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James Cook
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- Born:
- October 27, 1728 England
- Died:
- February 14, 1779 (aged 50) Hawaii
- Awards And Honors:
- Copley Medal (1776)
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James Cook, (born October 27, 1728, Marton-in-Cleveland, Yorkshire, England—died February 14, 1779, Kealakekua Bay, Hawaii), British naval captain, navigator, and explorer who sailed the seaways and coasts of Canada (1759 and 1763–67) and conducted three expeditions to the Pacific Ocean (1768–71, 1772–75, and1776–79), ranging from the Antarctic ice fields to the Bering Strait and from the coasts of North America to Australia and New Zealand.
Early life
James Cook was the son of a farmhand migrant from Scotland. While Cook was still a child, his father became the foreman on a farm in a neighbouring village. Young James early showed signs of an inquiring and able mind, and his father's employer paid for his schooling in the village until he was 12 years old. His early teens were spent on the farm where his father worked, but a brief apprenticeship in a general store in a coastal village north of Whitby brought him into contact with ships and the sea.
At the age of 18, in 1746, he was apprenticed to a well-known Quaker shipowner, John Walker of Whitby, and at 21 was rated able seaman in the Walker collier-barks—stout, seaworthy, slow 300- and 400-tonners mainly in the North Sea trade. When the ships were laid up for refitting (done by the apprentices and crews) at Whitby during the worst months of winter, Cook lived ashore and studied mathematics by night. The Whitby barks, constantly working North Sea waters off a dangerous and ill-marked lee shore, offered Cook splendid practical training: the young man who learned his seamanship there had little to fear from any other sea.
Promoted to mate in 1752, Cook was offered command of a bark three years later, after eight years at sea. Advancement of this nature opened up a career that would have satisfied most working seamen, but instead Cook volunteered as able seaman in the Royal Navy. The navy, he was sure, offered a more interesting career for the competent professional seaman, and greater opportunity than in the North Sea barks. Tall, of striking appearance, Cook almost immediately caught the attention of his superiors, and with excellent power of command, he was marked for rapid advancement.
After advancing to master's mate and boatswain, both noncommissioned ranks, he was made master of HMS Pembroke at the age of 29. During the Seven Years' War between Great Britain and France (1756–63), he saw action in the Bay of Biscay, was given command of a captured ship, and took part in the siege of Louisbourg, Île Royale (now in Nova Scotia), and in the successful amphibious assault against Quebec. His charting and marking of the more difficult reaches of the St. Lawrence River contributed to the success of Maj. Gen. James Wolfe's landing there. Based at Halifax during the winters, he mastered surveying with the plane table. Between 1763 and 1768, after the war had ended, he commanded the schooner Grenville while surveying the coasts of Newfoundland, sailing most of the year and working on his charts at his base in England during the winters. In 1766 he observed an eclipse of the Sun and sent the details to the Royal Society in London—an unusual activity for a noncommissioned officer, for Cook still rated only as master.
Voyages and discoveries
In 1768 the Royal Society, in conjunction with the Admiralty, was organizing the first scientific expedition to the Pacific, and the rather obscure 40-year-old James Cook was appointed commander of the expedition. Hurriedly commissioned as lieutenant, he was given a homely looking but extremely sturdy Whitby coal-hauling bark renamed HMS Endeavour, then four years old, of just 368 tons and less than 98 feet (30 metres) long. Cook's orders were to convey gentlemen of the Royal Society and their assistants to Tahiti to observe the transit of the planet Venus across the Sun. That done, on June 3, 1769, he was to find the southern continent, the so-called Terra Australis, which philosophers argued must exist to balance the landmasses of the Northern Hemisphere. The leader of the scientists was the rich and able Joseph Banks, aged 26, who was assisted by Daniel Solander, a Swedish botanist, as well as astronomers (Cook rating as one) and artists. Cook carried an early nautical almanac and brass sextants but no chronometer on the first voyage.
Striking south and southwest from Tahiti, where his predecessors had sailed west and west-northwest with the favouring trade winds, Cook found and charted all of New Zealand, a difficult job that took six months. After that, instead of turning before the west winds for the homeward run around Cape Horn, he crossed the Tasman Sea westward and, on April 19, 1770, came upon the southeast coast of Australia. Running north along its 2,000-mile (3,200 km) eastern coast, surveying as he went, Cook successfully navigated Queensland's Great Barrier Reef—since reckoned as one of the greatest navigational hazards in the world—taking the Coral Sea and the Torres Strait in his stride. Once the bark touched on a coral spur by night, but it withstood the impact and was refloated. After the Endeavour was grounded on the nearby Queensland coast and repaired, Cook sailed it back to England. He stopped briefly at Batavia (modern Jakarta) for supplies, and, although the crew had been remarkably healthy until then, 30 died of fever and dysentery contracted while on land. None of the crew, however, died of scurvy (a dietary disease, caused by a lack of ascorbic acid, that notoriously decimated the crews of ships on lengthy voyages in the 18th century). This was because, in addition to ensuring cleanliness and ventilation in the crew's quarters, Cook insisted on an appropriate diet that included cress, sauerkraut, and a kind of orange extract. The health in which he maintained his sailors in consequence made his name a naval byword.
Back in England, he was promoted to commander and presented to King George III, and soon he began to organize another and even more ambitious voyage. The success of the expedition of Joseph Banks and his scientists (which established the useful principle of sending scientists on naval voyages—e.g., Charles Darwin in the Beagle, T.H. Huxley in the Rattlesnake, and J.D. Hooker with Sir James Ross to the Ross Sea in the Antarctic) stimulated interest not only in the discovery of new lands but in the new knowledge in many other scientific subjects. The wealth of scientifically collected material from the Endeavour voyage was unique. Cook was now sent out with two ships to make the first circumnavigation of and penetration into the Antarctic.
Between July 1772 and July 1775 Cook made what ranks as one of the greatest sailing ship voyages, again with a small former Whitby ship, the Resolution, and a consort ship, the Adventure. He found no trace of Terra Australis, though he sailed beyond latitude 70° S in the Antarctic, but he successfully completed the first west–east circumnavigation in high latitudes, charted Tonga and Easter Island during the winters, and discovered New Caledonia in the Pacific and the South Sandwich Islands and South Georgia island in the Atlantic. He showed that a real Terra Australis existed only in the landmasses of Australia, New Zealand, and whatever land might remain frozen beyond the ice rim of Antarctica. And, once again, not one of his crew died of scurvy. Back in England, he was promoted to captain at last, elected a fellow of the Royal Society, and awarded one of its highest honours, the gold Copley Medal, for a paper that he prepared on his work against scurvy.
There was yet one secret of the Pacific to be discovered: whether there existed a northwest passage around Canada and Alaska or a northeast one around Siberia, between the Atlantic and Pacific. Although the passages had long been sought in vain from Europe, it was thought that the search from the North Pacific might be successful. The man to undertake the search obviously was Cook, and in July 1776 he went off again on the Resolution, with another Whitby ship, the Discovery. This search was unsuccessful, for neither a northwest nor a northeast passage usable by sailing ships existed, and the voyage led to Cook's death. In a brief fracas with Hawaiians over the stealing of a cutter, Cook was slain on the beach at Kealakekua by the Polynesians.
Cook's voyaging left him comparatively little time for family life. Although Cook had married Elizabeth Batts in 1762, when he was 34 years old, he was at sea for more than half of their married life. The couple had six children, three of whom died in infancy. The three surviving sons, two of whom entered the navy, had all died by 1794.
Cook had set new standards of thoroughness in discovery and seamanship, in navigation, cartography, and the care of men at sea, in relations with indigenous peoples both friendly and hostile, and in the application of science at sea. And he had peacefully changed the map of the world more than any other single man in history.Alan John Villiers


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Petition for Rehearing and Modification
Denied June 13, 1949.
See 337 U.S. 928 .
Appeal from Missouri Supreme Court. [ Union Nat. Bank of Wichita, Kan. v. Lamb 337 U.S. 38 (1949) ] [337 U.S. 38 , 39]
Argued by Maurice J. O'Sullivan, Kansas City, Mo. for appellant.
Submitted by Daniel L. Brenner, Kansas City, Mo., for appellee.
Mr. Justice DOUGLAS delivered the opinion of the Court.
Missouri has a statute which limits the life of a judgment to ten years after its original rendition or ten years after its revival. 1 Missouri also provides that no judgment can be revived after ten years from its rendition. 2 These provisions are applicable to all judgments whether rendered by a Missouri court or by any other court.
Petitioner has a Colorado judgment against respondent. It was obtained in 1927 and revived in Colorado3 in 1945 in personal service upon respondent in Missouri. Suit was then brought in Missouri on the revived Colorado judgment. The Supreme Court of Missouri, though assuming that the judgment was valid in Colorado, refused to enforce it because the original judgment under Missouri's law could not have been revived in 1945. It held that the lex fori governs the limitations of actions and that the Full Faith and Credit Clause of the Constitution, Art. IV, I, did not require Missouri to recognize olorado's more lenient policy as respects revival of judgments. Mo.Sup., 213 S.W.2d 416.
