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20th Century
1652 – 2020
Crime and Justice
The effect of crime and justice in society has always been important to Quakers. Quakers have been concerned with prisons and offenders from the beginning. Many early Quakers spent time in prison, so had first hand experience. The belief in 'that of God' in everyone led to work on rehabilitating prisoners and on prison reform.
1652 – 2020
Rights of the Child
Children were seen from the outset as having 'something of God' within them, which should be respected and nurtured. They are entitled to education and to be heard, and to freedom from exploitation and ill treatment in the workplace and the home.
1652 – 2020
Mission Work
Quaker mission work over the centuries has had three strands – spreading the Quaker message to non-Friends, visiting and strengthening existing Friends, and service (educational, health…). These strands have often been interwoven, with varying thicknesses at different times and places, but all three continue to the present day.
1660 – 2020
Quakers have always been committed to education. They believed from the outset that it could nurture 'that of God' in everyone. There are Quaker schools on all continents, and some universities/colleges too. All aspire to a Quaker ethos, and all welcome Quakers and non-Quakers.
1660 – 2020
Workers' Rights
The belief in equality led Quakers to aspire to good treatment of anyone who worked in a Quaker enterprise. As well as workplace conditions, many were also concerned with general welfare. QUNO works at the UN towards international labour standards.
1662 – 1900
The Lloyd Family
The first Quaker Lloyds were brothers Charles and Thomas, from Dolobran, Wales. Thomas emigrated and became deputy governor of Pennsylvania. Later generations prospered, notably in iron and banking.
1675 – 2030
Meeting for Sufferings
Meeting for Sufferings (MfS) is British Friends' key strategic body. It was established in response to the sufferings Quakers experienced in the early days, hence its name. Its role was soon broadened and it has played an important part in British Quakers' responses to the needs of their time ever since. The name has never been changed.
1681 – 2020
A fundamental belief in the equality of all people has led Quakers to campaign actively against racism in many parts of the world.
1698 – 1919
Interaction with Tsarist Russia
(1698 - 1919) Several Quakers met Russian Tsars and their diplomats, and discussed many topics. There were significant impacts on Russian education, agriculture and health. Towards the end of the period Friends' focus was on relief - for victims of wars, for communities suffering famine, and for minorities suffering because of their beliefs.
1728 – 2020
Quakers in South Africa
Quakers in South Africa have always been a small group, but with an influence that far outstrips their size. Today they are still actively concerned with justice, peacemaking, development, education and political activism.
1750 – 1950
Influential Quakers in crime and justice in Britain from 1750 to 1950
Five Quakers are singled out here, though many others played their part. William Tuke (provision for mentally ill prisoners), Stephen Grellet (preacher and advocate of improvements), Elizabeth Fry (prison conditions for women), William Tallach (prevention and rehabilitation, and the first secretary of what became the Howard League for Penal Reform), and Margery Fry (also secretary of the Howard League, and advocate of compensation for victims of crime.
1756 – 2011
The Fry Family, Chocolate Makers
Bristol apothecary Joseph Fry was sure that cocoa was a much healthier drink than alcohol. The family became were major chocolate manufacturers in Bristol, and later created the first chocolate bar.
1759 – 1919
Chocolate Makers
The 19th century saw three great Quaker chocolate firms emerge, all family enterprises – Frys, Cadburys and Rowntrees. In the 20th century the firms became public companies and Quaker involvement soon declined.
1790 – 2020
Influence on Prison Design
The design of an institution is very important in determining what happens within it.
1796 – 2020
The Retreat, York, England
The Retreat was founded in 1792 by William Tuke, a Yorkshire Quaker, and opened in 1796. It remains to this day a Quaker organisation. It was the first establishment in England where mental illness was regarded as something from which a person could recover, and patients were treated with sympathy, respect and dignity. its work continues to this day.
Friends Hospital, Philadelphia
Friends Hospital is a mental hospital in Philadelphia. it was founded by Quakers in 1813 and was the first private psychiatric hospital in the US. It was modelled on the methods pioneered by William Tuke at The Retreat, in York, England.
1820 – 1964
Campaigning against Capital Punishment in Britain
Quakers have argued against capital punishment from very early on, and became effective campaigners in the 19th century.
1832 – 1917
Edward Burnett Tylor
Edward Burnett Tylor (1832-1917) was an English anthropologist. he helped to establish anthropology as a recognised scientific discipline. I his work he upheld the Quaker belief in the equality of all humankind; he classified the cultures he observed as savage, barbarian or civilised, but saw these as stages through which all societies must pass.
John Ford and the Natural History Society of Bootham School
18th and 19th Century Quakers interest in observing the natural world led to a flourishing of Quaker scientists, particularly in the fields of botany, meteorology and astronomy. In Britain, one important way in which this interest was fostered was through Bootham School's Natural History Society.
1836 – 1925
Joseph Rowntree
(1836 – 1925) built up the Rowntree family business, and later used his personal wealth to set up four charitable trusts. Throughout his lifetime he was concerned with social issues, and the trusts take forward these concerns.
1838 – 1911
Cyrus Pringle
Cyrus Pringle (1838 - 1911) was a Quaker botanist for most of his adult life. However as a young man he was caught up in the American Civil War, and refused to fight because of his Quaker principles. He suffered greatly for this.
1839 – 1922
George Cadbury
(1839 - 1922) built Cadburys into a large and successful concern, in partnership with his brother Richard, and created Bournville village, a 'factory in a garden'. He was also a philanthropist and social reformer.
1848 – 1920
Quakers and the American Women's Suffrage Movement
The Women's Suffrage Movement in the USA is widely considered to date from the First Women's Rights Convention, held in Seneca Falls, New York State in 1848. This meeting was instigated by five women who had been closely involved in the abolition of slavery, all but one of whom were Quakers. In 1920, it was the actions and treatment of another Quaker woman – Alice Paul – which led at last to the passing of a Women's Suffrage Bill by the US Congress.
1851 – 1916
Silvanus Thompson
Silvanus Phillips Thompson (1851-1916) was an electrical engineer, professor of physics, and a gifted communicator of scientific ideas. Like other Quaker scientists before and since, he drew parallels between the quests for truth in his science and in his faith.
1858 – 1951
Elizabeth Mary Cadbury
(1858 – 1951) was a committed adult educator. She was central to the development of education in Bournville and Birmingham. She was active in other issues too, notably disarmament and the League of Nations.
1860 – 2020
Involvement in the Middle East
The Quaker presence in the Middle East goes back to the 1860s, when the first Quakers from Maine, USA arrived in Lebanon and Palestine. A community of Friends grew around the schools in Ramallah and Brummana. The community has lived through many changes of rulers in that time, but has always striven to be a beacon of hope for the future.
1862 – 1933
Nitobe Inazo
Nitobe Inazo (1862 - 1933) , 'Bridge Across the Pacific', was a Japanese Quaker who became the first Under Secretary General for the League of Nations.
1863 – 1948
Rufus Jones
Rufus Jones (1863-1948) was a highly influential American Quaker academic. For many years he was professor of psychology and philosophy at Haverford College in Pennsylvania. He was one of the founders of the American Friends Service Committee. His influence enabled the two divisions of American Quakerism, which split in the mid 19th Century, to reunite after his death.
1866 – 1942
Ada Salter
Ada Salter (1866-1942) was a pacifist and a socialist. She was the first woman Labour mayor and spent her life working for the people of Bermondsey and London. Her husband Dr Alfred Salter worked tirelessly among the poor of Bermondsey.
1867 – 2020
Quakers in Madagascar
Quaker missionaries, mostly from Britain, served in Madagascar for a hundred years. They founded, and worked in, schools and hospitals, during a period of great change for the country. Malagasy Friends today are part of a wider Protestant church, and Quakers from elsewhere support their work financially and as volunteers.
1867 – 2020
Quaker Social Action
Quaker Social Action, a UK charity, was originally established as the Bedford Institute Association n 1867, to combat poor quality and unaffordable housing, food poverty, poorly paid and intermittent work, and families struggling to pay for funerals. Many of these same issues are still being addressed today by QSA, along with feelings of social isolation and a lack of community.
1870 – 1946
Friends War Victims Relief Committee (FWVRC)
The Friends War Victims Relief Committee was an official arm of the Society of Friends in Britain, set up in times of war to relieve civilian distress in practical ways. The first FWVRC was set up in 1870, following the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War. It was revived in Eastern Europe in 1876 and in the Balkans in 1912, and at the beginning of both World Wars. In 1941 its name was changed to the Friends Relief Service. In 1946, its work was taken over by the permanent Friends Service Council.
1870 – 2020
Institutions of Relief and Service
Although Quakers were involved with relief work from their earliest days, it was not until the late nineteenth century that the first 'official' institution for relief was set up. Even then, such bodies tended to be disbanded when the immediate need was over. Only in the 20th century did Friends in several countries set up permanent Quaker service agencies, with relief as part of their work. Many Friends are also active in broader relief organisations such as Oxfam, which Quakers helped to establish.
1871 – 1974
Seebohm Rowntree
(1871 - 1954) undertook several seminal studies of poverty and its causes. He influenced the development of social policy in Britain and was at the heart of the enlightened labour conditions developed at Rowntrees.
Quakers in Central and South America
Seventeen percent of the world's Quakers live in Latin America, with roughly half of them in Bolivia, with the majority of the rest in Guatemala, Honduras and Peru. Many are indigenous Andean people.
1873 – 2020
Brummana School, Lebanon
Brummana High school was founded in 1873. It pioneered a unique multi-faith co-educational approach in Lebanon adapting the English Quaker boarding school model. The curriculum is international. Students work in the community, and support charities. The school motto is "I Serve", and many alumni testify to its enduring effect on their lives.
1873 – 1945
Alfred Salter
Alfred Salter (1873-1945) was a medical practitioner, pacifist, teetotaler and politician who worked tirelessly for poor and socially deprived people in Bermondsey, London. His wife Ada was an prominent Bermondsey politician and activist.
1874 – 1958
Margery Fry
The life and work of Margery Fry illustrates Quaker faith in action with clear impact. She brought together many strands of concern for offenders, victims and communities, seeking to join together in meeting needs and restoring equilibrium.
Friends Rural Centre, Rasulia, India
Friends Rural Centre in Rasulia, Madhya Pradesh, India, has been a centre for rural development for over a hundred years. It was established as a missionary site by the Friends Foreign Mission Association in 1875. It developed as an orphanage following severe famines, then became a centre for study and meditation, before finally becoming a centre of a network of rural development programmes, sharing knowledge of sustainable farming methods.
1875 – 1955
T. Edmund Harvey
Thomas Edmund Harvey (4 January 1875-3 May 1955), commonly known as Edmund Harvey, was a pacifist social reformer and politician who had a lifelong interest in prison reform and rehabilitation.
1878 – 1962
Ruth Fry
Anna Ruth Fry (1878-1962) was secretary to the Friends War Victims Relief Committee from 1914 to 1923. During this time, she travelled to every country in which the FWVRC worked, including making three trips to Russia under very difficult conditions.
1882 – 1944
Arthur Eddington
Arthur Eddington (1882-1944) was a Quaker astronomer. His observations of the 1919 solar eclipse confirmed Einstein's predictions. He felt that religious mysticism, and the feeling of inspiration scientists sometimes have, were rather alike .
1883 – 1952
Corder Catchpool
Corder Catchpool (1883-1952) was a British Quaker and an absolutist conscientious objector who served time in prison during the First World War. He worked in Berlin between the wars, initially in relief and reparations, and later providing support for Jewish families persecuted by the Nazis.
1885 – 1954
Agatha Harrison
(1885 – 1954) Agatha Harrison was a British Quaker and a close friend of Gandhi. She contributed significantly to the peaceful transfer of power from the British to the independent governments of India and Pakistan.
1885 – 1974
Richard Gregg
Richard Gregg was a Quaker Lawyer, a leading American theorist on non-violence and one of the first people to introduce Gandhi's teachings on non-violence to the Western world. He described the tactics of non-violence as "moral jiu-jitsu."
1885 – 1977
Alice Paul
Alice Paul (1885-1977) was an American Quaker campaigner for women's suffrage. She led a peaceful protest outside the White House and was jailed. After going on hunger strike, she was put on a psychopathic ward and force fed.
1888 – 1895
Quakers against racism: Catherine Impey and the Anti-Caste Journal
Anti-Caste was Britain's first anti-racist journal. It was published from 1888 to 1895 by Catherine Impey (1847–1923), a Quaker woman from Somerset. It included reports on anti-lynching campaigns in the southern states of America, and the work of prominent African American campaigners, as well as confronting issues of racism within the British Empire.
1889 – 1989
Horace Alexander
Horace Alexander (1889-1989) was a Quaker who contributed significantly to the peaceful transfer of power from the British to the independent governments of India and Pakistan, and afterwards worked to limit the terrible communal violence that followed.
