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1000's of toilets on hire
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The euroloo Klargester Emptying in Great-Waltham team are here to ensure that your Klargester system works correctly, to enable this it is very important to have your Klargester desludged or emptied on a scheduled plan to stop the build up of solids in your tank that have the possibility to cause blockages in your soakaway.
euroloo are your local Klargester Emptying professionals with more than 20 years experience. Our local depots and hubs near to Great-Waltham offering Guaranteed Next Day Service. Call or Click to Book Now.
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Our local, Great-Waltham team are only a call away to quote and process hires within minutes!
Klargester Emptying in Great-Waltham
You've probably seen our "Klargester" van fleet around and about near Great-Waltham as we've been providing Klargester Emptying in Great-Waltham for many years to independent builders and tradesmen that want site toilet hire on building projects and contractors and developers who need chemical toilet hire. We additionally hire to loads of Great-Waltham homeowners that come directly to us when they want a portable loo for builders carrying out renovation works, where they may be searching for "Klargester Emptying in Great-Waltham" or those just looking for portable toilet hire pricing.
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Gilles Gallico
Excellent idea. Even though I do not use at the present time this kind of Front-end Style Guides, I am sure it's quite easy and useful to begin a project with it. The most difficult would be to keep using it during the whole project lifetime and not add, by laziness or emergency, to many styles that make our guide maladjusted.


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My definition of domestic bliss, is having a clean tidy home and for chores to get done with as little time and effort as possible, on my part. Now the kids are getting a bit older, it's time they pull their weight! With J away again this week, life has been frantic and everyone has to chip in- even the 5 year old! Here are my tips based on how it happens in our house:
Get a cleaner and a nanny………….only joking!! (I'm not joking, this is the only true way to domestic bliss! 😉
Buy a dust buster. These are great as the children can use them and the younger ones actually fight over whose turn it is! We have a breakfast, lunch and dinner hooverer during school hols, whose job is to vacuum under and around the kitchen table after meals.
Exploit your children's individual talents or interests to your full advantage. My eldest, K, loves anything creative and can sew. I don't do sewing and would sooner throw away said item than sew it back together. Consequently, when the Boy's favourite teddy's arm fell off, he took to big sis who diligently sewed it back on for him! Her role is now official. She also bakes, so cake sales at school are no longer a drama. I just need to find a use for the other two now- the Boys main talents are making mess and kicking balls over the fence, not sure where I can steer that to my advantage!!………
Ok a proper cleaning tip…… any tarnished silver (most married couples will have been given silver cutlery in a special box – but you rarely get them out) can be quickly cleaned by boiling in a large saucepan with a scrunched up piece of tin foil for approximately 10 mins. Much quicker than polishing 20 forks individually!!
Earning back devises/ time on devises or TV/ treats or trips formally taken away due to bad behavior. If you are mad enough, like me, to have three or more children, you can guarantee that at least one of them will be trying to make up for some sort of wrongdoing at any one time! Fabulous! At the very least, their room gets the once over, I may also have communal areas tidied and vacuumed. I haven't been mean enough to demand toilet cleaning yet…….but it will be a useful threat and deterrent in the future!
If trousers arrive in the wash basket inside out, with pants still attached, place them back in their draw. After asking a few times, I resorted to this and it worked, the girls thought it disgusting that their dirty things were in their clean draw. Warning: I suspect this may not work with boys- I will let you know! Currently, I'm lucky if the Boy changes his clothes at all or if they find their way to the wash basket without my assistance!!
Keep loose change in a jar to pay your children to do extra chores. They will actually volunteer their services for a shiny silver coin (5p or 10p!). Once they understand the value of money, it may cost you more but I'm finding 5-10 year olds quite reasonable at the moment!!
Stain removal- essential tip using Vanish. One teaspoon of Vanish powder in a pudding bowl and ¼ fill with boiling water, stir and leave. After 30 seconds- 1 minute a foam forms on the surface, use the teaspoon to work the foam into the stain, spoon by spoon (if it doesn't show signs of shifting after 5 spoonful's, put the stained area into the bowl for 10 minutes) and then wash as normal with a scoop of Vanish added. I have saved dry-clean only items with this method, after they couldn't get the stain out at the dry-cleaners (I spot washed the area rather than put the whole thing in the washing machine), it was kill or cure!
Invest in a good coffee maker, tumble dryer, speedy wifi and Amazon Prime. You will not regret any of those purchases (providing you drink coffee), your towels will always be soft, everyone can be online, you will never need to panic about a last minute gift or 'need-it-now' item again and you can stream loads of films & TV shows!
Finally, if you are NOT in France and see a really cheap bottle of wine with an aesthetically pleasing label (because that's how we all choose wine), walk on by, because life is too short to drink crap wine and let's face it, wine plays a big part in true domestic bliss!!
How do you achieve domestic bliss in your house? How have you motivated your family into helping around the house? Do you have any short-cut cleaning tips to share?


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On Thursday, Senate sources told Breitbart News exclusively that they have been informed that one of the reasons that President Barack Obama's nominee for Secretary of Defense, Chuck Hagel, has not turned over requested documents on his sources of foreign funding is that one of the names listed is a group purportedly called "Friends of Hamas."
That is quite the accusation, and it gives the Left a rare opportunity to go after the Breitbart constellation of websites. All they have to do to debunk it is to have Hagel reveal his foreign donors. I mean, how likely is it that the White house could have messed up vetting Chuck Hagel that badly…
Called for comment and reached via telephone, Associate Communications Director at the White House Eric Schultz identified himself, heard the question, was silent for several seconds, and then hung up the phone immediately without comment.
…Well now.
Moe Lane (crosspost)


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Michigan has an opportunity to become a leader in health insurance reform. State legislators know this and are pushing to see state-level reforms passed before Washington implements its national plan. They should be commended for taking the initiative and pushing for bottom-up solutions, but caution is advised lest unintended consequences of some proposals far outweigh any potential benefits.
At 11 percent, the Great Lakes State's uninsured rate is below the national average, and insurance premium prices compare well with other states. Nevertheless, some people are still priced out of the market. As such, it's troubling that many of the provisions proposed by Michigan policymakers would actually increase the cost of health insurance.
One monumental reform is not on the table: Repealing a prohibition on residents purchasing health insurance from providers licensed in other states. This measure would vastly increase both the competition and consumer choice in a state market dominated by one company, Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan, which reportedly claims some 70 percent of the market.
Instead, the proposals being promoted resemble the policy mix first attempted in Massachusetts. While held up as a model by some, the Bay State's overhauls have generated serious problems.
For example, health insurance premiums in Massachusetts increased sharply in the wake of the "Romney Care" plan adopted in 2006. Although Massachusetts' uninsured rate is low, this is largely because of state subsidies that have proven much more costly than anticipated. That should raise a red flag for Michigan, which already is facing a state government overspending crisis of $1.6 billion.
Additionally, despite hopes that the Massachusetts plan would reduce health care costs, they are instead ballooning, generating ever-deeper deficits. Even these steadily climbing costs — up from $158 million in its first year to $1.3 billion in 2009 — are not enough to fund Massachusetts' commitment to universal health coverage. The state is instead cutting eligibility for its programs for some 30,000 legal immigrants.
Massachusetts has also restricted residents' choices, effectively outlawing basic policies with more limited coverage or higher deductibles, even though these are a proven strategy for dramatically lowering monthly premiums. The state's restrictions have contributed to skyrocketing insurance costs.
The Bay State also suffers higher costs due to a "community rating" mandate that existed before the 2006 initiative. This mandate allows people to wait until they get sick before buying insurance, meaning they don't pay into the system before accepting payments from it. One of the two health care proposals before the Michigan Legislature, House Bill 4934, would impose this disastrous policy on Michigan.
As more people in Massachusetts are covered by insurance, and as caps on payments to providers are implemented, there is some evidence that Massachusetts doctors are putting limits on or not accepting new patients. Since the beginning of "Romney Care," the average waiting time for a doctor's appointment in the state has increased from 33 days to 52 days only a few years into the reforms.
This is no surprise. Higher government involvement in health care inevitably leads to rationing of care. Massachusetts is now considering a cap on total health care spending — a step that would necessitate rationing.
Clearly these aren't the results that Michigan — or the nation — is looking for.
If Michigan's legislators want to be leaders in health policy reform, they can start by recognizing that Michiganders are the best judges of what insurance is best suited for them. Rather than increasing mandates and reducing insurance options, the state should instead allow out-of-state insurers to provide real competition in the health insurance market.
Janet Neilson is a health policy communications associate for the Mackinac Center for Public Policy, a research and educational institute headquartered in Midland, Mich. Neilson writes a daily blog with the latest developments on health care, which can be found at www.MIHealthFacts.com. Permission to reprint in whole or in part is hereby granted, provided that the author and the Center are properly cited.
The Mackinac Center for Public Policy is a nonprofit research and educational institute that advances the principles of free markets and limited government. Through our research and education programs, we challenge government overreach and advocate for a free-market approach to public policy that frees people to realize their potential and dreams.
Please consider contributing to our work to advance a freer and more prosperous state.


