn where most of the Polish refugees who had left Braslav in 1946-7 lived. Just before the second session of the trail an agronomist named Kowalski offered me and Sima money, gold and jewelry so that were would rescind the charges. We reacted with anger. Over a number of years they had not succeeded to shift me from my evidence, but now they sent a commission to Braslav to check the site of the incident. They found a witness, a girl who I had never seen, and she gave evidence in-camera. In the court were only the judges, her and me. She acussed me that I had collaborated with the Nazis at Opsa, that I injected Poles with experimental vaccinations, that I had maltreated the Polish population etc. etc. Even worse was
The Bill of Indictment against Stanislaw Jashinski
Affidavit - Commander Brodtruck
On the 6th. August 1947 appeared in the office of the honourary court of Vilseck camp, Templeman Alekander (born 15th. December 1904), at Vilseck, Alteneuhaus, and gave the following affidavit under oath:
From October 1941 I was in Ghetto Braslav (Vilna Voivodeship). The SS commander there was Brodtruck . He was especially cruel to the Jews. One of my acquaintances, Zelig Ullman, with his wife and daughter, were shot on the order of Brodtruck in December 1942 for no reason. A similar fate met another acquaintance, Blochin.
On the night of 2nd. June 1942 began the mass murder of the Jews of the Braslav Ghetto. Over five days 2000 Jews were murdered in the place.
From my hiding place I saw how Brodtruck commanded the acts of murder. He personally used his pistol. When I left my hide at night I saw many bodies of murdered Jews. From the building of the police arrested Jews were led, arranged in lines of six, and Brodtruck, together with SS soldiers, brutally hit the men as they were taken to the pits, to death. In the mass murder of the Jews of Braslav, my father, sister, her husband and their children were killed. Of the whole population of the Ghetto only 10-12 people survived. In the Ghetto I lived in the home of the head of the Judenrat, Yizhak Mindel.
Brodtruck would talk to Mindel frequently. He would say that after the extermination of the Jews
To the Prosecuting Department for War Crimes
To the Jewish Community,
Re: War Criminal Brodtruck
According to our information, former Gendarmerie-Meister former Brodtruck, is in the area of Jena, though his exact address is unknown.
Brodtruck participated in the murder of 2000 Jews in the city of Braslav (Vilna area) in the month of June 1942, and directed it personally.
We have a lot of incriminating evidence against Brodtruck, and we are eager to get his exact address. We are certain that Brodtruck is known in police circles in Jena, as he was active for 25 years in the police and gendarmerie of Jena and the surrounding area.
We ask you to confirm discreetly his present whereabouts and inform us of his address.
Unclear signature.
(Yad Vashem archive. M-21 124)
the Jews he would leave Braslav. This statement was expressed to me by Mindel himself.
The day after the arrival of Brodtruck the Germans prepared pits in a nearby forest. In a short time they filled them with the bodies of Gypsies, prisoners of war and Jews. The Jews sent by the Judenrat to cover the pits, told that when they arrived at the pits they heard the groans and whines of people buried alive.
In December 1941 Brodtruck and the SS soldiers, together with police from Braslav, exterminated the Jews of Ghetto Jod, a town nearby (some 20 kilometres from Braslav). After that action I saw the people returning with packages, happy and merry.
I note an additional witness:
Rywusz, Yizhak, Munich, Central Committee.
I swear under oath the truth of this statement. I realise the results of a false testimony and I am ready to appear before the court as a witness.
Vilseck, 6th. August 1947.
Aleksander Templeman
Signature confirmed, Vilseck 6/8/1947
Secretary (sign) Chairman (sign)
Affidavit of Templeman
(Yad Vashem Archive - M21/124)
Letter Concerning the Whereabouts of Brodtruck
(Yad Vashem Archive - M21/124)


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Do I Need a Business Lawyer? Review how business attorneys act as legal counselors
I recently spoke with a gentlemen who is thinking about working for himself by opening up a local shop in the Hillcrest or North Park community. He was excited to share that he had just started formulating a plan on how and when to launch a discount shop and the resources required to do so. Little did he know he was talking to a business attorney until we got to talking more about his plan in depth and I mentioned, "I can help you with that." As we continued the conversation, his face lit up with excitement in learning that he could turn to a business attorney to ask general counseling questions concerning his business. Now he had a potential resources to turn to when it came time to move forward with his business. At the end of the conversation, he mentioned, "I had no idea a lawyer can help me with that. I usually think of lawyers when lawsuits are involved."