1889 – 1982
Philip Noel-Baker
Philip Noel-Baker was a British Quaker. An academic and politician, he was involved in the establishment of both the League of Nations and the United Nations. In 1959, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace for his work on disarmament.
1890 – 1984
Catharine Cox Miles
Catharine Cox-Miles (1890-1984) was an American psychologist and Quaker, associated with the genetic study of genius and with the Terman-Miles test of masculinity and femininity. She took part in AFSC's relief effort to feed German children after the First World War, earning medals for her work.
1895 – 2001
Floyd Schmoe
Floyd Schmoe (1895-2001) was born in Kansas but lived most of his life in the Pacific Northwest of the USA. He was both a forest ecologist and a marine biologist. In the course of relief work carried out in six separate wars, he was shot at, but never carried a gun.
1897 – 1963
Friends Industrial Mission Zanzibar
In 1890 Britain took over Zanzibar, where slavery was widespread. Quakers established an industrial mission on Pemba Island. They are credited with liberating about 1000 slaves, and providing education and employment.
1898 – 1993
Mildred Creak
Mildred Creak (1898-1993) was a ground-breaking child psychiatrist who helped to develop nine-point criteria for the diagnostics of autism. Creak maintained that autism, far from being caused by parental inadequacies, as was believed at the time, was primarily due to genetic factors. She was a member of a Quaker peace degation to Russia in 1951.
1901 – 1989
Ham Sok-Hon
Ham Sok-Hon (1901-1989) was a Korean Quaker, twice nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize by American Friends. His commitment to non-violence earned him the name, 'the Gandhi of Korea.'
1902 – 2020
Education in Africa
Kenya has over 200 Quaker secondary schools, and about 1000 primary ones. The first schools were founded early in the twentieth century. More recently several schools have been established in Rwanda and Burundi, and there is an education/rural development centre in Zimbabwe.
1902 – 1963
Friends Schools in Kenya from 1902 to independence in 1963
Missionary Friends from North America came to Kenya in 1902 and soon offered education to boys and girls alike. At first, this focused on reading the Bible, but later became much broader. Many Kenyans became teachers alongside the missionaries, and at independence in 1963 Kenyan Friends took over educational leadership.
1902 – 2020
Mission in Kenya
US Friends, from Ohio, established the Friends African Industrial Mission in Kaimosi, Western Kenya, in 1902. It was a mix of workplace training, school(s), basic medical support and evangelising. Numbers were small until the 1920s, but then grew rapidly, and new centres were opened. Kenyan Friends gradually took over mission work, and became independent of US Friends in 1946, though US missionaries stayed until the 1960s. Kenyan Friends are now the largest group in world Quakerism.
1903 – 2020
Woodbrooke Quaker Study Centre
Woodbrooke Quaker Study Centre was founded in 1903, and is based in Birmingham, UK. It offers many opportunities for the study of Quakerism through courses, retreats, private study, and a postgraduate programme. Many groups, Quaker and non-Quaker, hire its peaceful facilities for meetings and events.
1903 – 1981
David Wills
David Wills '(1903 – 1981) lifelong focus was young people who were troublesome to others, or to themselves, or both. He played a key part in several experimental therapeutic communities, and wrote a number of books describing his experiences and his developing ideas.
1903 – 1971
Kathleen Lonsdale
Kathleen Lonsdale was a Quaker chemist who was instrumental in developing the science of crystallography. She was a peace campaigner and a prison reformer, and also served as President of the British section of Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. In 1956 she wrote, Is Peace Possible?, exploring the relationship between world peace and world population needs.
1910 – 1988
Nancy Meek Pocock
Nancy Pocock was a Canadian Quaker and Peace Activist whose home in Toronto became a shelter for refugees for over three decades. In 1987, the United Nations Association in Canada awarded her the Pearson Medal of Peace for her work in disarmament, development and feminism.
1911 – 1989
H Leslie Kirkley
H Leslie Kirkley, known as HLK, became General Secretary of OXFAM in 1951, and transformed it from a small local Oxford Committee into a leading national and international organisation, and one of the most widely respected aid agencies in the world. He was involved with many other charities, all supporting his vision for a fairer world.
1912 – 1987
Bayard Rustin
Bayard Rustin (1912-1987) was a black Civil Rights activist and a close associate of Martin Luther King. He advised King on nonviolent protest, and organised the historic 1963 march for Jobs and Freedom. He was also an advocate of gay and lesbian rights.
1913 – 2020
Northern Friends Peace Board (NFPB)
The Northern Friends Peace Board was founded in 1913 following a Quaker peace conference held in York. For the last hundred years, they have campaigned against militarism and the arms trade, advised conscientious objectors, and have worked actively as peace builders in the widest sense.
1914 – 1919
Friends Ambulance Unit (FAU) in WWI
Quakers started the Friends Ambulance Unit (FAU) in 1914, at the beginning of the First World War. It was a way of contributing without bearing arms. Many Quakers were involved in its work, along with many non-Quakers. It worked with civilian and military hospitals, in France and Britain.
1915 – 1946
Women in the FAU
Women served in the Friends' Ambulance Unit in both the First and Second World Wars. In the First World War, women served as nurses in the Queen Alexandra Hospital in Dunkirk and also with the Anglo-Italian Ambulance Service, making up ten percent of the total FAU personnel. In the Second World War, a total of 97 women served (one woman to every 14 men). Of these, 57 saw service abroad, in India, China, the Middle East and north-west Europe.
1916 – 2006
Adam Curle
Adam Curle (1916-2006) was a British academic and Quaker peace activist. Over a period of almost forty years, he undertook international mediation of conflicts in India/Pakistan, Nigeria/Biafra, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Northern Ireland, Sri Lanka, Bosnia and Croatia. In 2000, he was the recipient of the Gandhi Foundation International Peace Award.
1917 – 2020
American Friends Service Committee (AFSC)
AFSC was founded in 1917. It works with many partners, in the US and around the world, on peace building and issues of economic, social and criminal justice. AFSC received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1947, jointly with its British counterpart.
1918 – 2020
Quakers in Germany since 1918
Many German Quakers protested openly against Nazi treatment of the Jews, and helped some of them leave the country. Quakers from elsewhere worked with German Quakers in the aftermath of World War 2. There are now about 400 active Quakers in Germany, and an important activity is their service agency, Quäker-Hilfe.
1918 – 2020
Quaker Peace & Social Witness (QPSW)
Quaker Peace and Social Witness (QPSW) is the central peace and service department of British Friends, and represents them at national level on issues of peace and social justice. It works with Quaker and other partners on a variety of projects within Britain and around the world.
1919 – 2020
Quaker International Centres
The network of Quaker bases around the world that became the Quaker International Centres were originally intended to work to build peace after WW1. Initially they were organised from London and Philadelphia, but after WW2, when QUNO was set up to represent Quakers at the UN, the network gradually evolved into locally led centres/ Quaker Houses.
1919 – 2020
Quakers in Bolivia
Over 8% of the world's Quakers live in Bolivia, making it the world's third largest Quaker population after the USA and Kenya. The majority of Bolivian Quakers are indigenous Aymara people living on the Altiplano – small villages in the Andes over twelve thousand feet above sea level. Most belong to the Holiness Mission Evangelical Friends Church.
1920 – 2020
Influential Quakers in crime and Justice in the UK in recent times (1)
From the early part of the 20th century, there has been a resurgence of Quaker input into criminal justice systems in the UK. The five Friends featured here are in chronological order by date of birth. A second article features eight later ones.
1920 – 1996
Dermot Grubb
Dermot Grubb (1920 – 1996) worked in the Prison Service for most of his career, and served as governor of prisons in Oxford, Bedford and Bristol. He was known for his concern for prisoner welfare, and for staff training. He forged close links with criminology departments at Oxford and Cambridge, in research and teaching. He was active in Quaker work on penal issues to the end of his life.
1920 – 1924
Quäkerspeisung (Quaker feeding)
Quakers working in Germany during and after the First World War described children as desperately malnourished. British and American Quakers, supported by thousands of German volunteers, set up feeding centres across Germany. At its height in 1921, the Quäkerspeisung (Quaker feeding) programme provided food for one million children a day.
1920 – 1923
Famine Relief Among Striking Miners in West Virginia and Pennsylvania
In the early 1920s, striking mine workers in West Virginia and Pennsylvania had been forced out of their homes and were living in tent cities. Welfare agencies had been pressurised by the mine operators into refusing to give aid. Quakers established a feeding programme for malnourished children and made clear their position that children should never be allowed to become the victims in such disputes.
1920 – 2020
Whanganui Quaker Settlement
From 1920 to 1968, Quakers in Aetoroa /New Zealand ran a co-educational boarding school in Whanganui. In 1976, the Quaker Settlement at Whanganui (known locally as Quaker Acres) was established at a site near the former boarding school. This is a permanent community, set in 20 acres of farmland. It is currently home to 23 settlers, ranging in age from pre-schoolers to over 70s. Its centre provides residential seminars that are open to all.
1921 – 2020
Ursula Franklin
Ursula Franklin was a Canadian physicist, pacifist, feminist and Quaker. Her particular concerns are women's rights, economic justice and for the environment.
1921 – 1929
Famine Relief Work in post-Revolutionary Russia 1921-1929
British and American Quakers played a small but vital role in the international relief efforts in response to the Russian famine of 1921. They were the first group on the ground, took the lead in famine relief around the area of Buzuluk, where they had worked during earlier famines, and remained until 1929 to help with reconstruction.
1921 – 1929
Famine Relief Work in Russia 1891-1929
Through the latter part of the 19th C and the early part of the 20th C, parts of Russia suffered a series of devastating crop failures resulting in widespread famine. Quakers repeatedly led relief efforts, but they struggled against resentment on behalf of both the Russian authorities and the public back home, and accusations that Russian troops were stealing supplies meant for civilians.
1929 – 2001
Hendrik van der Merwe
Hendrik van der Merwe was a South African Quaker academic and peacemaker. For 27 years, he was head of the Centre for Conflict Resolution at the University of Cape Town and was the founding president of the South African Association for Conflict Intervention.
Joseph Elder
Joseph Elder is an academic and lifelong Quaker peace activist with experience of mediating conflicts in Kashmir, Vietnam, Korea and Sri Lanka. He is currently professor of Sociology and Languages and Cultures of Asia at the University of Wisconsin, USA.
1931 – 2020
Friends Council on Education (FCE)
FCE provides Friends schools in the U.S. (and international affiliates) with leadership and support on Quaker matters. It aims to foster the Quaker ethos of Friends schools, and to maintain and enrich their relationships with the wider community of Friends. FCE serves as a voice for Friends education on national matters.
1931 – 2020
Pendle Hill
Pendle Hill was founded in 1931 and is based in Wallingford, Pennsylvania. It enables study of Quakerism and related topics. It offers a varied programme of courses and retreats and also opportunities for private study.
1931 – 2020
Canadian Friends Service Committee (CFSC)
Canadian Friends Service Committee (CSFC) is the peace and service agency of Quakers in Canada, founded in 1931. It works with a wide range of partners at international, national and community levels, seeking to bring about long-term sustainable changes in our world.
1933 – 2001
Ruth Rittenhouse Morris
Ruth Rittenhouse Morris (1933-2001) was a Canadian Friend who was one of the world's leading advocates for prison abolition.
1936 – 2020
Therapeutic Communities in Britain
The central idea of therapeutic communities is that by living together in organised and caring environments, troubled individuals can find productive ways forward. Quakers have been instrumental in establishing and supporting several such communities.
1937 – 2030
Friends World Committee for Consultation (FWCC)
Formed in 1937 the Friends World Committee for Consultation aims "to act in a consultative capacity to promote better understanding among Friends the world over." It is an umbrella organisation for the +400,000 Friends around the world. Their purpose is to encourage fellowship among all the branches of the Religious Society of Friends wherever they may be. Their mission is summed up as "Answering God's call to universal love, FWCC brings Friends of varying traditions and cultural experiences together in worship, communications, and consultation, to express our common heritage and our Quaker message to the world".
1938 – 1939
The Kindertransport scheme brought 10000 Jewish children to safety in Britain in 1938 and 1939, just before World War 2. British Quakers worked with British Jews to persuade Parliament to set up the scheme. German Quakers were largely responsible for arranging special trains and identifying the children and British Quakers and Jews found families to host them. Some went to Quaker families.
Diana and John Lampen
Diana Lampen (1940 -) and John Lampen (1938 -) have worked in peace and reconciliation in spheres ranging from a therapeutic community for young boys, via Derry in Northern Ireland in the lead up to the Good Friday peace accord, to their present work as peace educators with the Hope Project, which they set up in 1994.
1939 – 1953
Barns Hostel School
