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The preliminary hearing in the first big Rebeccaite criminal trial began on . Here's how The Cambrian covered it:
The Rebecca Riots.
The Bolgoed and Rhydypandy Gates.
The examination of the parties charged with having been concerned in the destruction of the above toll-bars took place at the Town-hall, Swansea, on . In consequence of an announcement, that the proceedings would commence at , the hall was completely filled long before the Magistrates, who held a private meeting previous to the examination, had taken their seats.
Soon after , Capt. Napier announced to the prisoner's attornies, reporters, and others who were anxiously waiting in the large hall, that the Bench was ready to proceed with the examination in the small petty sessions room. An instantaneous rush took place from the hall to that room, so that every avenue was immediately filled. The Magistrates occupied the whole of the table, and consequently there was not the slightest accommodation either for the attornies engaged or the individuals connected with the press.
Mr. Tripp, after remarking upon the inconvenience of conducting the examination in that confined room, expressed a hope that the Magistrates would consent to adjourn to the large hall.
J.D. Llewelyn, Esq., on behalf of the Magistrates, expressed their willingness to do any thing for the accommodation of the public, but they had come to an unanimous decision of holding the examination in that room, in consequence of the very unseemly manifestations of feeling evinced by the crowd at the last examination, which had a tendency to defeat the ends of justice. Still, the Magistrates were quite willing to adjourn to the hall (though they were not bound to give publicity to their proceedings) provided no similar demonstrations would recur.
The Magistrates then adjourned to the Hall. The following gentlemen formed the bench on the occasion:—
Sir John Morris, Bart., in the Chair. J.D. Berrington, Esq. J.D. Llewelyn, Esq. Col. Cameron. Griffith Llewellyn, Esq. The Rev. John Collins. Robert Lindsay, Esq. The Rev. S. Davies. J.N. Lucas, Esq. L.Ll. Dillwyn, Esq. Henry Lucas, Esq. Richard Franklyn, Esq. C.H. Smith, Esq. John Grove. Esq. T. Edw. Thomas Esq. The Rev. W. Hewson, D.D. Henry Thomas, Esq. W.I. Jones, Esq. J.H. Vivian, Esq., M.P.
Mr. Maule, the Government Solicitor, said that he would not trouble the Bench with a statement, but go through a regular examination, and leave the prisoners, by their attornies, exercise their right of cross-examining; but, in addition to the depositions against the defendants, David Jones, Wm. Morgan, Daniel Lewis, and Griffith Vaughan, there was another circumstance which affected one of them — that was Vaughan. That circumstance had recently come to light, and until it was satisfactorily explained, be would call upon the Magistrates to give it its due weight and effect. The fact he alluded to was, that a few days ago, a case arrived by steam-packet from Bristol; the agent to the steamer had received it from the railway carriers at Bristol. It was addressed to Mr. Griffith Vaughan, and after he had been taken into custody, the order for the contents of the case had been countermanded. That circumstance excited suspicion, and the case was consequently detained and examined, and upon examination it was found to contain fire-arms and ammunition — there were about a dozen guns, some of which were double barrelled, a brace of pistols, and a number of percussion caps. Now, that seemed to him (Mr. Maule) to be rather an alarming fact, and unless it could be explained, it was a fact which must affect the defendant. He should submit that circumstance, together with the depositions, to the attention of the Magistrates.
Mr. Tripp requested Mr. Maule to state the charge. Mr. Maule stated, that he charged the defendants under a statute of 7th and 8th Geo. 4th, which was to the effect that, if any person broke down or destroyed any turnpike-gate, bar, chain, or any toll-house, so as to prevent the collection of tolls, and allow passengers to pass without paying, such person shall be guilty of a misdemeanour and punished accordingly. He charged the four defendants with having been concerned in the destruction of the Bolgoed Gate, on ; and if that charge should be brought home, the statute enacted, that they should be guilty of a misdemeanour.
Mr. Maule then called John Jones.
The Chairman:– Can you speak English? Witness (in English): "No, Sir" (laughter.)
Mr. Tripp said he understood English well, and it would be a convenience if he gave evidence in English.
The Chairman observed, that a Welshman who spoke English imperfectly always preferred giving evidence in his native tongue. He (the Chairman) could understand and speak French, still, if in a court of justice, he would insist on his right of giving evidence in English.
Mr. Glasbrook was then sworn interpreter.
John Jones was then examined:– I live in Cwmsciach, in the parish of Llangafelach, in this county. I am a labourer, and the place where I reside is about two miles distant from Bolgoed gate, which, I believe, is in the parish of Llandilo-talybont, in this county. I was out on the night of when the gate was destroyed. I saw the gate destroyed . The house was pulled down with pickaxes, and the gate cut with saws. The parties engaged in the destruction of the toll-house and gate were counted previous to leaving, and they amounted to some hundreds. I know there must be hundreds of men there. I did not see any women. I believe there were both old men and young men present. There was something peculiar in the dress of all. Some had white shirts on, and others had women's bed-gowns about them. They also wore women's caps on their heads. Some of them were armed. I cannot say how many. There might have been a hundred guns there. They were principally single-barrel guns, but some of them were double-barrelled. They had several hand-saws, a cross-saw, and pickaxes. They cut the toll-bar with cross-swords and hand-saws, and the toll-house they destroyed with pickaxes by undermining it, and taking out the lower stones with pickaxes. When the toll-house and gate were being destroyed there was a continual firing of guns. They were occupied for about ten minutes in destroying both the toll-house and the toll-bar. Some of the parties also had their faces disguised by having some kind of handkerchiefs tied around their heads, and hanging like veils over their faces. I did not observe that any of them had their faces blackened. One of the persons rode on a white horse. The men addressed the person on horseback by the name of "mother." I was near enough to the person they call "mam" (mother) to hear them talk lo him. They were consulting with each other if it was time to go. That was before the gate and toll-house were demolished. It was the man on horseback that asked the men if it was time to go. They replied that they thought it was time for them to go. The person on horseback had a white shirt put over his clothes. He had also a cap and bonnet on his head. He gave them directions, and made a short speech. That man was the prisoner Daniel Lewis. I should know him if I saw him. This is the man (pointing to Daniel Lewis.) I had known him before that night. I know him to be a weaver, and that he lives near the Goppa, but I do not know in which house. The Goppa is near the Pontardulais road. I had seen him frequently before, but do not know how often. I had been acquainted with him for three or four years. I saw more persons whom I knew among the mob. I saw Mr. Griffith Vaughan, of the Pontardulais Inn. I see Mr. Vaughan now. He was among the crowd. He had a gun in his hand. I do not know whether it was a double or single-barrelled gun. He was dressed in some kind of a white shirt, a cap, and a bonnet. He fired several shots from the gun. It might be twice or thrice during the time the others were destroying the gate. I saw nothing in Daniel Lewis's hand. I saw others whom I knew besides Lewis and Vaughan. I saw David Jones, of Dantwyn, present. His father is a farmer. Dantwyn is about a mile distant from the Bolgoed bar. He was also dressed in a while shirt, a cap, and a bonnet, and had a double-barrelled gun. He fired more than once, but I cannot say how often. That was during the time the others were engaged in destroying the toll-house and gate. I also saw John Morgans, of Bolgoed. I know his name is Morgans. I know him well. [Mr. Tripp observed that his name was William.] — He is a farmer, and lived at Bolgoed. He was dressed in a similar manner to the others. He fired a gun three or four times. There were neither shoutings or noise then. They were not speaking, only firing. I became acquainted with David Jones in the last winter, when I met him out sporting. I have known William Morgans for the last ten years. I partly know from where the crowd came. I first met them on the lowest part of Goppa mountain. This was . I accompanied them to the gate, but did not speak to one of them. Their numbers increased as they went on. They sat down on the mountain, and others came from all parts to join them. I understood where they were going to. They said they were going to break the Bolgoed bar. I had my coat turned inside out. I also put a handkerchief about my face. I did it for the purpose of being like the others. I had been on an errand, and saw two persons who were going there. I had previously heard that they intended destroying the gate, but I had not heard the night. They did not remain a minute after they had destroyed the gate. They went together to the side of the Bolgoed mountain. They then pulled the bonnets, &c. from their heads and dispersed throughout the neighbourhood. I then went home. I do not remember that I saw Lewis after I saw him by the gate.
Cross-examined by Mr. Tripp, who appeared for David Jones and Wm. Morgans, and, in conjunction with Mr. Walters, on behalf of Dl. Lewis:— I was with my father during a part of that day. I was at home during a very short portion of the day. I was not at home after seven or eight o'clock in the morning. I will swear I slept at home on the preceding night. I then went to Gellywran-issa, where my father resides; I remained there until the evening. I do not remember the hour I left. I did not return to my own house when I left Gellywran-issa. From my father's house I went on an errand to my brother's. My brother's name is Richard Jones, he lives at Llanedi, in Carmarthenshire — that is about four miles distant from my father's house; it may be five miles distant, or more. I reached there about dusk. It may be six, seven, or eight o'clock; I should think it might be about seven o'clock; I do not know when. I will swear it was not nine or ten o'clock it was not quite dark. I had left my father's house between four and five o'clock. I did not call at any house between my father's and my brother's house; I went direct from my father's to my brother's house. I met several persons on the road, but I do not remember who they were. I did not speak to one. I do not recollect having met any person whom I knew; I will not swear I did not. When I arrived at my brother's, I saw my brother and his wife, his daughter, and the servant — the latter was in the kitchen; the child was with her in the kitchen, and no other person. My brother was not in in the house when I arrived, but came in there about an hour afterwards, accompanied by his wife. I remained there until it was dark. I might have remained in my brother's house for about three hours. When in my brother's house I saw no person but those named.
The Chairman now asked Mr. Tripp, what course he intended pursuing with the defence?
Mr. Tripp, in reply, said, he did not exactly know at that period of the proceedings, but if the Chairman's object in putting the question was for the purpose of sending all the witnesses who might be called for the defence out of Court, on the part of his clients he was very willing it should be done.
Mr. Maule observed, that it was usual to do so.
The witnesses were then ordered to leave the Court.