1. Petitioner sought to bring the case here by appeal. But we postponed the question of jurisdiction to the merits. Certiorari, not appeal, is the route by which the question whether or not full faith and credit has been given a foreign judgment is brought here. Roche v. McDonald, 275 U.S. 449, 53 A.L.R. 1141; Morris v. Jones, 329 U.S. 545 , 168 A.L.R. 656. [337 U.S. 38 , 40] Hence we treat the papers as a petition for certiorari, 28 U.S.C. 2103, 28 U.S.C.A. 2103, and grant it.
2. The opinion of the Supreme Court of Missouri was handed down July 12, 1948, and the motion for rehearing or for transfer to the court en banc4 was denied September 13, 1948. The appeal was allowed by the Missouri court on December 13, 1948. That was within three months and therefore timely prior to the revision of the Judical Code. But 28 U.S.C. 2101(c), 28 U.S.C.A. 2101(c), effective September 1, 1948, reduced that period to ninety days. The ninetieth day was December 12, 1948, which was a Sunday. There is a contrariety of views whether an act which by statute is required to be done within a stated period may be done a day later when the last day of the period falls on Sunday. 5 Thus Street v. United States, 133 U.S. 299 , treating Sunday as a dies non under a statute which authorized the President to transfer army officers from active duty and to fill vacancies in the active list on or before January 1, 1871, allowed the action to be taken on the following day. We think the policy of that decision is applicable to 28 U.S.C. 2101(c), 28 U.S.C.A. 2101(c). Rule 6(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, 28 U.S.C.A., provides that where the last day for performance of an act falls on a Sunday or a legal holiday, performance on the next day which is not a Sunday or legal holiday is timely. 6 That [337 U.S. 38 , 41] rule provides the method for computation of time prescribed or allowed not only by the rules or by order of court but by 'any applicable statute.' Since the rule had the concurrence of Congress,7 and since no contrary policy is expressed in the statute governing this review, we think that the considerations of liberality and leniency which find expression in Rule 6(a) are equally applicable to 28 U.S.C. 2101(c), 28 U.S.C.A. 2101(c). The appeal therefore did not fail for lack of timeliness.
3. Roche v. McDonald is dispositive f the merits. Roche had a Washington judgment against McDonald. He brought suit on that judgment in Oregon. He obtained a judgment in Oregon at a time when the original judgment had by Washington law expired and could not be revived. Roche then sued in Washington on the Oregon judgment. The Court reversed the Supreme Court of Washington, 136 Wash. 322, 239 P. 1015, 44 A.L.R. 444, which had held that full faith and credit need not be given the Oregon judgment since it would have been void and of no effect if rendered in Washington. The Court held that once the court of the sister State had jurisdiction over the parties and of the subject matter its judgment was valid and could not be impeached in the state of the forum, even though it could not have been obtained there. That decision was in line with Fauntleroy v. Lum, 210 U.S. 230 and Christmas v. Russell, 5 Wall. 290. For in those cases the Court [337 U.S. 38 , 42] had held that the State of the forum could not defeat the foreign judgment because it was obtained by a procedure hostile to or inconsistent with that of the forum or because it was based on a cause of action which the forum itself would not have recognized.
Any other result would defeat the aim of the Full Faith and Credit Clause and the statute enacted pursuant to it. 8 It is when a clash of policies between two states emerges that the need of the Clause is the greatest. It and the statute which implements it are indeed designed to resolve such controversies. Morris v. Jones, supra. There is no room for an exception, as Roche v. McDonald makes plain, where the clash of policies relates to revived judgments rather than to the nature of the underlying claim as in Fauntleroy v. Lum, supra. It is the judgment that must be given full faith and credit. In neither case can its integrity be impaired, save for attacks on the jurisdiction of the court that rendered it.
Cases of statute of limitations against a cause of action on a judgment, McElmoyle for use of Bailey v. Cohen, 13 Pet. 312, in- [337 U.S. 38 , 43] volve different considerations as Christmas v. Russell, supra, 5 Wall. 290, at page 300, long ago pointed out. They do not undermine the integrity of the judgment on which suit is brought. In this case it is the 1945 Colorado judgment that claims full faith and credit in Missouri. No Missouri statute of limitations is tendered to cut off a cause of action based on judgment of that vintage.
It is argued, however, that under Colorado law the 1945 Colorado judgment is not a new judgment and that the revivor did no more than to extend the statutory period in which to enforce the old judgment. 9 It is said that those were the assumptions on which the Missouri court proceeded. But we would have to add to and subtract from its opinion to give it that meaning. For when i placed revived judgments on the same basis as original judgments, it did so because of Missouri not Colorado law. 10
This is not a situation where Colorado law also makes that conclusion plain. The Colorado authorities which [337 U.S. 38 , 44] have been cited to us indeed seem to hold just the opposite. Thus La Fitte v. Salisbury, 43 Colo. 248, 95 P. 1065, holds that a revived judgment has the effect of a new one. 11 We are referred to no Colorado authorities to the contrary.
But since the status of the 1945 judgment under Colorado law was not passed upon by the Missouri court, we do not determine the question. For the same reason we do not consider whether the service on which the Colorado judgment was revived satisfied due process. See Owens v. Henry, 161 U.S. 642 . Both of those questions will be open on remand of the cause.
The suggestion that we follow the course taken in State of Minnesota v. National Tea Co., 309 U.S. 551 , and vacate the judgment and remand the cause to the Missouri court so that it may first pass on these questions would be appropriate only if it were uncertain whether that court adjudicated a federal question. That course is singularly inappropriate here since it is plain that the Missouri court held that, whatever the effect of revivor under Colorado law, the Colorado judgment was not entitled to full faith [337 U.S. 38 , 45] and credit in Missouri. That holding is a ruling on a federal question and it cannot stand if, as assumed, the Colorado judgment had the force and effect of a new one.
Mr. Justice BLACK and Mr. Justice RUTLEDGE dissent.
Mr. Justice FRANKFURTER, dissenting.
The Court finds that Roche v. McDonald, 275 U.S. 449, 53 A.L.R. 1141, is 'dispositive of the merits' of this case. I agree that that case demands the remand of this one; more than that can be found only by misconceiving what this case is about or what Roche v. McDonald decided
1. Artilce IV, 1 of the Constitution commands the courts of each State to give 'Full Faith and Credit * * * to the * * * Judicial Proceedings of every other State,' and we have interpreted this command so straitly as to mean that the State of the forum cannot go behind the judgment of a sister State to establish such an allegation as that the judgment was procured by fraud, Christmas v. Russell, 5 Wall. 290, or that the judgment creditor was not the real party in interest, Titus v. Wallick, 306 U.S. 282 . We have even required a State which prohibited the enforcement of gambling contracts to give full faith and credit to another State's judgment upon such a contract when the contract itself was entered in the State which regarded it as illegal. Fauntleroy v. Lum, 210 U.S. 230 . See also Kenney v. Supreme Lodge of the World, Loyal Order of Moose, 252 U.S. 411, 10 A.L.R. 716; Morris v. Jones, 329 U.S. 545 , 168 A.L.R. 656.
2. Considerations of policy lying behind the Full Faith and Credit Clause, how ever, are by no means so forcibly presented where the issue is simply whether the forum must respect the limitation period attached to a foreign judgment or whether it may apply its own. This Court has accordingly held that a State may refuse to enforce [337 U.S. 38 , 46] the judgment of another State brought later than its own statute of limitations permits even though the judgment would still have been enforceable in the State which rendered it. McElmoyle for Use of Bailey v. Cohen, 13 Pet. 312; Bacon v. Howard, 20 How. 22.
3. Conversely, where the enforcement of a judgment by State A is sought in State B, which has a longer limitation period than State A, State B is plainly free to enter its own judgment upon the basis of State A's original judgment, even though that judgment would no longer be enforceable in State A. If enforcement of State B's new judgment is then sought in State A, State A cannot refuse to enforce it without violating the principle that the State where enforcement of a judgment is sought cannot look behind the judgment. That was the situation in Roche v. McDonald, 275 U.S. 449, 53 A.L.R. 1141, and so we there held.
4. The present situation is this: Colorado entered a judgment in 1927 which in 1945 was there revived in accordance with Colorado's procedure. In 1945 the 1927 judgment could not have been enforced in Missouri because barred by that State's statute of limitations. The question whether the 1945 proceedings gave rise to a judgment enforceable in Missouri thus depends, obviously, on whether those proceedings created a new Colorado judgment, or whether they merely had the effect of extending the Colorado statute of limitations on the old judgment. Only in the former the colorado statute of limitations of the merits'; in the latter, it is equally clear that McElmoyle for Use of Bailey v. Cohen, supra, 13 Pet. 312, and Bacon v. Howard, supra, 20 How. 22, would be controlling. Fundamental, therefore, to the issue of full faith and credit is an initial determination as to the effect in Colorado of its reviver proceedings.