The school was opened in 1940, near Peebles in Scotland. It was a residential school for boys who had been evacuated from large cities and sent to safer places. Most evacuees were billeted with families, but this was too difficult in some cases. Scottish Friends established Barns to cater for these children.
1939 – 1946
Friends Ambulance Unit (FAU) in WWII
When war began in September 1939, the Friends Ambulance Unit (FAU) was immediately re-formed, to provide opportunities for active service for conscientious objectors. They worked in Britain, mainland Europe and in Asia, providing relief and medical assistance of many kinds. FAU was wound up in 1946, after the war was over.
1940 – 1945
Friends Ambulance Unit (FAU) in WWII: Finland, Greece and a Prisoner of War (POW) Camp
The first section from the Friends Ambulance Unit to serve abroad during WWII went to Finland in January 1940, and then to Greece in March 1941, with the Red Cross. Sixteen were captured and several spent the remainder of the war in prisoner of war camps.
1940 – 1945
Friends Ambulance Unit (FAU) in WWII: Britain – the Blitz and After
A key part of Friends Ambulance Unit (FAU) training was time spent serving in British hospitals. But the FAU also provided air raid relief during the Blitz, in London and other bombed cities. They worked in rest centres and bomb shelters, set up Citizens' Advice Bureaux and ran a summer camp for children. Some also volunteered as medical guinea pigs.
1941 – 1946
The FAU China Convoy (1941 – 46)
One of the best-known arms of the FAU during WWII was the China Convoy. From 1941 it helped to bring supplies to landlocked 'Free China' and undertook considerable medical and reconstruction work, in very challenging conditions.
1941 – 1943
Friends Ambulance Unit (FAU) in WWII: North Africa and the Middle East
A major part of the Friends Ambulance Unit's (FAU) operations during the Second World War was undertaken in North Africa and the Middle East, working alongside the British and French armies.
Tim Newell
Tim Newell was a prison governor for 38 years and worked latterly in Grendon Prison – the therapeutic community prison for serious offenders. He has helped with the development of Circles of Support and Accountability in the UK, with restorative practice in prisons and with the provision of services for victims of serious crime, those bereaved by homicide through Escaping Victimhood.
1942 – 2020
Bob Johnson
Bob Johnson (1942 - ) is a psychiatrist who has spent much of his professional life working with disturbed and dangerous prisoners, and researching the impact of different approaches. He believes that they can all be reached, and that none of them is untreatable. He challenges much current practice on account of this.
1943 – 2020
Friends Committee on National Legislation (FCNL)
FCNL was founded in 1943, and is a Quaker lobby organisation in the USA. It seeks to bring Quaker values and testimonies to bear on public policy decisions at the Federal level. Priorities are decided by wide consultation among US Quakers.
1943 – 1945
Friends Ambulance Unit (FAU) in WWII: Civilian Relief Work in Mainland Europe
As the Allied advance began in 1943, the Friends Ambulance Unit (FAU) began to focus on civilian relief work in Europe. Starting in Italy and going on to Greece, Yugoslavia, France, the Netherlands and eventually Germany itself, they worked in refugee camps, provided medical relief, helped rebuild homes and dealt with malnutrition. They also took part in the relief of Sandbostel concentration camp.
1943 – 1946
AFSC in WWII
From the outbreak of WWII until 1942, the American Friends Service Committee provided relief in southern France. When the US entered the war, American COs were prevented from serving abroad. They worked instead in Civilian Public Service Camps, some of which were run by the AFSC. AFSC gave considerable support to Interned Japanese-Americans.
Jocelyn Bell Burnell
Jocelyn Bell Burnell is a ground-breaking astrophysicist and also a prominent Quaker. Her discovery of pulsars changed the view of the life cycle of stars and helped confirm Einstein's theory of gravitational waves. She has spoken widely about the relationship between scientific method and her Quaker faith.
1947 – 1950
Jerusalem and Gaza 1947 – 1950
Following the UN vote for a Partition Plan in 1947 to create independent Arab and Jewish states within Palestine, open war broke out in 1948. The war created a refugee crisis, both within Jerusalem and in Gaza. Quakers were at the forefront of relief efforts, and were among the first NGOs to work on behalf of the UN.
QUNO: Quaker United Nations Office
Quakers/Friends have been active behind the scenes at the United Nations from the beginning, and in the League of Nations before that. Each of the two main UN centres - New York and Geneva – has a Quaker House, staffed by a small team. They listen, they contribute, and they facilitate quiet dialogue and solution building, especially with regard to peace, justice and human rights.
1948 – 2020
QUNO and Human Rights
One facet of the work of the Quaker United Nations Office (QUNO) is to strengthen the promotion and protection of human rights through the United Nations.
1950 – 2020
Influential Quakers in Crime and Justice in North America in modern times
Four North American Friends – Larry Apsey, Steve Angell, Ruth Rittenhouse Morris and Marc Forget - are singled out here because of their known, and major, contributions. AVP, nonviolent training, campaigns for prison abolition, and restorative justice, are key themes.
1950 – 2020
Quakers in Korea
Quakers first came to Korea to provide humanitarian aid after the Korean War (1950-53). Several local Koreans became interested in Quakerism, including notably Ham Sok Hon, the 'Gandhi of Korea'. Seoul Monthly Meeting remains a small but flourishing group.
1950 – 1964
Quaker International Centre, Dhaka (Dacca) 1950-1964
The Quaker International Centre in Dhaka, in what is now Bangladesh, was set up by the American Friends Service Committee in 1950, and was jointly funded by the Friends Service Council of Great Britain. It was a centre for reconciliation work between India and Pakistan, as well as providing poverty relief and urban development. The centre was handed over to trained local staff in 1964.
1951 – 2020
Scott Bader Commonwealth
In 1951 Ernest Bader and his family made over their international chemical business to a charitable trust, the Commonwealth. It works for the benefit of staff and the community. All staff can participate in decisions.
1951 – 2020
Quakers in Costa Rica
The small Quaker community in Costa Rica was founded in 1951 by a group of eleven Quaker families from Alabama. Working with the local community, they set up Monteverde Friends School, a thriving dairy farm and other community farming projects, the Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve, and a Peace Centre.
Nozizwe Madlala-Routledge
Nozizwe Madlala-Routledge, (1952- ) is perhaps the only Quaker and pacifist to have found themselves second in command of their country's defence forces. She is a longstanding member of the ANC, and served as an MP and later in the Ministries of Defence and Health. She currently campaigns against the sex-trafficking of women.
1952 – 1957
Friends Service Unit in Korea: 1952-57
In the aftermath of the Korean War (1950-53), The Friends Service Unit (FSU) – a joint arm of the British Friends Service Council (FSC) and the American Friends Service Committee (AFSC) – provided humanitarian and medical aid to refugees and others affected by the war.
1954 – 1975
Peace Witness and Relief Efforts during the Vietnam War
Quaker action during the 1954-75 Vietnam War focused on three different areas – peaceful protest against the conduct of the war itself, counselling for American conscientious objectors of all faiths, and humanitarian aid to both North and South Vietnam. AFSC was also involved in many diplomats' conferences aimed at ending the war.
1958 – 2020
QSA - Supporting Indigenous Communities in Australia
Since its establishment, Quaker Service Australia has endeavoured to assist Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities in Australia to implement projects that are endorsed by and will benefit their local community. As the relationship between Australian indigenous and settler communities has changes, so has the nature of the projects undertaken.
1959 – 2020
Quaker Service Australia (QSA)
Quaker Service Australia is an aid and development arm of Quakers in Australia. Founded in 1959, it now works in countries such as Cambodia, India, East Timor and Uganda. QSA aims for long term partnerships that work towards the goals of economic self-sufficiency and environmentally sustainable living.
1960 – 2020
Influential Quakers in crime and Justice in the UK in recent times (2)
From the early part of the 20th century, there has been a resurgence of Quaker input into criminal justice systems in the UK. The eight Friends featured here are in chronological order by date of birth. Another article features five earlier ones.
1960 – 2030
Casa de los Amigos, Mexico City
Casa de los Amigos is a Centre for Peace and International Understanding in Mexico City. Through its programs, community space, and social and cultural activities, the Casa promotes peace with justice, fosters understanding between groups and individuals, and supports the human dignity of every person.
1961 – 1972
Peacemaking between East and West Germany
In 1961, East and West Germany were cut off from each other, by the Berlin Wall. Quakers were respected and trusted by both sides, and were able to build a dialogue that eased some of the tensions.
1962 – 2020
Amnesty International
Quakers were instrumental in setting up Amnesty International, in 1962. In 1961, Quaker Eric Baker wrote a newspaper article calling for the amnesty of all political prisoners. This began a campaign, involving many others, that culminated in the founding of Amnesty the following year.
1963 – 2020
Friends Schools in Kenya from independence in 1963 to the present day
At Kenyan independence in 1963, Friends mission schools became part of the state system, though Quakers still have an important role. Many new Friends schools have grown up. A rich discussion is developing between them, focusing on the Quaker ethos and teaching quality. The new Quaker Education Council has been set up to progress this
1963 – 1976
Grindstone Island: Quaker Peace Education Centre
From 1963 to 1976, Canadian Friends Service Committee operated a Peace Education Centre on Grindstone Island, on Big Rideau Lake, south of Ottawa. The aim was to explore how nonviolence could be practised in hostile, threatening situations.
1964 – 2020
Glebe House: Friends Therapeutic Community Trust
Glebe House in Cambridgeshire does internationally renowned specialist work with teenage males with sexual issues, often victims and/or offenders. Through a two to three year resident programme, many go on to become active and productive members of society. It was founded by East Anglian Quakers in the 1960s, and the trustees are Quakers to this day.
1965 – 1980
Mediation in Zimbabwe 1965-1980
Quakers were heavily involved in mediation and relief work in Zimbabwe (then called Rhodesia) during the war for independence and majority rule (1965-1979). They acted as election observers during the first free and fair election in 1980 and afterwards continued to work on race relations issues.
1967 – 1970
Mediation During the Nigerian Civil War 1967-70
In 1967, following communal violence, an area of Eastern Nigeria calling itself Biafra, sought independence. In the civil war that followed (1967-1970), the area was cut off from the rest of the world and its population suffered starvation. Three Quakers took part in mediation with the leaders on both sides. The American Friends Service Committee ran relief programmes.
1967 – 2020
Hlekweni Rural Training Centre
Hlekweni was the Quaker founded rural training centre in Zimbabwe, run by Zimbabweans, under the auspices of Southern Africa Yearly Meeting and supported by Quakers around the world. It opened in 1967 and closed in 2014.
1970 – 2020
Restorative Justice
Restorative justice is based on repairing the harm done by wrongdoing. Offenders are encouraged to take responsibility for what they have done. Quakers are active in this, because this speaks to the good in everyone, and can bring about healing for victims, offenders and the community.
1974 – 2020
Indigenous Affairs Committee in Canada (QIAC)
The Canadian Friends Service Committee set this up in 1974, in response to an armed confrontation between the Ojibway people and the Canadian government. The initial aim was to enable concerns to be heard and resolved in a nonviolent way. Since then QIAC has worked on many other issues to do with the human rights of indigenous peoples in Canada.
1974 – 2020
Friends Disaster Service
The Friends Disaster Services is a network of volunteers from across the USA that provides relief in the aftermath of natural disasters. The group is an outreach arm of the Evangelical Friends (or Friends' Churches) in USA, but volunteers come from all branches of Friends. The FDS provides relief to any survivor, regardless of race, religion or ethnic persuasion.
1975 – 2020
Alternatives to Violence (AVP)
Alternatives to Violence (AVP) was initiated by Quakers in the United States but is now an international movement independent from Quakers. AVP is based on the belief that everyone has within them the creative power to transform violent situations. Local AVP groups work mainly through workshops. Many groups are working in prisons, the context in which AVP originated, but AVP is now used in many other settings, such as schools.
1979 – 1993
QSA – English Language Training in Cambodia
QSA's biggest project to date has been the Cambodian English Language Training (CELT) Program. In 1985, they began working with the Ministry of Education in Phnom Pehn to provide English language training to government officials and to improve secondary school teachers' language abilities. The project was managed by QSA until 1993, during which class intakes grew from 15 to almost 150. The project was then handed over to Australia's International Development programme, who continued to fund it until 1996.
1980 – 2020
Anti-Slavery in the modern world
Historic slavery was officially abolished in the 19th century. In the 20th century Quakers were part of a growing awareness of modern forms of slavery, and began to campaign against these.
1980 – 1991
Quakers in the Sanctuary Movement
Between 1980 and 1991, nearly one million Central Americans fled political repression and violence in Guatemala, El Salvador and Nicaragua and sought asylum in the US. For much of that time, however, asylum was refused. Founded in 1980 by two Quakers and a Presbyterian minister from Tucson Arizona, the Sanctuary Movement provided legal, financial and material aid to these refugees.


