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A guide to Christie's Bridgegate
TRENTON, N.J. — It's been dubbed Bridgegate — a scandal about a traffic jam that may have muddied the road to the White House for Chris Christie.
After simmering for weeks, the controversy exploded Wednesday when emails and texts emerged to bolster Democrats' allegations that allies of the New Jersey governor engineered the traffic problems near the George Washington Bridge as part of a political vendetta.
Not that long ago, Christie had mocked questions about the topic. On Thursday, the Republican was apologizing, firing people and denying he had anything to do with the alleged plot.
( PHOTOS: Chris Christie's career)
So how did it come to this? Here's POLITICO's guide:
'Commuting disaster'
On Sept. 9 in the New Jersey town of Fort Lee, traffic suddenly ground to a halt.
The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey had temporarily closed two lanes from the town to the George Washington Bridge, a major point of entry to New York City, causing massive backups.
John Cichowski, the "Road Warrior" columnist for The Record (N.J.) newspaper, called it a "commuting disaster" that had quadrupled some people's travel times. An emergency services official said the traffic delayed responses to four medical calls.
( Also on POLITICO: My time with scandal-hit Christie aide)
Port Authority officials said the lane closures were part of a traffic study, an explanation Christie said he accepted. But Fort Lee Mayor Mark Sokolich wondered if he was "being sent some sort of message." Soon, a theory picked up steam: Sokolich was being punished for not joining dozens of other Democrats in endorsing Christie for reelection.
Before long, other New Jersey Democrats were piling on, and multiple reviews of the closures got underway (NJ.com has a detailed timeline.) Christie got reelected, and the controversy stayed largely under the national radar. Until this week.
You've got mail
"Time for some traffic problems in Fort Lee."
Those were some of the bombshell words in documents that emerged Wednesday morning as part of a state lawmakers' investigation. That line came from one of Christie's deputy chiefs of staff, Bridget Anne Kelly, in an email to Port Authority official David Wildstein a month before the traffic jam.
Wildstein, a Christie appointee, wrote back: "Got it."
( Also on POLITICO: Christie's damage control)
Other messages in the Wednesday trove appeared to disparage the Fort Lee mayor, fueling suspicions that the lane closures were retaliation. Christie canceled a public event and issued a statement, insisting, "What I've seen today for the first time is unacceptable."
On Thursday, Christie faced the press for almost two hours. He apologized, said he was "embarrassed and humiliated," and denied any involvement in the lane closures.
He said he'd fired Kelly and effectively dismissed another prominent aide named in the messages, Bill Stepien, who had been seen as a potential manager for a 2016 presidential bid. He traveled to Fort Lee and apologized to the mayor in person.
Wildstein — who had resigned from the Port Authority in December as the controversy grew — appeared Thursday before fuming state lawmakers who wanted him to testify. But on his lawyer's advice, he pleaded the Fifth. The panel slapped him with a contempt accusation.
Staying alive
Even if Christie's popularity takes a hit inside New Jersey, he is starting from a pretty good position.
He won 60 percent of the vote when he was elected to a second term last November, and 64 percent of likely voters had a favorable opinion of him, according to Quinnipiac — a testament to how he's made his brash reputation work for him. Plus, any backlash could be offset by people who give him points for how he has responded to the crisis.
Nationally, the governor's popularity could also take a hit.
( WATCH: Gov. Christie brunt of late-night jokes)
Perhaps the most interesting number to watch on that front is how many people say they have an opinion of Christie rather than no opinion at all (in December, the latter category was 28 percent in a Quinnipiac poll).
Immediate changes to that figure will help explain how much the controversy punched through to a larger audience. But will the effects last through the next presidential cycle? That will depend on what else comes to light in the coming months.
More trouble ahead?
Federal prosecutors are considering whether to launch a full-blown investigation, and state lawmakers will continue their probe. One attorney even filed a class-action lawsuit on behalf of people inconvenienced by the jam.
There will probably be a protracted fight over getting Wildstein to testify, and he might make a play for immunity. The issue is also on the radar of Sen. Jay Rockefeller (D-W.Va.), who leads a committee that oversees the Port Authority.
Thousands more pages of documents were posted online Friday. With news organizations eager to pore over the new material, it's anyone's guess how things will shake out in the months ahead.
And if any evidence emerges that Christie himself had a hand in creating the traffic mess, he can probably kiss his 2016 dreams good-bye.


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- Imola
- Imola• Diocese; suffragan of Bologna
Catholic Encyclopedia. Kevin Knight. 2006.
- ImolaImola† Catholic_Encyclopedia ► Imola(Imolensis)Diocese; suffragan of Bologna. The city is located on the Santerno, and was anciently called Forum Cornelii, from the dictator L. Cornelius Sulla, who founded it about 82 B.C. The name Imola was first used in the seventh century by the Lombards, who applied it to the fortress (the present Castellaccio, the construction of which is attributed to the Lombard Clefi), whence the name passed to the city itself. According to Paul the Deacon, Imola was in 412 the scene of the marriage of Atawulf, King of the Visigoths, and Placidia, daughter of Theodosius the Great. In the Gothic war, and after the Lombard invasion, it was held alternately by the Byzantines and barbarians. With the exarchate it passed under papal authority. In the ninth century it was bravely defended against the Saracens and Hungarians by Fausto Alidosi. In the tenth century Troilo Nordiglio acquired great power. This and the following centuries witnessed incessant wars against the Ravennatese, the Faentines, and Bolognese, as well as the intestine struggles of the Castrimolesi (Castro Imolese) and the Sancassianesi (San Cassiano). Amid these conflicts was formed the republican constitution of the city. In the contest between pope and emperor Imola was generally Ghibelline, though it often returned to the popes (e.g. in 1248). Several times, powerful lords attempted to obtain the mastery of the city (Alidosi, 1292; Maghinardo Pagano, 1295). Benedict XII turned the city and its territory over to Lippo Alidosi with the title of pontifical vicar, the power remaining in the same family (Alidosi) until 1424, when Angelo della Pergola, "capitano" for Filippo Maria Visconti, gained the supremacy. But in 1426 the city was restored to the Holy See, and the legate (later Cardinal) Capranica inaugurated a new regime in public affairs.In 1434, 1438, and 1470 Imola was conferred on the Sforza, who had become lords of Milan. It was again brought under papal authority when it was bestowed as dowry on Catherine Sforza, the bride of Girolamo Riario, nephew of Sixtus IV. Riario was invested with the Principality of Forli and Imola. This proved advantageous to Imola, which was embellished with beautiful palaces and works of art (e.g. in the cathedral, the tomb of Girolamo, murdered in 1488 by conspirators of Forli). The rule of the Riarii, however, was brief, as Alexander VI deprived Ottaviano, son of Girolamo, of power, and on 25 November, 1499, the city surrendered to Caesar Borgia. On his death two factions, that of Galeazzo Riario and that of the Church, contested the rule of the city. The ecclesiastical party was victorious, and in 1504 Imola submitted to Julius II. The last trace of these contests was a bitter enmity between the Vaini and Dassatelli families. In 1797 the French established a provisional government at Imola; in 1799 it was occupied by the Austrians; in 1800 it was united to the Cisalpine Republic. After that it shared the fortunes of the Romagna.Noteworthy among the secular edifices of Imola are the Farsetti and the municipal palaces. In the latter is a fresco representing Clement VII and Charles V (1535) passing through the city. The public library was established in 1747 by the Conventual Padre Setti. In the sixteenth century the Accademia degli Industriosi flourished. Among the celebrated men of Imola were: Pope Honorius II; Benvenuto da Imola (Rambaldi), a lecturer on Dante at the University of Bologna in the fourteenth century, Taddeo della Volpe, a captain in the service of the popes and Venice (in 1510 Venice presented him with a staff bearing the image of a fox and his device: SIMUL ASTU ET DENTIBVS UTAR); Giovanni Sassitelli, surnamed il Cagnaccio, who was also a captain; Ottaviano Vestri and his son Marcello, famous jurists of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; Innocenzo da Imola (Francucci), a pupil of Francia and Gaspare Sacchi, distinguished painters; Andrea and Giuseppe Bagnari, noted for their skill in inlaid work; Cosimo Morelli, the famous architect who designed the sacristy of St. Peter's, Rome.The Christian origins of Imola are obscure. The episcopal see certainly antedates St. Ambrose, who sede vacante ordered the Bishop of Vigorenza to visit the church of Imola and provide for the election of a pastor. The martyrdom of Saint Cassian is likewise certain, being described by Prudentius (Peristeph., IX) from pictures seen by him in the cathedral of Imola. Saint Cassian was a schoolmaster, put to death for his faith by his pupils, under Diocletian. Some have identified him with Saint Cassian, Bishop of Sabiona (Saeben in the Tyrol), said to have been transferred to Imola, but this would place the martyrdom in the time of Julian. In 435 Valentinian III built the church of S. Maria in Arenula. The bishop then was St. Cornelius, whose deacon ( see Deacons ) was made Bishop of Ravenna by Sixtus III and is known as St. Peter Chrysologus. His successor was Projectus, at whose ordination Chrysologus pronounced a magnificent eulogy of St. Cornelius. Chrysologus himself was buried at Imola. His tombstone, discovered in 1698, was a rude block on which was written PETRUS. Of the gifts of St. Peter Chrysologus to the church of Imola there is still preserved a paten, with the figure of a lamb on an altar, surrounded by the metrical legendQuem plebs tunc cara crucis agnum fixit in ara. Hostia fit gentis primi pro labe parentis.These leonine verses, however, indicate a much more recent date. At the same period flourished the deacon ( see Deacons ) St. Donatus. Other bishops worthy of mention are: John (946), who restored the cathedral and embellished the tomb of St. Peter Chrysologus; Blessed Basil (1063); Ridolfo (1146), and Enrico (1174), who suffered for their adherence to Alexander III, Enrico laid the foundations of the present cathedral, finished in 1271 under Bishop Sinibaldo; Pietro Ondedei (1416), a distinguished canonist and theologian; the Dominican Gaspare Sighigelli (1450), learned and saintly; Girolamo Dandini (1546), formerly nuncio at Paris, founder of an orphan asylum; Francesco Guarini (1566), the founder of the seminary; Cardinal Fabio Chigi (1652), afterwards Pope Alexander VII; Cardinal Filippo Gualtieri (1702), founder of a mone frumentario to supply the poor peasant with seed; Cardinal Giancarlo Bandi (1752), who rebuilt the cathedral and the basilica of Valentinian; Cardinal Barnaba Chiaramonti (1785), afterwards Pope Pius VII; Cardinal Giovanni Maria Mastai Ferretti (1832), afterwards Pius IX.Imola has 121 parishes with 120,000 souls; 7 religious houses of men and 12 of women; 4 educational institutions for boys, and 12 for girls.ALBERGHETTI, Compendio della storia civile...D'Imola (Imola, 1810); ANGELI, Memorie biografiche de uomini illustri Imolesi (Imola, 1828); CAPPELLETTI, Le Chiese d'Italia (Venice, 1857), III.U. BENIGNITranscribed by John Fobian In memory of Joe Natoli
The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume VIII. — New York: Robert Appleton Company. Nihil Obstat. 1910.
Catholic encyclopedia.