5. The opinion of the Supreme Court of Missouri is not unequivocal. It could hardly, however, have assumed [337 U.S. 38 , 47] the law of Colorado to be that reviver proceedings create a new judgment, for it chiefly relied upon a decision of its own according full recognition to Roche v. McDonald and other cases invoking the principle that the forum cannot look behind a judgment brought there for enforcement. See Northwestern Brewers Supply Co. v. Vorhees, 356 Mo. 699, 703, 203 S.W. 2d 422, 424. Surely we ought not to attribute to a State court a flagrant disregard of the decisions of this Court, particularly when it shows awareness of these decisions. 1 The more obvious interpretation of the Missouri court's opinion is that it as umed the effect of the Colorado proceedings to be what the face of the Colorado statute implies, namely, to extend the statute of limitations on the original judgment. 2 We should affirm, therefore, but for language which suggests a third view: that because the original judgment would have been unenforceable in Missouri at the time of the reviver proceedings, those proceedings were not entitled to full faith and credit no matter what their effect under Colorado law. If in fact the Colorado proceedings had resulted in a new judgment, this view would have disregarded Roche v. McDonald. But a State court may reach the right result despite an awkward formulation of the issue before it. Petitioner, to be entitled to redress, must establish that Colorado gave it a judgment which Missouri flouted, and it fails [337 U.S. 38 , 48] to do so unless it shows that under Colorado law a judgment of reviver is a new judgment.
6. The Court does not find that petitioner has sustained this burden, and we should neither initiate an independent examination of Colorado law nor rest upon phrases in a single decision that does not explicitly adjudicate the question. Yet the Court concludes, 'In this case it is the 1945 Colorado judgment that claims full faith and credit in Missouri. No Missouri statute of limitations is tendered to cut off a cause of action based on judgments of that vintage.' But the very question of Colorado law in issue is whether the 1945 proceedings did in fact create a new judgment entitled to claim full faith and credit. Since in the view most favorable to petitioner it is not clear whether the courts of Missouri have resolved this issue against petitioner or left it undecided, we should not by affirming foreclose all opportunity for petitioner to establish that the true effect of the reviver proceedings was to grant it a new judgment. But neither should we foreclose the issue in petitioner's favor.
In view of the unresolved elements of the situation, the procedure outlined in State of Minnesota v. National Tea Co., 309 U.S. 551, 557 , 679, 680, should be followed in disposing of this case. Accordingly, I would vacate the judgment of the Supreme Court of Missouri and remand the case for further proceedings.
[ Footnote 1 ] Mo.Rev.Stat.1939, 1038, Mo.R.S.A.
[ Footnote 2 ] Mo.Rev.Stat.1939, 1271, Mo.R.S.A.
[ Footnote 3 ] 1 Colo.Ann.Stat.1935, c. 6, Rule 54(h); 3 id., c. 93, 2.
[ Footnote 4 ] See Gorman v. Washington University, 316 U.S. 98 .
[ Footnote 5 ] Pro: Street v. United States, 133 U.S. 299 ; Sherwood Bros. v. District of Columbia, 72 App.D.C. 155, 113 F.2d 162; Wilson v. Southern R. Co., 5 Cir., 147 F.2d 165. Contra: Johnson v. Meyers, 8 Cir., 54 F. 417; Meyer v. Hot Springs Imp. Co., 9 Cir., 169 F. 628; Siegelschiffer v. Penn Mut. Life Ins. Co., 2 Cir., 248 F. 226; Larkin Packer Co. v. Hinderliter Tool Co., 10 Cir., 60 F.2d 491; Walters v. Baltimore & O.R. Co., 3 Cir., 76 F.2d 599.
[ Footnote 6 ] Rule 6(a) provides: 'In computing any period of time prescribed or allowed by these rules, by order of court, or by any applicable statute, the day of the act, event, or default after which the designated period of time begins to run is not to be included. The last day of the period so computed is to be included, unless it is a Sunday or a legal holiday, in which event the period runs until the end of the next day which is neither a Sunday nor a holiday. When the period of time prescribed or allowed is less than 7 days, intermediate Sundays and holidays shall be excluded in the computation. A half holiday shall be considered as other days and not as a holiday.'
[ Footnote 7 ] See Act of June 19, 1934, 48 Stat. 1064, 28 U.S.C. 723c, 28 U.S.C. A. 723c, now 2072; Rule 86, Rules of Civil Procedure; Sibbach v. Wilson & Co., 312 U.S. 1 .
[ Footnote 8 ] Article IV, I of the Constitution provides: 'Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to the public Acts, Records, and Judicial Proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may by general Laws prescribe the Manner in which such Acts, Records and Proceedings shall be proved, and the Effect thereof.'
The Act of Congress enacted pursuant to the Clause, 28 U.S.C. 1738, 28 U.S.C.A. 1738, in part reads as follows:
[ Footnote 9 ] There is no concession that under Colorado law revival does not make a new judgment. Petitioner merely argues that the requirements of due process are less exacting in case of a revived, as distinguished from an original, judgment.
[ Footnote 10 ] The Missouri court stated, Mo.Sup., 213 S.W.2d at page 419: 'Definitely, it is the law of this state that a foreign judgment, absent revival, or a payment thereon as provided in Sec. 1038, is barred in 10 years from the date of its original rendition regardless of what the limitation period may be under the law of the state where the judgment was rendered. Northwestern Brewers Supply Co. v. Vorhees, supra (356 Mo. 699, 203 S.W.2d 422). And the only reasonable conclusion to draw is that a revived judgment, domestic or foreign, absent a payment as provided in Sec. 1038, is barred under said section unless the revival was within 10 years from the date of original rendition or, if such is the case, within 10 years from the last revival. In other words, a foreign judgment, original or revived, has the same standing in Missouri, no better, no worse, than a domestic judgment. This does not run counter to the full faith and credit provision of the federal Constitution, because, as we have seen, the enforcement of a foreign judgment goes to the remedy only and that is a matter for the law of the forum.'
Northwestern Brewers Supply Co. v. Vorhees, which the court cites did not involve a revived judgment. It merely held that a Wisconsin judgment sued on in Missouri was subject to Missouri's statute of limitations. The fact that the Missouri court in the present case held that the revived Colorado judgment was governed by that rule throws no light on the status of the revived judgment under Colorado law.
[ Footnote 11 ] 1 Colo.Ann.Stat.1935, c. 6, Rule 54(h) provides in part: 'A revived judgment must be entered within 20 years after the entry of the judgment which it revives, and may be enforced and made a lien in the same manner and for a like period as an original judgment.'
[ Footnote 1 ] The improbability that this was the view of the Missouri courts is emphasized by the fact that such a view would inevitably inject into the case an issue which in fact they put aside as irrelevant: the effectiveness of personal service upon defendant in Missouri to obtain jurisdiction in Colorado to supplant the old judgment by a new one. See Owens v. Henry, 161 U.S. 642 .
[ Footnote 2 ] '* * * from and after twenty years from the entry of final judgment in any court of this state, the same shall be considered as satisfied in full, unless revived as provided by law.' 3 Colo.Stat.Ann.1935, c. 93, 2.
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Citation: 337 U.S. 38
Docket No: No. 500
Decided: May 16, 1949
Court: United States Supreme Court
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Intel on Monday announced a partnership that could provide access to the chip design of its low-cost Atom processor to Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co.
The partnership with TSMC could lead to customized chips that could provide Intel access to new markets it can't reach alone, said Sean Maloney, Intel executive vice president and chief sales and marketing officer, during a conference call with reporters.
TSMC will be able to provide its customers with details of Atom's design so that they can design chips based on the chip's core.
Atom chips currently go into low-cost laptops, also known as netbooks, and devices such as mobile Internet devices (MIDs) and smartphones. Future Atom chips will include more integrated PC capabilities, such as graphics and Internet connectivity, that could push the processor into embedded devices and consumer electronics.
To date, Intel has alone developed and sold its Atom processors for netbooks and MIDs. The company wants to maintain tight control over the types of products the derivative Atom chips will go inside, Maloney said. Intel will not be transferring Atom's manufacturing process technology to TSMC, so any chips that result from the deal will be manufactured by Intel.
"What we're doing here ... we will be picking the segments we go after," Maloney said.
The companies have collaborated for close to 20 years on products that include WiMax chips.
Intel officials shied away from answering questions on whether the TSMC deal would affect Atom's product road map or future smartphone chips like Moorestown. Details surrounding the deal are still being worked out, Intel officials said.
This agreement is similar to a strategy employed by Arm, which generates revenue by licensing smartphone and embedded chip designs to chip makers, said Jack Gold, principal analyst at J. Gold Associates. Arm has licensed its chip cores to companies such as Texas Instruments and Qualcomm, which provide chips for smartphones.
"This is a direct attack on competing processors, especially the Arm processor, which is trying to move upstream from phones and embedded gadgets, while Intel is trying to move downstream with Atom into this overlapping space. The battleground in the middle will be aggressive and potentially bloody, with huge potential returns," Gold wrote in a research note.
The partnership will help Intel add a revenue stream by licensing out its Atom core, and adds "massive market potential" through TSMC's customers, Gold wrote. TSMC has connections to many consumer and lower-end products like smartphones and embedded device markets, especially in Taiwan and Japan, Gold wrote.
The partnership is a win for both companies, said Rick Tsai, president and chief executive officer of TSMC, during the call. It is mutually beneficial as it will allow both companies to generate additional revenue and reach new markets, especially at a time when the semiconductor industry is struggling.
"People in our industry must work together ... so we can share the benefits," Tsai said.
Intel has taken a number of steps to develop integrated chips that could fit into new products like set-top boxes and TVs. Intel in February said it was prioritizing its move from the 45-nanometer process to the new 32-nanometer process technology, which should help the company produce faster and more integrated chips.
To that effect, the company said it would spend US$7 billion over the next two years to revamp manufacturing plants. It will also help Intel make more chips at lower costs and add efficiencies to the production process. Intel will begin producing chips with 32-nm circuitry starting in late 2009.


