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text:
Citigroup's third-quarter profits and revenues exceeded expectations, yet the bank did not see the same lift from the boom in mortgage refinancing as its competitors.
The performance of most divisions of the bank improved from a year ago, including investment banking, stock and bond trading and the bank's consumer business. Shares rose more than 4% in afternoon trading Monday on the news. Citi's stock is now up nearly 37% in 2012.
The bank said that revenues from new mortgages and refinancings increased its retail banking revenues by 6%. Still, Citigroup's chief financial officer John Gerspach admitted that the bank was slower to catch the wave of refinancings and new mortgages that boosted sales and profits at competitors JPMorgan Chase and Wells Fargo.
"We did not staff up as quickly as we otherwise could have," said Gerspach during a conference call with reporters. Mortgage originations dropped by 15% from a year earlier to $14.5 billion.
Gerspach added that he's unsure of whether we're in the midst of a viable recovery in the housing market.
"We're all seeing some elements of stabilization," said Gerspach. "But there are still significant challenges to be faced. In the past, we've seen some of these periodic improvements only to see them crashing down."
Gerspach also took issue with the rosier view on housing offered by JPMorgan Chase CEO Jamie Dimon. Last week, Dimion said that "the housing market has turned a corner."
But Gerspach said, "I don't like phrases like turned the corner. I have difficulty seeing corners."
Related: JPMorgan Chase posts record profits
Citigroup (C) reported a net profit of $468 million. But that included charges tied to a $2.9 billion loss on the sale of its remaining stake in brokerage Smith Barney to Morgan Stanley as well as a $485 million loss on the value of the bank's debt. Oddly, the bank is forced to take losses when as its credit improves. Yet, the bank boosted its profits by releasing $1.5 billion that it had set aside to protect against losses from loans.
Excluding those items, the bank earned $1.06 per share on $19.4 billion or revenues. Analysts had expected the bank to generated profits of 96 cents a shares on $18.05 in revenues. Citigroup's revenues increased 3% year-over-year. CEO Vikram Pandit said he expects revenues to increase 4% to 6% in 2013.
Citigroup's CFO noted that loan growth in the bank's Asia division had slowed, particularly in Korea and Japan. In Korea, Citigroup booked a $20 million loss from restructuring its business units and expects to take further "repositioning charges" there in the fourth quarter.
But Gerspach noted that some of the lending slowdown in Asia was offset by growth in Latin America. "That's one of the benefits of being as diversified as we are," he said.
Still the bank's positioning in Asia could help Citigroup continue to land investment advisory work for global mergers. Pandit predicted an increase in Asian companies buying North American companies. On Monday morning, Japanese tech company Softbank announced the purchase of a 70% stake in Sprint (S). Citigroup advised Sprint on the $20 billion deal. Fees on that deal should bolster Citi's investment banking earnings for the fourth quarter.
In the US, Gerspach called the recovery "weak," citing the fiscal cliff as a key inhibitor. "We are still facing a great deal of uncertainty."
Meanwhile, Gerspach declined to comment on what steps the bank's board of directions might take to alter its executive compensation plans. In April, shareholders voted down CEO Vikram Pandit's $15 million pay package.
Related: Big bank lending remains weak
Citi is the third big bank to report earnings for the third quarter. JPMorgan Chase (JPM) and Wells Fargo (WFC) both reported solid profits last Friday.
Goldman Sachs (GS), Bank of America (BAC) and Morgan Stanley (MS) will report earnings later this week.
Bank stocks were mixed Monday despite Citi's results. JPMorgan Chase's stock was up slightly after falling on Friday. But shares of Wells Fargo dipped again Monday following losses on Friday as well.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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Red Long Kaftan Dress


text:
Britain's storyGreat Britain was the dominant industrial and maritime power of the 19th century and played a leading role in developing parliamentary democracy and in advancing literature and science.At its peak, the British Empire stretched over one-fourth of the earth's surface. The first half of the 20th century saw the UK's strength seriously depleted in two World Wars. The second half witnessed the dismantling of the Empire and the UK rebuilding itself into a modern and prosperous European nation. As one of five permanent members of the UN Security Council, a founding member of NATO, and of the Commonwealth, the UK pursues a global approach to foreign policy.
The timeline of Britain
Neolithic, Bronze & Iron Ages: 8300 BC – 42 AD 'Britain' itself did not exist until around 6500 BC, when the English Channel formed separating Britain from the rest of Europe. The first settlers here were hunter-gatherers, who spent much of their lives travelling in search of food. Around 750 BC iron was introduced into Britain, which led the way for the production of sophisticated and durable tools and weapons.
Romano Britain: 43 – 1065 AD In 43 AD the Roman army crossed the Channel and quickly defeated any resistance from local tribes. The Romans founded Londinium (London) and built military roads throughout the country. Within ten years, Roman rule had reached far into the territories of England and Wales. The Roman way of life continued in Britain until the 5th century, after which Britons were left more or less to fend for themselves.
Anglo-Normans & Middle Ages: 1066 –1347 In 1066 Duke William of Normandy invaded Britain and famously defeated King Harold of England, who legend has it was shot with an arrow through the eye during the Battle of Hastings. William of Normandy went on to rule England and Scotland, radically changing the class system and changing the official language to French. In 1216, Henry III was crowned king, but was unpopular throughout his rule.
Late Medieval: 1348 – 1484 The bubonic plague – or Black Death – reached England in 1348 and quickly spread to Wales and Scotland, killing up to a third of the population by the end of 1350. The plague persistently re-emerged in Britain until the 17th century, severely affecting the country's economic balance. In order to combat the devastating effects of the plague, the ruling classes attempted to restore economic stability through parliamentary legislation.
Tudors Stuarts: 1485 – 1713 In 1485, Henry Tudor invaded England and defeated Richard III to assume sovereignty. He went on to marry Elizabeth of York – daughter of Edward IV. In 1603 Elizabeth I – the Virgin Queen – died. With Elizabeth leaving no successor, James VI, King of Scots (son of Mary, Queen of Scots), succeeded as James I, King of England, effectively making him the first King of Great Britain.
Georgians: 1714 - 1836 After the death of Queen Anne, George I became king, whose reign saw the development of the function of prime minister. Although the term 'prime minister' was not used at the time, Sir Robert Walpole assumed the role typical of a prime minister thanks to his successes in developing economic growth for the country.
Victorians: 1837 - 1900 Victoria – the longest reigning British monarch – became Queen in 1837, aged just eighteen. During her reign, she introduced a number of constitutional changes and the spirit of these changes led to the publishing of the people's charter, which laid out six demands including universal manhood suffrage and annual parliamentary elections. The charter was continually rejected in parliament, but today five out of the six original demands are firm parts of the British constitution.
Early 20th Century: 1901 - 1944The early twentieth century saw advances in science and technology that were unimaginable in previous eras. Among the ground-breaking achievements of this period were: the invention of the television by the EMI-Marconi Corporation; and subsequent founding of the British Broadcasting Company (BBC); the discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming; and insights into the structure of the atom, which led to the development of nuclear weapons and energy.
Post World War II: 1945 - 2010 In 1945 the Labour Party won their first general election, going on to form the National Health Service, which many regard as Labour's greatest achievement. Post-war rationing continued, but the era was marked by public enthusiasm and hope for the future. Since then, Britain has faced a number of economic crises, but survives today as one of the world's leading trade and financial centres, with advanced public services and a thriving economy.
To find out more about the history of Britain, visit BBC - British History.


text: Michael Rogers is Illustrator and Poster Designer based in Wichita, Ks. He earned a degree in Animation and Sequential Art from Cal State University – Fullerton in 2000. Since then, he has worked consistently, creating imagery for Posters, Film, Books and Magazines. Influenced by the imagery of Pop Culture, he has garnered an international reputation for his innovative and distinctive design aesthetic. A few of his clients include Boost Mobile, Universal Pictures, Sony Pictures, 20th Century Fox and Disney.