subset: commoncrawl


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"I've always cared about what's on my feet," says Joshua Bingaman, who founded Helm Boots back in 2009 in Austin, Texas. "I wouldn't call myself as a collector as much as just someone who really likes shoes." That being said, Bingaman's closet boasts between 50 and 100 pairs of boots, hard-bottom lace-ups and sneakers—which is kept manageable by a one-in-one-out process. "It makes for less need of a storage space, fewer impulse buys and there's something really nice about a strong, simple line to choose from," he says. "I try to keep pairs that I really wear, that are comfortable and really work with my wardrobe." It's that kind of reliability that's made his brand of boots so popular. Durable and versatile, Helm is almost a hybrid of sorts. Part work boot, part dress shoe with a dash of sneaker, there's a rugged refinement to the finished footwear.
Which speaks to the quality of the product. Something that Bingaman takes very seriously and led him to recently move production from Turkey to the United States. The boots are now designed in Austin and handcrafted in Maine using time-honored techniques and American materials like leathers from Chicago's Horween and Minnesota's S.B. Foot. "It was something that resonated with us at a time when it seemed so much labor was being exported and, economically and sustainably speaking, we could save a lot of time, money and energy with a factory close by," he says. "When it comes to what you wear, how often can you be so close to the process?"
Each season, Helm rereleases the brand's most popular styles like the simple cap-toe Muller model, but this spring, they're introducing some new relaxed styles that are sure to turn some traditionalists' heads. "The Dash is a play off of a style we did in Istabul that we've now edited the pattern here in the US and are doing a grey color that's really beautiful," says Bingaman. "And we have a new chukka style coming on our signature leather sole with a white midsole—we know it's going to be a top seller, especially since people are already putting it on hold and they're not yet in stock."
Dash, $349 and Lotzer, $399, available soon at Helm
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Source code archive
From CFD-Wiki
The purpose of this section is to provide a facility for CFD people to share source code. Please feel free to add your contribution where you find it fitting. Small code-snippets and short scripts should be posted inline with your text using <pre> and </pre> tags before and after the actual code. Large programs and codes with several source files should be put in a zip or tar.gz file and uploaded and linked to using a [[Media:filename.tar.gz]] link.
- Codes and scripts used in education. This is the place to put all your model-problem codes in Matlab etc.
Please note that all source code that you upload here should be either public domain and without any license restrictions whatsoever (this is the default if you don't specify anything else) or released under a GPL copyleft license. See CFD-Wiki:Copyrights for more information.
External Links
Sites where you can find CFD related source code:


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I'm reaching the end of my stardom
|What military aircraft are you?
F-15 Eagle
You are an F-15. Your record in combat is spotless; you've never been defeated. You possess good looks, but are not flashy about it. You prefer to let your reputation do the talking. You are fast, agile, and loud, but reaching the end of your stardom.
|Click Here to Take This Quiz
Brought to you by YouThink.com quizzes and personality tests.
But I'm cute.


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Recording E-Guitars
1. Introduction
Welcome to our Recording Electric Guitar Online Advisor.
No rock production would be complete without the dominant and instantly recognisable sound of the electric guitar - to the listener it's one of the most appealing instruments in today's music.
This subject raises countless discussions and arguments about electric guitars and their sounds, and artist's techniques and how to mimic them, not only from guitarists, but also engineers, producers and anyone else who wants to give their tuppence worth.
Our aim is to explain the basic process of recording the electric guitar and to offer you some helpful tips and guidance along the way. Hopefully this will give you a good understanding of the process, and should help you to get the most out of your equipment in future.
Our Online Advisor extends to several pages - you can jump from section to section using the index below or the navigation at the bottom of each page.
Your Contacts
Product Highlights
DI Boxes
USB Audio Interfaces
Firewire Audio Interfaces
Electric Guitar Preamps
Amp Microphones


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I just wanted to add the color of the unit is perfect, a great match to the cherry colored desk I bought for my husband. Thanks for your follow-up and please call/email if you need more information. My husband added a comment that overall he is very pleased with the workmanship of the bed and bookshelves. and the care you have taken in packing and shipping your furniture. He is a weekend carpenter himself and sets a pretty high standard.
– Gloria — Raleigh NC
We just wanted to send a quick email to tell you all how pleased we are with our wallbeds. You were great to work with, the beds are so well-made, Jay did a wonderful job with the installation! We are very satisfied customers and just wanted to let you know that, especially these days when quality products and good customer service seem to be the exception. You can expect enthusiastic and glowing reviews and referrals.
– John and Cindy — Olympia WA
Thank you so much for your professionalism from start to finish on this project. The Murphy Bed came out beautiful! We are looking forward to our Thanksgiving company using it the next week. I have attached some photos for you.
– Melissa — Shapesburg GA
Thanks again Kelly for following up yesterday! It really meant a lot to me. Tell everyone thank you as well for their assistance. The 2 guys I had put it together yesterday were both general contractors that do a lot of remodeling. They were very impressed with not only the construction but the quality of the materials as well. Yeah!
– Sabrina — Gold River CA
Just wanted you to know I finally have my murphy bed installed and it works and looks wonderful. You have a great company the shipping was great, no damages and your product is first class. If I am ever in need or anyone else I know needs a murphy bed I will recommend your company. Thanks!
– Jeaneen — Charlotte MI
We have had our horizontal murphy bed now for 4 months. My uncle was staying with us in Hawaii for the winter and he enjoyed the bed. It is a solid heavy bed and the instructions were easy to follow. It looks great and quite functional for our needs as we get many extra guests, but when not in use the table doubles as a sewing table. I am really pleased with the quality and even the shipping crate was impressive as well. Nothing was damaged and it looks great. I also appreciated that your company gave me a discounted shipping rate to Hawaii when you were offering free shipping on the mainland. Your shipping costs and quality of construction really made the decision for us to choose your bed. Many other companies charge over $900.00 dollars plus for shipping in addition to the bed so I am just so pleased with the whole process and the end result.
– Brianna — Kapolei, HI


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so, i made you some really adorable and yummy cookies for this holiday season. packaged them up in sweet little boxes with tissue paper and ribbons. and then proceeded to take many, many horrible photos of them.
you are welcome!
i've been struggling to get into the holiday spirit this year. too many cocktails, not enough general cheer.
too many packages gone missing in the brown ups truck in the sky.
my gifts for my sisters-in-law may not arrive until february, but i had a pretty solid cookie strategy.
my go-to sugar cookie recipe is a cut above due to the addition of an aggressive amount of citrus zest.
i upgraded my oatmeal chocolate chip recipe with some cranberries for color and tang.
several of our nation's dairy farmers are having a fine christmas thanks to the brown-buttery deliciousness of rosemary walnut shortbread.
and because it isn't christmas without some powdered ginger and sparkle, i added dorie greenspan's speculoos buttons into the mix, but mine aren't nearly as cute as those gracing the cover of bon appetit.
extreme walnut close up. please just be grateful it isn't blurry.
these shortbread cookies will melt in your mouth. did i mention the butter? they left darling little grease spots on the tissue paper.
allow me to warn you about the speculoos buttons, however. it will be nearly impossible to tell when the little buggers are done since they are such a warm lovely brown color to start. so you must remain vigilant about over baking them, which will turn them into tiny spiced hockey pucks. you will lose a tooth. you have been warned.
but aren't their sparkly edges nice?
believe it or not, this was one of the better photos. in my next life, my kitchen will be nothing but windows. WINDOWS I SAY.
for those of you who know my sommelier, you will enjoy the image of him on the couch on a saturday night, watching a dreadful movie involving horses and the end of my respect for steven spielberg, delicately frosting reindeer antlers with a squeeze tube of royal icing.
i think we generally ended up with a nice mix of frosted cookies that looked nearly professional, but just charmingly off key so as to seem legitimately homemade.
towards the end of the rather nice bottle of twomey 2008 napa valley merlot, the cookies looked a lot closer to what you might expect out of a kindergartner with some fine motor skills challenges.
those cookies ended up at the bottom of the box. just slightly out of frame.
not that you would even be able to tell much about the quality of our handiwork, based on my mad skills with a camera. so, with that, i will leave you with this gem and some links to cookies that you should revisit in march perhaps, when the gray sky and several months of pretend-dieting leave you in the need for something sweet.
does the filter make it seem like it was supposed to be fuzzy? good. let's go with that. it was quite the pretentious little display of cookies anyway.
- citrusy sugar cookies
- martha's royal icing
- speculoos buttons
- rosemary walnut brown butter cookies
- cranberry oatmeal chocolate chip cookies - please note that i cut down on both butter and chocolate, as recommended by the reviewers. it felt like sacriledge, but made for a very nicely balanced, chewy cookie. plus i used my cranberry technique from these muffins.