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How we assess our children
At Gray's Farm Primary Academy, all children are assessed at regular intervals throughout the year to ensure consistent and accurate recording and monitoring of their levels. They are assessed in reading, writing and maths, which allows the children to understand where they are currently, how they have progressed, and crucially what they need to do to improve. Teachers work alongside colleagues in half termly moderations. This ensures consistency across the school and that meaningful discussion is had around each child's attainment in reading, writing and maths in order to identify next steps for the class.
How do we assess reading?
In both Key Stage One and Key Stage Two, we assess reading through our Guided Reading sessions, which happen on a daily basis and through a formal assessment once every term (PIRA test). Key comprehension texts are shared with the children, discussed and then the children have the opportunity to unpick the text and will answer questions on it. The answers from these questions and the child's general reading ability help to inform the teacher's assessment. The PIRA test is taken once every term and the results of these tests will inform future planning for the children.
In Key Stage Two, we also use Accelerated Reader to help with our assessments of reading. The children read their Accelerated Reader books both at home and in school. The children will then complete a quiz in school. These quizzes provide us with data, such as the children's reading age and information about their knowledge and understanding of a text. In Key Stage One, the books read and questions answered via Bug Club give us similar data. Teachers also do regular checks of the children's phonic and high frequency word knowledge in order to plan for the children's next steps.
All of these things combined provide us with enough information to make an accurate teacher assessment.
How do we assess writing?
Teachers assess the children's writing each and every lesson and every time they mark books – looking for success and areas to develop which informs future planning in order to move the children forward. Teachers identify pupils who need further feedback to support or stretch them.
Writing is formally assessed and moderated on a termly based around key writing objectives developed from Target Tracker and the Writing Framework - based on the National Curriculum. The teacher will look at a wide selection of writing in the child's books to inform their overall judgement and set children targets. The writing is also moderated by a range of teachers and compared with other children within and across year groups to ensure consistency.
Educate Ernie – Children are given a short weekly task, which assesses their grammar and punctuation skills. These are always skills that have been previously taught and are revisited in order to ensure children recall what they know. These activities are adapted to suit each class and ability.
Dictation – Our weekly dictation task is designed to see if the children can apply spelling rules they have been learning in in class. It also helps the teachers to see if children recall how to use punctuation. Analysis of these assessments is then used to inform future planning and interventions.
How do we assess maths?
Again, teachers are constantly assessing the children throughout the math sessions and when marking. Teachers will identify groups or individuals who require additional support or stretch and challenge and give verbal feedback, interventions or challenge tasks accordingly.
All children complete a mini-assessment once a week called 'Can You Still…?' to assess fluency and quick recall of skills previously taught to ensure they remember their learning. These activities are adapted to suit each class and ability. Analysis of these assessments is then used to inform future planning and interventions.
Children will also complete a termly test paper (PUMA) which provides an accurate indication (alongside teacher assessment) of whether they are working at the expected level, above or below. These tests involve arithmetic and reasoning questions specific to the National Curriculum expectations for each year group.
Key fact assessment is important to support fluency. In KS1, this is a 5 minute recall test of addition and subtraction number bonds and multiplication questions (involving 2's, 5's and 10's times tables). In KS2, this is a 5 minute recall test of multiplication and division facts up to 12 x 12. These tests are completed once a week and progress is monitored to ensure all are moving forward.
Passports are another great assessment tool. These are specific to each child and build on number fluency, speed and inverse. They start from number bonds and simple multiplication and get progressively harder as they move through the countries and continents. Children are expected to show that they have met their targets at least three times in class, before being sent to Passport Control to be assessed. When successful, they are presented with a certificate, badge and a new set of targets.