With that in mind, I thought I'd share how a business attorney often acts as business legal counselor. As a business attorney, I can help a new business in the following areas:
- Incorporating a company: If you're exploring starting up your own business, we can analyze your general circumstances and plans to determine how to best start and manage your business. Risk, persons involved, financing arrangements along with other factors will determine which business entity is best for you.
- Negotiating and drafting partnership agreements: If you're considering opening a business with a family member, friend, or colleague, you'll be interested in retaining a solid relationship should the business go south or experience hiccups along the way. Partnership agreements are crafted for you and your partners circumstances and sets you up for success from the start.
- Negotiating a buy-sell agreement or shareholder agreement: If your business includes 2 or more owners, explore a buy-sell agreement. A buy-sell agreement outlines what happens to the business in the event 1 business owner declares bankruptcy, loses their job with the company, undergoes a divorce, dies or retires. Other circumstances are detailed and having one from the start is of great importance.
- Advising shareholders: Majority shareholders and minority shareholders will each have different rights and interests in how a business operates. Know what your rights as an owner is in your business.
- Advising executive officers and board members: Often I learn that persons take on business titles and do not know what their obligations are. Business is carried on as usual until a member becomes entangled in a business problem that develops into a legal problem. Avoid this early on by learning your obligations.
- Facilitating the sale of an interest in a business: If you're an existing business and you want to bring on a new owner (either shareholder or LLC member) or remove an owner, the business must perform some due diligence and prepare documents before adding/removing the new owner. Simply buying them out may not do. Corresponding documentation is necessary.
- Preparing meeting minutes: Shareholders and Board Members are required to keep business meeting minutes. Knowing what to include, who signs and who receives copies is important. Most importantly, some points and not others are includes in these minutes. Learn what to include.
As a business legal counselor I have had the pleasure and honor to work with several local businesses in the San Diego area and its neighboring communities including Downtown, Mission Valley including locations in Oceanside and San Marcos. Businesses include product-based and service-based startups, small business and medium-sized organizations. If you're in need of assistance with resolving problems concerning your business, contact me. Together we can analyze how to resolve your matters. Telephone and in-office consultations are available.

subset: commoncrawl


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- Home
- MASTER ULTRA GREEN Cap & Tassel
MASTER ULTRA GREEN Cap & Tassel
Product Description
M2000 is SHINY. Premium and ULTRA GREEN are MATTE. Styled in the tradition of the Academic Costume Code and Ceremony guide. University and College apparel is predominantly black in color.
Tassels are typically degree color, and you may choose your degree on the ordering page. Black or school colors are sometimes used.
Hoods are made with a band of velvet denoting field of study and have an inside lining representing the colors of your institution.
Check with your institution to determine what is worn for your degree and field of study before ordering if you are unsure.


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Additional Product Views.
The Heritage cue is a great quality two-piece cue for any recreational billiard enthusiast. It is featured in the Heritage Play Package.
Length: 58"
Tip: 13 mm, Triangle brand
Ferrule: Aegis linen, a linen based phenolic that is designed to hit like ivory
Shaft: Canadian maple, 29″ with a standard taper, and a traditional brass insert
Joint: Black plastic
Pin: 5/16″ diameter, stainless steel
Forearm: Select hard wood
Wrap: Irish linen, black with white specs
Butt Sleeve: Black plastic
Butt Plate: Aluminum
Bumper: Molded rubber
Finish: Urethane top coach
Weights: 18, 19, 20, 21 oz. available


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Libya grants immunity to 'revolutionaries'
Libyan authorities on Thursday granted immunity to former rebels who fought to oust Muammar Qaddafi's regime and unveiled legislation that cracks down on the fallen strongman's supporters.
"There is no punishment for acts made necessary by the Feb. 17 revolution," read the law published on the National Transitional Council's website.
The immunity covers "military, security or civilian acts undertaken by revolutionaries with the aim of ensuring the revolution's success," the NTC added.
Feb. 17 marks the start of a popular uprising which led to the collapse of Qaddafi's regime last year.
It was unclear if the law includes acts committed after October 23, when the NTC declared Libya's liberation following the capture and killing of strongman Qaddafi.
Rights groups say war crimes were committed by both sides during the 2011 conflict and warn of torture in detention centers run by militias made up of former rebels.
The law also orders the defense and interior ministers to bring to justice Qaddafi's fighters detained by former rebels or release them by July 12 if there is not enough evidence against them.
The ministers must also act against individuals who pose a "threat to the security or stability" of Libya on the basis of their role in the previous regime or their participation in "official and unofficial bodies of the former regime."
