text:
|Tue, 15 Jan 2002 18:51:20 +0100
|changeset 12769
|parent 12754
|child 12777
Isabelle NEWS -- history user-relevant changes ============================================== New in Isabelle2002 (January 2002) ---------------------------------- *** Document preparation *** * greatly simplified document preparation setup, including more graceful interpretation of isatool usedir -i/-d/-D options, and more instructive isatool mkdir; users should basically be able to get started with "isatool mkdir Test && isatool make"; * theory dependency graph may now be incorporated into documents; isatool usedir -g true will produce session_graph.eps/.pdf for use with \includegraphics of LaTeX; * proper spacing of consecutive markup elements, especially text blocks after section headings; * support bold style (for single symbols only), input syntax is like this: "\<^bold>\<alpha>" or "\<^bold>A"; * \<bullet> is now output as bold \cdot by default, which looks much better in printed text; * added default LaTeX bindings for \<tturnstile> and \<TTurnstile>; note that these symbols are currently unavailable in Proof General / X-Symbol; new symbols \<zero>, \<one>, ..., \<nine>, and \<euro>; * isatool latex no longer depends on changed TEXINPUTS, instead isatool document copies the Isabelle style files to the target location; *** Isar *** * Pure/Provers: improved proof by cases and induction; - 'case' command admits impromptu naming of parameters (such as "case (Suc n)"); - 'induct' method divinates rule instantiation from the inductive claim; no longer requires excessive ?P bindings for proper instantiation of cases; - 'induct' method properly enumerates all possibilities of set/type rules; as a consequence facts may be also passed through *type* rules without further ado; - 'induct' method now derives symbolic cases from the *rulified* rule (before it used to rulify cases stemming from the internal atomized version); this means that the context of a non-atomic statement becomes is included in the hypothesis, avoiding the slightly cumbersome show "PROP ?case" form; - 'induct' may now use elim-style induction rules without chaining facts, using ``missing'' premises from the goal state; this allows rules stemming from inductive sets to be applied in unstructured scripts, while still benefitting from proper handling of non-atomic statements; NB: major inductive premises need to be put first, all the rest of the goal is passed through the induction; - 'induct' proper support for mutual induction involving non-atomic rule statements (uses the new concept of simultaneous goals, see below); - removed obsolete "(simplified)" and "(stripped)" options of methods; - undeclared rule case names default to numbers 1, 2, 3, ...; - added 'print_induct_rules' (covered by help item in recent Proof General versions); - moved induct/cases attributes to Pure, methods to Provers; - generic method setup instantiated for FOL and HOL; * Pure: support multiple simultaneous goal statements, for example "have a: A and b: B" (same for 'theorem' etc.); being a pure meta-level mechanism, this acts as if several individual goals had been stated separately; in particular common proof methods need to be repeated in order to cover all claims; note that a single elimination step is *not* sufficient to establish the two conjunctions, so this fails: assume "A & B" then have A and B .. (*".." fails*) better use "obtain" in situations as above; alternative refer to multi-step methods like 'auto', 'simp_all', 'blast+' etc.; * Pure: proper integration with ``locales''; unlike the original version by Florian Kammüller, Isar locales package high-level proof contexts rather than raw logical ones (e.g. we admit to include attributes everywhere); operations on locales include merge and rename; e.g. see HOL/ex/Locales.thy; * Pure: the following commands have been ``localized'', supporting a target locale specification "(in name)": 'lemma', 'theorem', 'corollary', 'lemmas', 'theorems', 'declare'; the results will be stored both within the locale and at the theory level (exported and qualified by the locale name); * Pure: theory goals now support ad-hoc contexts, which are discharged in the result, as in ``lemma (assumes A and B) K: A .''; syntax coincides with that of a locale body; * Pure: renamed "antecedent" case to "rule_context"; * Pure: added 'corollary' command; * Pure: fixed 'token_translation' command; * Pure: removed obsolete 'exported' attribute; * Pure: dummy pattern "_" in is/let is now automatically lifted over bound variables: "ALL x. P x --> Q x" (is "ALL x. _ --> ?C x") supersedes more cumbersome ... (is "ALL x. _ x --> ?C x"); * Pure: method 'atomize' presents local goal premises as object-level statements (atomic meta-level propositions); setup controlled via rewrite rules declarations of 'atomize' attribute; example application: 'induct' method with proper rule statements in improper proof *scripts*; * Pure: emulation of instantiation tactics (rule_tac, cut_tac, etc.) now consider the syntactic context of assumptions, giving a better chance to get type-inference of the arguments right (this is especially important for locales); * Pure: "sorry" no longer requires quick_and_dirty in interactive mode; * Pure/obtain: the formal conclusion "thesis", being marked as ``internal'', may no longer be reference directly in the text; potential INCOMPATIBILITY, may need to use "?thesis" in rare situations; * Pure: generic 'sym' attribute which declares a rule both as pure 'elim?' and for the 'symmetric' operation; * Pure/Provers/classical: simplified integration with pure rule attributes and methods; the classical "intro?/elim?/dest?" declarations coincide with the pure ones; the "rule" method no longer includes classically swapped intros; "intro" and "elim" methods no longer pick rules from the context; also got rid of ML declarations AddXIs/AddXEs/AddXDs; all of this has some potential for INCOMPATIBILITY; * Provers/classical: attribute 'swapped' produces classical inversions of introduction rules; * Provers/simplifier: 'simplified' attribute may refer to explicit rules instead of full simplifier context; 'iff' attribute handles conditional rules; * HOL: 'typedef' now allows alternative names for Rep/Abs morphisms; * HOL: 'recdef' now fails on unfinished automated proofs, use "(permissive)" option to recover old behavior; * HOL: 'inductive' no longer features separate (collective) attributes for 'intros' (was found too confusing); * HOL: properly declared induction rules less_induct and wf_induct_rule; *** HOL *** * HOL: moved over to sane numeral syntax; the new policy is as follows: - 0 and 1 are polymorphic constants, which are defined on any numeric type (nat, int, real etc.); - 2, 3, 4, ... and -1, -2, -3, ... are polymorphic numerals, based binary representation internally; - type nat has special constructor Suc, and generally prefers Suc 0 over 1::nat and Suc (Suc 0) over 2::nat; This change may cause significant problems of INCOMPATIBILITY; here are some hints on converting existing sources: - due to the new "num" token, "-0" and "-1" etc. are now atomic entities, so expressions involving "-" (unary or binary minus) need to be spaced properly; - existing occurrences of "1" may need to be constraint "1::nat" or even replaced by Suc 0; similar for old "2"; - replace "#nnn" by "nnn", and "#-nnn" by "-nnn"; - remove all special provisions on numerals in proofs; * HOL: symbolic syntax for x^2 (numeral 2); * HOL: the class of all HOL types is now called "type" rather than "term"; INCOMPATIBILITY, need to adapt references to this type class in axclass/classes, instance/arities, and (usually rare) occurrences in typings (of consts etc.); internally the class is called "HOL.type", ML programs should refer to HOLogic.typeS; * HOL/record package improvements: - new derived operations "fields" to build a partial record section, "extend" to promote a fixed record to a record scheme, and "truncate" for the reverse; cf. theorems "xxx.defs", which are *not* declared as simp by default; - shared operations ("more", "fields", etc.) now need to be always qualified) --- potential INCOMPATIBILITY; - removed "make_scheme" operations (use "make" with "extend") -- INCOMPATIBILITY; - removed "more" class (simply use "term") -- INCOMPATIBILITY; - provides cases/induct rules for use with corresponding Isar methods (for concrete records, record schemes, concrete more parts, and schematic more parts -- in that order); - internal definitions directly based on a light-weight abstract theory of product types over typedef rather than datatype; * HOL: canonical cases/induct rules for n-tuples (n = 3..7); * HOL: concrete setsum syntax "\<Sum>i:A. b" == "setsum (%i. b) A" (beware of argument permutation!); * HOL: linorder_less_split superseded by linorder_cases; * HOL: added "The" definite description operator; move Hilbert's "Eps" to peripheral theory "Hilbert_Choice"; * HOL: made split_all_tac safe; EXISTING PROOFS MAY FAIL OR LOOP, so in this (rare) case use: delSWrapper "split_all_tac" addSbefore ("unsafe_split_all_tac", unsafe_split_all_tac) * HOL: added safe wrapper "split_conv_tac" to claset; EXISTING PROOFS MAY FAIL; * HOL: introduced f^n = f o ... o f; warning: due to the limits of Isabelle's type classes, ^ on functions and relations has too general a domain, namely ('a * 'b) set and 'a => 'b; this means that it may be necessary to attach explicit type constraints; * HOL/Relation: the prefix name of the infix "O" has been changed from "comp" to "rel_comp"; INCOMPATIBILITY: a few theorems have been renamed accordingly (eg "compI" -> "rel_compI"). * HOL: syntax translations now work properly with numerals and records expressions; * HOL: bounded abstraction now uses syntax "%" / "\<lambda>" instead of "lam" -- INCOMPATIBILITY; * HOL: got rid of some global declarations (potential INCOMPATIBILITY for ML tools): const "()" renamed "Product_Type.Unity", type "unit" renamed "Product_Type.unit"; * HOL: renamed rtrancl_into_rtrancl2 to converse_rtrancl_into_rtrancl * HOL/GroupTheory: group theory examples including Sylow's theorem (by Florian Kammüller); * HOL/IMP: updated and converted to new-style theory format; several parts turned into readable document, with proper Isar proof texts and some explanations (by Gerwin Klein); * HOL-Real: added Complex_Numbers (by Gertrud Bauer); * HOL-Hyperreal is now a logic image; *** HOLCF *** * Isar: consts/constdefs supports mixfix syntax for continuous operations; * Isar: domain package adapted to new-style theory format, e.g. see HOLCF/ex/Dnat.thy; * theory Lift: proper use of rep_datatype lift instead of ML hacks -- potential INCOMPATIBILITY; now use plain induct_tac instead of former lift.induct_tac, always use UU instead of Undef; * HOLCF/IMP: updated and converted to new-style theory; *** ZF *** * Isar: proper integration of logic-specific tools and packages, including theory commands '(co)inductive', '(co)datatype', 'rep_datatype', 'inductive_cases', as well as methods 'ind_cases', 'induct_tac', 'case_tac', and 'typecheck' (with attribute 'TC'); * theory Main no longer includes AC; for the Axiom of Choice, base your theory on Main_ZFC; * the integer library now covers quotients and remainders, with many laws relating division to addition, multiplication, etc.; * ZF/UNITY: Chandy and Misra's UNITY is now available in ZF, giving a typeless version of the formalism; * ZF/IMP: updated and converted to new-style theory format; * ZF/Induct: new directory for examples of inductive definitions, including theory Multiset for multiset orderings; converted to new-style theory format; *** General *** * Pure/kernel: meta-level proof terms (by Stefan Berghofer); reference variable proof controls level of detail: 0 = no proofs (only oracle dependencies), 1 = lemma dependencies, 2 = compact proof terms; see also ref manual for further ML interfaces; * Pure/axclass: removed obsolete ML interface goal_subclass/goal_arity; * Pure/syntax: new token syntax "num" for plain numerals (without "#" of "xnum"); potential INCOMPATIBILITY, since -0, -1 etc. are now separate tokens, so expressions involving minus need to be spaced properly; * Pure/syntax: support non-oriented infixes, using keyword "infix" rather than "infixl" or "infixr"; * Pure/syntax: concrete syntax for dummy type variables admits genuine sort constraint specifications in type inference; e.g. "x::_::foo" ensures that the type of "x" is of sort "foo" (but not necessarily a type variable); * Pure/syntax: print modes "type_brackets" and "no_type_brackets" control output of nested => (types); the default behavior is "type_brackets"; * Pure/syntax: builtin parse translation for "_constify" turns valued tokens into AST constants; * Pure/syntax: prefer later declarations of translations and print translation functions; potential INCOMPATIBILITY: need to reverse multiple declarations for same syntax element constant; * Provers/classical: renamed addaltern to addafter, addSaltern to addSafter; * Provers/clasimp: ``iff'' declarations now handle conditional rules as well; * system: tested support for MacOS X; should be able to get Isabelle + Proof General to work in a plain Terminal after installing Poly/ML (e.g. from the Isabelle distribution area) and GNU bash alone (e.g. from http://www.apple.com); full X11, XEmacs and X-Symbol support requires further installations, e.g. from http://fink.sourceforge.net/); * system: support Poly/ML 4.1.1 (able to manage larger heaps); * system: reduced base memory usage by Poly/ML (approx. 