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Do It Yourself, or DIY, wedding projects allow you to create your own personalized favors and touches that can be applied in any way you can imagine on your special day, for a shower, a party or whenever. All you need are some basic items and a little creativity.
These Do It Yourself Eco Friendly Succulent Place Cards are an easy arrangement that can double as wedding favors for your guests. They do not need to be watered and require sunshine and a little love to survive. They are just pure cuteness for your guests to enjoy. To see more of our fabulous wedding DIY projects click here.
What To Buy
1. Mini Mason Jars 12 pack $15.79
2. Double Sided Tape
3. Sticks $0.45
4. Luxe Cream Fino Placecards 50 for $8.00
5. Succulents range in price, visit your local nursery How To Make
1. Put your cactus in a mini mason jar
2. Print or write on a Luxe Cream Fino Placecard 3. Break your stick to the height you like
4. Fold your placecard and tape the side together and slide the stick in the middle
5. Insert your stick into your mini mason jar


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About Us
Customers like to know about the company behind the services they buy.
On this page we will tell you about ourselves.
Our Company
This is where we will explain our company background and describe how we got to where we are today. For example, we might
talk about how long we have been in business, or any awards or honors we have won. We might also talk about our dedicated
staff, and the importance of customer satisfaction.
Our Philosophy
Our mission statement or purpose of the business will go here. For example, we believe in the highest quality products and
services for all of our customers. We believe our customers are our greatest asset, and we are dedicated to serving your needs.
BARE BONES SHOOT 'N OK PRODUCTIONS * 735 Terrace,
Suite A* MUSKOGEE, OK * US * 74401
216-851-8288-Leave Message


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About Interior Design
Interior Design magazine is a great resource for any designer. With each issue that you receive, you will gain access to the best information about trends and styles. You will enjoy reading about big projects, the best products, and other news. There are also features about all of the best events that you will be able to attend if you desire. Order a discount subscription to Interior Design magazine today!
In each issue of your subscription, you will receive interesting and informative features that will increase your knowledge of your field. There are articles about all the biggest interior design projects that are happening throughout the world. Interior Design magazine ensures that you can read about any type of project. You will enjoy reading articles about many types of projects including those that are related to education, entertainment, healthcare, hospitality, institutional, kitchens, baths, office, residential, as well as retail.
Interior Design magazine also ensures that you know of the best products that you should use for any type of project that you encounter. You will enjoy reading about accessories, building products, flooring, furniture, lighting, textiles, wall coverings, window treatments, and many other products that you will need at some point in your work. You will enjoy reading about all the products that you can implement into your personal designs.
News and Events
There are also many features about the latest news and upcoming events in every issue of Interior Design magazine. You will enjoy reading and learning about your career through this periodical. The features include information about people, companies, and awards that influence you and other designers like you. You will also enjoy reading about all of the upcoming events that you can attend and learn even more about creating amazing designs.
Become a better and more informed designer by ordering a discount Interior Design magazine subscription today!
The number of issues included in a magazine subscription (frequency) is subject to change without notice. Additional double issues may be published, which count as 2 issues. Applicable sales tax will be added. Offer void in Vermont. Magazine covers are used for illustrative purposes only and you may not receive a copy of the particular issue depicted. Your subscription will include the most recent issue once your subscription begins. Magazine covers are the property of the publisher. This site is not officially affiliated with, associated with, or endorsed by Interior Design or the publisher.


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Guardian Flight takes over all SouthEast Alaska Regional Health Consortium medevacs on Tuesday, Oct. 1.
Guardian, based in Utah, already covers night service for the Sitka-based medical provider. SEARHC operated its own medevacs 12 hours a day up until now.
SEARHC Chief Operating Officer Dan Neumeister says a contract signed last week puts Guardian in charge of all medical evacuations.
"Guardian will be responsible for providing services wherever our clinics are. So at Angoon, (if) you need to fly out on a float plane, they'll be responsible for either providing their own float plane or subcontracting out and getting a plane, putting their people on it and going to get our patients," he says.
SEARHC laid off the nurses who staffed their own medevacs.
Guardian is Alaska's largest medical evacuation operation, with bases in eight cities, including Sitka.
Neumeister says turning all medevacs over to Guardian will be simpler and more efficient.
"We had tried to perform the services ourselves part of each day. And we found that that was not as effective, even though we had very dedicated employees providing the service," he says.
SEARHC has cut several programs this year to save money.