subset: commoncrawl


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For any team that is responsible for existing systems that are already in use while also iterating on those systems to enhance and/or improve them there is also typically the burden of interrupts from the existing system. Forward progress is best made with concentrated effort that is focused and uninterrupted. How does one balance these two conflicting jobs of a team?
The first step is to consider an interrupt rotation where only one person at a time on a team fields the interrupts leaving the others to focus. That person may also work on improvements, but is then the only one that should be getting interrupted. A downside to this approach is that if the interrupt falls outside the area of expertise of the interrupt person, they may spend too much time trying to solve the issue whereas the "expert" may have quickly found the root cause and solution. While there is value in digging and learning, there is also a big cost of time and frustration of fruitlessly going down the rat hole.
How does one balance between the two conflicting objectives of efficiently addressing issues that crop up in existing systems while making focused forward process on iterating on improvements?
Consider the following and tweak as appropriate for your team as your mileage may vary:
- Establish an interrupt rotation where one person fields and addresses all interrupts.
If this isn't a full time job, devote the first x hours of each day to interrupts office hours.
- Have the interrupt person handle each new interrupt as follows:
Is the "house on fire"?
- If yes: This interrupt must be addressed as quickly as possible, go distract the person or people best suited to address the issue, and follow the normal communication and escalations processes.
- If not:
- Do your best to dig into the top priority interrupt on your plate and learn as you go about areas previously unfamiliar to you.
- At the next day's stand-up, give your update on which issue(s) your working on (if the expert is now on another team, go attend their standup as a guest).
- As a follow-up to stand-up, if an expert on the team could help guide you to the root-cause/solution, they should speak up.
- The manager having heard everyone's update can make a priority call if the expert should leave it at a few words of advice or invest time in helping with the issue that day rather than continue with their previously scheduled program.
Once the issue is understood along either path do either a formal or mental 5-why's post-morten to get to the core of the right measured and proportional response of…
- Understanding the root cause(s)
- Fixing the immediate problem and
addressing the areas that would make the existing system more resilient..,
- Adding/improving monitoring to catch things like this (not just specifically this issue) when they start to go wrong
- Adding/improving test coverage to prevent (re)introducing issues like this (not just specifically this issue) by any other engineer modifying the code or by changes in underlying systems or environmental factors.
- Consider adding self-healing logic such as retries.
This approach has several advantages:
- Issues with existing systems do get triaged and get some measured and proportional attention with guidance from the manager.
- The majority of the team can work focused/uninterrupted on making improvements to the system.
- The interrupt person spends some amount of time each day broadening their knowledge to learn new areas and reducing the dependency on a single "expert."
- There is a mechanism to prevent the interrupt person rat-holing into an unknown area for more than a day without other knowledgeable people learning about it and course correcting them.
- The interrupts of the focused members comes as a follow-up to stand-up at which point they are already interrupted.
- The manager is involved in the priority decision of deciding whether the ROI of investing more resources resolving the interrupt outweigh the investments in focused forward improvements of the system as a whole.
- Lastly, note that the principles here could/should also be applied for team-internal interrupts – if one team member is seeking help from another, doing an assessment of whether the house is on fire or if it can wait until tomorrow's stand-up is healthy in either case as is doing some archeology first to learn a bit, see how far you can get on your own, and offer up good context when you do bring it up…
Interrupts for existing systems not under active development
Sometimes interrupts show up for systems that are no longer under active development. This can lead to interrupts for people that worked on that system in the past but have now moved onto other projects. At IMVU, we introduced the notion of "Domain Experts" for various areas of the product. There were also backups designated that either also had knowledge of the area or were tasked at helping field issues to be able to help off-load any single point of failure Domain Expert. For interrupts of this kind coming in, the process is not all that different.
Triage the issue to decide if it's a "house is on fire" / drop everything issue, then essentially proceed as above together jump on the fire or wait until the next day's stand-up to communicate that you need to decide whether to pause whatever your current work is to a ddress this issue…
I later introduced similar notions of dealing with interrupts to Twitch and then Pure.
Hand-offs between interrupt cycles
One thing to be aware of is that some interrupts require more depth and context than others. For simple interrupts or ones where the in-depth effort hasn't begun, the hand-off from one person on interrupt to the next makes sense. For more in-depth ones, on the last day on interrupt, the interrupt engineer should mention such issues on their plate and then have a follow-up to stand-up with the manager and next person on interrupt to decide whether they should
- Continue with that issue or
- Hand it off to the next interrupt person
- Pause it and put it on the backlog for the team to revisit down the road.
Motivation for resolving interrupts
Often, people will sigh, moan, whine … when their turn for interrupt duty shows up. This can greatly impact they effectiveness. They often feel they are rooting around in code someone else wrote to uncover what they failed to account for.
There is a certain joy that be gained from solving a mystery. What greater mystery than rooting around in someone else's code? There are rewards in being the Sherlock Holmes that solves the mystery. As a manager, it's important to show recognition and appreciation for this and not just progress on the feature currently under development.
One source is start-up early code. It helps to explain that a successful company may not be where it is today had not the early engineers whipped something together to get the company where it is today and pay your paychecks. This train of thought should be less about guilt and more about appreciation.
Interrupts always ending up with most senior person
As startups grow into larger and larger companies, it's not uncommon to see the more experienced engineers get buried in interrupts from people coming to them to do this or that or help debug something.
Part of this can be reduced by having a good spin-up and mentoring process.
Part of this can be addressed by ensuring engineers appreciate well written code with good test coverage greatly reduces how often other will come and ask them about it and hence creates freedom for them to grow to learn new things and/or experience upward mobility.
However, there are also time where you'll hear "Why should I give it to someone else to do? I can do it in an hour and it'll take them two days, and since I know the system, I'll do it better. Besides, it seems selfish to ask someone else to burn two days of their time for what would take me 30-60 minutes. Right?" At first blush, that might seem right, but it's actually the wrong approach. By doing it yourself, you're depriving the other engineer(s) from learning and getting better at it. The organization won't scale and neither will you if you take that approach, and the new engineers will soon get demotivated if they are never trusted to do anything. Having help experienced engineers see things from this angle has repeatedly resulted seen their ability to work on new things increase and with it their motivation and engagement.
Every now and then, you'll get a wise old engineer counter: :"Well, what if it's a hot customer issue, what if the 'house is on fire'?" They kind of have a point here given the above; however, even here, things can improve. Grabbing that new engineer to observe while they fight the fire (while also verbalizing what they do and why) can also help to bring up new folks to fire fighting. The next step is to have the new engineer be the one with the hands on the keyboard while the senior engineer instructs and potentially dictates. Hands-on-keyboard will still help with learning more than simply observing. The next progression is to stop dictating and start asking, "ok, what's your next step?" and only helping out when they don't right away know the answer. This process helps bring up to speed new engineers and helps existing engineers not get bogged down and demotivated…
Another thing that has proven helpful is to create a routine for the person on interrupt duty to check through various sources of interrupts at the start of each day with some sense of priority to plan their day and the sequence of attack.