20 MB instead of 40 MB), cf. ML_OPTIONS; * system: Proof General keywords specification is now part of the Isabelle distribution (see etc/isar-keywords.el); * system: support for persistent Proof General sessions (refrain from outdating all loaded theories on startup); user may create writable logic images like this: ``isabelle -q HOL Test''; * system: smart selection of Isabelle process versus Isabelle interface, accommodates case-insensitive file systems (e.g. HFS+); may run both "isabelle" and "Isabelle" even if file names are badly damaged (executable inspects the case of the first letter of its own name); added separate "isabelle-process" and "isabelle-interface"; * system: refrain from any attempt at filtering input streams; no longer support ``8bit'' encoding of old isabelle font, instead proper iso-latin characters may now be used; the related isatools "symbolinput" and "nonascii" have disappeared as well; * system: removed old "xterm" interface (the print modes "xterm" and "xterm_color" are still available for direct use in a suitable terminal); New in Isabelle99-2 (February 2001) ----------------------------------- *** Overview of INCOMPATIBILITIES *** * HOL: please note that theories in the Library and elsewhere often use the new-style (Isar) format; to refer to their theorems in an ML script you must bind them to ML identifers by e.g. val thm_name = thm "thm_name"; * HOL: inductive package no longer splits induction rule aggressively, but only as far as specified by the introductions given; the old format may be recovered via ML function complete_split_rule or attribute 'split_rule (complete)'; * HOL: induct renamed to lfp_induct, lfp_Tarski to lfp_unfold, gfp_Tarski to gfp_unfold; * HOL: contrapos, contrapos2 renamed to contrapos_nn, contrapos_pp; * HOL: infix "dvd" now has priority 50 rather than 70 (because it is a relation); infix "^^" has been renamed "``"; infix "``" has been renamed "`"; "univalent" has been renamed "single_valued"; * HOL/Real: "rinv" and "hrinv" replaced by overloaded "inverse" operation; * HOLCF: infix "`" has been renamed "$"; the symbol syntax is \<cdot>; * Isar: 'obtain' no longer declares "that" fact as simp/intro; * Isar/HOL: method 'induct' now handles non-atomic goals; as a consequence, it is no longer monotonic wrt. the local goal context (which is now passed through the inductive cases); * Document preparation: renamed standard symbols \<ll> to \<lless> and \<gg> to \<ggreater>; *** Document preparation *** * \isabellestyle{NAME} selects version of Isabelle output (currently available: are "it" for near math-mode best-style output, "sl" for slanted text style, and "tt" for plain type-writer; if no \isabellestyle command is given, output is according to slanted type-writer); * support sub/super scripts (for single symbols only), input syntax is like this: "A\<^sup>*" or "A\<^sup>\<star>"; * some more standard symbols; see Appendix A of the system manual for the complete list of symbols defined in isabellesym.sty; * improved isabelle style files; more abstract symbol implementation (should now use \isamath{...} and \isatext{...} in custom symbol definitions); * antiquotation @{goals} and @{subgoals} for output of *dynamic* goals state; Note that presentation of goal states does not conform to actual human-readable proof documents. Please do not include goal states into document output unless you really know what you are doing! * proper indentation of antiquoted output with proportional LaTeX fonts; * no_document ML operator temporarily disables LaTeX document generation; * isatool unsymbolize tunes sources for plain ASCII communication; *** Isar *** * Pure: Isar now suffers initial goal statements to contain unbound schematic variables (this does not conform to actual readable proof documents, due to unpredictable outcome and non-compositional proof checking); users who know what they are doing may use schematic goals for Prolog-style synthesis of proven results; * Pure: assumption method (an implicit finishing) now handles actual rules as well; * Pure: improved 'obtain' --- moved to Pure, insert "that" into initial goal, declare "that" only as Pure intro (only for single steps); the "that" rule assumption may now be involved in implicit finishing, thus ".." becomes a feasible for trivial obtains; * Pure: default proof step now includes 'intro_classes'; thus trivial instance proofs may be performed by ".."; * Pure: ?thesis / ?this / "..." now work for pure meta-level statements as well; * Pure: more robust selection of calculational rules; * Pure: the builtin notion of 'finished' goal now includes the ==-refl rule (as well as the assumption rule); * Pure: 'thm_deps' command visualizes dependencies of theorems and lemmas, using the graph browser tool; * Pure: predict failure of "show" in interactive mode; * Pure: 'thms_containing' now takes actual terms as arguments; * HOL: improved method 'induct' --- now handles non-atomic goals (potential INCOMPATIBILITY); tuned error handling; * HOL: cases and induct rules now provide explicit hints about the number of facts to be consumed (0 for "type" and 1 for "set" rules); any remaining facts are inserted into the goal verbatim; * HOL: local contexts (aka cases) may now contain term bindings as well; the 'cases' and 'induct' methods new provide a ?case binding for the result to be shown in each case; * HOL: added 'recdef_tc' command; * isatool convert assists in eliminating legacy ML scripts; *** HOL *** * HOL/Library: a collection of generic theories to be used together with main HOL; the theory loader path already includes this directory by default; the following existing theories have been moved here: HOL/Induct/Multiset, HOL/Induct/Acc (as Accessible_Part), HOL/While (as While_Combinator), HOL/Lex/Prefix (as List_Prefix); * HOL/Unix: "Some aspects of Unix file-system security", a typical modelling and verification task performed in Isabelle/HOL + Isabelle/Isar + Isabelle document preparation (by Markus Wenzel). * HOL/Algebra: special summation operator SUM no longer exists, it has been replaced by setsum; infix 'assoc' now has priority 50 (like 'dvd'); axiom 'one_not_zero' has been moved from axclass 'ring' to 'domain', this makes the theory consistent with mathematical literature; * HOL basics: added overloaded operations "inverse" and "divide" (infix "/"), syntax for generic "abs" operation, generic summation operator \<Sum>; * HOL/typedef: simplified package, provide more useful rules (see also HOL/subset.thy); * HOL/datatype: induction rule for arbitrarily branching datatypes is now expressed as a proper nested rule (old-style tactic scripts may require atomize_strip_tac to cope with non-atomic premises); * HOL: renamed theory "Prod" to "Product_Type", renamed "split" rule to "split_conv" (old name still available for compatibility); * HOL: improved concrete syntax for strings (e.g. allows translation rules with string literals); * HOL-Real-Hyperreal: this extends HOL-Real with the hyperreals and Fleuriot's mechanization of analysis, including the transcendental functions for the reals; * HOL/Real, HOL/Hyperreal: improved arithmetic simplification; *** CTT *** * CTT: x-symbol support for Pi, Sigma, -->, : (membership); note that "lam" is displayed as TWO lambda-symbols * CTT: theory Main now available, containing everything (that is, Bool and Arith); *** General *** * Pure: the Simplifier has been implemented properly as a derived rule outside of the actual kernel (at last!); the overall performance penalty in practical applications is about 50%, while reliability of the Isabelle inference kernel has been greatly improved; * print modes "brackets" and "no_brackets" control output of nested => (types) and ==> (props); the default behaviour is "brackets"; * Provers: fast_tac (and friends) now handle actual object-logic rules as assumptions as well; * system: support Poly/ML 4.0; * system: isatool install handles KDE version 1 or 2; New in Isabelle99-1 (October 2000) ---------------------------------- *** Overview of INCOMPATIBILITIES *** * HOL: simplification of natural numbers is much changed; to partly recover the old behaviour (e.g. to prevent n+n rewriting to #2*n) issue the following ML commands: Delsimprocs Nat_Numeral_Simprocs.cancel_numerals; Delsimprocs [Nat_Numeral_Simprocs.combine_numerals]; * HOL: simplification no longer dives into case-expressions; this is controlled by "t.weak_case_cong" for each datatype t; * HOL: nat_less_induct renamed to less_induct; * HOL: systematic renaming of the SOME (Eps) rules, may use isatool fixsome to patch .thy and .ML sources automatically; select_equality -> some_equality select_eq_Ex -> some_eq_ex selectI2EX -> someI2_ex selectI2 -> someI2 selectI -> someI select1_equality -> some1_equality Eps_sym_eq -> some_sym_eq_trivial Eps_eq -> some_eq_trivial * HOL: exhaust_tac on datatypes superceded by new generic case_tac; * HOL: removed obsolete theorem binding expand_if (refer to split_if instead); * HOL: the recursion equations generated by 'recdef' are now called f.simps instead of f.rules; * HOL: qed_spec_mp now also handles bounded ALL as well; * HOL: 0 is now overloaded, so the type constraint ":: nat" may sometimes be needed; * HOL: the constant for "f``x" is now "image" rather than "op ``"; * HOL: the constant for "f-``x" is now "vimage" rather than "op -``"; * HOL: the disjoint sum is now "<+>" instead of "Plus"; the cartesian product is now "<*>" instead of "Times"; the lexicographic product is now "<*lex*>" instead of "**"; * HOL: theory Sexp is now in HOL/Induct examples (it used to be part of main HOL, but was unused); better use HOL's datatype package; * HOL: removed "symbols" syntax for constant "override" of theory Map; the old syntax may be recovered as follows: syntax (symbols) override :: "('a ~=> 'b) => ('a ~=> 'b) => ('a ~=> 'b)" (infixl "\\<oplus>" 100) * HOL/Real: "rabs" replaced by overloaded "abs" function; * HOL/ML: even fewer consts are declared as global (see theories Ord, Lfp, Gfp, WF); this only affects ML packages that refer to const names internally; * HOL and ZF: syntax for quotienting wrt an equivalence relation changed from A/r to A//r; * ZF: new treatment of arithmetic (nat & int) may break some old proofs; * Isar: renamed some attributes (RS -> THEN, simplify -> simplified, rulify -> rule_format, elimify -> elim_format, ...); * Isar/Provers: intro/elim/dest attributes changed; renamed intro/intro!