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Apr 6th Our name has changed!
We have recently changed our business name to Endeavor Technologies LLC (www.endeavortec.com). Don't worry though, nothing else is changing - same people, same great support, and same services. If your invoices are paid by credit card, you will now see "ENDEAVOR TECHNOLOGIES" on your credit card statement instead of "FIRST CAPITAL IT SOLU". If you ... بیشتر »
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Administration of cancer therapy is designed to eliminate or reduce tumor burden. A number of variables, including tumor cell kinetics, site of the tumor, and extent of tissue involvement affect outcome of such treatment. Depending on these and related variables, single or multi-modality therapy may be indicated. Principal forms of therapy include ionizing radiation, surgery, and chemotherapy.
Depending on the extent of the tumor, treatments may not be specific to the tumor; if they are not, normal tissue included within the surgical wound or rapidly replicating normal tissues can be profoundly affected. Injury can be either reversible or irreversible. Because oral epithelium is highly active tissue with replacement times estimated at 9-16 days, chemotherapy and radiation may be directly toxic to the oral mucosa, resulting in dysgeusia, extensive ulceration, pain, bleeding, and (1,2)
compromised normal function. The dental/periapical, periodontal, or salivary gland tissues may suffer acute injury. Radiotherapy can cause both serious destruction to bone and permanent salivary (3-5)
gland disturbances. Because the sequelae associated with cancer therapy may have a profound psychosocial impact on the patient, a multidisciplinary team approach that reviews all aspects of patient care is necessary.
A. State of the Science
Complications of therapy depend on the cancer treatment protocol of choice. Table 1 offers a selected list of oral sequelae associated with therapy.
Surgical Risks and Complications
Surgical management of intraoral lesions typically includes both the primary lesion and the cervical lymph nodes. Ideally, surgery is selected when permanent control of the tumor is likely. Staging of the patient is essential to determine whether surgery alone is indicated or whether radiation or chemotherapy is also needed.
The risks and sequelae of surgery develop directly from and are primarily based on the extent of the tumor and its relationship to contiguous oral structures. Sequelae may include disfigurement and compromise of vascularity and nerve tissue as well as gustatory, masticatory, speech, and swallowing functions
(see Chapter VIII).
Table 1: Selected List of Oral Sequelae Related to Treatment
Risks and Sequelae of Radiation or Chemotherapy
Mucositis and Infection
Mucositis can be caused by either radiation or chemotherapy; the severity and extent of lesions are correlated with the treatment protocol being administered. Radiation-induced mucositis depends on absorbed radiation dose, fractionation, delivery modality, and soft tissue status. The patient may feel a mucosal "burning" sensation 1-2 weeks after initiation of therapy; the mucosa may be edematous and leukoplakic or erythematous on clinical examination. Depending on the intensity of the therapy and patient variables, extensive ulcerations may develop following initial clinical signs and symptoms. With chemotherapy, outcomes are specifically related to the pharmacologic class of drug selected as well as its dose concentration and the extent of neutrophil depletion or leukopenia.
Strategies for preventing mucositis are limited, but the problem can be partially minimized by fractionation techniques, shielding, and modifying modes of delivery. Supportive care for the acute components of mucositis (bleeding, pain, and infection) is the mainstay of treatment. Although not directed principally at preventing mucositis, comprehensive oral care, including mechanical plaque removal supplemented by an antimicrobial rinse if indicated and frequent rinsing with saline bicarbonate solutions, can reduce the severity of secondary complications. Topical anesthetics or systemic analgesics are administered frequently for palliation of pain. Smoking can exacerbate mucositis; patients should be assisted with cessation using nicotine replacement therapy if indicated. (6)
Candidiasis is the most common oral infection during treatment for oral cancer, although other mycotic, bacterial, or viral infections are possible. Prophylactic or therapeutic topical and/or systemic antifungal agents are necessary to control candidiasis. Selection of an antifungal agent must consider the patient's degree of xerostomia and possible inability to dissolve a troche. Also of concern is the patient's level of oral hygiene and the risk associated with high levels of sucrose in topical preparations. The addition of chemotherapy to the treatment protocol may increase the severity of mucositis, xerostomia, and infection; it also increases the risk of bacterial and herpetic infections.
Because of the high probability of mucositis and infection, their potential severity, and their nutritional consequences, the radiation or chemotherapy patient needs comprehensive management protocols, particularly during periods of highest infection risk. Some cancer centers prescribe a "cocktail" preparation of antimicrobials, a steroid, a coating agent, and a topical anesthetic. However, the effectiveness of such preparations is empirically based and needs to be examined in a well-controlled clinical study.
Salivary Gland Dysfunction
Directing radiation therapy to the salivary glands or administering chemotherapeutic, antiemetic, or psychotropic drugs may alter salivary gland function. Chemotherapy does not typically cause chronic salivary gland changes; in contrast, high-dose ionizing radiation delivered to major glandular sites can cause permanent salivary gland dysfunction. The degree of oral dryness (xerostomia) will vary by the extent of salivary gland injury. These changes can exacerbate oral infection risk at various sites, including the mucosa and periodontium. Xerostomia may also affect mastication, speech, and the patient's overall quality of life.
Unfortunately, there are few effective preventive or palliative interventions for xerostomia. Frequent oral rinses with water or saline and commercial saliva substitutes may be minimally helpful, as may salivary stimulants such as sugarless candies and gum. Currently, no saliva substitute exists that can (7-9) adequately replace the organic and biologic constituents of saliva. However, two studies that examined the effectiveness of oral pilocarpine as a sialogogue in irradiated patients with residual functional salivary gland tissue demonstrated its efficacy and safety; pilocarpine is now approved by the FDA for treating hyposalivation. However, the practitioner must be aware of its potential side effects and contraindications.
Symptoms of dry mouth do not necessarily correlate with quantitative or qualitative changes in saliva. Some patients receiving high-dose radiotherapy to major salivary glands may experience reduced saliva production but perceive an improvement in function over time after cessation of therapy. Despite improvement in symptoms, however, saliva production in these patients may continue to be (10,11) impaired, with reduced levels of antimicrobial proteins secreted. Thus, these patients will be at high risk for aggressive caries formation, demineralization, and periodontal disease for the balance of their lives. In addition, because mucous secretions from minor salivary glands are often unaffected, patients frequently complain of thick, ropey saliva. Comprehensive long-term preventive oral hygiene and dental follow-up are needed. (12,13)
Both chemotherapy and radiation therapy patients can experience disturbances in taste. Mechanisms for this sensory disturbance are often complex and range from direct molecular effects on acinar cell function to conditioned aversions to selected foods. Compositional and/or flow rate changes in saliva may also contribute to the symptom, although underlying mechanisms are not clearly established.
Direct chemotherapy or radiotherapy injury to taste buds may produce partial (hypogeusia) or absolute (ageusia) taste loss. Taste buds may regenerate about 4 months after cessation of therapy, and normal taste function may resume. Given the complex interplay between physico-chemical and psychologic alterations, however, this recovery may not occur. Patients should be counseled as to realistic outcomes and give ongoing dietary consultation as well as programs to resolve food (14) aversions that may have emerged during cancer therapy. High-dose zinc supplementation has helped some patients.
Nutritional Complications
Radiation, chemotherapy, or surgery can impair nutrition through a variety of mechanisms. 15 Maintenance of appropriate levels of nutritional support is essential; indeed, many cancer patients are underweight at diagnosis and lose weight during therapy.
Nutritional complications stem from altered taste sensations, ageusia, anorexia, food aversion, pain, xerostomia, and dysphagia. Inadequate intake of calories leads to weight loss, weakness, and (16) malaise. Tumor factors responsible for anorexia include direct tumor utilization of metabolites. Release by the tumor of chemical moieties that produce protein loss and negative nitrogen balance has also been hypothesized to contribute to cachexia.
Finally, nutritional complications may be caused by lack of access to appropriate reconstructive techniques and rehabilitation, leaving the patient without complete masticatory restoration.
Dental Caries and Periodontal Disease
Patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy for management of disseminated oral cancer are not typically at high risk for chemotherapy-induced progressive compromise of the dentition and periodontium. However, the compliance of such patients with oral hygiene protocols and nutrition guidelines may be deficient. Such limitations can produce extensive oral disease patterns.
Patients whose major and minor salivary glands have been exposed to therapeutic doses of ionizing radiation are at significant risk for progression of oral infections and demineralization, even if routine oral management strategies are utilized. Several covariates, including salivary function, nutrition, medications, parafunctional habits, tobacco habits, and compliance with comprehensive oral care protocols that include remineralizing solutions and fluoride use, collectively interact and produce either a stable or regressive oral disease profile. These diseases are caused by infecting pathogens, with consequences that include hard or soft oral tissue destruction, pain and bleeding, and systemic sequelae consistent with infection progression.
Ionizing radiation can lead to osteoradionecrosis (ORN), a complication that results from compromised vascularity following surgery or from radiation-induced hypovascularity, as well as from cytotoxic effects on bone-forming cells and tissue, hypocellularity, and hypoxia of affected (17-21) bone. The risk of ORN increases over time following completion of radiation dosing and is present through the lifespan. Complications associated with ORN include intractable pain, drug dependency, pathologic fractures, oral and cutaneous fistulas, and loss of large areas of bone and soft tissue. (22)
The incidence of ORN is quite variable and depends mostly on the aggressiveness of radiation (17) therapy; reported incidence ranges from 2% to 40%. Although trauma (e.g., dental extraction or scaling, denture irritation, periodontal disease) can initiate ORN, the etiologies of many cases are not identified. Managed unsuccessfully, ORN can have serious consequences, including progressive pain, trismus, and, eventually, loss of major segments of the jaw bone.
Ideal management of ORN calls for eliminating potentially riskful foci of oral disease prior to instituting radiation therapy. This approach requires a multidisciplinary team, which conducts comprehensive treatment planning well in advance of the cancer therapy. (See Table 2 for a list of evaluation and management issues.) Intact teeth can be preserved under certain conditions, such as when the patient is highly motivated toward maintaining ideal oral health and receiving comprehensive dental care. Conversely, compromised teeth in the poorly compliant patient should be extracted at least 10 days prior to radiation. However, the patient's disease state may change the timing of (23) extraction. Realistic clinical judgment combined with comprehensive management is the best tool for preventing osteoradionecrosis.
Table 2: Evaluation and Management Issues Prior to Surgery and Radiotherapy
Management of ORN with antibiotics and surgical debridement is not always successful. Courses of hyperbaric oxygen to facilitate healing of compromised bone may be helpful when combined with appropriate surgery and antibiotics. However, because this treatment is expensive and offered by only a limited number of facilities, many patients will not be able to take advantage of it.
Trismus Alterations
Ionizing radiation can also cause obliterative endoarteritis with associated tissue ischemia and fibrosis. This process can contribute to development of trismus if the masticatory muscles are within the portals of radiation. As treatment of trismus can be very difficult, preventive management with jaw exercises using tongue blades and other devices is recommended when signs of this disorder occur.
Psychosocial Impact
Functional and aesthetic changes may profoundly affect a patient's psychic and social status. The clinician should give these factors serious consideration in pre-treatment consultation and post operative rehabilitation. Failure to do so may have critical consequences for the patient's later quality of life in socioeconomic areas as well as in personal relationships and lifestyles. (24)
B. Emerging Trends
A number of emerging trends in the management of head and neck cancer may directly affect complications of therapy by altering treatment approaches in ways that will selectively protect normally functioning tissues. To assure effetive use of new approaches, organizations such as the American Cancer Society (ACS) have for years promulgated the principle of multidisciplinary care for the cancer patient, including those with head and neck malignancies (see the discussion of treatment and the multidisciplinary tumor board concept in Chapter VI).
C. Opportunities and Barriers to Progress
There are several approaches to improving the management of patients with oral cancer, including professional and public education, increased multidisciplinary management, and applied and laboratory-based research. However, the current situation is not promising because of:
- limited attention in medical, dental, dental hygiene, and nursing curricula to the oral complications of cancer therapy
- limited patient education about the need to comply with preventive or therapeutic oral interventions
- declining availability of both public and private research funding
- lack of trained basic and applied research directed specifically at management of oral complications.
Currently, there is a great need to develop tools to assess and prevent oral mucositis. Over the past 5 years, the standard for oral mucosa assessment tools has changed from a simplified, global scale to a more complex scale that assesses changes in multiple qualities of oral status that collectively contribute to mucositis severity. Future research must be directed to developing instruments that: (1) eliminate subjectivity in assessing and classifying oral complications; (2) measure oral toxicities with high degrees of specificity and sensitivity relative to the pathologic process under investigation; (3) take little time and are cost-effective to administer; and (4) can be tolerated by the patient with severe mucositis. Such instruments are essential to assess whether new technologies can reduce the severity of radiation- or chemotherapy-induced mucositis.
At present, clinical studies are needed to develop mechanisms for increasing patient compliance with recommended long-term care and preventive measures. The effect that cultural, sociologic, and psychologic factors have on compliance also needs investigation (see Chapter IX).
Current deficits in professional knowledge frequently stem from a failure to understand that communication between the medical and dental teams is essential. Although some cancer centers have integrated medical, nursing, dental, and dental hygiene management of the patient, a number of university-based and most community-based oncology programs have not done so. Yet, the complex management of the oral cancer patient mandates multidisciplinary care; unless the relevant professional groups communicate successfully, patient care may suffer.
More research on managing the patient with mucositis and xerostomia is also needed. Protocols to manage mucositis should be tested in clinical studies. Additional research is also needed on slow release techniques for the drug oral pilocarpine that might minimize its side effects while maximizing its therapeutic effect.
Long-term studies are also needed to evaluate reconstructive techniques, including their effect on dental function, to prevent nutritional complications and ensure full rehabilitation.
Finally, outcome assessments are necessary to evaluate the impact of treatment and non-treatment on long-term results and quality of life. Information from these assessments will be useful in allocating research dollars and establishing protocols for care.
Additional CDC Chapters
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1. Squier CA. Barrier functions of oral epithelia. In: Mackenzie IC, Squier CA, Dabelsteen E, eds. Oral mucosal diseases: biology, etiology and therapy. Copenhagen : Lægeforeningens forlag, 1987:79.
2. National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Panel. Consensus statement: oral complications of cancer therapies. Bethesda , MD : US Department of Health and Human Service, Public Health Service, National Cancer Institute. NCI Monogr 1990;3-8.
3. Jansma J. Oral sequelae resulting from head and neck radiotherapy (doctoral thesis). The Netherlands : University of Groningen , 1991.
4. Jansma J, Vissink A, Spijkervet FKL, et al. Protocol for the prevention and treatment of oral sequelae resulting from head and neck radiation therapy. Cancer 1992;70:2171-80.
5. Jansma J, Vissink A, Jongebloed WL, et al. Natural and induced radiation caries: a SEM study. Am J Dent 1993;6:130-6.
6. Rugg T, Saunders MI, Dische S. Smoking and mucosal reactions to radiotherapy. Br J Radiol 1990;63:554-6.
7. Johnson JT, Ferretti GA, Nethery WJ, et al. Oral pilocarpine for post-irradiation xerostomia in patients with head and neck cancer. N Engl J Med 1993;329:390-5.
8. LeVeque FG, Montgomery M, Potter D, et al. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-titration study of oral pilocarpine for treatment of radiation-induced xerostomia in head and neck cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 1993;11:1124-31.
9. Epstein JB, Burchell JL, Emerton S, Le ND, Silverman S Jr. A clinical trial of bethanechol in patients with xerostomia after radiation therapy. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1994;77:610-4.
10. Liu RP, Fleming TJ, Toth BB, Keene HJ. Salivary flow rates in patients with head and neck cancer 0.5 to 25 years after radiotherapy. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1990;70:724-9.
11. Cooper JS, Fu K, Marks J, Silverman S Jr. Late effects of radiation therapy in the head and neck region. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1995;31:1141-64.
12. Cacchillo D, Barker GJ, Barker BF. Late effects of head and neck radiation therapy and patient/dentist compliance with recommended dental care. Spec Care Dent 1993;13:159-62.
13. Silverman S Jr. Oral radiation and chemotherapy pathology. In: Busch DB, ed. Radiation and chemotherapy injury: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 1993; 15:49 -89.
14. Bartoshuk LM. Chemosensory alterations and cancer therapies. NCI Monogr 1990;9:179-84.
15. Elias EG, McCaslin DL. Nutrition in the patient with compromised oral function. In: Peterson DE, Elias EG, Sonis ST, eds. Head and neck management of the cancer patient. Boston : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers;1986:509-16.
16. Mattes RD , Curran WJ, Alavi J, Powlis W, Whittington R. Clinical implications of learned food aversions in patients with cancer treated with chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Cancer 1992;70:192-200.
17. Friedman RB. Osteoradionecrosis: causes and prevention. NCI Monogr 1990;9:145-9.
18. Peterson DE , D'Ambrosio JA. Nonsurgical management of head and neck cancer patients. Dent Clin North Am 1994;38:425-45.
19. Marx RE. Osteoradionecrosis: a new concept of its pathophysiology. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1983;41:283-8.
20. Marx RE, Johnson RP. Studies in the radiobiology of osteoradionecrosis and their clinical significance. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1987;64:379-90.
21. Van Merkesteyn JPR, Bakker DJ, Borgmeijer-Hoelen AMMJ. Hyperbaric oxygen treatment of osteoradionecrosis of the mandible: experience in 29 patients. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1995;80:12-6.
22. McLemma W. Some aspects of the problem of radionecrosis of the jaws. Proc R Soc Med 1955;48:1017-9.
23. Marx RE, Johnson RP, Kline SN. Prevention of osteoradionecrosis: a randomized prospective clinical trial of hyperbaric oxygen versus penicillin. J Am Dent Assoc 1985;111:49-54.
24. Argerakis G. Psychosocial considerations of the post-treatment of head and neck cancer patients. Dent Clin North Am 1990;34:285-305.