The cross-examination was then proceeded with:— The errand, to perform which I left my father's house, was to consult with him about my going there to mow hay. I went there on my own account, and not for any one. I consider that to be an errand. When I left my brother's, I went to the Hendy-gate, and thence to Pontardulais, and from thence to the Farmer's Arms, and was on my way home. I had heard that the Bolgoed bar was to be destroyed on that night, but I did not know for a certainty. I saw the two persons, who were going to break the gate, going through the fields before me — I did not speak to them. I thought they were going to Bolgoed, because one had a white dress on, and the other a bedgown. When first I saw them, they had those dresses about them. I did not walk with them, but after them. I followed them until the wooden bridge, near the factory. I do not know that I saw them afterwards. I will swear that I did I not see their faces. I then went to Goppa Mountain; I saw scores of persons there. I have disclosed to the Magistrates the names of all the parties whom I knew were present at the destruction of the gate and toll-house. When I first saw them, they were sitting down — some were standing. I sat down above them all. I did not hear them talk, as they were talking in a subdued tone. I was near enough to hear, if they had spoken aloud. I remained there for about half an hour. During that time the numbers increased. Becca was calling upon them, throughout all the neighbourhood. When they left the mountain, they amounted to some hundreds; I was then in the midst of them. I well understood that they were going to destroy Bolgoed. One rose upon his feet, and said to me, "You know where we are going — it is to break down the Bolgoed-gate." It was Becca that said that. I knew who Becca then was, but not so exact as afterwards. I suspected it was Daniel Lewis; I knew him by his voice, but at the gate I saw his face. I had heard all the neighbourhood say that Daniel Lewis was to act Rebecca's character. I had not heard that he was generally Rebecca, but that he was to be so on that night. I heard that a week or a fortnight before, but cannot name any person who said so. I will positively swear that I heard Daniel Lewis was to be there, on that night, from a great number of persons. I do not remember one of the persons who told me so. I turned the sleeves of my coat by the factory, about three quarters of a mile from the Goppa mountain. I disguised my face when first I saw them; I used my neckcloth for that purpose. I turned my coat after I saw the two men disguised. I did so because I had heard they had done so in Carmarthenshire and I went to see them breaking the gates. I think all those assembled on the mountain were disguised. I named all I knew to the Magistrates; I cannot say how many I knew, but I knew many of them — perhaps about six, including the four prisoners. I did not positively recognize one of them on the mountain. While on the mountain, one of the persons stretched his hand towards me, but I did not know him. No person spoke to me. I heard conversations between several of them. I was within three or four yards of the toll-house when it was demolished. I was standing near, looking at them. I have said that they were about ten minutes destroying the gate and toll-house; it might have been fifteen minutes. I had seen and known David Jones previous to last winter, but not so well as afterwards; I never spoke a word to him in my life; I only know him by sight. I first knew Morgans when he was in the employment of Mr. Griffiths, of Penrhiew, at Swansea. I reside in a house in the Sciach valley; it is a poor house. I cannot name the day or week I heard that a reward was offered for the apprehension of the Rebeccaites — I cannot say how long before last Saturday week; I had heard some days before. I first mentioned what I have sworn to to-day, to Mr. Rees. Inspector of Police, last Saturday week. I had business at Swansea. I intended buying plates there. Near Mr. Attwood's office. I had heard speaking about the Rebeccaites.
Mr. Tripp:— What did you tell Mr. Rees?
Mr. Maule objected to that question. It was quite unusual to ask witness what they had told any person with a view of comparing it with his evidence.
The examination was proceeded with after a short discussion.
I did not name to Mr. Rees the parties whom I have mentioned to-day. Mr. Rees desired me to accompany him to Mr. Attwood's office. Mr. Attwood sent for two Magistrates, who arrived there. I was examined before them, and I believe my examination was taken down in writing. When speaking to Mr. Rees, I believe not a word was spoken about the reward. I then knew that a reward was offered. I think I had asked Rees if I would be free if I informed about others. Mr. Rees said I would have the reward if I could make out who had broken the gates. I do not remember all the conversation between me and Mr. Rees, but I think something might have passed about the reward. I have no doubt of it. You must have heard if I said that not a word had passed between us. — [The witness was also cross-examined as to whether any person had influenced him to become informer on this occasion, which he strongly denied, and stated that he gave the information of his own accord, uninfluenced by any one. — During his examination, the witness said, that if his word was doubted, the Magistrates might sign two warrants, and he would produce two witnesses who would confirm his statements in every particular.]
Mr. Jeffreys, on behalf of Mr. Vaughan, cross-examined the witness:— I have known Mr. Vaughan for some years. I do not remember that I ever spoke to him. I believe I was in his shop some years ago. I think his shop was in a street called High-street. I have been often in Swansea. I do not know the names of the streets. On the night in question I was within two yards of Mr. Vaughan. I did not exchange a word with any one by the gate — nor on the mountain. In leaving the gate I spoke to two men after they had taken off the covering from their faces. It was a dry light night. I do not remember that it was a moon light night. It might have been. I know Mr. William Jones, of Rhyd. I spoke to him in coming from the lime-pits a few days after the destruction of the gate. It might have been a week after. I spoke to him on two occasions, but only once upon that subject. I will not swear it was not on the next day. I did not tell him whom I saw, but that I witnessed the destruction of the gate. I did not say I was close to them, or that I was at a distance from them. I did not tell him that I knew any of them, We had no conversation as to the parties who were present. William Jones did not ask me where I met the Rebeccaites, but I said I had seen them breaking the gate. He said, "where were they? If I knew where they were, I would go with them." I did not say I did not go near them as I was afraid of them, or any thing to that effect. I did not say I turned off the road as soon as I had a place to turn. I did not tell him that I could not recognize one of them, nor did I say they had come from Carmarthenshire, as I knew better. I was brought before the Magistrates about six years ago for cutting birch. I was compelled to pay a fine on that occasion.
Cross-examined by Mr. Walters, on behalf of Daniel Lewis. I do not hold any land. I was working with my father for three or four days in the week I gave the information. On the previous week I also worked with my father, perhaps during the whole week. I was working with Mr. Williams, of Penyfidy, on the week before. I used to mow for my brother, and my brother for me. I lived for the last six weeks in a barn belonging to Morgan Pugh. I had left Pwllfa. I was turned out of that house. I had not occupied the farm since Michaelmas. I wished to have a house near the mountain for the purpose of keeping cattle, otherwise I had the offer of many houses. I wished to live in a house near Rhosfawr, and Mr. Powell told me that he intended making the two houses into one. I went to bed about . That was the first time I returned home after leaving on the previous day. In leaving the gate I met a man on Goppa Mountain. When I returned to my house I saw no person, as they had all gone to bed. I did not see Morgan Pugh. I know Mr. John Williams, of Penyfidy. I had some conversation with him shortly after the gate was destroyed. I did not tell him that I was at a distance from the gate. I named to Mr. Williams, at that time, the persons whom I have named to day. I did not tell him that I did not know one of them. In coming to the gate the four defendants turned the covering they had on their faces on one side, and afterwards returned to shoot.
Re-examined by Mr. Maule:– Mr. Williams, of Penyfidy, is a farmer. I do not remember whether he or myself commenced the conversation. What I told Williams was in reply to questions put by him. Mr. Williams did not express his regret that this disturbance had taken place. Mr. Williams seemed rather to advocate the parties who had broken the gate. — William Jones is a small farmer and a publican, and is generally called William, of Rhyd. The information I communicated to him was in answer to questions put by him to me. He made no observations expressive of regret at what had occurred, but appeared very partial to Rebecca's doings.
Mr. J. Naish Smart was then called by Mr. Maule.
Mr. Jeffreys stated, that if the witnesses were called to prove the arrival of a case of arms, he would object to his evidence, as Mr. Vaughan denied having anything to do with the arms in question. It was also irrelevant to the case, for the arrival of arms would be no proof that Mr. Vaughan had destroyed the gate.
Mr. Maule insisted upon the necessity of calling the witness. It was most important that an explanation should be offered if that were possible, for it appeared in evidence that Mr. Vaughan, and a multitude of others had riotously assembled, armed with guns, and at the very time he was in custody on that charge, a case of guns and pistols arrived by packet and addressed to him and the order for which had been countermanded since he had been taken into custody upon the charge. He would say that the Magistrates were bound to receive such evidence, though it was not yet complete as the order had not yet been proved; still he maintained, that it was closely connected with the circumstances of the case, inasmuch as it was evident that he collected arms for some purpose, though it might be no proof that he was present at the particular riot in question.
Mr. Tripp observed, that the evidence might effect his clients, and contended that it was no evidence relating to the destruction of the gate. It was merely of a general character.
Mr. Maule said that it would not be made evidence against the other prisoners, but thought it of importance as far as it regarded Vaughan. If the evidence would not be taken as it then stood, the only course would be to adjourn the investigation for the purpose of ascertaining the whole of the facts connected with the transaction. The only evidence he could at present offer was, that the case had been addressed to Mr. Vanghan. He was aware that it was necessary to prove some connection between Mr. Vaughan and the case, either by means of a written order or otherwise, as a case of arms might have been addressed to Vaughan by him (Mr. Maule) or any other person, though that would not be a very probable circumstance.
After some further discussion, the Magistrates admitted the evidence.
Mr. Smart's examination was proceeded with. He deposed to the following effect:– I am the agent for a Steam Packet Company in this town. On , we received a case addressed to Mr. Griffith Vaughan, of Pontardulais. It was received from Messrs. Bland, who were the railway carriers. It reached this town on the same day as it was put on board. The witness read the extract from the manifest relating to the case as follows:– "Bland and Co., shippers, one case, Vaughan, near Swansea." Then follows amount of freight. 1s. 6d.; charges, 3s. total 4s. 6d.. The Mayor took possession of the case. On I received a letter. It was half-past eight o'clock on Sunday evening when I received it. — [Letter produced]. It arrived by post, and was given me by Mr. Turner, who is also a steam-packet agent. — [Mr Jeffreys having glanced over the letter, objected to its being admitted in evidence.] — [The case was then produced]. It was addressed "G. Vaughan, Red Lion Inn, Pontardulais." Witness said that the first word after the name appeared Rich. Upon the receipt of the letter, I wrote to the Clerk of the Magistrates. Within five minutes afterwards, he came to the house where I board, and returned in company with the Mayor and Capt. Napier. There were three or four policemen present. Mr. Rees was one, and there was a Mr. Jones present. The case was opened in my presence, and contained twelve fowling-pieces, one brace of pistols, a bullet-mould for the pistols, and ten or twelve boxes of percussion caps. There were three or four double-barrelled guns, and the rest were single-barrelled. The contents after they had been inspected were replaced in the case, which was fastened up. It is the practice to keep goods in the warehouse until called for. I do not know in whose writing these letters are. Some of the policemen took away the case.