/intro!! flags to intro!/intro/intro? (in most cases, one should have to change intro!! to intro? only); replaced "delrule" by "rule del"; * Isar/HOL: renamed "intrs" to "intros" in inductive definitions; * Provers: strengthened force_tac by using new first_best_tac; * LaTeX document preparation: several changes of isabelle.sty (see lib/texinputs); *** Document preparation *** * formal comments (text blocks etc.) in new-style theories may now contain antiquotations of thm/prop/term/typ/text to be presented according to latex print mode; concrete syntax is like this: @{term[show_types] "f(x) = a + x"}; * isatool mkdir provides easy setup of Isabelle session directories, including proper document sources; * generated LaTeX sources are now deleted after successful run (isatool document -c); may retain a copy somewhere else via -D option of isatool usedir; * isatool usedir -D now lets isatool latex -o sty update the Isabelle style files, achieving self-contained LaTeX sources and simplifying LaTeX debugging; * old-style theories now produce (crude) LaTeX output as well; * browser info session directories are now self-contained (may be put on WWW server seperately); improved graphs of nested sessions; removed graph for 'all sessions'; * several improvements in isabelle style files; \isabellestyle{it} produces fake math mode output; \isamarkupheader is now \section by default; see lib/texinputs/isabelle.sty etc.; *** Isar *** * Isar/Pure: local results and corresponding term bindings are now subject to Hindley-Milner polymorphism (similar to ML); this accommodates incremental type-inference very nicely; * Isar/Pure: new derived language element 'obtain' supports generalized existence reasoning; * Isar/Pure: new calculational elements 'moreover' and 'ultimately' support accumulation of results, without applying any rules yet; useful to collect intermediate results without explicit name references, and for use with transitivity rules with more than 2 premises; * Isar/Pure: scalable support for case-analysis type proofs: new 'case' language element refers to local contexts symbolically, as produced by certain proof methods; internally, case names are attached to theorems as "tags"; * Isar/Pure: theory command 'hide' removes declarations from class/type/const name spaces; * Isar/Pure: theory command 'defs' supports option "(overloaded)" to indicate potential overloading; * Isar/Pure: changed syntax of local blocks from {{ }} to { }; * Isar/Pure: syntax of sorts made 'inner', i.e. have to write "{a,b,c}" instead of {a,b,c}; * Isar/Pure now provides its own version of intro/elim/dest attributes; useful for building new logics, but beware of confusion with the version in Provers/classical; * Isar/Pure: the local context of (non-atomic) goals is provided via case name 'antecedent'; * Isar/Pure: removed obsolete 'transfer' attribute (transfer of thms to the current context is now done automatically); * Isar/Pure: theory command 'method_setup' provides a simple interface for definining proof methods in ML; * Isar/Provers: intro/elim/dest attributes changed; renamed intro/intro!/intro!! flags to intro!/intro/intro? (INCOMPATIBILITY, in most cases, one should have to change intro!! to intro? only); replaced "delrule" by "rule del"; * Isar/Provers: new 'hypsubst' method, plain 'subst' method and 'symmetric' attribute (the latter supercedes [RS sym]); * Isar/Provers: splitter support (via 'split' attribute and 'simp' method modifier); 'simp' method: 'only:' modifier removes loopers as well (including splits); * Isar/Provers: Simplifier and Classical methods now support all kind of modifiers used in the past, including 'cong', 'iff', etc. * Isar/Provers: added 'fastsimp' and 'clarsimp' methods (combination of Simplifier and Classical reasoner); * Isar/HOL: new proof method 'cases' and improved version of 'induct' now support named cases; major packages (inductive, datatype, primrec, recdef) support case names and properly name parameters; * Isar/HOL: new transitivity rules for substitution in inequalities -- monotonicity conditions are extracted to be proven at end of calculations; * Isar/HOL: removed 'case_split' thm binding, should use 'cases' proof method anyway; * Isar/HOL: removed old expand_if = split_if; theorems if_splits = split_if split_if_asm; datatype package provides theorems foo.splits = foo.split foo.split_asm for each datatype; * Isar/HOL: tuned inductive package, rename "intrs" to "intros" (potential INCOMPATIBILITY), emulation of mk_cases feature for proof scripts: new 'inductive_cases' command and 'ind_cases' method; (Note: use "(cases (simplified))" method in proper proof texts); * Isar/HOL: added global 'arith_split' attribute for 'arith' method; * Isar: names of theorems etc. may be natural numbers as well; * Isar: 'pr' command: optional arguments for goals_limit and ProofContext.prems_limit; no longer prints theory contexts, but only proof states; * Isar: diagnostic commands 'pr', 'thm', 'prop', 'term', 'typ' admit additional print modes to be specified; e.g. "pr(latex)" will print proof state according to the Isabelle LaTeX style; * Isar: improved support for emulating tactic scripts, including proof methods 'rule_tac' etc., 'cut_tac', 'thin_tac', 'subgoal_tac', 'rename_tac', 'rotate_tac', 'tactic', and 'case_tac' / 'induct_tac' (for HOL datatypes); * Isar: simplified (more robust) goal selection of proof methods: 1st goal, all goals, or explicit goal specifier (tactic emulation); thus 'proof method scripts' have to be in depth-first order; * Isar: tuned 'let' syntax: replaced 'as' keyword by 'and'; * Isar: removed 'help' command, which hasn't been too helpful anyway; should instead use individual commands for printing items (print_commands, print_methods etc.); * Isar: added 'nothing' --- the empty list of theorems; *** HOL *** * HOL/MicroJava: formalization of a fragment of Java, together with a corresponding virtual machine and a specification of its bytecode verifier and a lightweight bytecode verifier, including proofs of type-safety; by Gerwin Klein, Tobias Nipkow, David von Oheimb, and Cornelia Pusch (see also the homepage of project Bali at http://isabelle.in.tum.de/Bali/); * HOL/Algebra: new theory of rings and univariate polynomials, by Clemens Ballarin; * HOL/NumberTheory: fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic, Chinese Remainder Theorem, Fermat/Euler Theorem, Wilson's Theorem, by Thomas M Rasmussen; * HOL/Lattice: fundamental concepts of lattice theory and order structures, including duals, properties of bounds versus algebraic laws, lattice operations versus set-theoretic ones, the Knaster-Tarski Theorem for complete lattices etc.; may also serve as a demonstration for abstract algebraic reasoning using axiomatic type classes, and mathematics-style proof in Isabelle/Isar; by Markus Wenzel; * HOL/Prolog: a (bare-bones) implementation of Lambda-Prolog, by David von Oheimb; * HOL/IMPP: extension of IMP with local variables and mutually recursive procedures, by David von Oheimb; * HOL/Lambda: converted into new-style theory and document; * HOL/ex/Multiquote: example of multiple nested quotations and anti-quotations -- basically a generalized version of de-Bruijn representation; very useful in avoiding lifting of operations; * HOL/record: added general record equality rule to simpset; fixed select-update simplification procedure to handle extended records as well; admit "r" as field name; * HOL: 0 is now overloaded over the new sort "zero", allowing its use with other numeric types and also as the identity of groups, rings, etc.; * HOL: new axclass plus_ac0 for addition with the AC-laws and 0 as identity. Types nat and int belong to this axclass; * HOL: greatly improved simplification involving numerals of type nat, int, real: (i + #8 + j) = Suc k simplifies to #7 + (i + j) = k i*j + k + j*#3*i simplifies to #4*(i*j) + k two terms #m*u and #n*u are replaced by #(m+n)*u (where #m, #n and u can implicitly be 1; this is simproc combine_numerals) and the term/formula #m*u+x ~~ #n*u+y simplifies simplifies to #(m-n)+x ~~ y or x ~~ #(n-m)+y, where ~~ is one of = < <= or - (simproc cancel_numerals); * HOL: meson_tac is available (previously in ex/meson.ML); it is a powerful prover for predicate logic but knows nothing of clasets; see ex/mesontest.ML and ex/mesontest2.ML for example applications; * HOL: new version of "case_tac" subsumes both boolean case split and "exhaust_tac" on datatypes; INCOMPATIBILITY: exhaust_tac no longer exists, may define val exhaust_tac = case_tac for ad-hoc portability; * HOL: simplification no longer dives into case-expressions: only the selector expression is simplified, but not the remaining arms; to enable full simplification of case-expressions for datatype t, you may remove t.weak_case_cong from the simpset, either globally (Delcongs [thm"t.weak_case_cong"];) or locally (delcongs [...]). * HOL/recdef: the recursion equations generated by 'recdef' for function 'f' are now called f.simps instead of f.rules; if all termination conditions are proved automatically, these simplification rules are added to the simpset, as in primrec; rules may be named individually as well, resulting in a separate list of theorems for each equation; * HOL/While is a new theory that provides a while-combinator. It permits the definition of tail-recursive functions without the provision of a termination measure. The latter is necessary once the invariant proof rule for while is applied. * HOL: new (overloaded) notation for the set of elements below/above some element: {..u}, {..u(}, {l..}, {)l..}. See theory SetInterval. * HOL: theorems impI, allI, ballI bound as "strip"; * HOL: new tactic induct_thm_tac: thm -> string -> int -> tactic induct_tac th "x1 ... xn" expects th to have a conclusion of the form P v1 ... vn and abbreviates res_inst_tac [("v1","x1"),...,("vn","xn")] th; * HOL/Real: "rabs" replaced by overloaded "abs" function; * HOL: theory Sexp now in HOL/Induct examples (it used to be part of main HOL, but was unused); * HOL: fewer consts declared as global (e.g. have to refer to "Lfp.lfp" instead of "lfp" internally; affects ML packages only); * HOL: tuned AST representation of nested pairs, avoiding bogus output in case of overlap with user translations (e.g. judgements over tuples); (note that the underlying logical represenation is still bogus); *** ZF *** * ZF: simplification automatically cancels common terms in arithmetic expressions over nat and int; * ZF: new treatment of nat to minimize type-checking: all operators coerce their operands to a natural number using the function natify, making the algebraic laws unconditional; * ZF: as above, for int: operators coerce their operands to an integer using the function intify; * ZF: the integer library now contains many of the usual laws for the orderings, including $<=, and monotonicity laws for $+ and $*; * ZF: new example ZF/ex/NatSum to demonstrate integer arithmetic simplification; * FOL and ZF: AddIffs now available, giving theorems of the form P<->Q to the simplifier and classical reasoner simultaneously; *** General *** * Provers: blast_tac now handles actual object-logic rules as assumptions; note that auto_tac uses blast_tac internally as well; * Provers: new functions rulify/rulify_no_asm: thm -> thm for turning outer -->/All/Ball into ==>/!!; qed_spec_mp now uses rulify_no_asm; * Provers: delrules now handles destruct rules as well (no longer need explicit make_elim); * Provers: Blast_tac now warns of and ignores "weak elimination rules" e.g. [| inj ?f; ?f ?x = ?f ?y; ?x = ?y ==> ?W |] ==> ?W use instead the strong form, [| inj ?f; ~ ?W ==> ?f ?x = ?f ?y; ?x = ?y ==> ?W |] ==> ?W in HOL, FOL and ZF the function cla_make_elim will create such rules from destruct-rules; * Provers: Simplifier.easy_setup provides a