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National Center on Immigrant Integration Policy
Recent Activity
Immigration from the Caribbean to the United States is a relatively recent phenomenon, beginning largely after 1965. This report provides a demographic profile of the 1.7 million Caribbean immigrants in the United States: their geographic settlement, education and workforce characteristics, earnings, modes of entry, and more.
This report finds that the 813,000 U.S. children under the age of 10 who have Black immigrant parents from Africa or the Caribbean generally fall in the middle of multiple well-being indicators, faring less well than Asian and white children but better than their native-born Black and Hispanic peers. Citizenship status, English proficiency, parental characteristics, poverty, housing, and access to social supports are examined.
Texas has the second-largest number of English Language Learner (ELL) students in the nation. Using a unique longitudinal data set that tracks ELL and non-ELL students in Texas from first grade through high school, this report examines the trajectories and performance of individual groups.
The number of U.S. residents deemed Limited English Proficient (LEP) has increased substantially in recent decades, consistent with the growth of the U.S. foreign-born population. This brief offers analysis on the number, share, growth, and linguistic diversity of LEP individuals in the United States from 1990 to 2010 at the national, state, and metropolitan-area levels.
The story of immigrant integration in the United States has historically been one of generational progress, with the gains for second-generation Hispanic women particularly impressive, as this report reveals. It profiles first- and second-generation young adults ages 16 to 26, examining this diverse population's education and career pathways.
This is the latest in NCIIP's language access webinar series exploring the policy and program implementation imperatives for government and community agencies serving Limited English Proficient (LEP) populations.


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Sinorhizobium meliloti: Difference between revisions
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3. Damien Keogh, Peter Collins, Paraic O Cuiv, "Iron Transport in Bacteria", Dublin City University, 2006, http://webpages.dcu.ie/~oconnelm/projects.html
3. Damien Keogh, Peter Collins, Paraic O Cuiv, "Iron Transport in Bacteria", Dublin City University, 2006, http://webpages.dcu.ie/~oconnelm/projects.html
4. Bringhurst, R. M., Cardon, Z., and D. J. Gage,
4. Bringhurst, R. M., Cardon, Z., and D. J. Gage, in the rhizosphere: utilization by Sinorhizobium meliloti and development of a biosensor. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 98:4540-4545, 2001
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Revision as of 04:03, 29 August 2007
A Microbial Biorealm page on the genus Sinorhizobium meliloti
Higher order taxa
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rhizobiales; Rhizobiazeae; Sinorhizobium
[Others may be used. Use NCBI link to find]
NCBI: Taxonomy
Sinorhizobium meliloti;
Description and significance
Sinorhizobium meliloti is a gram-negative bacterium. As are other Rhizobia, S. meliloti can be found as a normal, free-living microorganisms in the soil. However, it is for their nitrogen-fixing symbiotic relationships with legumes that S. meliloti are studied. S. meliloti cells detect substances particularly made up of amino and organic acids, released by the roots of plants. The cells are drawn toward root hairs that emerge from the roots and induce the root hair tips to curl up. There is a cytoplasmic bridge formed by the microtubules and the cytoplasm of the root cells. This bridge guides infection threads extending from the roots to the cortex of the bacterial cells. Finally, the S. meliloti cells enter the cytoplasm of the root cells through endocytosis. S. meliloti transform atmospheric nitrogen into a form that may be utilized by the host in which they reside. Also, the S. meliloti is significant in that it leaves behind excess nitrogen in the soil which may potentially reduce the need for fertilizers. The S. meliloti genome was isolated and sequenced from nodules and soil primarily from host plants such as the Medicago (alfalfa and perennial and annual medics), Melilotus (sweet clover), and Trigonella (fenugreek) species. The detailed study of S. meliloti and other Rhizobia will further inform microbiologists about how these bacteria colonize root surfaces of their host and what mechanisms make-up the complex rhizobium-legume symbiotic relationship.
Genome structure
S. meliloti is a fast growing Rhizobium that has a moderately small genome size of 6.7 Million base pairs. The genome is still quite complex and is made up of three circular elements of DNA, also known as replicons. One is a single chromosome 3.65 Mb long, while the other two are megaplasmids 1.68 Mb and 1.35 Mb long a piece. Each replicon contributes to a certain degree to the bacteria's symbiosis with the plant. The largest replicon is responsible for all the housekeeping genes of S. meliloti cells, in particular the genes responsible for metabolic pathways. Also, it carries the genes involved in plant interaction, responding to external stress, mobility, and chemotaxis. The second replicon, named pSymB, carries genes involved in nutrient uptake and effective invasion of the plant host. The third and smallest replicon, named pSymA, is responsible for the the nitrogen-fixing capabilities of the bacterium. All three chromosomal components have been sequenced by researchers from around the world.
Cell structure and metabolism
S. meliloti is an aerobic bacterium that can be found either living independently in soil or on the roots of leguminous plants. A single superoxide dismutase, coded for by the sodA gene, catalyses the formation of hydrogen peroxide and oxygen from superoxides. S. meliloti cells will encounter two strikingly different environments during their life time, the soil and the nodules formed on the roots of plants. In the soil there is a large abundance of manganese that the cell can use and undergo aerobiosis. However, in the nodules there is a very low concentration of free oxygen and manganese where as iron is abundant in this highly acidic environment. In such conditions, it is favorable for the S. meliloti cells to utilize an iron-substituted superoxide dismutatse. It is most probably because the S. meliloti cells transition from the aerobic cycle in the soil to the microaerobic cycle in the nodule environment that they developed a cambialistic superoxide dismutase.
S. meliloti and root cells of legumes share a symbiotic relationship in which the bacterial cells fix atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form by the root cells. In return the plant cells produce reduced carbon compounds that the S. meliloti can uptake as their carbon source. Among the several possible carbon sources available to the S. meliloti cells, dicarboxylic acids such as succinate, fumerate, and malate are preferred because of their involvment in nitrogen fixation. The oxidation of these compounds is essential for S. melioti cells to be able to fix atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form for leguminous plants. Using these compounds allows the bacterial cells to maintain a fast growth rate as well. The uptake of succinate in preference to other carbon sources is known as succinate-mediated catabolite repression and it varies from the catabolite repression in other bacteria. The exact molecular mechanisms of the succinate-mediated catabolite repression is yet to be cleared up. One key note to make about S. meliloti is that their carbon sources do not enter the Phosphate Transfer System because the cells have an incomplete PTS and thus enter through a transporter known as the DctA permease. The bacterial cells synthesizes several polysaccharides including glycogen, cyclic Beta-glucans, and exopolysaccharides. The biosynthetic pathways utilized by the cells include the Entner-Doudoroff and pentose-phosphate pathways with glucose 6-phosphate serving key enzymatic purposes.
As other soil bacteria, Sinorhizobium meliloti cells serve a significant role in the survival of many plant species, and they also make a large contribution to the environment as a whole. The atmosphere is made up of approximately 85% nitrogen and it is thus an essential element to most living organisms and their biological processes. However, nitrogen is present in the atmosphere in the form of dinitrogen (N2) which is unusable by most plants and animals. S. meliloti cells serve a very crucial role in the environment in that they form symbiotic relationships with leguminous plants and convert N2 into organic nitrogen. This mutual relationship benefits the plants by providing them a readily available source of a very essential nutrient.
Interestingly, S. meliloti is also capable of denitrification as well. Denitrification is the process of reducing nitrate and nitrite into N2 which is more abundant in the environment. S. meliloti is unique in that it is one of the first organisms to have a cluster of all four nitrogen oxide reductases (nap, nir, nor, nos) on the same chromosome. Denitrification can have hazardous effects such as a loss of biologically useful nitrogen, a build up of N2O as a byproduct which contributes to acidic rain, and a depletion of the ozone layer. However, denitrification conducted by S. meliloti cells can have positive effects as well if it is harnessed in the correct way. For example, the N2O produced by denitrification can serve as a green-house gas that traps heat. Also, microbial denitrification can contribute significantly to the purification of wastewater. Nitrogen-rich fertilizers have contributed to the pollution of ground water. This water is potentially hazardous to pregnant women and infants and thus scientists are considering using microbial denitrification in water treatment facilities to remove excess NO3.
Since Sinorhizobium meliloti is a nitrogen fixing soil bacteria, its primary purpose is to undergo reactions to assist plants. It does not have any pathogenic characteristics, rather it maintains a symbiotic relationship with leguminous plants and ultimately betters the environment. S. meliloti cells, however, do conduct denitrification in addition to nitrogen fixation, and this process has known side effects to the environment. As mentioned above, excess denitrification can deplete the environment of a usable nitrogen source, result in a build up of N2O which contributes to acidic rain, and deplete the ozone layer. Whether or not S. meliloti cells directly contribute negatively to the environment as a result of their denitrification still remains under investigation.
Application to Biotechnology
S. meliloti cells are currently being used by microbiologists to further study plants and nutrient composition in the wild. Using these bacterial cells as a technology to further research is an example of microbial ecology. By learning the details that involve plant/microbe interactions, researchers can determine the correlation between the presence of certain compounds and the ability of plants to take them up. However, studying nutrients near the root of plants can prove challenging. The nutrients are often readily taken up by microorganisms that reside in the root region and thus it is difficult to isolate the root region without changing nutrient distributions. The symbiotic relationship that S. meliloti and other Rhizobia share with legumes is being utilized by microbial ecologists to fix this issue. Bacterial cells are stained with dies that flouresce only in the presence of certain nutrients in the root or the soil. The biosensing bacteria are added to plants and they illuminate to indicate regions where particular nutrients are present. Such technology has indicated nutrients, their distributions, their depletion and their uptake around plant roots and in the soil. In particular, such biotechnology is used to study to which extent sugars, organic acids, and bulk carbon support the growth of bacteria in varying plant species.
In addition, currently a study is underway to investigate the usefulness of Sinorhizobium meliloti in purifying drinking water because of the denitrification that it undergoes to convert NO3 to N2 and N2O. If proven effective, S. meliloti cells would be used in water treatment facilities in addition to other filters.
Current Research
1) The Australian National University - Research School of Biological Sciences is currently evaluating the methods by which undifferentiated cells of plants undergo development and how plants respond to bacterial infection. This team of researchers is aiming to approach plant biology with both molecular biology as well as genetics. Sinorhizobium meliloti cells have a model relationship with the legume roots that they often reside on. The team is using this model interaction as the basis of their study in order to determine which specific genes, gene products, and signaling molecules regulate growth and development of the nodule meristem. By isolating novel peptide signal molecules that may act as regulators or proliferating meristemic cells, they may be able to manipulate plants for adaption to the Australian environment and even for the production of chemicals that are beneficial to human cells. Finally, the research team is investigating the genome of the microsymbiont S. meliloti cells in order to determine an overall metabolic framework for these cells. This bacteria can adjust to several lifestyles, either to that of the nutrient-poor soil, the plant rhizosphere, and the inside of root nodules. They aim to determine which proteins allow them to thrive under various conditions.
2) Recently, The National Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, as well as other notable institutes in China, have investigated the specific genes of S. meliloti that contribute to its nitrogen fixation abilities. The Rhizobium nifA gene is an activator of nitrogen fixation and it causes its effects in nodule bacteria. To further understand the effects of the Sinorhizobium meliloti nifA gene on Alfalfa plants, the cDNA-AFLP technique was implemented to monitor the changes in gene expression in nifA mutant nodules. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether or not the S. meliloti nifA mutant causes a different gene expression profile from the wild type gene in Alfalfa nodules.
3) Dublin University is currently examining the mechanisms of siderophore mediated iron acquisition by Sinorhizobium meliloti. In the root nodules of plants, there is a high abundance of iron and a very low pH. S. meliloti cells, as mentioned above, utilize and iron-substituted superoxide dismutase to obtain their source of oxygen. Sidereophores dissolve ions of Fe3+ and allow cells to take it up via active transport mechanisms. Researchers are interested in identifying and characterizing the membrane proteins that function in siderophore recognition and transport.
1. Barry Rolfe, "Genomic Interactions", Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, 12 March 2007, http://www.rsbs.anu.edu.au/ResearchGroups/GIG/index.php
2. Zi Ying Gong, Zhi Shui He, Jia Bi Zhu, Guan Qiao Yu and Hua Song Zou, "Sinorhizobium meliloti nifA mutant induces different gene expression profile from wild type in Alfalfa nodules", 16: 818–829. doi: 10.1038/sj.cr.7310096, Sep 26 2006 http://www.nature.com/cr/journal/v16/n10/abs/7310096a.html
3. Damien Keogh, Peter Collins, Paraic O Cuiv, "Iron Transport in Bacteria", Dublin City University, 2006, http://webpages.dcu.ie/~oconnelm/projects.html
4. Bringhurst, R. M., Cardon, Z., and D. J. Gage, G"alactosides in the rhizosphere: utilization by Sinorhizobium meliloti and development of a biosensor". Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 98:4540-4545, 2001 http://web.uconn.edu/gage/Notes/Publications/2001-biosensor%20PNAS%2098-4540.pdf
5. Turlough M. Finan, Stefan Weidner, Kim Wong, Jens Buhrmester, Patrick Chain, Frank J. Vorhölter, Ismael Hernandez-Lucas, Anke Becker, Alison Cowie, Jérôme Gouzy, Brian Golding, and Alfred Pühler, "The complete sequence of the 1,683-kb pSymB megaplasmid from the N2-fixing endosymbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti" Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Vol. 98, Issue 17, 9889-9894, August 14, 2001 http://bioinfo.genopole-toulouse.prd.fr/annotation/iANT/bacteria/rhime/
6. Barnett MJ et al., "A dual-genome Symbiosis Chip for coordinate study of signal exchange and development in a prokaryote-host interaction.", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2004 Nov 23;101(47):16636-41 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=19
7. Birgit Hofmann-Reinert, "In symbiosis with alfalfa: The complex genome sequence of Sinorhizobium meliloti", Genome News Network, August 6, 2001, http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/08_01/Symbiosis.shtml
8. Renata Santos, Stephane Bocquet, Alain Puppo, and Danièle Touati, "Characterization of an Atypical Superoxide Dismutase from Sinorhizobium meliloti", Journal of Bacteriology, 181(15): 4509–4516, 1999 August, http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=103580
9. Anne Milcamps, Paolo Struffi, and Frans J. de Bruijn, "The Sinorhizobium meliloti Nutrient-Deprivation-Induced Tyrosine Degradation Gene hmgA Is Controlled by a Novel Member of the arsR Family of Regulatory Genes", Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 67(6): 2641–2648, doi: 10.1128/AEM.67.6.2641-2648.2001, June 2001, http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=92919
10. Jean-Charles Portais, Patricia Tavernier, Isabelle Gosselin, Jean-Noël Barbotin, "Cyclic organization of the carbohydrate metabolism in Sinorhizobium meliloti", European Journal of Biochemistry, 265 (1), 473–480. doi:10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00778.x, October 1999, http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/full/10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00778.x?prevSearch=allfield%3A%28Sinorhizobium+meliloti%29&cookieSet=1
authors,title, journal, volume, page number, date, website