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Earlier this year, New York-based law firm Proskauer completed a massive technology redesign that would make Silicon Valley tech companies gush with envy. At the heart of the redesign was the Apple iPad 2. "I'm pretty sure we were the first, if not only major law firm, to do it," says COO Arthur Gurwitz. "I think it was important to be first with the iPad. I call it brand enhancement."
But behind the "brand enhancement" and despite the elegant simplicity of the iPad, Proskauer's IS department was faced with a great many difficult choices. In other words, iPad enterprise adoption is anything but easy.
[ Discover the best iPad apps for the office. | Does iCloud make iPads unsafe? | Learn how to manage iPads, iPhones, Androids, BlackBerrys, and other smartphones in InfoWorld's 20-page Mobile Management Deep Dive PDF special report. | Keep up on key mobile developments and insights via Twitter and with the Mobile Edge blog and Mobilize newsletter. ]
[ Check out 15 ways iPads go to work, reports CIO.com. | Here are five iPad productivity apps under $5. ]
At law firms, the technology spend ranks as the third-largest line item behind people and office space. Its place on the budget sheet, though, is well justified: Lawyers rely heavily on computers to deliver services that are at the core of a law firm's business. All of this underscores the huge risk Proskauer took to adopt the newfangled iPad as a lawyer's go-to computer.
Today, more than 500 Proskauer lawyers use iPads to create superslick PowerPoint slides, Excel spreadsheets filled with sky-high figures, and verbose Word documents. Lawyers pass this electronic paperwork back and forth among clients. They even present information on their iPads to judges.
Proskauer is part of the latest procession of companies contributing to the rapid rise of the iPad in the enterprise. During its most recent earnings call, Apple claimed three out of four of the Fortune 500 are testing or deploying iPads. Indeed, iPads have been found on the job at some of the most unusual places.
Despite the high adoption rate, CIOs still lack a good guide for bringing in iPads. Like Proskauer, many companies must learn as they go. "Rolling out the iPad actually turned out to be quite a significant investment in time, much more than I would have thought," says Steven Kayman, senior litigation partner and chair of the technology committee at Proskauer. "There's just a hundred decisions that have to be made along the way," he says.
All rise, decision time
Two years ago, Proskauer executives considered arming its lawyers with new laptops but postponed the big tech purchase. Gurwitz sensed a major shift was under way with the iPad and wanted to get ahead of it.
It's important for Proskauer to have the latest technology, says Gurwitz. After all, many of the firm's clients are tech-savvy companies in the entertainment industry, cable and broadcast, and technology industries, many served by Prokauer's large patent group. "We want to be able to think like they think so we can serve them better," he says.
Gurwitz tapped Malcolm Collingwood, head of information services at Proskauer, to oversee the company's transition to a state-of-the-art computing and videoconferencing environment with the iPad as an endpoint. The idea was to give lawyers a choice between a Hewlett-Packard laptop or an iPad and desktop. Eventually, more than 500 of Proskauer's 700 lawyers chose the iPad-desktop combo.
Before Collingwood could roll out the iPad, though, many questions needed to be answered. Will lawyers pay for apps? Will iPads come pre-installed? What apps will be mandatory? Can iPads also be for personal use? And if so, can the lawyers download movies at work? What will be the impact on the corporate network? How will you manage the fleet of iPads?
"We had no template to work from," says Kayman, whose technology committee helps to grease the communication wheels between lawyers and the IS department. "Every time we thought we turned the corner, another issue would come up."
Simplicity holds court
Collingwood wrote a lengthy user policy manual for the iPad that answered most of those questions. He decided to allow for personal use on iPads because, in truth, he wouldn't be able to stop it anyway.
Fact is, iPad owners want to share their work-related iPads with family and friends, use the same app to manage personal and business travel itineraries and calendars, and even use a familiar app to find a restaurant for both entertaining clients and taking out spouses. The iPad has blurred the line between work life and personal life.
Then there's the nuts and bolts of managing and securing enterprise iPads. CIOs wanting to jump on the iPad bandwagon have to research and choose from software vendors barely out of the startup stage. For mobile management iPad tools, Collingwood chose three-year-old MobileIron.
MobileIron's strength is its ease-of-use for iPad owners, says CIO Ashin Ballal at KLA-Tencor, a Silicon Valley semiconductor equipment maker posting $1.8 billion in annual revenues. Last summer, KLA-Tencor rewarded all 5,400 employees with new iPads, and Ballal was tasked with supporting them.
By visiting MobileIron's portal, KLA-Tencor employees could register their iPads and receive a security certificate on the device. MobileIron and its self-service portal took some of the burden off of the suddenly overwhelmed IT staff. "People want to do self-service, but you have to give them documentation that they can follow, written at the third- or fourth-grade level with a minimal number of steps," Ballal says.
Due diligence with apps
Among mandatory iPad apps, Proskauer's Collingwood settled on GoodReader for iPad ($5) for reading and marking up PDFs, and Documents to Go Premium ($17) for viewing and editing Microsoft Office documents.
DocsToGo beat out other popular iPad Office apps, such as Quickoffice Pro for iPad ($15) and Office2 HD ($8), because of DocsToGo's ability for lawyers to view tracked changes. Version control is critical in the paper-laden world of an attorney. "Clients comment on documents, and you must be able to see what they said," Kayman says.
Proskauer lawyers can expense GoodReader and DocsToGo, but they're on their own for other iPad apps. The IS department does publish a list of some 20 recommended apps for business use, such as Whiteboard Pro ($1) and Citrix Receiver for iPad (free) for rendering a virtual desktop, although not all are well received.
Some lawyers, as well as CIOs elsewhere, have complained about the clunkiness of the Citrix iPad app. Rendering a complete desktop on a 10-inch iPad screen just doesn't make for a good user experience. iPad users end up doing a lot of two-finger pinching and expanding. "Over time, one would hope the Citrix app would become a little bit more user-friendly," Kayman says.
With more than 100,000 apps made specifically for the iPad, new iPad owners struggle to separate good and bad apps. CIOs have to find innovative ways to help their iPad-toting employees navigate the ocean of apps in the App Store.
One tech exec turned to social networking for help. Ferdinand Velasco, chief medical information officer at Texas Health, ran smack into the app craze shortly after allowing clinicians to use iPads. His secret? Velasco installed an enterprise social network similar to Twitter that lets doctors and nurses talk about the pros and cons of certain apps, find apps that peers are using, and learn what apps to avoid.
"Physicians need to get around, want to be with patients, want to be with other doctors, nurses, and health care providers," Velasco told CIO.com, adding, "Devices like the iPad and smartphone help get them mobile again."
iCloud objection
There's no question that early adopters enter into uncharted territory. But there's an even bigger danger: Despite making the best decisions at the time, early adopters face an uncertain future.
Proskauer executives had to draft user policies about an entirely new computing platform, choose fast-evolving iPad apps to handle day-to-day heavy lifting, and rely on emerging mobile management software.
But the IS department's user policy manual had to go further to advise lawyers to stay clear of cloud-based services despite the fact that many apps such as DocsToGo and Quickoffice let users tap into cloud-storage services like Dropbox. Proskauer lawyers, Collingwood says, shouldn't be using Dropbox to move documents from their desktop to the iPad or vice versa. "It has to do with confidentiality of information," he says. With Dropbox, "you're leaving it up to the individual to go to the cloud and purge those documents."
In June, Apple unveiled its new iCloud service for iOS. iCloud, which will be released later this year, basically takes away the need for desktop computers by allowing the iPad to sync iTunes to an Apple server. The cloud is coming to the iPad -- and to Proskauer. (Proskauer says it's too early to comment on iCloud and its impact.)
That's the way it goes for companies seeking brand enhancement through cutting-edge technology. Being first means exploring new territory instead of following a well-trod road map. Yet it's a risk Proskauer is willing to take with the iPad, benefiting what they've accomplished with it today and ready to deal with whatever comes tomorrow. "You've got to be forward-thinking," COO Gurwitz says. "It's clear the world is changing."
Tom Kaneshige covers Apple and Networking for CIO.com. Follow Tom on Twitter @kaneshige. Follow everything from CIO.com on Twitter @CIOonline and on Facebook. Email Tom at email@example.com.
This story, "How a big law firm replaced laptops with iPads" was originally published by CIO.


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Cross-posted at Today, I Read…
Going into the second day of NaNoWriMo, I have just shy of 2,000 words complete (and by the end of the day, that total should jump to just shy of 4000—I hope).
The NaNo board still isn't complete; it's only halfway done, but I figured I might as well post up a progress report.
In case you're wondering, yes those are pictures of Paul Walker. I was watching Into the Blue the other day and all of a sudden, I jumped up and screamed, "OMG! It's Rick! It's Rick!"
Of course, now my craziness is showing, but to explain, Rick Dawson is one of the main characters in my NaNoWriMo novel and he goes through many, many changes in the story; I needed someone who could visually pull it off. Paul Walker goes from a sweet pretty boy (upper left corner) to a gritty bad boy (bottom right corner) just like my MC.
Unfortunately, I still haven't found the perfect visual example of my leading lady and I'm afraid I may have to break down and draw her, but I'm keeping hope alive. (If you know of any young biracial models or actresses, please let me know.)