These measures could include surveillance, travel bans or barring them from residence in a specific place or region of the country.
In further legislation to govern the transition towards a new Libya, the NTC criminalized the glorification of Qaddafi or his regime.
"Praising or glorifying Muammar Qaddafi, his regime, his ideas or his sons... is punishable by a prison sentence," said the text of the law read out to reporters by a judicial official after a high-level meeting.
"If those news reports, rumors or propaganda cause any damage to the state, the penalty will be life in prison," the official quoted the text as saying.
"In conditions of war, there is a prison sentence for any person who spreads information and rumors which disrupt military preparations for the defense of the country, spread terror or weaken the citizens' morale," he added.
According to the law, Libya is still in a state of war following the 2011 bloody conflict that pitted Qaddafi loyalists against NATO-backed rebel forces.
A third law for the transition stipulates prison sentences for anyone who "attacks the Feb. 17 revolution, denigrates Islam, the authority of the state or its institutions."
And another law confiscates all property and funds belonging to figures of the former regime, including Qaddafi's relatives, placing them under the care of the judiciary.
The tough legislation comes just weeks before elections for a constituent assembly which the NTC has pledged to hold in June.
Libyan authorities have already disqualified members linked to the Qaddafi regime from running for public office, in regulations that rights group have slammed as "vague."


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Word Craze Level 93 Answers
All Word Craze Level 93 Answers are displayed below. After playing the game we gather the answers we were able to find. We think we solved all Word Craze levels in a timely matter. We sorterd all solutions based on their length so you can find the answer you are looking for, by the number of letters. If you spot a missing answer or letter for Level 93, please do Comment below and we will fix it soon.
Word Craze Level 93
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Have a fresh cup! Photo © Julien Bastide | Dreamstime.
Category Main Page
Articles & Reviews
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July 2005
Last Updated January 2013
Do you know the different types of coffee? Study these terms and you'll have a much greater appreciation of that next sip of coffee. Practice the language of coffee by using these terms to describe each cup you drink. Soon, they'll become natural to you—and you'll be able to educate others. This is Page 6 of a six-page Coffee Glossary. For terms specific to espresso, see our separate Espresso Glossary. We have many more food glossaries, covering your other favorite foods.
Click on a letter to go to the appropriate glossary section:
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
This glossary is protected by copyright and cannot be reproduced in whole or part.
You are welcome to link to it.
Since coffee beans are high in fats, the fats can go rancid, like any other oil. They will smell rancid.
Coffee with depth and complexity of flavor, full body, and an overall satisfying taste.
An iodine aroma or flavor caused by a bacteria that attacks the coffee. It used to be prevalent in coffees from Brazil, hence the descriptor.
The application of heat applied to green coffee beans for the purpose of developing certain flavor characteristics: the darker the roast, the heavier the flavor. In order, the degree of roasts recognized by the National Coffee Association, are:
A bittersweet smoky flavor emitted by a dark roast.
Coffea robusta typically grows in hotter and more humid areas at lower altitudes, around 600 to 1500 feet. It produces a coffee that has less fine, less nuanced qualifies than Coffea arabica, grown at higher altitudes.
Characterized by a parched, dry sensation on the tongue, related to sharp, salty taste sensations. Usually the result of lower-grown coffee.
The aroma and flavor of hot rubber tires or rubber bands, a characteristic of bad robusta coffee.
Coffee grown under shady tree canopies, in the rainforest. Coffee has traditionally been grown this way. More recently, large producers have been eliminating rainforest trees, growing coffee under the full sun. Shade-grown coffee implies organic or other ecologically-sensitive growing conditions.
Coffee that is low in acidity with smooth edges and a pleasant mouthfeel.
Low-acid, mild-flavored coffee.
Beans grown at relatively low altitudes mature more quickly and produce a lighter, more porous, less dense bean.
A puckery, astringent taste that is drying in the mouth due to poor coffee processing.
Bright acidity that dances on the tongue before quickly dissipating—the coffee version of Champagne bubbles.
An aromatic and taste perception reminiscent of either wood-spice (cinnamon) or wood-seed (clove). Aged coffees are often spicy.
Coffee that is flat with a cardboard taste due to being exposed to oxygen for too long. See Flat.
A negative quality, generally before the coffee turns woody. See also past crop and woody.
The flavor of reheated coffee.
The ratio of ground coffee to water.
The highest grade of coffee. The second best grade is Extra.
A coffee which is smooth and tasty and free from harshness.