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Cookbook:Bay Leaf
Cookbook | Recipes | Ingredients | Spices and herbs
Bay leaves are the aromatic leaves of several species of the laurel family. They are used in cooking for their distinctive flavor and fragrance, and may be used fresh or dried.
Varieties[edit | edit source]
Mediterranean bay leaf: The leaf of the bay laurel or "true laurel", Laurus nobilis, is a culinary herb often used to flavor soups, stews, and braises and pâtés in Mediterranean Cuisine. California bay leaf: The leaf of the California bay tree also known as 'California laurel', 'Oregon myrtle', and 'pepperwood', is similar to the Mediterranean bay, but has a stronger flavor.
Indian bay leaf (Tej pat): The leaf of the Cinnamomum tejpata tree, similar in fragrance and taste to cinnamon bark, but milder. In appearance, it is similar to the other bay leaves, but is culinary quite different.
Indonesian bay leaf (Daun Salam): The dried leaf of the Eugenia polyantha Wight plant of the Myrtaceae family. There is no good substitute for this leaf in cooking. Daun Salam is Indonesian for Peace Leaf.


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List of Bahrain firms and organizations
The a to z index to Bahrain firms and organizations!
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This post contains external links. Please review our external linking policy.
Marc Buergi is a fellow in the International Trade Administration's Office of Public Affairs, and is an International Affairs graduate student at the George Washington University.
Many of us will be traveling during the upcoming holiday season.
Visiting family, friends and discovering new places is enjoyable. So is knowing that every time we travel we are also aiding our economy: travel expenditures help support the 7.5 million Americans employed in the U.S. travel and tourism industry.
Not only is the industry benefiting from domestic travelers like ourselves, but as more and more people visit our country from abroad, international visitor spending is becoming a growing share of the industry's success in recent years. In fact, over 66 million tourists and travelers are expected to come to the U.S. this year alone, which would represent an increase of 6 percent over last year's figures.
The good news is that upward trend is likely to continue: travel and tourism is expected to grow by 3.6 to 4.3 percent each year for the next five years according to a new report released this week.
The biggest growth markets are Asia and South America. The number of Chinese visitors alone is expected to increase by 259 percent in the next five years, while the number of Brazilian tourists is projected to swell by 83 percent.
The new travel forecast underscores the importance of international tourism to the U.S. economy, and the exponential opportunities these favorable trends can bring. That is why the President has set out a goal to make the United States the number one tourism destination worldwide.
In May 2012, the U.S. Commerce Department and the Department of the Interior presented the National Travel and Tourism Strategy to the President which is our roadmap to accomplish this ambitious goal. The Strategy lays out concrete steps which will be taken to make the U.S. even more attractive for international visitors, for instance travel promotion campaigns in key markets, improvements in the visa waiver program, and in the security procedures at U.S. airports.
The strategy is already bearing fruit. For example, last month Taiwan was included into the U.S. visa waiver program. The citizens of that country will now be able to visit the U.S. for up to 90 days without a visa – and many Taiwanese will use that opportunity.
The International Trade Administration (ITA) is at the forefront of the government's efforts to implement the Strategy. ITA is continuing to supply the travel and tourism industry with important data, including international arrivals to the United States, the forecast of international travel to America for more than 30 countries, and estimates of the total impact of travel and tourism on the economy, among other services.
Earlier this month, Acting Deputy Under Secretary for International Trade Kenneth Hyatt highlighted these efforts at a Washington Post Travel and Tourism Forum where he emphasized the need to consider the customer experience.
Millions of people from abroad would love to visit our county – the U.S. government is making sure that as many of them as possible actually choose the U.S. as their holiday destination.