fast path to basic Simplifier setup for new object-logics; * Pure: AST translation rules no longer require constant head on LHS; * Pure: improved name spaces: ambiguous output is qualified; support for hiding of names; * system: smart setup of canonical ML_HOME, ISABELLE_INTERFACE, and XSYMBOL_HOME; no longer need to do manual configuration in most situations; * system: compression of ML heaps images may now be controlled via -c option of isabelle and isatool usedir (currently only observed by Poly/ML); * system: isatool installfonts may handle X-Symbol fonts as well (very useful for remote X11); * system: provide TAGS file for Isabelle sources; * ML: infix 'OF' is a version of 'MRS' with more appropriate argument order; * ML: renamed flags Syntax.trace_norm_ast to Syntax.trace_ast; global timing flag supersedes proof_timing and Toplevel.trace; * ML: new combinators |>> and |>>> for incremental transformations with secondary results (e.g. certain theory extensions): * ML: PureThy.add_defs gets additional argument to indicate potential overloading (usually false); * ML: PureThy.add_thms/add_axioms/add_defs now return theorems as results; New in Isabelle99 (October 1999) -------------------------------- *** Overview of INCOMPATIBILITIES (see below for more details) *** * HOL: The THEN and ELSE parts of conditional expressions (if P then x else y) are no longer simplified. (This allows the simplifier to unfold recursive functional programs.) To restore the old behaviour, declare Delcongs [if_weak_cong]; * HOL: Removed the obsolete syntax "Compl A"; use -A for set complement; * HOL: the predicate "inj" is now defined by translation to "inj_on"; * HOL/datatype: mutual_induct_tac no longer exists -- use induct_tac "x_1 ... x_n" instead of mutual_induct_tac ["x_1", ..., "x_n"] * HOL/typedef: fixed type inference for representing set; type arguments now have to occur explicitly on the rhs as type constraints; * ZF: The con_defs part of an inductive definition may no longer refer to constants declared in the same theory; * HOL, ZF: the function mk_cases, generated by the inductive definition package, has lost an argument. To simplify its result, it uses the default simpset instead of a supplied list of theorems. * HOL/List: the constructors of type list are now Nil and Cons; * Simplifier: the type of the infix ML functions setSSolver addSSolver setSolver addSolver is now simpset * solver -> simpset where `solver' is a new abstract type for packaging solvers. A solver is created via mk_solver: string -> (thm list -> int -> tactic) -> solver where the string argument is only a comment. *** Proof tools *** * Provers/Arith/fast_lin_arith.ML contains a functor for creating a decision procedure for linear arithmetic. Currently it is used for types `nat', `int', and `real' in HOL (see below); it can, should and will be instantiated for other types and logics as well. * The simplifier now accepts rewrite rules with flexible heads, eg hom ?f ==> ?f(?x+?y) = ?f ?x + ?f ?y They are applied like any rule with a non-pattern lhs, i.e. by first-order matching. *** General *** * New Isabelle/Isar subsystem provides an alternative to traditional tactical theorem proving; together with the ProofGeneral/isar user interface it offers an interactive environment for developing human readable proof documents (Isar == Intelligible semi-automated reasoning); for further information see isatool doc isar-ref, src/HOL/Isar_examples and http://isabelle.in.tum.de/Isar/ * improved and simplified presentation of theories: better HTML markup (including colors), graph views in several sizes; isatool usedir now provides a proper interface for user theories (via -P option); actual document preparation based on (PDF)LaTeX is available as well (for new-style theories only); see isatool doc system for more information; * native support for Proof General, both for classic Isabelle and Isabelle/Isar; * ML function thm_deps visualizes dependencies of theorems and lemmas, using the graph browser tool; * Isabelle manuals now also available as PDF; * theory loader rewritten from scratch (may not be fully bug-compatible); old loadpath variable has been replaced by show_path, add_path, del_path, reset_path functions; new operations such as update_thy, touch_thy, remove_thy, use/update_thy_only (see also isatool doc ref); * improved isatool install: option -k creates KDE application icon, option -p DIR installs standalone binaries; * added ML_PLATFORM setting (useful for cross-platform installations); more robust handling of platform specific ML images for SML/NJ; * the settings environment is now statically scoped, i.e. it is never created again in sub-processes invoked from isabelle, isatool, or Isabelle; * path element specification '~~' refers to '$ISABELLE_HOME'; * in locales, the "assumes" and "defines" parts may be omitted if empty; * new print_mode "xsymbols" for extended symbol support (e.g. genuine long arrows); * new print_mode "HTML"; * new flag show_tags controls display of tags of theorems (which are basically just comments that may be attached by some tools); * Isamode 2.6 requires patch to accomodate change of Isabelle font mode and goal output format: diff -r Isamode-2.6/elisp/isa-load.el Isamode/elisp/isa-load.el 244c244 < (list (isa-getenv "ISABELLE") "-msymbols" logic-name) --- > (list (isa-getenv "ISABELLE") "-misabelle_font" "-msymbols" logic-name) diff -r Isabelle-2.6/elisp/isa-proofstate.el Isamode/elisp/isa-proofstate.el 181c181 < (defconst proofstate-proofstart-regexp "^Level [0-9]+$" --- > (defconst proofstate-proofstart-regexp "^Level [0-9]+" * function bind_thms stores lists of theorems (cf. bind_thm); * new shorthand tactics ftac, eatac, datac, fatac; * qed (and friends) now accept "" as result name; in that case the theorem is not stored, but proper checks and presentation of the result still apply; * theorem database now also indexes constants "Trueprop", "all", "==>", "=="; thus thms_containing, findI etc. may retrieve more rules; *** HOL *** ** HOL arithmetic ** * There are now decision procedures for linear arithmetic over nat and int: 1. arith_tac copes with arbitrary formulae involving `=', `<', `<=', `+', `-', `Suc', `min', `max' and numerical constants; other subterms are treated as atomic; subformulae not involving type `nat' or `int' are ignored; quantified subformulae are ignored unless they are positive universal or negative existential. The tactic has to be invoked by hand and can be a little bit slow. In particular, the running time is exponential in the number of occurrences of `min' and `max', and `-' on `nat'. 2. fast_arith_tac is a cut-down version of arith_tac: it only takes (negated) (in)equalities among the premises and the conclusion into account (i.e. no compound formulae) and does not know about `min' and `max', and `-' on `nat'. It is fast and is used automatically by the simplifier. NB: At the moment, these decision procedures do not cope with mixed nat/int formulae where the two parts interact, such as `m < n ==> int(m) < int(n)'. * HOL/Numeral provides a generic theory of numerals (encoded efficiently as bit strings); setup for types nat/int/real is in place; INCOMPATIBILITY: since numeral syntax is now polymorphic, rather than int, existing theories and proof scripts may require a few additional type constraints; * integer division and remainder can now be performed on constant arguments; * many properties of integer multiplication, division and remainder are now available; * An interface to the Stanford Validity Checker (SVC) is available through the tactic svc_tac. Propositional tautologies and theorems of linear arithmetic are proved automatically. SVC must be installed separately, and its results must be TAKEN ON TRUST (Isabelle does not check the proofs, but tags any invocation of the underlying oracle). For SVC see http://verify.stanford.edu/SVC * IsaMakefile: the HOL-Real target now builds an actual image; ** HOL misc ** * HOL/Real/HahnBanach: the Hahn-Banach theorem for real vector spaces (in Isabelle/Isar) -- by Gertrud Bauer; * HOL/BCV: generic model of bytecode verification, i.e. data-flow analysis for assembly languages with subtypes; * HOL/TLA (Lamport's Temporal Logic of Actions): major reorganization -- avoids syntactic ambiguities and treats state, transition, and temporal levels more uniformly; introduces INCOMPATIBILITIES due to changed syntax and (many) tactics; * HOL/inductive: Now also handles more general introduction rules such as "ALL y. (y, x) : r --> y : acc r ==> x : acc r"; monotonicity theorems are now maintained within the theory (maintained via the "mono" attribute); * HOL/datatype: Now also handles arbitrarily branching datatypes (using function types) such as datatype 'a tree = Atom 'a | Branch "nat => 'a tree" * HOL/record: record_simproc (part of the default simpset) takes care of selectors applied to updated records; record_split_tac is no longer part of the default claset; update_defs may now be removed from the simpset in many cases; COMPATIBILITY: old behavior achieved by claset_ref () := claset() addSWrapper record_split_wrapper; Delsimprocs [record_simproc] * HOL/typedef: fixed type inference for representing set; type arguments now have to occur explicitly on the rhs as type constraints; * HOL/recdef (TFL): 'congs' syntax now expects comma separated list of theorem names rather than an ML expression; * HOL/defer_recdef (TFL): like recdef but the well-founded relation can be supplied later. Program schemes can be defined, such as "While B C s = (if B s then While B C (C s) else s)" where the well-founded relation can be chosen after B and C have been given. * HOL/List: the constructors of type list are now Nil and Cons; INCOMPATIBILITY: while [] and infix # syntax is still there, of course, ML tools referring to List.list.op # etc. have to be adapted; * HOL_quantifiers flag superseded by "HOL" print mode, which is disabled by default; run isabelle with option -m HOL to get back to the original Gordon/HOL-style output; * HOL/Ord.thy: new bounded quantifier syntax (input only): ALL x<y. P, ALL x<=y. P, EX x<y. P, EX x<=y. P; * HOL basic syntax simplified (more orthogonal): all variants of All/Ex now support plain / symbolic / HOL notation; plain syntax for Eps operator is provided as well: "SOME x. P[x]"; * HOL/Sum.thy: sum_case has been moved to HOL/Datatype; * HOL/Univ.thy: infix syntax <*>, <+>, <**>, <+> eliminated and made thus available for user theories; * HOLCF/IOA/Sequents: renamed 'Cons' to 'Consq' to avoid clash with HOL/List; hardly an INCOMPATIBILITY since '>>' syntax is used all the time; * HOL: new tactic smp_tac: int -> int -> tactic, which applies spec several times and then mp; *** LK *** * the notation <<...