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NEW YORK — A powerful U.S. House of Representatives committee was ordered on Friday to appear before a judge next month to explain why it should not be required to turn over documents in an insider-trading probe.
U.S. District Judge Paul Gardephe in Manhattan set a July 1 hearing for the Ways and Means Committee to appear. He also required a senior committee staffer, Brian Sutter, to appear. He said the committee must show why it should not be ordered to produce documents demanded by the Securities and Exchange Commission in May.
In court papers, the SEC said its probe relates to whether secrets were passed to certain members of the public surrounding an April 2013 announcement by the U.S. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services about a Medicare program.
Sutter, the committee's staff director, disclosed on May 9 to House Speaker John Boehner, a Republican, that he had received a subpoena from the SEC for documents and testimony along with a grand jury subpoena from federal prosecutors in Manhattan, according to the congressional record of that day.
The SEC said in its court papers that the committee and Sutter had refused to comply with the subpoenas. It said they had asserted "numerous objections, arguing, among other things, that the subpoenas are 'repugnant to public policy;' that they are vague and overbroad" and that the speech or debate clause of the Constitution entitled them to avoid producing the documents or testimony.
Messages left with lawyers for the House committee and for Sutter were not immediately returned Friday.
The SEC noted that a public rate announcement about the Medicare Advantage program that was far more favorable to certain health care insurers than anticipated was made 20 minutes after the market closed on April 1, 2013. But, it said, an analyst at dealer-broker Height Securities LLC issued a flash report about 20 minutes before the markets closed urging dozens of clients, including prominent investment funds, to buy stocks that would benefit from a rate increase close to what was announced.
The SEC said the prices and trading volumes of affected stocks, including Louisville, Kentucky-based health care company Humana Inc., increased dramatically within minutes. It said the Height analyst distributed the flash report about half an hour after receiving an email from a lobbyist firm and attorney forecasting the rate improvement.
An SEC probe began April 9, 2013, to determine the source of information sent from the lobbyist to Height and the circumstances of the transmittal and whether any conduct constituted insider trading, the SEC said.
A message seeking comment from Height, which has offices in New York and Washington, D.C., was not immediately returned Friday.
The SEC said information it had obtained indicates Sutter spoke several times in March 2013 to a colleague at the lobbyist firm that sent the email to the Height analyst and communicated with at least two people at the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services in the week before the rate announcement.
The SEC said an FBI agent and an investigator from the Office of the Inspector General at the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services interviewed Sutter several weeks after the rate announcement and discussed with him his communications with the lobbying firm.
The agency said Sutter did not recall speaking to the lobbying firm about the rate announcement, but a House attorney sent the FBI and the HHS investigator a letter saying some of the information provided during the voluntary interview was incomplete and, on at least one key issue, inaccurate.
The SEC said the commission had obtained other information that indicated Sutter may have been a source of the lobbying firm's non-public information.
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Leo Zippin
Quick Info
New York City, New York, USA
Manhattan, New York, USA
BiographyLeo Zippin's parents were Bella Salwen and Max Zippin who were immigrants to the United States arriving in New York in 1903. Bella and Max were Jewish and they had lived in the city of Chernigov, situated in northern Ukraine around 140 km north of Kiev. The years around 1900 were difficult in the Ukraine, with problems which would lead eventually to the Russian Revolution. There was also extreme anti-Semitism and for Max Zippin, who loved the Yiddish culture and supported a workers' revolution, it was a difficult place to live. Once settled in New York, Max wrote plays for the Yiddish theatre (not successfully since none was ever performed) and he wrote for the Jewish Daily Forward:-
Launched as a Yiddish-language daily newspaper on 22 April 1897, the 'Forward' entered the din of New York's immigrant press as a defender of trade unionism and moderate, democratic socialism.Leo was brought up in New York where he began his education. He entered the DeWitt Clinton High School but the Russian Revolution of 1917 dramatically changed the family's life. Max, the staunch supporter of the workers, was of course delighted and could not resist taking the family back to witness the historic events. What they found in Russia was extreme poverty, illness and a civil war. It was not the joyous revolution that Max had hoped to rejoice in, and after a while they decided to return to the United States. This, however, proved much harder than they realised since all routes leading west were blocked. If you can't go west then you have to go east and that is precisely what the Zippins did boarding the Trans-Siberian railway [1]:-
The family story has them as far as Harbin, Manchuria, nearly out of money. Bella marched up to the local potentate's residence and introduced herself as an English teacher to the startled man. She taught members of the household until the family was able to move on. The trip took, perhaps, close to two years.Back in the United States, the family settled in Philadelphia where Max found a job. Leo entered Central High School, Philadelphia, on 19 September 1919. The Russian adventure had quite an effect on Leo and certainly from that time on he did not want to follow his father's political ideas, rejecting Communism. Taking two years out seems to have done little, however, to slow down his educational achievements and his performance at the prestigious Central High School was outstanding. He entered the University of Pennsylvania in 1922, was awarded the Freshman Entrance Prize in 1923 and graduated with his first degree in 1925. He continued with graduate studies at the University of Pennsylvania advised by the topologist John Robert Kline (1891-1955). John Kline had studied at the University of Pennsylvania under R L Moore and was appointed to his chair in 1920 when Moore moved to Texas. John Kline was the most influential mathematician in the Philadelphia area during the 1920s and Zippin prospered under his advice. His doctoral studies were funded first by his appointment as an assistant instructor in mathematics in 1927 and then for two years as a Harrison Fellow. He was awarded his Ph.D. on 19 June 1929 for his thesis A Study of Continuous Curves and their Relation to the Janiszewski-Mullikin Theorem. He published the main results of this thesis in a paper of the same name in the Transactions of the American Mathematical Society in 1929.
Despite the depression, which made it almost impossible for Zippin to gain employment, he did succeed in gaining a National Research Fellowship which funded his visit during 1929-30 to the University of Texas. John Kline had written to R L Moore on 22 April 1929, before Zippin had been awarded his doctorate, including the comment:-
Zippin has applied and asked to come to Texas to work with you.Zippin's paper Generalization of a theorem due to C M Cleveland was read at the 1931 Easter meeting of the American Mathematical Society at the University of California, Berkeley. The paper was published in the American Journal of Mathematics in 1932. Again a National Research Fellowship funded him during the year 1931-32 which he spent at Princeton. This was an important year for Zippin who was able to work with some outstanding mathematicians such as Oswald Veblen and James Alexander. He married Frances Levinson, a teacher at the James Madison High School in Brooklyn in 1932; they had two daughters Nina and Vivian. In March 1932 the American Mathematical Society met at Columbia University in New York. Zippin attended the meeting and delivered a talk On the Rutt-Nöbeling theorem. His abstract begins:-
A new and thoroughly independent proof is given that a locally compact continuous curve , containing two points and such that no points of separate and , contains at least independent arcs .In addition, his paper Irreducible continuous curves was also read to the meeting. In September of that year the Society again met at Columbia University with Zippin attending and delivering his lecture Characterization of the closed 2-cell.
If jobs had been hard to get in 1929, they were even harder to get in 1933 when Zippin's fellowship ended. However, the Institute for Advanced Study had just opened in Princeton and Zippin was offered a position as research assistant to James Alexander. He gladly accepted and he undertook joint work with Alexander leading to the publication of their joint paper Discrete abelian groups and their character groups (1935). Zipppin had published papers prior to this, in addition to that already mentioned, with The Moore-Kline problem (1932) and Independent arcs of a continuous curve (1933).
An important event for Zippin's career occurred when, in 1934-35, Deane Montgomery was a National Research Council Fellow at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton. The two mathematicians became firm friends and over the following years undertook important joint research projects. In 1936 Zippin left the Institute for Advanced Study when he was appointed as an instructor at New York University. After spending the first four years of their married life living far from each other, Zippin and his wife were at last together. Two years later, in 1938, he was appointed to Queens College, a part of the City University of New York. He had a heavy teaching load at Queens College but continued to undertake research, collaborating with Deane Montgomery who was, at this time, at Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts. When the United States entered World War II in December 1941, Zippin was nearly 37 years old; too old for active service. He volunteered for war work and was given leave by Queens College in 1942 to work at the Ballistics Research Laboratory in Aberdeen, in Maryland. Isaac Schoenberg writes about his time at the Aberdeen Proving Ground [2]:-
Several mathematicians, among them O Veblen, Mina Rees and Leo Zippin, were concerned with making mathematicians available for the war effort. Leo Zippin, as a Corporal, followed the development of the first electronic computer, the ENIAC, at the Moore School of the University of Pennsylvania, which was to be moved to the Ballistics Research Laboratory in Aberdeen, Maryland. Leo Zippin arranged my going to the Ballistics Research Laboratory for the duration [1943-46].In late 1945, Zippin returned to his duties at Queens College but he also continued with the work he had undertaken at the Aberdeen Proving Ground being attached to the Institute for Mathematics and Mechanics at New York University. He slowly returned to his joint research with Deane Montgomery, and together they made progress towards a solution to Hilbert's fifth problem [1]:-
They met at least once a month, sometimes in New York, sometimes Princeton, talked on the phone and exchanged letters. ... Montgomery and Zippin conducted their collaboration while walking. ... In Princeton the countryside was nearby; in New York they took long walks in Central Park. ... they were "wonderful friends."In 1952 they published three joint papers which, together with a theorem of Andrew Gleason, prove that every locally Euclidean group is a Lie group. This solves Hilbert's Fifth Problem. Two of the three papers have the title Small subgroups of finite-dimensional groups while the third is entitled Four-dimensional groups. The theorem which Zippin and Montgomery proved was:-
If G is a separable, metric, locally compact, finite-dimensional, connected and locally connected topological group, and if all proper subgroups of G are generalized Lie groups, then G contains an invariant closed generalized Lie subgroup H such that G/H is finite-dimensional and has no small subgroups.Kenkichi Iwasawa writes in a review that this:-
... theorem, together with a theorem of Gleason that a finite-dimensional group without small subgroups is a Lie group, gives an important result that every finite-dimensional (separable, metric, locally compact) group is a generalized Lie group. It then follows immediately that every locally euclidean group is a Lie group, namely, the solution of Hilbert's fifth problem.Zippin wrote the monograph Topological transformation groups (1955) with Montgomery. A review by Kenkichi Iwasawa begins:-
Almost two decades have passed since publication of the first edition of Pontryagin's "Topological groups" [1938] which has been since considered as one of the standard reference books in the field. In the meantime, the theory of topological groups has made outstanding progress, culminating in the solution of Hilbert's fifth problem by Gleason and by the authors of the present book. The authors give here a detailed account of those important results on locally compact topological groups obtained in this period, suggesting at the same time further future developments in the theory.Although Zippin continued to make an important contribution to Queens College up to his retirement in 1971, his last research paper appeared in 1956. After that he had only one further publication, namely the book Uses of infinity (1962). He writes in the Preface:-
Most of this book is designed so as to make little demand on the reader's technical competence in mathematics; he may be a high school student beginning his mathematics now or one who has put away and forgotten much of what he once knew. On the other hand, the book is mathematical except for the first chapter - that is to say, it is a carefully reasoned presentation of somewhat abstract ideas. ... I hope that the reader will believe me when I say that professional mathematicians do not profess to understand better than anybody else what, fro a philosophical point of view, may be called the "meaning of infinity." This is proved, I think, by the fact that most mathematicians do not talk about this kind of question, and those who do, do not agree.At Queens College, Zippin was rightly considered a celebrity. Joseph Malkevitch, a student of Zippin's in the early 1960s, wrote about his:-
... special excitement in taking a course with someone who had solved one of the world-famous Hilbert problems.Zippin was honoured with election to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1970. In April 2008 the following resolution was made:-
... the Board of Trustees of The City University of New York approve the naming of Room 508 of Kiely Hall at Queens College as "The Leo Zippin Mathematics Common Room."They gave the following explanation:-
Leo Zippin was a renowned mathematician who taught at Queens College from 1938 until 1971. He was a founding member of the Queens College Mathematics Department and the first Executive Officer of the Mathematics Ph.D. program at 'The CUNY Graduate Center'. Professor Zippin was an inspiration to many students who pursued graduate studies and careers in mathematics. In 1995, Room 508 of Kiely Hall was dedicated to the memory of Professor Zippin, who died that year.
References (show)
- B Yandell, The honors class: Hilbert's problems and their solvers (A K Peters, 2002).
- I J Schoenberg, A brief account of my life and work, in C.de Boor (ed.), I J Schoenberg, Selected Papers Vol 1 (Birkhäuser, Boston, 1988), 1-10.
- Leo Zippin, 90, Dies; Solved Math Puzzle, New York Times (20 May, 1995).
Additional Resources (show)
Other websites about Leo Zippin:
Honours (show)
Honours awarded to Leo Zippin
Cross-references (show)
Written by J J O'Connor and E F Robertson
Last Update March 2011
Last Update March 2011