In the center of the NaNo board, I have the calendar that I printed from deviantART and colored in with water colors.
To its left is my Magna Carta I, all the things I like in a novel, and to its right is the Magna Carta II, all the things I dislike in a novel.
I still need to include the mind map cloud thing because it would be much easier to look up at the board for reference rather than dig through my notebook. Goodness willing I'll get that finished and glued on there this afternoon.


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In the early of 1960's, Ford engineers had the task to create a convenient, universal vehicle for European market. The original name of the car was Redcap and only in 1965, before the launch of the preference was given the name Transit. Arguing, that choice was the title that will be clear to buyers around the world.
Ford Transit van is the largest in terms of series. Available in several versions with different wheelbase, roof height, cab type, engine and so on, so it allows you flexibility to choose the exact configuration of the van you need. In other words, you just need a clear understanding of your requirements, and you will easily find Ford Transit match ideally. In this model, there is plenty of modern technology. All systems and technologies aimed at making the operation of the van more convenient. Many of them operate automatically, letting you focus on more important things.
Manufacturing the seventh generation of a family of light commercial vehicle Ford Transit marked more on modern look in 2006, when all modifications "tried on", new, huge, tear-shaped headlights, massive plastic U-shaped grille. The front bumper at model is made of a strong plastic and is usually painted in black color or in color of a body.
9 Photos of Ford Transit


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You are here
Japanese Immigration Policy: Responding to Conflicting Pressures
The Japanese are grudgingly acknowledging that their long-cherished sense of ethnic homogeneity may be untenable under the forces of globalization and changing domestic needs, including an aging population and growing labor shortages.
On the question of how widely Japan should open its domestic labor market to foreign workers, former Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi stated in 2005, "If [the foreign labor] exceeds a certain level, it is bound to cause a clash. It is necessary to consider measures to prevent it and then admit foreign workers as necessary. Just because there is a labor shortage does not mean we should readily allow [foreign workers] to come in."
Some social and economic factors are pushing Japan toward a more open immigration policy, while other factors, such as mounting concerns about public security and growing apprehensions about international terrorism, are prompting Japan to adopt stricter immigration controls.
Historical Background
Despite the widespread image that Japan, until recently, had hardly been touched by immigration, the country actually experienced sizable inflows of people from abroad in its modern history. About a century ago, Chinese immigrants, or "foreign workers," were forming their own communities in Japan's major port cities.
After imperial Japan's colonization of Korea in 1910, migration flows between Japan and the Korean peninsula grew quickly, although they were defined as internal rather than international migration. The Korean population in Japan increased further as conscripted laborers were brought over during the last years of the colonial empire, and reached approximately two million in 1945. Thereafter, over half a million Koreans and much smaller numbers of the Taiwanese and mainland Chinese eventually remained.
Well into the 1980s, the vast majority of foreign residents were colonial immigrants and their descendants. Koreans and the Taiwanese had been declared foreigners in April 1952, when Japan regained independence with the end of U.S. occupation.
Although the Japanese economy experienced labor shortages during the economic boom in the 1960s, both the Japanese government and major corporations chose not to depend on foreign labor. Instead, they pushed for automation in production. The low level of immigration in the 1960s and 1970s later led analysts to adopt a rough division of immigrants into two categories: "old comers," who have resided in Japan since before 1952, and their descendants, and "newcomers," referring primarily to foreigners who came to Japan in or after the 1980s.
The growing status of Japan as a major global and regional economic player was the background for the arrival of newcomers. The rise in the value of the yen, labor shortages, and the development of transnational networks (including the activities of migrant brokers) all contributed to a marked increase in foreign migrant workers in the late 1980s.
The number of visa overstayers, who comprised the bulk of immigrant workers, grew from 100,000 in 1990 to 300,000 in 1993, and stood at around 207,000 as of January 2005. They have come mostly from other Asian countries, such as Korea, China, the Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia.
Legal Framework and Evolution of Policies
The Immigration Control Law, originally enacted in 1952, provided the basic framework for immigration policy in postwar Japan. Although modeled on the U.S. system, the law from its inception was not designed to encourage migrants to settle in the country. Nor did the nationality law facilitate the acquisition of Japanese nationality by resident foreigners.
The alien registration system served to monitor and control foreigners, whether newly arriving or already residing for years in the country. The concept of foreign residents as members of society was quite weak.
However, in recent decades there has been some shift in policy. The admission of Indochinese refugees that began in the late 1970s was significant in that it contradicted the previous official stance of not receiving foreigners for resettlement. Japan ratified the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees in 1981.
Ethnic Japanese returning from China, where they had been raised as war orphans after World War II, brought over their Chinese family members for settlement in Japan. Foreign residents gradually secured a range of social rights as a result of activism by resident Koreans, on the one hand, and legal changes following Japan's ratification in 1979 of the international human rights conventions on the other.
A major turning point came in 1989, when the Japanese government embarked on reforming the Immigration Control Law in response to growing cross-border population movements and a sharp rise in the number of visa overstayers. The government reorganized visa categories to facilitate the immigration of professional and skilled personnel, while confirming its basic principle of not accepting "unskilled" foreign labor. Employer sanctions were also introduced to discourage "illegal" employment.
However, two channels were available for de facto "unskilled" labor migration. One was the trainee system, which subsequently expanded with the launching in 1993 of the Technical Internship Trainee Program. As of 2004, there were over 75,000 foreign workers in Japan under this program, marking the largest number ever. They found opportunities in agriculture, fishery, construction, food manufacturing, textile, machinery and metal, and other industries.
The other channel was the recruitment of Nikkeijin (descendants of Japanese emigrants), who were given access to residential status with no restriction on employment. The most important visible impact of the legal reform was the influx of Japanese Brazillians.
Whereas the aggregate number of visa overstayers began to decrease in 1993, according to Immigration Bureau statistics, the Brazilian population more than tripled from 56,000 in 1990 to over 176,000 in 1995, and to over 286,000 in 2004.
Immigrants Today
Just as in other countries, "counting" immigrants in Japan is no easy job. Annual publications of the statistics on legal migrants issued by the Justice Ministry provide the basic trend in the flows and stocks of immigrants in Japan. However, these official figures have a few important limitations. For example, they do not capture the trend in unauthorized or clandestine migrant entries.
A separate report annually released by the Justice Ministry examines the estimated number of visa overstayers, who represent a large segment of unauthorized immigrants. Another serious limitation of the existing immigration statistics is the dichotomous categorization of Japanese and foreigners. This makes it very difficult to learn about Japanese nationality holders with immigrant backgrounds.
View Related Table
As of the end of 2004, 1.97 million foreign nationals were registered in Japan, accounting for about 1.6 percent of the total population (127.69 million) and representing a 1.3 percent increase from 1.7 million in 2000. (See Table 1.)
Koreans composed the largest group (607,000), followed by Chinese (488,000), Brazilians (287,000), and Filipinos (199,000). Well over 90 percent of resident foreigners came from either Asia (74 percent) or South America (18 percent).
Approximately 41 percent of registered foreigners are permanent residents, including 466,000 "special permanent residents," or former colonial migrants and their descendants.
Roughly one out of two foreign nationals in "nonpermanent resident" categories holds a status with no employment restrictions, such as "long-term resident" status. A long-term resident can be a Japanese relative, a child of Japanese descent, or the child of a foreign-national spouse from a previous marriage. Such individuals may stay in the country for a designated length of time (three years, one year, or less than one year as may be specified by the Minister of Justice).
The overall trend toward the settlement of newcomer immigrants is also indicated by the rise in the annual number of permanent resident authorizations, from less than 10,000 in 1996 to nearly 20,000 in 1999 and to 48,000 in 2004. The "permanent resident" status, for which there is no limit to the length of stay in the country, differs from the long-term resident status noted above. Meanwhile, approximately 15,000 people, mainly Koreans and Chinese, have been naturalized every year.
The number of foreign nationals entering Japan, including new and returning visitors and residents, has grown substantially in recent years. The total number of entrants was 3.5 million in 1990 and increased to 5.27 million in 2000. By 2005, the number had grown to 7.45 million; it included over two million Koreans, 1.32 million Chinese from Taiwan, 780,000 Chinese from the People's Republic of China, 250,000 Chinese from Hong Kong, and 221,000 Filipinos.
Among Koreans, many were students; the Chinese were generally trainees and students; and nearly 40 percent of the Filipinos arrived with "entertainer" visas. The "entertainer" status is given to actors, singers, dancers, and professional athletes; it permits an individuals to work in Japan for three months, six months, or up to one year.
Japan continues to be relatively closed to asylum seekers. The number of applicants has also been very small. Between 1982 and 2004, there were 3,544 applications; only 330 of them were approved. Of the 3,544 applications, 408 (11.5 percent) were filed by Indochinese (Vietnamese, Laotian, and Cambodian) nationals, mostly before 1985. Citizens of Myanmar, Turkey, Iran, China, and Pakistan represent the largest groups of applicants in recent years.
Recent Developments in Policy
Several themes have emerged in Japan's immigration policy in recent years. First, there is a growing perception among the public that migrants, particularly those with unauthorized or questionable status in the country, are contributing to the rising crime rate and general deterioration of public security.