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Scame Catalogue
ISOLATORS-EX GD -50°C Series
Switch disconnectors for applications in zone 1/2 (gas) and zone 21/22 (dust)
The switch-disconnectors with insulation functionality of the ISOLATORS-EX [GD] Series are desinged in compliance with the EN 60947-3 Standard. Suitable to meet all the installation needs, relying on versions with thermosetting enclosures, AISI 316L stainless steel or Aluminum. Available in variants for general use with black colored knob or for emergency control with high visibility red colored knob and yellow plate.
Present in section 30 serie


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Two BirdsMelissa Gannon
Oil painting on Paper New
Ready to frame
Signed on front
12" h x 16" w |0 lbs. 8 oz.
Melissa Gannon
Gladstone, Oregon
Melissa is passionate about color. She finds it to be the most significant form of inspiration to paint. Speaking on influences in her work, Melissa says, "Sometimes it's an idea that I can't get out of my head, or a color that I just MUST paint!" She particularly enjoys painting leaves, and the changing colors of Oregon foliage are visible in her work. In 2001, Melissa began teaching art classes, which has allowed her to view her own artwork in a new way. "The information that flows in a class is awesome," she says. Melissa is constantly learning from the students in her classes, and is more conscious of what it means to be an artistic role model.


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Louis XVII (titular king of France)
Louis XVII (Louis Charles), 1785–1795?, titular king of France (1793–95), known in popular legend as the "lost dauphin." The second son of King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette, he became dauphin at the death (1789) of his elder brother. In 1792 the revolutionists imprisoned him with the royal family in the Temple. After the execution (1793) of Louis XVI, the comte de Provence (later King Louis XVIII) proclaimed the dauphin king as Louis XVII, but he remained in prison until his death. Cruel treatment by his jailer, Antoine Simon, was said to have hastened his end.
His death has often been disputed; it was rumored that someone had taken the true dauphin from prison and substituted another boy in his place. Evidence, however, has long indicated that the boy really died in prison in 1795, and historians, for the most part, have disregarded the lost dauphin theory altogether. In 2000 geneticists announced that they had compared DNA from the dead boy's preserved heart with DNA from members of the royal family and proved conclusively that the child who died in prison was indeed the dauphin.
For the life of Louis XVII and discussion of the claims of various pretenders see study by H. G. Francq (tr. 1971).


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CRS: China's Economy and the Beijing Olympics, August 6, 2008
From WikiLeaks
About this CRS report
This document was obtained by Wikileaks from the United States Congressional Research Service.
The CRS is a Congressional "think tank" with a staff of around 700. Reports are commissioned by members of Congress on topics relevant to current political events. Despite CRS costs to the tax payer of over $100M a year, its electronic archives are, as a matter of policy, not made available to the public.
Individual members of Congress will release specific CRS reports if they believe it to assist them politically, but CRS archives as a whole are firewalled from public access.
This report was obtained by Wikileaks staff from CRS computers accessible only from Congressional offices.
For other CRS information see: Congressional Research Service.
For press enquiries, consult our media kit.
If you have other confidential material let us know!.
For previous editions of this report, try OpenCRS.
Wikileaks release: February 2, 2009
Publisher: United States Congressional Research Service
Title: China's Economy and the Beijing Olympics
CRS report number: RS22936
Author(s): Michael F. Martin, Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division
Date: August 6, 2008
- Abstract
- China will host the 2008 Olympic Summer Games from August 8 to 24, 2008. Most of the events will be held in the vicinity of Beijing, with selected competitions held in Hong Kong, Qingdao, Qinhuangdao, Shanghai, Shenyang, and Tianjin. Since the International Olympic Committee's decision in July 2001 to select Beijing as the host for the 2008 Olympics, China has spent billions of dollars for facilities and basic infrastructure in preparation for the international event. China anticipates that the 2008 Olympics will provide both short-term and long-term direct and indirect benefits to its economy, as well as enhance the nation's global image. However, the experience of past host cities and China's current economic conditions cast serious doubt that the Games of the XXIX Olympiad will provide the level of economic growth being anticipated.
- Download


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In an effort to better communicate with members, this new site is easier to navigate and brings you more info from your union
The Big 3 Special Issue of Solidarity Magazine is now online! You can download it
The Big 3 Special Issue of Solidarity Magazine is now online!
In this issue:
Republicans talk a good game. In fact, Sen. Debbie Stabenow said that she thought President Trump might have borrowed her speeches on the campaign trail in 2016 as he wooed workers who wanted something different out of Washington.
"You know what the problem is? You have to do more than talk or have symbols," Stabenow told delegates at the 2018 UAW Community Action Program (CAP) Conference on Wednesday. "You have to act."
For instance, she said, Trump promised that on Day 1 of his administration, he would address currency manipulation.
Photo by Jessie Jesson, UAW Local 686
At present, the stock market is doing well and has been since former President Barack Obama's economic policies -- including the rescue of the domestic auto industry -- brought our nation back from the Great Recession.
"But what good is that if Americans remain in low-wage jobs, can only work part-time or do not have the benefits they need for their families?" Sen. Elizabeth Warren of Massachusetts asked delegates at the 2018 UAW Community Action Program (CAP) Conference on Wednesday.
About 500 UAW CAP Conference men and women gathered on Wednesday for a breakfast meeting that celebrated women and reminded everyone why this is a pivotal time. 2018 UAW Community Action Program (CAP) Conference on Wednesday.
UAW Vice President Cindy Estrada, the mother of two 14-year-old twins, explained that with the turmoil on Capitol Hill, we must not allow crisis to diminish hope.
"Our democracy, the rule of law and institutions that we depend on are under attack. Your vigilance and passion are the most important tools we have to fight back — every single one of you here today," said U.S. Congresswoman Norma J. Torres, who represents California's 35th Congressional District, speaking before CAP Conference delegates Monday morning.
Reconnecting with voters, rebuilding the infrastructure to elect labor friendly candidates, and concentrating on state and local offices are just some of the ways to fight back against the corporate control of our government, according to panelists at the 2018 UAW Community Action Program (CAP) Conference.
When Republicans took complete control of the government in 2016, most union members understood that workers would take a hit, but we underestimated just how bad it would be, the UAW's chief lobbyist told political activists Monday.
From attacks on health care, workers' rights and immigrants to inaction on NAFTA, a lot of awful things are happening in Washington right now, Josh Nassar, the UAW's legislative director, told delegates at the 2018 UAW Community Action Program (CAP) Conference.


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You are leaving with items in your cart.
The future is in the cloud, but how do you leverage it effectively for your business? Learn how Citrix Cloud offers a secure and scalable management platform that allows your organization to choose its own resource locations and style of management according to your needs and priorities.
This whitepaper covers the following topics:


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CyberKnife® for Kidney Tumors
CyberKnife® for Kidney Tumors
Radiosurgery for kidney tumors is noninvasive, and typically carries less risk of complications than conventional surgery. For patients who refuse surgery or have medically inoperable kidney tumors, radiosurgery can be an effective treatment option. CyberKnife, which delivers high-dose radiation over one to five treatments, can be particularly effective for treatment of small kidney tumors. CyberKnife has the ability to compensate for normal patient movements, precisely targeting the tumor during the entire procedure and minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissue. This is important when treating kidney tumors, which can shift during treatment due to regular patient movements such as breathing.
Key Advantages of CyberKnife for Kidney Tumors
Speak with one of our dedicated Team Members about how we can help today.


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Eye Clinic Markham Our eye doctor in Markham, Ontario explains
Your eyes give you so much, isn't it time to give back?
In the US, it's been estimated that 12 million people over the age of 40 have some type of vision impairment! Yet, while the numbers are overwhelming, it doesn't mean poor eyesight is simply inevitable as you age. In addition to taking advantage of our expert eye care services, our eye doctor shares 7 ways to improve and protect your eyes against problems.
Many eye diseases can be quickly and easily diagnosed during a comprehensive eye exam, pediatric eye exam and contact lens eye exam. If you were diagnosed with an eye disease, such as cataracts, glaucoma, macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, or dry eye, you may be overwhelmed by the diagnosis and confused about what happens next. Will you need medications or surgery – now or in the future? Is LASIK eye and vision surgery an option for you? Our Markham eye doctor is always ready to answer your questions about eye disease and Contact lenses.
Eat a nutritious diet
Eating heart-healthy foods also helps to protect your vision. That means following a diet with minimal saturated fats and salt, a moderate amount of lean proteins (legumes and nuts are great options), whole grains, and plenty of fresh fruits and veggies. In particular, antioxidant-rich foods, such as strawberries, walnuts, and dark leafy greens, can help decrease your chances of developing cataracts and macular degeneration.
Visit your eye doctor for eye exams
A comprehensive eye exam can pick up on problems you may not have noticed, because many eye diseases don't present symptoms at the early stages. That's why regular eye exams by an eye care professional (not the same as basic vision screening done at your local pharmacy!) are critical, even if you have no vision complaints. Plus, as you age, it's common for your vision to naturally change, and keeping your prescription up to date is a no-brainer keeping your vision clear.
Keep chronic health conditions stable
Many chronic health conditions, such as diabetes and high blood pressure, put you at higher risk for vision of complications. However, controlling your condition drastically reduces your chances of a problem. With diabetes, keeping blood sugars in the parameters recommended by your physician can help prevent diabetic retinopathy from developing and progressing. Controlling blood pressure also helps prevent retinal bleeding and swelling.
Quit smoking
While genetics may be the number one risk factor for age-related macular degeneration, smoking is the number two risk factor! Smoking is also linked to cataract progression. You may not be able to control the genes you inherit, but you can control whether or not you smoke.
Call Eye Clinic Markham today to make an appointment: 905-944-9088 or alternatively you can book an appointment online here CLICK FOR AN APPOINTMENT


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The 2013 Consumer Electronics Show
The world's largest collection of tech and electronics companies will hit Las Vegas next week, along with more than 100,000 people who will come to look at the next generation of consumer electronics. It is time for CES, the industry's greatest show on earth. The show, ironically, is as much a place where new inventions come to die as one where they begin to thrive.
The event occurs at the Las Vegas Convention and World Trade Center, a set of buildings the size of a half a dozen aircraft carriers. The jungle of exhibitors has reached above 3,000 and ranges from car companies to chip makers. The very largest consumer electronics companies will debut several products. Some of them are prototypes that will never be built. Others are products that are supposed to dominate their markets for years.
The fact of the matter is that the list of products that are intended to be wildly successful it too long to offer a realistic picture of the future. Sony Corp. (NYSE: SNE) will, for example, launch its new smartphone. Somehow the Japanese company believes that if it shows the handset then it will damage sales of industry leaders, particularly Apple Inc. (NASDAQ: AAPL) and Samsung.
Sony is one of dozens of large companies that will flog new gadgets to analysts and reporters in the hope that they will give these gadgets positive coverage. For hundreds of smaller companies, CES may be their one and only chance to sell the industry and consumers on their inventions. For every small company that presents products that eventually will make them bigger firms, there are dozens that will leave the show empty-handed, and with the cash balances in their bank accounts lowered significantly by the costs to prepare for CES and to go.
What better place than Las Vegas to take odds on which companies and products will fail and which will do well?
Douglas A. McIntyre
Filed under: 24/7 Wall St. Wire, Consumer Electronics Tagged: AAPL, featured, SNE


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Sleeping next to your baby or child can be a rewarding experience. Breastfeeding is made easier when baby is nearby plus children naturally want to sleep near their mothers and are easily soothed to sleep. Keeping it safe is a top priority. With some simple steps you can make sure your sleep environment is as safe as possible and can start enjoying all that co-sleeping has to offer.
email us with questions or comments SafeBedSharing.org
your email questions or comments will become the property of SafeBedSharing.org and may be featured in our newsletter or on our site, We respect your privacy. Your identity and email will remain confidential. Please allow 24-48 hours for question responses.