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CLOUTIER, JEAN-BAPTISTE, educator, author, and magazine editor; b. 24 Nov. 1831 in Saint-Nicolas, Lower Canada, son of Jean-Baptiste Cloutier, a sailor, and Rose Gingras; m. there 12 April 1853 Amanda Lambert, and they had two sons and one daughter, all of whom survived him; d. 28 Jan. 1920 at Quebec.
Jean-Baptiste Cloutier began teaching in his native village in 1849, at the age of 17. In 1852 he came before the Catholic Board of Examiners of the City of Quebec and was granted an elementary-school teacher's diploma. When the earliest normal schools opened, in 1857, he enrolled as a student teacher in the École Normale Laval at Quebec. He was said to be "exceptionally talented." On 15 July 1858 he received the first diploma awarded by the institution, which qualified him to teach in model schools, and he became principal of the one at Saint-Nicolas in September. He was appointed professor at the École Normale Laval on 25 Nov. 1859, succeeding Félix-Emmanuel Juneau*, and he would hold this position until 30 June 1891, teaching all subjects, including English, vocabulary, and pedagogy. His qualities as a man of culture, a good teacher, and an innovator in methods would often receive recognition, notably at the school's golden jubilee in 1907.
In the course of his long career, Cloutier published a number of textbooks. Despite the mounting wave of grammar texts, he brought out Éléments de la grammaire française de Lhmond at Quebec in 1873 and Devoirs grammaticaux gradués en rapport avec la grammaire de Lhomond, d'après la méthode analytique, suivis d'un tableau des sons et articulations de la langue française in 1874. Both would go through several editions. In 1875 he published a reader with the words divided into syllables, entitled Le premier livre des enfants ou méthode rationnelle de lecture. It used the phonic system that he and Abbé Pierre Lagacé had introduced at the practice school attached to the normal school. His Recueil de leçons de choses: à l'usage des écoles primaires, modèles et académiques, des collèges, couvents, etc. came out in 1885. It dealt with the three natural kingdoms – animal, vegetable, and mineral – and with many useful pieces of common knowledge. In the preface Cloutier explained, "There is no one today who does not know that [object-lessons] are one of the most powerful educational methods the teaching profession can use, since their purpose is the simultaneous cultivation of all the child's intellectual faculties." The book included object-lessons previously published in the magazine L'Enseignenrent primaire, to which he added elements from other writers such as his future son-in-law Charles-Joseph Magnan*, Bishop Jean Langevin* of Rimouski, and Belgian and French teachers. All of Cloutier's textbooks were approved by the Council of Public Instruction.
Cloutier tried to systematize the organization of education in Quebec. In a lecture on uniformity in teaching before the Congrès Pédagogique de Montreal in 1880, he deplored the glaring lack of training among teachers who had obtained only a diploma from the Catholic Board of Examiners. In his view, the study of pedagogical science required particular attention. He also deplored the fact that it was so difficult for teachers to attend professional conferences and he spoke out vigorously against the rule that forbade women to take part in them even though nine-tenths of the schools were staffed by women. "I do not see why women are excluded from these interesting and instructive meetings," he declared, "while in Europe they play a leading role at them. In France, Belgium, Switzerland, [and] Italy, women teachers have a very distinguished place at conferences. They give practical advice at them, just as men do, read papers, [and] participate in discussions, and all this without the slightest difficulty. Why should it not be the same with us? It is good to draw the attention of the authorities to this important question." Cloutier explained that, for some, uniform teaching was synonymous with uniform books, whereas for him the textbook was only an aid. Quoting the axiom "the teacher has to teach," he based his reasoning on such great pedagogues as Johann Amos Comenius and Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi, although he had some reservations about Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
To improve the pedagogical training of teachers, Cloutier proposed, among other things, that they should all receive a professional journal. Thus in January 1880 he launched L'École primaire, which he financed and edited until 1897, when he would pass the torch to his son-in-law, Magnan. A year after it was founded, it became L'Enseignement primaire. A bimonthly, it began at a time when there was tremendous competition among the various pedagogical journals, which had led to the demise of Le Journal de l'instruction publique in June 1879. In the second number of L'École primaire, Cloutier issued a clarion call for the support of those he termed "gentlemen of the clergy." He declared that he wanted, by his private initiative, to fill the gap left by the disappearance of Le Journal de l'instruction publique, which, unlike his journal, had received large grants from the provincial government. Not until 1883 would he himself have any support other than that of subscribers.
Each issue contained official documents, lead articles on various pedagogical questions, and lessons and exercises to help teachers prepare for their classes. One feature of his magazine, according to Cloutier, was that its price of one dollar made it affordable; moreover, the men who wrote for it were "practising teachers." He followed the example of European journals and tried to echo the voices of Catholic pedagogues in France and Belgium. In return, as was only fair, L'Enseignement primaire became known abroad, being quoted in such publications as L'Éducation in Paris and L'Abeille in Brussels. Cloutier saw fit to enliven the journal by including reports of religious, political, and literary events in the Old World along with its more practical content. This aspect worried educational circles because France was going through tremendous upheavals in church-state relations, and there was concern that these changes might be introduced into Quebec. However, Cloutier showed great prudence and in 1881 explained his stance: "We do not attach to that famous word progress the same meaning as it has in Europe, where it is invoked to strip the church of its most sacred rights and deprive it, through unspeakable and indescribable persecution, of the eminent services of the many religious bodies whose zeal and piety . . . are beyond all praise."
While he was relatively circumspect in his editorials, he was less so at meetings of the Association des Instituteurs de la Circonscription de l'École Normal Laval, of which he would remain a member until his retirement in 1891. He regularly denounced the starvation wages paid to women teachers and he fought hard to get a decent pension for teachers' widows. In 1886 he took a public stand on this question when he wrote a memorandum jointly with Urgel-Eugène Archambeault* about the 1881 statute that set up a retirement and assistance fund for primary school teachers. He spoke often on union matters and delivered lectures dealing specifically with pedagogy. These occasions gave him the opportunity to propose such activities as reading circles and teachers' institutes, which were suggested to him by American and Protestant experiments.
In 1897 the government decided to stop funding L'Enseignement primaire, forcing Cloutier to announce the closing down of the "one and only French-language bulletin in [North] America devoted to pedagogy and methodology." Magnan, who had been a contributor to it since 1885, took over in 1897, buying the magazine and doubling the number of pages. In 1898 the Catholic committee of the Council of Public Instruction recommended to the government that it send L'Enseignement primaire free of charge to every Catholic school in the province. This practice was maintained until the journal ceased publication in 1937.
Jean-Baptiste Cloutier, who lived to be 88, spent his retirement tranquilly among his own family. His grandson Jean-Charles Magnan would describe him as a kindly old man who cultivated his tiny urban garden, an affectionate grandfather who initiated a young lad into the joys of gardening and object-lessons. In 1920 death finally came to the man who was regarded as a pioneer of the lay pedagogical press in Quebec and who, in the words of Charles-Joseph Magnan, was "one of the most interesting figures among the educators of the second half of the 19th century."
[In addition to the monographs mentioned in the text, Jean-Baptiste Cloutier published various articles in L'Enseignement primaire (Québec). A listing of these contributions compiled by the author is preserved among the research files in her possession. t.h.]
Other noteworthy publications by Cloutier include: Pédagogie: conférence sur l'uniformité de l'enseignement au Congrès pédagogique de Montréal ([Montréal, 1880?]); "La presse pédagogique dans la province de Québec," BRH, 4 (1898): 147–49; and, in collaboration with U.-E. Archambeault, Mémoire sur la loi 43 et 44 Vict., ch. 22, établissant un fonds de retraite et de secours en faveur des fonctionnaires de l'enseignement primaire (s.l., [1886?]). His address at the 50th anniversary of the École Normale Laval appears in the commemorative publication Les noces d'or de l'école normale Laval, 1857–1907 (Québec, 1908), 98–102.
ANQ-Q, CE1-21, 25 nov. 1831, 12 avril 1853; E30/38, no.407; 39, no.444; P-456. P.-P. Magnan, "L'école normale Laval de Québec; quelques notes," Le Soleil, 7 juill. 1928. Paul Aubin, L'état québécois et les manuels scolaires au XIXième siècle (Sherbrooke, Qué., 1995). Réal Bertrand, L'école normale Laval; un siècle d'histoire (1857–1957) (Québec, 1957). Bibliothèque de l'Univ. Laval, Catalogue des manuels scolaires québécois (2e éd., 2v., Québec, 1988). École Normale Laval, Souvenir décennal de l'école normale Laval, 1857–1867 (Québec, 1867); Comité des fêtes du centenaire, Centenaire, école normale Laval, Québec, 1857–1957 (Québec, [1958?]). Roger Girard, "L'établissement de l'école normale Laval et la transmission du cathéchisme" (mémoire de
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Thérèse Hamel, "CLOUTIER, JEAN-BAPTISTE," in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 14, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003–, accessed October 1, 2023, http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/cloutier_jean_baptiste_14E.html.
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Mary Wollstonecraft, married name Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin, (born April 27, 1759, London, England—died September 10, 1797, London), English writer and passionate advocate of educational and social equality for women.
The daughter of a farmer, Wollstonecraft taught school and worked as a governess, experiences that inspired her views in Thoughts on the Education of Daughters (1787). In 1788 she began working as a translator for the London publisher James Johnson, who published several of her works, including the novel Mary: A Fiction (1788). Her mature work on woman's place in society is A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), which calls for women and men to be educated equally.
In 1792 Wollstonecraft left England to observe the French Revolution in Paris, where she lived with an American, Captain Gilbert Imlay. In the spring of 1794 she gave birth to a daughter, Fanny. The following year, distraught over the breakdown of her relationship with Imlay, she attempted suicide.
Wollstonecraft returned to London to work again for Johnson and joined an influential radical group, which gathered at his home and included William Godwin, Thomas Paine, Thomas Holcroft, William Blake, and, after 1793, William Wordsworth. In 1796 she began a liaison with Godwin, and on March 29, 1797, Mary being pregnant, they were married. The marriage was happy but brief; Mary died 11 days after the birth of her second daughter, Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, who became a novelist best known as the author of Frankenstein.
A Vindication of the Rights of Woman is one of the trailblazing works of feminism. Published in 1792, Wollstonecraft's work argued that the educational system of her time deliberately trained women to be frivolous and incapable. She posited that an educational system that allowed girls the same advantages as boys would result in women who would be not only exceptional wives and mothers but also capable workers in many professions. Other early feminists had made similar pleas for improved education for women, but Wollstonecraft's work was unique in suggesting that the betterment of women's status be effected through such political change as the radical reform of national educational systems. Such change, she concluded, would benefit all society.
The publication of Vindication caused considerable controversy but failed to bring about any immediate reforms. From the 1840s, however, members of the incipient American and European women's movements resurrected some of the book's principles. It was a particular influence on American women's rights pioneers such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Margaret Fuller.
Women's History
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The life of Wollstonecraft has been the subject of several biographies, beginning with her husband's Memoirs of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1798, reissued 2001, in an edition edited by Pamela Clemit and Gina Luria Walker). Those written in the 19th century tended to emphasize the scandalous aspects of her life and not her work. With the renewed interest in women's rights in the later 20th century, she again became the subject of several books. The Collected Letters of Mary Wollstonecraft, assembled by Janet Todd, was published in 2003.
Written by The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica.
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Next: Atomic Usage, Previous: Non-atomic Example, Up: Atomic Data Access
To avoid uncertainty about interrupting access to a variable, you can
use a particular data type for which access is always atomic:
sig_atomic_t. Reading and writing this data type is guaranteed
to happen in a single instruction, so there's no way for a handler to
run "in the middle" of an access.
The type
sig_atomic_t is always an integer data type, but which
one it is, and how many bits it contains, may vary from machine to
This is an integer data type. Objects of this type are always accessed atomically.
In practice, you can assume that
int and other integer types no
longer than
int are atomic. You can also assume that pointer
types are atomic; that is very convenient. Both of these assumptions
are true on all of the machines that the GNU C library supports and on
all POSIX systems we know of.