>> is now available as a notation for sequences of formulas; * the simplifier is now installed * the axiom system has been generalized (thanks to Soren Heilmann) * the classical reasoner now has a default rule database *** ZF *** * new primrec section allows primitive recursive functions to be given directly (as in HOL) over datatypes and the natural numbers; * new tactics induct_tac and exhaust_tac for induction (or case analysis) over datatypes and the natural numbers; * the datatype declaration of type T now defines the recursor T_rec; * simplification automatically does freeness reasoning for datatype constructors; * automatic type-inference, with AddTCs command to insert new type-checking rules; * datatype introduction rules are now added as Safe Introduction rules to the claset; * the syntax "if P then x else y" is now available in addition to if(P,x,y); *** Internal programming interfaces *** * tuned simplifier trace output; new flag debug_simp; * structures Vartab / Termtab (instances of TableFun) offer efficient tables indexed by indexname_ord / term_ord (compatible with aconv); * AxClass.axclass_tac lost the theory argument; * tuned current_goals_markers semantics: begin / end goal avoids printing empty lines; * removed prs and prs_fn hook, which was broken because it did not include \n in its semantics, forcing writeln to add one uncoditionally; replaced prs_fn by writeln_fn; consider std_output: string -> unit if you really want to output text without newline; * Symbol.output subject to print mode; INCOMPATIBILITY: defaults to plain output, interface builders may have to enable 'isabelle_font' mode to get Isabelle font glyphs as before; * refined token_translation interface; INCOMPATIBILITY: output length now of type real instead of int; * theory loader actions may be traced via new ThyInfo.add_hook interface (see src/Pure/Thy/thy_info.ML); example application: keep your own database of information attached to *whole* theories -- as opposed to intra-theory data slots offered via TheoryDataFun; * proper handling of dangling sort hypotheses (at last!); Thm.strip_shyps and Drule.strip_shyps_warning take care of removing extra sort hypotheses that can be witnessed from the type signature; the force_strip_shyps flag is gone, any remaining shyps are simply left in the theorem (with a warning issued by strip_shyps_warning); New in Isabelle98-1 (October 1998) ---------------------------------- *** Overview of INCOMPATIBILITIES (see below for more details) *** * several changes of automated proof tools; * HOL: major changes to the inductive and datatype packages, including some minor incompatibilities of theory syntax; * HOL: renamed r^-1 to 'converse' from 'inverse'; 'inj_onto' is now called `inj_on'; * HOL: removed duplicate thms in Arith: less_imp_add_less should be replaced by trans_less_add1 le_imp_add_le should be replaced by trans_le_add1 * HOL: unary minus is now overloaded (new type constraints may be required); * HOL and ZF: unary minus for integers is now #- instead of #~. In ZF, expressions such as n#-1 must be changed to n#- 1, since #-1 is now taken as an integer constant. * Pure: ML function 'theory_of' renamed to 'theory'; *** Proof tools *** * Simplifier: 1. Asm_full_simp_tac is now more aggressive. 1. It will sometimes reorient premises if that increases their power to simplify. 2. It does no longer proceed strictly from left to right but may also rotate premises to achieve further simplification. For compatibility reasons there is now Asm_lr_simp_tac which is like the old Asm_full_simp_tac in that it does not rotate premises. 2. The simplifier now knows a little bit about nat-arithmetic. * Classical reasoner: wrapper mechanism for the classical reasoner now allows for selected deletion of wrappers, by introduction of names for wrapper functionals. This implies that addbefore, addSbefore, addaltern, and addSaltern now take a pair (name, tactic) as argument, and that adding two tactics with the same name overwrites the first one (emitting a warning). type wrapper = (int -> tactic) -> (int -> tactic) setWrapper, setSWrapper, compWrapper and compSWrapper are replaced by addWrapper, addSWrapper: claset * (string * wrapper) -> claset delWrapper, delSWrapper: claset * string -> claset getWrapper is renamed to appWrappers, getSWrapper to appSWrappers; * Classical reasoner: addbefore/addSbefore now have APPEND/ORELSE semantics; addbefore now affects only the unsafe part of step_tac etc.; this affects addss/auto_tac/force_tac, so EXISTING PROOFS MAY FAIL, but proofs should be fixable easily, e.g. by replacing Auto_tac by Force_tac; * Classical reasoner: setwrapper to setWrapper and compwrapper to compWrapper; added safe wrapper (and access functions for it); * HOL/split_all_tac is now much faster and fails if there is nothing to split. Some EXISTING PROOFS MAY REQUIRE ADAPTION because the order and the names of the automatically generated variables have changed. split_all_tac has moved within claset() from unsafe wrappers to safe wrappers, which means that !!-bound variables are split much more aggressively, and safe_tac and clarify_tac now split such variables. If this splitting is not appropriate, use delSWrapper "split_all_tac". Note: the same holds for record_split_tac, which does the job of split_all_tac for record fields. * HOL/Simplifier: Rewrite rules for case distinctions can now be added permanently to the default simpset using Addsplits just like Addsimps. They can be removed via Delsplits just like Delsimps. Lower-case versions are also available. * HOL/Simplifier: The rule split_if is now part of the default simpset. This means that the simplifier will eliminate all occurrences of if-then-else in the conclusion of a goal. To prevent this, you can either remove split_if completely from the default simpset by `Delsplits [split_if]' or remove it in a specific call of the simplifier using `... delsplits [split_if]'. You can also add/delete other case splitting rules to/from the default simpset: every datatype generates suitable rules `split_t_case' and `split_t_case_asm' (where t is the name of the datatype). * Classical reasoner / Simplifier combination: new force_tac (and derivatives Force_tac, force) combines rewriting and classical reasoning (and whatever other tools) similarly to auto_tac, but is aimed to solve the given subgoal completely. *** General *** * new top-level commands `Goal' and `Goalw' that improve upon `goal' and `goalw': the theory is no longer needed as an explicit argument - the current theory context is used; assumptions are no longer returned at the ML-level unless one of them starts with ==> or !!; it is recommended to convert to these new commands using isatool fixgoal (backup your sources first!); * new top-level commands 'thm' and 'thms' for retrieving theorems from the current theory context, and 'theory' to lookup stored theories; * new theory section 'locale' for declaring constants, assumptions and definitions that have local scope; * new theory section 'nonterminals' for purely syntactic types; * new theory section 'setup' for generic ML setup functions (e.g. package initialization); * the distribution now includes Isabelle icons: see lib/logo/isabelle-{small,tiny}.xpm; * isatool install - install binaries with absolute references to ISABELLE_HOME/bin; * isatool logo -- create instances of the Isabelle logo (as EPS); * print mode 'emacs' reserved for Isamode; * support multiple print (ast) translations per constant name; * theorems involving oracles are now printed with a suffixed [!]; *** HOL *** * there is now a tutorial on Isabelle/HOL (do 'isatool doc tutorial'); * HOL/inductive package reorganized and improved: now supports mutual definitions such as inductive EVEN ODD intrs null "0 : EVEN" oddI "n : EVEN ==> Suc n : ODD" evenI "n : ODD ==> Suc n : EVEN" new theorem list "elims" contains an elimination rule for each of the recursive sets; inductive definitions now handle disjunctive premises correctly (also ZF); INCOMPATIBILITIES: requires Inductive as an ancestor; component "mutual_induct" no longer exists - the induction rule is always contained in "induct"; * HOL/datatype package re-implemented and greatly improved: now supports mutually recursive datatypes such as datatype 'a aexp = IF_THEN_ELSE ('a bexp) ('a aexp) ('a aexp) | SUM ('a aexp) ('a aexp) | DIFF ('a aexp) ('a aexp) | NUM 'a and 'a bexp = LESS ('a aexp) ('a aexp) | AND ('a bexp) ('a bexp) | OR ('a bexp) ('a bexp) as well as indirectly recursive datatypes such as datatype ('a, 'b) term = Var 'a | App 'b ((('a, 'b) term) list) The new tactic mutual_induct_tac [<var_1>, ..., <var_n>] i performs induction on mutually / indirectly recursive datatypes. Primrec equations are now stored in theory and can be accessed via <function_name>.simps. INCOMPATIBILITIES: - Theories using datatypes must now have theory Datatype as an ancestor. - The specific <typename>.induct_tac no longer exists - use the generic induct_tac instead. - natE has been renamed to nat.exhaust - use exhaust_tac instead of res_inst_tac ... natE. Note that the variable names in nat.exhaust differ from the names in natE, this may cause some "fragile" proofs to fail. - The theorems split_<typename>_case and split_<typename>_case_asm have been renamed to <typename>.split and <typename>.split_asm. - Since default sorts of type variables are now handled correctly, some datatype definitions may have to be annotated with explicit sort constraints. - Primrec definitions no longer require function name and type of recursive argument. Consider using isatool fixdatatype to adapt your theories and proof scripts to the new package (backup your sources first!). * HOL/record package: considerably improved implementation; now includes concrete syntax for record types, terms, updates; theorems for surjective pairing and splitting !!-bound record variables; proof support is as follows: 1) standard conversions (selectors or updates applied to record constructor terms) are part of the standard simpset; 2) inject equations of the form ((x, y) = (x', y')) == x=x' & y=y' are made part of standard simpset and claset via addIffs; 3) a tactic for record field splitting (record_split_tac) is part of the standard claset (addSWrapper); To get a better idea about these rules you may retrieve them via something like 'thms "foo.simps"' or 'thms "foo.iffs"', where "foo" is the name of your record type. The split tactic 3) conceptually simplifies by the following rule: "(!!x. PROP ?P x) == (!!a b. PROP ?P (a, b))" Thus any record variable that is bound by meta-all will automatically blow up into some record constructor term, consequently the simplifications of 1), 2) apply. Thus force_tac, auto_tac etc. shall solve record problems automatically. * reorganized the main HOL image: HOL/Integ and String loaded by default; theory Main includes everything; * automatic simplification of integer sums and comparisons, using cancellation; * added option_map_eq_Some and not_Some_eq to the default simpset and claset; * added disj_not1 = "(~P | Q) = (P --> Q)" to the default simpset; * many new identities for unions, intersections, set difference, etc.; * expand_if, expand_split, expand_sum_case and expand_nat_case are now called split_if, split_split, split_sum_case and split_nat_case (to go with add/delsplits); * HOL/Prod introduces simplification procedure unit_eq_proc rewriting (?x::unit) = (); this is made part of the default simpset, which COULD MAKE EXISTING PROOFS FAIL under rare circumstances (consider 'Delsimprocs [unit_eq_proc];' as last resort); also note that unit_abs_eta_conv is added in order to counter the effect of unit_eq_proc on (%u::unit. f u), replacing it by f rather than by %u.f(); * HOL/Fun INCOMPATIBILITY: `inj_onto' is now called `inj_on' (which makes more sense); * HOL/Set INCOMPATIBILITY: rule `equals0D' is now a well-formed destruct rule; It and 'sym RS equals0D' are now in the default claset, giving automatic disjointness reasoning but breaking a few old proofs. * HOL/Relation INCOMPATIBILITY: renamed the relational operator r^-1 to 'converse' from 'inverse' (for compatibility with ZF and some literature); * HOL/recdef can now declare non-recursive functions, with {} supplied as the well-founded relation; * HOL/Set INCOMPATIBILITY: the complement of set A is now written -A instead of Compl A. The "Compl" syntax remains available as input syntax for this release ONLY. * HOL/Update: new theory of function updates: f(a:=b) == %x. if x=a then b else f x may also be iterated as in f(a:=b,c:=d,...); * HOL/Vimage: new theory for inverse image of a function, syntax f-``B; * HOL/List: - new function list_update written xs[i:=v] that updates the i-th list position. May also be iterated as in xs[i:=a,j:=b,...]