text:
The Mantle of a Bishop
My dear brothers and sisters, this is the fourth time that I will be ordained or set apart as a bishop.
In turning to the forty-first section of the Doctrine and Covenants, we find where the first Presiding Bishop was called—Edward Partridge. There it was said that he was a guileless man. Concerning that particular attribute, I would like to say of Bishop Brown, Bishop Peterson, and Bishop Clarke how guileless they are and how well they have served. In searching for a Presiding Bishopric, the Lord and the Brethren go through the kingdom to find three men who would be willing to enter a javelin-catching contest.
Bishop Vandenberg, Bishop Simpson, and Bishop Featherstone have been great examples to me over the years. When I was a bishop in a ward, they were serving in the Presiding Bishopric.
If I could give a tribute today at this Easter time to the more than ten thousand bishops and branch presidents throughout the world, I would say how much the office of the bishop embodies the Savior's characteristics. There are great bishops throughout the world. There is something that happens to a man when he becomes a bishop because he learns more than anything else to honor the call. Once a bishop is ordained, he is never released—the reason being that he holds within him the confidences, which will go to the grave with him, for those whom he serves.
The mantle of the bishop includes being president of the Aaronic Priesthood and president of the priests quorum, being a common judge in Israel, being presiding high priest, assisting in temporal matters, providing for the welfare of the Saints through auxiliaries and priesthood councils, and being responsible for tithes and offerings.
Have you ever wondered about this mantle which comes upon a bishop? He can sit in a sacrament meeting and look out at his flock and know who is in trouble, look at his Aaronic Priesthood—the deacons, the teachers, and the priests—and know which ones need his counsel. There is a hopeless feeling when you are released as a bishop to become a General Authority, and then return to your home ward where you have been serving and realize you have lost the power of discernment with the ward members. You can't do what you did as a bishop.
We think of the disciples waiting outside the Garden of Gethsemane and not having the discerning nature to know what the Savior was going through. And yet, the Savior himself embodied that characteristic which a bishop and all of us should have. He said, "What, could ye not watch with me one hour?" (Matt. 26:40.) They did not understand.
Sometimes, experience is the best teacher of discernment. We are reminded of President Harold B. Lee who had to lose his sweet companion so that he might understand the agony and anguish of a single person who has lost his or her companion, turning his attention to the singles of the Church. It is in moments like this that we learn.
I remember, too, my mother as she went through eight years of being paralyzed. The last year and a half she needed care around the clock, and my dear father cared for her. One night, a few weeks before she passed away, I knelt at her bed after a word of prayer and she said, "I would like to go to heaven to see Papa."
I said, "Mother, why have you gone through this pain?"
She said, "To learn patience."
"Mother, have you learned enough patience?"
Then, with a mother's kind way of teaching, she looked at me and said, "I have, but have you?"
At such moments we begin to understand that the difficulties and problems of others, if we will feel them, will make us grow, if we will but lend a hand.
There are many priesthood leaders here from all over the world. These stake presidents, Regional Representatives, and General Authorities know the truth of the counsel once given us by one of the Presiding Bishops of this dispensation, Elder LeGrand Richards. After a weighty discussion in the temple with all the General Authorities, he said, "Now, Brethren, I understand all that we discussed, but until the bishops move, nothing will happen. Everything above the bishop is all talk." He taught a great lesson.
Each priesthood leader who is here this day must go home and make sure the bishops understand the messages which we have heard, for it is in their interviews with the youth, it is in their interviews in calling the people to positions, it is in their compassion for the needy and the widows that the important spiritual things happen in the lives of the Saints. The bishop who utilizes the resources at his hands—the auxiliaries, the priesthood—to fulfill the needs of his people, is a true bishop, not one who follows slavishly a handbook to the detriment of his people.
Having said this, I would like to ask the youth and adults who are here, and all within the sound of my voice, that every night and morning you pray for your bishop. He needs your help. He cannot carry the responsibilities on his shoulders without your help and prayers.
The story is told of the young child who misbehaved in sacrament meeting. Father and Mother were embarrassed by his actions. Finally, Father was a little disturbed and took the child out. As he went down the aisle, he gave the child a little squeeze. The child knew he was in trouble. As the father turned to go out of the chapel, the child, now up over his father's shoulder, said, "Bishop, help me!"
All members of the Church can turn to their bishops when they are in need of help and can feel secure in his love for them and can have confidence in following his counsel. Bishops learn not to judge people against a standard of perfection. A bishop learns that he will rejoice with those over whom he presides in any progress they make.
In the forty-first section of the Doctrine and Covenants, on that day when Edward Partridge was called, the superscription says, "The members were striving to do the will of God so far as they knew it." And that's true today. We strive to do the Lord's will so far as we know it. The section goes on to say that the Lord asks us to assemble ourselves together to agree upon his word. (See D&C 41:2.) If we do that, there will be unity. That unity has been here today. May the Lord's blessings continue, that "by the prayer of your faith," as the Lord promises, "ye shall receive my law, that ye may know how to govern my church and have all things right before me." (D&C 41:3.)
In conclusion, let's turn to the story of Elijah and Elisha. Elijah had gone from his duties to go up to a cave. The Lord came to him, and he was called to go back to his duties. He had not had a convert for some period of years, but when he went back he found Elisha, who immediately followed him. (See 1 Kgs. 19.)
They dwelt and worked together for a few years until the time came when all the priesthood leaders knew that it was time for Elijah to be translated. Elijah and Elisha stood at the banks of the River Jordan. Fifty other priesthood holders stood in view far off as the two stood by the Jordan. "And Elijah took his mantle, and wrapped it together, and smote the waters, and they were divided hither and thither, so that they two went over on dry ground." And Elijah said to Elisha, "Ask what I shall do for thee." Can you imagine? Then Elijah was translated and departed in a flaming chariot, and the only thing that was left was his mantle. Elisha picked up the mantle, then turned toward the fifty priesthood leaders who were standing afar off. He had to return over the river, so he picked up the cloak, smote the River Jordan, and it parted. (See 2 Kgs. 2:1–15.)
I now stand at the Jordan with two sweet counselors, Bishop Eyring and Bishop Pace, as we attempt to cross the River Jordan to serve together. I ask for the blessings of Bishop Brown, Bishop Clarke, and Bishop Peterson, and all those who are here, that my counselors and I might also have that river part so we may return and go about our mission.
Bishop Pace said to me when he received his call, "You don't know me that well." My response was, "No, but the Lord does." Bishop Eyring and I have known each other since boyhood. He is a man of God. Sitting in this audience today is Wilber Cox. Both Bishop Eyring and I have served as counselors to him in a stake presidency. He molded us in a way in which we have been blessed.
I appreciate being taught by the example of my mother and father. Mother, for fifteen years, was a Relief Society president. After I received my driver's license, she had me drive her to deliver the welfare supplies and care for the needy. Father would always have me polish the sacrament trays when I was a deacon, and we would bring them home and wash the sacrament cloths and honor the priesthood. When he was in the bishopric, he took care of the outside of the building; and we, as Aaronic Priesthood boys, assisted him.
May the Lord's blessings be with each and every one of us. It is my testimony that God lives, that Jesus is the Christ. Of this I have no doubt. I give you my testimony with those who have prophesied this day. As I look into their eyes and feel the love I have for them, I ask that we might be able to work together in harmony. I say this in the name of Jesus Christ, amen.


text:
Scientific American presents Everyday Einstein by Quick & Dirty Tips. Scientific American and Quick & Dirty Tips are both Macmillan companies.
Last week, I went on a three-mile bike ride with my kids. We were on our way home when the skies started to look dark. We weren't worried however, because it was only 3pm and the weatherman said it wouldn't start raining until after 7pm and even then we could expect just some light showers. Unfortunately, he must have forgotten to mention this to the clouds because a slow drizzle started to fall as we rode. Soon the drizzle turned into a downpour, complete with hail and lightning. We eventually made it back to our warm dry house, but the soaked children voiced several complaints about the forecast and vowed never to trust the weatherman again. So just how do scientists predict something as complicated as the weather, and why are they so often wrong about it?