text:
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text:
LightSquared has a further two years in which to seek regulatory approval for its LTE mobile network in the U.S. before it must begin making payments to its radio spectrum supplier Inmarsat, the companies announced Friday.
The first quarterly spectrum rental payment of US$29.6 million fell due on March 31, but now LightSquared has negotiated a reprieve until March 31, 2014, at the latest. It also has the option to resume payments — and begin using the spectrum — on any date before then, the companies said.
LightSquared will use the extra time to focus on obtaining regulatory approval for its project to offer LTE broadband wireless services across the U.S., it said Friday.
Inmarsat had previously threatened LightSquared with termination of the cooperation agreement, saying that it was in default of a payment due under the first phase of their agreement. LightSquared, though, said Inmarsat hadn't fulfilled all its obligations under the agreement.
"We complied with everything they asked us to do," said Inmarsat spokesman Chris McLaughlin, and now LightSquared has made the outstanding $56.25 million phase-one payment to Inmarsat.
That payment was to cover Inmarsat's reorganization of the way it used radio spectrum in North America, and also any modifications to its customers' terminal equipment to take account of the spectrum changes.
"We had alternating stripes of L-band spectrum," said McLaughlin. Reorganizing the spectrum allocations allowed LightSquared to obtain the contiguous block it needed to offer its service.
The dispute with Inmarsat wasn't the only thing casting a shadow on LightSquared's future, though.
LightSquared plans to use a combination of satellite and terrestrial signals, which the GPS industry is concerned will cause interference with navigation devices operating on frequencies adjacent to those LightSquared intends to use. In mid-February, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission said it was minded to withdraw its conditional approval for the project, and invited comments on its proposal. The Commission extended the period for comments, finally closing it in late March.
The FCC will now analyze those comments before announcing its decision.


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The upper level drivers maintain the kernel side of the OS interface for the logical class of devices they represent (e.g. disks). They are also responsible for managing certain kernel and SCSI subsystem resources such as kernel memory and SCSI command structures. Applications in the user space access these drivers by opening a special file (block or char) typically found in the /dev directory tree.
Hosting by: Hurra Communications Ltd.
Generated: 2007-01-26 17:58:35