A thick-bodied coffee with a substantial aftertaste.
Lingering acidity.
No acidity, a lifeless flavor due to underbrewing.
The appearance or color of coffee.
A strong, sugared, silty beverage made from coffee ground extra-fine into a powder almost the consistency of flour. It is made with an equal ratio of coffee and sugar in a special pot called an ibriq, boiled and removed from the heat 3 times to achieve a thick beverage with a distinctive taste that is served with the grounds. This method is the same as used to make Greek coffee. When coffee traveled north to Austria, the Viennese invented the process of filtering coffee.
A single or straight coffee from one region or country of origin.
Coffee incorporating semisweet chocolate and heavy cream, beaten until frothy and topped with whipped cream. It can be spiced with cloves and cinnamon.
VIENNA or VIENNESE ROAST
A roast slightly darker than an American Roast. Some of the chestnut-colored beans have oil on the surface, some are dry. The sugar in the beans are caramelized, and the flavor is balanced in terms of acidity, aroma, body and varietal flavor characteristics.
Coffee that has been roasted but not ground.
Exotic-flavored coffees with extreme characteristics.
WINEY or WINY
A term used to describe some coffees that are full-bodied, smooth yet lively—similar to a mature red wine.
The aroma and flavor of wood—think old pine or plywood—and a very dry mouthfeel. Generally a negative quality of old coffee—see past crop—although some coffees, e.g. from Yemen and Sumatra, have a touch of woodiness as part of their natural flavor profile.
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Shamrock Necklaces
Shamrock Necklaces
Age: Preschool through elementary
Time: 30 minutes or more
Type of activity: Arts and Crafts
On St. Patrick's Day, it's a must to wear green. Help your child make her own shamrock necklace to get in the holiday spirit.
Materials needed:
· Green construction paper
· Hole puncher
· Scissors
· Pencil
· Yarn
What to do:
Step One: Help your child decide what type of necklace she wants to make. For example, she can have many little shamrocks going around her necklace, one big shamrock in the middle, or all different sizes together.
Step Two: Make a stencil for each size of the shamrocks she chose.
Step Three: Using the stencil, trace and cut out enough shamrocks on the green construction paper for the necklace.
Step Four: Cut a strand of yarn so it can hang around her neck comfortably.
Step Five: Punch holes at the top of each shamrock.
Step Six: String the yarn through the holes in each shamrock. To make the shamrocks stay in place, make a knot each time you string one into place.
Step Seven: Once your child has finished, tie the two ends of the string together. She can wear it around her neck while she makes more for all your family and friends.
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Meeting God's Requirements for Our Children
- Deb Turner Contributing Writer
- 2006 27 Oct
Earlier this year, we graduated our first homeschooled student. I have loved this time with her, and the blessing of having her at home. She began her first job this spring, and has done very well, receiving a promotion within two weeks of being hired. Her boss praised her for the hard worker she is, and her friendly personality. During the interview he had expressed concern about her homeschooled status, the old "socialization" issue rearing its ugly head. He soon realized those fears were unfounded. As she began her first job, having her gone for large chunks of time left me with an ache in my heart. Although I miss her when she's not here, I am so thankful for the years we have had with her at home.
Our oldest child, also a daughter, was homeschooled for four and a half years, but graduated from public school. How I wish we had continued homeschooling her through high school! How I wish we'd have had the time with her that we've now had with our recent graduate.
When we began homeschooling in 1987, the grassroots movement was just beginning to take off. We joined the small, growing number of families who were venturing out of private and public education. We sensed a deep conviction that we were to raise up our children to know and serve their Maker, and believed that homeschooling provided the most fertile environment for that. We also observed that the public schools were failing.
We began our homeschooling adventure with anticipation and excitement, our only child at the time entering 5th grade. I must have had some silly notion that just because we signed up for this expedition, life's problems would make way like the parting of the Red Sea. That did not happen, and eventually I allowed doubt and discouragement to get the better of me. I was making homeschooling much more difficult than I would later learn it needed to be, practicing school at home rather than pursuing the more flexible methods I use today. I gave up homeschooling halfway through her 9th grade year. Today, we strongly believe that this was a mistake and regret the decision, as does our daughter.
The three education choices are basically private school, public school or homeschool. Today I understand that when we delegate the education of our children to someone else, we remain responsible to God for the education they receive. I did not fully understand that at the time. Rather, I felt a great relief in putting our daughter in school. I was now "free" from this burden. Different burdens, however, would come as a result of these choices, which our daughter would mostly bear.