. - new function `upt' written [i..j(] which generates the list [i,i+1,...,j-1], i.e. the upper bound is excluded. To include the upper bound write [i..j], which is a shorthand for [i..j+1(]. - new lexicographic orderings and corresponding wellfoundedness theorems. * HOL/Arith: - removed 'pred' (predecessor) function; - generalized some theorems about n-1; - many new laws about "div" and "mod"; - new laws about greatest common divisors (see theory ex/Primes); * HOL/Relation: renamed the relational operator r^-1 "converse" instead of "inverse"; * HOL/Induct/Multiset: a theory of multisets, including the wellfoundedness of the multiset ordering; * directory HOL/Real: a construction of the reals using Dedekind cuts (not included by default); * directory HOL/UNITY: Chandy and Misra's UNITY formalism; * directory HOL/Hoare: a new version of Hoare logic which permits many-sorted programs, i.e. different program variables may have different types. * calling (stac rew i) now fails if "rew" has no effect on the goal [previously, this check worked only if the rewrite rule was unconditional] Now rew can involve either definitions or equalities (either == or =). *** ZF *** * theory Main includes everything; INCOMPATIBILITY: theory ZF.thy contains only the theorems proved on ZF.ML; * ZF INCOMPATIBILITY: rule `equals0D' is now a well-formed destruct rule; It and 'sym RS equals0D' are now in the default claset, giving automatic disjointness reasoning but breaking a few old proofs. * ZF/Update: new theory of function updates with default rewrite rule f(x:=y) ` z = if(z=x, y, f`z) may also be iterated as in f(a:=b,c:=d,...); * in let x=t in u(x), neither t nor u(x) has to be an FOL term. * calling (stac rew i) now fails if "rew" has no effect on the goal [previously, this check worked only if the rewrite rule was unconditional] Now rew can involve either definitions or equalities (either == or =). * case_tac provided for compatibility with HOL (like the old excluded_middle_tac, but with subgoals swapped) *** Internal programming interfaces *** * Pure: several new basic modules made available for general use, see also src/Pure/README; * improved the theory data mechanism to support encapsulation (data kind name replaced by private Object.kind, acting as authorization key); new type-safe user interface via functor TheoryDataFun; generic print_data function becomes basically useless; * removed global_names compatibility flag -- all theory declarations are qualified by default; * module Pure/Syntax now offers quote / antiquote translation functions (useful for Hoare logic etc. with implicit dependencies); see HOL/ex/Antiquote for an example use; * Simplifier now offers conversions (asm_)(full_)rewrite: simpset -> cterm -> thm; * new tactical CHANGED_GOAL for checking that a tactic modifies a subgoal; * Display.print_goals function moved to Locale.print_goals; * standard print function for goals supports current_goals_markers variable for marking begin of proof, end of proof, start of goal; the default is ("", "", ""); setting current_goals_markers := ("<proof>", "</proof>", "<goal>") causes SGML like tagged proof state printing, for example; New in Isabelle98 (January 1998) -------------------------------- *** Overview of INCOMPATIBILITIES (see below for more details) *** * changed lexical syntax of terms / types: dots made part of long identifiers, e.g. "%x.x" no longer possible, should be "%x. x"; * simpset (and claset) reference variable replaced by functions simpset / simpset_ref; * no longer supports theory aliases (via merge) and non-trivial implicit merge of thms' signatures; * most internal names of constants changed due to qualified names; * changed Pure/Sequence interface (see Pure/seq.ML); *** General Changes *** * hierachically structured name spaces (for consts, types, axms, thms etc.); new lexical class 'longid' (e.g. Foo.bar.x) may render much of old input syntactically incorrect (e.g. "%x.x"); COMPATIBILITY: isatool fixdots ensures space after dots (e.g. "%x. x"); set long_names for fully qualified output names; NOTE: ML programs (special tactics, packages etc.) referring to internal names may have to be adapted to cope with fully qualified names; in case of severe backward campatibility problems try setting 'global_names' at compile time to have enrything declared within a flat name space; one may also fine tune name declarations in theories via the 'global' and 'local' section; * reimplemented the implicit simpset and claset using the new anytype data filed in signatures; references simpset:simpset ref etc. are replaced by functions simpset:unit->simpset and simpset_ref:unit->simpset ref; COMPATIBILITY: use isatool fixclasimp to patch your ML files accordingly; * HTML output now includes theory graph data for display with Java applet or isatool browser; data generated automatically via isatool usedir (see -i option, ISABELLE_USEDIR_OPTIONS); * defs may now be conditional; improved rewrite_goals_tac to handle conditional equations; * defs now admits additional type arguments, using TYPE('a) syntax; * theory aliases via merge (e.g. M=A+B+C) no longer supported, always creates a new theory node; implicit merge of thms' signatures is restricted to 'trivial' ones; COMPATIBILITY: one may have to use transfer:theory->thm->thm in (rare) cases; * improved handling of draft signatures / theories; draft thms (and ctyps, cterms) are automatically promoted to real ones; * slightly changed interfaces for oracles: admit many per theory, named (e.g. oracle foo = mlfun), additional name argument for invoke_oracle; * print_goals: optional output of const types (set show_consts and show_types); * improved output of warnings (###) and errors (***); * subgoal_tac displays a warning if the new subgoal has type variables; * removed old README and Makefiles; * replaced print_goals_ref hook by print_current_goals_fn and result_error_fn; * removed obsolete init_pps and init_database; * deleted the obsolete tactical STATE, which was declared by fun STATE tacfun st = tacfun st st; * cd and use now support path variables, e.g. $ISABELLE_HOME, or ~ (which abbreviates $HOME); * changed Pure/Sequence interface (see Pure/seq.ML); COMPATIBILITY: use isatool fixseq to adapt your ML programs (this works for fully qualified references to the Sequence structure only!); * use_thy no longer requires writable current directory; it always reloads .ML *and* .thy file, if either one is out of date; *** Classical Reasoner *** * Clarify_tac, clarify_tac, clarify_step_tac, Clarify_step_tac: new tactics that use classical reasoning to simplify a subgoal without splitting it into several subgoals; * Safe_tac: like safe_tac but uses the default claset; *** Simplifier *** * added simplification meta rules: (asm_)(full_)simplify: simpset -> thm -> thm; * simplifier.ML no longer part of Pure -- has to be loaded by object logics (again); * added prems argument to simplification procedures; * HOL, FOL, ZF: added infix function `addsplits': instead of `<simpset> setloop (split_tac <thms>)' you can simply write `<simpset> addsplits <thms>' *** Syntax *** * TYPE('a) syntax for type reflection terms; * no longer handles consts with name "" -- declare as 'syntax' instead; * pretty printer: changed order of mixfix annotation preference (again!); * Pure: fixed idt/idts vs. pttrn/pttrns syntactic categories; *** HOL *** * HOL: there is a new splitter `split_asm_tac' that can be used e.g. with `addloop' of the simplifier to faciliate case splitting in premises. * HOL/TLA: Stephan Merz's formalization of Lamport's Temporal Logic of Actions; * HOL/Auth: new protocol proofs including some for the Internet protocol TLS; * HOL/Map: new theory of `maps' a la VDM; * HOL/simplifier: simplification procedures nat_cancel_sums for cancelling out common nat summands from =, <, <= (in)equalities, or differences; simplification procedures nat_cancel_factor for cancelling common factor from =, <, <= (in)equalities over natural sums; nat_cancel contains both kinds of procedures, it is installed by default in Arith.thy -- this COULD MAKE EXISTING PROOFS FAIL; * HOL/simplifier: terms of the form `? x. P1(x) & ... & Pn(x) & x=t & Q1(x) & ... Qn(x)' (or t=x) are rewritten to `P1(t) & ... & Pn(t) & Q1(t) & ... Qn(t)', and those of the form `! x. P1(x) & ... & Pn(x) & x=t & Q1(x) & ... Qn(x) --> R(x)' (or t=x) are rewritten to `P1(t) & ... & Pn(t) & Q1(t) & ... Qn(t) --> R(t)', * HOL/datatype Each datatype `t' now comes with a theorem `split_t_case' of the form P(t_case f1 ... fn x) = ( (!y1 ... ym1. x = C1 y1 ... ym1 --> P(f1 y1 ... ym1)) & ... (!y1 ... ymn. x = Cn y1 ... ymn --> P(f1 y1 ... ymn)) ) and a theorem `split_t_case_asm' of the form P(t_case f1 ... fn x) = ~( (? y1 ... ym1. x = C1 y1 ... ym1 & ~P(f1 y1 ... ym1)) | ... (? y1 ... ymn. x = Cn y1 ... ymn & ~P(f1 y1 ... ymn)) ) which can be added to a simpset via `addsplits'. The existing theorems expand_list_case and expand_option_case have been renamed to split_list_case and split_option_case. * HOL/Arithmetic: - `pred n' is automatically converted to `n-1'. Users are strongly encouraged not to use `pred' any longer, because it will disappear altogether at some point. - Users are strongly encouraged to write "0 < n" rather than "n ~= 0". Theorems and proof tools have been modified towards this `standard'. * HOL/Lists: the function "set_of_list" has been renamed "set" (and its theorems too); the function "nth" now takes its arguments in the reverse order and has acquired the infix notation "!" as in "xs!n". * HOL/Set: UNIV is now a constant and is no longer translated to Compl{}; * HOL/Set: The operator (UN x.B x) now abbreviates (UN x:UNIV. B x) and its specialist theorems (like UN1_I) are gone. Similarly for (INT x.B x); * HOL/record: extensible records with schematic structural subtyping (single inheritance); EXPERIMENTAL version demonstrating the encoding, still lacks various theorems and concrete record syntax; *** HOLCF *** * removed "axioms" and "generated by" sections; * replaced "ops" section by extended "consts" section, which is capable of handling the continuous function space "->" directly; * domain package: . proves theorems immediately and stores them in the theory, . creates hierachical name space, . now uses normal mixfix annotations (instead of cinfix...), . minor changes to some names and values (for consistency), . e.g. cases -> casedist, dists_eq -> dist_eqs, [take_lemma] -> take_lemmas, . separator between mutual domain defs: changed "," to "and", . improved handling of sort constraints; now they have to appear on the left-hand side of the equations only; * fixed LAM <x,y,zs>.b syntax; * added extended adm_tac to simplifier in HOLCF -- can now discharge adm (%x. P (t x)), where P is chainfinite and t continuous; *** FOL and ZF *** * FOL: there is a new splitter `split_asm_tac' that can be used e.g. with `addloop' of the simplifier to faciliate case splitting in premises. * qed_spec_mp, qed_goal_spec_mp, qed_goalw_spec_mp are available, as in HOL, they strip ALL and --> from proved theorems; New in Isabelle94-8 (May 1997) ------------------------------ *** General Changes *** * new utilities to build / run / maintain Isabelle etc. (in parts still somewhat experimental); old Makefiles etc. still functional; * new 'Isabelle System Manual'; * INSTALL text, together with ./configure and ./build scripts; * reimplemented type inference for greater efficiency, better error messages and clean internal interface; * prlim command for dealing with lots of subgoals (an easier way of setting goals_limit); *** Syntax *** * supports alternative (named) syntax tables (parser and pretty printer); internal interface is provided by add_modesyntax(_i); * Pure, FOL, ZF, HOL, HOLCF now support symbolic input and output; to be used in conjunction with the Isabelle symbol font; uses the "symbols" syntax table; * added token_translation interface (may translate name tokens in arbitrary ways, dependent on their type (free, bound, tfree, ...) and the current print_mode); IMPORTANT: user print translation functions are responsible for marking newly introduced bounds (Syntax.mark_boundT); * token translations for modes "xterm" and "xterm_color" that display names in bold, underline etc. or colors (which requires