In response, the government amended the Immigration Control and Refugee Recognition Act in 2004 in order to decrease the number of unauthorized foreign residents, currently estimated at about 250,000. Due to the questionable claims by some that their presence has increased crime rates, the government instituted a plan in December 2003 to halve the number of such persons in five years.
Among other measures, the plan calls for
- stricter examination of the status of residence upon entering the country,
- strengthened detection of illegal residents and more efficient deportation procedures,
- more pressure on foreign countries to exercise control over their nationals who have been deported from Japan,
- expansion of immigration control personnel, and
- upgraded detention facilities and related equipment.
Second, the ageing of the population — and the beginning in 2005 of a population decline — have raised the urgency with which Japan must alleviate labor shortages and fiscal burdens resulting from these demographic trends. In particular, the business community has stepped up its call for a relaxation of labor-import control.
In response, the government has begun to consider relaxing restrictions on employment of certain categories of workers for which there are serious labor shortages, such as medical doctors and nurses. Foreign doctors and nurses must pass Japan's national examinations in those respective fields before they are allowed to practice.
Third, the misuse or abuse of certain visa categories by both foreign nationals and Japanese employers has also attracted much attention. Of particular note is the training system, which small- and medium-sized Japanese firms use to hire cheap, unskilled foreign labor in the name of training. There have been many reports of excessively low wages and harsh working conditions and foreign trainees disappearing and becoming "unaccounted for."
The government responded to problems with the trainee system by introducing stricter review procedures in 2005. Also, it has begun to consider the application of some labor law rules to trainees, who are currently not protected by labor law. It remains to be seen whether these changes will be effective in both meeting the labor demand and eliminating abuses.
Fourth, another visa category that has received public scrutiny in recent years is that of "entertainer." This classification has been used by known and suspected criminal groups in Japan and abroad to bring prostitutes into the country. The government has begun enforcing stricter procedures for screening employers and employees in the "entertainment" industry and heavier punitive measures against violators.
Fifth, a related problem is human trafficking, an area in which Japan has come under mounting international criticism for its insufficient efforts in combating the problem. Japan signed the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime in December 2000 and, in December 2002, the Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air supplementing the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (the "Protocol on Smuggling") as well as the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons (the "Protocol on Human Trafficking").
As of January 1, 2005, the government amended the penal code, raising the statutory penalties for heinous and serious crimes and extending the statute of limitations for prosecution. The government is also working on legislation to remove domestic legal barriers to the execution of criminal provisions of the revised penal code, a necessary step in ratifying the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime.
The government further amended the penal code and the Immigration Control and Refugee Recognition Law in June 2005 to provide for the protection of foreign victims of human trafficking; this means women trafficked from the Philippines to work as prostitutes cannot be deported because of their illegal entry and activity in Japan. In addition, the amended laws deny entry to foreign nationals known to have engaged in human trafficking in Japan or abroad and allow for their deportation if they are caught in the country.
Sixth, in 2004, the government launched a campaign to double the number of international tourists visiting Japan from five million in 2004 to 10 million by 2010. In particular, Japan is targeting Korean and Chinese visitors.
Since March 2004, Japan has allowed Korean citizens on school excursions to visit the country without a tourist visa if they stay for less than 30 days.
In September 2000, Japan instituted a new, relaxed tourist visa regime for Chinese citizens from Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangdong Province who visit Japan in organized groups. The program was expanded to include four additional provinces and one major city of China in September 2004. In July 2005, all Chinese citizens became eligible for the program.
In large measure, these changes for tourist visas for Korean and Chinese citizens resulted in a 14 percent increase over the previous year in the number of tourists visiting Japan, to 3.54 million in 2005.
Seventh, and finally, the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001, and the subsequent "war on terror" have had important impacts on Japan's immigration policy.
In December 2004, the government adopted an action plan for the prevention of terrorism. Accordingly, the Immigration Bureau is undertaking stricter entry and admission procedures. These include the finger-printing of all foreign nationals 16 and older entering Japan, the use of an advanced passenger information system, and the installation of crisis management officials at major ports and airports. Japan has also initiated closer international cooperation, particularly with the United States, to stop the entry of known and suspected terrorists.
As the Japanese gradually and grudgingly open their country to foreigners, they have felt the positive and negative impacts of the growing presence of foreign communities. They are beginning to realize they cannot escape the consequences of border-crossing forces of globalization. They feel challenged in their cultural foundations, social fabric, and even national identity.
In the face of this challenge, where the balance will be struck between liberal social forces and conservative nationalist pressures will determine the future direction of Japanese immigration policy.
This article, with the exception of updated statistics throughout and the section "Recent Developments in Policy," retains verbatim much of "Japan: From Immigration Control to Immigration Policy" by Chikako Kashiwazaki, published on the Migration Information Source in August 2002.
Basic Plan for Immigration Control, 3rd Edition (Ministry of Justice, 2005).
Immigration Control (Immigration Bureau, Ministry of Justice, 2004).
Shutsunyukoku Kanri (Immigration Bureau, Ministry of Justice, 2005).
Statistics on Immigration Control (Japan Immigration Association, 2005).
The Ministry of Justice Available online.
The Ministry of Justice Available online.
Asahi Shimbun, December 28, 2005.
Asahi Shimbun, February 27, 2006
Mainichi Daily News, February 8, 2006.
Daily Yomiuri Online, March 3, 2006.


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The new chairman of the U.S. Federal Communications Commission will seek a stay on privacy rules for broadband providers that the agency just passed in October.
FCC Chairman Ajit Pai will ask for either a full commission vote on the stay before parts of the rules take effect next Thursday or he will instruct FCC staff to delay part of the rules pending a commission vote, a spokesman said Friday.
The rules, passed when the FCC had a Democratic majority, require broadband providers to receive opt-in customer permission to share sensitive personal information, including web-browsing history, geolocation, and financial details, with third parties. Without the stay, the opt-in requirements were scheduled to take effect next week.
But critics have complained that the rules only apply to ISPs, and not to giant online companies, like Google and Facebook, that collect huge amounts of personal data. And the FCC rules hold ISPs to a higher privacy standard than the case-by-case privacy enforcement that the Federal Trade Commission uses when investigating other companies, critics say.
Supporters of the strong ISP privacy rules say broadband providers have huge opportunities to collect customers' personal information. And U.S. law gives the FCC little authority to regulate the privacy practices of companies that aren't network service providers.
"Chairman Pai believes that the best way to protect the online privacy of American consumers is through a comprehensive and uniform regulatory framework," an FCC spokesman said by email. "All actors in the online space should be subject to the same rules, and the federal government shouldn't favor one set of companies over another."
Republican Pai has promised to roll back many of the regulations passed while Democrat Tom Wheeler served as FCC chairman. This week, the FCC voted to roll back some net neutrality regulations that require broadband providers to inform customers about their network management practices.
Pai's decision to stay the privacy rules goes against U.S. law requiring the agency to protect customers of telecom networks, said Matt Wood, policy director at digital rights group Free Press.
"It's a tragedy that Chairman Pai is willing to ignore his own statutory mandate and delay rules that protect internet users from cable company abuse, while pretending that he's just chasing after a more comprehensive privacy law that's outside of his agency's congressional jurisdiction," Wood said by email. "The race-to-the-bottom mentality that Pai espouses may play well to the industries supporting him, but people will understand that Pai's fake promise of better rules tomorrow just means stripping away all protections today."
Pai's decision, however, earned praise from former Representative Rick Boucher, a Democrat who has criticized FCC regulations in recent years.
The stay is "a smart first step toward rolling back asymmetrical regulation that is at odds with consumers' privacy expectations, deters innovation and causes marketplace distortion," said Boucher, now honorary chairman of the Internet Innovation Alliance, a broadband advocacy group.
"Applying different privacy rules to the same online data by saddling only ISPs with new regulations doesn't make sense," Boucher added by email.


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A former Goldman Sachs vice president and trader, was on Friday sentenced to nine months in prison by a federal judge in Manhattan for trying to cover up an $8.3 billion trade.
Matthew Taylor, age 34, pleaded guilty to wire fraud in April. As a result, he has also been ordered to pay $118 million in restitution, according to the U.S. attorney of the Southern District of New York.
In 2007 Taylor lost a significant amount of money in positions he held on Goldman Sach's (GS) Capital Structure Franchise Trading desk. At the time, supervisors warned Taylor about trading risk limits and instructed him to reduce his overall exposure.
Related: Disgraced ex-Tyco CEO Kozlowski gets parole
Instead, Taylor surreptitiously increased his position to about $8.3 billion. Taylor tried to hide his position by making multiple entries for fake trades. That position far exceeded the risk limits Goldman had imposed, not just for individual traders but for the entire CSFT desk.
The U.S. attorney said Taylor made the move in an effort to "restore his professional reputation" within the firm and boost his year-end bonus.
A Goldman Sachs spokesman said the firm had disclosed to regulators that Taylor was "fired for misconduct related to 'inappropriately large proprietary futures positions in a firm trading account.'"


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hookworm disease
Our editors will review what you've submitted and determine whether to revise the article.
hookworm disease, also called ancylostomiasis or uncinariasis, parasitic infestation of humans, dogs, or cats caused by bloodsucking worms living in the small intestine—sometimes associated with secondary anemia.