We attempted a private Christian school at first, soon thereafter placing her in the public school from which she would later graduate. There were issues and challenges with both of those options, some predictable and some quite unanticipated. In each of those options, a "cram for the test and forget it" education was experienced.
The public school district where she attended is one of the best, placing in the top 25 in the nation. We were also comforted by the fact that our daughter had just met some Christian teens who attended the same school. We later discovered that their Christianity was fairly nominal in the public school setting, as would our daughter's gradually become. During those years, I managed to shake off conviction for the misconception that "I just couldn't continue homeschooling." As other children came along (we would have four more), and the laundry pile grew, I felt buried in babies and housework. Homeschooling seemed more than I could handle. Shamefully, there was an "out of sight, out of mind" mentality. While I carried on with my life at home, our daughter was taking the brunt of the choices we had made.
The public school arena took in a plethora of concerns, from irrational, unreasonable teachers, to co-ed sex education with an agenda. The incidents that I could list just underlined the bigger issue: Our daughter was getting an education that was far from true, from rewritten history to evolution taught as fact instead of theory, to situational ethics and relative morality. This was far from the "fertile environment where our daughter could be raised up to know and serve her Maker." At its worst, this education of falsehood can—and often does—lead our children astray. At its best, it wastes our children's time when they could and should be learning the truth concerning His-story and all He created.
Upon entering public school, our daughter was immediately placed on the honor roll, maintaining a 95% average for a time. Once she saw she could meet what was expected of her, she geared down to a slower pace, eventually maintaining and graduating with an 85% average. If we were just looking at numbers, we could say "This all worked out just fine." However, allow me to share with you, in our daughter's own words, just how burdensome and nearly useless her public school education was:
The point is, I learned almost nothing in high school. I remember enjoying "Business Communications" and learned how to read body language there. Just about everything else was crammed for the test and then forgotten. The point is, an 85 average means nothing!
You know that I made some very poor choices as a teen. One factor that helped in bringing me to that level was that I was exhausted and very stressed. The exhaustion affected me for sure. Public school means running, running, running. Loads of homework, 9 periods of 40 minute classes crammed with facts to memorize and difficult personalities to manage and endure in both teachers and students. Swim class; I thought I was going to die from the intense level of swimming (I wasn't up for it) and then run, run, run to Global Studies and take a major test with my hair dripping and my hands shaking; up way too early every morning (to get the bus), to say nothing about doing an extra activity like Marching Band. It was 3 nights a week plus every weekend, sometimes both Saturday and Sunday, and lots of travel. Children under 18 are still growing and need lots of rest. It's the kind of stress that makes you not care about anything. In my opinion, the public school environment has played a big factor in the many suicides the schools have seen. I think that this exhaustion played a bigger role in my poor decisions than any influence that specific personalities had on me.
The general atmosphere of corruption was very affecting, such as hearing profanity constantly and enduring (what I now know is) sexual harassment by unchecked hormone-ridden boys. No Christian friends could have stopped any of this.
Some may feel that our children "need to experience these things to prepare them for life." I do not find such a requirement in the Scriptures. A study in the differences between Greek and Hebrew education shows that the Greek education was to know and experience everything, while the Hebrew education was to know God and His plan for your life. I believe that the Hebrew education is what we are to desire for our children.
When our much-loved, smart, caring, compliant daughter graduated from public school, she was no longer living for the Lord. Our influence had become very small, and others' influence had become great. She longed for their love and approval. She was still compliant—to others, not to us We lost her heart for a time, and were very concerned for the choices she was making. One year after graduation, she recommitted her life to God, and is happily married today in a union committed to serving God. She and her husband have three children, the oldest of whom they began homeschooling last year.
While life still has its many challenges, the homeschooling methods I now practice have brought us through to graduation with my next child. I stopped comparing our homeschool to what others were doing. Before, I tried to equip myself with the only system of education I knew. Today I trust that what God calls us to do, He equips us to do. His yoke is easy and His burden is light.
I had also lost sight of God's requirements for our family. Today I keep them in focus. Homeschooling does not save our children, but it does provide the best opportunity for Biblical parenting to take place.
I was able to recognize this time around that our recent graduate was an independent learner by high school. Rather than stressing over subjects that would have nothing to do with God's plan for her life, we allowed her to pursue her interests, including music and photography. She is an avid reader, and has a good understanding of the world around her. She is equipped with the amount of math skills she will need to draw from in life, and has a grip on creation science vs. evolution. Most importantly, she has a Biblical worldview and is able to defend her faith.
In general, I have become more relaxed concerning education altogether, understanding that the school age years are only the beginning of what will be a lifetime of learning. Although we want to give our children a good education, all of the learning gaps do not need to be filled in their first 18 years of life. In reality, we will all have learning gaps until the day we die. I absolutely love learning with my children every day, lessons that concern both academics and victorious Christian living.
Our youngest will graduate from our homeschool in 2017—thirty years after we began. God is the Supplier of all, enabling us and equipping us for the task daily. Psalm 121:1-2 says, "I will lift up mine eyes unto the hills, from whence cometh my help. My help cometh from the LORD, which made heaven and earth."
Yes, the same God Who made heaven and earth is ready and willing to help us when we look to Him. May we ever be faithful to His calling for our families as we strive daily to raise our children according to His will.
Deb and Craig Turner have been homeschooling since 1987, and have 5 children and 3 grandchildren Deb enjoys gardening, writing, and would like to get out her sewing machine again soon. She is active in their church where Craig also serves as an elder. Craig is a mechanical engineer.
This article was originally published in the Sep/Oct '06 issue of Home School Enrichment Magazine. For more information, visit http://HomeSchoolEnrichment.com


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Why use fake tan?
Fake tanners, sunless tanners or preparations used to imitate a tan are becoming much more popular as people are becoming more aware of the dangers of long-term sun exposure and sunburn. There are now several ways of achieving a tan without having to expose your skin to the sun, these include:
- Stainers (dihydroxyacetone)
- Bronzers (dyes)
- Tan accelerators (tyrosine and psoralens)
- The unlicensed injectable synthetic melanotropic peptide Melanotan II.
What is dihydroxyacetone?
The sunless tanner dihydroxyacetone (DHA) is currently the most popular way of gaining a tan-like appearance without sun exposure as it carries fewer health risks than any of the other available methods. To date, it is the only active ingredient approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for sunless tanning.
How does DHA work?
All effective sunless tanners contain DHA. It is a colourless 3-carbon sugar that when applied to the skin causes a chemical reaction with amino acids in the surface cells of the skin producing a darkening effect DHA does not damage skin as it only affects the outermost cells of the epidermis (stratum corneum).
What formulations of DHA are available?
There are many self-tanning preparations containing DHA on the market and many will claim to be the best formulation available. Consider the following points when deciding upon the preparation most suitable for you.
- Concentrations of DHA can range from 2.5 to 10% or more (mostly 3-5%). This may coincide with product ranges that list shades as light, medium, or dark. A lower concentration (lighter shade) product may be better for new users as it is more forgiving of uneven application or rough surfaces.
- Some formulations will also contain moisturisers. Users with dry skin will benefit from this.
- Alcohol-based preparations will be more suitable for oily-skinned users.
- DHA provides some protection against UV rays (UVA). To increase UV protection some products also include a sunscreen.
- Alpha hydroxy acids promote the sloughing off of excess dead skin cells so should improve the evenness of colouration.
- Other ingredients may be added to facilitate application or to make the colour last longer. Consult your pharmacist for advice.
Who should use DHA-containing preparations?
Anyone wanting a tanned appearance without having to expose himself or herself to UV light can use these preparations. However, the final look will depend on the formulation used, an individual's application technique, and the user's complexion type.
Clinical uses may be for vitiligo and as camouflage of some skin irregularities such as spider veins.
It may provide some protection for individuals with certain photosensitivity disorders such as polymorphic light eruption, erythropoietic protoporphyria or drug-induced photosensitivity.
How do you use DHA-containing preparations?
The final result obtained from DHA self-tanning preparations is highly dependent upon the individual's application technique. Care, skill and experience are necessary when using these products. The following are some self-application tips to achieving a smooth and even look.
- Prepare skin by cleansing then by exfoliation using a loofah; this will avoid uneven application of colour.
- Wipe skin down with hydroalcoholic, acidic toner, as this will remove any alkaline residues from soaps or detergents that may interfere with the reaction between DHA and amino acids.
- Moisturise the area first, being careful to include the bony parts of the ankles, heels and knees.
- Apply to skin in thin layers wherever you want colour, less to thicker skin, as the colour is maintained longer in these areas.
- To avoid uneven darkening on areas such as the elbows, ankles and knees, remove excess cream over bony prominences with a wet cotton pad or damp flannel.
- Wash hands immediately after application to avoid tanned palms. Alternatively, wear gloves to apply.
- To avoid staining of clothes, wait 30 minutes for the product to dry before putting on clothes.
- Don't shave, bathe, or swim for at least an hour after applying the product.
- Reapply regularly to maintain colour.
Tanning salons, spas and gyms may offer professional application of sunless tanning products.
- Lotion can be applied by an experienced technician.
- A solution can be airbrushed onto the body.
- Step into a sunless tanning booth for a uniform full-body application.
Be careful to cover eyes, lips and mucous membranes to prevent swallowing or inhaling the DHA-containing mist.
Is the tan instantaneous and how long does it last?
A colour change is usually apparent within an hour of application. Maximal darkening may take 8-24 hours to develop. If a darker colour is desired, several successive applications every few hours may be done to achieve this.
An artificial tan produced by DHA will last until the dead skin cells rub off, usually 5-7 days with a single application. Depending on the area, the same colour can be maintained with repeat applications every 1 to 4 days.
Effects of tanning cream
What precautions are there when using DHA self-tanning preparations?
The most important thing to remember when using DHA self-tanners is that they do not protect your skin against the sun. Although DHA does provide some UV protection and many products contain additional sunscreen, the UV protection provided is much more short-lived than the skin colour change. The stated SPF for the product is only applicable for a few hours after application of the self-tanner.
Despite darkening of the skin, an individual is just as susceptible to harmful UV rays, therefore it must be stressed that an overall sun protection program is still very necessary.
Are there any side effects of using DHA self-tanning preparations?
DHA reacts quickly in the stratum corneum, minimising systemic absorption. Contact dermatitis caused by DHA has rarely been reported. Most causes of sensitivity are due to other ingredients such as preservatives in the preparation.


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(CNN) -- Nissan North America has announced the recall of nearly 196,000 sport utility vehicles in the United States for corrosion problems that could damage steering and suspension systems.
The recall extends to the Nissan Pathfinder from 1997 to 2003, and the Infiniti QX4 from 1996 to 2004.
"In areas of the country in which heavy concentrations of road salt are used, a mixture of snow/water and salt ... may result in corrosion of the strut tower housing in some subject vehicles," the National Highway Transportation Safety Administration website said.
"This may lead to grinding noises, increased steering effort, and possibly the steering column to break, resulting in the loss of steering control, which could result in a crash."
Most of the vehicles were sold in Connecticut, Delaware, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Massachusetts, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Washington D.C., West Virginia and Wisconsin.
Nissan will inspect the SUVs and repair the vehicles free of charge as needed.
CNN's Greg Morrison contributed to the report.


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text: mclark_nmsr_0316_110 Shiprock (Navajo: Tsé Bit'a'í, "rock with wings" or "winged rock" ) is a monadnock rising nearly 1,583 feet (482.5 m) above the high-desert plain of the Navajo Nation in San Juan County, New Mexico, United States. Its peak elevation is 7,177 feet (2,187.5 m) above sea level. It lies about 10.75 miles (17.30 km) southwest of the town of Shiprock, which is named for the peak.


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In life, we will all have experiences that won't go exactly as we want them to…most likely this will happen more than once. Sometimes small details are forgotten, the timing just isn't right, or you made a mistake. Mistakes are tough to swallow – for me at least. I would tend to say I lean towards being a perfectionist, which means I don't like making mistakes. Often times being a perfectionist is beneficial to me, because it pushes me to work my hardest and give my best effort. Yet when that inevitable mistake is made, I am very hard on myself.
As a student, its integral to make mistakes. If we were all literally perfect, there would be no point for us to be in college, to be taking classes and learning new information – because we would know it all already! Even so called perfectionists like myself need to make mistakes because that is the only way to learn. I wanted to share with you a recent "mistake" I made, how it affected me, and how I am using this to learn and move forward.
Over the past few weeks, I have been interviewing for internships for next semester. I had an in person interview with a major television network in one of their digital production departments. I felt very confident going into the interview (despite my butterflies) about my resume and my skills that were applicable to the internship. From the moment I walked into the interview, I felt a connection with the women I was to speak with. We were laughing and established a great rapport. The interview went very well, I shook their hands and thanked them for their time and off I went!
With this certain company, when they contact you letting you know about the outcome of the interview, they give you feedback as to how your interview went and pointers on what to do better. A few days later, I received my email and was very upset to find that I didn't get the internship. They said my interview went great, and it came down to me and another candidate. The determining factor was that the other candidate had sent a follow up email to the interviewers and I hadn't….