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Are Views just stored SQL Strings or something more?
(1) By Rob (rgarnett1955) on 2020-05-31 23:17:42 [link] [source]
I know views are stored in the sqlite_master table as:
type view: name "myname" tbl_name "myname" rootpage 0 sql "mysqlString"
Is this all they are or is there some way the compilation of the view is retained/stored for the next time it is run?
I know some databases store Views in raw and compiled to speed things up e.g MS Access (I think) SQL Server
Best regards
(2) By Richard Hipp (drh) on 2020-05-31 23:42:41 in reply to 1 [link] [source]
The view is stored in the sqlite_master table as plain text - the same text that you entered to create the view in the first place. Each time the schema changes in any way, or when the database connection is first opened, the sqlite_master table is parsed and at that point the VIEW is converted into an internal representation that is used for subsequent queries.
This design has advantages over trying to store views in a binary format:
The SQLite database file format is easy to define in a single document.
We can freely change the internal representation for better performance, new features, or just to fix bugs, without breaking backwards compatibility with legacy databases.
(3) By doug (doug9forester) on 2020-06-01 17:27:49 in reply to 2 [link] [source]
I have been using MS Access for eons and have wanted to convert my applications to Sqlite. Aside from the obvious missing forms and reports (which are starting to be addressed with MD and other changes), Sqlite doesn't have saved queries, except --- wait for it --- something called a view! A view is a very simple, one-table query.
Is is a big step to provide the ability to add WHERE and ORDER BY to the view definition? And then the real bonus: add JOIN capability? With those things, you suddenly get a viable saved-query system, I think, at very little additional cost. And what about parameterized queries? Is that too big a step?
(4.1) By Larry Brasfield (LarryBrasfield) on 2020-06-01 17:33:37 edited from 4.0 in reply to 3 [source]
The view is better considered to be an arbitrary SELECT query. Anything that could be expressed with such a query can be made into a view.
Try it!
I once tried to include parameters in a view, to be bound to values when the view was used in a query, but SQLite rejects it. As far as I could see from the documentation, it should have been allowed. But it is not.
(5) By doug (doug9forester) on 2020-06-01 17:43:30 in reply to 4.1 [link] [source]
Sorry, I missed that it's a full select, joins and all.
(6) By Keith Medcalf (kmedcalf) on 2020-06-01 17:58:30 in reply to 3 [link] [source]
The only thing you cannot put in a view is parameters. Otherwise anything that you can put in a "query" (as in that returns results) is valid in a view. There are no restrictions other than the fact that a view cannot be parameterized.
What is "MD" -- do you mead Medical Doctor or Make Directory, or something else?
(7) By anonymous on 2020-06-01 18:15:05 in reply to 6 [link] [source]
While a view cannot be parameterized, it is possible to fake it using a "magnet" virtual table; I have seen this suggested in the mailing list once, and I have also implemented it. The "magnet" virtual table merely returns a single row with the value it is constrained to have by the query (if the value isn't constrained, then it is an error). For example, then you can write:
However, you cannot use table-valued-function syntax with views, since views don't have hidden columns (adding HIDDEN in the list of column names before AS is an error; HIDDEN and DEFAULT are the two things it might make sense to accept in that list (in addition to the column names), though).
create view a(b,c) as select value*value,value from magnet(value);
select b from a where c=5;
select b from a where c=6;
(8) By doug (doug9forester) on 2020-06-01 18:15:19 in reply to 6 [link] [source]
MD is Markdown. Should it be MU (Markup)? What's the difference?
So I just created a view with a set of joins. Worked like magic!
I am now going to try to create some views for my Qt application. I thought Qt documentation said views are not supported. But it's sql, right? Ought to work.
Looking at the CREATE TABLE (syntax diagram) definition again after looking at CREATE VIEW. I see that you can create a table composed of JOINs. What does that even mean? It doesn't seem right that I can define a table that is composed of JOINs of other tables.
(9) By Larry Brasfield (LarryBrasfield) on 2020-06-01 18:23:32 in reply to 8 [link] [source]
You have not created a table that way. It is a read-only "view" that acts like a table in some ways, such as possibly being incorporated in larger select queries (much as a sub-select may be), and does not act like a table in other ways.
(10) By Richard Damon (RichardDamon) on 2020-06-01 18:42:46 in reply to 8 [link] [source]
Markdown is one particular method to 'Mark up' text to indicate formatting. (Like HTML is a markup language designed for web pages). Part of the reason for it being called Mark DOWN is that it is designed to be a minimalistic format, that is reasonably readable even without needing to apply the indicated Markups.
(11) By Keith Medcalf (kmedcalf) on 2020-06-01 18:45:14 in reply to 8 [link] [source]
Presumably you mean CREATE TABLE ... AS <query>
This is SYNTACTIC SUGAR (the same thing but sweeter) as:
INSERT INTO <table> <query>;
That is, instead of running the two statements:
CREATE TABLE t1 (i);
INSERT INTO t1 SELECT i FROM t0;
you can say in one statement (with suger on top):
CREATE TABLE t1 AS SELECT i FROM t0;
This creates a new table t1 from the contents of table t0 at the instant in time at which the statement is executed. Subsequent changes to t0 ARE NOT reflected in t1.
Contrast with:
CREATE VIEW t1 AS SELECT i FROM t0;
where the contents of t1 represent the contents of t0 at the time the view is used and changes to t0 are reflected in view t1.


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Auburn Escape, Oklahoma 2OT Thriller Highlight Week 2 in College Football
Michigan State and Oklahoma showed they will be players in the title hunt while Auburn narrowly avoided the biggest upset in history. Those are just some of the story lines from Week 2 in college football. Here are some of the things we learned this week.
Don't Start Handing Out Conference Championships Just Yet
There weren't a lot of big games this year, but two big ones showed a couple of conference races might be competitive after all.
Michigan State showed it was not ready to concede the Big Ten to Ohio State, knocking off then-No. 7 Oregon, 31-28. The Spartans' defense was in midseason form--after giving up an early score, Michigan State kept Vernon Adams and the Oregon offense off the scoreboard until a fourth-quarter rally that fell just short. The Spartans, who picked up two first-place votes in this week's AP poll, have now avenged one of their two losses from last season. They can now set their sights on a second shot at redemption, November 21st against Ohio State.
Further south, Big Game Bob Stoops made a long-awaited appearance as No. 19 Oklahoma came back from a 17-point deficit to defeat No. 23 Tennessee, 31-24, in 2OT. While I'm not ready to go as far as Stoops in praising the win ("Of all our wins, this may be my favorite."), the game showed that Oklahoma will be a player in the Big 12 race. Not only has Baker Mayfield stepped right into his role running the Sooners' new offense but TCU and Baylor have both shown problem areas this year. OU should be a solid favorite in every game until facing those two teams in mid-November and could make the Big 12 race a lot more interesting.
Football Karma is Real
If there's one sure-fire way to get a heaping helping of karma, it's to bite the hand that feeds you. So it raised a few eyebrows this week when Arkansas coach Bret Bielema went out of his way to belittle Ohio State's Big Ten strength of schedule. While his comments might or might not have been justified, let's not forget that this is the same Bielema who spent 17 years as a player or coach in the Big Ten, including seven as head coach at Wisconsin.
So, what did ol' Bret do after pointing out that he still has eight ranked teams on his upcoming schedule? Go out and lose to Toledo.
That sound you just heard was the collective laughter of every fanbase not in the SEC.
The Upset That Almost Was
And speaking of which (sorry, SEC fans), Auburn almost made history this weekend--and not the good kind.
FCS Jacksonville State (which, contrary to popular belief, is not in Florida) was up 10-6 on the Tigers at halftime and seized a 20-13 lead with less than six minutes left on the clock. After Auburn fumbled with 3:06 to play, it appeared JSU had all but locked up the upset. But a celebration penalty and a quick three-and-out followed by a shanked 17-yard punt gave Auburn new life. The Tigers' finally capitalized, scoring the tying touchdown with 39 seconds to go before going on to win, 27-20, in overtime.
According to Vegas oddsmakers, it would have been the biggest upset in history, with Auburn being listed as anywhere from a 41 to 45-point favorite.
Auburn fans can say "A win is a win", but we all know no one really believes that. While Jacksonville State is a decent FCS team, the game said more about Auburn's anemic passing game and struggling secondary. Despite the Tigers' lofty early ranking and playoff talk, this may have just been the first red flag of the season.
The Luck of the Irish May Be Short-Lived
Trailing by one with 1:54 to play, Notre Dame's backup quarterback DeShone Kizer led a game-winning drive, finishing the game with a 39-yard touchdown pass with 12 seconds left to let the Irish escape Virginia with a 34-27 victory.
But the victory itself may be overshadowed by the loss of starting quarterback Malik Zaire, who will be lost for the season after suffering a broken ankle in the 3rd quarter. No. 8 Notre Dame still has talent to be sure. But Zaire's injury, combined with the transfer of Everett Golson and last week's season-ending knee injury by starting running back Tarean Foster has to make you wonder about the Irish's skill position depth. While Kizer's clutch relief performance (8-12 for 92 yards and two touchdowns) gives signs of hope, with games against No. 14 Georgia Tech and No. 11 Clemson in the next three weeks, Notre Dame's margin for error is getting thinner by the day.