I'm a Model, You Know What I Mean
In order to predict things like the weather, climate change, or even election results, scientists use a tool called a mathematical model. A mathematical model is a set of equations that can predict an outcome based on a set of inputs. Let's look at an example to see just what that means.
Imagine that you have 5 kids and each morning they all want juice for breakfast. Everyday from Monday through Thursday, you get 3 requests for apple juice and 2 requests for orange juice. Knowing this, you could write a set of mathematical equations to tell you how much juice you need of each type on a given day. The equations might say:
Orange Juice = 2/5 x Number of Kids
Apple Juice = 3/5 x Number of Kids
So now imagine that Friday morning roles around and I'm making breakfast. Since I have my model in hand, I can take my inputs (the number of kids) and figure out how much of each juice I need. Since 2/5 x 5 equals 2, I pour 2 cups of orange juice. Likewise, since 3/5 x 5 equals 3, I pour 3 cups of apple juice. When my kids come in, I gesture towards the cups with a smug smile, confident that my model has predicted the correct outcome.
Then, the unthinkable happens. One of my kids looks at me and says "I don't want apple juice today. May I please have some orange juice?" In despair I pour another cup of orange juice, muttering about the fickleness of children and the failings of science. But is my model wrong? Should I scrap it and give up on this uncertain business of predicting childhood juice consumption?

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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text:
How to apply for adult students
An adult student is someone who graduated from high school (or home school or GED) more than two (2) years ago and has never attended college.
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Step 1
Submit the Admission Application or the Common App.
Step 2
Submit a non-refundable $50 application fee. Please note: The application fee is waived for those who have served in the military.
Step 3
Submit your high school transcripts or GED results.
Admissions and academics information for adult students
For adult students: Information about how to enroll, choose courses and pay for school, plus special campus services just for you! Go to our site for adult students.
I'm also a veteran
We have services just for you. Learn more.
Additional application types
- You are a high school student, or graduated from high school or earned a GED less than 3 years ago, apply as a new freshman
- You are taking, or have completed, classes at another college and want to complete your degree at UA. You may have already earned an associates and seek another, or a bachelor's, apply as a transfer student
- It has been more than 2 years since you graduated from high school or earned a G.E.D., and you have never attended college, apply as an adult


text:
Home>Products>Microwave Seafood dryer sterilizer>China Microwave supplier industrial microwave drying and cooking oven for fish
China Microwave supplier industrial microwave drying and cooking oven for fish
- Microwave Seafood dryer sterilizer
Industrial Microwave Systems Co Ltd.
- Shandong, China (Mainland)
- 1 Set/Sets
- China Microwave supplier industrial microwave drying and cooking oven for fish
- paypal,UnionPay, Visa/MasterCard, Amex, Discover,T/T
- 300 Set/Sets per Year
- Industrial Microwave Systems Co Ltd.2020-07-10 09:46:19
Welcome to my shop! Glad to serve you! Please send your question!
Product Details
|Place of Origin:
|Shandong, China (Mainland)
|Brand Name:
|China Microwave supplier industrial microwave drying and cooking oven for fish
|Model Number:
|drying and cooking equipment, tunnel continuous conveyor belt type
|After-sales Service Provided:
|Engineers available to service machinery overseas
|Product name:
|China supplier industrial microwave drying and cooking oven for fish
|power input:
|power output:
|transmission speed:
|stainless steel
Product Description
China supplier industrial microwave drying and cooking oven for fish
General Description
Products with automatic temperature control system, automatic microwave density control system, heating time control system, automatic alarm system, optional PLC control system, microwave tube using Panasonic brand, to ensure that the equipment 24 hours of continuous work.
Features of Design
1.Fast heating
Microwave heating is completely different with traditional heating mode. It makes heating medium become heater, do not need heat transfer process. Although thermal conductivity is poor materials, also can achieve heating temperature in a very short time.
2.Save energy and efficiency
Because materials contain water absorb microwave easily and fever, so in addition to a small amount of transmission loss outside, almost no other loss, so high thermal efficiency, save energy.
3.Heating even
No matter how shape of each part of the body, microwave heating all can make the object and evenly infiltration and electromagnetic wave list to produce the heat. So heating good uniformity, won't appear the endogenous phenomenon focal.
4.Mouldproof, sterilization, fresh
Microwave heating has thermal and biological effect, can sterilize and mould proof in low temperature.Due to heating rapidly, the time is short, can maximum limit save material activity and thevitamin original colour and lustre and nutrition of food.
5.Craft is advanced, control easily
Microwave heating just have the basic conditions ofwater, electricity, as long as control power, can realize microwave heating or terminate immediately, use microwave equipment can process automation control of heating process and heating process specification.
6.Covers less area, safety and harmless
Because microwave can be controlled in made of metal heating indoor and wave, so microwave leak is few, no radiation hazards andharmful gases,do not produce the waste heat and dust pollution.Neither polluting food,also do not pollute the environment.
Reference of Picture
NOTE:We can specially design the machine according to your production's features.
Packing and Shipping
1. Delivery Term:FOB/CFR/CIF
2. Delivery time:30 work days after having received payment
3. Package:wooden cases(fully meets with export package requirements)
4. Payment Terms:50% deposit by T/T,balance 50% paid by T/T before shipment.
5.Transportion:By vessel
Macadamia nuts in shell|hot sell products company is a hi-tech enterprise that is engaged in professional developing,producing and selling on microwave energy applying equipment,which is one of the biggest scale microwave energy equipment manufacturer in China.
JINAN Macadamia nuts in shell|hot sell products machinery equipment Co.,Ltd.
Shandong Microwave Machinery Co.,Ltd.is a Microwave Seafood dryer sterilizer factory specializing in the production of China Microwave supplier industrial microwave drying and cooking oven for fish, scientific research, manufacturing,
installation, commissioning.Shandong Microwave Machinery Co.,Ltd.can provide Microwave Seafood dryer sterilizercustomers with design and services of 1-2000 tons [产品标
题]. Shandong Microwave Machinery Co.,Ltd. have finished hundreds of successful projects Microwave Seafood dryer sterilizerover the years: peanut oil, soybean oil, rapeseed oil,cottonseed oil, sunflower oil, sesame oil, animal oil,grape seed oil, acer truncatum oil, peony seed oil, walnut oil, hemp seed oil, pine oil, tea seed oil, papaya oil, milk thistle seed, and other special type Microwave Seafood dryer sterilizeroil. Shandong Microwave Machinery Co.,Ltd. have independent import and export department. Shandong Microwave Machinery Co.,Ltd. Microwave Seafood dryer sterilizerequipment has been successfully exported to more than ten
countries: Russia, Australia, India, Afghanistan, Cameroon,and so on.
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.epier.com
Moblie:0086-15020017267( WhatsApp)
Contact Us
- Industrial Microwave Systems Co Ltd.
- AddressNo.18, Lanxiang Road, Tianqiao District, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
- Phone(Working Time)+86 0531 85064681
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|Me and my Particle Data Booklet.
More interesting than particle physicists' dismay are the flavors of their discontent. I've been called a "troll" and a "liar". I've been told I "foul my nest" and "play the victim." I have been accused of envy, wrath, sloth, greed, narcissism, and grandiosity. I'm a pessimist, a defeatist, and a populist. I'm "to be ignored." I'm a "no one" with a "platform" who has a "cult following." I have made quick career from an enemy of particle physics, to an enemy of physics, to an enemy of science. In extrapolation, by the end of next week I'll be the anti-christ.
Now, look. I'm certainly not an angel. I have a temper. I lack patience. I'm "eye-for-eye" rather than "turn the other cheek". I don't always express myself as clearly as I should. I make mistakes, contradict myself, and don't live up to my own expectations. I have regrets.
But I am also a simple person. You don't need to dig deep to understand me. To first approximation, I mean what I say: We currently have no reason to think a next larger particle collider will do anything but confirm the existing theories. Particle physicists' methods of theory-development have demonstrably failed for 40 years. The field is beset by hype and group-think. You cannot trust these people. It's a problem and it's in the way of progress.
It hurts, because they know that I know what I am talking about.