text: Criminals intent on attacking others can lease networks of compromised computers, or botnets, from other criminals serving the underground community. These resources could be considered "clouds" in their own right, but researchers warn that that operators of legitimate clouds need to worry about being used for illicit attacks as well. \n\nIn a presentation at the DEFCON hacking conference in August, two researchers did just that. David Bryan of Trustwave and Michael Anderson of NetSPI created a handful of virtual servers to attack a small financial company\u2014a client that wanted to test its security against just such an attack. Rather than renting a botnet from criminals, the researchers used Amazon's Elastic Computing Cloud (EC2) to rent less than a dozen virtual servers to overwhelm the target's network with traffic. \n\nThe researchers claimed there was no indication that Amazon detected the attack and called for all cloud providers to take more care in monitoring how their resources are used. \n\n"Lets get ahead of this before it turns into the Wild West," says Trustwave's Bryan. [In the cloud, what's the security responsibility of the customer, not the cloud service provider? See CIO.com's Cloud Computing's Top Security Risk: How One Company Got Burned. ]While Amazon may not have caught these particular security researchers, the company asserts that catching the bad guys will be much easier in the cloud. \n\n"Illegal activities across the Internet have been commonplace long before the cloud," Amazon said in a statement sent to CIO.com. "Abusers who choose to run their software in an environment like Amazon EC2, make it easier for us to access and disable their software. This is a significant improvement over the Internet as a whole where abusive hosts can be inaccessible and run unabated for long periods of time." \n\nYet, companies have to monitor their own cloud space for such usage. \n\nHere's a look at some of the security strategies that Amazon and its peers are taking now to improve cloud security.1. Easy for customers, easy for attackersMaking cloud resources easy to use for customers or internal clients is good business. Yet, those same benefits can easily extend to attackers, says Archie Reed, chief technologist for Secure Advantage and Cloud Security at Hewlett-Packard. \n\n"All the benefits that we subscribe to cloud, especially the public cloud services\u2014the relatively low cost, instant provisioning, and the ability to access anywhere and any time\u2014all of those benefits can be taken over by someone with the knowledge and the will," Reed says. \n\nRather than making a decision to shutdown a possible customer based on incomplete information, HP opts for less black-and-white choice. Rather than block a potential malicious user, the company's technology throttles back their bandwidth. \n\n"We are working with customers to detect suspicious behavior and perhaps slow things down so the customer can react faster," Reed says. "You don't want to shut your customers down, but you don't want to be the host for bad behavior either."2. Design security in from day one\nThe denial-of-service attack leveled by Trustwave and NetSPI researchers peaked at a modest 150 megabits per second. Over two hours, the duo sent about 10 gigabits of data, which cost them less than six dollars. \n\nSuch abuse should have been detected, they maintain. \n\nWhile Amazon could not comment about the specific incident, the company did say that it's important to design security into the cloud\u2014something that its engineers continue to do. \n\n"There is nothing inherently at odds about providing on-demand infrastructure while also providing the security isolation that companies have become accustomed to in their existing privately-owned environments," the company says in its statement.\n\n3. It's all in the logsOne technology that all companies should have invested in by now is log management. In a recent Data Breach Investigations Report, Verizon Business found that attacks on businesses are reflected in log data more than 90 percent of the time, but less than 5 percent of companies monitor their data often enough to detect the attacks. \n\n"Implementing log management is important of everyone, especially in your data centers," says Raffael Marty, founder and chief operating officer of cloud-based log-management firm Loggly. "You have to have a handle on what's happening, not just for your SLA (service level agreement) but for security as well." \n\nCloud providers, such as Amazon, should also develop technologies to quickly act on information gleaned from their logs, he says. 4. Scale security, not just computationA major benefit of cloud computing is that large operators can provide virtual systems at a low cost, taking advantage of economies of scale. However, providers also have to use that same scalability to better protect their resources, says Amazon. \n\n"The same economies of scale that enable us to provide elastic capacity at low cost enable us to build effective, scalable protection," the company says. \n\nAmazon is able to invest significantly more money in security than other companies who might not have the same economies of scale. Using the company's APIs, a security or operations officer can identify every machine instance running in the cloud. 5. Watch for good customers turned badOne of the most common attacks on cloud systems is account hijacking, according to Cloud Security Alliance. In its March, 2010 report on the top threats to cloud computing, nefarious use of cloud resources was the No. 1 danger. Rounding out the six listed threats, however, was misuse of accounts by attackers. \n\nHP's Reed recommends that all cloud providers use two-factor authentication to limit the success of account hijacking attempts. \n\n"There is a general level of protection that cloud providers need to put in place to protect their own infrastructure and brand," Reed says. "Now that attackers know that you can get, not just a book from Amazon, for instance, but a whole computing environment, those accounts become a target." \n\nFollow everything from CIO.com on Twitter @CIOonline.


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Castanospermum australe
Black Bean, Moreton Bay Chestnut
Castanospermum australe A.Cunn. ex Mudie
The genus Castanospermum belongs to the Fabaceae family and has only one species - Castanospermum australe, commonly referred to as the Black Bean or the Moreton Bay Chestnut.
It is native to coastal rainforests and beaches in Australia from around Lismore, New South Wales to the Iron Range, Cape York Peninsula on the Queensland coast and 160 km west to the Bunya Mountains. It grows in moist, fertile, well-drained soils on terraces on the side of mountains or along the banks of rivers and streams. The Black Bean is also found in New Caledonia and Vanuatu. It reaches a height of 40 metres at maturity.
Castanospermum australe is a hardy species that is suited for a wide range of conditions throughout Australia, including Melbourne where it may grow to 8 metres. Full sun is recommended, however shady situations are tolerated, as is light frost. Under cultivation it will develop a dense rounded canopy and reach a height of 8-20 metres with a spread of 4-8 metres. Thus it is an ideal shade tree in parks, resorts and gardens, in addition it has a strong root system, which can be used to consolidate stream banks against erosion.
This is a handsome tree with glossy dark green pinnate leaves and low spreading branches when grown in the open. During October - November, it bears sprays of red and yellow pea-shaped flowers 3-4 cm long, which are partly hidden by the dense foliage. Following flowering in March - May, large cylindrical pods measuring 12-20cm by 4-6 cm are produced. These pods split in two, revealing 3-5 large bean like seeds weighing about 30 grams. The nectar produced by the flowers attracts birds, bats and butterflies.
Propagation of this species is from fresh seed. Germination requires a temperature of 18C - 25C. Sow in large, individual tubes using a mix of 3 parts river sand and 1 part perlite. Transplanting should be done after the first pair of true leaves have formed. Plant the seedling in a bed of thoroughly loosened, moist soil (pH of approx. 5.9 is preferred), mulch around the base of the plant and water regularly. The Black Bean is slow to establish but will respond to liquid fertilizer (NPK), which should be firstly applied 3 months after germination. May occasionally be affected by scale insects and psyllids. Over-watering may cause fungal root rot.
Black Bean also makes an ideal indoor plant, and is widely available in florists and nurseries. Plant the seedlings in a commercial potting mix with slow release fertilizer added. Multiple plantings of 10-15 plants (see photo) will give a good display. It will tolerate low, filtered light to full sun if gradually introduced.
There are a few factors that should be taken into account before growing this species:
* The leaves and seeds are toxic to livestock.
* Due to its extensive root system, it should not be planted within 10 metres of drainage lines, sewers, house foundations, garages or swimming pools.
The Black Bean has also proved valuable as a timber species, it's seeds have been utilized - following extensive preparation as a food by Aborigines and it contains alkaloids which have been shown to have anti-HIV and anti -cancer properties.
Text by Mojca Debevec (2002 Student Botanical Intern)
Name meaning:
Castanospermum - from two words, castanea Latin for chestnut
and spermum Greek for seeded.
Bailey, R. & Lake, J. (2001). Gardening with Australian Rainforest Plants. Bloomings Books, Melbourne.
Elliot, W.R. & Jones, D.L. (1982). Encyclopaedia of Australian Plants Suitable for Cultivation. Pp 477 - 478. Lothian Publishing Company, Melbourne.
Wrigley, J.W. & Fagg, M. (1992). Growing Native Plants Indoors. Simon & Schuster, Roseville, NSW.


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A refreshed Roger Federer's clinical demolition of Jarkko Nieminen in his first match of 2014 suggested he could be a factor in the first major of the year.
His debut appearance at the Brisbane International was rapturously greeted by tournament organizers and fans alike, but following his first year without a grand slam final appearance since 2002 it was not certain what stage of decline the Swiss ace was in.
A 6-4 6-2 victory over his tough Finnish opponent hinted that he was ready to put on a competitive showing at Melbourne Park, now relieved of the back problems that dogged his 2013 campaign and contributed to his second and fourth-round exits at Wimbledon and the U.S. Open.
"I'm actually very clear in my mind," Federer told reporters. "Now it's just down to forehands and backhands and tactics and movement. That's kind of what you want it to be, because unfortunately it hasn't always been that way last year with my issues."
The scoreline flattered Federer in some ways. Both men eked out four break points over the two sets and Nieminen fought on level terms at the baseline, hitting eye-catching forehand winners throughout.
Federer's mastery of the pivotal points of the match showed the steel behind the game's most graceful player remained firmly in place and his preference for playing new tournaments is far from a retirement tour.
For the crucial break of the first set he came from 0-40 down in the fifth game and then saved a break point on his own serve to build a two-game cushion.
In the second stanza he immediately grabbed the initiative, breaking in the first game and with his serve at near its imperious best he never looked like letting the advantage slip.
"I expect myself to play a bit better in the next match, even though today was already very good for a first match in so many weeks," Federer said.
"You don't want to overrate, it but you also don't want to underrate it.
"The worst thing that can happen is if you lose early and then you have to go back on the practice courts, and you think you're actually playing okay and then the matches roll around and you don't end up."
The 17-times grand slam champion next meets Australian Marinko Matosevic, who beat Sam Querrey 5-7 7-6 (7-3) 6-4 in an entertaining match.
Bulgarian fifth seed Gregor Dimitrov was beaten in straight sets 7-5 7-5 by Croatia's Marin Cilic and number two seed Japan's Kei Nishikori had no problem easing past Australia's Matthew Ebden 6-2 6-4.
Women's number two seed Victoria Azarenka easily defeated home favorite Casey Dellacqua 6-3 6-1 and will play Stefanie Voegele next after the Swiss player was handed a last-eight berth following the withdrawal of 2013 Wimbledon finalist Sabine Lisicki due to a gastric illness.
German fifth seed Angelique Kerber progressed past Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova after the Russian pulled out with a left injury when 6-2 4-3 down.
Kerber will now face fourth seed Jelena Jankovic of Serbia.
(Editing by Ed Osmond) nL3N0KB0A5