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Linking up:
Follow along via Google Friend Connect or Bloglovin!
Those shorts are tempting! Pajama feel, count me in :)
Such cute shorts! And I love the yellow wall in the background :)
The Other Side of Gray
I've been eyeing these shorts in Target for a couple weeks now, I might have to snap them up! The yellow door is a great photo location, really makes your outfit pop!ReplyDelete
Love your shorts and those adorable sandals!ReplyDelete
Love this background! I have a similar colored garage door near my apartment (only blue) and it's fun to take pictures in front of!ReplyDelete
You should definitely use this location more often - such a fun background! Those shorts are also fabulous!ReplyDelete
Lovely photos!!! Those sandals are great!
I'm in LOVE with these photos Kristina! Your outfit is perfect for the summer heat, and you and your gorgeous hair look great against that bright yellow background. Stunning!
xox Lara www.weheartbeautyblog.com
Cute shorts! And you have the prettiest hair color!ReplyDelete
I love this look. Your shorts is too cute!
I'm all about shorts these days. That printed pair is super cute!
I love the photos and those shorts are cute!ReplyDelete
The yellow backdrop is perfect; both for your elegantly casual gray and black outfit, and your beautiful complexion and hair. Lovely lovely. (sweet smile too). Lynaea @ EveryDayBloom.comReplyDelete


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Caribbean Princess Resort, Cancun
Caribbean Princess ResortCalle Galeon D9 5 Zona Hotelera
An intimate and relaxing resort, located on the touristic zone of Cancun, Mexico. Overlooking Nichupte Lagoon at Galeon Street, across from Nautillus Mall. Only a short walk from beaches, shopping, restaurants and discos. Full services and first class accommodations.


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Hey, I'm Melissa!
It is exciting to create fun and artistic senior portraits to fit each students personality. I want to provide an incredible experience and give parents images to cherish forever. Capturing photos that will be cherished forever is my passion. I specialize in High School Seniors and currently booking for students graduating in 2021.
I work in Pittsburgh & Beaver County PA and surrounding counties.
Lets discuss how we can make this session unique to you.
We will choose just the right looks for each of the locations that we will be shooting in. We will utilize natural light in a variety of settings, and have a ton of laughs along the way.
My ultimate goal is to give you an amazing experience!!


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Sid, my six-year-old son, is crazy about dinosaurs. Like many kids his age, he dreams of becoming a paleontologist when he grows up. For a long time, he has wanted to travel to Utah, a well known repository of prehistoric artifacts, and find a dinosaur fossil for himself. In India, this August, we found a great way to fulfill Sid's "fossil" dreams.
To see fossils in a local museum would have been the usual thing to do. But I remembered a newspaper clipping I had preserved about a dinosaur park in India. This is how our journey into the world of dinosaurs began.
It may come as a surprise that India has a treasure trove of dinosaur fossils. In fact, Raoli, a small village in Gujarat about 80 kilometers from Ahmedabad, has the third largest number of dinosaur fossils in the world. Some of the best known dinosaurs in the world roamed on Indian soil.
On Sid's birthday we drove from Ahmedabad to Balasinore, a town close to Raoli. It took nearly an hour to get out of the city limits but once we were out, our vehicle sped smoothly on well laid roads. Our drive along the countryside was beautiful. Occasionally we came across a sign board reading "Balasinore Dainasor Park," which never failed to bring a smile to our faces.
Paleontologists have found that at least seven types of dinosaurs roamed on these lands, including the mighty T Rex. The latest find has been that ofRajasaurus Narmdensis, a previously unknown dinosaur. This dinosaur has been reconstructed fully and is on display in a museum in Calcutta. A model of this can be also be found in the Indroda Fossil and Dinosaur Park in Gandhinagar, Gujarat. Enough fossils have been recovered to suggest that both herbivore and carnivore dinosaurs ambled through the entire Narmada basin. These dinosaurs disappeared from the face of the earth about 65 million years ago. Scientists attribute the extinction to various reasons. But this site is believed to have been destroyed by a meteor, called the Shiva Crater, that was discovered beneath the Indian Ocean, west of Mumbai, India.After a three-hour drive, we reached the Garden Palace Hotel in Balasinore which is the ancestral home of the royal family of Balasinore, now converted to a Heritage Hotel. We were welcomed by the lovely Princess Aliya Bibi. Aliya is the daughter of Nawab Mohammad Salabat Khan, the current descendant of the royal family, and she looks after the affairs of this beautiful hotel. Over the years she has also become a dinosaur lover and an expert of sorts.
We were grateful to have Aliya as our tour guide because the fossil site would have been impossible to find on our own. There are no directions or proper roads that lead to the site which was discovered by the Geological Survey of India in 1981.
Aliya's unceasing efforts to protect the site from vandalism and theft have resulted in the government putting up a fence of barbed wire and also deploying a lone security guard. In spite of this, the people in the nearby villages do not realize that they are sitting on a national treasure. Children play and cattle graze, destroying some of the most precious fossils existing on earth.
As we travelled over rugged roads to reach the fossil site, we saw building construction underway to our left. On completion, it will be the first of its kind in the country—a dinosaur interpretative centre. The proposed plan also has a dinosaur theme park.
Two huge rusted iron gates welcomed us help the feeling that we were driving over brittle bones and crushing them.
We followed Aliya around the fossil site, feeling elated that we were walking on the land where dinosaurs once roamed. "Every time I come here, I find a new fossil. Because this area is so huge it is simply impossible to gather all of them," she told us. This encouraged us to look for some fossils of our own. We picked up rocks hoping to lay our hands on something previously unseen.
Aliya gave us some pointers. "Fossils are fibrous in nature," she explained, pointing to the lines of a possible arm bone of a dinosaur.
Having learnt this secret, we were eager to explore the land.
"If only I could find a T Rex's tooth," my son said hopefully.
"Let's keep looking," I encouraged him.
Aliya pointed to a pink striated rock. We saw the lines that ran smoothly along the pink structure. That was what primarily distinguished a fossil from ordinary stone. This one was the bone of a limb.
There were more fossils of bones and skin. "We need specialized machinery to extract these, so it has to wait," she said. The highlight of the visit was the fossilized remains of the internal organs and the backbone of a dinosaur. It was mesmerizing to realize that something so soft as the insides of a dinosaur could have withstood the test of time. The backbone prompted us to freeze the moment for a memorable vacation picture.
We lingered on for a long time, watching our steps, not wanting to step on something precious. We studied some of the rocks hoping to stumble onto a treasure we could pick up, but it was not to be.
On the other side of the park were three models of dinosaurs. Made from plaster of Paris by local art students, the models had disproportionate dimensions. A temple stood next to these reptiles, as if to shower protection on the site. On the way back to the hotel, Aliya promised us to show us her personal fossil collection.
Back at the resort, we freshened up and had lunch with Aliya. She spoke at length about her experiences. When we could hold our curiosity and patience no longer, she showed us a round rock.
"This is a dinosaur egg," she declared, holding the rock and beaming with pride. The egg had an interesting story. One of the villagers who had found the egg was using it to grind masalas because of its shape. Eventually, better awareness of fossils led to the stone being turned over to Aliya, but the egg fossil had lost some of its outer covering by then.
We took turns to hold the egg and look closely. Although we were holding something millions of years old, we realized we could have easily mistaken it for a rock.
Sid wondered aloud, "What if we could magically put the rock in a time machine and send it back?" Back in the car, my thoughts lingered on the magic of life, evolution, and the magnificent giants, while Sid continued to dream about time travel. We started playing a game to see how many dinosaur names we knew. Halfway through, Sid had another idea. He started to make up some dinosaur names, because he wanted to be ready—ready to grow up and find new dinosaurs of his own.
Sudha Subramanian is an independent writer based in Dubai.
Editor's note: Geologists recently found a clutch of fossilized eggs in what could be India's largest dinosaur nesting site in Ariyalur district in the south Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The eggs are believed to be about 65 million years old.