Thursday, I gave a colloquium at the University of Giessen. In Giessen, physics research is mostly nuclear physics and plasma physics. They don't have anyone working in the fields I'm criticizing. Nevertheless, it transpired yesterday that following my Op-Ed some people at the department debated whether I am a "populist" who better not be given a "forum".
For starters, that's ridiculous – a physics colloq at the University of Giessen is not much of a forum. Also, I have been assured the department didn't seriously consider uninviting me. Still, I am disturbed that scientists would try to shut me up rather than think about what I say.
I didn't know anything about this, however, when I gave my talk. It was well attended, all seats taken, people standing in the back. It was my usual lecture, that is a brief summary of the arguments in my book. I got the usual questions. There is always someone who asks for an example of an ugly theory. There is always someone who asks what's wrong with finding beauty in their research. There's always someone who has a question that's more of a comment, really.
Then, a clearly agitated young man raised his arm and mumbled something about a heated discussion that had taken place last week. This didn't make sense to me until later, so I ignored it. He then explained he didn't read my book, and didn't find anything objectionable about my talk. Must have been some disappointment, I guess, to see I'm not Rumpelstiltskin. He said that "everyone here agrees" that those failed predictions and the hype surrounding them are a problem. But, he wailed, how could I possibly go and publicly declare that one cannot trust scientists?
You see, the issue they have isn't that I say particle physics has a problem. Because that's obvious to everyone who ever had anything to do with the field. The issue is that I publicly say it.
Why do I say it? Because it's true. And because the public needs to know. And because I have given up hope they will change their ways just because what I say is right. You cannot reach them with reason. But you can reach them by drawing attention to how much money is going to waste because scientists refuse to have a hard look at themselves. Lots of money. Money that could be put to better use elsewhere.
Now they are afraid, and they feel betrayed. And that's what you see in the responses.
The first mode of defense is denial. It goes like this: Particle physics is doing just fine, go away, nothing to see here. Please give us more money.
The second mode of defense is urging me to stay in line and, at the same time, warning everyone else to keep their mouth shut. Over at Orbiter Magazine, Marcelo Gleiser and some other HEP people (who I don't know), accuse me of "defeatism" and "sabotage" and express their grievances as follows:
"As a community, we must fight united for the expansion of all our fields of inquiry, working with the public and politicians to increase the research budget to accommodate different kinds of projects. While it is true that research budgets are often strained, our work is to convince society that what we do is worthwhile, even when it fails to deliver the big headlines."But no, just no. My job as a scientist is not to "convince society" that what other scientists do is worthwhile (regardless of headlines). My job is to look at the evidence and report what I find. The evidence says particle physicists' methods for theory-development have not worked for four decades. Yet they continue using these methods. It's bad science, it deserves to be called bad science, and I will continue to call it bad science until they stop doing it.
If I was a genius, I would be here telling you about my great new theory of everything. I don't have one. I am a mediocre thinker. I just wish all those smart people would stop playing citation games and instead do their job so we would see some real progress. But I'm also a writer. Words are my weapons. And make no mistake, I'm not done.


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(AP) BRUSSELS – Israel will not be invited to NATO's May 20-21 summit in Chicago, the alliance's top official said Friday. But he denied that alliance member Turkey had blocked Israel's participation.
Instead, NATO Secretary-General Anders Fogh Rasmussen said the reason is because Israel does not participate in NATO's main military missions.
News reports have claimed that Turkey blocked Israel's participation because of the raid in 2010 by Israeli troops on ships heading to Gaza in which eight Turks and a Turkish-American died.
NATO has a system of partnerships with dozens of nations across the globe such as the Mediterranean Dialogue, a NATO outreach program with seven friendly nations, including Israel.
In the past, partner nations did not usually attend the alliance's summits. But Fogh Rasmussen said 13 would do so this time.
"At the Lisbon summit (in 2010), we made clear that we would enhance dialogue and cooperation with partner nations … because in today's world security challenges know no borders, and no country or alliance can deal with most of them on their own," he told journalists.
Two other members of the Mediterranean group, Jordan and Morocco, are among them. But Fogh Rasmussen said Israel is not because it does not participate in missions in Afghanistan and Kosovo.
"Israel has not been invited to attend the summit because Israel is neither a participant in ISAF nor in KFOR … no one has blocked an invitation because it's not been an issue," Fogh Rasmussen said. ISAF and KFOR are acronyms for coalition forces in Afghanistan and Kosovo.
Earlier this year, Turkey scuttled a plan to include an Israeli warship in a NATO-run flotilla patrolling the Mediterranean.
In the past, Israeli warships and air force jets have joined in some NATO exercises, but Israel's participation in the naval operation would the first time its armed forces have taken part in one of the alliance's military operations.
Representatives of about 60 nations and international organizations will attend the Chicago conference. Partner nations include include Sweden, Switzerland, Qatar, Georgia, Australia and New Zealand.
Representatives of Russia and several Central Asian states also have been invited to discuss the war in Afghanistan — the summit's main focus — "because they provide important transit arrangements to the benefit of our operation," Fogh Rasmussen said.
The alliance has repeatedly said it is prepared to enhance practical cooperation with all partner nations in the region, including Israel. But some members have opposed past attempts to forge closer cooperation with the Jewish state, saying that could hurt the alliance's relations with other Muslim countries, including Afghanistan, which remains NATO's top operational priority.
This is a copy of the full article provided by CBS News


text:
An accessibility service is an application that provides user interface enhancements to assist users with disabilities, or who may temporarily be unable to fully interact with a device. For example, users who are driving, taking care of a young child or attending a very loud party might need additional or alternative interface feedback.
Android provides standard accessibility services, including TalkBack, and developers can create and distribute their own services. This document explains the basics of building an accessibility service.
Note: Your app should use platform-level accessibility services only for the purpose of helping users with disabilities interact with your app.
The ability for you to build and deploy accessibility services was introduced with Android 1.6 (API Level 4) and received significant improvements with Android 4.0 (API Level 14). The Android Support Library was also updated with the release of Android 4.0 to provide support for these enhanced accessibility features back to Android 1.6. Developers aiming for widely compatible accessibility services are encouraged to use the Support Library and develop for the more advanced accessibility features introduced in Android 4.0.
Create your accessibility service
An accessibility service can be bundled with a normal application or created
as a standalone Android project. The steps to creating the service are the same
in either situation. Within your project, create a class that extends
package com.example.android.apis.accessibility import android.accessibilityservice.AccessibilityService import android.view.accessibility.AccessibilityEvent class MyAccessibilityService : AccessibilityService() { ... override fun onInterrupt() {} override fun onAccessibilityEvent(event: AccessibilityEvent?) {} ... }
package com.example.android.apis.accessibility; import android.accessibilityservice.AccessibilityService; import android.view.accessibility.AccessibilityEvent; public class MyAccessibilityService extends AccessibilityService { ... @Override public void onAccessibilityEvent(AccessibilityEvent event) { } @Override public void onInterrupt() { } ... }
If you created a new project for this service, and don't plan on having an app associated with the service, you can remove the starter activity class from your source.
Manifest declarations and permissions
Applications that provide accessibility services must include specific declarations in their application manifests to be treated as an accessibility service by the Android system. This section explains the required and optional settings for accessibility services.
Accessibility service declaration
In order to be treated as an accessibility service, you must include a
service element (rather than the
activity element) within the
element in your manifest. In addition, within the
service element, you must also include an
accessibility service intent filter. For compatibility with Android 4.1 and higher, the manifest
must also protect the service by adding the
permission to ensure that only the system can bind to it. Here's an example:
<application> <service android:name=".MyAccessibilityService" android:permission="android.permission.BIND_ACCESSIBILITY_SERVICE" android:label="@string/accessibility_service_label"> <intent-filter> <action android:name="android.accessibilityservice.AccessibilityService" /> </intent-filter> </service> </application>
These declarations are required for all accessibility services deployed on Android 1.6 (API Level 4) or higher.
Accessibility service configuration
Accessibility services must also provide a configuration which specifies the types of
accessibility events that the service handles and additional information about the service. The
configuration of an accessibility service is contained in the
AccessibilityServiceInfo class. Your service can build and set a
configuration using an instance of this class and
setServiceInfo() at runtime.
However, not all configuration options are available using this method.
Beginning with Android 4.0, you can include a
<meta-data> element in your manifest
with a reference to a configuration file, which allows you to set the full range of options for
your accessibility service, as shown in the following example:
<service android:name=".MyAccessibilityService"> ... <meta-data android:name="android.accessibilityservice" android:resource="@xml/accessibility_service_config" /> </service>
This meta-data element refers to an XML file that you create in your application's resource
directory (
<project_dir>/res/xml/accessibility_service_config.xml). The following code
shows example contents for the service configuration file:
<accessibility-service xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android" android:description="@string/accessibility_service_description" android:packageNames="com.example.android.apis" android:accessibilityEventTypes="typeAllMask" android:accessibilityFlags="flagDefault" android:accessibilityFeedbackType="feedbackSpoken" android:notificationTimeout="100" android:canRetrieveWindowContent="true" android:settingsActivity="com.example.android.accessibility.ServiceSettingsActivity" />
For more information about the XML attributes which can be used in the accessibility service configuration file, follow these links to the reference documentation:
For more information about which configuration settings can be dynamically set at runtime, see
AccessibilityServiceInfo reference documentation.
Configure your accessibility service
Setting the configuration variables for your accessibility service tells the system how and when you want it to run. Which event types would you like to respond to? Should the service be active for all applications, or only specific package names? What different feedback types does it use?
You have two options for how to set these variables. The
backwards-compatible option is to set them in code, using
To do that, override the
onServiceConnected() method
and configure your service in there.
override fun onServiceConnected() { info.apply { // Set the type of events that this service wants to listen to. Others // won't be passed to this service. eventTypes = AccessibilityEvent.TYPE_VIEW_CLICKED or AccessibilityEvent.TYPE_VIEW_FOCUSED // If you only want this service to work with specific applications, set their // package names here. Otherwise, when the service is activated, it will listen // to events from all applications. packageNames = arrayOf("com.example.android.myFirstApp", "com.example.android.mySecondApp") // Set the type of feedback your service will provide. feedbackType = AccessibilityServiceInfo.FEEDBACK_SPOKEN // Default services are invoked only if no package-specific ones are present // for the type of AccessibilityEvent generated. This service *is* // application-specific, so the flag isn't necessary. If this was a // general-purpose service, it would be worth considering setting the // DEFAULT flag. // flags = AccessibilityServiceInfo.DEFAULT; notificationTimeout = 100 } this.serviceInfo = info }
@Override public void onServiceConnected() { // Set the type of events that this service wants to listen to. Others // won't be passed to this service. info.eventTypes = AccessibilityEvent.TYPE_VIEW_CLICKED | AccessibilityEvent.TYPE_VIEW_FOCUSED; // If you only want this service to work with specific applications, set their // package names here. Otherwise, when the service is activated, it will listen // to events from all applications. info.packageNames = new String[] {"com.example.android.myFirstApp", "com.example.android.mySecondApp"}; // Set the type of feedback your service will provide. info.feedbackType = AccessibilityServiceInfo.FEEDBACK_SPOKEN; // Default services are invoked only if no package-specific ones are present // for the type of AccessibilityEvent generated. This service *is* // application-specific, so the flag isn't necessary. If this was a // general-purpose service, it would be worth considering setting the // DEFAULT flag. // info.flags = AccessibilityServiceInfo.DEFAULT; info.notificationTimeout = 100; this.setServiceInfo(info); }
The second option is to configure the
service using an XML file. Certain configuration options like
canRetrieveWindowContent are only available if you
configure your service using XML. The same configuration options above, defined
using XML, would look like this:
<accessibility-service xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android" android:accessibilityEventTypes="typeViewClicked|typeViewFocused" android:packageNames="com.example.android.myFirstApp, com.example.android.mySecondApp" android:accessibilityFeedbackType="feedbackSpoken" android:notificationTimeout="100" android:settingsActivity="com.example.android.apis.accessibility.TestBackActivity" android:canRetrieveWindowContent="true" />
If you go the XML route, be sure to reference it in your manifest, by adding
a <meta-data> tag to
your service declaration, pointing at the XML file. If you stored your XML file
res/xml/serviceconfig.xml, the new tag would look like this:
<service android:name=".MyAccessibilityService"> <intent-filter> <action android:name="android.accessibilityservice.AccessibilityService" /> </intent-filter> <meta-data android:name="android.accessibilityservice" android:resource="@xml/serviceconfig" /> </service>
Accessibility service methods
An accessibility service must extend the
AccessibilityService class and override the following methods from
that class. These methods are presented in the order in which they are called by the Android system,
from when the service is started
while it is running (
onInterrupt()) to when it is
shut down (
onServiceConnected()- (optional) This system calls this method when it successfully connects to your accessibility service. Use this method to do any one-time setup steps for your service, including connecting to user feedback system services, such as the audio manager or device vibrator. If you want to set the configuration of your service at runtime or make one-time adjustments, this is a convenient location from which to call
onAccessibilityEvent()- (required) This method is called back by the system when it detects an
AccessibilityEventthat matches the event filtering parameters specified by your accessibility service. For example, when the user clicks a button or focuses on a user interface control in an application for which your accessibility service is providing feedback. When this happens, the system calls this method, passing the associated
AccessibilityEvent, which the service can then interpret and use to provide feedback to the user. This method may be called many times over the lifecycle of your service.
onInterrupt()- (required) This method is called when the system wants to interrupt the feedback your service is providing, usually in response to a user action such as moving focus to a different control. This method may be called many times over the lifecycle of your service.
onUnbind()- (optional) This method is called when the system is about to shutdown the accessibility service. Use this method to do any one-time shutdown procedures, including de-allocating user feedback system services, such as the audio manager or device vibrator.
These callback methods provide the basic structure for your accessibility service. It is up to
you to decide on how to process data provided by the Android system in the form of
AccessibilityEvent objects and provide feedback to the user. For more
information about getting information from an accessibility event, see the
Get event details.
Register for accessibility events
One of the most important functions of the accessibility service configuration parameters is to allow you to specify what types of accessibility events your service can handle. Being able to specify this information enables accessibility services to cooperate with each other, and allows you as a developer the flexibility to handle only specific events types from specific applications. The event filtering can include the following criteria:
- Package Names - Specify the package names of applications whose accessibility
events you want your service to handle. If this parameter is omitted, your accessibility service is
considered available to service accessibility events for any application. This parameter can be set
in the accessibility service configuration files with the
android:packageNamesattribute as a comma-separated list, or set using the
- Event Types - Specify the types of accessibility events you want your service
to handle. This parameter can be set in the accessibility service configuration files with the
android:accessibilityEventTypesattribute as a list separated by the
|character (for example
accessibilityEventTypes="typeViewClicked|typeViewFocused"), or set using the
When setting up your accessibility service, carefully consider what events your service is able to handle and only register for those events. Since users can activate more than one accessibility services at a time, your service must not consume events that it isn't able to handle. Remember that other services may handle those events in order to improve a user's experience.
Accessibility volume
Devices running Android 8.0 (API level 26) and higher include the
volume category, which allows you to control the volume of your accessibility
service's audio output independently of other sounds on the device.
Accessibility services can use this stream type by setting the
option. You can then change the device's accessibility audio volume by calling
method on the device's instance of
The following code snippet demonstrates how an accessibility service can
use the
STREAM_ACCESSIBILITY volume category:
import android.media.AudioManager.* class MyAccessibilityService : AccessibilityService() { private val audioManager = getSystemService(AUDIO_SERVICE) as AudioManager override fun onAccessibilityEvent(accessibilityEvent: AccessibilityEvent) { if (accessibilityEvent.source.text == "Increase volume") { audioManager.adjustStreamVolume(AudioManager.STREAM_ACCESSIBILITY, ADJUST_RAISE, 0) } } }
import static android.media.AudioManager.*; public class MyAccessibilityService extends AccessibilityService { private AudioManager audioManager = (AudioManager) getSystemService(AUDIO_SERVICE); @Override public void onAccessibilityEvent(AccessibilityEvent accessibilityEvent) { AccessibilityNodeInfo interactedNodeInfo = accessibilityEvent.getSource(); if (interactedNodeInfo.getText().equals("Increase volume")) { audioManager.adjustStreamVolume(AudioManager.STREAM_ACCESSIBILITY, ADJUST_RAISE, 0); } } }
For more information, see the What's New In Android Accessibility session video from Google I/O 2017, starting at 6:35.
Accessibility shortcut
On devices running Android 8.0 (API level 26) and higher, users can enable and disable their preferred accessibility service from any screen by long-pressing both volume keys at the same time. Although this shortcut enables and disables Talkback by default, a user can configure the button to enable and disable any service, including your own, that's installed on their device.
In order for users to access a particular accessibility service from the accessibility shortcut, the service needs to request the feature at runtime, when it starts.
For more information, see the What's New In Android Accessibility session video from Google I/O 2017, starting at 13:25.
Accessibility button
On devices that use a software-rendered navigation area and are running Android 8.0 (API level 26) or higher, the right-hand side of the navigation bar includes an accessibility button. When users press this button, they can invoke one of several enabled accessibility features and services, depending on the content currently shown on the screen.
To allow users to invoke a given accessibility service using the
accessibility button, the service needs to add the
flag in an
android:accessibilityFlags attribute. The service can then
register callbacks using
Note: This feature is available only on devices that
provide a software-rendered navigation area. Services must always use
isAccessibilityButtonAvailable() and respond to changes based on the
availability of the accessibility button by implementing
onAvailabilityChanged(). That way, users can always access the service's
functionality, even if the accessibility button isn't supported or becomes
The following code snippet demonstrates how you can configure an accessibility service to respond to the user's pressing the accessibility button:
private var mAccessibilityButtonController: AccessibilityButtonController? = null private var accessibilityButtonCallback: AccessibilityButtonController.AccessibilityButtonCallback? = null private var mIsAccessibilityButtonAvailable: Boolean = false override fun onServiceConnected() { mAccessibilityButtonController = accessibilityButtonController mIsAccessibilityButtonAvailable = mAccessibilityButtonController?.isAccessibilityButtonAvailable ?: false if (!mIsAccessibilityButtonAvailable) return serviceInfo = serviceInfo.apply { flags = flags or AccessibilityServiceInfo.FLAG_REQUEST_ACCESSIBILITY_BUTTON } accessibilityButtonCallback = object : AccessibilityButtonController.AccessibilityButtonCallback() { override fun onClicked(controller: AccessibilityButtonController) { Log.d("MY_APP_TAG", "Accessibility button pressed!") // Add custom logic for a service to react to the // accessibility button being pressed. } override fun onAvailabilityChanged( controller: AccessibilityButtonController, available: Boolean ) { if (controller == mAccessibilityButtonController) { mIsAccessibilityButtonAvailable = available } } } accessibilityButtonCallback?.also { mAccessibilityButtonController?.registerAccessibilityButtonCallback(it, null) } }
private AccessibilityButtonController accessibilityButtonController; private AccessibilityButtonController .AccessibilityButtonCallback accessibilityButtonCallback; private boolean mIsAccessibilityButtonAvailable; @Override protected void onServiceConnected() { accessibilityButtonController = getAccessibilityButtonController(); mIsAccessibilityButtonAvailable = accessibilityButtonController.isAccessibilityButtonAvailable(); if (!mIsAccessibilityButtonAvailable) { return; } AccessibilityServiceInfo serviceInfo = getServiceInfo(); serviceInfo.flags |= AccessibilityServiceInfo.FLAG_REQUEST_ACCESSIBILITY_BUTTON; setServiceInfo(serviceInfo); accessibilityButtonCallback = new AccessibilityButtonController.AccessibilityButtonCallback() { @Override public void onClicked(AccessibilityButtonController controller) { Log.d("MY_APP_TAG", "Accessibility button pressed!"); // Add custom logic for a service to react to the // accessibility button being pressed. } @Override public void onAvailabilityChanged( AccessibilityButtonController controller, boolean available) { if (controller.equals(accessibilityButtonController)) { mIsAccessibilityButtonAvailable = available; } } }; if (accessibilityButtonCallback != null) { accessibilityButtonController.registerAccessibilityButtonCallback( accessibilityButtonCallback, null); } }
For more information, see the What's New In Android Accessibility session video from Google I/O 2017, starting at 16:28.
Fingerprint gestures
Accessibility services on devices running Android 8.0 (API level 26) or higher can respond to an alternative input mechanism, directional swipes (up, down, left, and right) along a device's fingerprint sensor. To configure a service to receive callbacks about these interactions, complete the following sequence of steps:
- Declare the
USE_FINGERPRINTpermission and the
- Set the
FLAG_REQUEST_FINGERPRINT_GESTURESflag within the
- Register for callbacks using
Note: You should allow users to disable an accessibility service's support for fingerprint gestures. Although multiple accessibility services can listen for fingerprint gestures simultaneously, doing so causes the services to conflict with each other.
Keep in mind that not all devices include fingerprint sensors. To identify
whether a device supports the sensor, use the
isHardwareDetected() method. Even on a device that includes a fingerprint
sensor, your service cannot use the sensor when it's in use for authentication
purposes. To identify when the sensor is available, call the
isGestureDetectionAvailable() method and implement the
onGestureDetectionAvailabilityChanged() callback.
The following code snippet shows an example of using fingerprint gestures to navigate around a virtual game board:
<manifest ... > <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.USE_FINGERPRINT" /> ... <application> <service android:name="com.example.MyFingerprintGestureService" ... > <meta-data android:name="android.accessibilityservice" android:resource="@xml/myfingerprintgestureservice" /> </service> </application> </manifest>
<accessibility-service xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android" ... android:accessibilityFlags=" ... |flagRequestFingerprintGestures" android:canRequestFingerprintGestures="true" ... />
import android.accessibilityservice.FingerprintGestureController.* class MyFingerprintGestureService : AccessibilityService() { private var gestureController: FingerprintGestureController? = null private var fingerprintGestureCallback: FingerprintGestureController.FingerprintGestureCallback? = null private var mIsGestureDetectionAvailable: Boolean = false override fun onCreate() { gestureController = fingerprintGestureController mIsGestureDetectionAvailable = gestureController?.isGestureDetectionAvailable ?: false } override fun onServiceConnected() { if (mFingerprintGestureCallback != null || !mIsGestureDetectionAvailable) return fingerprintGestureCallback = object : FingerprintGestureController.FingerprintGestureCallback() { override fun onGestureDetected(gesture: Int) { when (gesture) { FINGERPRINT_GESTURE_SWIPE_DOWN -> moveGameCursorDown() FINGERPRINT_GESTURE_SWIPE_LEFT -> moveGameCursorLeft() FINGERPRINT_GESTURE_SWIPE_RIGHT -> moveGameCursorRight() FINGERPRINT_GESTURE_SWIPE_UP -> moveGameCursorUp() else -> Log.e(MY_APP_TAG, "Error: Unknown gesture type detected!") } } override fun onGestureDetectionAvailabilityChanged(available: Boolean) { mIsGestureDetectionAvailable = available } } fingerprintGestureCallback?.also { gestureController?.registerFingerprintGestureCallback(it, null) } } }
import static android.accessibilityservice.FingerprintGestureController.*; public class MyFingerprintGestureService extends AccessibilityService { private FingerprintGestureController gestureController; private FingerprintGestureController .FingerprintGestureCallback fingerprintGestureCallback; private boolean mIsGestureDetectionAvailable; @Override public void onCreate() { gestureController = getFingerprintGestureController(); mIsGestureDetectionAvailable = gestureController.isGestureDetectionAvailable(); } @Override protected void onServiceConnected() { if (fingerprintGestureCallback != null || !mIsGestureDetectionAvailable) { return; } fingerprintGestureCallback = new FingerprintGestureController.FingerprintGestureCallback() { @Override public void onGestureDetected(int gesture) { switch (gesture) { case FINGERPRINT_GESTURE_SWIPE_DOWN: moveGameCursorDown(); break; case FINGERPRINT_GESTURE_SWIPE_LEFT: moveGameCursorLeft(); break; case FINGERPRINT_GESTURE_SWIPE_RIGHT: moveGameCursorRight(); break; case FINGERPRINT_GESTURE_SWIPE_UP: moveGameCursorUp(); break; default: Log.e(MY_APP_TAG, "Error: Unknown gesture type detected!"); break; } } @Override public void onGestureDetectionAvailabilityChanged(boolean available) { mIsGestureDetectionAvailable = available; } }; if (fingerprintGestureCallback != null) { gestureController.registerFingerprintGestureCallback( fingerprintGestureCallback, null); } } }
For more information, see the What's New In Android Accessibility session video from Google I/O 2017, starting at 9:03.
Multilingual text to speech
As of Android 8.0 (API level 26), Android's text-to-speech (TTS) service can
identify and speak phrases in multiple languages within a single block of text.
To enable this automatic language-switching capability in an accessibility
service, wrap all strings in
LocaleSpan objects, as
shown in the following code snippet:
val localeWrappedTextView = findViewById<TextView>(R.id.my_french_greeting_text).apply { text = wrapTextInLocaleSpan("Bonjour!", Locale.FRANCE) } private fun wrapTextInLocaleSpan(originalText: CharSequence, loc: Locale): SpannableStringBuilder { return SpannableStringBuilder(originalText).apply { setSpan(LocaleSpan(loc), 0, originalText.length - 1, 0) } }
TextView localeWrappedTextView = findViewById(R.id.my_french_greeting_text); localeWrappedTextView.setText(wrapTextInLocaleSpan("Bonjour!", Locale.FRANCE)); private SpannableStringBuilder wrapTextInLocaleSpan( CharSequence originalText, Locale loc) { SpannableStringBuilder myLocaleBuilder = new SpannableStringBuilder(originalText); myLocaleBuilder.setSpan(new LocaleSpan(loc), 0, originalText.length() - 1, 0); return myLocaleBuilder; }
For more information, see the What's New In Android Accessibility session video from Google I/O 2017, starting at 10:59.
Take action for users
Starting with Android 4.0 (API Level 14), accessibility services can act on behalf of users, including changing the input focus and selecting (activating) user interface elements. In Android 4.1 (API Level 16) the range of actions has been expanded to include scrolling lists and interacting with text fields. Accessibility services can also take global actions, such as navigating to the Home screen, pressing the Back button, opening the notifications screen and recent applications list. Android 4.1 also includes a new type of focus, Accessibilty Focus, which makes all visible elements selectable by an accessibility service.
These new capabilities make it possible for developers of accessibility services to create alternative navigation modes such as gesture navigation, and give users with disabilities improved control of their Android devices.
Listen for gestures
Accessibility services can listen for specific gestures and respond by taking action on behalf
of a user. This feature, added in Android 4.1 (API Level 16), and requires that your
accessibility service request activation of the Explore by Touch feature. Your service can
request this activation by setting the
flags member of the service's
AccessibilityServiceInfo instance to
as shown in the following example.
class MyAccessibilityService : AccessibilityService() { override fun onCreate() { serviceInfo.flags = AccessibilityServiceInfo.FLAG_REQUEST_TOUCH_EXPLORATION_MODE } ... }
public class MyAccessibilityService extends AccessibilityService { @Override public void onCreate() { getServiceInfo().flags = AccessibilityServiceInfo.FLAG_REQUEST_TOUCH_EXPLORATION_MODE; } ... }
Once your service has requested activation of Explore by Touch, the user must allow the
feature to be turned on, if it isn't already active. When this feature is active, your service
receives notification of accessibility gestures through your service's
onGesture() callback method
and can respond by taking actions for the user.
Continued gestures
Devices running Android 8.0 (API level 26) include support for continued
gestures, or programmatic gestures containing more than one
Path object.
When specifying sequences of strokes, you must specify that they belong to
the same programmatic gesture by using the final argument,
willContinue, in the
GestureDescription.StrokeDescription constructor, as shown in the following
code snippet:
// Simulates an L-shaped drag path: 200 pixels right, then 200 pixels down. private fun doRightThenDownDrag() { val dragRightPath = Path().apply { moveTo(200f, 200f) lineTo(400f, 200f) } val dragRightDuration = 500L // 0.5 second // The starting point of the second path must match // the ending point of the first path. val dragDownPath = Path().apply { moveTo(400f, 200f) lineTo(400f, 400f) } val dragDownDuration = 500L val rightThenDownDrag = GestureDescription.StrokeDescription( dragRightPath, 0L, dragRightDuration, true ).apply { continueStroke(dragDownPath, dragRightDuration, dragDownDuration, false) } }
// Simulates an L-shaped drag path: 200 pixels right, then 200 pixels down. private void doRightThenDownDrag() { Path dragRightPath = new Path(); dragRightPath.moveTo(200, 200); dragRightPath.lineTo(400, 200); long dragRightDuration = 500L; // 0.5 second // The starting point of the second path must match // the ending point of the first path. Path dragDownPath = new Path(); dragDownPath.moveTo(400, 200); dragDownPath.lineTo(400, 400); long dragDownDuration = 500L; GestureDescription.StrokeDescription rightThenDownDrag = new GestureDescription.StrokeDescription(dragRightPath, 0L, dragRightDuration, true); rightThenDownDrag.continueStroke(dragDownPath, dragRightDuration, dragDownDuration, false); }
For more information, see the What's New In Android Accessibility session video from Google I/O 2017, starting at 15:47.
Use accessibility actions
Accessibility services can take action on behalf of users to make interacting with applications simpler and more productive. The ability of accessibility services to perform actions was added in Android 4.0 (API Level 14) and significantly expanded with Android 4.1 (API Level 16).
In order to take actions on behalf of users, your accessibility service must
register to receive events from a few or many applications and request
permission to view the content of applications by setting the
android:canRetrieveWindowContent to
true in the
service configuration file. When events are received by your
service, it can then retrieve the
AccessibilityNodeInfo object from the event using
With the
AccessibilityNodeInfo object, your service can then
explore the view hierarchy to determine what action to take and then act for the user using
class MyAccessibilityService : AccessibilityService() { override fun onAccessibilityEvent(event: AccessibilityEvent) { // get the source node of the event event.source?.apply { // Use the event and node information to determine // what action to take // take action on behalf of the user performAction(AccessibilityNodeInfo.ACTION_SCROLL_FORWARD) // recycle the nodeInfo object recycle() } } ... }
public class MyAccessibilityService extends AccessibilityService { @Override public void onAccessibilityEvent(AccessibilityEvent event) { // get the source node of the event AccessibilityNodeInfo nodeInfo = event.getSource(); // Use the event and node information to determine // what action to take // take action on behalf of the user nodeInfo.performAction(AccessibilityNodeInfo.ACTION_SCROLL_FORWARD); // recycle the nodeInfo object nodeInfo.recycle(); } ... }
performAction() method
allows your service to take action within an application. If your service needs to perform a
global action such as navigating to the Home screen, pressing the Back button, opening the
notifications screen or recent applications list, then use the
Use focus types
Android 4.1 (API Level 16) introduces a new type of user interface focus called Accessibility Focus. Accessibility services can used this type of focus to select any visible user interface element and act on it. This focus type is different from the more well known Input Focus, which determines what on-screen user interface element receives input when a user types characters, presses Enter on a keyboard or pushes the center button of a D-pad control.
Accessibility Focus is completely separate and independent from Input Focus. In fact, it is possible for one element in a user interface to have Input Focus while another element has Accessibility Focus. The purpose of Accessibility Focus is to provide accessibility services with a method of interacting with any visible element on a screen, regardless of whether or not the element is input-focusable from a system perspective. You can see accessibility focus in action by testing accessibility gestures. For more information about testing this feature, see Testing gesture navigation.
Note: Accessibility services that use Accessibility Focus are responsible for synchronizing the current Input Focus when an element is capable of this type of focus. Services that don't synchronize Input Focus with Accessibility Focus run the risk of causing problems in applications that expect input focus to be in a specific location when certain actions are taken.
An accessibility service can determine what user interface element has Input Focus or
Accessibility Focus using the
AccessibilityNodeInfo.findFocus() method. You can also search for elements that can be selected
with Input Focus using the
focusSearch() method.
Finally, your accessibility service can set Accessibility Focus using the
performAction(AccessibilityNodeInfo.ACTION_SET_ACCESSIBILITY_FOCUS) method.
Gather information
Accessibility services also have standard methods of gathering and representing key units of user-provided information, such as event details, text, and numbers.
Get event details
The Android system provides information to accessibility services about the user interface
interaction through
AccessibilityEvent objects. Prior to Android
4.0, the information available in an accessibility event, while providing a significant amount of
detail about a user interface control selected by the user, offered limited contextual
information. In many cases, this missing context information might be critical to understanding the
meaning of the selected control.
An example of an interface where context is critical is a calendar or day planner. If the user selects a 4:00 PM time slot in a Monday to Friday day list and the accessibility service announces "4 PM", but doesn't announce the weekday name, the day of the month, or the month name, the resulting feedback is confusing. In this case, the context of a user interface control is critical to a user who wants to schedule a meeting.
Android 4.0 significantly extends the amount of information that an accessibility service can obtain about a user interface interaction by composing accessibility events based on the view hierarchy. A view hierarchy is the set of user interface components that contain the component (its parents) and the user interface elements that may be contained by that component (its children). In this way, the Android system can provide much richer detail about accessibility events, allowing accessibility services to provide more useful feedback to users.
An accessibility service gets information about a user interface event through an
AccessibilityEvent passed by the system to the service's
onAccessibilityEvent() callback method. This object provides details about the event, including the
type of object being acted upon, its descriptive text and other details. Starting in Android 4.0
(and supported in previous releases through the
AccessibilityEventCompat object in the Support Library), you
can obtain additional information about the event using these calls:
getRecord(int)- These methods allow you to retrieve the set of
AccessibilityRecordobjects which contributed to the
AccessibilityEventpassed to you by the system. This level of detail provides more context for the event that triggered your accessibility service.
AccessibilityEvent.getSource()- This method returns an
AccessibilityNodeInfoobject. This object allows you to request view layout hierarchy (parents and children) of the component that originated the accessibility event. This feature allows an accessibility service to investigate the full context of an event, including the content and state of any enclosing views or child views.
Important: The ability to investigate the view hierarchy from an
AccessibilityEventpotentially exposes private user information to your accessibility service. For this reason, your service must request this level of access through the accessibility service configuration XML file, by including the
canRetrieveWindowContentattribute and setting it to
true. If you don't include this setting in your service configuration xml file, calls to
Note: In Android 4.1 (API Level 16) and higher, the
getSource()method, as well as
getParent(), return only view objects that are considered important for accessibility (views that draw content or respond to user actions). If your service requires all views, it can request them by setting the
flagsmember of the service's
AccessibilityServiceInfoinstance to
Get window change details
Android 9 (API level 28) and higher allow apps to keep track of window updates
when an app redraws multiple windows simultaneously. When a
TYPE_WINDOWS_CHANGED event occurs, use the
getWindowChanges() API to determine how the windows have
changed. During a multiwindow update, each window produces its own set of
events. The
getSource() method returns the root view of the window
associated with each event.
If an app has defined
pane titles for its
View objects, your
service can recognize when the app's UI is updated. When a
TYPE_WINDOW_STATE_CHANGED event occurs, use the types
returned by
getContentChangeTypes() to determine how the window has
changed. For example, the framework can detect when a pane has a new title, or
when a pane has disappeared.
Gather accessibility node details
This step is optional, but highly useful. The Android platform provides the ability for an
AccessibilityService to query the view
hierarchy, collecting information about the UI component that generated an event, and
its parent and children. In order to do this, make sure that you set the
following line in your XML configuration:
Once that's done, get an
AccessibilityNodeInfo object using
getSource(). This call only
returns an object if the window where the event originated is still the active
window. If not, it will return null, so behave accordingly. The
following example is a snippet of code that, when it receives an event, does
the following:
- Immediately grab the parent of the view where the event originated
- In that view, look for a label and a check box as children views
- If it finds them, create a string to report to the user, indicating the label and whether it was checked or not.
- If at any point a null value is returned while traversing the view hierarchy, the method quietly gives up.
// Alternative onAccessibilityEvent, that uses AccessibilityNodeInfo override fun onAccessibilityEvent(event: AccessibilityEvent) { val source: AccessibilityNodeInfo = event.source ?: return // Grab the parent of the view that fired the event. val rowNode: AccessibilityNodeInfo = getListItemNodeInfo(source) ?: return // Using this parent, get references to both child nodes, the label and the checkbox. val taskLabel: CharSequence = rowNode.getChild(0)?.text ?: run { rowNode.recycle() return } val isComplete: Boolean = rowNode.getChild(1)?.isChecked ?: run { rowNode.recycle() return } // Determine what the task is and whether or not it's complete, based on // the text inside the label, and the state of the check-box. if (rowNode.childCount < 2 || !rowNode.getChild(1).isCheckable) { rowNode.recycle() return } val completeStr: String = if (isComplete) { getString(R.string.checked) } else { getString(R.string.not_checked) } val reportStr = "$taskLabel$completeStr" speakToUser(reportStr) }
// Alternative onAccessibilityEvent, that uses AccessibilityNodeInfo @Override public void onAccessibilityEvent(AccessibilityEvent event) { AccessibilityNodeInfo source = event.getSource(); if (source == null) { return; } // Grab the parent of the view that fired the event. AccessibilityNodeInfo rowNode = getListItemNodeInfo(source); if (rowNode == null) { return; } // Using this parent, get references to both child nodes, the label and the checkbox. AccessibilityNodeInfo labelNode = rowNode.getChild(0); if (labelNode == null) { rowNode.recycle(); return; } AccessibilityNodeInfo completeNode = rowNode.getChild(1); if (completeNode == null) { rowNode.recycle(); return; } // Determine what the task is and whether or not it's complete, based on // the text inside the label, and the state of the check-box. if (rowNode.getChildCount() < 2 || !rowNode.getChild(1).isCheckable()) { rowNode.recycle(); return; } CharSequence taskLabel = labelNode.getText(); final boolean isComplete = completeNode.isChecked(); String completeStr = null; if (isComplete) { completeStr = getString(R.string.checked); } else { completeStr = getString(R.string.not_checked); } String reportStr = taskLabel + completeStr; speakToUser(reportStr); }
Now you have a complete, functioning accessibility service. Try configuring
how it interacts with the user, by adding Android's text-to-speech
engine, or using a
Vibrator to provide haptic
Process text
Devices running Android 8.0 (API level 26) and higher include several text-processing features that make it easier for accessibility services to identify and operate on specific units of text that appear on screen.
Android 9 (API level 28) introduces several capabilities that give you access
to tooltips in an app's UI. Use
to read the text of a tooltip, and use the
ACTION_SHOW_TOOLTIP and
ACTION_HIDE_TOOLTIP to instruct instances of
View to show or hide
their tooltips.
Hint text
Android 8.0 (API level 26) includes several methods for interacting with a text-based object's hint text:
- The
setShowingHintText()methods indicate and set, respectively, whether the node's current text content represents the node's hint text.
- To access the hint text itself, use
getHintText(). Even if an object isn't currently displaying hint text, a call to
Locations of on-screen text characters
On devices running Android 8.0 (API level 26) and higher, accessibility
services can determine the screen coordinates for each visible character's
bounding box within a
TextView widget. Services find
these coordinates by calling
refreshWithExtraData(), passing in
as the first argument and a
Bundle object as the second
argument. As the method executes, the system populates the
Bundle argument with a parcelable array of
Rect objects. Each
Rect object
represents the bounding box of a particular character.
Standardized one-sided range values
AccessibilityNodeInfo objects use
an instance of
AccessibilityNodeInfo.RangeInfo to indicate that a UI element can take on a
range of values. When creating a range using
RangeInfo.obtain(), or when retrieving the extreme values of the range using
getMin() and
getMax(), keep in mind that devices running Android 8.0 (API level 26) and
higher represent one-sided ranges in a standardized manner:
- For ranges with no minimum,
Float.NEGATIVE_INFINITYrepresents the minimum value.
- For ranges with no maximum,
Float.POSITIVE_INFINITYrepresents the maximum value.
Respond to accessibility events
Now that your service is set up to run and listen for events, write some code
so it knows what to do when an
AccessibilityEvent actually arrives! Start by
overriding the
onAccessibilityEvent(AccessibilityEvent) method.
In that method, use
getEventType() to determine the
type of event, and
getContentDescription() to extract
any label text associated with the view that fired the event.
override fun onAccessibilityEvent(event: AccessibilityEvent) { var eventText: String = when (event.eventType) { AccessibilityEvent.TYPE_VIEW_CLICKED -> "Clicked: " AccessibilityEvent.TYPE_VIEW_FOCUSED -> "Focused: " else -> "" } eventText += event.contentDescription // Do something nifty with this text, like speak the composed string // back to the user. speakToUser(eventText) ... }
@Override public void onAccessibilityEvent(AccessibilityEvent event) { final int eventType = event.getEventType(); String eventText = null; switch(eventType) { case AccessibilityEvent.TYPE_VIEW_CLICKED: eventText = "Clicked: "; break; case AccessibilityEvent.TYPE_VIEW_FOCUSED: eventText = "Focused: "; break; } eventText = eventText + event.getContentDescription(); // Do something nifty with this text, like speak the composed string // back to the user. speakToUser(eventText); ... }
Additional resources
To learn more, take advantage of the following resources:


text:
Hi there peeps! How y'all doing? Well I'm in a good mood today/tonight (depending on your time-zone) as we've had beautiful sunshine the last couple of days. OK yesterday it poured with rain all day but I didn't go outside so that didn't matter ;)) Today though was lovely, so more of that please Mr Weatherman. Saying that we had a tremendous storm the other night - thunder and proper forked lightening in October??? I mean how is that normal? But then again in my life what is!
So thanks to you who came to play last week - I must say I've loads of pastel ideas now! So the random picky thing has done his stuff and he's picked Shell Email me your details with the challenge number in the title line and I'll sort your prize out for you.
So what's the theme this week? This week its 'I remember'..... so what we'd like to see is something that evokes a memory. It can be something from your childhood, a loved one or something that made you smile. The Gorjussettes have made some absolutely tremendous creations - check out their blogs for the stories behind the cards. this week we're sponsored by Fantastic Ribbons - the home of , well fantastic ribbons!
So are you ready?
See didn't I say they were fantastic?
So remember (get it?) to share your I remember creations with us. Please follow the rules; new stuff only, no back dating, link to here and link directly to your creation and not your whole blog.


text:
"I'll see you down there."
A hush fell over Line 6 headquarters recently as Line 6ers took off in droves for the 106th annual NAMM show, "down there" in Anaheim, CA. (Don't know NAMM? It's one of the largest music products trade shows in the world, held every January in Southern California.)
Each year, about a bazillion makers of instruments and music products, Line 6 included, descend upon Anaheim and carve out their claim of the 813,000-square-foot exhibition space to show-off their gear, check out the competition and network like crazy.
Sequestered in a second-floor conference room, a select force of Line 6 operatives spent the long weekend introducing a constant stream of press, artists and retailers to our latest creations – including Micro Spider™, Spider Jam™, Spider Valve™ and POD® X3.
Full of celebrity guests, great performances and piles of gear as far as the eye can see, NAMM, appropriately situated less than a mile from Disneyland, might be the musician's happiest place on earth. It's certainly one of the loudest.


text:
Research and Analysis on the DPRK Leadership
The DPRK government announced that it conducted a successful test of a hydrogen bomb at 10:00 AM [NKST] January 6 (Wednesday). The announcement came through a special bulletin aired on Korean Central Television [KCTV] following a report of seismic activity on the border of North Hamgyo'ng and Yanggang Provinces, approximately 49 kilometers (30 miles) from Kilju County, North Hamgyo'ng. According to DPRK state media, the test was authorized by Kim Jong Un (Kim Cho'ng-u'n) on behalf the Workers' Party of Korea on December 15, 2015, and Jong Un issued the "final order" to conduct the test on January 3, 2015.
According to KCNA's announcement:
There took place a world startling event to be specially recorded in the national history spanning 5 000 years in the exciting period when all service personnel and people of the DPRK are making a giant stride, performing eye-catching miracles and exploits day by day after turning out as one in the all-out charge to bring earlier the final victory of the revolutionary cause of Chuch'e, true to the militant appeal of the Workers' Party of Korea (WPK).
The first H-bomb test was successfully conducted in the DPRK at 10:00 on Wednesday, Chuch'e 105 (2016), pursuant to the strategic determination of the WPK.
Through the test conducted with indigenous wisdom, technology and efforts the DPRK fully proved that the technological specifications of the newly developed H-bomb for the purpose of test were accurate and scientifically verified the power of smaller H-bomb.
It was confirmed that the H-bomb test conducted in a safe and perfect manner had no adverse impact on the ecological environment.
The test means a higher stage of the DPRK's development of nuclear force.
By succeeding in the H-bomb test in the most perfect manner to be specially recorded in history the DPRK proudly joined the advanced ranks of nuclear weapons states possessed of even H-bomb and the Korean people came to demonstrate the spirit of the dignified nation equipped with the most powerful nuclear deterrent.
This test is a measure for self-defence the DPRK has taken to firmly protect the sovereignty of the country and the vital right of the nation from the ever-growing nuclear threat and blackmail by the U.S.-led hostile forces and to reliably safeguard the peace on the Korean Peninsula and regional security.
Since the appearance of the word hostility in the world there has been no precedent of such deep-rooted, harsh and persistent policy as the hostile policy the U.S. has pursued towards the DPRK.
The U.S. is a gang of cruel robbers which has worked hard to bring even a nuclear disaster to the DPRK, not content with having imposed the thrice-cursed and unheard-of political isolation, economic blockade and military pressure on it for the mere reason that it has differing ideology and social system and refuses to yield to the former's ambition for aggression.
The Korean Peninsula and its vicinity are turning into the world's biggest hotspot where a nuclear war may break out since they have been constantly stormed with all nuclear strike means of the U.S. imperialist aggressor troops, including nuclear carrier strike group and nuclear strategic flying corps.
While kicking up all forms of economic sanctions and conspiratorial "human rights" racket against the DPRK with mobilization of the hostile forces, the U.S. has made desperate efforts to block its building of a thriving nation and improvement of the people's living standard and "bring down its social system."
The DPRK's access to H-bomb of justice, standing against the U.S., the chieftain of aggression watching for a chance for attack on it with huge nukes of various types, is the legitimate right of a sovereign state for self-defense and a very just step no one can slander.
Genuine peace and security cannot be achieved through humiliating solicitation or compromise at the negotiating table.
The present-day grim reality clearly proves once again the immutable truth that one's destiny should be defended by one's own efforts.
Nothing is more foolish than dropping a hunting gun before herds of ferocious wolves.
The spectacular success made by the DPRK in the H-bomb test this time is a great deed of history, a historic event of the national significance as it surely guarantees the eternal future of the nation.
The DPRK is a genuine peace-loving state which has made all efforts to protect peace on the Korean Peninsula and security in the region from the U.S. vicious nuclear war scenario.
The DPRK, a responsible nuclear weapons state, will neither be the first to use nuclear weapons nor transfer relevant means and technology under any circumstances as already declared as long as the hostile forces for aggression do not encroach upon its sovereignty.
There can neither be suspended nuclear development nor nuclear dismantlement on the part of the DPRK unless the U.S. has rolled back its vicious hostile policy toward the former.
The army and people of the DPRK will steadily escalate its nuclear deterrence of justice both in quality and quantity to reliably guarantee the future of the revolutionary cause of Juche for all ages.
Chuch;e Korea will be prosperous forever as it holds fast to the great WPK's line of simultaneously pushing forward the two fronts.