Cross examined by Mr. Jeffreys:— The box was opened about [Mr. Jeffreys handed the witness a letter.] This letter is in my hand-writing. it was written on . [Mr. Jeffreys wished to put the Magistrates in possession of the letter, to show the course adopted towards Mr. Vaughan.] I received no communication from Mr. Vaughan direct or indirect. I received no answer from the letter addressed to Mr. Vanghan. The letter referred to was to the following effect:–
County of Pembroke Steam Packet Office, Swansea,
Sir, — A case arrived per County of Pembroke steamer on , addressed to you. As we have but little room to spare in the warehouse, probably you will call or send for same at the earliest opportunity.
I am, Sir, yours, obediently,
John Naish Smart.
Mr. G. Vaughan, Pontardulais.
Mr. Tripp asked if there were any additional evidence against Vaughan?
Mr. Maule answered in the negative.
Mr. Jeffreys again begged leave to urge the objection made by him before, against admitting, as evidence, the circumstance of Mr. Vaughan being in possession of arms weeks after the occurrence had taken place upon which the charge was founded.
Mr. Maule:— "Weeks after." We must see what time the order was sent.
Mr. Jeffreys said, that be would be able, at a future period, to give a full and satisfactory explanation of circumstances attending the case of arms being addressed to his client.
The above was all the evidence offered on behalf of the crown.
Mr. Tripp, on behalf of David Jones and Morgan, submitted to the Bench, that the evidence adduced on behalf of the prosecution was not sufficient to warrant a committal. The evidence given by John Jones fully established that, in point of law, he was an accomplice in the case, having formed a part of the company when they first started from the mountain — having accompanied them to the spot, and remained present during the whole of the time that the gate and toll-house were demolished. It could, therefore, be safely said, that Jones was an accomplice to an equal degree with any of the other two hundred and fifty, stated to have been present, with the exception of those who were actually engaged in breaking up the gate, and pulling down the house. It was therefore clear that Jones was an accomplice and it was equally clear that he was also an informer, and, in that character, he hoped to receive the reward offered for the apprehension of the parties. He (Mr. Tripp) would therefore submit, that the uncorroborated testimony of an accomplice would not justify the Bench in committing the parties for trial. In support of that opinion. Mr Tripp quoted a case from Carrington and Payne, and opinions given by Baron Alderson and Mr. Justice Bailey.
Mr. Walters urged similar objections, and contended that Jones was an accomplice in whatever aspect the question was viewed. He had accompanied the party, disguised his face, and turned his coat. It was evident that he had considered himself as such, for the first question he put to inspector Rees was, — Whether he should be free, if he informed on the others? Supposing that Jones had been instructed by the Magistrates to disguise himself, and appear among the crowd for the purpose of bringing the offenders to justice, he would appear in quite a different character. In that case, he would not have been an accomplice; he would have been present from understood pre-arrangement, but in that case there was no such arrangement. He would not trouble the Bench by quoting any cases, as Mr. Tripp had quoted several high legal authorities, shewing with what caution the evidence of an accomplice should be taken. The Magistrates ought not to be satisfied with a committal, on a primâ facie case, from the evidence adduced, but they should also be satisfied that the evidence was accredited.
Mr. Jeffreys, on behalf of Mr. Vaughan, contended that no primâ facie case had been made out. Supposing Jones's testimony to be creditable, there was no evidence that Vaughan was concerned in the demolition of the gate and house, but merely that he was present, as the witness himself was.
Mr. Maule replied to the observations made by the gentlemen who defended the prisoners. He agreed with some of the remarks made, but the Magistrates could not assent to all of them, unless they had made up their minds to think that Mr. Smart and Jones were not creditable witnesses. The gentlemen who defended the prisoners were entirely mistaken in the cases they had quoted. If, instead of being before the Magistrates for examination, the prisoners were tried at the Assizes, the Judge had no power, in point of law, to reject the evidence of an accomplice, even though uncorroborated; but it was usual, unless circumstantially or directly corroborated, to recommend the jury to acquit the prisoner; yet that was a rule of discretion rather than a rule of law. The question was, not whether there was sufficient evidence to convict the prisoners, but whether the account given by John Jones was sufficiently satisfactory to warrant the Magistrates to send the prisoners before another tribunal. With respect to the witness being an accomplice, he (Mr. Maule) would observe, that there might have been accomplices in various degrees. If that argument were to operate, there were many persons, besides John Jones, whose evidence would be rejected. He alluded to parties, who might be mere spectators, encouraging others who were intent upon mischief.
Mr. Walters observed, that there was no difference between the case of Daniel Lewis and that of the witness Jones, with respect to the parts taken by them in the riot.
Mr. Maule was of opinion, that there was a material difference between the two cases. Had Jones ridden on a while horse? Had he acted the part of Rebecca, which Daniel Lewis seemed to have done to admiration? Had the mob consulted Jones as to their manner of proceeding? He had only turned his coat at that moment, but they were better prepared, having white shirts, caps, bonnets, and gowns. Mr. Maule quoted several authorities, to prove that the evidence of an accomplice was sufficient to commit, and that it would be legal evidence before a jury. The Magistrates would necessarily adopt one of three courses — either to acquit the prisoners, to commit them, or to adjourn the proceedings. Mr. Maule proceeded at considerable length, replying to the observations made by Messrs. Tripp, Walters, and Jeffreys.
Mr. Walters repeated his objections to committing on the evidence of an accomplice.
Col. Cameron read an opinion from a legal authority, to the effect that any person could be convicted on the evidence of an accomplice, provided the jury thought him worthy of belief.
Mr. Tripp observed, that prisoners formerly were convicted on the unsupported evidence of an accomplice, but that old rule was entirely abrogated.
Mr. Jeffreys hoped the Magistrates would entirely exclude from their minds the circumstance of the possession of fire-arms by the defendant Vaughan.
The Magistrates then retired to an adjoining room, and in a short time returned, when the Chairman said that the Magistrates had come to a determination to commit the prisoners.
Messrs. Walters and Tripp then proposed calling witnesses for the defence, when Mr. Maule objected to hear, in a preliminary investigation before Magistrates, evidence to contradict statements made on behalf of the prosecution. They could call evidence to prove that the witness was not worthy of credit, but not to contradict circumstances stated by the witness, for if the Magistrates decided upon the credibility of witnesses, they would be assuming the functions both of judge and jury.
After some further observations from Mr. Tripp and Mr. Maule, the following witnesses were called on behalf of the prisoners.
William Jones deposed to the following effect:– I reside at Rhyd. I remember the time when the Bolgoed bar was broken. I heard from some sort of a friend of mine that the gate was broken. It was from John Jones, whom I met on the following day. I was returning from the lime, and he was coming from Llandilo. We were on the road between Glamorganshire and Carmarthenshire. I had a conversation with him about Rebecca. John Jones said that he had seen Rebecca on the previous night. He said that she went before him from Pontardulais to Bolgoed. I asked him if he did not go near them. He said he was afraid to go near them — that they were walking before him, and he following. He said that he was looking for a place to turn, and that at last he turned up by the Fountain Inn to the Goppa Mountain. He said he looked down from the bank, and saw Rebecca on a white horse with a white dress. I asked. "Did you know none of them?" He said. I did not, and added, ["]I was glad to get out of their way." I asked. "Did you not know one of them?" He said, "No, not one of them. I saw them going before me to Pontardulais, and heard them firing from Llandybie." — Mr. Jeffreys:– Are you sure that he is the man who was called as a witness to-day? — Witness:– Good God, yes; do you think I would commit such a blunder as that. (A laugh.)
Cross-examined by Mr. Maule:– I was returning from lime at the time. I had not known before that time that the gate was broken down. I believe I commenced the conversation about Rebecca by asking how it came on about Llandilo? I was just asking for news. I had been in Llandilo in . I was curious to know how matters got on. I had never heard of the intention of breaking down Bolgoed gate. Jones might have been lagging behind me on the road for about two miles. I mentioned this conversation to Mr. Llewellyn, of Cardinen, and to Mr. Williams, Clyn Castle, and another person. I told Mr. Jeffreys the circumstance on . Mr. Jeffreys sent for me. I might have told a dozen more. I cannot name any of them, but my wife. I had a boy with me. He was about eight years old, but did not appear to take notice of any thing.
John Williams, of Penyfidy, examined:— I am a farmer, and reside in the parish of Llangafelach. I first heard of the destruction of Bolgoed gate from John Jones. He spoke to me upon the subject . In the conversation John Jones had with me he told me he had been with them breaking down the gate. I asked John Jones if he knew one of them, and he said he did not know one living being. I asked him if there were any gentleman present? and he answered that he could not say. He did not name any of the four defendants.
Cross-examined:— The conversation took place at different times. He spoke to me on two successive days. He told me the same story both days. I will swear he did not name either of the defendants. I reside three miles distant from Bolgoed gate. I will swear I had not heard of the destruction of the gate before he told me. I mentioned the circumstance to my own family on that day, but not to any one else. I think I was in Chapel on the Sunday following the destruction of the gale. I attend Salem Chapel, which is between three and four miles from Bolgoed.
Mr. Tripp stated, that the next witness he intended calling, would prove that, from Jones's general character, he was not worthy of credit.
Mr. Maule objected to evidence of that description being adduced before Magistrates.
Mr. Tripp replied, and quoted Phillips on Evidence in support of his opinion.
The following witness was then called—
Evan Roberts said:– I live at Llandimor, in the parish of Talybont. I have known John Jones for the last twelve or fifteen years. From his general character I would not believe John Jones on his oath.
Rees Morgan, who stated that he lived in Glyn Castle, in Llangafelach, said:— I have known John Jones for twenty-five years, and would not believe him on his oath.
Cross-examined:— I live about three miles from Bolgoed. I do not remember the day of the month on which I first heard or the gate being broken down, but I was going to meet the boys coming from lime. I am generally at home at night, and I think I can swear I was at home on the night the gate was destroyed. I do not know what time of night I went home. I will swear that I saw no person going to destroy the gate, until it was destroyed. None of my family were out on the night the gate was destroyed.
John Joce Strick, Esq., examined:— I reside at Clydach. I have known John Jones for three or four years. I cannot say whether I would believe him on his oath. I think that, from so much as I know of him, I would not believe him on his oath but I am not sufficiently acquainted with him to say so positively.
Richard Jones examined:– I reside in the parish of Llandilo, and am a brother to John Jones. I heard of the day the gates was destroyed. I do not remember seeing my brother on that day. I do not think my brother was in my house on that day. To the best of my recollection the last time previous to the time mentioned I saw my brother was about . I saw him then on a Sunday. I did not see him in the week the gate was destroyed.
Cross-examined:– I swear I did not see him — that he was not seen or my family would let me know. I am a tenant of the Rev. Samuel Davies, to whom I pay ground-rent. I also pay rent to Charles Vaughan. I am not aware that he is any relation to Griffith Vaughan. I am come here at the request of the young men. I felt for them, as I thought they were not guilty. They told me to swear nothing but the truth. I had previously told them that my brother had not been in my house. — There was nothing elicited in the remaining part of his cross-examination.
Mr. Tripp, on behalf of David Jones, offered to call witnesses of the highest respectability, who would prove that David Jones was at Neath on the night in question. He knew the Magistrates were not bound to hear such evidence it was entirely at their discretion, but he hoped they would exercise that discretion in a favourable manner.
Mr. Maule stated at considerable length his objections to such evidence, which he had never known to have been received by Magistrates, who were not to decide upon the guilt or innocence of parties, but to send them before another tribunal. In cases which were summarily disposed of by Magistrates they heard evidence for the prosecution or from the complainants, and also for the defence. They also decided upon the guilt or innocence of the parties, and passed sentence. In those instances Magistrates performed the functions of Judge and Jury, but such evidence could not be admitted in a case like that which was to be sent to the Sessions or Assizes.
Mr. Wallers replied, after which the Bench decided that the evidence offered to be adduced by Mr. Tripp could not be received.
The Chairman then slated that the Magistrates had come to the determination of committing the parties for trial at the Quarter Sessions.
Mr. Tripp hoped the Magistrates would allow the prisoners to chose the tribunal before which they should be tried, and that they would commit them for trial at the Assizes, where they should not only be tried before one of the Learned Judges of the land, but where they should have the assistance of able Counsel, who would do justice to their cases. — The Bench assented to Mr. Tripp's request.
On the usual question being put, each of the defendants declined making any statements, as they left the matter entirely to their attornies. They were then committed for trial at the next Assizes; and having entered into recognizances to appear at that time, were liberated.
The Monmouthshire Merlin was also on the case:
we attended at the Assize Court, at nine o'clock, in anticipation of an early
commencement of the public business, but the magistrates remained in their
private room
, when it was
officially announced to those in the great hall that the court was opened,
that is, that the proceedings against the parties charged with the demolition
of the Bwlgoed gate, were to take place in a small apartment, inconvenient to
the magistrates, and insufficient to accommodate more than about 50 of the
anxious public, when closely packed. The assigned cause for this very
unpopular arrangement, against which we heard the good citizens of Swansea and
the visitors from distant parts, strongly and loudly declaim in the precincts
of the court, where several "rate payers," in the peace of our sovereign Lady
the Queen, were constitutionally holding forth on the liberty of the subject,
was, that on the former day of hearing, the feelings of the public in court
were so loudly and irrepressibly expressed, that it was resolved to avoid such
unseemly interruptions and annoyances this day, and thus give the people a
"great moral lesson." No sooner, however, were the magistrates assembled, than
the overwhelming heat produced by the closely-packed audience in a small
apartment, rendered a motion by Mr. Tripp, the solicitor, for an adjournment
to the capacious court, favourably entertained, and Colonel Cameron strongly
expressing his disapprobation at the very limited accommodation, seconded by
other gentlemen in the commission, the Assize Court was resorted to, which in
a few minutes presented an exceedingly dense mass; the far greater proportion
of which were farmers, and their country's pride, a "bold peasantry,"
here and there relieved by bright-eyed Cambrian mountain maids.
Pontardulais and its neighbourhood poured its almost entire population into
Swansea; and as a "great demonstration" was expected to conduct the defendants
(some of whom are great favourites in their respective localities) to the
court house, a procedure properly prevented by their legal advisers, the
streets were thronged from an early hour of .
The report (since authenticated) that on the previous night, Llanon toll
house and gate, together with another "trust" in that locality, had been
levelled with the dust, gave an additional interest to the proceedings of the
day; whilst the presence, to prosecute, of Mr. Maule, of the Treasury,
assisted by the able Mr. Haven, of the same Government department, brought to
the Court House the most intelligent gentlemen of Swansea and its precincts.
The following magistrates took their seats on the bench… [omitted; the list is
the same as above except that it contains "J.N. Miers" instead of J.N. Lucas,
"J.W. Dilwyn" in place of L.Ll. Dillwyn, and adds F.E. Leach,
The following defendants were placed at the bar:– Griffith Vaughan, an
exceedingly well-looking rustic, Daniel Lewis, an unsophisticated young
farmer, charged with being the Rebecca of , and who would
certainly look more effeminate than masculine as a petticoated and capped
heroine, David Jones, a staid good humoured looking yeoman, and William
Morgan, a merry-countenanced blade, who seemed anything but a fellow addicted
to deeds of darkness.
All the reputed Rebeccaites were accompanied and cheered to the court by
numerous friends, and seemed to think that it would be "all right."
J. Ralley Tripp, — Jeffreys, and — Walters,
Esqs., solicitors, defended
the prisoners.
Mr. Maule rose and addressed the Bench to the following effect:– He had the
honour to be engaged by the Crown in the conduct of the present proceedings
against the persons who stood there charged with having taken part in the
breaking down and destruction of a toll gale at Bwlgoed, distant about eight
miles from Swansea. The four persons then at the bar, named David Jones,
William Morgan, Daniel Lewis, and Griffith Vaughan, had been liberated on
bail, but this morning had surrendered, in order to have the charge against
them investigated. The witness, upon whose testimony proceedings had been
taken against the defendants, would be placed in the box and examined before
them, that being the most regular course. The gentlemen who appeared on behalf
of the defendants would then have an opportunity afforded them of
cross-examining the witness, and of using every other means of defence which 1
the law placed at their disposal. In addition to the facts which the witness
Jones would prove, he (Mr. Maule) would be in a position to prove a
circumstance of a peculiar nature affecting defendant Vaughan. The
circumstance he alluded to was of a most extraordinary character, but as it
had only transpired within the last day or two, he (Mr. Maule) was not able to
enter very fully into the details of the case. He would, therefore, merely
state that a day or two ago a case, containing arms, and addressed to Mr.
Griffith Vaughan, Pontardulais, had been found at the warehouse of the Bristol
Steam Packet Compaqny. It would appear in evidence that after the case had
arrived in Swansea, a letter, countermanding its delivery, was received at the
packet warehouse. That case was found to contain from ten to twelve guns,
ammunition, caps, bullet moulds,
&c., and a
brace of pistols. The defendant Vaughan might be in a position to explain
satisfactorily the reason for having arms in such quantities directed to him,
and he (Mr. Maule) hoped he would do so; but as the case stood, he was bound
to ask the magistrates to admit that fact in evidence. The degree of
importance to be attached to it, he, of course, would leave to the Bench. The
prisoners stood charged with having been concerned in a public outrage
committed some short time since. The statute 7 and 8,
Geo. Ⅳ.,
c 30, s 14.
enacts— "That if any person shall unlawfully and maliciously throw down,
level, or otherwise destroy, in whole, or in part, any turnpike gate, or any
wall, chain, rail, post, bar, or other fence, belonging to any turnpike-gate,
set up or erected to prevent passengers passing by without paying any toll,
directed to be paid by any Act or Acts of Parliament relating thereto, or any
house, building, or weighing engine, erected for the better collection,
ascertainment, or security, of any such toll, every such offender shall be
guilty of a misdemeanour, and being convicted thereof, shall be punished
accordingly." The several defendants were charged with having been
participators in the destruction of a toll gate, called the Bwlgoed, on
, and if the charge was substantiated, it would become the
duty of magistrates to commit them for trial.
The learned gentleman then called John Jones, the informer, and on his
appearance the indignation of the persons in the body of the court could
scarcely be repressed by the officers; hisses were first loudly heard, and
when calls of "order" and silence were authoritatively called, a slight under
current of sibilations was muttered.
Jones was very firm and collected, and gave his evidence without apparent
embarrassment. He was examined by Mr. Maule. The examination took place in the
Welsh language, which was cleverly interpreted by Mr. Glasbrook, a respectable
trader of Swansea.
Witness said that he lived at Cwm Skeach, in the parish of Langafelach, in
this county: is a labourer, lives about two miles from the Bolgoed gate. I
was out when that gate was destroyed. It was destroyed on
. I saw the gate destroyed
between twelve and one o'clock somewhere. It was calculated that there were
about 250 people there. I saw no women there. Every one of them had something
remarkable in their dress. Some had white shirts on, and some had women's
bedgowns on. They had women's caps upon their heads. I observed that some of
the men were armed. Perhaps there were a hundred guns there, some were
double-barrelled. They had pickaxes, handsaws, and cross saws with them. They
destroyed the toll-house by pulling it down with pickaxes. While this was
going on there was firing of guns all the time. It took them about ten
minutes to destroy the toll-house and toll-bar. Besides the dresses which I
have described, some of them had their faces disguised with some sort of
handkerchiefs tied round their heads, and hanging over their faces like
veils. I did not observe that any of them had their faces blackened. They
were not all on foot, one was mounted on a white horse. I heard the people
address the man upon the horse. They called him "mother." (Laughter.) I was
so near to them as enabled me to hear them talking. I heard the people
address the man upon the horse saying, "Is it time for us to go?" I heard
that before the house was pulled down. The man on horseback asked them, "Is
it time for us to go?" An answer was made to that question. They thought it
was time for them to go. The man on horseback had a white shirt over his
clothes, a cap on his head, and a bonnet over the cap. (A laugh.) He spoke a
few words to the people. I know who that man was. It was Daniel Lewis. I
should know him again if I were to see him. [Witness then stood forward and
pointed out the prisoner Daniel Lewis, who smiled derisively at witness.] I
knew him before that night. He is a weaver, and resides near the Goppa, but I
do not know in what house. I saw Mr. Griffith Vaughan, of the Inn, there. I
mean the Pontardulais Inn. I see Mr. Vaughan now in the hall. He was in the
middle of the crowd. He had a gun with him. He was dressed with some sort of
a white shirt over him, and a cap and bonnet. He fired the gun off two or
three times while the people were destroying the toll-house and bar. I saw
David Jones, of Tantwm, there. I see him here now. He had a double-barrelled
gun in his hand. I saw John Morgan, of Bolgoed there; I see him here. He was
disguised like the others, and had a gun with him. There were no shoutings or
noises. They were not speaking; only firing. I joined them on the lower part
of Mynydd-yy-Goppa, by Velin-ucha. It was
I joined them. People came from all directions. I learned
where they were going to. They said they were going to break the Bolgoed bar.
I had my coat turned inside out, and a handkerchief about my face. After they
had broken down the bar and the house they did not stop a minute, but every
one went away to [t]he side of Bolgoed mountain again. I went with them. When
they got to the side of the Bolgoed they drew off the things from about their
heads, and scores of them went home. They spread all over the neighbourhood,
and dispersed. I went home. I do not remember having seen Daniel Lewis after
I saw him by the gate.
Cross-examined by Mr. Trapp (who appeared for David Jones and William Morgan,
and who throughout distinguished himself by evincing the ability of a lawyer,
with the zeal of an advocate.)
I was with my father during ; that is not my home; I was not at home scarcely any time
. I was at home about
but not afterwards that day. I will swear I slept at home
. I reached my
brother's house in the evening. Perhaps it might have been six, or seven, or
eight o'clock. Perhaps it was seven, I cannot say exactly. I am prepared to
swear it was not so much as nine or ten, it was something in the dusk of the
evening. It was not dark. I left my father's house between four and five
o'clock. I did not call at any house between my father's and my brother's. I
went direct from one house to the other. I know I did. I met some people on
the road, but I cannot say whom I met. Do not recollect having met a single
person that I know. I will not swear that I did not meet some person that I
knew. When I arrived at my brother's house I saw the servant. I also saw my
brother and his wife. I saw no one else except my brother's daughter. I saw
the servant in the kitchen doing the work of the house. Only the child was in
the kitchen at the time with the servant. My brother was not in the house
when I first arrived there, but came in about an hour afterwards. He and his
wife came in together. I remained at my brother's house till it was night,
I remained there in all two or three hours. I believe I was there three
hours. During the time I was in my brother's house I saw no other person
except my brother, his wife, daughter, and servant.
The witnesses were ordered to leave the court, but to remain within call.
Cross-examination resumed–
I had a message to my brother, when I left my father's house on the night in
question. It was a message to talk to him about mowing hay. I left my
brother's house for the purpose of returning home. I had heard the Bolgoed
bar was to be destroyed that night, but I did not know exactly. I did not
know what night it would be destroyed. I saw the two persons who told me the
bar was to be destroyed that night, going before me on a field near the
Pontardulais factory — did not speak to them. Knew they were going to the
Bolgoed bar, because one had a white dress, and the other a bedgown on. I do
not know whether I saw them afterwards. I did not know them, nor see their
faces. I afterwards found scores of people on the Goppa mountain. I have
disclosed to the magistrates the names of all the parties present at the
Goppa that night, that I knew. Stayed there as long as they stayed — perhaps
half an hour. Becca was calling upon them all the while. There were some
hundreds there when we left the mountain. One rose on his feet and said– "You
know where we are going? We are going to break down the Bolgoed gate." Becca
said that — Becca was Daniel Lewis. I saw his face at the gate, and suspected
his voice on the mountain — had heard all the country say it was Daniel Lewis
to be there that night as Becca. I disguised my face when I was near to
them — when I saw them. It was after I saw two men I turned my coat sleeves.
I thought I should see the Rebeccaites — it was night, but not very dark. I
knew many of them. I went with all of them to the gate. I could not swear to
one of them on the mountain. I was within a few yards from them when they
commenced breaking down the toll house. I stood by looking at them — it was
all done in about ten or fifteen minutes. I live in Cwm Skuach, in some sort
of a little, poor house. I first mentioned this to Mr. Rees, the inspector of
police. I left home last Saturday week, to transact business in Swansea, and
I wanted a scythe. I told Mr. Rees, Becca broke the gates of our country, but
did not tell him the names I mentioned here . Went with him to Mr. Attwood's office, and two magistrates came
there, who examined me. In speaking to Rees not a word passed about the
reward — knew one had been offered. Believe I asked him if I should be free
if I were to inform on others. He told me I should have it if I could make
out who broke the gates. No doubt something was said about the reward, when
talking with Mr. Rees.
Cross-examined by Mr. Jefferys on behalf of Griffith Vaughan–
I have known Mr. Vaughan for some years, but do not remember having ever
spoken to him. On the night in question I was within two yards of Mr.
Vaughan. It was a dry, light night — not moonlight, I think — the stars were
shining. I know Mr. William Jones, of Rhyd, and had a conversation with him
after the gate was broken down — did not tell him whom I had seen in the
night, but told him I saw the breaking of the Bolgoed gate. I did not tell
him I knew any of the men — he did not ask me. I did not say I did not go
near them, because I was afraid of them. He said — The devil! if I was to
find them, I would go near them. I was brought before the magistrates for
cutting birch about six years ago, and paid a fine.
Cross-examined by Mr. Walters, on behalf of Daniel Lewis–
I was working with my father before I gave this information. I worked with
Mr. Williams, of Penyfiddy, the week before the week I worked with my father.
I was working two days in exchange with my brother — he came with me two days
to mow hay, and I went with him two days to mow hay. I have lived in Morgan
Pugh's barn six weeks. I went to bed about two at morn after the gate was
broken — all were gone to bed. I did not tell Mr. Williams I was at a
distance from the gate at the time it was broken.
Mr. Williams is the son of Ynisfawr, and is a farmer. William of Rhyd told me
that he was very willing for the gates to be pulled down.
The whole of the evidence was then read over and explained to the witnesses.
The same paper also covered the part of the examination concerning the arms shipment. It is similar to the coverage in The Cambrian, although much less extensive about the nature of the objections from the defense. It also reports the testimony about whom the case was addressed to as "G. Vaughan, Rich Lyon, Ponterdulais, near Swansea" while The Cambrian reports it as "G. Vaughan, Red Lion Inn, Pontardulais" but adds "Witness said that the first word after the name appeared Rich."
That article also covered the examination of the witnesses called by the defense to impeach the credibility of the prosecution's main witness. It is more perfunctory in general than the report in The Cambrian. The way it reported John Joce Strick's brief testimony was different in a somewhat interesting way:
I reside at Clydach, and have known John Jones for three or four years. I would not credit his oath after the way in which he has treated me.
The night of this trial (if I have the difficult-to-interpret chronology correct), there were more toll gate attacks. A later issue of the Monmouthshire Merlin reported:
Alarming Progress of Rebeccaism.
From our Second Edition of last week.
Important News.
. The Rebeccaites have
brought the anti-toll-gate war literally to the gates of this town, and the
audacity of the movement has astonished the natives. Notwithstanding the
strong garrison of soldiers, and numerous police force, with us, the midnight
levellers , in considerable
numbers, destroyed the Ty Coch gate and two other bars, situated about half a
mile from the Town Hall. On going to the scene of Rebecca's misdeeds
, the work of ruin appeared
effectively done: the heavy posts were sawed down nearly to the level of the
road; bars were wrenched from their hinges, and cast upon a neighbouring
lime-kiln, where they were partially burned, and every part of the "trust"
evidenced the determined purpose of the malefactors, whose display of
wantonness of power has annoyed the authorities exceedingly.
Ty Coch, which is a sort of suburb, is separated from the town of Swansea by
the river, which is crossed at the ferry side by a floating bridge. In the
very centre of this village, completely surrounded by habitations, is a toll
house, to which two gates are attached, called the Ty Coch gates. It appears
that at nearly , the woman who is the toll-keeper, was alarmed by a noise
outside, and immediately afterwards the window of the toll house was broken
in; being very much frightened, she remained in bed, but shortly afterwards
the door was violently burst open. She then rushed out of the house, and saw
30 or 40 men in the road, and found that the gates had been broken down. She
screamed out murder! as loud as she could, when a man rushed at her with an
iron bar, and struck her a violent blow on the arm, which inflicted a serious
wound. She then succeeded in re-entering the toll-house, and closed the door,
which was endeavoured to be forced, and was split in pieces. She again rushed
out and screamed, on which the men all ran away.
It was then found that the posts of the gate had been sawn off, and the gate
itself thrown on a lime kiln, where it was burnt. They not only demolished
these two gates, but also a bar about one hundred yards from Ty Coch. They
were not disguised, but dressed in their usual dresses, those of workmen. No
person came to the poor woman's rescue, although, as before observed, Ty Coch
is a populous village, and the noise must have been great.
No one appeared this morning to be cognizant of the outrage, except from
seeing the gates down, and it is quite evident that Becca has friends at hand.
Destruction of the Furnace Gate, Near Llanelly
Official intelligence has just reached me, that these depredators made an
irruption into Llanelly, about , and totally demolished the Furnace Gate, on the road
leading from that town to Carmarthen, and burned the toll-house to
the ground. This is a new — a very formidable feature in this servile war.
They also destroyed the Sandy Gate on the road leading to Pembrey, as well as
a private gate, the property of a gentleman named Lewis, of Stradey.


text:
SALMON: Labrador Retrievers are known for their hunting skills and friendly dispositions, but Beau, a black Lab who lives in Montana, is winning acclaim for his math abilities.
Owner David Madsen says if he tells Beau there are six dogs at the park and three dogs leave, and then asks him how many are left, the dog replies: "Woof, woof, woof."
Beau has achieved a degree of celebrity for his counting skills, becoming a star on visits to shops, restaurants and cabins in the Flathead Lake resort in Montana where the Madsen family spends summers.
"He counts, he adds and subtracts, he can do some division and has memorized square roots," Madsen said.
Although a dog with math skills better than plenty of humans seems incredible, the local fire chief says he vouches for the dog's talents.
"Dave will say, 'What's two and three?' Then the dog will go, 'Bark, bark ... bark, bark, bark,'" said Chris Ricciardi, chief of the Finley Point-Yellow Bay, Montana Fire Department.
He said the dog performs impromptu demonstrations at his family's restaurant, Ricciardi's, near Flathead Lake.
"This dog is amazing," the fire chief said.
Madsen, a retired AT&T executive, adopted the puppy a dozen years ago and began teaching him math basics when he showed signs of being intelligent. As a puppy, Beau invented games and crafted intricate strategies to avoid capture, he said.
"I've had dogs all my life, but this dog is different. He's super smart," Madsen said.
He taught Beau to count using dog biscuits, laying out a handful and rewarding the dog when the number of his barks corresponded to the number of treats.
"He caught on that rewards were associated with the correct number of barks," Madsen said.
The dog had a chance at nationwide fame when he auditioned in Savannah, Georgia for the "Stupid Pet Tricks" segment on the CBS' "Late Show with David Letterman."
Beau didn't make the cut, but a local station showed clips of his performance and he became the talk of the town.
Madsen, who says his canine calculator is accurate about 85 percent of the time, said he was not signaling the dog in any fashion and has allowed others to quiz Beau in his absence.
Brandon Bretz, manager of Bretz RV and Marine in Missoula, Montana, said he recently watched Beau in action.
"A group of us were standing there and Dave asked Beau, 'How many girls are here?' There were two and Beau barked twice," Bretz said. "Next, Dave asked, 'How many boys?' Beau barked five times even though there were only four guys.
"Then it dawned on us. Beau is a boy, and he was counting himself," he said, adding that he has booked Beau as guest speaker next spring for his company's annual customer appreciation barbecue.
"There's no trick to Beau's tricks. That dog is on the up and up," Bretz said.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Child Care From Casula to Cabramatta
Here at Little Kingdom Learning Centre we provide the perfect environment for your children when you aren't available.
Our services include:
– Pick Up and drop off for children
– High Quality Education Nutritional
– Fresh Meals & Snacks — Halal Available
– Transition to School Program
We operate Monday to Friday from 6.30am to 6.30pm. Based in Liverpool, in south-western Sydney here at Little Kingdom Learning Centre we have a 10 km service range, with students from Liverpool and Preston to Cabramatta, Casula and beyond.


text:
This is a guest post by Jesse Storimer. He teaches the Unix fu workshop, an online class for Ruby developers looking to do some awesome systems hacking in Ruby and boost their confidence when it comes to their server stack. Spots are limited, so check it out the class while there's still room. He's also the esteemed author of Working with Unix Processes, Working with TCP Sockets and Working with Ruby Threads.
There are some misconceptions in the Ruby community about this question surrounding MRI's GIL. If you only take one thing away from this article today, let it be this: The GIL does not make your Ruby code thread-safe. Read More


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In 'Seoul's Historic Walks in Sketches,' illustrator Janghee Lee explores the city's rich but unknown past
"When I go overseas, all the buildings can look similar no matter how carefully I look at them. Visitors here can feel the same way. You should look at these buildings again after learning the stories they contain."
In his new book "Seoul's Historic Walks in Sketches," published in Korea in early June by Seoul Selection, illustrator Janghee Lee shares some of those stories, the tales hidden deep inside Seoul's cityscape. A columnist and contributor for several local newspapers and magazines, Lee has wandered the city's maze of streets and alleyways, capturing in his sketchpad the stories and scenes discovered within. By collecting decades of sketches and commentary, his book represents, in a way, a life's work. He says, "It seems I've been writing this since the time I was born."
Drawing, writing and learning
"Seoul's Historic Walks in Sketches" is, simply put, an illustrated depiction of Seoul and its past, with the focus on the capital's historic center, the old town inside the venerable city walls. Lee's pencil brings to life everything from Seoul's palaces and fortresses to modern skyscrapers of glass and steel built on historic sites. Accompanying Lee's illustrations are insightful, often witty comments on history, commentary that goes a long way to presenting readers with a view of the unknown city, a city almost exotic in its mystery.
Lee didn't start off wanting to unearth Seoul's hidden history. Rather, his historical research was an offshoot of his artistic pursuits. "As I was sketching the city, I became curious about many things," he says. "How did this building come about? What was it used for? Who passed through here? As I grew curious, I began to search more, to find more books, and when I'd read those books, I'd find the buildings next door had their stories, too, so I'd end up drawing that building, and the building next to that one, and so on."
The book was Lee's means to learn more. "I've wandered around the city a lot, and I thought I knew much about it relative to other people. But the more I saw, the more I realized I didn't know," he says. "So I wrote this book because I wanted to learn more about Seoul."
Raising awareness, deepening appreciation
In his work, including "Seoul's Historic Walks in Sketches," Lee also sets out to raise awareness of Seoul's remaining historical sites and the need to preserve them.
This is a need that that has not been fully appreciated. He says, "One of Seoul's biggest problems is that it prioritized development over preservation, especially after the Korean War." In the chaos of Korea's liberation from colonial rule and the Korean War, the authorities failed to protect many historically and culturally important buildings from the wrecking ball. Property owners, afraid they might lose rights over their property, often knocked down their own buildings before the government could list them. Though the government has since listed many old buildings, protecting them from destruction, many remain threatened. Lee says, "It seems owners still need a better appreciation for historical preservation."
Lee says government support for preservation efforts are important, explaining that one of the reasons Hanok homes are disappearing is the high cost of their upkeep and repair. Even more important, however, is educating the public. "A lot of people need to know these places exist," he says, noting the role writers and artists such as himself are playing. Nothing makes a building safer than public interest. "When people know those places exist, it's difficult to knock them down."
Written and photographed by Robert Koehler


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Podcast: Play in new window | Download
wenty-fourth Sunday after Pentecost Track 1 , November 19, 2017
The Collect: Blessed Lord, who caused all holy Scriptures to be written for our learning: Grant us so to hear them, read, mark, learn, and inwardly digest them, that we may embrace and ever hold fast the blessed hope of everlasting life, which you have given us in our Savior Jesus Christ; who lives and reigns with you and the Holy Spirit, one God, for ever and ever. Amen.
Old Testament: Judges 4:1-7 read from the New Century Version Bible
Psalm 123 read from The Episcopal Church Book of Common Prayer
Epistle: 1 Thessalonians 5:1-11 read from the New International Version Bible
Gospel: Matthew 25:14-30 read from the New Living Translation Bible
Closing prayer: On November 22nd we remember C S Lewis, Apologist and Spiritual writer. Read from A Great Cloud of Witnesses.


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GOOD MORNING – TODAY IS TUESDAY, November 10, the 314th day of 2015 with 51 to follow. Sunrise in the Boston area is @ 6:28 and sunset is @ 4:28. The moon is waning. The morning stars are stars are Jupiter, Mars, Uranus & Venus. The evening stars are, Mercury, Neptune & Saturn.
ON THIS DAY IN: 1775 – The U.S. Marines were organized under authority of the Continental Congress. The Marines went out of existence after the end of the Revolutionary War in April of 1783. The Marine Corps were formally re-established on July 11, 1798. This day is observed as the birth date of the United States Marine Corps.
1801 – The U.S. state of Tennessee outlawed the practice of dueling.
1871 – Henry M. Stanley, journalist and explorer, found David Livingstone. Livingston was a missing Scottish missionary in central Africa. Stanley delivered his famous greeting: "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?"
1879 – Western Union and the National Bell Telephone Company reached a settlement over various telephone patents.
1917 – 41 suffragists were arrested in front of the White House.
1919 – The American Legion held its first national convention, in Minneapolis, MN.
1928 – Michinomiya Hirohito was enthroned as Emperor of Japan.
1951 – Direct-dial, coast-to-coast telephone service began when Mayor M. Leslie Denning of Englewood, NJ, called his counterpart in Alameda, CA.
1954 – The Iwo Jima Memorial was dedicated in Arlington, VA.
1957 – 102,368 people attended the San Francisco 49ers and Los Angeles Rams game. The crowd was the largest regular-season crowd in NFL history.
1969 – "Sesame Street" made its debut on PBS.
1970 – The Great Wall of China opened for tourism.
1975 – The U.N. General Assembly approved a resolution that equated Zionism with racism. The resolution was repealed in December of 1991.
1975 – The Edmund Fitzgerald, an ore-hauling ship, and its crew of 29 vanished during a storm in Lake Superior.
1976 – The Utah Supreme Court gave approval for Gary Gilmore to be executed, according to his wishes. The convicted murderer was put to death the following January.
1977 – The Major Indoor Soccer League was officially organized in New York City. (New York)
1980 – CBS News anchor Dan Rather claimed he had been kidnapped in a cab. It turned out that Rather had refused to pay the cab fare.
1982 – Soviet leader Leonid I. Brezhnev died of a heart attack at age 75. He was suceeded by Yuri V. Andropov.
1982 – In Washington, DC, the Vietnam Veterans Memorial was opened to visitors.
1984 – The U.S. Postal Service issued a commemorative stamp of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial.
1986 – Camille Sontag and Marcel Coudari, two Frenchmen were released by the captors that held them in Lebanon.
1988 – The U.S. Department of Energy announced that Texas would be the home of the atom-smashing super-collider. The project was cancelled by a vote of the U.S. Congress in Oct. 1993.
1990 – Chandra Shekhar was sworn in as India's new prime minister.
1991 – Robert Maxwell was buried in Israel, five days after his body was recovered off the Canary Islands.
1993 – John Wayne Bobbitt was acquitted on the charge of marital sexual assault against his wife who sexually mutilated him. Lorena Bobbitt was later acquitted of malicious wounding her husband.
1993 – The U.S. House of Representatives passed the Brady Bill, which called for a five-day waiting period for handgun purchases.
1994 – U.S. officials announced that it planned to stop enforcing the arms embargo against the Bosnian government the following week. The U.N. Security Council was opposed to lifting the ban.
1994 – Iraq recognized Kuwait's borders in the hope that the action would end trade sanctions.
1995 – Nigeria's military rulers hanged playwright Ken Saro-Wiwa along with several other anti-government activists.
1995 – In Katmandu, Nepal, searchers rescued 549 hikers after a massive avalanche struck the Himalayan foothills. The disaster left 24 tourists and 32 Nepalese dead.
1996 – Dan Marino (Miami Dolphins) became the first quarterback in NFL history to pass for more than 50,000 yards. (Florida)
1997 – WorldCom Inc. acquired MCI Communication Corporation. It was the largest merger in U.S. history valued at $37 billion.
1997 – A jury in Virginia convicted Mir Aimal Kasi of the murder of two CIA employees in 1993.
1997 – A judge in Cambridge, MA, reduced Louise Woodward's murder conviction to manslaughter and sentenced the English au pair to time served. She had served 279 days in the death of 8-month-old Matthew Eappen.
1998 – At the White House, "The Virtual Wall" website (www.thevirtualwall.org) was unveiled. The site allows visitors to experience The Wall through the Internet.
1999 – Ted Danson received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
2001 – The World Trade Organization approved China's membership.
2001 – The musical "Lady Diana – A Smile Charms the World" opened in Germany.
2004 – Yusuf Islam (formerly known as Cat Stevens) was awarded the "Man for Peace" prize in Rome at the opening of a meeting of Nobel Peace Prize laureates.


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Fostering the Renaissance Child
Leonardo da Vinci K-8 School is a community dedicated to the development of the whole child as a curious and inventive person, responsible for preserving and creating beauty in our cultural and natural environments.
We will foster this Renaissance child of the Arts and Sciences through Integrated Thematic Instruction.
LdV 1st Day Packet
Please return to the front of the school. Turn-in dates TBA


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From the Canadian Press:
An international maker of a hormone replacement drug has lost its bid to block a B.C. lawsuit, clearing the way for a possible class-action suit on behalf of breast cancer survivors.
Hundreds of B.C. women who claim they got breast cancer after taking the drugs Premarin and Premplus have contacted the law firm involvined in the B.C. Supreme Court lawsuit.
David Klein, the lawyer for the women, said it means if the company is found at fault, the international firm would be held accountable in a Canadian court.
"Now we can put the case back on track toward getting it certified as a class action," he said.
Officially, the lawsuit has one plaintiff so far. Dianna Stanway is the representative plaintiff in the court action that first must be certified by the court as a class action, allowing the other women to join. ...more
Tuesday, July 01, 2008
B.C. court clears path for cancer survivors to sue over hormone replacement
Posted by Jason at 11:23 AM
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Honda will bring a range of new vehicles in India soon. With the Auto Expo around the corner, Honda will take the opportunity to showcase their upcoming vehicles in India. Here is what Honda will unveil for the Indian market during the Auto Expo.
The Amaze sedan marked Honda's debut in diesel segment in India. Honda is now preparing the all-new Amaze that will be launched next year in India. The new Amaze has been spied at Honda's Tapukara plant and is expected to be showcased at the Auto Expo 2018. The car will become roomier but will remain under 4-meter mark.
Honda is also expected to put a more powerful version of the 1.5-litre diesel engine, but the 1.2-litre petrol engine is expected to remain same. It will also get a number of new features like climate control, new infotainment system among others. The launch will happen in early 2018.
Honda will bring in the all-new fifth generation CR-V in India next year. The all-new CR-V is already available in the international markets, and Honda will launch the new version in the segment dominated by the Toyota Fortuner. The new CR-V looks much sleeker than the current version and gets a thick slat grille, similar to the current generation of Honda vehicles.
The CR-V that will come to India will be ASEAN-spec, which means it will get an extra row of front facing seats taking the total number of seats to seven. Honda will also launch the diesel version of the CR-V with a 1.6-litre diesel engine that will be made in India. The engine produces a maximum power of 158 Bhp and peak torque of 350 Nm. The car is expected in the second half of 2018.
The premium hatchback from Honda is doing decent in the market. Honda has revealed the facelift version of the global model earlier this year. Honda has confirmed that it will launch a hybrid version of the Jazz in India in the future. The new Jazz gets slimmer grille, new bumper and LED headlamps.
The car gets minor updates like the Honda City did earlier this year. The engine options in the Indian model is expected to remain same. The Jazz competes with the Maruti Baleno and Hyundai Elite i20 in India.
The HR-V will become the fourth vehicle in the R-V series when launched. After the launch of the WR-V, which has gained some popularity in the market, Honda is looking forward to launching the HR-V. It sits above the WR-V in the lineup and will compete against the Hyundai Creta.
HR-V also sells in the Brazilian market just like the WR-V, and it is also built on the Jazz platform. It gets five seats and many premium features like electric sunroof, touchscreen infotainment and the touch panel climate control system. The SUV will be powered by the 1.5-litre i-VTEC petrol engine that produces 115 Bhp. The diesel unit will the same 1.5-litre i-DTEC or 1.6-litre diesel unit.
The premium sedan from Honda was one of the first D-Segment cars launched in India. The beautiful design of the car turned many heads on the road. Honda India's chief has said that the Civic will be a good choice for the customers who want to upgrade from the City in the coming times.
The Civic is all set to make a grand comeback in India. The new car will be powered by 1.8-litre i-VTEC engine that produces massive 173 BHP. The new Civic will land in India mid next year and will be showcased at the Auto Expo 2018.


text: Once upon a time in Texas, deer hunting was a simple affair - put on whatever drab-color clothing was handy and suited for the weather, slip a pair of work brogans on your feet, retrieve a rifle from the closet, stick a handful of cartridges in a pocket and head afield, where you either slipped quietly through the woods or sat against a tree or rock overlooking a game trail. Today, deer hunters employ a stunning amount of equipment, including commercially built blinds or stands that invariably overlook corn-slinging feeders designed to attract deer and feral hogs. Increasingly, that clothing is claimed to either block or absorb human scent, preventing these human smells from alerting approaching deer. Controls body scent by using patented Nano Silver fiber technology to help eliminate causes of body odors. A good basic trail camera with 5 megapixel images, flash range of 50 feet, infrared night photos, video capable and time/date/temperature/moon phase stamp. The 600-pound-capacity model easily converts from a spin feeder throwing grain to a gravity-fed feeder dispensing protein pellets. Large (60-inch by 70-inch) blind with exterior of molded fiberglass, roof with drip edge to keep rain off of tempered automotive-grade glass windows and vertical and horizontal windows to accommodate gun and bow hunters. Weighing less than 3 pounds, the decoy is a high-definition picture printed onto a polyester/cotton fabric for a realistic view.


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The Coen Brothers' new movie, the music-heavy comedy-drama Inside Llewyn Davis, hits theaters this weekend, and they're prepping a new project with a more comedic tone. The Coens were scant about details when talking to Vulture about the movie, but they described it as "a musical comedy" set in the world of opera. They added that it's "not a musical per se" but that it does feature "what might be considered more traditional musical numbers" than the folk songs in Inside Llewyn Davis.
The Coens, who last made a music-heavy comedy with 2000's O Brother, Where Art Thou?, said this new musical comedy is "one of the two things we're writing right now." The other is a sword and sandals drama set in ancient Rome, so we'll just see which one they end up doing next.


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A TRIBUTE to The Eagles - The Alter Eagles - flies into Lynroys on May 28.
Aspokesman for the Canal Bank venue said: "The Alter Eagles are an authentic six-piece Eagles tribute band. Formed in 2003, they perform the whole repertoire of Eagles tracks, from tasteful country rock - complete with five part harmonies - through to hard rocking numbers, showcasing the Eagles' trademark duelling electric guitars.
"The current set comprises material from 35 years of Eagles' performances, up to and including 2007's Long Road Out Of Eden.
"Laudedfor their accuracy, the Alter Eagles are a tribute to the Eagles, pure and simple and in a typical two hour set play many of the bands' greatest hits."
Visit www.lynroys.com or call 01509 216066 for information.


text: Hey, just checking to see if anyone else has used this type of nema23. I just received a set of 4 but wasn't able to find anything with regards to their capabilities. Please note the lack of holes on two corners of the motor itself. Searching google brings up another forum with a similar question but no answers. Markings on the back side list the following: STP-59D3015 1.8° /Step 2.5V 1.47A Thanks, Andrew


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Title: Portraits of signers of the Declaration of Independence
Call Number: MSS 12130
Citation: Robert Edge Pine. Copies of Pine's Portraits of Signers of the Declaration of Independence,1820, Accession #12130, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va.
This photo has been identified as being free of known restrictions under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights.
Spouse Information:
Judith Robinson
(? - 1757)
Elizabeth Corbin
(1747 - 1814)
Carter Braxton
Carter Braxton was born on September 10, 1736 at Newington Plantation in Livingston, Virginia. He was the son of George Braxton, Jr. and of Mary Carter, who died just seven days after giving birth. Carter's father died when he was in his teens, and he was raised by family friends.
Carter Braxton was born on September 10, 1736 at Newington Plantation in Livingston, Virginia. He was the son of George Braxton, Jr. and of Mary Carter, who died just seven days after giving birth. Carter's father died when he was in his teens, and he was raised by family friends.
Carter Braxton was a descendant of some of the most distinguished families in Virginia in terms of wealth and influence. His grandfather, George Braxton, Sr., immigrated to Virginia from London about 1690 and lived in an estate called Mantua on the Mattaponi River. The Braxton family in England was of ancient origin and resided in Lancaster County. George Braxton married Elizabeth Paulin and, in his will of 1725, left a tract of 578 acres to his daughter. Elizabeth Paulin's father, Thomas Paulin, was a justice of Old Rappahannock in 1688 and was one of the county officers in King and Queen County.
Carter Braxton's father, George Braxton, Jr., received large land grants from King George II. He was a frequent member of the House of Burgesses from 1718 to 1734, and held lands in common with William Brooke, his son George Braxton, Humphrey Brooke, Sr. (his son in law) and Ambrose Madison (the grandfather of President James Madison).
Carter Braxton's mother, Mary Carter, was the daughter of Robert "King" Carter and his second wife, Elizabeth Landon Willis. Robert was called "King" because of his great wealth and prominence. He was born at his father's estate, Corotoman. He served in the House of Burgesses, where he was Speaker. He served as Treasurer of the Colony, member, and President of the King's Council, and as Acting Governor for one year. His estate consisted of 300,000 acres of land and 1,000 slaves. Robert Carter built Christ Church in Lancaster County and served as vestryman of the church.