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The Unfinished Angel
Newbery Medal winner Sharon Creech crafts a truly endearing story, one that is imbued with happiness, wonder, and an appreciation for all the little things that make life big. With beautiful, fresh new cover art, this is a gem of a book.
In the winding stone tower of the Casa Rosa, in a quiet little village in the Swiss Alps, lives one very unlikely angel--one that is still awaiting her instructions from the angel-training center. What happens to an angel who doesn't know her mission? She floats and swishes from high above, watching the crazy things that "peoples" say and do. But when a zany American girl named Zola arrives in town and invades the Casa Rosa, dogs start arfing, figs start flying through the air, lost orphans wander in, and the village becomes anything but quiet. And as Zola and the angel work together to rescue the orphans, they each begin to realize their purpose and learn that there is magic in the most ordinary acts of kindness.
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About the Author
Sharon Creech has written twenty-one books for young people and is published in over twenty languages. Her books have received awards in both the U.S. and abroad, including the Newbery Medal for Walk Two Moons, the Newbery Honor for The Wanderer, and Great Britain's Carnegie Medal for Ruby Holler.
Before beginning her writing career, Sharon Creech taught English for fifteen years in England and Switzerland. She and her husband now live in Maine, "lured there by our grandchildren," Creech says.


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Since Riot Games reworked accounts to level infinitely in League of Legends, there has been something of a race as players climb higher and higher. The leader just passed level 300 today. His method? Destroying dozens of bots.
Playing under the name "Nolife Raphael," he was locked in a race for the first to level 100 a month ago. Today, he's passed the 300 mark, a significant challenge requiring a lot of games played.
Raphael's method is to play against AI bots on a map called Twisted Treeline. Unlike League of Legends' standard five-on-five, the Treeline is three-on-three on a smaller map that has only two lanes. Since it's a "co-op vs. AI" match, Raphael and two cohorts are the only humans in the game, as they fight against Riot's bots.
Using two experience boosts bought from the in-game store using real money and playing fast (less than nine minute) games, Raphael can rack up a lot of wins. This method, it seems, is the most efficient way to build up experience over long stretches of time.
Some Reddit math indicates that it takes about 793,152 experience to reach level 300 from level 30 (the level cap before the cap was removed). The user calculates that it would take 2,509 games against bots to achieve this, about 334 hours not counting the queue and loading screen.
Looking at Raphael's match history, you can see the determination:
Riot Games' Ryan "Riot Cactopus" Rigney responded in the thread, saying he had to email Raphael that some of the level rewards would be late. Seems Raphael is leveling faster than anyone, Riot Games included, could have anticipated.
In a post from a month ago, after Raphael had reached level 100, a Reddit user posted the question as to why anyone would subject themselves to endless bot games. Raphael responded, writing "at the beginning it went boring, but time for time it feels good having not toxic peopel [sic] in there xD".


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Review by Karl Verhoven
Grant Morrison's run on Batman is generally considered a creative success. He redefined what Batman was by integrating Bruce Wayne, killed him, revived him, and then set off in a completely different direction. Batman Incorporated is the result. Bruce Wayne has concluded Batman can be more effective as a global franchise, and this collection is him soliciting heroes from various nations to take up his cause.
Morrison is toying with Batman mythology in more ways than one, introducing Lord Death Man to American Batman continuity. He'd previously been seen in a 1960s Batman story published in Japan and lovingly collated by Chip Kidd into Bat-Manga. That was heavily influenced by the 1960s Batman TV show (as seen in Batman '66), and Morrison takes a similar approach in his opening arc, complete with astonishingly complicated death traps and a villain with underlings. "At least they're trying to look interesting," comments Catwoman, "It's nice to see henchmen making the effort." The next story has heavy ties to the trivial Batman of the 1950s.
Just when you think you've got Batman Incorporated sussed as Morrison employing his rarely utilised light comedy storytelling approach, he switches tack. Then does it again. And again. It leads into a mind-blowing odyssey of deceit and deception against a possibly fictional foe. There is much that's trivial throughout, but there's also a densely packed plot about an organisation targeting those heroes worldwide who'd taken their cue from Batman. By the final chapters its compelling and Morrison has created the labyrinth to which he frequently refers. It's all very clever, but demands more attention than the first pages might lead a reader to presume. There's also a greater depth for those who've followed Morrison's Batman in other books, but anyone coming to this cold and puzzled by some references can refer to the who's who section in the back.
Two pencil artists are primarily responsible for the entire content. Yanick Paquette is a variable chameleon of an artist, but here generally on form, although his Catwoman of the opening chapters is an attempt to emulate Adam Hughes. What works as a static cover pose fails incorporated in to sequential continuity. Drawing most of the book, though, is Chris Burnham, initially taking Frank Quitely as his influence. Over the course of his contributions, though, he gradually develops a more individual approach that's equally appealing. Scott Clark illustrates a chapter requiring old-fashioned computer style art, and Cameron Stewart a nutty school story. Both are great.
Morrison and Burnham return for two further books continuing the plot, not resolved here, beginning with Demon Star. Don't let that put you off. This is first class ambitious myth construction.
All three Batman Incorporated paperbacks are collected in the slipcased and hardcover Absolute edition. It's notable for Burnham drawing the pages he had to turn over to Jason Masters during the original monthly run, and Pacquette also produces new versions of some of his pages.


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Valuation of influence of tax systems on the effectiveness of industrial enterprise performance
The analysis of correspondence between tax burden and industrial firm's effectiveness is presented in the paper. Estimations are based on the case of the machine building enterprise under different tax systems. It is the first experience of such analysis in similar research. It helps to develop ways of tax system changes in order to improve production effectiveness at the level of industrial enterprise.


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Carrie Underwood at the 2012 Billboard Music Award Show! Carrie Underwood looked stunning at the 2012 Billboard Music Award Show. Her Princess inspired tulle dress coupled with her long, silky, shiny big wave hair was simply dramatic! She really made a major statement.
Insiders say Carrie Underwood uses pure Argan oils like the Maijan Pure Argan Oil to keep her hair and scalp healthy. Maijan is pure luxury and keeps my hair so shiny.


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The European Commission has welcomed the agreement reached recently (8.2) within the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) on the first ever-global standard to cap CO2 emissions from aircraft.
"This agreement is an important step to curb aviation emissions," said EU Commissioner for Transport Violeta Bulc. "An ambitious climate policy is an integral part of the Commission's plan to create an Energy Union, and a priority of the new Aviation Strategy. The EU played a central role in brokering this deal, as it did at the COP21 in Paris. I hope this will create further momentum for the creation of a Global Market-Based Measure to offset CO2 emissions from international aviation, which we hope to achieve this autumn at the ICAO General Assembly."
Commissioner Bulc referred to United Nation's conference on climate change last December in Paris where 195 nations signed a climate agreement to cut fossil fuel use. The agreement set an ambitious goal of limiting the rise of temperature to below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, a mark which could be a tipping point for climate change.
Meeting in Montreal, the ICAO's Committee on Aviation and Environmental Protection (CAEP) agreed on a CO2 standard, which will guide the certification of aircraft towards greater fuel-efficiency. The new environmental measure was unanimously recommended by the 170 international experts in the committee.
For large new aircraft types, a very ambitious standard was agreed, to incentivize ever-greater fuel efficiency performance of future aircraft fleets. For such aircraft types, the standard will apply as of 2020. By 2028, existing aircraft types will also have to apply the new standard. Over the period until 2040, the CO2 standard could help save up to 650 million tonnes of CO2.
The proposed global standard is especially stringent where it will have the greatest impact: for larger aircraft. Operations of aircraft weighing over 60 tonnes account for more than 90% of international aviation emissions. They also have access to the broadest range of emissions reduction technologies, which the standard recognizes.
"Our sector presently accounts for less than two percent of the world's annual CO2 emissions, but we also recognize that the projected doubling of global passengers and flights by 2030 must be managed responsibly and sustainably," said Olumuyiwa Benard Aliu, President of the ICAO Council.
The agreement concluded six years of international negotiations. It will be brought before the 39th ICAO Assembly in September for political endorsement, and is expected to be formally adopted by the ICAO Council in early 2017.
The Brussels Times
EU plays central role in landmark deal on CO2 standard for aircraft emissions
The European Commission has welcomed the agreement reached recently (8.2) within the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) on the first ever-global standard to cap CO2 emissions from aircraft.