a color version of xterm); * infixes may now be declared with names independent of their syntax; * added typed_print_translation (like print_translation, but may access type of constant); *** Classical Reasoner *** Blast_tac: a new tactic! It is often more powerful than fast_tac, but has some limitations. Blast_tac... + ignores addss, addbefore, addafter; this restriction is intrinsic + ignores elimination rules that don't have the correct format (the conclusion MUST be a formula variable) + ignores types, which can make HOL proofs fail + rules must not require higher-order unification, e.g. apply_type in ZF [message "Function Var's argument not a bound variable" relates to this] + its proof strategy is more general but can actually be slower * substitution with equality assumptions no longer permutes other assumptions; * minor changes in semantics of addafter (now called addaltern); renamed setwrapper to setWrapper and compwrapper to compWrapper; added safe wrapper (and access functions for it); * improved combination of classical reasoner and simplifier: + functions for handling clasimpsets + improvement of addss: now the simplifier is called _after_ the safe steps. + safe variant of addss called addSss: uses safe simplifications _during_ the safe steps. It is more complete as it allows multiple instantiations of unknowns (e.g. with slow_tac). *** Simplifier *** * added interface for simplification procedures (functions that produce *proven* rewrite rules on the fly, depending on current redex); * ordering on terms as parameter (used for ordered rewriting); * new functions delcongs, deleqcongs, and Delcongs. richer rep_ss; * the solver is now split into a safe and an unsafe part. This should be invisible for the normal user, except that the functions setsolver and addsolver have been renamed to setSolver and addSolver; added safe_asm_full_simp_tac; *** HOL *** * a generic induction tactic `induct_tac' which works for all datatypes and also for type `nat'; * a generic case distinction tactic `exhaust_tac' which works for all datatypes and also for type `nat'; * each datatype comes with a function `size'; * patterns in case expressions allow tuple patterns as arguments to constructors, for example `case x of [] => ... | (x,y,z)#ps => ...'; * primrec now also works with type nat; * recdef: a new declaration form, allows general recursive functions to be defined in theory files. See HOL/ex/Fib, HOL/ex/Primes, HOL/Subst/Unify. * the constant for negation has been renamed from "not" to "Not" to harmonize with FOL, ZF, LK, etc.; * HOL/ex/LFilter theory of a corecursive "filter" functional for infinite lists; * HOL/Modelcheck demonstrates invocation of model checker oracle; * HOL/ex/Ring.thy declares cring_simp, which solves equational problems in commutative rings, using axiomatic type classes for + and *; * more examples in HOL/MiniML and HOL/Auth; * more default rewrite rules for quantifiers, union/intersection; * a new constant `arbitrary == @x.False'; * HOLCF/IOA replaces old HOL/IOA; * HOLCF changes: derived all rules and arities + axiomatic type classes instead of classes + typedef instead of faking type definitions + eliminated the internal constants less_fun, less_cfun, UU_fun, UU_cfun etc. + new axclasses cpo, chfin, flat with flat < chfin < pcpo < cpo < po + eliminated the types void, one, tr + use unit lift and bool lift (with translations) instead of one and tr + eliminated blift from Lift3.thy (use Def instead of blift) all eliminated rules are derived as theorems --> no visible changes ; *** ZF *** * ZF now has Fast_tac, Simp_tac and Auto_tac. Union_iff is a now a default rewrite rule; this may affect some proofs. eq_cs is gone but can be put back as ZF_cs addSIs [equalityI]; New in Isabelle94-7 (November 96) --------------------------------- * allowing negative levels (as offsets) in prlev and choplev; * super-linear speedup for large simplifications; * FOL, ZF and HOL now use miniscoping: rewriting pushes quantifications in as far as possible (COULD MAKE EXISTING PROOFS FAIL); can suppress it using the command Delsimps (ex_simps @ all_simps); De Morgan laws are also now included, by default; * improved printing of ==> : ~: * new object-logic "Sequents" adds linear logic, while replacing LK and Modal (thanks to Sara Kalvala); * HOL/Auth: correctness proofs for authentication protocols; * HOL: new auto_tac combines rewriting and classical reasoning (many examples on HOL/Auth); * HOL: new command AddIffs for declaring theorems of the form P=Q to the rewriter and classical reasoner simultaneously; * function uresult no longer returns theorems in "standard" format; regain previous version by: val uresult = standard o uresult; New in Isabelle94-6 ------------------- * oracles -- these establish an interface between Isabelle and trusted external reasoners, which may deliver results as theorems; * proof objects (in particular record all uses of oracles); * Simp_tac, Fast_tac, etc. that refer to implicit simpset / claset; * "constdefs" section in theory files; * "primrec" section (HOL) no longer requires names; * internal type "tactic" now simply "thm -> thm Sequence.seq"; New in Isabelle94-5 ------------------- * reduced space requirements; * automatic HTML generation from theories; * theory files no longer require "..." (quotes) around most types; * new examples, including two proofs of the Church-Rosser theorem; * non-curried (1994) version of HOL is no longer distributed; New in Isabelle94-4 ------------------- * greatly reduced space requirements; * theory files (.thy) no longer require \...\ escapes at line breaks; * searchable theorem database (see the section "Retrieving theorems" on page 8 of the Reference Manual); * new examples, including Grabczewski's monumental case study of the Axiom of Choice; * The previous version of HOL renamed to Old_HOL; * The new version of HOL (previously called CHOL) uses a curried syntax for functions. Application looks like f a b instead of f(a,b); * Mutually recursive inductive definitions finally work in HOL; * In ZF, pattern-matching on tuples is now available in all abstractions and translates to the operator "split"; New in Isabelle94-3 ------------------- * new infix operator, addss, allowing the classical reasoner to perform simplification at each step of its search. Example: fast_tac (cs addss ss) * a new logic, CHOL, the same as HOL, but with a curried syntax for functions. Application looks like f a b instead of f(a,b). Also pairs look like (a,b) instead of <a,b>; * PLEASE NOTE: CHOL will eventually replace HOL! * In CHOL, pattern-matching on tuples is now available in all abstractions. It translates to the operator "split". A new theory of integers is available; * In ZF, integer numerals now denote two's-complement binary integers. Arithmetic operations can be performed by rewriting. See ZF/ex/Bin.ML; * Many new examples: I/O automata, Church-Rosser theorem, equivalents of the Axiom of Choice; New in Isabelle94-2 ------------------- * Significantly faster resolution; * the different sections in a .thy file can now be mixed and repeated freely; * Database of theorems for FOL, HOL and ZF. New commands including qed, qed_goal and bind_thm store theorems in the database. * Simple database queries: return a named theorem (get_thm) or all theorems of a given theory (thms_of), or find out what theory a theorem was proved in (theory_of_thm); * Bugs fixed in the inductive definition and datatype packages; * The classical reasoner provides deepen_tac and depth_tac, making FOL_dup_cs and HOL_dup_cs obsolete; * Syntactic ambiguities caused by the new treatment of syntax in Isabelle94-1 have been removed; * Simpler definition of function space in ZF; * new results about cardinal and ordinal arithmetic in ZF; * 'subtype' facility in HOL for introducing new types as subsets of existing types; $Id$


text:
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Democrats' Big Vote Today: Don't Ask, Don't Tell and the DREAM Act
It's a big Senate votin' day! Two acts favored by the Democratic base — the immigrant-friendly DREAM Act and a repeal of Don't Ask, Don't Tell — are included in today's defense bill. But will Republicans successfully filibuster?
The Democrats need 60 votes to end debate on this defense authorization bill. They're hoping that by attaching the DADT repeal and the DREAM act — which would provide a path to citizenship for children of illegal immigrants via military service or higher education — to this overarching military bill, they can flip a couple of votes from the Republicans.
The vote is scheduled for early this afternoon. Will Democrats get the 60 votes they need? As always, it will come down to those two Maine gals:
As today's vote neared, advocates for repeal stepped up their lobbying. They paid particular attention to the two moderate Republican senators from Maine, Olympia J. Snowe and Susan Collins. Ms. Collins voted on the Armed Services committee to support the repeal, but both senators have expressed concern about the defense spending bill, largely on procedural grounds.
In a statement on Monday, Ms. Snowe said that the Democratic leadership should allow Republicans to offer amendments to the defense bill.
"The Senate should have the ability to debate more than the three amendments the majority leader is allowing, especially as this bill is the largest discretionary authorization measure that Congress considers," Ms. Snowe said in the statement.
Neither Snowe nor Collins seems likely to budge. But we'll see! It could always be another Republican who flips, like Massachusetts' Scott Brown, or some old retiring dude like Ohio's George Voinovich who just doesn't give a shit anymore.
Lady Gaga has done her work, at least.
[Image from Maine's "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" protest yesterday via Getty]


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Start-up Company, Regen, has decided consumers need more eco-friendly options. They are currently promoting a solar-powered iPod docking speaker system.
Solar power in consumer electronics "hasn't progressed far beyond solar-powered calculators," available since the 1970s, said Robert Brunner, one of the company's founders. Many of those products, which he called "geeky science experiments," were not useful because they took too long to charge or did not provide enough hours of usage on a charge, he said. "You can't slap solar cells on something and expect it to work," he explained. "You have to build the product from the ground up to be energy-efficient and useful."
There are so many good reasons to be patient with solar-powered technology; it's getting better everyday. Although the solar-powered speaker systems are slower charging, they are far better for the environment than conventional ones. Consumers and manufacturers alike are now considering the environment when making purchases. Abt Electronics carries many eco-friendly products, including three solar-powered iPod chargers.
-Kelly B.


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Our Gizmodo '79 celebration may have ended last week, but there's room for a final post, written by famed retiree and mosquito wrangler Bill Gates. It's no joke: Gates read the series then sent this in:
I read those 1979 stories all last week, and it put me in a nostalgic mood, so wanted to offer my own memory to add to the collection.
In 1979, Microsoft had 13 employees, most of whom appear in that famous picture that provides indisputable proof that your average computer geek from the late 1970s was not exactly on the cutting edge of fashion. We started the year by moving from Albuquerque back to Bellevue, just across the lake from Seattle. By the end of the year we'd doubled in size to 28 employees. Even though we were doing pretty well, I was still kind of terrified by the rapid pace of hiring and worried that the bottom could fall out at any time.