"King" Carter's father (Carter Braxton's great- grandfather) was Colonel John Carter of England. John Carter was the son of William Carter of Casstown, Hereford County, England and was born in 1620. The Colonel came to the Virginia colony in 1649 and built the ancestral home of Corotoman in Lancaster County. He served in the House of Burgesses, was an influential member of the King's Council, and was a commander against the Rappahannock Indians in 1654. His descendants included three Signers of the Declaration of Independence: Carter Braxton, Benjamin Harrison, and Thomas Nelson.
Carter Braxton was educated at the College of William and Mary, and later became a member of its board of visitors. Shortly after graduating, his father died, leaving him the family estate of Newington.
In 1753, Braxton came into possession of the impressive manor house and plantation of Elsing Green. He sold Elsing Green in the early 1760's but never lived there.
In 1755, Braxton married the wealthy, beautiful and amiable Judith Robinson, the daughter of Christopher and Judith Robinson of Hewick, Middlesex County, Virginia. Judith died shortly after the birth of their second child in 1757 leaving Braxton devastated with grief.
Following the death of his first wife, Braxton moved to England in 1757, where he remained for three years. During this time, he became familiar with the feelings and designs of the English government. His rank and fortune gave him access to the nobility from whom he obtained much valuable information: that Great Britain would support the exchequer by extracting money from the hardy pioneers of American in the form of new taxes. In 1760, Carter Braxton returned from Europe and was elected to the House of Burgesses where he became an active and prominent member. He was to continue in the House until 1775.
In 1761, he married Elizabeth Corbin, the daughter of Colonel Richard Corbin and Elizabeth Tayloe.
Elizabeth's father, Colonel Corbin, was educated in England, and later served in the House of Burgesses, as President of the King's Council, and receiver general of the colony for nearly 20 years. Elizabeth's grandfather was Gawin Corbin who came to the Virginia colony in 1650. She was the great- granddaughter of the Honorable Henry Corbin of Hall End, Warwick County, England, who was born in 1594. His wife was a descendant of Sir Gilbert Grosvenor, who came to England with William the Conqueror in 1066.
In the 1760s, Braxton considered investing in the slave trade, exchanging letters with the Brown brothers in Providence, but the Browns proceeded on their own.
In the growing dispute with Great Britain Carter Braxton was loyal to Virginia, but held the more conservative views of the Tidewater leaders. He was present in the House of Burgesses when Patrick Henry's resolutions condemned the Stamp Act.
In 1769, along with Washington, Jefferson, Patrick Henry, Peyton Randolph, and others he signed the Virginia Resolves, which declared that the House of Burgesses had the sole right to tax the inhabitants of the colony. Braxton also signed the Virginia Association, a non-importation agreement.
The day after the first hostilities at Lexington and Concord in 1775, Braxton became a member of the Virginia Colonial Convention. He then played a key role in the confrontation with Royal Governor Lord Dunmore.
Lord Dunmore confiscated the gunpowder stored in the Williamsburg magazine and placed it on a British warship. Militia units were eager to retaliate, but they were calmed by Peyton Randolph and George Washington. Patrick Henry, however, refused to be pacified, and led a militia unit into Williamsburg to demand the return of the gunpowder. Before hostilities broke out, Carter Braxton, speaking for Patrick Henry, convinced his father-in-law, Richard Corbin, who was receiver general of the Colony, to pay for the gunpowder, thus averting an open conflict.
When Peyton Randolph died suddenly in October, 1775, Carter Braxton was chosen to replace him in the Continental Congress.
Braxton was hesitant at first to support the growing sentiment for independence, and argued strongly against it. In April, 1776, he wrote, "Independence is in truth an elusive bait which men inconsiderably catch at, without knowing the hook to which it is affixed."
Braxton pointed out that one republic after another had come to an unhappy ending. The Netherlands, he claimed, became "as unhappy and despotic as the one of which we complain," and Venice "is now governed by one of the worst of despotisms." He concluded that "the principle contended for is ideal, and a mere creature of a warm imagination." The advantages of republics "existed only in theory and were never confirmed by the experience, even of those who recommend them."
During the debate following Richard Henry Lee's resolution for independence on June 7, Braxton continued to argue against separation. But by early July he had changed his mind, voting for independence on July 2, the Declaration on July 4, and signing the Declaration on August 2. At the first meeting that fall of the General Assembly of Virginia, Braxton and Jefferson received a vote of thanks 'for the diligence, ability and integrity with which they executed the important trust repose(?d) in them as two of the delegates of the County in the General Congress."
Braxton, however, was not reappointed to the Continental Congress, when he opposed a more democratic form of government desired by the delegates in the Virginia convention.
He was active and influential in the Virginia Legislature from 1777 to 1785, and from 1786 to 1797, he was elected, and re-elected, a member of the Council of State.
Braxton invested a great deal of his wealth in the American Revolution. He loaned money to the cause and funded shipping and privateering. Unfortunately, the British destroyed many of his ships, and ravaged several of his plantations and land holdings. He accumulated a great deal of debt and was forced to leave his estate at Chericoke in 1786 and move to a smaller residence in Richmond.
A fellow Signer of the Declaration, Dr. Benjamin Rush, described Carter Braxton as agreeable, a sensible speaker, and an accomplished gentleman, but someone strongly prejudiced against New Englanders. Others described him as a gentleman of cultivated mind and respectable talents. Although not possessed of the impressive eloquence of colleagues such as Patrick Henry, his oratory was described as easy and flowing. In his manners he was peculiarly agreeable and the language of his conversation was smooth. Despite his financial adversities and trying circumstances his reputation did not suffer. He maintained his well-earned fame as an able and faithful public servant, a worthy upright man. He was a faithful sentinel in the cause of freedom.
Chericoke, in King William County, Virginia was home to Carter Braxton from 1767 to 1786. The estate is located on the Pamunkey River, about 20 miles by land from the junction of the Pamunkey and Mattaponi Rivers. The farm is located on the upper edge of a large horseshoe bend in the river, with the house on a hill a little way back. The land of Chericoke was rich, not having been worn out by tobacco. The family graveyard was on the side of a hill. Wooden grave markers disappeared over the years, making it difficult to locate the gravesites.
Caperton Braxton Horsley, a descendant of Carter Braxton, wrote in 1933 about his experiences related to Chericoke in reminiscences he titled "In Quiet Places". This is what he wrote about the history of the house and estate itself:
"It was more than a hundred years ago that the old Chericoke house burned. They say that the curtains caught fire from a candle at night. It was winter with snow on the ground. The house was large and built of wood. It burned to the ground. Rushing through the halls in candlelight, they fought the growing fire with buckets of water, the men shouting, the women crying. The slaves' faces: dark against the night with the light of the fire shining on the snow, staring at the burning symbol of authority and permanence; dark with the morning sun shining on black smoking timbers surrounded by snow."
"The land of Chericoke Farm was rich, not having been worn out by tobacco. The wind blew flurries of waves over the green wheat fields, thick tall wheat in the wind. The cattle and hogs were fat, and fat sheep lay in the shade of the osage orange trees. The magnolia trees blossom in the spring, and the locust and catalpa. Early in the morning dew lies on the pink and white blossoms of the fruit trees, at night the sound of insects and the frogs comes from the marsh far off. The firelight shines in the eyes of the negroes and their voices ring through the night's soft air."
Horsley also wrote about the meaning of the Civil War, and his experiences and stories of his ancestors, relatives, friends, and acquaintances over the years.
A large granite monument in the Hollywood Cemetery at Richmond, Virginia, honors many of Braxton's descendants and ancestors, including George Braxton, Sr., the immigrant. In Washington, D.C., near the Washington Monument, there is a small park and lagoon dedicated to the fifty-six Signers of the Declaration. Alongside his fellow Virginians, Carter Braxton's signature is engraved in gold. Carter Braxton died in Richmond in 1797 and is buried at Chericoke.
Shelley Cruz, descendant, DSDI, 2014
- Barthelmas, Della Gray, The Signers of the Declaration of Independence, A Biographical and Genealogical Reference, 1997, McFarland and Company, Inc., Publishers, Box 611, Jefferson, NC 28640
- Blatteau, John and Paul Hirshorn, "The Illuminated Declaration of Independence," , 1976
- Collins, Gene, "The Signers of the Declaration of Independence,", Resurrection Resources LLC , 2000
- Ferris, Robert G. and Richard E. Morris, "The Signers of the Declaration of Independence," Interpretive Publications, 1982
- Fradin, Dennis B., "The Signers," 2000
- Goodrich, Charles A., "Lives of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence," 1829 (Internet ref.: ColonialHall.com, link: Biographies of the Founding Fathers.)
- Gragg, Rod, "The Declaration of Independence," 2005
- Lossing, B.J., "Biographical Sketches of the Signers of the Declaration of American Independence, 1848
- Maier, Pauline, "American Scripture Malone, Dumas, "The Story of the Declaration of Independence," 1954
- The Prudential Insurance Company of America, "The Signers of the Declaration of Independence," date NS
- Roberts, Cokie, "Founding Mothers, the Women Who Raised Our Nation", HarperCollins, New York, 2004


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Cocksucking Girlfriend Gladly Blows Him While He Films
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Chloe Victoria Chen dons frilly pastels, attends fancy green-juice brunches, and sleeps on the finest linens. Chloe Victoria Chen is also a baby, and I want this baby's life.
The daughter of "stylist and digital influencer" Chriselle Lim, Chloe is less than a year old and is already doing cooler shit than you.
She brunches like Marie Antoinette:
Attends Coachella pre-parties (dressed appropriately):
Sips coffee atop a fur rug:
Does photo shoots for Smashbox:
Hangs out with famous people:
Also, her shoe game is on point:
Chloe got her own hashtag the day she emerged from the womb and has been an #InstagramPowerUser ever since, but it's not the followers or the faves or the lifestyle-blogger mom I want, it's all the accompanying trappings. I don't want this baby's mom's life, I want this baby's life: being swaddled, cooed at, cosseted, and bottle-fed; spending afternoons napping with dogs and relaxing on the beach. On a baby, pudgy arm rolls are considered adorable instead of unsightly. A bow headband is appropriate instead of a symptom of "watching too many Gossip Girl reruns." And throwing a screaming tantrum because you're hungry is not just acceptable, it's expected. Sign me up.


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