Immediately my heart went into my stomach. I can't believe I forgot to send a follow up email! I have done multiple interviews and ALWAYS send a follow up email – how had I forgotten?! This is where the "beating self up" begins, and asking myself "What as I thinking? Or what wasn't I thinking?!" I couldn't believe that had I not forgotten to send an email thanking them, I possibly could've had the internship. How could I be so stupid??
And this is where I had to stop myself, take a step back, and flip the way I was looking at this. Despite being disappointed and embarrassed, there was nothing I could do to change the situation now. I know I gave my best during the interview, and for some reason I had forgotten to follow up. Its okay. I'm not going to die. The world isn't going to burn over. I'm just not going to intern with that company at this time. Simple as that. ITS OKAY.
This mistake, that seemed so monumental in the moment, was such a learning experience for me. Although it came with temporary uncomfortable feelings, I walked away from it learning something – that I will never NOT send a follow up email. That will always be a priority from here on out, when entering the job market.
This event opened me up to a bigger idea – that in my life, I need to make more mistakes. That its OKAY. I need to sometimes fall down, so I can get up a bit bruised, but a heck of a lot stronger and smarter. Life isn't meant to be understood – and boy do I not always understand it. But I believe that moments like these, and many others, happen at a specific time for a specific reason, so that I can LEARN something specific. I can't always be Brendan the Perfectionist. It won't always work that way. I will make mistakes, I will learn, and I will always be a gracious, positive, hardworking person. And that's what truly matters.
Thanks for letting me vent a bit. I tell you this story to prevent the same thing from happening to you. I hope this lesson applies to more than just thank you notes, but bigger things as well. Its also ironic because I've written a blog post in the past about sending Thank You notes after interviews – and look who forgot 😉 Well, I'm human. And it's okay.


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The first Chromebooks, from Samsung and Acer, are finally starting to ship, after a six-month tease by Google for its foundational Chrome OS. (Samsung's white 3G model is now shippng, and its three other models and Acer's sole models are available for preorder.) Please, save youself $350 to $500 and avoid these cloud-only laptops. Spend your money on something you'll both use and enjoy, like an iPad 2 or Galaxy Tab 10.1. I write these words from a Chromebook, where my 802.11n network feels like it's traversing molasses when using Google Docs and other Internet service.
The sad truth is that the Chrome OS vision of all your computing occuring through the Internet is an unsatisfying reality. I've tried to be open to the idea and given the beta Chrome OS the benefit of doubt in its early versions. But as the ship date approached, I began to get nervous that Google couldn't take Chrome OS beyond being an awkward sub-OS.
[ Also on InfoWorld: "Tablet deathmatch: Galaxy Tab 10.1 vs. Apple iPad 2." | Compare and calculate your own scores for the iPad 2, Xoom, Galaxy Tab, PlayBook, and ViewPad with our tablet calculator. | Keep up on key mobile developments and insights via Twitter and with the Mobile Edge blog and Mobilize newsletter. ]
Now that we're at the point of Chromebook reality, I cannot in good conscience be generous. The Chromebook concept is a failure, as is the foundational "Webtone" idea that Google got from Sun Microsystems.
Simply put, I don't believe Chrome OS will ever get as good as a world of real apps that tap into the Internet but don't depend on it. The Web apps that run on Chromebooks' Chrome OS -- and they're the only apps that can -- are still primitive and not that capable. Google itself still doesn't have its Google Apps -- the key apps it expects every Chrome OS user to rely on -- yet working in offline mode. That was promised for March, and still it's MIA. Remember, this is Google: a company that has no trouble shipping apps before they're ready.
The Web is not good enough to be your app library
I've been using a beta Chromebook since they were first available in December 2010 and working regularly on an iPad and MacBook Pro, as well as testing most major tablets, trying out the Atrix Lapdock (a dockable smartphone), and dabbling in Windows 7 periodically. It's become quite clear that the Web is an insufficient venue to handle all your computing needs.
Apple CEO Steve Jobs was right when he ended the Web-app-only strategy of the iPhone after its first year and switched to an Internet-enhanced native apps model. I didn't have an iPhone back then (2007), so I didn't experience what early iPhone users went through in a Web app-only world. But the iPhone as we know it did not explode until the native apps came. For Chrome OS, we don't need to wait: Windows 7 and Mac OS X are here today, and they can run Web apps, too.
The Chrome OS Web apps, as I said, are primitive. If you've used Webmail, you know what I mean. Imagine if all your apps were like that. They just don't compare to the quality of "real" apps, whether on a tablet or computer. Google's own cloud services, such as Google Docs, are awkward on Chromebook -- even moreso than they are on a PC. If Google can't do Web apps well, don't expect anyone else to.