Several species of hookworms can cause the disease. Necator americanus, which ranges in size from 5 to 11 mm (0.2 to 0.4 inch), is responsible for about 90 percent of human hookworm infections that occur in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Ancylostoma duodenale, 8 to 13 mm long, is found on all continents but is most prevalent in warm regions. A. braziliense, 8 to 11 mm long, is normally parasitic in dogs and cats; humans, however, are sometimes infected by this species in the southern United States, South America, and Asia. A. ceylanicum, normally parasitic in dogs, is sometimes found in humans in South America and Asia. A. duodenale possesses four hooklike teeth in its adult stage, and N. americanus has plates in its mouth rather than teeth.
Species of hookworms have similar life cycles. The adult worm attaches itself to the mucosal tissue lining the small intestine, where the female may produce several thousands eggs a day, which are passed in the feces. If the fecal matter reaches suitable soil, the eggs are hatched, and the infective threadlike larvae may penetrate human skin, usually that of the foot, by way of the sweat glands and hair follicles. They then invade the lymph and blood vessels, reach the lungs, and pass up the respiratory tree to reach the mouth, where they are swallowed and sent to the small intestine; there they mature and start a new reproductive cycle. The intestinal parasites are reputedly long-lived, with a lifetime that may span some 10 years.
The symptoms of hookworm disease ordinarily begin with ground itch, an itchy skin irritation caused by the larvae when they penetrate the skin and marked by papules and vesicles that are often located between the toes. In passing through the lungs, the larvae may produce coughing and fever. In the intestine, the mature worm sustains its life by bloodsucking, and persistent feeding by many worms over many years results in secondary anemia. In heavy infestations (which may involve more than 500 larvae), the general symptoms include pallor of the skin and mucous membranes, fluid retention in the face and extremities, constipation alternating with diarrhea, abdominal tenderness, increased appetite for bulky or strange substances (e.g., clay), delayed puberty and stunted growth, fatigue, dullness, and apathy.
Hookworm infestation tends to be constantly widespread in tropical and subtropical regions of the world; moisture, warmth, loose soil, and absence of shoes are the chief factors responsible for infection. One single oral dose of tetrachlorethylene on an empty stomach will remove about 90 percent of the Necator. Bephenium hydroxynaphthoate is especially effective against Ancylostoma. Iron supplements and a diet high in protein will speed recovery. Immediate prognosis is good, but the likelihood of reinfection constitutes a major health problem. Periodic mass treatment of the population has been used in some hookworm control programs. The prevention of hookworm disease consists of ensuring the sanitary disposal of human excreta.


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TECHSPEC® Aspherized Achromats bridge the gap between color-corrected achromats and spherical aberration corrected aspheres, resulting in cost effective, color corrected aspheric components. The TECHSPEC® doublet lenses consist of two cemented elements that are matched for their color-correction ability and small RMS spot size.
The second surface of the doublet is fused with a molded polymer aspheric surface. These molds create a stable aspheric contour, removing or reducing wavefront errors present in typical achromats while boosting numerical aperture. Typical applications include: fiber optic focusing or collimation, image relay, inspection, scanning and high numerical aperture imaging.
These lenses were honored in the PhAST/Laser Focus World Innovation Award for Optics and Optical Components.


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Fresh Air Weekend: Tom Waits, Bill Nighy
Fresh Air Weekendhighlights some of the best interviews and reviews from past weeks, and new program elements specially paced for weekends.Our weekend show emphasizes interviews with writers, filmmakers, actors, and musicians, and often includes excerpts from live in-studio concerts. This week:
Tom Waits: The Fresh Air Interview:The darkness ofTom Waits' lyrics is accentuated by the rumble and rasp of his voice, which sounded old even when he was young. On Bad Like Me, Waits reflects on loneliness, life, death and heartbreak. Here, he talks to Terry Gross about performing, being a father and writing his haunting melodies.
Bill Nighy: From 'Love Actually' To 'Page Eight'The British character actor shot to international stardom after playing an aging rocker in the 2003 romantic comedy Love Actually. In his latest project, the BBC drama Page Eight, Nighy plays a British intelligence officer who discovers a state secret.
The SMiLE Sessions: A Window Into The Beach Boys: SMiLE may be the most famous unreleased album of all time, but it's not really unreleased: Bits and pieces of it wound up on other Beach Boys albums. Now that EMI has assembled a definitive collection of the session tracks, Ed Ward has listened to them — and wonders what the shouting was about.
You can listen to the original broadcasts here:
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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DIY: A dead-simple workout armband
An old tube sock as a workout armband? Get the steps to make this supereasy (and very comfy!) accessory that stores your phone while you sweat it out.
As an avid gym-goer and outdoor person who's dependent on her music and fitness apps, my phone has become my best workout buddy. (After all, it never flakes on me.)
I'm not alone, and for me and the many others who rely on their phones for fitness, storing our phones while breaking a sweat isn't always a simple task. Sure, you can shove it in your sports bra, stick it in your waistband, or just hold it in your hand, but come on -- that's gross.
Web sites like Amazon are chock-full of workout armbands for almost any smartphone, but they're pricey and the comfort of any given armband is hit or miss. So before you fork over $20-30 on an overpriced accessory, grab an old tube sock and see how well it performs as your trusty workout armband.
Here's what you'll need:
- A tube sock, with an 8-inch or greater "tube"
- Scissors
- Needle and thread (optional)
Start by cutting the sock at the end of the tube section, where the foot begins, so that you have just the tube. Then, turn the sock inside-out and insert your arm so that the top of the sock is at the middle of your upper arm.
Finally, fold up the bottom of the tube so that it's right-side-out again, and meets the top of the tube, forming a pocket. Insert your phone and voila -- you have a comfy smartphone armband.
Optional: With the needle and thread, create a vertical stitch along the back of your armband to secure the sock in a permanent "pocket" position.
Mobile Guides
Foldable Phones
Mobile Accessories
Wireless Plans


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Egypt's state-run newspaper has claimed that the US invented ISIS and orchestrated the 9/11 attacks in order to justify ongoing military interventions in the Middle East.
Independent.co.uk reports:
Ms Al-Sharnoubi said the World Trade Centre and Pentagon attacks could have been premeditated to "justify the war on terror" in her column, published on 23 August.
She also cast doubt over the veracity of the actions of the so-called Islamic State, alleging the extremist group could have been made up to "trick" the world and validate US foreign policy.Ms Al-Sharnoubi does not appear to shy away from controversial subjects. Her weekly column has recently discussed issues such asburkini bans, French military involvement in Libya and whether it is acceptable to sacrifice chickens, duck and geese.
According to an English translation by the Middle East Media Research Institute (Memri), Ms Al-Sharnoubi wrote: "Is it a coincidence that the commanders of the September 11 attack trained at American flight schools?""Is it conceivable that four hijacked planes flew around so freely, penetrated US airspace and hit the towers of the World Trade Center and the Pentagon one by one, with an interval of 15 minutes and 30 minutes between the attacks," she added.
"All this took place without the Americans targeting the planes and downing them, despite all their intelligence, satellites and radars?
"Or was the whole thing planned [in advance] in order to justify the war on terror, the [first] episode of which [later] began in Iraq?"
Ms Al-Sharnoubi also questioned the contents of Isis propaganda videos, suggesting the militant group could be "another story that was prepared in advance [by the West] to justify the devastation, partitioning and occupation" of Middle Eastern countries.
"Does it make sense that most Isis members are foreigners [i.e., Western nationals], unless ISIS is another story that was prepared in advance [by the West] to justify the devastation, partitioning and occupation [of countries] that is taking place and will continue to take place in the Middle East?" she wrote, according to Memri.
"Those who are murdered and [then] accused of perpetrating terror attacks in the West – are they the real culprits?
"[Perhaps Western] intelligence elements are behind the attacks and the bombings, and later Muslim citizens are arrested and killed and simply accused of perpetrating [the attacks] in order to justify what is happening in the Arab countries in the name of the war on terror, and in order to justify the plan to persecute the Muslims in the U.S. and Europe and expel them? Have we really been deceived, and continue to be deceived, to such an extent?!"
Egypt is listed as number 159 out of 180 countries in Reporters Without Borders's 2016 World Press Freedom Index.
According to the report, "journalists are obliged on national security grounds to report only the official version of 'terrorist' attacks" under an anti-terrorism law passed in 2015.
Source; http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/egyptian-911-inside-job-state-media-war-on-terror-isis-made-up-al-ahram-noha-al-sharnoubi-columnist-a7308926.html


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BRASILIA (AFP) - A private association has filed a lawsuit in the wake of a fatal Brazil nightclub fire, demanding three million reais (S$1.85 million) for each family of the 239 victims, a lawyer said Thursday.
The Anecol group filed the suit against the Kiss club's owners, as well as members of the band that allegedly triggered the Jan 27 tragedy and the university town of Santa Maria where the disco is located.
It also calls for 300,000 reais for each of the roughly 100 wounded, according to lawyer Walter Martins.
Police have linked the fire to an ill-fated pyrotechnic show launched by musicians using flares designed for use outdoors.
The club also did not have the capacity to accommodate a large crowd and the only way out of the venue was poorly marked. Witnesses have said that the fire extinguishers did not work.
Police still have four people in custody in the case.
The Santa Maria tragedy is a huge embarrassment for Brazil as it prepares to host the 2014 World Cup and the 2016 Summer Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro.