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In October 2004, the National Parks Service and the National Endowment
for the Humanities awarded full funding of New Jersey State Archives'
proposal to the Save America's Treasures (SAT) grant program. The
project, titled The American Revolution in New Jersey: Preserving
our Documentary Heritage, entails professional conservation
treatment of over 5,200 leaves of Revolutionary War documents. These
range from militia records, eyewitness battle accounts and inventories
of property damage caused by British and American troops, to court
books documenting treason cases, Loyalist papers, and legislative
petitions. The State Archives' proposal was among the highest scoring
out of nearly four hundred applications, making the preservation
of these manuscripts the SAT document conservation program's national
priority in 2004.
At the time of the announcement, the federal grant of $347,000 also
represented the largest paper conservation award made by the SAT
program since its establishment in 1998. The grant will be matched
dollar for dollar by the New Jersey Public Records Preservation
Fund established by New Jersey P.L. 2003, c. 117. In total, nearly
$700K will be devoted to treating these fragile, eighteenth-century
manuscripts and books.
Following a competitive bid process, and award of the project to
the Conservation Center for Art and Historic Artifacts in Philadelphia,
the first group of manuscripts was sent to the conservator in July
2005. Over a three-year period, the project preserved a vast
body of documentation enabling broader interpretation and understanding
of the conflict that gave birth to our nation. With professional
treatment, these national treasures will survive for many generations
to come—in their original form and also in microfilm and digital
images made possible by the preservation efforts we invest in today. See the schedule of conservation.
Chief of Archives Joseph Klett and Collection Manager Ellen Callahan
managed the project, with support from staff archivists Janet Jackson,
Vivian Thiele and others.
Project Summary
In 1777, New Jersey's public records were in great peril.
Its citizens had established a new government just eight months
earlier under a state constitution that explicitly declared the
colony's independence from the King of Great Britain. The
Continental Army had retreated across the state in 1776, though
it had regained control of the territory after major victories at
Trenton and Princeton. But British invasion by land and sea was
imminent. Thus, New Jersey's fledgling legislature considered
the security of its public papers and their removal from the City
of Burlington. "Whereas the Preservation of the publick Records
is of the utmost Importance to the Inhabitants of this State ..."—thus
began an act passed 14 March 1777 authorizing the transfer of government
records to a safer place in anticipation of attack and the destruction
of property and buildings that would undoubtedly accompany it.
New Jersey's public records documenting the revolutionary conflict
are now in great peril due to the effects of time. As we celebrate
the 225th anniversary of our nation's struggle for independence,
New Jersey State Archives has made the professional treatment of
war-related records our highest conservation priority. The proposed
project entails the repair of over 5,200 leaves of Revolutionary
War manuscripts (about 6% of the Archives' war-period holdings).
Military records include: officer commissions, Loyalist papers,
orders to requisition supplies for Washington's army, eye-witness
accounts of battles, and communications between military and political
leaders. Non-military records include: court minutes documenting
the prosecution of charges of sedition, treason and rioting; legislative
papers documenting efforts to ensure domestic security and restrict
trade across enemy lines; and claims inventorying the loss of property
and describing wartime turmoil.
In consultation with conservators, the State Archives selected twelve
groupings of Revolutionary War manuscripts most in need of professional
treatment. Selection decisions were based on: 1) the informational
value of the documents and their potential for use in research and
exhibitions; and 2) the level of damage and need for stabilization
and repair. For further information about the collections, see Themes
and Collections.
Assessment of the documents demonstrated that they were critically
in need of professional treatment. Continued use of the manuscripts
for over two centuries has taken its toll. Tears, separations, discoloration,
staining, water and insect damage, adhesives and residues, acidity
of papers and inks, and early attempts at mending have all threatened
the physical integrity and survival of the manuscripts. See before photographs. Through
SAT funding, conservators have begun the three-year project to chemically
stabilize and repair the documents using modern standards of treatment
and accepted best practices. Professional treatment of these manuscripts
will not only preserve the integrity of the documents themselves,
but will also enable the State Archives to move forward with several
initiatives to improve the public accessibility of these national
treasures. This includes preservation microfilming, scanning for
website and publication use, and exhibitions.
National Significance
As our nation celebrated the 225th anniversary of the American Revolution,
the New Jersey State Archives made conservation of sources documenting
the war its highest preservation priority. New Jersey played a central
role in the revolution that formed our nation, with more military
engagements in our state than in any other (nearly 300 during the
period 1775-1782). The fact that British and American interests
focused on New Jersey for most of the war stems from its location
between the British stronghold of New York City and the seat of
the Continental Congress in Philadelphia. General Washington commanded
his army in New Jersey for nearly half the war. American forces
engaged the British in major battles at Trenton, Princeton, Monmouth
and Assunpink, and in lesser battles and skirmishes in every county.
Washington and his troops encamped here three winters, at Morristown
and Raritan. And amidst the armed conflict raging around them, New
Jerseyans faced ongoing civil strife. The clashing ideals of independence
and loyalty to the British crown brought desperate and sometimes
deadly conflict to nearly every community.
Revolutionary activity in New Jersey is documented most thoroughly
in the records of government: from the political victory of a new
regime declaring the state's independence in 1776 to the ousting
of Loyalists at the close of the war. Government papers document
New Jersey's contributions to the American military cause as the
British invaded and occupied the state, through General Washington's
campaigns, and as the tide of the war shifted. They show how the
state dealt with issues of security, treason and economy. As New
Jersey's official repository for government records of enduring
historical value, the State Archives is the central source for information
on revolutionary activity in the main theatre of the war. The State
Archives holds the official records of colonial and state government,
as well as certain county and municipal records dating back to the
colonial period. Over two hundred cubic feet of manuscripts document
military service in the war and several hundred cubic feet document
non-military wartime activity.
Themes and Collections
American Military Activity
The 1776 retreat of the Continental Army, Washington's crossing
of the Delaware and the surprise victory at Trenton, the death of
General Mercer at Princeton, and the Battle of Monmouth: these New
Jersey events are part of the national iconography of the American
Revolution. The detailed records of New Jersey's executive
branch of government—including the Adjutant General's
Office—are the main source for documenting the key
role New Jersey's militia played in the conflict, the procurement
of supplies and equipment for the troops, and the activity of military
leaders and Governor William Livingston.
collections related to this theme were selected for conservation:
collections related to this theme were selected for conservation:
General's "Numbered Manuscripts"
(1,250 leaves to be treated) – The Adjutant General's
Revolutionary War "Numbered Manuscripts" consist
of over 11,000 original documents relating to every aspect
of military activity during the war: orders to raise troops,
testimonies of service and battle accounts, communications
between officers in the New Jersey militia and the Continental
Army. Professional assessment determined that roughly 1,250
leaves are in desperate need of stabilization and repair.
See Before and After Photographs
for sample documents.
of the Quartermaster and Commissary Generals, 1776-1785
(579 leaves to be treated) – New Jersey's location
and resources made it strategically vital to both the American
and the British forces. Accounts, receipts and correspondence
in this collection document the requisition and acquisition
of supplies needed to support the Continental Army and the
ongoing struggle to protect resources from enemy raid. See
Before and After Photographs
for sample documents.
Papers, Commissions/Appointments and Expense Accounts, 1776-1785
(127 leaves to be treated) – These papers supplement
the two collections listed above, documenting military casualties
and desertions, officers' commissions, wartime expenditures,
and the provision of goods, medical services and housing
to soldiers as part of the war effort.
and Security
On 2 July 1776, New Jersey's first
state constitution declared independence from the King of Great
Britain and replaced his colonial government. Yet, as British troops
invaded a few months later, most of New Jersey's population
had not yet chosen sides. In fact, an estimated one third of New
Jerseyans remained faithful to the crown throughout the war. Deep-seated
loyalty in New Jersey was a key factor in military strategy during
the early part of the conflict; moreover, it supplied the British
with six battalions of volunteer soldiers to fight not only in New
Jersey, but in other states. Matters of security and the effort
to root out Loyalists were vested in the state's Council of
Safety during the early war years.
collections were selected relating to this theme:
collections were selected relating to this theme:
of Safety Records, Oaths of Allegiance and Abjuration, and
Performance Bonds, 1776-1783 (386 leaves
to be treated) - This collection includes minutes, inquisitions,
petitions and oaths documenting the effort to root out Loyalists
and strengthen the resolve of the citizens in support of
independence. The Council of Safety was the state's
primary organ for "expediting laws" to promote
the patriot cause and for suppressing treasonous activity
against the newly established state government. See Before
and After Photographs for sample documents.
Manuscripts, 1776-1785 (234 leaves to be treated)
- Through regimental rolls, accounts and orders, this series
documents the activities of local men who joined the Loyalist
regiments, fighting in New Jersey and other states throughout
the war.
of Forfeiture and Confiscation of Loyalist Estates, 1777-1785
(807 leaves to be treated) - These papers document the State's
confiscation of property belonging to those who served in
the Loyalist regiments or remained sympathetic to the British
forces. As these records span the entire war period, they
are vital in understanding the shifting influence of Tories
in New Jersey. Also, since no comprehensive study has been
made of the loyalty of New Jersey citizens, these records
will be invaluable to future scholarship on the subject.
and Judicial Efforts
Following the removal of Royal Governor William Franklin in June
1776 and the adoption of the new constitution a few days later,
New Jersey's legislature and judiciary were faced with serious
problems. British invasion was imminent, and the Loyalist faction
at home presented an enormous threat, as did continued trade across
the Hudson River into enemy territory.
collections relating to this theme were selected for conservation:
collections relating to this theme were selected for conservation:
to the Legislature, 1777-1785 (42 leaves to
be treated) – The Legislature received petitions from
military contractors seeking payment, local citizens seeking
to expel Loyalists, and accused traitors seeking pardon.
A 1778 petition describes the British threat along the Atlantic
coast: "... they will again infest our shores and
do all the mischief in their power: And the many threats
repeatedly uttered by the enemy, that they will destroy
our Saltworks, burn our houses, and plunder the Country,
all tend further to confirm us in our apprehension of danger
..." See Before and After
Photographs for sample document.
of Office, Election and Attendance Certificates, 1775-1783
(74 leaves to be treated) – These papers document
the election and service of New Jersey revolutionary leaders
in public office, including the Provincial Congress, and
their allegiance to the new state constitution which declared
independence from the crown.
& Terminer and Quarter Sessions Court Records, 1775-1787
(399 leaves to be treated) – This collection documents
the prosecution of wartime criminal cases including charges
of rioting, sedition and treason as judicial authority transitioned
from the crown to the state. See Before
and After Photographs for sample volume.
of Property and Livelihood
For New Jerseyans, the home front and the battlefront were one and
the same during most of the war. Armies marched through communities
destroying buildings. Foraging troops pillaged crops and pressed
equipment and livestock into service. When the conflict ended in
1783, New Jersey was devastated and impoverished.
collections were selected for documenting economic losses:
collections were selected for documenting economic losses:
Claims, 1776-1782 (1,077 leaves to be treated)
– New Jersey's legislature authorized the inventorying
of wartime damages to property by both American and British
forces. While no payments were ever made on the claims,
the documentation provides excellent evidence of destruction
and losses resulting from military engagements, foraging
of troops, and commandeering of goods. See Before
and After Photographs for sample volume.
Deeds Files, 1776-1795 (168 leaves to be treated)
– Wartime turmoil and the destruction of buildings
resulted in the loss of legal papers such as land titles.
This fascinating series of filings in the New Jersey Supreme
Court provides accounts of families who lost their deeds
during the war. See Before and
After Photographs for sample document.
Licenses, 1781 (99 leaves to be treated) –
To prevent commerce with the British and their sympathizers,
the state required shopkeepers in counties bordering the
enemy territory of New York to petition for a license to
sell goods, and to provide witnesses attesting to their
loyalty to the newly formed state government.