What made me feel a little more confident was that 1979 was the year we began to sense that BASIC was right on the verge of becoming the standard language for microcomputers. We knew this could be the catalyst that would unlock the potential of the PC to democratize computing and create the right conditions for an explosion in programs and applications that would lead to really rapid growth of the PC market.
By the middle of 1979, BASIC was running on more than 200,000 Z-80 and 8080 machines and we were just releasing a new version for the 8086 16-bit microprocessor. As the numbers grew, we were starting to think beyond programming languages, too, and about the possibility of creating applications that would have real mass appeal to consumers. That led to the creation of the Consumer Products Division in 1979. One of our first consumer products was called Microsoft Adventure, which was a home version of the first mainframe adventure game. It didn't have all the bells and whistles of, say, Halo, but it was pretty interesting for its time.
Back in the 1970s, there was a publication called the International Computer Programs Directory that handed out what was known as the ICP Million Dollar Award for applications that had more than $1 million in annual sales. In the late 1970s the list included more than 100 different products, but they were all for mainframes. In April, the 8080 version of BASIC became the first software product built to run on microprocessors to win an ICP Million Dollar Award. That was a pretty good sign that a significant shift was underway.
Today, I would be surprised if the number of million-dollar applications isn't in the millions itself, and they range from apps and games created by a single developer working at home that you can download to your cell phone to massive solutions built by huge development teams that run the operations of huge corporations.
More important, of course, is the fact that more than a billion people around the world use computers and digital technology as an integral part of their day-to-day lives. That's something that really started to take shape in 1979.
Click to viewThanks for the memories, Bill—please keep us posted on that new beer keg of yours!
Microsoft Adventure shot found on YOIS


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For three days each year, blinking pinball machines, old-school arcade games and sounds of bells, beeps and whistles fill the first floor of Denver Marriott South in Lone Tree.
Here is where players, collectors and families assemble to partake in …
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Here is where players, collectors and families assemble to partake in the pastime of analog gaming.
"I think it's a unique art form that is coming back," said Dan Nikolich, who with his wife, Holly, founded Rocky Mountain Pinball Showdown and Gameroom Expo. "It's something that you get to touch and feel versus everything in the digital world."
Nikolich, 38, used to fix vintage gaming systems as a teenager and purchased his first pinball machine after college. Holly has a background in marketing and public relations. Together the Highlands Ranch couple started a tradition that would bring life to a hobby that nearly died in 1999, when one of the largest manufacturers, WMS Industries, closed its pinball division.
The three-day tradition started 14 years ago with some 80 games and a couple hundred people. Held from June 8-11, this year's event featured nearly 300 games and drew thousands of guests from across the west.
For many who came, pinball is more than leveraging a tiny ball through a glass box. It's a skill, a challenge, an art to be mastered. It holds special memories from childhood for some. It's a collector's item for others.
Brandon Wheeler was 9 or 10 years old when he played his first pinball machine. Its theme was Jurassic Park, his favorite movie at the time. When he was 25, he purchased his first pinball machine — also Jurassic Park-themed. Since then, he has owned 30 machines and repaired 50 to 100.
"It starts with one and they multiply," said Wheeler, 33, of Centennial, also a tournament director of the expo. "A lot of people see movies and then want to play the game."
Pinball, which Wheeler describes as a sport, is making a comeback for a number of reasons: the gaming community is more inclusive, older generations are passing the hobby to their kids and grandkids, and more companies are producing games, he said.
"It's a way for companies to license popular or nostalgic property," said Wheeler.
At the expo, themes of machines ranged from Popeye the Sailor, a newspaper comic launched in 1919, to today's hit HBO series Game of Thrones.
When her husband purchased an Addams Family pinball machine a year and a half ago, Snow Galvin was hooked. She's captivated by the design of the machine — its animated graphics and hidden messages on the exterior and thousands of wires on the interior. The Denver resident now plays on a league and competes in tournaments.
"You can totally nerd out on this stuff," said Galvin, 33, who sat on a women's panel at the expo.
Sitting a few seats down from her was Helena Higgins, women's world champion of pinball. Higgins, originally from Sweden but now living in Thornton, said she played competitive volleyball for years and always had a knack for ball sports. Pinball was big in Sweden in the 1990s, so she started playing and competing. In 2011, at a competition, she met a man from Thornton and last year the two married at 1up LoDo, a bar and arcade in downtown Denver.
"It's beautiful and it challenges you," Higgins said of pinball. "It's fun to learn the rules and be able to master the game."
Not everyone at the expo had a history with pinball. Some people accompanied a child or spouse to simply enjoy a day of games. After receiving a wristband in a hall of the hotel, attendees had access to a giant conference room and several smaller rooms lined with every type of game — from a wooden arcade game to a life-size Pac-Man displayed on a giant screen. Vendors nestled in the corners selling tech gadgets like fidget spinners and portable lights.
Deborah Hindman, of Littleton, was there for her husband, an avid participant of the hobby. The 43-year-old hopped from game to game. Wizard of Oz is her favorite.
Cinnamon Harold, of Denver, perched behind her 4-year-old son as he maneuvered a Spider-Man machine.
Her reason for attending was simple:
"It's just old-fashioned fun."
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Robot safety standard approved: robots, humans can collaborate safely
The American National Standards Institute has approved ANSI/RIA R15.06-2012, which addresses collaborative operation between workers and robots and soft axis and space limiting technology.
A new American national robot safety standard has been approved by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). Developed by Robotic Industries Association (RIA), the ANSI/RIA R15.06-2012 standard has been updated for the first time since 1999 and is now harmonized with the International ISO 10218:2011 standard for robot manufacturers and integrators.
A key feature in the standard is "collaborative operation," which is the introduction of a worker to the loop of active interaction during automatic robot operation. Systems can now be designed for the operator to directly load/unload the robot or manually drive the robot to a selected location thus eliminating costly fixtures.
Another key feature is that the standard addresses "safety-rated soft axis and space limiting" technology. This optional feature available on new robots may have different names depending on the robot manufacturer, but the functionality remains the same. Safety-rated software is used to control the robot motion so that restricted space can be more flexibly designed. Case studies have shown that that this saves both floor space and cost in the system design.
Standards development efforts will now shift to issuing new documents which will provide guidance to the user on using the new ANSI/RIA R15.06, including technical reports on risk assessment and proper implementation of safeguarding robot systems.
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
American National Standards Institute – ANSI Home
Robotic Industries Association (RIA)
See related articles below for more, related robotic safety information, videos, and photos. Also see the Machine Safety Blog.
– Edited by Control Engineering, Plant Engineering, CFE Media.
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Subradial - Ice Diving hyp3367
Subradial is the musical alias of Tomasz Szatewicz, who was born in the small Polish town of Mragowo. He's been creating electronic music for twenty years, and has previously released the albums Bioloophorm 1, Bioloophorm 2 and Biorephorm on labels such as dataObscura and AtmoWoroks. His more recent work combines drones, subtle rhythmic loops and textures into churning, visually evocative soundworlds.
Of his inspirations and approach, Tomasz AKA Subradial says: "I was always inspired by listening to the sounds of the environment... I use everything that sounds interesting and what I can further process to create the imagined soundscape, a vision of some place, express my emotions or moods connected with particular times or places, either existing in real life or just imagined/dreamed."
Ice Diving, his first release for Hypnos Recordings, is an album composed around a theme suggested by the title: a soundtrack to an underwater journey. Like the title, the cover photo (from an actual ice diving expedition in Antarctica) gives a sense of the sound worlds evoked by Subradial's music. Many ambient recording artists apply titles to their music intending to suggest a theme, but here the effect is especially strong.
Ice Diving is an extraordinarily visual and immersive sound journey, with a wonderful balance between atmospheric/drone elements, and more musical or rhythmic components. We hope the sound samples offered below will convince you to take the trip. Hypnos Recordings presents Subradial's Ice Diving.


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Difference between revisions of "How to use EPrints with HTTPS"
(→Include EPrints SSL config)
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==Add HTTPS Settings==
==Add HTTPS Settings==
Revision as of 12:19, 3 January 2007
|This page is under development as part of the EPrints 3.4 manual. It may still contain content specific to earlier versions.
|Manual Sections
Add HTTPS Settings
For each ARCHIVEID.xml file, fill in the securehost and securepath entries.
<archive id="demo"> .... <securehost>secure.mydomain.com</securehost> <securepath>/demo</securepath> .... </archive>
The securehost is vhosted on the same server as your EPrints archive(s).
Secure requests will be of the form https://securehost/securepath.
securepath therefore differentiates requests from individual archives.
Generate Secure Config
$ bin/generate_apacheconf
As well as the usual apache configuration files, and depending on the version of EPrints, this will generate:
- an auto-secure.conf file in each archive's cfg directory (2.3.13)
- an auto-your.secure.host.conf file (for each secure host) in the main cfg directory (2.3.11)
Set up Secure Host
Under Fedora Core 4, run:
$ yum install mod_ssl
This sets up a test SSL server.
For a production system, you would need to provide the relevant certificates and tweak the mod_ssl config accordingly - see:
Create a server.key on the EPrints server (remembering the passphrase you enter):
$ openssl genrsa -des3 -out server.key 1024
Create a certificate request:
$ openssl req -new -key server.key -out server.csr
The important thing when answering the questions is the CommonName: if ultimately the secure web address of your EPrints server is https://www.myeprints.com, then the CommonName value to enter is exactly www.myeprints.com.
Send the server.csr file to your Certificate Authority administrator, who should send you back a .cer file.
Copy server.key and the .cer file to the following locations:
/etc/httpd/conf/ssl.key/server.key /etc/httpd/conf/ssl.crt/eprints.cer
Modify /etc/httpd/conf.d/ssl.conf accordingly:
SSLCertificateFile /etc/httpd/conf/ssl.crt/eprints.cer SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/httpd/conf/ssl.key/server.key
Include EPrints SSL config
Include each auto-secure.conf file generated by EPrints inside the Virtualhost directive.
On FC4, edit /etc/httpd/conf.d/ssl.conf:
<VirtualHost _default_:443> .... Include /opt/eprints2/archives/ARCHIVEID/cfg/auto-secure.conf # 2.3.13 Include /opt/eprints2/cfg/auto-your.secure.host.conf # 2.3.11 </VirtualHost>
If you have set up SSL certificates, you will be asked to enter your passphrase when you restart apache. To override this, see How can I get rid of the pass-phrase dialog at Apache startup time?.
Create Template for Secure Pages
Make a copy of template-en.xml:
$ cp template-en.xml template-secure-en.xml
In a multi-language archive, you would need to do this for each language-specific template.
It's a good idea to have a visual differentiation between secure and non-secure pages, e.g. edit template-secure-en.xml and add "(SECURE)" to the title of the page.
Some browsers will complain if images/CSS etc. embedded in a secure page are served by the non-secure host. To solve this, add a new entity to ArchiveConfig.pm/sub get_entities:
$entities{https_base_url} = "https://" . $archive->get_conf("securehost") . $archive->get_conf("securepath");
Now replace image/CSS base_urls with https_base_url.