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Senate hopeful accused of stalking
Oregon GOP Senate candidate Monica Wehby was accused by her ex-boyfriend last year of "stalking" him, entering his home without his permission and "harassing" his employees, according to a Portland, Oregon police report.
Wehby, a pediatric neurosurgeon, is the leading Republican candidate to challenge Sen. Jeff Merkley (D-Ore.).
Wehby was questioned by a police officer on April 3, 2013, after being seen leaving the area near the home of Andrew Miller. Miller, the wealthy owner of a timber company, had been romantically involved with Wehby but their relationship was ending at that time, they both say now.
Wehby, who is vying for the Oregon GOP Senate nomination, was not arrested in the incident.
( Also on POLITICO: 911 call released in Monica Wehby saga)
But the Portland police report detailing the incident said Miller, owner of Stimson Lumber in Portland, was worried that Wehby had come to his home uninvited, and had even entered the residence without his permission. Miller said he was considering getting a protective order against Wehby, the report states.
Miller never sought such an order, however.
Miller and Wehby's relationship has become an issue ahead of Oregon's GOP Senate primary on Tuesday. Miller has helped fund radio and billboard ads slamming one of Wehby's rivals for the Senate nomination, state Rep. Jason Conger. The Oregon Democratic Party has filed a complaint with the Federal Election Commission against Wehby in which it noted that Miller has given nearly $31,000 to a super PAC attacking Conger. Miller said he does not think his relationship with Wehby is relevant "outside a group of people who pay a lot of attention to politics."
Miller has spent hundreds of thousands of dollars in recent years backing GOP candidates in Oregon, including Chris Dudley in the 2010 gubernatorial campaign.
( PHOTOS: 10 must-watch House races in 2014)
In a statement to POLITICO, Wehby said she was unaware that a police report had been filed over the 2013 incident and downplayed the episode.
"The first time I ever learned of this report was this evening and there really isn't much to it of consequence," Wehby said in her statement. "A year ago I went through the process of concluding a relationship. That relationship ended amicably, and while I'm not pleased that it has been deemed newsworthy, I guess that is the cost of challenging the political status quo."
In an interview, Miller said he now regrets calling the police on Wehby. The couple had dated for about two years, but broke up in 2013. Miller, who is divorced with four children, said they remain friendly.
"There was a week there or so when we were breaking up that people can be emotional. And me included," Miller said. "If I think back to that period of time, I regret saying those things in that light."
"There's a lot of things that I like about Monica and respect about her," Miller added. "I never sought [a protective order]… We're friends."
( Also on POLITICO: GOP war revived in Georgia)
Miller said he supports Wehby's candidacy, yet he will not be involved in the Senate campaign if Wehby is the Republican nominee. Miller said his efforts to defeat Conger are not related to his relationship with Wehby.
According to the report, Miller left his home when he saw Wehby come in through an unlocked back door, and then he called the police. An officer pulled over Wehby's car when he spotted her driving away from Miller's home in a silver Mercedes sedan and questioned her, but she was not formally detained.
The document, filed by Officer Brent Taylor, states Miller "told me that he wanted to initiate a police report because WEHBY has been 'harassing' his employees and 'stalking' him. He told me that he intended to get a stalking order tomorrow against WEHBY. I asked MILLER what WEHBY had done specifically to make him desire to get a stalking order. He told me that WEHBY has showed up at his home uninvited about 5 times within the last 10 days."
The report adds: "MILLER told me that the last few times he has observed as WEHBY knocked on the doors and rang the door bell repeatedly for the duration of about 10 minutes before finally leaving. MILLER told me that tonight WEHBY did the same thing as she has done the last few times. However, this time MILLER told me that WEHBY walked around to the back of the house and tried the door handle. MILLER told me that after WEHBY discovered that the door was unlocked she entered the residence and attempted to find MILLER."
( PHOTOS: Senators up for election in 2014)
Miller then left the house, texted Wehby that he was calling the police, and went to a friend's home, the report states.
Wehby, 52, told Portland police that she had been romantically involved with Miller for two years prior to the incident and was trying to figure out why their relationship was in trouble. She is divorced with four children.
"WEHBY told me that she was in a relationship with MILLER and had been for the last 2 years," the report said. "She told me that since Easter weekend something changed because now MILLER does not answer/ return her calls or talk to her at all. She told me that she just wanted to speak with MILLER to try to sort things out. WEHBY told me that she was close to MILLER up until this point. She told me that they even each have keys to each others homes."


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Transcending…and re-setting the emotional balance
Under stress, the prefrontal cortex of the brain disables itself. Transcending reactivates it.
Through recent discoveries about brain functioning, we can now explain how stress interrupts the normal functioning of the brain and increases impulsive behaviour.
Normal functioning of the brain
The pre-frontal cortex, the part of the brain right above our eyes, is responsible for our "higher thinking" – long-term planning, impulse control, deciding whether something is right or wrong. This part is sometimes also referred to as the general director or "CEO of the Brain", as most decisions are made there. The pre-frontal cortex is one of those aspects of the human brain that differentiates between man and animal.
When the brain functions normally, the flow of information is as follows – information enters via the senses, is sent to the pre-frontal cortex and is processed there and decisions made are then sent to the motor parts that drive the relevant muscles to respond.
Functioning of the brain under stress.
In the case of stress, this flow of information changes. Information by-passes the pre-frontal cortex and flows directly from the senses to the motor parts. There is a good reason why our brains have evolved in this way. When, for example, we cross a street and see a car approaching rapidly, we need to react fast without undue reflection. There is no time to think. We need to jump out of the way immediately, impulsively. This mechanism exists to protect us in when threatened.
It has been known for a long time that emotional instability is linked to stress, but researchers are now able to provide a clear scientific explanation for this. Stress causes the frontal part of our brain – the part of our brain responsible for our emotional stability – to disable itself (for more detail on how stress affects the brain, see Impulsivity). Chronic stress can cause the amygdala, that part of the brain that governs fear, anger, etc. to get locked in "on" position.
Transcending activates the frontal brain
Transcending has the opposite effect of stress. It actually increases activity in the pre-frontal cortex.
Transcending is a situation in which the body enters into a deep state of rest, allowing the body to remove even our deepest tensions, and causing the frontal brain to become more active. This can be measured, for example, via neural imaging scans which measure blood flow to the brain. The activity in the thalamus (related to bodily functions) reduces, indicating a state of relaxation, while activity in the frontal cortex increases.
These changes in the brain turn out to be unique to the experience of transcending during Transcendental Meditation. Ordinary relaxation, experienced with most other meditation or relaxation techniques, do not show these changes to the same extent.
During transcending, the frontal brain doesn't only become activated, but also the coördination with other parts of the brain, disrupted during stress, is restored. This can be measured through EEG coherence measurements – for more info see Transcending = Full Brain Development. Recent research has shown that emotional stability is also directly linked to EEG coherence, on which transcending also has a strong positive effect.
The experience of Transcending is one of increasing inner peace and emotional calm.
Transcending's effect on the brain is the opposite of that of stress. Transcending can increase activity in the frontal part of the brain and release the amygdala from its permanently "on" position. The more we experience this state, the more the brain will habituate to this experience with consequent improvements in emotional stability.
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⋙ Primitive Stories ⋘
Huey Tonantzin
A traditional chant in Nahuatl language for TONANTZIN who represents Great Mother Earth ❥
Huey Tonantzin
A traditional chant in Nahuatl language for TONANTZIN who represents Great Mother Earth ❥
Nandini Yoga Class ॐ
Nadya is giving beautiful yoga classes in San Cristobal 🙏 I hope you benefit from it :)
Nandini Yoga Class ॐ
Nadya is giving beautiful yoga classes in San Cristobal 🙏 I hope you benefit from it :)
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Publication Detail
Emergent Bucket Brigading - A simple mechanism for improving performance in multi-robot constrained-space foraging tasks
Esben Østergaard, Gaurav S. Sukhatme and Maja J. Matarić
Emergent Bucket Brigading - A simple mechanism for improving performance in multi-robot constrained-space foraging tasks". Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Systems, IRIS-01-398, 2001.. "
This paper is concerned with the multi-robot foraging problem, which has been described as one of the canonical problems for cooperative robotics. In particular, the multi-robot transportation task in constrained space environments is considered. We describe a simple algorithm which produces bucket brigade-like behavior, where the robots "hand off" resources to each other, using only local sensing. The algorithm is tested in five experimental conditions, to empirically evaluate the strengths/weaknesses of the approach, and is found to perform significantly better in constrained space environments than a homogeneous foraging approach. The key results of the described work are: 1) a framework for foraging tasks in general and 2) a simple mechanism that acts locally to produce bucket brigading behavior globally.
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Why G-d had to confuse people's languages in the land of Shinar and scatter them across the Earth with diverse languages? What moral does Genesis 11:5–8 coveny to mankind execept the fact that "in order to initate a huge project and achieve its result, there should be no communication gap". And if this was good then why God scattered them?
It seems that Genesis 11:5–8 is revealing as if God was helpless and was left with only one option i.e. confusing people's tongue and not letting them understand each other. Had there been just one language, may it be Hebrew or Arabic or any other language mankind used to speak then mankind would have been living peacefully and prosperously. Why would it be not acceptable to God?
Please explain with clarity. Thanks