text:
I have been re-creating childhood favorite recipes into healthy, vegan meals lately and my kids have been LOVING it! This vegan hamburger helper style recipe has received rave reviews. It is a quick, easy and absolutely delicous family meal. I used gluten free pasta in this recipe because me and my daughter have celiac but you can use any pasta that you like, it would even work really well with brown rice if you want to make it a whole foods recipe.
8 oz. shell pasta cooked [we used gluten free brown rice pasta]
1 c. black bean or lentil burgers
1/4 c. vegetable broth
1/3 c. yellow onion diced
1 clove garlic minced
1 – 15 oz. can italian diced tomatoes
1 c. broccoli
1/3 c. carrot juice
1 Tb. Italian seasoning
1 c. vegan cheese sauce
1/2 tsp. garlic powder
1/2 tsp. salt
Sautee onion, spices, and garlic in vegetable broth until onion is translucent, broccoli, tomatoes, carrot juice, and simmer until broccoli is bright and softened. Add pasta and crumbled burgers and stir well, top with cheese sauce and serve.


text:
An event every day that begins at 9:00 am, repeating until July 12, 2019
Join us for Fired Up Art Camp! Campers will have the opportunity to explore new areas of art in a fun and creative way. Projects will include Pottery Wheel, Clay Hand Building, Glass Fusing, Canvas Painting, Mosaics and much more! 10% OFF if registered by 5/15/19 (Discount applies to full week only. Not valid with other discounts or offers.)
5-Day Camp $130/week, 9:00 am – Noon. Individual days $35.00 per day, Ages 5-12 years old.


text:
Not only does Bridgewater Associates' Ray Dalio run the world's largest hedge fund, but he just took George Soros' title as the "world's most successful hedge fund manager," reports the Financial Times.
The fund's rank jumped from the No. 6 spot to No. 1 according to LCH Investments. LCH ranks hedge funds based on their net gains since their founding.
Dalio's Bridgewater Pure Alpha fund earned investors $13.8 billion in 2011, which helped vault him in the rankings.
According to the FT, Soros' ranking has been halted because he stopped managing other people's money.
Other top performers were Brevan Howard, Appaloosa, Caxton Global, Moore Capital, Farallon and SAC, the newspaper reported.


text:
Daily Newspapers of the World » Oceania » Fiji » Index Mundi News English
Index Mundi News English
Sponsored Links view_newspaper.php
Index Mundi News is english News of Fiji which belong to Oceania region.
Fiji Times, Fiji Sun, Fiji Focus, Jet, And the other most famous daily newspaper of Fiji included in the list so keep visiting pknewspapers.com for free latest updates and news all over the country online newspaper, News, Radio TV Channels and Press agencies. Here we provide you latest news updates, sports, entertainment, weather updates, jobs and daily astrology etc from all over the Fiji.
You are reading Index Mundi News of Fiji.
Official website of Index Mundi is » http://www.indexmundi.com/news.aspx?country=Fiji
Previous News
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text:
During this last few months we have presented you several works by the japanese office Tezuka Architects. The houses have very strong concepts, tied to different ways of inhabiting these projects designed specifically for each client.
Now we present you Woods of Net, a permanent pavilion for japanese net artist Toshiko Horiuchi Macadam, in collaboration with structural engineers TIS & PARTNERS.
The pavilion is located at the Hakone Open-Air Museum, a unique open museum located in one of the most visited tourist spots in Japan. Woods of Net was added to the collection of art works as part of their 40th anniversary.
After the break, the architects description of the pavilion with photos by Abel Erazo.
This is a permanent pavilion for a net artist, Toshiko Horiuchi Macadam. The artist knitted the net entirely by hand, which is designed for children to crawl in, roll around, and jump on the net. It was easy for us to see the artwork being outside even when it cannot be exposed to rain or ultraviolet light. We wanted to design a space as soft as the forest where the boundary between outside and inside disappears. The space attracts people like campfire. The children play inside of the net just as fire and parents sit around and lay on the woods.
The structure is entirely composed of timbers without any metal parts. 320 cubic meter of timber members are used and there is nothing same among all the 589 members. The latest structural program was developed for the pavilion, but the joint techniques are derived from thousands years old Japanese wooden temples in Nara and Kyoto. As long as the proper maintenance is done, it is capable of existing over 300 years. This is the oldest and the latest structure in the world.


text:
ZuPreem Products
ZuPreem Timothy Naturals with Added Vitamins and Minerals Rabbit Food
- $146.99
- Save $77 (52%)
Zupreem Bird Food
The original idea behind Zupreem was simple: Health through diet modification. If it works for people, it would work for our pets too, right? In 1928, Dr. Mark Morris founded the Raritan Animal Hospital, and through his work, discovered that sick dogs and cats could be treated by changing their diets. He went on to formulate the Prescription Diet products for unhealthy dogs and cats. Reducing kidney disease, heart disease, and intestinal problems, proved to be a miracle treatment. They went on to develop the Science Diet, founded Zupreem, food for exotic animals, and the rest is history. All pet owners should be thankful.
Zupreem - Fruit Blend, Natural, Pasta Blend, Smart Selects, Pure fun, and Veggie Blend
Pet Mountain carries all of Zupreems top bird food products. We have a wide variety from fruitblend, natural, pasta blend, smart selects, pure fun, to parrot food you are sure to find the perfect meal for your feathery friend!


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- City Manager Home
- About
- Programs
- City Recorder
- Emergency Info
- Emergency Management
- Public Alerts - Emergency Notification
- Are You Ready?
- Business Preparedness
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- Tips for Winter Travel
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- Neighborhood Preparedness & PrepLO
- 3 Steps to Preparedness
- Phone Numbers You Should Know
- Cascadia Subduction Zone
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Flood Insurance
Everyone faces the risk of natural disaster and no plan to protect property can be complete without insurance coverage against potential damage and loss. It is important to know exactly what coverage you may need and what coverage is available to protect your property against all of the natural hazards it may be exposed to so that you are not underinsured or not insured at all. Check with your insurance company or local insurance agent.
Flooding is the most prevalent and costly natural hazard in Oregon, and a component in 90% of the nation's disasters.
National Flood Insurance Program Reform
The NFIP - created in 1968 to reduce flood-related disaster costs - is deep in debt as a result of several significant storm events including hurricane Katrina and Andrew and super storm Sandy. In 2012, Congress passed the Biggert-Waters Flood Insurance Reform Act to bring the program back into fiscal solvency.
The Act calls on the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), and other agencies, to make a number of changes to the way the NFIP is run. As the law is implemented, some of these changes have already occurred, and others will be implemented in the coming months. Key provisions of the legislation will require the NFIP to raise rates to reflect true flood risk, make the program more financially stable, and change how Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) updates impact policyholders. The changes will mean premium rate increases for some – but not all -- policyholders over time.
The new law eliminates some artificially low flood insurance rates which are no longer sustainable. These rates will more accurately reflect the true cost of living/doing business in high risk areas. Rate changes will have the greatest effect on properties located within a Special Flood Hazard Area (area of the community that has a 1% or greater annual chance of flooding) that were constructed before a jurisdiction adopted its first Flood Insurance Rate Map and have not been elevated. In Lake Oswego, the first flood Insurance rate maps were issued on August 4, 1987.
Not everyone will be affected immediately by the new law – only 20 percent of NFIP policies receive subsidies.
- Owners of non-primary/secondary residences in a Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA) will see 25 percent increase annually until rates reflect true risk – began January 1, 2013.
- Owners of property which has experienced severe or repeated flooding will see 25 percent rate increase annually until rates reflect true risk – beginning October 1, 2013.
- Owners of business properties in a Special Flood Hazard Area will see 25 percent rate increase annually until rates reflect true risk -- beginning October 1, 2013.
Owners of primary residences in SFHAs will be able to keep their subsidized rates unless or until:
- The property is sold;
- The policy lapses - if you have a current policy (subsidized), do not let it lapse. Once you do, as soon as you try to buy a replacement policy, the rate increase will be implemented;
- The insured property suffers severe, repeated, flood losses where the owner refuses an offer to mitigate; or
- A new policy is purchased.
Talk to your insurance agent about how rate changes may affect your flood insurance policy.
For more specific information, contact the following specialists:
FEMA guidance about reform of NFIP program:
Christine Shirley, Oregon Dept. of Land Conservation and Development, at 503-373-0050 ext. 250
Floodplain maps, zoning and elevation certificates:
Rob Amsberry, City of Lake Oswego – Engineering Department, 503-635-0268
Flood Hazard Mitigation options:
Jay Wilson, Clackamas County Emergency Management, at 503-723-4848
National Flood Insurance Program
Other Materials:


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PIX #1 - Building where Paul Krupp raised mushrooms
PIX #2 - Eureka Planing Mill and Lumber Co., at North and Cadwallader Street.
PIX #3 - T and OC Depot between North and McDougal streets, with water storage tank (for the "iron horses") in the background. The depot is now a warehouse for Gray Printing
Today, I want to tell you about some of the history I recall about the T and OC (Toledo and Ohio Central) and H.V. (Hocking Valley) railroad yards and the events that transpired there...plus other recollections for a period of nearly 20 years, starting in 1912.
The family moved to one of the Cadwallader houses on McDougal, our was at the corner of Cadwallader and McDougal. My playground was literally that whole eastern sector of town...even as far away as Columbus Ave.
I remember the Cadwallader brick and sand pile that extended for nearly a block on the north side of Columbus Avenue. They used the brick and sand for the construction of houses.
I also remember the Cadwallader family very well and could write one complete article about them...which I may do some day. They were good landlords, and a credit to the city. The only one left of that family is Ira (Ike) and the only child of Lester and Helen Cadwallader, still a resident of Fostoria.
The T and OC and the H.V. were competitors...both ran from Toledo through central Ohio. Both carried large quantities of passenger trains.
Farmers who kept milk cows, both north and south of Fostoria, shipped their milk on the T and OC destined for George Freese and Sons Creamery in this city. The Freese building still stands, in dilapdated condition on the east side of South Union Street where the C an dOB and O tracks cross.
There is one thing I'll never forget about the Freese employee who picked up their milk shipment at the T and OC depot. I was playing on a pile of wooden utility poles in the rail yards. I infuriated a bumble bee with my play and he stung me on the nose, next to my right eye. My screams not only alerted my mother, but also the Freese employee, who immediately came running to see what was the matter. In a very short while the sting had altered the looks and proportions of my nose and eye. The old gentleman, with unshaven face, and not too clean appearing, and with a large wad of tobacco in mouth, put my nose in his mouth and sucked the poison from the sting. In a short time everything was O.K.
Back in those days The Fostoria Ice and Coal Co. was located in the building where Schreiner Construction Corp. is now. It was owned and operated by Harry Clore and Ralph Clink. The manufactured ice and ran a fleet of horse drawn wagons throughout the city. Ice was the only means for food preservation then...electric refrigerators came much later. Eventually trucks replaced the horse-drawn vehicles. The kids watched for the vehicles in summer to salvage small pieces of ice to cool off.
I believe Kenneth Souder was one of the last employees of the old ice company before it wuit business. It was a thriving business for many years, serving homes, grocers, saloons, hotels, creameries, business places who had ice- cooled water dispensers.
Just east of the ice plant, where Danielak Electric Inc. is now, the Fostoria Union Dairy Co., operated it's business. Jack Reeves, father of Maurice Reeves, and O.E. Duckworth were the principals. J.A. Peirce, brother of Laura Burke was the buttermaker.
My strongest rememberance of the dairy was the trips I made there as a boy, with a gallon bucket, to get it filled with buttermile, fresh from the butter churn...the price was 10 cents.
Small particles of butter were prevalent in each glassful. It was used for baking, and drank with gusto...if you developed a taste for it. I did and often hanker for a glass of old-fashioned buttermilk, instead of the cultured variety available now.
Coal that fell from railroad cars, or that came from unloading operations in the rail yards in that end of town, helped to reduce our winter fuel bills materially. In the summer, with my little red wagon, I soured the railroad yards, retrieving the bits and chunks available. By winter, quite a pile had accumulated.
The men in the neighborhood gathered in the evening to play horseshoes beside the T and OC switch track. The spot became popular for viewers, as well as players...some of whom were: Vic Schuth, Terry Segner, Bill Wilson, Roy Hartsook, Mr. McClellen, father of Claudia Hillier.
On the southeast corner of North and Cadwallader streets stood the Eureka Planing Mill and Lumber Co., where the neighborhood kids retrieved all shapes and sizes of sticks and wood pieces from the scrap pile...to build all kinds of things...whatever the imagination dreamed up.
The site of the old mill and its buildings is now part of The Gray Printing Co. property, as is the Gray parking lot on the northeast corner of the street where once stood a hotel...of questionable character, frequented by some travelling salesmen. In later years, the hotel housed a moving and storage business, and still later it was made into apartments, before finally being demolished.
In those days there were lots of saloons in Fostoria. The residents living in that area were always fearful that those who frequented them might be killed by trains if they drank too much and had to cross the railroad tracks. None were, but Mrs. Hall, a very elderly lady who lived at the corner of North and Cadwallader was hit by a train and her body terribly dismembered. Her mind was deranged and she escaped her house and wandered on the tracks.
Our boys baseball team, The McDougal Street Sizzies, played the Hocking Valley Lillies on the National Carbon ball field, or wherever we could find a vacant lot. I pitched so much ball one summer I had a "pitcher's arm", and had to carry it in a sling to get it back to normal.
As I look back I think of many friends I had in that part of town; Wilbur Sheely, Vernon Pauline and Vera Earl, Warren Reynolds, Catherine and Margaret Shook, Joy Huss, Carl Knestrick, Carl Otten, Ralph Brandeberry, Jake Seever, Wilbur Shultz, Claudia McClellen, Mary Ward, Forrest Burke, Marion Lockhard, Ned Bernice and Tracy Allen, Paul Morris, Fred and Louise Koss, and others whose names I have forgotten.
Just east of the old H.V. tracks (now C & O) on McDougal street there stands a brick structure which once housed The Brooks Dray and Storage Co. Later, the business was known as Fostoria Track and Storage Co. The property was later acquired by Fostoria Ice and Coal. They rented the building to me in 1932 for the establishment of my Fostoria Mushroom Gardens. The business, an extra activity while I was still employed at The Fostoria Review, lasted only several years. The owner wanted the building back, so I had to quit. However, I did raise some nice mushrooms, and sold all I could produce.
Oh...there are so many more things I could relate, but this story is already too long. Maybe more later.


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Watch Movie Lucy Movie StreamingFull Movie Lucy Full Movie with duration 89 Min and released on 2014-08-06 and MPAA rating is 561.
Original Title : Lucy
Movie title in your country : Lucy
Year of movie : 2014
Genres of movie : Action, Science Fiction,
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Release date of movie : 2014-08-06
Companies of movie : Cine+, TF1 Films Production, EuropaCorp, Canal+,
Countries of movie : France, United States of America,
Language of movie : English,
Durationof movie : 89 Min
Average vote of movie : 6.7
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- Morgan Freeman ( Professor Norman )
- Analeigh Tipton ( Caroline )
- Amr Waked ( Pierre Del Rio )
- Choi Min-sik ( Mr. Jang )
- Julian Rhind-Tutt ( The Limey )
- Pilou Asbaek ( Richard )
- Nicolas Phongpheth ( Jii )
- Jan Oliver Schroeder ( German Mule )
The average person uses 10% of their brain capacity. Imagine what she could do with 100%.
Lucy Synopsis:
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Director : Luc Besson, Writer : Luc Besson, Music : Eric Serra, Producer : Virginie Silla, Executive Producer : Marc Shmuger, Cinematography : Thierry Arbogast, Casting : Nathalie Cheron, Production Design : Hugues Tissandier, Art Direction : Gilles Boillot, Art Direction : Dominique Moisan, Art Direction : Stephane Robuchon, Art Direction : Thierry Zemmour, Set Decoration : Evelyne Tissandier, Costume Design : Olivier Beriot, Sculptor : Christophe Chabenet, Assistant Art Director : Charlie Clerc, Assistant Art Director : Anne-Sophie Delaunay, Assistant Art Director : Paulo Gonçalves, Assistant Art Director : Virginie Irdel, Property Master : Stephane Linet, Conceptual Design : Ben Mauro, Property Master : Guy Monbillard, Property Master : Olivier Nguyen, Conceptual Design : Eduardo Pena, Supervising Sound Editor : Guillaume Bouchateau, Boom Operator : Regis Boussin, Dialogue Editor : Matthieu Dallaporta, Sound Designer : Aymeric Devoldere, Boom Operator : Lionel Dousset, Sound Designer : Shannon Mills, Sound Recordist : Aiden Ramos, Special Effects Coordinator : Jean-Christophe Magnaud, Visual Effects Supervisor : Kevin Berger, Visual Effects Supervisor : Richard Bluff, Visual Effects Producer : Marie-Cecile Dahan, Visual Effects Producer : Valerie Delahaye, Visual Effects Producer : Simon Descamps, Visual Effects Supervisor : François Dumoulin, Visual Effects Producer : Brice Liesveld, Visual Effects Supervisor : James Pastorius, Gaffer : Gregory Fromentin, Music Editor : Samuel Potin, Location Manager : Adrien Adriaco, Script Supervisor : Isabelle Querrioux, Stunts : Raimundo Querido,
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The latest trend in name-calling
The Cold War was actually rather heated when I was growing up in the 1950s and '60s. America was more or less "at war" with the Communists as a matter of foreign policy. It affected our domestic discourse because politicians so often sought to discredit their opponents as "Communist sympathizers" or "comsymps" -- "soft on Communism," "just a little bit pink" or outright "pinkos."
Something as basic as the integration of public facilities could be, and often was, denounced as part of a global Communist conspiracy to weaken America. As Strom Thurmond of South Carolina put it in 1961, "It has been revealed time and time again that advocacy by Communists of social equality among diverse races ... is the surest method for the destruction of free governments."
But despite everything, the Soviet Union fell apart in 1991. And although China remains Communist in theory, in practice it is proving quite talented at capitalism.
Today, pinkos are passe. So what do you do when the need arises to discredit political opponents, especially on environmental issues?
Simple. We're fighting what President George W. Bush calls a "global war on terror." So instead of accusing your adversaries of being commies, which is so 20th century, move into the 21st century. Call them terrorists.
Witness the recent press release from an outfit called "Americans for American Energy," based in Golden, Colo. At issue was the leasing of the Roan Plateau in western Colorado for oil and gas drilling.
Part of the plateau was originally set aside as a "Naval Oil Shale Reserve" by President Woodrow Wilson. Back then, as navies switched from coal to oil, the federal government reserved certain public lands for future fuel supplies for the U.S. Navy -- the most notorious being the scandal-ridden Teapot Dome Reserve north of Casper, Wyo.
At that time, and even today, there was no economical way to extract petroleum from oil shale. No battleships were ever powered by oil shale, so control of the land passed from the Navy to the U.S. Department of Energy to the federal Bureau of Land Management.
Lots of people -- including local ranchers and hunters worried about the mule deer population -- oppose drilling on the Roan Plateau. They worked through the system to protest, writing letters, speaking out at public meetings and lobbying their elected officials.
They did nothing violent or destructive. But the press release denounced them as "economic terror groups -- eco-terrorists" who had "launched an attack against the U.S. Naval Oil Shale Reserve," thereby "weakening American security, right when we are in the middle of a war."
Greg Schnacke, president of Americans for American Energy, explained that "America can better support our troops if our economy is strong. And producing more American energy here at home -- instead of buying foreign energy -- makes us stronger. But these eco-terrorists and their supporters in Congress want to hamstring America's ability to harvest American energy. ..."
Thus does a peaceful, legal effort to protect public lands become an act of terrorism.
The energy lobby isn't the only one to play the name-calling card, however.
A couple of months ago, an immense (5.25 pounds, 12 by 14 inches) book landed on my desk. Thrillcraft: The Environmental Consequences of Motorized Recreation is a lushly illustrated anthology of passionate attacks on motorized recreation: motorcycles, ATVs, ORVs, snowmobiles, jet skis, dune buggies and swamp buggies, to name the most prominent offenders.
As someone who tries to tread quietly and lightly, I certainly sympathize with the authors. But are motorheads really practicing "eco-terrorism"?
In the book's foreword, Douglas Thompson, president of the Foundation for Deep Ecology, says so. Thrillcraft was designed "to document the pervasive destruction of America's public lands by a home-grown crop of eco-terrorists, people who wantonly disfigure landscapes in the pursuit of thoughtless, gas-guzzling 'fun.' "
Motorized recreationists are outdoors having fun. They might be boorish, loud and destructive. But does that make them terrorists?
Granted, there are some who knock down signs and tear out gates. I saw their handiwork a few months ago at one of my favorite hiking areas near town. Some four-wheelers had contrived a detour around the big rocks that the BLM had installed to block a deeply rutted, washed-out path up a gulch. Those drivers were certainly vandals and lawbreakers. I would call them "jerks," as well as various unprintable epithets. But I wouldn't call them terrorists.
What, after all, is terrorism?
My American Heritage Dictionary says it's "the systematic use of terror (defined nearby as intense, overpowering fear), violence, and intimidation to achieve an end."
Perhaps more pertinently, the U.S. State Department calls it "premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience." In our land-management disputes, there certainly have been acts of terrorism, such as the pipe bombs aimed at U.S. Forest Service personnel in 1995 in Nevada, or the 1998 arson that damaged or destroyed seven buildings at the Vail ski resort in Colorado.
But citizens who go to public hearings or offer their opinions on motorized recreation, oil and gas drilling or a host of other public-lands issues are hardly committing acts of terrorism. These citizens may be our opponents. They may be stupid or naive or misguided. But let's quit calling them "terrorists."
If you don't agree, then you must be a terrorist, or at least a pinko comsymp.
Ed Quillen lives in Salida, Colo., where he publishes Colorado Central Magazine and is a regular op-ed columnist for the Denver Post.


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Design is at the core of what we do—it encompasses every aspect of our work. Our aesthetic engages and informs, creating a landscape for your brand that creates positive momentum from which to grow.
Lake Austin Eye
Inspired. Experienced. Results Oriented.
Contact Sundaram today to learn how we can help your company.


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Railroad crossing. I don't understand what I'm supposed to do.
Oh bother. Note fuseblock socket came off the bike with the fuse.
Hail on the seat.
The beanery? And look at that really weird building too.
Fuseblock with missing fuse mount and loose wire. Both the #1 and #5 fuse holders failed.
Filling the rear tire.
Here's the bolt I tried putting in the luggage rack. It was too.. bent. Note the hail.
Hailing. Oh bother.


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Course pages 2013–14
- Lecture notes (including slides).
- Annotated slides:
- Exercise sheet
- Additional material:
- Naive implementations of the ML type inference algorithm (Section 2.4) and the PLC type inference algorithm (Section 4.3). Both are written in Fresh O'Caml, which is a patch of O'Caml with very cool facilities for handling binding and freshness of names.
- Need more help understanding the material in Section 3 (Polymorphic Reference Types)? Try Section 18.104.22.168 Value Polymorphism of the "SML'97 Conversion Guide" provided by SML/NJ.
- The types forum carries discussion and announcements concerning research into type systems.


text: From 1995-99 Ole Schäfer worked at MetaDesign as type designer and type director for Audi, Volkswagen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Düsseldorf Airport, Sächsische Zeitung, Berlin's public transport company BVG and others. His typeface for the City of Glasgow's festival of architecture made him known outside Germany. He was also involved in the extension of FontFont bestsellers FF Meta and FF Info as well as the new weights of ITC Officina. Schäfer now works as an independent type designer and teacher for type design and typography in Berlin. He launched his own foundry, primetype, in 2003 with new typefaces by himself and other designers.


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Blood donors
Give blood. Give life.
Every 80 seconds, someone in Québec needs blood. Would you like to give blood?Learn more
Let's make a commitment to save lives together!
Every year, more than a million volunteer hours are devoted to maintaining the collective blood supply. Would you like to get involved?Learn more
Health professionals
Blood products
On duty 24 hours a day, seven days a week, Héma-Québec receives the order from the hospitals and prepare the blood products for delivery.Learn more
Collecting one blood bag takes about ten minutes, but the entire donation process usually takes an hour.


text: Shoes, Trainers and Sneakers at Natterjacks. We've been an independent street wear store in Kingston since 1989 and footwear has been at the heart of Natterjacks since birth. We stock a huge collection of men's shoes from Nike, adidas, Asics, Jordan, Reebok, Vans, Clark's and many more. We try to cover all bases and constantly add the newest releases to our old favourites and strive to find something a bit special that you wouldn't be able to find anywhere else.


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Flappy Bird may be gone, but while many are mourning its passing, others are seeing a rather drastic market opportunity.
Within hours of the game disappearing from the App Store (seemingly) forever, listings have turned up on Ebay selling iPhones that have the game installed. At time of posting, the "cheapest" offer was for an iPhone 5S at $650 (it's already got one bid), while you could buy a 32GB gold iPhone 5S for $1500. Used.
Note that an unlocked iPhone 5S is $750 in the US. That's brand new, sealed in the box, straight from Apple.
Before you laugh at these morons, look at the phone in your own hand. If it's a relatively recent iPhone, and you have Flappy Bird installed, you no longer have just a phone. You have a piece of history, one that you too could put on eBay, charge stupid prices for then have nobody pay.
Flappy Bird [eBay, via Mr. Michael McWhertor]


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Many people plug away at various workouts for an hour or more each day, several days a week, with minimal results. Exercising at a steady rate simply won't achieve the same results as interval training. While interval training has been around for several years it has recently garnered a lot of attention as a way to increase fat loss. The following information describes what interval training is, why it works, and the different ways you can incorporate it into your favorite exercise. Contact Fast Track Sports Medicine & Performance Center to talk to one of our therapists today!
What is Interval Training?
Interval training is also called HIIT (High-Intensity Interval Training). This type of training requires you to complete quick and intense bursts of exercise that are followed by short recovery periods. By alternating your workout between intense bursts and more moderate activity you'll keep your heart rate at a higher level while increasing the need for oxygen. An example of a basic interval routine could include moderate walking for 2 or 3 minutes followed by 30 to 60 seconds of jogging or running.
Why Does Interval Training Work?
Interval training works because you will burn more calories during the actual workout while increasing overall fat burning for the rest of the day. What is referred to as the "afterburn effect" causes a post-exercise consumption of oxygen that increases fat burning more than what occurs with steady workouts? Interval training also works because it only requires 20 or 30 minutes per workout, works for every fitness level, and can be done practically anywhere.
Interval Workouts While Running
The great thing about interval training is that you can make it as easy or difficult as your fitness level allows. Your interval training could include a routine as easy as walking for 2 minutes and then running for 1 minute. Your overall workout would last 20 to 30 minutes. A more difficult interval routine could include jogging slowly for 2 minutes and then running for 4 minutes. You could complete 5 cycles for a 30-minute workout.
Interval Workouts With the Stationary Bike
Before starting to make sure the resistance level on the bike is high enough so that your legs don't spin out of control during the intense phase of the workout. Begin your workout with a steady 5 minute warm-up at a moderate pace. Then complete 30 seconds of intensity followed by 30 seconds of easy pedaling. This should be repeated 4 or 5 times. Then increase each rep to 1 minute of intensity followed by 1 minute of easy pedaling.
Interval Workouts While Swimming
Instead of timing your intense portions of the workout it may be easier to divide swimming workouts into laps. For example, you could swim one 25 meter freestyle as quickly as possible and then complete a 25-meter backstroke at a leisurely pace. Swimming is a great way to get an intense workout while exerting minimal strain on bones, joints, and tendons. Incorporating physical therapy into your routine can maximize muscle strength and flexibility, and even promote healing.
Interval Workouts With the Jump Rope
The easiest jump rope interval workout is to simply pick a number of reps. You could jump 100 reps and then rest for 1 minute. Repeat until you reach 1,000. You could also do timed reps. Get as many jumps in as possible in 30 seconds and then rest for 60 seconds. Just 20 minutes would provide a fairly intense workout.
Finally, you could do sliding scale intervals. This would include 300, 200, 100, and 50 reps. You would rest 60 to 90 seconds between each of the sets. For more details contact our physical therapist at Fairfax, VA.


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CalBike: Make it Easier to Build Good, Safe Streets for People
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Office of Traffic Safety Announces $127.3M in Grants
Increased funding from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration makes this a historic amount of money for a historic number of grants
Oakland Promises Protected Bike Lanes on Lakeshore
City has committed to building protected bike lanes on the east side of Lake Merritt
Why Connecticut Is Investing in New Regional Rail
Gov. Ned Lamont will spend $315 million investment on new rail cars — but they're not going anywhere near Grand Central.


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Foreign students can also seek admission in various universities and colleges in India on their own, after satisfying that they fulfill the eligibility criteria for their course of study in their preferred University.
The Foreign Students Registry in each University details the requirements for their study programmes. For further elaboration/clarification, the Education Wing of the Embassy may be contacted.
The students must also satisfy themselves about the recognition/affiliation of the concerned University/College, before applying for the admission. The students who have passed SMA/SLTA/Senior High School/Secondary School Advanced stage exams of Indonesia are eligible to apply for university education in India.
Information Brochure for Foreign Students Planning to Study at the University of Delhi


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Melanie Spiller and Coloratura Consulting
On Music
On Writing
Off Topic
About and
Copyright 2020 Melanie Spiller. All rights reserved.
Instrument Biography: Free-Reed Organ (Harmonium)
Spiller and Coloratura Consulting
In the interest of space, the reed organs known as the
and the accordion have been broken out of this
biography. For more on organs in general, check out my blog post on
Pipe Organs
Reed organs were the main type of organ in households and smaller churches before there were electronic organs. Their
volume and tonal range was quite limited and had only one or two manual keyboards and, rarely, a pedal keyboard. The
bellows were operated by the feet, which would make a pedal keyboard quite a feat (har har) of coordination.
There are three types of reed organs covered in this article:
pump organs
(like a small pipe organ with sewing-machine-style
foot pedals),
(like a virginal or a table-top keyboard with the bellows hidden in a small chest-like box on the table),
(a portable box containing a bellows with the keyboard attached to the front that the player sits on the floor
to play).
Several million pump organs were made between the 1850s and the 1920s. Often ornately carved, they were a sign of
affluence in private homes. The melodeon predates the pump organ, and the harmonium, like the accordion, is limited to folk
or ethnic music.
Squeezeboxes, such as the accordion, concertina, and Bandoneon, are also free reed instruments, but they are played by
squeezing the bellows as part of the gesture of making notes sound. Unlike other instruments where the bellows are
separated mechanically from the keyboard, the keyboards and chord buttons are attached to the bellows itself and the
movement of the arms to pump the bellows must be coordinated with the playing of the hands across the keys. You'll find out
more about them in my
Instrument Biography: The Accordion
The harmonica is also a reed organ, and in this instrument, human lungs are used as the bellows, and the reeds work in two
directions (sucking and blowing). You can read all about them in
Instrument Biography: The Harmonica.
Reed Organ History
It's thought that the Chinese free-reed instruments traveled through Russia, and then came to the rest of Europe in the late
century. Asian free-reed instruments include the Chinese sheng, lusheng, hulusi, yu, bawu, and hulusheng, plus the
Japanese sho, the Thai khene, and the Korean saenghwang. All of these are probably the ancestors of the western reed organ.
The panpipes and the
are other ancestors. It's a big family.
In the early 19
century, European instrument makers played with the idea of freeing the reeds from the pipes, and created a
mouth organ (a flat box with grooves for the reeds—now called a harmonica) or an
(using the whole instrument as
a bellows with reeds in the two headboards). These styles played both by blowing and sucking air.
Pump Organ
Styled after the regal organ (biography to come) with free reeds, the pump organ was created to be more expressive during
the end of the Baroque era and the beginning of the Romantic, when dynamics (loudness) became essential to the success of
musical instruments. Christian Gottlieb Kratzenstein (1723-1795), a professor of physiology at Copenhagen, is thought to have
invented the first such instrument in Europe. It was further perfected by Parisian G.J. Grenie (sorry, I couldn't find dates for
him) in 1810, and both called It an
orgue expressif
Despite impressive dimensions, early pump organs weren't particularly nice, musically. The pipes were out of tune and too
loud, there wasn't a proper keyboard, and the player had to pull and push sliders one at a time in order to make a sound. A
melody could be played only very slowly, and playing more than two parts was impossibly complex. So instrument makers
kept working on their design.
Alexandre Debain (1809-1877) improved on the instrument and called it a harmonium when he patented it in 1840.
(Resources waffle between calling a piano-like pump organ a harmonium and calling a simple accordion-like box with a
keyboard a harmonium. For the sake of this article, I will call only the accordion-like instrument a harmonium.) Debain's model
was good enough to be considered a suitable substitute for an orchestra in domestic music and light music arrangements until
the first half of the 20
century. It was also popular for church music and silent movies.
After emigrating to the US, a mechanic who'd worked in Debain's factory created a suction bellows to replace one that forced
air outward through the reeds. By 1860, suction bellows organs had become the main mode of construction in the US. This
instrument is quieter and has a more pipe organ-like tone than the other kinds of reed organs.
Theodore-Achille Muller made a model that could be folded up into a box. The original instrument was patented in 1842 and
had a three-octave keyboard, one set of reeds (later versions have four sets) of varying thicknesses and lengths, and a single
blowing pedal-driven bellows. More advanced models had five-octave keyboards, stops, and couplers for fancy things like
octaves and vibrato. Each key on the keyboard controlled a valve that regulated the amount of wind produced by the
compression bellows. Another advance was a shifting keyboard, which permitted transposition at any interval, while playing
the music as notated. I'd like one of those!
In 1854, Victor Mustel (1850-1890) added a divided expression stop that was worked by knee levers. As you'll learn in the
section, this stop allows louder and softer sounds to come from the instrument when the stop is pulled.
In the late 19
century, the reed organ was popular in Europe and the US for classical music, regarded as a serious instrument
for serious composers (see below for a list). It was often used to accompany voices. In the US, the repertoire tended to target
amateur musicians, often used in folk music of the Appalachians, for instance.
By their heyday, pump organs came in many different styles, from compact single-keyboard instruments with a single set of
reeds and one or two foot treadles to pump the bellows, to two-keyboard instruments with several sets of reeds of differing
colors and pitches, powered by a separate blowing lever or electric motor, like those on a pipe organ. The most common type
of pump organ has two-to-five sets of reeds, one keyboard, and accessories (couplers) to achieve octaves and tremulant
(vibrato). These instruments competed with the piano for parlor space in the 19
century, and were common in small
Pump organs were at their most popular in small churches and chapels where a pipe organ was inappropriate due to size or
expense. Pump organs weigh less than pianos of a similar size and are physically hardier. This made them popular in oversees
outposts because they shipped and transported easily across unpredictable terrain. Reeds hold their pitch even in humid or
hot weather, unlike stringed instruments, such as pianos. They became so popular as colonial instruments, in fact, that
manufacturers began to impregnate the wood casings with a chemicals that helped prevent woodworm damage.
At its peak of popularity, variety in structure and ornamentation was extensive. There were plain cases with only four stops (or
none) and ornate cases with a dozen stops and other mechanisms, such as couplers. The expensive ones were built to
resemble pipe organs, with ranks of fake pipes attached to the top. A few were built with two manual keyboards, and some
were built with pedal keyboards, which meant that an assistant had to pump the bellows until later versions ran on electricity.
Large versions were meant for home use, which allowed pipe organists to practice on an instrument with a keyboard roughly
the same size as the organ they performed on. Missionaries, chaplains in the armed forces, and evangelists found the smaller
ones more convenient because they folded to the size of a large suitcase. Some of these had a short keyboard and only a few
stops, by they were sufficient for accompanying small congregations.
Pump organs became quite complex and it was common for manufacturers to develop their own versions and patent them,
especially the bellows mechanisms. As the number of manufacturers grew, so did the complexity of the instrument, with
levers, cranks, rods, and shafts. This made them more vulnerable to failure and also contributed to the popularity of the
electric organ, that simply had fewer moving parts that could fail.
The invention of the electric organ in the 1930s provided the funeral dirge for the pump organ. The Hammond organ could
imitate the tonal quality and range of a pipe organ with the same small dimensions. Maintenance was less and there were
more stops and other features possible.
The last mass-producer of pump organs was Estey, in the US (Vermont), who stopped manufacturing pump organs in the
1950s. Instruments and replacement parts became increasingly hard to come by, and many were updated with electric
blowers. Electronic instruments completely took over the domestic market and modern instruments have an electric wind
supply, leaving the feet free to play pedal keyboards.
Despite such general ignominy in the west, pump organs have remained popular in South Asia.
The melodeon is a reed instrument with an air reservoir and a foot-operated bellows, popular in the US in the mid-19
century. It looks like a very skinny upright piano or an impractical writing desk. Its whistle-like reeds are often hidden behind
an attractively carved cover, and it comes with a keyboard and one or two sets of interchangeable reeds. Like the pump organ,
wind is moved past the reeds by way of treadles through a bellows and several coupling contraptions.
The reeds are tuned as they are in the pump organ, with a flap of metal or wood, shaved to effect a specific note, and vibrated
by means of the air passing by. The difference between a pump organ and a melodeon is one of portability and
There's another instrument called the melodeon that's like an accordion, but without a keyboard. It's played with push
buttons determining the notes. The right hand plays the high notes and the left hand plays the low notes, and both operate
the bellows by pushing and pulling, just like an accordion. This instrument is also occasionally called the lap organ.
Writing this piece, where harmoniums are pump organs and melodeons are pump organs and both are accordions, I am
reminded of royalty in England, where everyone seems to be a Henry or an Edward, or maybe, for a little variety, an Alfred,
Mary, or Jane. If you invent something or found a dynasty, please do your biographers a favor and give your progeny a unique
name, okay?
The harmonium came to India in the mid-19
century via missionaries from Europe and England and it quickly became
popular. (India is the one place where it has stayed popular, too.) It became a staple of North Indian classical music concerts
and is commonly found in Indian homes. Although originally derived from a French version, Indian musicians developed it
further, including drone stops and a scale-changing mechanism, to better serve the Indian sensibilities.
In Calcutta (also called Kolkata, the capital city of the Indian state of West Bengal), the harmony flute was developed into a
hand-held harmonium, which has become an integral part of Indian music to this day. Internationally renowned India poet
Dwijendranath Tagore (1840-1926) is said to have used one in 1860 in his private theater, but it's possible that this was a
pedal-pumped version, or some form of reed organ. Regardless, the harmonium's popularity rose as a result, and the hand-
held version evolved.
The American harmonium was invented in Paris (how ironic) in 1835 and was further developed by Estey of Vermont (in the
US) and by Mason and Hamlin of Massachusetts (US again) in 1861.
The harmonium was widely used in Parsi and Marathi stage music in India in the late 19
century. By the early 20
nationalist movements pushed the harmonium out. It couldn't produce slides between notes (called meend) and it couldn't
be tuned during performance, both of which made it seem less useful than indigenous instruments. It was banned from All
India Radio between 1940 and 1971 and the ban still stands for harmonium solos.
Despite these limitations, the harmonium is used in Indian classical music of the early 20
century—it's easy to learn, it
supports group singing and large voice classes, ragas (chants) can be learned on it, and it's loud enough to provide a drone in a
concert hall. Nowadays, it's the instrument of choice for accompanying North Indian classical vocalists.
Since the 1920s, small harmoniums have been made in India and Pakistan. They're widely used to accompany devotional
music in India and wherever else Indians have settled, and sadly, have contributed to the diminishing popularity of indigenous
Indian instruments,.
All Indian instruments are played while sitting on the floor or stage, so the harmonium was placed on the floor or held on the
lap. It was usual for Indian homes not to have tables or chairs, so the switch to a home version was quite natural. The player
could use his feet to pump the bellows, leaving both hands free to play the keyboard for chordal music (from the West). But
Indian music isn't chordal, so only one hand was necessary to play the keyboard and the other could be used to pump the
bellows most of the time.
Hindus and Sikhs often use a harmonium to accompany devotional songs (bhajan or kirtan), and most Hindu or Sikh temples
have at least one harmonium, world-wide. The harmonium is often accompanied by the tabla (two small hand drums, side-by-
side, much like a detached bongo) and a dholak (a two-headed barrel-shaped hand drum).
Because the harmonium can't be tuned and is certainly not flexible in tuning while being played, it's controversial in Qawwali
music (Sufi worship music), although it's often the only instrument providing the music.
Harmoniums were particularly popular during a folk music renaissance in the late 1970s in the European north, particularly in
Finland. Folk bands often consisted of a violin, double bass, and harmonium.
There is a 22-microtone harmonium developed by Vidyadhar Oke (dates unknown, but he's still alive) that can play all the
notes required in Indian classical music rather than the more limited 12 tones of the western scale. The fundamental tone and
the fifth are fixed, but the other 10 notes of the western scale have two microtones each, one above and one below the pitch.
The microtone is produced by pulling out a knob beneath the key.
Another fellow called Bhishmadev Vedi (sorry, again I couldn't find dates, but I did find a contemporary mention in 1915)
changed the instrument by augmenting it with a harp-like string box attached to the top. His disciple, Monohar Chimote
(1929- ), called the instrument a samvadini.
A near relative of the harmonium is a shruti (or sruti) box. This is a simple form of harmonium, where only a single note is
meant to be played at a time. A stop allows airflow past the chosen reed, and the bellows are worked with one hand. The
shruti box looks something like an office file with accordion pleats, and sounds like a reedy bagpipe drone. It's used to
accompany singing or flute playing, but is too quiet to participate in orchestral compositions. I have one, and I adore it for
singing chant against, or teaching a voice student about tuning. It has 12 notes, but the scale is pentatonic (five notes rather
than eight), so some notes are repeated in the octave.
Reed Organ Structure
"Reed organ" is the generic term for a keyboard instrument whose sound is produced by freely vibrating reed tongues, usually
without individual resonators, and activated by air pressure or suction.
First, a definition. A reed is considered "free" if it's allowed to vibrate without restraint. So an
or a
is technically a
free reed instrument. One end is attached, and the other vibrates, as a function of air pressure, within the player's mouth. An
instrument like a
or a
pipe organ
is not a free reed. The air passing through the tube of the instrument bounces of
the walls and is squeezed through a specific stiff opening in order to produce the note. You could think of it as the difference
between blowing across a blade of grass (free reed) and blowing across an open bottle (fixed reed).
Reeds can be made of wood, metal, paper, or cloth. Anything that retains its shape and can be affixed snuggly at one end will
do, really. In the case of pump organs and harmoniums, they're usually metal or wood.
The reed is screwed down tightly at one end and is shaped to fit closely into an aperture in a rigid piece of metal, which lies
between a lower wind-chest and an upper wind-chest. Air fills the lower wind-chest and spreads around the reed into the
upper wind-chest. The upper wind-chest's opening is covered by a felted block of wood. When the appropriate key is
depressed, the block is raised and the air that surrounds the reed escapes from the upper chest.
When the block is raised, the pressure surrounding the reed changes. There is greater pressure below the reed than above
(because of the open block), and the reed is forced upward, with the air rushing past it from the lower chest. Before the
pressure in the two chests can equalize, the reed returns to its original position so that the flow of air is stopped. Now the
pressure in the lower chest increases until it forces the reed to move out of the way again. This happens very quickly, in the
form of a vibration.
The free reed of the pump organ is riveted into a metal frame. The range of vibrations from the reed is affected by damping
(being mechanically touched), allowing the sound produced from the various reeds to be somewhat homogenous. Air must be
pumped at a minimum speed to get any sound, and pumping too hard silences the reeds. Between the two extremes, it's
possible to get degrees of loudness. For this, there's a stop, often operated by the player's knee, that can increase or decrease
the volume by changing the speed of the airflow.
The free reed mechanism is identical for both western and Indian harmoniums as well as the reed organ.
A reed organ is similar to an accordion or a concertina in that the reeds vibrate with either suction (a vacuum) or pressure. An
accordion accomplishes this through the player's hands, pulling and pushing on the bellows. A reed organ is usually on the
floor (rather than held in the arms), and the bellows might be hidden by a wooden casing.
The bellows are operated by means of a treadle, like an old-fashioned sewing machine. (Maybe that's where they got the idea
for the sewing machine?) Harmoniums are hand pumped. In fancy pump organs, an assistant might be required to maintain
the flow of air.
Debain (remember him from the History section?) developed a reservoir so that the action on the treadle was reflected
through the feeder bellows directly onto the wind channels, creating crescendo and diminuendo (gradual loudness and
softness). At about the same time (the 1840s), L.P.A. Marin de Provine (sorry, I couldn't find dates) invented the
to sustain notes after the key was released, and percussion, in which small piano hammers struck the reeds as if they were
strings, giving a quicker and more precise response than wind.
Pitch depends on air pressure. In bass notes, the fundamental frequency (in hertz) decreases with medium pressure and
increases by several hertz at high pressure (the note raises or lowers with more or less wind). High pressure can bend the reed
beyond its frame, which limits its use.
The overtones of the reeds are harmonic rather than inharmonic (they're limited to certain specific notes from the overtone
scale), which matters if you're looking for a rich and full sound. Overtones contribute hugely to whether an instrument sounds
in tune, especially when played loudly.
Air pressure affects both pitch and volume. How fast or slow the bellows move determines how loud the notes are. In order to
control the difference between pitch and volume, pressure bellows were invented to stabilize the amount of air available to
the reeds. Instruments with pressure bellows are harder to build and are often more expensive, so North American and British
reed organs and melodeons often use suction bellows and operate by creating (using) a vacuum.
The American reed organ is a foot bellows or electric reed keyboard similar to the harmonium but works on negative pressure
(it sucks air through the reeds rather than pushing it through).
German physicist Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894) wrote "On the Sensations of Tone" in 1875, which used a harmonium
to test a variety of tuning systems. He said that the instrument sustained tones evenly with a piercing character, and that it
combined tones in a unique and distinctive way. He considered the vibrators (reeds) to be tunable to a particularly fine
Using two manual keyboards and two stop sets tuned differently, Helmholtz was able to compare Pythagorean tuning (a
complex system where all intervals are based on a ratio—it has to do with dividing string lengths, and is WAY too complicated
to go into here) to Just tuning (another ratio-based interval system) and Equal tuning (this system is based on equal distances
between notes) and observe the "out-of-tune" degrees inherent in each temperament. Helmholtz subdivided the octave into
28 tones so that he could modulate among 12 minor and 17 major keys in Just intonation without creating unpleasant
dissonances. Quite difficult to play, this was not a popular arrangement.
Other modified instruments were used for experimental and educational purposes, most notably the generalized keyboard
designed by Englishman Robert Holford Macdowell Bosanquet (1841-1912). He built it in 1873 for use with a 53-tone scale (a
"normal" chromatic scale has 12 notes). This harmonium had 84 keys, to make fingering convenient.
Lord John William Strutt, Third Baron Rayleigh (1842-1919), an English physicist who was famous for explaining why the sky is
blue, used the harmonium to measure sound frequencies because of its clear overtone patterns that could be counted easily.
He approximated equal temperament intervals and examined their overtone beats. He had to concede, though, that the air
pressure had to maintained exactly, or the tone fluctuated.
Orchestral instruments are tuned to 440 Hz, harmoniums are frequently tuned to 438 Hz, accordions are tuned to 442 Hz, and
Baroque groups tune to 415 Hz. This is why you don't see a lot of harmoniums (or accordions) playing with orchestras.
The Name
Common names for reed organs are harmonium, melodeon, lap organ, pump organs, vocalion, seraphine,
orgue expressif,
cabinet organ, or American organ (used in Europe to distinguish a suction instrument from a pressure instrument). Also
aeolina, aeolodicon, euphonion, melodiflute, melophone, organochordium, and physharmonika.
Other reed organs include accordions, concertinas, and harmonicas.
The poikilorgue was Cavaille-Coll's version of the pump organ, with a range of an octave and a half.
To make things more confusing, in North America and the UK, a reed organ with a pressure bellows is called a harmonium and
a suction reed organ is called a melodeon. In Europe, any reed organ is called a harmonium, even if it has a suction bellows.
Asian free-reed instruments include the Chinese sheng, lusheng, hulusi, yu, bawu, and hulusheng, plus the Japanese sho, the
Thai khene, and the Korean saenghwang.
In India, the melodeon is what westerners would refer to as a concertina (see the article on
for more on these),
and a harmonium is the portable chest variety of reed organ described above. Indian Sikhs call the harmonium a
or a
. Some also call it a
(which means "box").
The name "harmonium" has been used in England and Europe to refer to reed organs in general. Larger instruments in
Germany were sometimes called
(art harmonium).
Reed Organ Composers
Repertoire for reed organs includes many pieces written for the
church organ
despite their small range and minimal stops. For
instance, Johann Sebastian Bach's (1685-1750)
Fantasia in C major
(BWV 570) can be played on a four-octave reed organ.
Gioachino Rossini (1792-1868) wrote
Petite Messe Solennelle
for piano and harmonium.
Anton Bruckner (1824-1896) wrote
Symphony No. 7
for chamber orchestra, and it was prepared for performance by Arnold
Schoenberg (1874-1951) and his Viennese friends on two violins, viola, cello, bass, clarinet, horn, piano (four hands) and
harmonium. They never did perform it, and it wasn't performed publically for another 60 years.
Franz Liszt (1811-1886) wrote
Symphonie zu Dantes Divina Commedia
, and Movement II:
has a reed organ in it.
Cesar Franck (1822-1890) wrote a collection called
for harmonium, some with piano accompaniment. Antonin
Dvorak (1841-1904) wrote
Five Bagatelles
for two violins, cello, and harmonium (Op. 47). Alban Berg (1885-1935) wrote
Altenberg Lieder.
Frederic Clay (1838-1889) wrote
Ages Ago
, with libretto by W.S. Gilbert (1836-1911) of Gilbert and Sullivan
Claude Debussy (1862-1914) wrote
Prelude a l'apres-midi d'un faune
, from a chamber ensemble arrangement by Arnold
Shoenberg. Gustav Mahler (1860-1911) wrote
Symphony No. 8.
Richard Strauss (1864-1949) wrote
Ariadne aug Naxos
, which
is an opera that uses a harmonium with many stops, asspecified in the score. Edward Elgar (1857-1954) wrote
Adagio for String Orchestra
, scored for harp or piano and harmonium or organ, and
Vesper Preludes.
Paul Hindemith (1895-
1963) wrote
Hin und zurück
(There and Back), which is an operatic sketch that uses a harmonium on the stage.
The Kronos Quartet produced an album called
Early Music
, with several pieces that feature a harmonium.
Sigfrid Karg-Elert (1877-1933) was a harmonium virtuoso who also wrote pieces for the instrument.
Reed Organ Players
As the sources used reed organ and harmonium as synonyms, it was hard to distinguish harmonium from reed organ from
melodeon, so here's a nice list of modern folks who've used one or the other of them.
Timo Alakotila plays Nordic folk music, as does Milla Viljamaa and Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan play Qawwali music (Sufi worship
music) in Pakistan. And Sigfrid Karg-Elert was a German harmonium virtuoso.
Tori Amos played a harmonium during her
Boys for Pele
tour (1996). The Beatles used a harmonium in quite a few recordings,
Doctor Robert
, the
Inner Light
We Can Work it Out
Cry Baby
Rocky Raccoon
, and the final chord in
A Day in the Life
Pink Floyd used the harmonium on their
The Final Cut
album. Radiohead used an antique harmonium on their Motion Picture
Soundtrack album on
Kid A
. They toured with a harmonium throughout 2001 until it broke at a show in Oxford England. Tom
Waits plays a harmonium on his albums
Swordfish Trombones
Rain Dogs
. It also appears on
Night on Earth
, the
soundtrack of an eponymous film. Neil Young plays
Like a Hurricane
on a harmonium.
"Musical Instruments; Their History in Western Culture from the Stone Age to the Present Day," by Karl Geiringer, translated
by Bernard Miall. George Allen & Unwin, Ltd., London, 1949.
"A Dictionary of Early Music; From the Troubadours to Monteverdi," by Jerome and Elizabeth Roche. Oxford University Press,
New York, 1981.
"The Concise Oxford History of Music," by Gerald Abraham. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1979.
"A History of Western Music," by J. Peter Burkholder, Donald Jay Grout, and Claude V. Palisca. W.W. Norton & Company, New
York, 2010.
"Companion to Medieval & Renaissance Music," edited by Tess Knighton and David Fallows. University of California Press,
Berkeley, 1992.
"Early Medieval Music up to 1300," edited by Dom Anselm Hughes. Oxford University Press, London, 1954.
"Harvard Concise Dictionary of Music," compiled by Don Michael Randel. Bellknap Press of Harvard University Press,
Cambridge, 1978.
"The Norton/Grove Concise Encyclopedia of Music," edited by Stanley Sadie. W.W. Norton & Company, New York, 1994.
"The Encyclopedia of Music," by Max Wade-Matthews & Wendy Thompson. Lorenz Books, Leicesteshire, 2012.
"The History of Musical Instruments," by Curt Sachs. Dover Publications, Inc., Mineola, 2006.
"Musical Instruments of the World," by the Diagram Group. Sterling Publishing Co., Inc., New York, 1997.


text:
In any business relationship there exists the possibility for conflict. It's like Yin and Yang – there's good and there's bad.
Many years ago I worked for a company where everyone knew the CEO was non-confrontational. There were people who took advantage of that. They knew he wasn't going to say anything; he was just going to get mad. The interesting thing is that most people are non-confrontational. And those same people end up in conflict.
No matter what position you hold in a company, you run the risk of experiencing conflict. You may have a co-worker who you think isn't carrying their load. You may have an employee who doesn't seem to be working up to par. Maybe you have a vendor who isn't delivering or a client who isn't happy.
See, the potential for conflict is everywhere. I further submit that we set ourselves up for conflict. We believe it's going to happen, so it does!
Let's explore an example of how this happens: let's say you are working on a project and one member of the team isn't meeting their obligation to the goal. You're annoyed and frustrated. You want to say something but you are sure it'll end up in a confrontation. You are sure the other person won't take it well; they'll get defensive.
So, you don't say anything. Over time it continues and your frustration turns into anger. What happens next? You blow your stack. Voices are raised, tensions are high, and defenses are up. Now you really are in a conflict! You haven't gotten your problem solved, have you? Actually, you now have two problems. Your fear of conflict has resulted in two conflicts when before there wasn't even one.
Part of the reason you didn't say anything at the beginning is that you made some assumptions. You assumed the other person was acting intentionally. You assumed they wouldn't want to hear what you had to say. You assumed they'd get defensive.
So, what can you do to minimize the risk of conflict? Communicate clearly and consistently. When you want people to work with you, your job is to make sure you communicate well. Tell them the goal, your expectations, the consequences of meeting, and not meeting, those expectations, and your reasons for your decisions.
When people understand why a decision has been made they are more likely to follow it. It is those seemingly arbitrary decisions that cause trouble.
When you communicate all of these things upfront you are setting the stage. Follow that initial communication with continued, consistent communication about those things while adding in the progress. Don't assume people know how things are going. Engaging in conversation is the best way to make sure everyone is on board. It's also the best way to find out if someone is unsure of the direction or unwilling to play along.
Assume that the people on your team want to succeed, want to do a good job, and want to help you achieve your goals. Now help them succeed by making sure they not only know the goals but how they can help you meet them. Make sure they understand the expectations and consequences. Not all consequences are bad. When someone meets or exceed the expectation you have of them there should be a positive consequence that results.
If you've done all of these things and a disconnect arises that doesn't mean there has to be a conflict. Quite frankly, the work you do up front creates a situation where no conflict need exists. If someone isn't doing their part, there are steps you can implement to determine why and come to a resolution:
Step 1: Decide Your Desired Outcome
Before you deal with the situation, decide what you want the outcome of the conversation to be. This will help you frame how you are going to approach that conversation.
Step 2: Recap The Goal and Expecctations
It's a good idea to start the conversation with a recap of what the expectations are. You are setting the stage for discussing what is actually happening.
Step 3: Recap What Is Happening
Make sure you explain what is and isn't happening correctly and the impact that is having on meeting the goal. You are helping the other person understand how you see things and where they seem to have gone off track.
Step 4: Seek Input
You aren't going to be able to solve it on your own. You need buy in from the other person. They have to participate in the conversation starting with explaining where they are coming from. This may require you to be silent (which can be tough). It makes a big difference so embrace that silence.
Once they have explained their point of view, work with them to come up with a resolution. When they take part in the problem solving you have a higher chance that the resolution will work. At the same time, if they don't participate in this part they are indicating that they are not a viable member of the team.
No voices are raised, no tempers flare, no defenses are up. You are having a logical, structured conversation without emotion. The outcome will be right and best for your company whether it results in the person leaving or staying. The goal is to solve the problem. We'd all like the solution to include all the members of the team staying intact. However, sometimes the solution requires the exit of a team member or two.
The best way to avoid conflict from occurring is to communicate, communicate, communicate. Having a goal, sticking to that goal, communicating that goal, and relating everything to that goal will help you keep the team on course. It will also minimize any issues. And of course, if an issue arises, it is the clear, consistent communication that will prevent that issue from turning into a conflict.
Office Conflict Photo via Shutterstock