text:
Of Art & Monks & Crystal Sniffers in the Mayan Jungle.
Some stories read like candy for your soul.
And "It's A Pig's Life", retold and illustrated by Erin Ko, is one of them. This tale is such a treat that I am even gonna' show you some love, dear reader, by giving you the following link, where you can make a swift and hasty exit from elephant journal—and read the tale in peace, without my invaluable insights and commentary. (All you need to do is click on any of the images and it'll take you there.)
But if you stay, this is how it begins…
Safe to say Erin had me at "Pop!", but it also gains in juice and delight. Here we go:
You can feel the student/teacher relationship in this. We are at the monastery, the sow is an embodiment of peace and wellness. It's gooood, baby, and now the bomb drops, as it were.
"You must kill me." Talk about a tall order. This is no "bring me a double chai latte", this is the real deal. And events unfold, as events must.
More more more…
Here is where my girlfriend almost pitched the laptop into a nearby vine-grown inky-bottom well.
Look! Look at the bamboo. Look at the karma wheels. Look at the little pig. This is life. This is the juice. This is why I am so blessed to hang out with these people.
This is everything and more, it is your mom making you a birthday cake. It is a child's pose. This image is the cat crying from the fence-post, it is your little brother looking forlorn at the short bag of weed you sold him, because you are 14 and caught deep in the throes of addiction yourself. It is that girl you let down, and the farmer on whose stolen land you are a trespasser. It is knowing that you will trespass again. It is the black sea turtle and the demon god's younger sister, Shiela, who will eat you as soon as she looks at you.
This image is your very toaster, and all the toast it will ever yield, people. Am I making sense?
Enter the pause.
And, cut to redemption.
There is really nothing I can say to add to this, but don't worry, that won't stop me from talking.
Who would make such a thing?
Glad you asked.
Erin didn't fall out of bed and toss that book together. Well, I mean, maybe she did, but you know what I'm getting at. Her work is the product of a life of study, traveling through Asia, discipline, and observation. A life of embracing and discarding. Erin and her mate Alex live life loosely, but it is not by accident.
There's a silence born of mindfulness and intelligent approach. I lived with them at the Ondarte International Artist Residency during November. Somehow, we are all still here now, making art in the Mayan Jungle, looking often at the sea, a backyard that informs our every day.
I was sitting at Turtle Bay Cafe a couple of days ago with Erin and Alex, talking about everything and other stuff too. They are two artists with mad skills and elite computer intelligence. Seriously. Their brains are viewable from Google Earth. Talk fell to social media, connectedness, and what the hell is going on here. The coffee tasted good.
On connectedness and group consciousness, hive mind and the unknown potential we brush up against once in a great while, Alex said something like this:
"I have stopped making fun of any attempt to connect. Whatever it is. Because in the attempting, something is achieved."
My delicate little flower of a mind flew to a new height. There was a moment of perfection. But not like, you know, Jimmy Stewart "It's a Wonderful Life" stuff (not that there's anything wrong with it) or even final scene in "Taken" perfection. There was just this moment, when truth has been spoken, and the truth takes away a few of your falsehoods on its own power.
"This is Activism, this is change advocacy, this is yoga. This is the sum total of right thinking." says I to me. I checked my coffee cup to make sure it was coffee.
What Alex said brought up a mirror for me, showing all-too-vividly my own smallness. I love to think of myself as superior to religious people. I'm even devouring Sam Harris' "The End of Faith" this week, just for more firepower. I have laughed for years at people who use crystals. But I read tarot cards! WTF? I often talk with Ganesha, and have even been known to recite mantras and receive comfort from them.
Here's the thing: Alex reminded me—in a way I doubt if I'll successfully convey to you—that it's all good. The only danger to any of this stuff is the intolerance which seems as inextricable from belief as bright is from dawn.
Where is the monk in all of this?
The monk is here, right now.
He is sitting inside you, knowing everything there is to know about all of it, but not in some condescending, listen-to-me-I-got-the-wisdom sort of way. He is respectful and loving to you as you are now. He is respectful and loving to all of life. As it is. He is in a state of perfection brought about in part by having attained complete harmony with imperfection.
Above all, he holds all others blameless. He is like Maude in Harold and Maude when she tells Harold:
"It's best not to be too moral.Ya cheat yourself out of too much life."
Sometimes, wisdom is just being real about "the truth". We do not know what we do not know, and nobody else's search is our whipping boy. If we can drink that in like the finest mango orange banana smoothie, nobody burns at the stake, ever.
So what's the takeaway?
Drink coffee with the people you love.
Spread seeds of unknowing and wide-open wonder.
Act as if every path is as valid as yours.
Find questions you will never answer, and bring them to your Yodas.
Manage conversations today, take them higher.
Ask, invite, jump, run, live, believe.
Allow others room to do the same.
Never, never pretend you know.
Consider that sometimes, a pig is a monk.
Editor: Andrea B.


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New York University Computer Science Professor Chris Bregler has received a $1.47 million grant from the U.S. Office of Naval Research (ONR) to enhance his laboratory s previous work on motion capture and computer vision.
New York University Computer Science Professor Chris Bregler has received a $1.47 million grant from the U.S. Office of Naval Research (ONR) to enhance his laboratorys previous work on motion capture and computer vision.
The goal of the project is to train a computer to recognize a person based on his or her motions and to identify, through motion capture and computer vision, an individuals emotional state, cultural background, and other attributes.
Motion capture records movements of individuals, who wear suits that reflect light to enable the recording of their actions. It then translates these movements into digital models for 3D animation often used in video games and movies, such as The Polar Express and Iron Man. The more sophisticated computer-vision technology, by contrast, allows for the tracking and recording of these movements straight from video and without the use of motion capture suits.
Bregler and his colleagues at NYUs Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences have already developed a method to identify and compare the body language of different speakers-a trait they call body signatures. Titled GreenDot, the project employs motion capture, pattern recognition, and Intrinsic Biometrics techniques. This fall, their results showed that actress Tina Fey, who was widely praised for imitating Republican Vice-Presidential nominee Sarah Palins voice and appearance, also effectively channeled the Alaska governors body language.
The research team-the NYU Movement Group-has also recently developed computer vision techniques that enable the researchers to capture and analyze large amounts of YouTube videos and television broadcasts. In collaboration with Peggy Hackney, a movement expert and a faculty member in the Department of Theater, Dance, and Performance Studies at the University of California, Berkeley, the research group has designed a new system that can automatically classify different motion style categories and find similarities and dissimilarities among body signatures.
Under the ONR grant, Bregler and his team will seek to bolster their previous work in two areas. They will develop multi-modal sensors in order to capture subtle facial movements, full body motion, and multi-person interactions and they will create a computer infrastructure with the capacity to house a database allowing researchers to data-mine, discover, and model the complex and wide variety of different human activities and styles.
For more about Breglers motion capture work, go to http://movement.nyu.edu/experiments/.


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Blood Bowl: Necromantic Horror Team
The Dwarf Giants are an old team with a very long and distinguished history. They were one of the original Blood Bowl sects, and have been present for every major development in the game's history. In more recent times they have consolidated their talents and re-launched themselves as major players in the modern Blood Bowl leagues.
Field the Dwarf Giants Blood Bowl team on the pitch with this set of 12 plastic miniatures! In the box you'll find 2 Troll Slayers, 2 Blitzers, 2 Runners and 6 Linemen, with alternative heads for the Troll Slayer and Blitzer, as well as 6 Dwarf balls, 2 double-sided score coins and 2 turn counters.
There's also a decal sheet featuring symbols for the Dwarf Giants, and a 1,000,000 gp roster allowing a coach to use the team straight out of the box, and 12 32mm bases.


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If you are looking for more than one way to win ADSC, check out Naomi Harm and her contest.
Friday, January 13, 2012
Adobe Digital School Collection Contest! #EdChat
If you are looking for more than one way to win ADSC, check out Naomi Harm and her contest.
7 comments:
Thanks to Adobe photoshop I could do this! Reinvent superheroes.ReplyDelete
Check out what I do with Adobe products:www.bcwmsart.weebly.comReplyDelete
Trying to wrap my mind around Adobe products. GregReplyDelete
With ADSC, the possibilities are endless for my elementary students! Check out how we'll use the ADSC to challenge popular myths about what a family looks like.ReplyDelete
This contest is exciting. Creating original graphics (sprites) in my video game design and development course is an integral part of the process. Teams work together to create video games and I allow students to take different roles (i.e. sound engineer, graphic designer, programmer). Photoshop would greatly enhance the experience for the graphic designers and help my students to create high quality sprites for their games.ReplyDelete
Premier Elements would be a GREAT tool for both my students and myself. I create many video tutorials for my students (and the greater online community) to demonstrate how to use the tools to make video games. Premier would allow me to edit videos and organize them beautifully. For students, they could create videos to serve as 'cut scenes' in their games to help them create a professional looking game.
Thanks for considering me!
My class is creating and authoring a lot of original content. The ADSC would provide students another opportunity to learn a different tool in which they could continue to create and share.ReplyDelete
Something we have not done, but I would like to do, is to create our own CC photo archive. As part of our discussions on Digital Citizenship, we look at various CC tools that assist us in choosing images (for our work) that provide us with the proper permissions. But we don't always find what we want, and often the content isn't produced from the perspective of an elementary student. We would then use Photoshop and Premiere to create images and short clips of CC content that could then be used by other classrooms and individuals around the world.
And we use Macs.
I would have my students research animals and then become the animal by inserting their image onto the animals body. Next they would write about their life as the animal in first "animal" person. I would take their pages and bind them into a Classroom Zoo Book. This is an activity that could be expanded to include scientists, inventors, or explorers.ReplyDelete
Thanks for the opportunity to apply.


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John A. Bell Campaign Medal
John A. Bell Campaign Medal
- Description (Brief)
- This presidential campaign medal was made by the Scovill Manufacturing Company of Waterbury, Connecticut around 1860. The Scovill Company was established in 1802 as a button manufacturer that is still in business today. Scovill was an early industrial American innovator, adapting armory manufacturing processes to mass-produce a variety of consumer goods including buttons, daguerreotype mats, and campaign badges.
- Obverse: Tintype photo of John A. Bell. The legend reads: JOHN BELL 1860.
- Reverse: Tintype photograph of Edward Everett. The legend reads: EDWARD EVERETT 1860.
- Location
- Currently not on view
- Object Name
- medal, political
- date made
- ca 1860
- depicted
- Bell, John
- Everett, Edward
- maker
- Scovill Manufacturing Company
- place made
- United States: Connecticut, Waterbury
- Physical Description
- tintype (overall material)
- brass (overall material)
- Measurements
- overall: 2.5 cm; in
- ID Number
- 1981.0296.1102
- accession number
- 1981.0296
- catalog number
- 1981.0296.1102
- Credit Line
- Scovill, Inc.
- Presidential Campaign of 1860
- See more items in
- Work and Industry: Production and Manufacturing
- Government, Politics, and Reform
- Industry & Manufacturing
- Scovill Manufacturing Collection
- Data Source
- National Museum of American History
Our collection database is a work in progress. We may update this record based on further research and review. Learn more about our approach to sharing our collection online.
If you would like to know how you can use content on this page, see the Smithsonian's Terms of Use. If you need to request an image for publication or other use, please visit Rights and Reproductions.
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'Demon Wars'.
Ron Wagner was born in Iowa. He grew up with DC's war comics, and he became a big fan of Russ Heath, John Severin, Alex Toth and Joe Kubert. He moved to New Jersey in 1981 to attend the Kubert School. His first professional work was doing backgrounds for Stan Wok on 'World's Finest'. He was also a neighbor and assistant for Gray Morrow.
'Morbius The Living Vampire vs. Spider-Man' and 'The Path'.
He had a regular run on Marvel's 'Daredevil', and als drew issues of 'Morbius: The Living Vampire', 'GI Joe' and 'Flash'. For DC, he worked on 'Shadow' and 'Legends of the Dark Knight'.
'G. I. Joe A Real American' #72, June 1988.
Wagner eventually focused on portrait work and illustration for a while, while doing an occasional contribution to DC's 'Weird Western Tales'. He returned to comics and did Crossgen's 'DemonWars: Trial by Fire' miniseries, as well as 'The Path' and 'Sigil'.
'The Path'.


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Svetlana Ivanchenko is a talented Ukrainian artist who uses overlooked natural materials like sand, seashells, quartz, tree roots and tree bark to create wonderful mosaics that look almost painted by hand.
Born and raised in Yalta, on the shores of the Black Sea, Ivanchenko was always fascinated by the abundance of natural materials that surrounded her. She studied at the Crimean Art School, under the supervision of renowned artist Sergei Bokaeva, and later graduated from the Glukhivskiy Pedagogical Institute. The artist currently based in the city of Dnepropetrovsk uses a variety of sand, shells, quartz and tree parts to create amazing works of art inspired by her place of birth and the warmth of the female body. It's hard to believe, but every little piece of material used to create the artworks is placed by hand, and no coloring other than that of the composing elements is used. As Pinar from My Modern Metropolis notes, Svetlana "merges the various textures and colors brilliantly, making it difficult to imagine the frames being made of anything else." Her natural masterpieces have been exhibited in international galleries, and many of them reside in the private collections of connaisseurs in Russia, Ukraine, Germany, Estonia and the Dominican Republic.
Source: Tutt'Art


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7 Natural Supplements for Prostate Health
This blog does not intend to provide diagnosis...
In this article:
The prostate gland is crucial to men's health. In fact, the word itself is Greek in origin and defined as "one standing before" or "protector". Positioned between the bladder and the colon, the prostate's main function is to secrete a clear, alkaline fluid to help transport sperm during ejaculation. The alkalinity helps to neutralize the acidity of the vagina, protecting the sperm and increasing the chance for fertilization to occur.
The prostate can become infected, a condition called prostatitis. When the prostate is enlarged, it is referred to as BPH (Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia). If cancer cells are detected within the prostate gland, prostate cancer is diagnosed.
Bacteria can invade the prostate and cause an infection with symptoms similar to a urinary infection, in many cases. A man who has an infection will acutely notice difficulty urinating and may have some burning and trouble emptying the bladder. Treatment usually includes a two-to- eight-week course of antibiotics, depending on the severity.
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)
As many men age, their prostate gland will enlarge over time. Those affected may notice difficulty urinating, and many men with BPH awaken as many as five times each night with the urge to go. Symptoms may also include difficulty initiating urination with dribbling of urine upon completion. The simple fact of arising multiple times during the night can obviously make getting a good night's sleep difficult. Fortunately, there are several things a man can do to minimize the swelling of the prostate.
From a lifestyle perspective, eating healthy foods such as whole grains and organic fruits and vegetables is beneficial. Avoiding caffeine and alcohol, or at least keeping it to a bare minimum is advised and may be beneficial for some. Prescription and over-the-counter medications are also taken—these include 5HT reductase inhibitors (finasteride, dutasteride) and alpha-blockers (terazosin, doxazosin, tamsulosin). These medicines work quite well for the majority who take them. Like all medicines, side effects can cause some to discontinue their use.
For those who still have difficulty in spite of trying various strategies, surgical intervention may be an option. However, side effects of surgery may result in urinary incontinence, permanent impotence, and erectile dysfunction.
As common as BPH is, the good news is that there is no evidence that it puts a man at increased risk for developing prostate cancer. And medication is not always necessary—there are supplements that can help shrink the prostate, too.
Prostate Cancer
Cancer of the prostate affects one in six men and causes 10 percent of all cancer deaths. Worldwide, 1.6 million men are diagnosed with prostate cancer, and 366,000 men die of prostate cancer every year. It is so common that an estimated 90 percent of men over age 90 show evidence of microscopic prostate cancer. However, it is unlikely to be a cause of death for men in this age group, as dying of heart disease and natural causes is more likely to occur before death from prostate cancer.
Ask most men over 50 how a prostate exam is done, and he will tell you, usually with apprehension, a fearful look, or with a smirk on his face. While a blood test for a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) may be ordered, the physician's gloved index finger is the best way to identify those at risk for prostate cancer. If a nodule or abnormality is felt, the physician may recommend a prostate ultrasound and biopsy to rule out the presence of cancerous cells.
While this test may be uncomfortable, it is an important part of a complete health physical for those at risk or with symptoms.
Foods to Avoid
Dairy products, including milk, are believed to be a risk factor for prostate cancer. A 2018 study in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition concluded that whole milk intake was associated with an increased risk for aggressive prostate cancer. Another 2018 study concluded "…whole milk consumption after prostate cancer diagnosis was associated with increased risk of recurrence, particularly among very overweight or obese men. Men with prostate cancer who choose to drink milk should select non-fat or low-fat options". I personally recommend non-dairy options such as almond milk or rice milk.
A 2017 study showed that those who consume the most saturated fats also are at increased risk for prostate cancer. Saturated fats are found in foods such as butter, cream, whole milk, cheese, lard and processed meats such as sausages and salami.
Lycopene is a food nutrient that is beneficial for prostate health. Food sources of lycopene include tomatoes, watermelon and pink grapefruit. A 2018 study in Nutrients concluded that Vietnamese men with a higher intake of tomatoes and lycopene had less prostate cancer. A 2017 meta-analysis study of 692,000 people concluded that those with higher levels of lycopene were less likely to develop prostate cancer and, lastly, a 2018 study showed those with the highest intake of tomatoes were 19 percent less likely to develop prostate cancer when compared to those who consumed the least amount. Suggested dose: As directed on the label.
Omega 3 Fatty Acids (Fish Oil)
Omega-3 essential fatty acids consist primarily of, particularly, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). A 2014 study in Nutrition Journal showed that the majority of Americans do not consume enough essential fatty acids in their diet. These important nutrients can be found in a variety of food sources, which include fish (mackerel, cod, and salmon are among the richest), walnuts, chia seeds, flax seeds, hemp seeds, avocado, and natto.
A 2017 study reported in Oncology Letter stated that increased consumption of omega-3 fatty acids reduced risk for prostate cancer.
Another study in 2017 showed that those men on prescription prostate medications (finasteride and tamsulosin) for an enlarged prostate or BPH who took omega-3 fatty acids, had improved urinary flow when compared to the men on the medications alone.
Pumpkin Seed
A pumpkin, also known as a winter squash, is related to the summer squash and belongs to a class of foods known as Cucurbita pepo. For centuries—the domestication of the pumpkin goes back to more than 7,000 years ago, to what is now Southern Mexico—it has been believed to have health benefits for the bladder, kidneys, and prostate. Science is now confirming this plant has prostate health benefits.
A 2016 study showed that pumpkin seed extract could help improve symptoms related to an enlarged prostate. A 2015 study of those with an enlarged prostate showed those who took pumpkin seed extract had an improvement in urinary flow when compared to those who took a placebo pill. Consuming pumpkin seeds can be considered as a healthy snack. If taking a supplement, take as directed on the label.
Saw Palmetto
As men age, many will experience symptoms related to an enlarging prostate, a condition doctors call BPH or benign prostatic hyperplasia. Symptoms include difficulty emptying the bladder, urine dribbling, reduced urine flow, and urinary frequency. There are prescription medications available to reduce symptoms, however, many prefer to try a more natural approach. Saw Palmetto (Serenoa repens) is an herbal medication that studies show may be helpful.
A 2002 study by Cochrane Database concluded that Saw Palmetto provided mild to moderate benefit in urinary symptoms and improved urine flow. Countering this, a 2009 study showed Saw Palmetto by itself was not more effective than a placebo.
However, a 2017 study that lasted 12 months did show benefits to urine flow in men who took Saw Palmetto when compared to those men who were not treated. There are also studies which show that Saw Palmetto, when taken in combination with selenium and lycopene, is more effective than Saw Palmetto alone. I have noticed that about half the patients I recommend this herb to notice improvement in prostate symptoms. There is also evidence that those who take Saw Palmetto in addition to the prescription medication finasteride have additional benefit.
Suggested dose: as directed on the label
Vitamin E
Foods containing vitamin E have beneficial effects not only to the brain and heart but also the prostate. These foods include almonds, pumpkin seeds, sunflower seeds, spinach, kale, and avocados. A 2015 study showed those who consumed higher amounts of vitamin E-containing foods had lower risk for aggressive prostate cancer.
Vitamin D
Studies have shown that those with lower vitamin D blood levels are at increased risk for prostate and other cancers. In addition, a 2017 study in Urology Annals showed that those men with a lower vitamin D blood level have increased risk for both benign prostate hyperplasia and possibly prostate cancer.
Spending 20-30 minutes in the sun allowing one's arms and legs to get sunlight can help many self-generate adequate vitamin D. However, depending on the season and one's geography, even that may not be enough. For most, a vitamin D supplement is advised. Suggested dose: 1,000-5,000 IU daily
According to the Journal of Nutrition almost 45 percent of Americans have inadequate intake of zinc in their diets. Worldwide, more than 15 percent of people are zinc deficient. Zinc appears to play an important role in overall prostate health, and those with healthy prostates have higher levels of zinc when compared to those with prostate conditions.
A 2011 study in the Indian Journal Of Urology concluded that those men with lower zinc levels in their blood had increased risk for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer. A 2016 study, in addition to others, confirmed the importance of healthy levels of zinc play in the maintaining optimal prostate health. A quality multivitamin has zinc while others take a separate zinc supplement. Suggested daily dose is 25 to 50 mg of zinc. Learn more about the health benefits of zinc.
- Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2018 Jan 8. pii: a030361. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a030361.
- Am J Clin Nutr. 2018 May 1;107(5):799-807. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy037.
- Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2017 Mar;20(1):48-54. doi: 10.1038/pcan.2016.39. Epub 2016 Sep 6.
- Van Hoang D, Pham NM, Lee AH, Tran DN, Binns CW. Dietary Carotenoid Intakes and Prostate Cancer Risk: A Case-Control Study from Vietnam. Nutrients. 2018;10(1):70. doi:10.3390/nu10010070.
- Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2017 Dec;20(4):361-377. doi: 10.1038/pcan.2017.25. Epub 2017 Apr 25.
- Papanikolaou Y, Brooks J, Reider C, Fulgoni VL. U.S. adults are not meeting recommended levels for fish and omega-3 fatty acid intake: results of an analysis using observational data from NHANES 2003–2008. Nutrition Journal. 2014;13:31. doi:10.1186/1475-2891-13-31.
- Oncology Letter. 2017 May;13(5):3717-3721. doi: 10.3892/ol.2017.5880. Epub 2017 Mar 21.
- Inflammopharmacology. 2017 Aug;25(4):451-458. doi: 10.1007/s10787-017-0343-2. Epub 2017 Apr 8.
- Arch Ital Urol Androl. 2016 Jul 4;88(2):136-43. doi: 10.4081/aiua.2016.2.136.
- Vahlensieck W, Theurer C, Pfitzer E, Patz B, Banik N, Engelmann U, Effects of Pumpkin Seed in Men with Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms due to Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in the One-Year, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled GRANU Study. Urology International 2015;94:286-295
- Cochrane Database of Systemic Reviews. 2002;(3):CD001423.
- Cochrane Database of Systemic Reviews. 2009 Apr 15;(2):CD001423. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001423.pub2.
- Pril (Makedon Akad Nauk Umet Odd Med Nauki). 2017 Sep 1;38(2):123-129. doi: 10.1515/prilozi-2017-0030.
- Current Medicinal Chemistry. 2013;20(10):1306-12.
- Journal of Urology. 2011 Oct;186(4):1524-9. doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2011.05.049. Epub 2011 Aug 19.
- Urology International. 2015;94(2):187-93. doi: 10.1159/000366521. Epub 2015 Jan 23.
- Antwi S, Steck SE, Su LJ, et al. Dietary, Supplement, and Adipose Tissue Tocopherols Levels in Relation to Prostate Cancer Aggressiveness Among African and European Americans: The North Carolina-Louisiana Prostate Cancer Project (PCaP). The Prostate. 2015;75(13):1419-1435. doi:10.1002/pros.23025.
- Elshazly MA, Sultan MF, Aboutaleb HA, et al. Vitamin D deficiency and lower urinary tract symptoms in males above 50 years of age. Urology Annals. 2017;9(2):170-173. doi:10.4103/0974-7796.204192.
- Ciubotariu D, Ghiciuc CM, Lupușoru CE. Zinc involvement in opioid addiction and analgesia – should zinc supplementation be recommended for opioid-treated persons? Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy. 2015;10:29. doi:10.1186/s13011-015-0025-2.
- Gómez Y, Arocha F, Espinoza F, Fernández D, Vásquez A, Granadillo V. Zinc levels in prostatic fluid of patients with prostate pathologies. Invest Clin. 2007;48:287–94.
- Christudoss P, Selvakumar R, Fleming JJ, Gopalakrishnan G. Zinc status of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate carcinoma. Indian Journal of Urology : IJU : Journal of the Urological Society of India. 2011;27(1):14-18. doi:10.4103/0970-1591.78405.


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Adobe may dominate the PDF market on computer desktops, but it has largely left mobile devices like the iPhone and iPad to a range of competitors like the much-lauded GoodReader and Apple's own iBooks. No more.
Adobe Reader for iOS launched Monday, a universal app for iPhone and iPad, and was announced on Adobe's corporate blog. The app allows users to view PDF files from email, on the Web, or in any application supporting iOS's "Open In" function.
The app offers plenty of interactive possibilities, as well. Users can search text, bookmark pages, choose to view pages in "scroll" mode, magnify or reduce text size, and select and copy text from the document being viewed. Documents can also be printed directly from an iOS device, shared with other PDF-capable applications, or emailed as an attachment.
The new app comes just a few months after Adobe started poking its toe into the iOS pond with the launch of CreatePDF, a $10 offering that lets users convert documents originally created in Microsoft Office, OpenOffice, StarOffice.
Unlike that pricey app, Adobe Reader is free. The app is compatible with the iPad, the iPhone 3GS or later, and the third-generation iPod touch or later. It works on devices running iOS 4.2.5 or later.


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Greetings to you, dear users. Bought a smartphone Explay Surfer 777, want to get root rights and extend the functionality of the device? Guideroot help you.
What is the root on Android 13, 12, 11, 10, 9 pie, 8 Oreo, 7.0, 6, 5
root – A super administrator rights. They can significantly speed up the operation of the device, effectively adjust the energy saving and much more. More about this Read is there.
Instruction how to root Explay Surfer 777
Administration is not responsible for your actions! The site Guideroot not paid programs and "Left" instructions, if any. The below information on the model tested Explay Surfer 777.
- You will need download application Baiduroot APK, we have Russified version. Below there are screens as it looks.
- Copy the application Device and set, by agreeing to use
- Click on the button "get root"
- Wait until the end of the process and alert
- Make checks smartphone root
The second method rutirovaniya
If you for some reason do not get to use the first method, try the second.
- Download program Eroot
- Make install and run Eroot
- Take in the hands of the device and turn the settings Android USB debugging
- Hooking device to your computer via microUSB (check that the battery life was between 50% and above)
- We expect the program to detect the connected device
- All the necessary driver software finds itself.
The program usually Eroot nothing shakes, and in front of us just a window with a button root, which is pressed and wait
Do not forget to check for root on video.
Find and Buy Case, headphones or other accessories the device can be is there.