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President-elect Trump Should Repudiate Duterte's Claims of U.S. Support for His Murderous Drug Policy
Washington, D.C.—Since taking office on June 30, Rodrigo Duterte, the president of the Philippines, has waged a draconian "war on drugs," encouraging civilians and police to murder people who are believed to sell or use drugs. He has compared his campaign to the Holocaust, expressing a desire to "slaughter" millions, and has said he would pardon security forces who commit violations in the name of fighting drugs. Since July 1, according to the Philippine National Police, there have been more than 3,500 unsolved slayings.
President Duterte has characterized a December 2 phone conversation with U.S. President-elect Donald Trump as a signal of the incoming U.S. administration's support for his policies. To date, Duterte's assertions about that conversation have remained uncontested by Trump or his advisers. The danger exists that this silence may leave people to conclude that Trump does indeed support Duterte's open exhortations to violence and the resulting slaughter that is being carried out in the Philippines today. It is therefore critical that the incoming U.S. administration publicly clarify that it does not support a campaign that blatantly violates fundamental human rights and is inflicting an agonizing toll of death and human suffering.
Duterte's campaign of extrajudicial executions and promises of impunity for the perpetrators is a violation of the human rights obligations of all States under international law. As was underscored in a joint statementissued in August by the United Nations Special Rapporteurs on Summary Executions and on the Right to Health: "Claims to fight the illicit drug trade do not absolve the Government from its international legal obligations and do not shield State actors or others from responsibility for illegal killings. The State has a legally binding obligation to ensure the right to life and security of every person in the country, whether suspected of criminal offences or not."
WOLA (the Washington Office on Latin America) has worked for over three decades in support of alternatives to the "war on drugs," promoting policies that respect human dignity and also reduce the harms related to drugs. In the Americas, authorities have often used the banner of the "drug war" to justify death-squad style murders or to repress political opponents and vulnerable communities. This approach has created countless victims but has had little impact on the illegal drug trade or the corruption that comes with it.
As an organization that has documented the devastation of violent crackdowns in the name of drug control, WOLA urges President-elect Trump to publicly and explicitly repudiate Duterte's claims and to disavow any support for his horrific policies. Not doing so would send a profoundly dangerous signal that the next U.S. administration is prepared to turn a blind eye to the most egregious human rights violations.


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EDW Essenza Ignite EDT for Women, 60ml
Ignite is an intensely sensual expression of charm and confidence. With top notes of Black Currant and Mandarin, Ignite blends sophistication with a hint of mystery. At its heart, erotic Violets and the sensual Jasmine notes dance together to an effortless tune of elegance. The rich and passionate undertones of Moss delicately help bloom the aroma of Patchouli, creating an unmistakable aura of seductive attraction.
Ignite was brought to life by celebrated perfumer Mathilde Bijaoui.
- Luxury fragrance for women
How to use
- Hold the bottle approximately 10 cm from your body while spraying.
- For optimal use, spray on pulse points.
[+] Other Product Information
Manufacturer Name & Address: ITC Limited, 37, J.L. Nehru Road, Kolkata, West Bengal - 700071
Country of origin: India
For Queries/Feedback/Complaints, Contact our
Customer Care Executive at 1800-309-8994
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Address: 310, 3rd Foor, Good Earth City Centre Mall, Sector 50, Gurugram, Haryana 122018


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If your primary care physician is not available and you need quick medical attention for a non-life-threatening problem, visit an urgent care center.
What: Urgent care centers have similar resources to primary care facilities, but they provide comprehensive quality care on a walk-in basis with extended hours.
When to go: Go to an urgent care center when you need immediate medical attention or have non-emergency health concerns after hours. Examples include ear infections, sprains, simple cuts and burns, and eye injuries.
These clinics can usually handle problems that need immediate attention but aren't life-threatening or emergencies, like stitches, sprains and x-rays.
Urgent medical conditions are ones that are not considered emergencies but still require care within 24 hours. Some examples of such conditions include:
CashMedicalCare does not work with emergency centers. Dial 911 if you are in a medical emergency.
Life-threatening emergencies and late-night trauma require an immediate visit to the hospital.
What: Emergency rooms offer inpatient care, emergency services, trauma services, and more. Emergency clinicians are able to recognize, diagnose, and make recommendations for a wide array of medical issues
When to go: Call 911 or drive to the emergency department at your nearest hospital whenever conditions cause severe symptoms and/or put your health at serious risk. Examples include heart attacks, poisoning, severe bleeding, and broken bones.
Some examples of conditions that require emergency medical care include:
Unless it's a true emergency, you'll likely get quicker medical care at other care settings such as an urgent care center, retail health clinic or walk-in doctor's office. Use these options, where available, when you need medical care quickly, but can't see your regular doctor. These conveniently located, licensed and accredited care settings are staffed with doctors, nurses and physician's assistants. So you'll get quality care, and you'll often pay much less than you would for emergency care. And they're usually open evenings, weekends and sometimes holidays, and can cost about the same as a doctor visit.
Retail health clinic: Many major pharmacies and retail stores now have these walk-in clinics staffed by medical professionals. Go there when you need convenient, routine care, like for coughs and flu shots.
Walk-in doctor's office: No appointment is needed at these offices, and you usually aren't required to be an existing patient. This alternative is a good choice when you need simple medical care in a hurry, like for mild asthma or minor allergic reactions.
Your health plan may have a 24/7 nurse line that you can call for assistance in determining the severity of your symptoms and where to go for care.
In Network vs. Out of Network Charges.Fair Health Consumer.org –
For instance, your insurer's contracted rate for a primary care visit might be $120. If you have a $20 co-payment for primary care visits, you will pay $20 when you see a doctor in your network. Your insurer will pick up the remaining $100.
If you go outside your network, it's a different story. You will likely pay more if you go "out-of-network" for your care. That's because:
Providers outside your network have not agreed to any set rate with your insurer, and may charge more.
Your plan may require higher co-pays, deductibles and co-insurance for out-of-network care. So, if you normally have to pay 20% of the cost of the service in-network, you may have to pay 30% out-of-network. Often, you'll have to pay that PLUS any difference between your insurer's allowed amount and what the provider charges.
Your plan may not cover out-of-network care at all, leaving you to pay the full cost yourself.
Questions To Ask Your Provider (if insurance is an option) – Fair Health Consumer.org
Consumer Reports – Urgent Care-What You Need To Know – April 2009
Urgent Care – Cost? Moderate—comparable to most doctor visits (around $120), but much less than ER care. And the insurance co-pay is likely to be lower than an ER too.
Retail Clinic – Cost? Low—$55 to $75 on average if you pay out of pocket, or a regular office visit co-pay if your insurance covers it.
Emergency Care – Cost? High—$400 on average.
First Person: Which is Cheaper Out of Pocket – Urgent Care Facility or Hospital ER? – Yahoo Answers – February 201
With two kids and an accident prone adult, medical emergencies such as lacerations, broken bones, or insect bites would probably be unavoidable in our family. As long as anesthesia is not required, an urgent care facility will likely be more bang for my healthcare dollars. Most urgent care facilities are staffed by former ER doctors and nurses, so the quality of care is at par with hospitals. However, not only are they much more prompt, but it also makes financial sense given the one-time, low cost of using an urgent care facility, even one that does not accept insurance.
Your Doctor Is In Isle Four – CNN Money – December 30, 2008
Retail clinics, online docs and other new health-care options aim to deliver fast, reliable treatment, no appointment necessary. And you might be able to pick up some groceries at the same time.
Retail clinics
Best for: Simple ailments (like strep throat or pinkeye), plus preventive care (flu shot or blood-pressure check)
Price: About $89to $125 a visit
Insurance coverage: Usually, but check with your carrier.
Company clinics
Best for: Preventive care (immunizations and screenings); basic ailments; disease management
Price: Typically $0
Insurance coverage: Yes
Urgent-care centers
Best for: Acute conditions that need quick attention but aren't life threatening (a sprain or a sliced finger)
Price: About $150 to $250 a visit
Insurance coverage: Most centers accept the major health plans and cash
Average costs of top 9 procedures at a typical Urgent Care from a study by Medica Choice Networks: