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By Skip Williams
It seems that some DM's and players out there just can't agree on how the sneak attack ability really works. To be sure, a clever player can deal out a big pile of damage through sneak attacks. A 20th-level rogue fighting with two weapons could deal 40d6 points of damage or more in a single round of sneak attacks, which is enough to make most DM's cry "foul" the first time a PC tries it.
So, let's examine just when sneak attacks are possible, how many sneak attacks characters can make during 1 round, and how the rules for sneak attacks interact with other rules that govern combat.
The Basics of the Sneak Attack
For basic rules governing sneak attacks, look in the rogue class description in Chapter 3 of the Player's Handbook. Here's an overview.
Sneak attacks require one of two basic conditions:
So just when do those conditions and counter conditions apply? I'm glad you asked.
Defender Denied Dexterity Bonus
When the rules speak of a defender being denied a Dexterity bonus, they refer to any number of exceptional combat situations in which a creature cannot effectively defend itself by blocking or dodging physical assaults. Creatures that have no Dexterity bonus to Armor Class, or creatures that have penalties are not "denied" a Dexterity bonus in a normal combat situation.
Fortunately for characters who rely on sneak attacks (and unfortunately for everyone else), such combat situations abound. Here's a list:
Being Caught Flat Footed
This happens to almost everybody sooner or later. Anyone who is surprised is flat-footed during the ensuing surprise round. Surprised or not, anyone also is flat-footed during the first round of any combat from the time the combat begins until the creature takes its first turn in the initiative cycle.
Flat-footed creatures have two big disadvantages: They can't make attacks of opportunity and they can't use their Dexterity bonus (if any) to Armor Class. This makes them vulnerable to melee sneak attacks and to ranged sneak attacks (but see the section on uncanny dodge).
Two other "beyond the basics" situations that come up with sneak attacks are unseen opponents and immobilization. Let's take a look at these topics now.
Facing an Unseen Opponent
To properly defend itself in combat, a creature must be able to see its foe, or use some ability acute enough to substitute for sight, such as the blindsight special quality (or the uncanny dodge ability; the section on uncanny dodge section is in Part Three).
When facing a totally concealed foe, a creature is denied Dexterity bonus (if any) to Armor Class and the attacker gets a +2 attack bonus as well.
Perhaps the most common form of total concealment is the invisibility spell. A regular invisibility effect is broken when you attack. If you begin your turn under such an effect and you're making multiple attacks, you'll be invisible only for the first attack and your opponent will be denied Dexterity bonus to Armor Class (if any) against that first attack.
Just about everyone has total concealment against a blinded creature, and total darkness gives everything total concealment against foes that don't have darkvision. Remember however, that concealment cuts both ways. Sneak attacks aren't possible when the target has any concealment whatsoever.
Some special qualities and skills allow creatures a limited ability to locate unseen foes. The scent special quality and the Spot and Listen skills all give some chance of figuring out exactly where an unseen foe lurks. So can cruder means, such as scattering sand or flour all over a dungeon floor when you suspect there's an invisible foe nearby. These measures allow you to locate an unseen foe, and possibly attack her, but they don't negate the foe's total concealment, so they won't keep you from being sneak attacked. It's not enough to know where your foe is. You've got to know when and where the attack is coming.
On the other hand, it's only total concealment that interferes with Dexterity bonuses to Armor Class. Anything that knocks down total concealment to a lower degree makes any Dexterity bonuses to Armor Class available again. A spell such as see invisibility or true seeing robs an invisible foe of its total concealment, but only for the creature using the spell; the spell user could then use other means to render the invisible foe at least partially visible to allies, however. Splattering an invisible foe with a little flour or paint reduces or eliminates an invisible creature's total concealment, at least for a little while, as does a trusty glitterdust or faerie fire spell.
The blindsight ability allows its user to discern any unseen creature within range just as though the unseen creature was fully visible (provided the creature with blindsight has line of effect to the concealed creature). A creature with blindsight thus retains its Dexterity bonus to Armor Class (if any) against an unseen foe and blindsight also negates most kinds of concealment. This means that you can't sneak attack a creature with blindsight unless you have it flanked or catch it flat-footed. Also, a creature with blindsight can ignore any concealment a foe has when making a sneak attack of its own.
A blink spell provides the user with some degree of concealment -- and foils sneak attacks -- when the attacker cannot see ethereal opponents. (Both the see invisibility and true seeing spells reveal ethereal opponents).
An attacker that can see, but not affect, ethereal opponents still has a miss chance (20%) against a target using blink because the foe might be ethereal when the attack strikes; however, this does not arise from concealment and does not foil sneak attacks (though a miss is still a miss).
When an attacker is using blink itself, it has a 20% miss chance (because it sometimes finds itself ethereal when its attack strikes home). This miss chance also does not interfere with the attacker's sneak attacks. In fact, a blinking attacker strikes as an invisible creature, and its foes are denied Dexterity bonus (if any) to Armor Class and that makes sneak attacks possible. If the blinking attacker's target can see ethereal opponents, that foe retains Dexterity bonus (if any) to Armor Class and cannot be sneak attacked unless flat-footed or flanked. Because a blinking attacker's "invisibility" is actually etherealness, blindsight does not allow a foe to retain its Dexterity bonus against the attacker, and blindsight does not reduce the miss chance for attacks against the blinking combatant.
When you can't move, you can't use your Dexterity bonus (if any) to Armor Class, and you can be sneak attacked even when you're not flanked or caught flat-footed.
Any of these conditions keep you from using your Dexterity bonus to Armor Class: grappled, held, helpless, incapacitated, pinned, or stunned. Immobility is one time when the uncanny dodge ability doesn't foil a sneak attack (see the section on uncanny dodge).
Grappling is worth a special note. When you're grappling, you lose your Dexterity bonus to Armor Class (if any) against any foe that you are not grappling, and that's true no matter who started the grapple -- you're just as vulnerable if you initiate a grapple as you are when a foe grapples you. You retain your Dexterity bonus to Armor Class, however, against a foe you are grappling. So, if someone grabs you, you can't sneak attack that foe, but your buddies could.
When you're climbing (ascending or descending a vertical surface or a slope too steep to walk up) you cannot use your Dexterity bonus to Armor Class, which makes you vulnerable to sneak attacks (even if you have uncanny dodge).
Being entangled impedes your movement and reduces your effective Dexterity score, but it does not make you vulnerable to sneak attacks.
We'll end our look at "beyond the basics" situations and dive right into the damage a sneak attack does as well as go over the number of sneak attacks you can do.
Defender Flanked
Creatures become susceptible to sneak attacks when flanked because they must divide their attention between two or more opponents whose relative positions make it difficult to block or dodge their attacks. The situation is something like dealing with an unseen foe, but isn't quite as severe.
To flank an opponent, two allies must be on opposite sides of that opponent, and they both must threaten the opponent (Chapter 8 in the Player's Handbook has some handy diagrams that explain flanking). You threaten an opponent when you can make an armed melee attack against that opponent. You're "armed" when you use a manufactured weapon, natural weapon, the Improved Unarmed Strike feat, or the monk's unarmed strike ability. You don't actually have to have a weapon that can hurt an opponent to threaten that opponent. If you and your buddy have no silver weapons but find yourselves on opposites sides of a werewolf, you still flank the werewolf (but see the final section of this article series).
You can flank with any melee weapon, including a reach weapon, but you cannot flank with a ranged weapon.
You get a flanking bonus from any ally your foe can see (and who is in the correct position to flank). If your foe can't see you, you don't provide a flanking bonus to any ally. You literally cannot flank a blind creature; however, a blind creature loses its Dexterity bonus to Armor Class against your attacks (so you can sneak attack it), and you get a +2 to attack it to boot. Creatures with the blindsight ability effectively "see" within blindsight range and can be flanked.
The improved uncanny dodge class ability can prevent a creature from being flanked (see the next section).
Uncanny Dodge and Sneak Attacks
The uncanny dodge class ability is just about the nastiest sneak attack breaker in the game. Only immunity to critical hits offers more absolute protection against sneak attacks. So, uncanny dodge gets a section in the article all to itself.
The uncanny dodge ability allows a flat-footed creature to retain its Dexterity bonus to Armor Class (if any) and it foils sneak attacks when in does so.
The uncanny dodge ability also allows a creature to use its Dexterity bonus (if any) against unseen foes, so an unseen foe must find some other way to make sneak attacks against creatures with this ability.
Uncanny dodge does not allow a creature to keep its Dexterity bonus to Armor Class (if any) when it physically cannot move. If you're grappled, held, helpless, incapacitated, pinned, or stunned, you lose your Dexterity bonus to Armor Class. If you're attacked while climbing, you also cannot use your Dexterity bonus to Armor Class. Uncanny dodge doesn't allow you to retain your Dexterity bonus to Armor Class in any of these cases.
The improved uncanny dodge class feature can keep a creature from being flanked, except by a rogue who is four or more levels higher than the target. An attacker with sufficient rogue levels can flank the defender simply by having an ally opposite the defender, if that ally cannot flank the defender himself, provided that the defender can see or perceive your ally (see the section on flanking). In such a case, the ally gets no benefit for being in a flanking position, but the rogue gets full benefits.
When determining who can flank whom, start by counting the target's levels, and count only those levels in classes that provide the uncanny dodge class feature. Then count up the attacker's levels, counting only levels in classes that provide the sneak attack class feature. For example, a 10th-level rogue could not flank a 5th-level barbarian/5th-level rogue but the same character could flank a 5th-level barbarian/5th-level bard. Likewise, a 7th-level rogue/7th-level assassin could flank a 5th-level barbarian/5th-level rogue.
Damage from Sneak Attacks
The bonus damage from a sneak attack is expressed as extra dice and it is not multiplied with a successful critical hit, or when an attack otherwise gets a damage multiplier. For example, a rogue charging with a mounted lance can make a sneak attack, but the damage multiplier for the mounted charge doesn't apply to the sneak attack.
A successful sneak attack increases the damage dealt. When you make a sneak attack against a foe with damage reduction, roll the sneak damage and add it to the damage from the hit before applying the effects of damage reduction.
Sneak attack damage is always the same type of damage as the weapon used to make the sneak attack. For example, if you make a sneak attack with a sword (a slashing weapon), all the damage from the sneak attack is slashing damage (also see the Spells as Sneak Attacks section in Part Four).
Number of Sneak Attacks
Provided it is possible for you to make a sneak attack at all, you can make multiple sneak attacks when you use the full attack action. For example, if you have a higher initiative result at the beginning of an encounter, your foe is flat-footed and every attack you make is a sneak attack. The same is true if you flank your foe.
Anything that allows you to make extra attacks during the full attack action gets you extra sneak attacks as well: fighting with two weapons, the haste spell, and the monk's flurry of blows are the most common ways of getting extra attacks.
Remember the earlier note about invisibility effects, however. If you're relying on invisibility to set up a sneak attack, you'll only have the effect for the first attack you make during your turn. You'll still get all your extra attacks, but only the first will be a sneak attack. You don't have this problem if you're using a greater invisibility effect.
Let's wrap up All About Sneak Attacks with a look at volley type attacks, weapons and armor, spells, and a totally unofficial rule regarding flanking.
Volley Type Attacks
Sometimes, you make multiple attack rolls as part of the same attack, such as when you use the Manyshot feat. When you do so, only the first attack in the volley can be a sneak attack.
Weapons and Armor Used in Sneak Attacks
You can make sneak attacks with any weapon you can wield. The weapon does not have to be on the rogue weapon list. As noted earlier in this article series and in the rogue class description, you cannot make a sneak attack if you take the -4 penalty to make a weapon that deals lethal damage deal nonlethal damage (or vice versa), because you're deliberately not using the weapon in the optimal way. You can make a sneak attack, however, when you're not proficient with a weapon -- nonproficient use isn't exactly "optimal" but is close enough for a sneak attack.
Likewise, the armor you wear has no effect on your ability to sneak attack, though any combat penalties you suffer for nonproficient armor or shield use still apply to your attacks.
Spells as Sneak Attacks
Any spell that requires an attack roll and deals damage can be used in a sneak attack. In this case "damage" is normal damage, nonlethal damage, ability damage, or energy drain. You can sneak attack with a Melf's acid arrow spell, but not with a magic missile spell.
Ranged spells are effective as sneak attacks only at ranges of 30 feet or less (just like any other ranged sneak attack).
A successful sneak attack with a weaponlike spell inflicts extra damage according to the attacker's sneak attack ability, and the extra damage dealt is the same type as the spell deals. For example, a 10th-level rogue who makes a successful sneak attack with a Melf's acid arrow spell inflicts 2d4 points of acid damage, plus an extra 5d6 points of acid damage from the sneak attack (note that continuing damage from this spell is not part of the sneak attack). Spells that inflict energy drains or ability damage deal extra negative energy damage in a sneak attack, not extra negative levels or ability damage. For example, a 10th-level rogue who makes a successful sneak attack with an enervation spell deals 1d4 negative levels plus an extra 5d6 points of negative energy damage.
If the sneak attack with a weaponlike spell results in a critical hit, the damage from the spell is doubled but the extra sneak attack damage is not doubled (as with any sneak attack).
With spell effects that allow you to make multiple attack rolls, such as the energy orb spells or the Split Ray feat from Tome and Blood, you must treat the effect like a volley -- only the first attack can be a sneak attack.
A Totally Unofficial Rule for Dealing with Foes Trying to Flank You
Jonathan Tweet (co-designer of the D&D 3rd edition game) and I have had many opportunities to ponder the tactical aspects of flanking and what you might be able to do about it if you find yourself flanked.
You can disregard attacks from an opponent flanking you. When you do, that opponent doesn't get the +2 flanking bonus when attacking you and that opponent does not provide a flanking bonus to any of its allies. Ignoring a flanker, however, provokes an attack of opportunity from that flanker, and you lose your Dexterity bonus to Armor Class against that flanker. You do, however, continue to threaten that flanker.
If the flanker is out of attacks of opportunity, you can ignore the flanker (and deny the flanking bonus) with impunity.
If you can't see (or locate) the flanker, you disregard the flanker by default, and you provoke the attack of opportunity.
You must make the decision to disregard a flanker as soon as the foe moves into a flanking position. You can change your decision as a free action on your turn. (You still must disregard a flanker you can't see.)
Designer's Notes: This rule gives certain creatures the option to ignore flankers when they don't pose any real danger to them. Lycanthropes facing foes that aren't armed with silver weapons, as well as characters with very high Armor Classes facing much weaker foes, can soften the effects of being surrounded. Many other creatures can use the rule to limit sneak attacks against them, but at the risk of extra attacks of opportunity from other foes. This rule also means that you often cannot provide a flanking bonus to your allies if you're out of attacks of opportunity (though foes may have a hard time determining exactly when that situation occurs).
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Softball's struggles continue as season comes to an end
Kevin Sethre, Staff Writer
The Augsburg softball team hosted Hamline for a doubleheader on April 20 but were unable to beat the Pipers, who have won six straight and are now fourth in the MIAC. The Auggies are 6-13 in conference and on the brink of being mathematically eliminated from the playoffs.
The first game was a pitcher's duel. Augsburg's Sam Anderson held Hamline to one hit, but it was an important one: a two-run home run in the sixth inning that drove in the only two runs of the game. The Auggies had many opportunities, but they went one for eight with runners on base and stranded five. Anderson, Sarah Garcia and Jacqueline Nichols were the only Augsburg hitters who recorded a hit in the 2–0 shutout loss.
The Auggies struck first in the second game, getting two first-inning runs thanks to a double from Anderson and a sacrifice fly from Nichols. The Pipers cut their deficit in half during the top of the fourth, but Elly Strunk quickly responded with a base hit in the bottom frame to make it 3–1. Hamline scored another run in the top of the sixth, but Augsburg got another run on a ground-out by Strunk that drove in Hollywood Hermanson. The Pipers scored three runs in the top of the seventh, giving them a 5–4 lead that they held onto in the bottom half. Hermanson had a great game, going three for three while scoring twice. Elly Strunk pitched a complete game and drove in two runs for the Auggies.
After splitting their last home doubleheader against St. Kate's on Tuesday, the Auggies continued a busy week with doubleheaders at St. Mary's on Wednesday and Crown on Thursday. They finish the regular season on Saturday against Gustavus Adolphus in St. Peter, a team they swept last season.
This article was originally published in the April 26, 2019 issue.

subset: commoncrawl


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170 years old and standing tall: This Fire Temple was built by two banker brothers
Recognised as a heritage structure by the erstwhile Hyderabad Urban Development Authority (Huda), the Fire Temple has a unique architecture resembling the Indo-European style with huge columns in the facade.
A mega winged symbol, Faravahar, welcomes the devout at the entrance of the temple. This symbol of Zoroastrianism is more than 4,000 years old and is also found in Egypt and what was ancient Mesopotamia. The symbol is commonly associated with the sun and the deities connected with it.
There is a sacred well on the premises of the temple, where a priest offers prayers. The 70-feet well brims with water all round the year. The devout also place burning candles at the mouth of the well.
"Fire occupies a prominent place in Zoroastrian eschatology. Zoroastrian priests take precautions to keep the fire alive throughout the year. Earlier, our community used sandalwood to keep the fire burning. But now we are using dry logs of babool as sandalwood has become expensive. Moreover, there is also restriction on the movement of sandalwood," Capt KF Pestonji, president of Old Parsi Fire Temple Trust, told TOI.
Incidentally, Hyderabad has the second largest Parsi population in India after Mumbai and has two more fire temples apart from the one in Secunderabad. But on August 17, as many as 1,100 members of the community will gather at the Secunderabad temple at 7am to offer prayers. They will end the day with festivities at the Zoroastrian Club on SP Road.


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Stories you shouldn't miss for Feb. 5, 2018:
1. The Oakland City Council may give council President Larry Reid the power to remove Desley Brooks from her position as chair of the Public Safety Committee in the wake of the $4.3 million in judgments against the city and Brooks for her assault of ex-Black Panther Elaine Brown, reports David DeBolt of the East Bay Times$. The proposal, which the council may vote on tomorrow night, is being put forward by Councilmember Annie Campbell Washington and is supported by Councilmember Lynette Gibson McElhaney.
2. Assemblymember Rob Bonta, D-Alameda, is sponsoring legislation that would "require courts to automatically expunge the records of Californians convicted of [cannabis] offenses that are now legal under Proposition 64," reports Alexei Koseff of the Sacramento Bee$. Bonta's bill, AB 1973, would require two-thirds approval in the legislature.
3. Sutter Health says it will keep Alta Bates open for up to 10 more years, but local political leaders and residents are pushing to stop Sutter from shuttering the Berkeley hospital, reports Natalie Orenstein of Berkeleyside. About 200 people packed a forum on Saturday to rally against the planned closure of emergency and acute care at Alta Bates. Sutter plans to move services to its expanding Summit Medical Center campus in Oakland.
4. State water managers are questioning whether the planned expansion of Los Vaqueros Reservoir in the East Bay is worth the money, reports Kurtis Alexander of the San Francisco Chronicle$. The $914 million expansion project would serve the Contra Costa Water District, which operates Los Vaqueros, and East Bay MUD.
5. People who install rainwater catchment systems on their homes would be exempt from property tax increases related to the improvements under a ballot measure in the June election, reports Paul Rogers of the Mercury News$. "Similar measures were approved by state voters in the 1980s and 1990s to encourage the installation of residential solar power, fire sprinklers, and upgrades for people with disabilities."
6. The latest heat wave broke temperature records throughout the state over the weekend, the LA Times$ reports. San Francisco established new highs on Saturday and Sunday – 74 degrees each day.
7. Police towed 30 vehicles and gave out 147 citations during massive sideshows in Oakland over the weekend, reports Rick Hurd of the East Bay Times$.
8. And Four Barrel Coffee, which has been rocked by a sexual harassment scandal, is closing its Jack London district production facility, reports Cirrus Wood of Oakland Hoodline.
$ = news stories that may require payment to read.


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|K-State Research and Extension Horticulture Newsletter
Beware of Soil Degradation
Did you know terracing crops and redistributing runoff water are ancient soil stability practices that date back to A.D. 600? "Building Soils for Better Crops" states that trying to control soil degradation, especially soil erosion, has been occurring for centuries. Soil degradation comes in several forms including erosion, compaction, and contamination. Erosion occurs when a force, such as wind or water, displaces soil. The historic "Dust Bowl" in the 1930s is the perfect example of soil erosion caused by wind. Soil erosion can be reduced by terracing crops on slopes, reducing tillage, and maintain ground cover (cover cropping). Soil compaction degrades soil stability by reducing the amount of space between soil particles, which keeps water, nutrients and roots from moving/growing easily through the soil. Compacting of soils can occur from the use of vehicles and heavy equipment such as tractors, tillers, mowers. The best ways to manage soil compaction is to prevent it from happening by minimizing the use heavy equipment including vehicles, especially on wet soil. Although soil aeration may be able to reverse the effects of soil compaction, prevention is more cost effective. To determine whether soil is compacted, watch this video, provided by University of Wisconsin- Extension, on how to use a tool called a penetrometer, https://bit.ly/2Mm6sNT. Lastly, soil contamination can degrade your soil's quality. This can happen by human or natural activities. Natural contamination from salts and excessive sodium are common and can be tested by the K-State soil testing lab. "Building Soils for Better Crops" mentions that in urban areas lead and other heavy metals can be of concern, but in some cases adding manure or other organic amendments can reduce contaminants. K-State has a publication all about gardening on lead-contaminated soils at this link, https://bit.ly/2p4arFy , including human health effects, exposure pathways, and factors to consider. Soil degradation is and will continue to be a concern for growers and gardeners, but understanding how and why we must prevent erosion, compaction, and contamination will lead to better soils for better crops. For more information about soil degradation, follow this link, https://bit.ly/2Qp5FiA, to "Building soils for Better Crops" Chapter called Soil Degradation: Erosion, compaction, and contamination and watch these videos, https://bit.ly/2Nb3Pnq (part 1) and https://bit.ly/2CQo7xX (part 2), provided by the University of Minnesota Extension about soil erosion and compaction. (Chandler Day)
Leave a Reply.
Ward Upham runs the Horticulture Response Center in the Department of Horticulture and Natural Resources at Kansas State University. Other contributors include K-State Extension Specialists.
September 2023


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Beyond Blessed Nanny - Purple - Makeup Bag
Beyond Blessed Nanny - Purple - Makeup Bag
There's more to makeup bags than meets the eye. Their main purpose is to store cosmetics, but they're often used to carry travel essentials, like cables, headphones, medicine, hygiene products. Some even use them as art supply cases. These curve-top bags will be the top multi-purpose item in any home with your unique design. They have a zipper for safety and a removable leather strap for comfort.
|6.3" × 9.4" × 3.3''
|Height, in
|Length, in
|Width, in
.: 100% PU faux leather
.: One size: 6.3" × 9.4" × 3.3'' (16cm × 23.8cm × 8.4cm)
.: Removable leather strap
.: Lightweight and compact
.: Black interior
.: Seam thread color automatically matched to design
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Qualcomm Shows Lenovo Smartbook – PC World.
This was my "secret" project from December 2008 to September of this year when I moved off of the project to the Global Digital Marketing role. Previewed today by Qualcomm by their CEO Paul Jacobs. Stay tuned. This is a very interesting product. What is a "Smartbook?" — take a Netbook and connect it via 3G to the Internet and run it on a super long battery life ARM processor with HD Flash video and optimize the whole thing for a cloud computing experience. The design on this baby is stunning (but I am biased).
Forbes.com has more details. I'll tell the full insider story at CES in January.


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Who in the police is sabotaging the case, and why? What is the connection between the jailed man and the wealthy family who paid for his defense? The questions mount along with the body count, both past and present. Smith, with a bizarre past he's determined at all costs to hide, at once finds a soul mate in Paige. But what has happened with all this other romances is destined to happen to this one, unless one of them can come up with a game changer. The game changers come fast in this taut plot, and at times you may wonder how much higher the body count can get. Well, I'm not telling. This is a 4.5, as good as it gets.
for more no-spoiler reviews, check out www.nuts4books.com , and thanks.
Karen Rose can be found at www.karenrosebooks.com


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10 September 2014 Ministry of Defence and The Rt Hon Michael Fallon MP
The Defence Secretary has called on the EU to maintain momentum on investment and rapid reaction capability.
During a visit to Milan, Michael Fallon joined EU defence ministers for discussions about security, defence and the situations in Iraq and Ukraine.
At the informal meeting, the ministers focused on:
- the development of a policy framework for long term defence co-operation
- the financing of EU missions and operations
- rapid response options available to members of the EU, beyond the EU battle groups
These latest discussions will support the development of European Council initiatives to strengthen the EU's common security and defence policy during formal council talks taking place in November.
The ministers also focused their talks on the EU response to the crisis in Ukraine, building on the progress made at the NATO Summit in Wales last week.
During the summit, the UK announced a double commitment of headquarters staff and a battle group to a NATO spearhead rapid reaction force, and a commitment of up to 3,000 troops to a new Joint Expeditionary Force.
The Defence Secretary said:
We need to maintain the momentum that the 22 EU member states who are also NATO members established in committing to defence investment and a rapid reaction force.
With huge security challenges across the Middle East and eastern Europe, building structures that allow us to respond to threats quickly and effectively is integral to our collective security.
The informal meeting also saw the EU defence ministers exchange views on the security situation in Iraq, Syria and Libya, with an aim to strengthen the EU member states' response.
Today, 10 September, there will be discussions around EU counter-piracy operations in the Indian Ocean and EU training and capacity-building missions in Mali and Somalia.


text: SCM Staff 17 Oct 2018 If 10,000 recent alumni donate to the University this year, the Thomas and Dorothy Leavey Foundation will give $1 million to SCU. The challenge continues over the next four years with the ante increasing annually to potentially $4 million. Generations of students have already benefited from the support of the Leavey Foundation, established by Thomas E. Leavey '22 and Dorothy Leavey. Scholarships have made SCU affordable to a diverse range of students. A gift from the foundation made possible the construction of the Leavey Center, home to SCU Athletics. And the foundation invested in programs that enable the Leavey School of Business to become nationally recognized. scu.edu/leaveychallenge/ Share


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Whether you're a serious sound designer or you just like making sonic effects that sound like everybody's favorite Wookie, we're happy to say this video is for you.
What better way to start your week than by watching objects that sound like Chewbacca from Star Wars. If you thought you'd need to apply effect processing to your own Chewbacca impresonations, hold that thought, save your voice, and try finding some of the objects in this video instead.
I bet when you were last recording found sounds you didn't expect to get Chewbacca sounds...
We're not suggesting the Star Wars sound designer, the great Benny Burtt, was inspired by the sound of a flushing toilet for Chewbacca (it might be the case, but we just don't know). However, good sound designers/sound recordists don't rule out the unusual in order to find their sounds. You can read more about the sound design workflows of Benny Burtt Jr. in our interview with him here.
This video, perhaps more than anything, demonstrates why having a portable recorder, or microphone for your smart phone, with you at all times is a great idea.
[Via: Playground +]


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Not actual community.
The Glen Laurel community boasts its own unique neighborhood and we take pride in its appearance. Beautifully-maintained entrances, luxurious landscaping and modern amenities create a living environment you'll love to call home. Experienced community owners and professional on-site management take care of the many important details, allowing you the luxury of carefree living. Our family of residents love taking advantage of our on-site amenities and community features:
Our closely-knit community offers unsurpassed convenience to a variety of urban attractions and opportunities. Hop on Interstate 85 and head to Charlotte for endless activities and cultural venues. Start your engines and cruise over to the Charlotte Motor Speedway. Planning your next family vacation? Head to the Great Wolf Lodge Water Park for a family-friendly getaway. Take a walk on the wild side and bring your little ones to the SEA LIFE Charlotte-Concord Aquarium for a "Built For Kids" education experience. Beyond the big city appeal of Concord, our community is surrounded by local parks and gorgeous nature trails that will take your breath away.
With so much to offer, isn't it time for you and your family to enjoy the advantages of living at Glen Laurel? We are the ideal lifestyle community for you and your family!
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"Friendly staff willing to help in any way. Only wish I had a bigger home, but nevertheless, top shelf people from management to maintenance."
"I am so thankful to be part of this loving Community and neighborhood. We arrived here 3 years ago, my husband's sisters followed us here shortly thereafter, and my daughter and her husband are looking forward to a future here at some point. The amenities are first-rate! The staff is very helpful and amazing."
"Friendly staff willing to help in any way. Only wish I had a bigger home, but nevertheless, top shelf people from management to maintenance."
"This community is wonderful! The entire environment is kept in pristine condition. The managers…do constant outreach to all of us (residents). They are exemplary in their outstanding selflessness. They exhaust us in their constant management of such a monumental job. They need a giant raise. We love them because they spoil us. Their hospitality is beyond any words!"
"I have already recommended 3 people in here and 2 of them bought."


text: Written By Kirsten Tyler Edibles / Folks / Food Events / Food News / Libations / Places Jul 3, 2019 EAT Buzz Up-island & Tofino July|August 2019 SHARE VIA: Facebook Twitter PinterestThe Buzz Up-island July 2019 "First we EAT, then we do everything else"(M.K.Fisher) – at least I do anyway. Never short of favourite places to stop at, it's sometimes hard to talk myself into trying someplace new, the tantalizing thoughts of remembered flavours strong on my tongue. Yet I can't help myself, I experiment and am often happily rewarded. You may remember Cowichan Bays' The Happy Goat Cheese Company. From their Parsonby, a semi-soft cheese washed in Spinnakers' beer to the traditional French Alpine Tommy de Vallée, Cory Spencer and Kirsten Thorarinson had no problem making regulars of their customers. Now also using the delicious Ayrshire milk produced by happy cows living at Bale Ayr Farm, the duo recently started making cow's milk cheese varieties and renamed the whole venture Haltwhistle Cheese Co. I am enchanted by their Thombury, the cows' milk counterpart to the goats' milk Tommy de Vallée. You'll find all their offerings at the Duncan Saturday market, or at www.haltwhistlecheese.com When you live on a 27-acre farm with lush orchards and a long tradition of growing apples, it would seem criminal not to make cider. Out of that idea came 9 diverse ciders to satisfy every palette. Try them all—one at a time of course—at Valley Cider in the Cowichan Valley and find the ones that make your taste buds sing. www.valleycider.com The new Ainslie Restaurant location in Duncan has a long, rich history as a place to eat good food, most recently as Bistro 161 and The Gourmet Gardens. Chef Ian Blom and wife Kimberly met in culinary school and having been raised in the Cowichan Valley, it was inevitable they'd plant roots where they knew the abundance of the natural bounty and great producers. Involving 3 generations, the Blom family aims to be on the leading edge of the local culinary scene sooner rather than later. www.theainslie.ca People who love bread rejoice! Salt Spring Island is home to a new bakery that already has a cult following; the bread is simply that good. Meet Francis Bread, where the naturally leavened, organic, wood-fired bread is made with a live sourdough starter and is worth the trek through Hastings House grounds. Follow your nose, and it will take you there without a doubt. Find them electronically on Facebook. These days there are countless options locally for sampling spirits, particularly gin and vodka. When they are small-batch, artisan-style distills such as the ones produced by Salt Spring Shine Craft Distillery, the care and attention applied by the two Cordon Bleu chefs shine through. Their use of only pure honey results in Hive vodka while the Honeycomb Moonshine represents a raw spirit derived from the fermentation of honey, water, and yeast. www.saltspringshine.com Burnt Honey Dessert Company in Nanaimo was started by Kara and Fiona Shedden. With flavours like miso butterscotch, rose, and mango sriracha, to name a few, these are not your typical macarons. Of course, Burnt Honey ice cream is a staple on their menu, but small-batch means they often sell out so try every flavour they have every chance you get. www.burnthoneydessertco.com Cooks Restaurant in Cumberland serves up comfort food on a different level. Their burgers are just the right mix of crispy-edged, broiled ground chuck, freshly smashed to order and dripping with gooey cheese or their insanely crunchy spicy chicken sandwich paired with a frosty cold glass of local brew. Sometimes, you just need to feed your soul, even if it drips down your chin. www.cooksrestaurant.ca Blue Spruce Ice Cream Shop in the Comox Valley is definitely worth a visit. The lemony Spruce Tip ice cream they created gave them their name, while Krupnik Caramel, made using a spiced honey liqueur from local Wayward Distillation and swirled with sweet and salty caramel, is their addiction, as well as mine! Each batch, whether dairy-free or not, is handmade with thoughtful consideration of your taste buds by chef Jonathan Frazier and Kirsten Wood. www.bluespruceicecream.com It's easy to see how my list of favourites gets longer every day … so many inspiring, forward-thinking chefs, so little time.The Buzz Tofino July 2019 EAT readers already know Tofino has rapidly been morphing into a dining destination as well as a storm and wildlife watching leader. And it's attracting the best. Like Carmen Ingham, formerly from Victoria's Olo, Villa Eyrie and Meat & Bread, who 5-star Wickaninnish Inn snapped up for their restaurant, The Pointe. Chef Ingham has been very busy employing techniques that emphasize the quality of the ingredients he uses, resulting in inspiring menus that are handmade, creative and inspirational. Soon to be a spectacular reality, Howard's Wine Cellar, also at The Pointe, will feature a 20-foot-long yellow cedar table and three temperature-controlled rooms divided by floor to ceiling glass, destined to be a haven for wine and those with the curiosity to appreciate it. www.thepointerestaurant.ca Barely 2 months old and still in transition (the boutique hotel portion) Ucluelet's newest addition, Pluvio + Rooms, is owned and operated by Warren Barr & Lily Verney-Downey. Named after the Latin noun 'Pluviophile,' meaning; 'for a lover of rain or a person who finds joy, solace and peace of mind in rain or during rainy days' it is definitely poised to be the next big thing. Along Warren's path to Pluvio, he was awarded the first-ever North Star Award for Continued Culinary Excellence by Food Day Canada, cooked at the acclaimed James Beard House for "The Flavours of Canada" event, took part in Canada C3 for Canada's 150th Anniversary of Confederation. He also participated in hosting and cooking for the 2018 International Congress "Rendez-Vous" of Relais & Châteaux in Quebec City. Barr and Verney-Downey are effortlessly headed for culinary greatness. www.pluvio.ca Long Beach Lodge, another of the iconic Tofino dining legend, recently welcomed Chef Shaun Snelling as their new Executive Chef. As Chef de Cuisine under the mentorship of Chef Wayne Martin of the upscale eatery, Fraiche, Bin 941/942, and the Opus Hotel, Shaun fine-tuned his love for dining and realized his personal cooking style. He adds a touch of West Coast flair to every dish while maintaining the high-quality experience guests know and love. www.longbeachlodgeresort.com"Pull up a chair. Take a taste. Come join us, life is so endlessly delicious." Ruth ReichlbakeryBeercafesCiderDrinkseventsFoodRestaurantsthe buzz SHARE VIA: Facebook Twitter Pinterest Written By: Kirsten Tyler ... Read More You may also like Recipes July 3, 2023 May|June Cover Recipe : Polenta Cake with Strawberry-Rhubarb Compote and Lemon Mascarpone Cream A creative take on traditional strawberry ... Read More Recipes March 6, 2023 March April Cover Recipe : Lemony Leek Cod Cakes The unpretentious and delicious fish cake gets an upgrade with chunks of fresh cod, tangy lemon zest, and creamy, sautéed ... Read More Food News November 2, 2022 Rancho Vignola – Vancouver Island Harvest Sale – November 25 & 26, 2022 For the ninth year in a row Rancho Vignola is setting up its Vancouver Island Harvest Sale here at the Mary Winspear Center in Sidney. Many of ... Read More Main course / Recipes / Salad November 1, 2022 Vietnamese Lemongrass Grilled Steak Salad All the flavours of southeast Asia are contained in this colourful, crunchy, and protein-rich ... Read More Breads/Pastries / Dessert / Recipes November 1, 2022 Sweet Endings — A Memory of Lemon Pudding Sweet Endings September ... Read More Breads/Pastries / Dessert / Recipes November 1, 2022 Sweet Endings — Chocolate Custard Cake Sweet Endings September ... Read More Comments are closed.


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Custom Silver and Blue Body Harness
What Kyra's working on today:
Kyra models her latest project.
Kyra is about halfway done with this custom piece. It features silver plated brass chain, Swarovski crystals, and Swarovski rhinestones. And it's SHINY.
Back view--more chains soon to be added!
When we asked Kyra its name, she said, "Body harness? That sounds better than 'Kyra has a sparkle attack.'"
Kyra has a sparkle attack.
Here's Kyra talking about her plans for completing the piece:
If you're interested in a similar custom piece, let us know! Kyra's happy to chat and create something you will love.


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STARK RAVING MAD dvd
(aka Execution)
DIRECTOR: George Hood
STARS: Russ Fast, Marcie Severson
SYNOPSIS: Indie film account of the real life Charlie Starkweather (19 yrs old) - Caril Ann Fugate (14 years old) murder spree in the 50's. They cut across Nebraska and Wyoming ultimately killing 11 people. Starts out with Starkweather getting ready for the electric chair and flashes back to the events which brought him there. Despite it's small budget the low key performances and rural settings make it an effective take on the subject. It is very similar to superior Badlands directed by Terrence Malick which covered the same ground. Amazingly, this one was supposedly shot the same year as Badlands (!) but did not surface until a video release in the early 80's!
*For more see: Night Caller, Strike Back, Crazed and The Intruder
Fullscreen / Color
Region Free NTSC dvd-R
BLACK dvd case (above image is the front cover art)
Buy "Stark Raving Mad" : $20.00
Home 〜 DVD List 〜 About 〜 Order Info 〜 Contact 〜 Newsletter 〜 Links 〜 New Arrivals
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Hire Data Scientists, Analysts, and Engineers
Temp or perm data talent for data-driven companies.
Our data science staffing and recruiting services have grown organically from our vast experience as consultants in analytics, business intelligence, and data management. When you need to hire data scientists, engineers, or analysts with a specific set of skills, industry experiences, or technical knowledge, our ability to locate top-notch candidates is unparalleled. Here's why:


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Osteoarthritis has been linked to an increased risk for cardiovascular disease, and a new study suggests that a large part of the risk comes from the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIDs).
In the study, published in Arthritis & Rheumatology, researchers matched 7,743 osteoarthritis patients with 23,229 healthy controls who rarely or never used NSAIDs. Confirming trends described in previous studies, the researchers found that, compared with healthy people, those with osteoarthritis had a 42% increased risk for congestive heart failure, a 17% increased risk for coronary heart disease, and a 14% increased risk for stroke.
After controlling for socioeconomic status, body mass index, high blood pressure, diabetes, high cholesterol, and other health factors, the researchers calculated that 41% of the increased risk for any cardiovascular event was attributable to the use of NSAIDs.
CategoriesClinical (79)
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Government Relations (21)
Policy Update (2)
Technology and Innovation (19)


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Primula glaucescens
Description and general information
Primula glaucescens is endemic to the southern Alps of northern Italy, between Lakes Garda and Como. In the wild it grows in moist, humus-rich limestone cracks, slopes and banks.
This species belongs to the Auriculastrum section which includes the popular P. auriculaand P. hirsuta. This primrose has very distinct foliage; the stiff, evergreen leaves are smooth with cartilaginous margins, somewhat similar to finger-nails. The pink to lilac flowers have pale eyes and are held in small clusters atop 5-15 cm stems.
This primrose requires well-drained yet moist, humus-rich soil in a position that is shaded from the afternoon sun. Alkaline soil is preferred.
Bloom period
March in the south to June in northern areas.
Propagation is by seed,division and cuttings.
Seed sown at 20 C should germinate within 3 months.
After flowering, large plants may be dug and divided into smaller pieces.
After flowering, cuttings about 5 cm long may be taken. Remove living and dead leaves from the lower 2 cm of the stem. Allow the cut end to callous befoe striking them in a peat-sand mix. Place them in a cool, shaded area. They should root within a few weeks and provide plants for setting out by late summer or early fall.
1. Primulas, the Complete Guide by Mary A. Robertson.
2. The Genus Primula, the Cultivation and the Wild by Josef H. Halda.


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I've been active on twitter since April 2011. While somewhat skeptical when I joined, I've come to see twitter as a useful professional resource. In the past, Adam Crymble and Jim Clifford have written helpful NiCHE posts explaining the benefits of twitter and providing some basic instruction on getting started. This post is intended to supplement their contributions by discussing my personal experience with twitter. The aim is to use myself as an example in order to help interested but unconvinced environmental historians to imagine what they might gain through joining twitter.
I was motived to join twitter by the potential of following the tweets of conference-goers at events I was unable to attend. Since last April, I have followed multiple conferences through twitter. While the experience is not comparable to attending in person, it does allow for a sense of some of the issues discussed, at least as perceived by those participants actively tweeting. The experience would be improved were there a higher number of twitter users at any given event. (I do wonder, however, if this improvement would come at the expense of the experience of those conference-goers actually in attendance. What happens to the in-room dialogue if many people are focused on reporting via twitter?)
With the possible exception of friendly tweets to colleagues who are also friends, my twitter presence is entirely professional. My bio, the short blurb displayed beneath a twitter user name, reads: "Environmental historian and historical geographer focusing on Canada, with a special interest in the Canadian prairies," and I have made the decision to post or distribute only material consistent with this description. Other historians, I should note, take a different approach to the matter, either in their bio or their postings or both, and their contributions to twitter are more eclectic (and probably far more interesting for that).
The main way I use twitter is as a compass pointing me toward good reads in the field of environmental or Canadian history. Many of the people I follow post links to popular or scholarly articles (whether authored by themselves or other authorities) on topics of mutual interest. Through twitter, I can quickly scan some of what my colleagues are reading, and make decisions about what pieces I want to take the time to read. When, in the course of my daily work, I find material that I think might interest others, I do my part by contributing a recommendation through a tweet.
Another way I have used twitter is to ask questions, many of which are related to whatever scholarly work I am doing at the moment. For instance, a few months ago, in the midst of some reading about agricultural science, I posted the following: "Is anybody working on an environmental history of nitrogen?" I received a number of replies, some saying such a study would be very interesting and some pointing me in the direction of relevant material. Obviously, such replies are not a definitive answer to my question, but they did form part of my information-gathering on the topic.
Twitter has figured in professional opportunities that have come my way. For example, a friend (who is also a professional colleague) drew the attention of a newspaper reporter to my work on the history of flooding in southern Manitoba. The friend, the reporter, and I were all following each other on twitter, so the connection was easily made. The result was a fairly extensive interview, published just a few weeks ago in the Winnipeg Free Press. Such a connection could have been made via email or through other means, of course, but the fact remains that it wasn't. Indeed, I'm not entirely sure the opportunity would have presented itself without my presence on twitter.
Twitter is also useful as a means of providing frequently updated content to a infrequently updated webpage. I maintain a professional web presence on wordpress, but changes in the form of blog posts or new publications do not happen with any great regularity. Through my twitter feed, displayed on my webpage through the use of what wordpress calls a widget, I am able to display to any visitor that I am still active in a scholarly manner.
Following other scholars, I am considering using twitter as an instructional tool in a course I will be teaching in May and June. My hope is that twitter might provide another means through which students could engage with each other and participate in class (though not necessarily by tweeting during class). By providing a course hashtag, an identifying phrase through which it is possible to search for all tweets on a particular topic, it should be possible for me to track students' comments and to include these in my assessment of course participation. Given my interest in diversifying the ways students can take part in my classes, I'm looking forward to seeing how this works.
So what, in my 10 months on twitter, have I gained? A new way to connect with colleagues, to find good stuff to read, and to access professional opportunities. And perhaps by the summer I'll add to this list a new way to engage with students. Has twitter been worth it for this environmental historian? Unequivocably: yes.
Latest posts by NiCHE Administrators (see all)
- Rural History Roundtable Fall 2023 Speaker Series – University of Guelph - September 18, 2023
- World Congress of Environmental History 2024 – Call for Papers and Posters - June 26, 2023
- Call for Applications: Black Indigenous Waterways Postdoctoral Fellowship - June 7, 2023
- 2023 Winner of Best Article/Chapter in Canadian Environmental History Prize - June 1, 2023
- Job – Lecturer in Environmental History, Newcastle University - June 1, 2023
- Canada's First Oil Boom: Kerosene Lighting in Canada, 1846-1920 - May 18, 2023
- Petrolias, Then & Now: Exploring Change & Continuity in the Ethics of Extraction - May 18, 2023
- Online Event – Decolonizing Ourselves: Legislating Broken Promises, Past and Present - May 1, 2023
- CFC – The Routledge Handbook of Health and Environmental Humanities - February 22, 2023
- WEBINAR: Supporting Modern Environmental Research with Digital Primary Sources - February 2, 2023


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The Gemini cryptocurrency exchange was formed in 2015 with the intent on further pushing the agenda that cryptocurrencies would have a profound effect on the financial sector. In this Gemini review, we look at the trading options, deposits, and withdrawals, associated fees, and answer the question, Is Gemini safe? The platform is the brainchild of the Winklevoss twins who are some of the shrewdest bitcoin traders.
The Gemini exchange is one of the fully regulated cryptocurrency exchanges, and it made headlines in the crypto world when it agreed to the regulation terms set by the New York State Department of Financial Services. This makes the exchange one of the most reliable digital trading platforms in the world.
Trading Options
The digital assets trading platform is available as a desktop app, as well as on mobile. The interface on both platforms is the regular user interface or the sandbox type. However, access to both the web and mobile interfaces, users need secure login details, and the traders can find charts, an order book, and more trading tools for analysis on the web interface.
Gemini's main digital assets are Ethereum and Bitcoin and the only fiat currency accepted on the site is the US dollar. Traders have several orders to choose from including
- Buy/Sell Stop
- Buy/Sell Limit
- Market Buy/Sell
- Good-till-day
The exchange does not give preference to any of its clients, and everyone gets the same type of account no matter their trading volume.
Deposits, Fees, and Withdrawals
Users of the platform can make deposits using the US dollar, or BTC and ETH cryptocurrencies. Gemini does not charge an amount for the deposits, but your bank and credit card company may charge you for the transaction. Gemini has two types of fees, trading fees charged for every trade you make, otherwise known as Maker-Taker fee. The fee is set at 0.01%, but it could sometimes be higher.
There are also transfer fees charged for moving funds to and from the trading account. These fees vary depending on the trading volume, so it is best to watch out for them. You will pay 0.002 BTC and 0.001 ETH for withdrawing the cryptocurrencies. There are certain deposit and withdrawal limits which are dependent on whether you are an individual or institutional investor.
Security and Support
Being a regulated cryptocurrency exchange, traders can rest easy knowing that their funds are safe. Gemini is bound to comply with the security, banking, and capital reserve regulations and they have kept not disappointed.
Above this, users must verify their accounts to trade on the platform. Other than the ordinary email and password, you also need to attach your government issued ID, passport, or driver's license. The platform also has equipped the user accounts with Google's 2-factor authenticator to safeguard the login process. They also store most of the digital assets in cold multi-signature wallets and an air-gapped storage system for extra protection.
In case you are facing difficulty at any stage of the trading process, you can always seek Gemini's customer support team. There are several channels including Twitter, Facebook, email, live chat on the website, and an online help desk.
Gemini is one of the few cryptocurrency exchanges based in the US. It also offers its services to Canada, the UK, Singapore, Hong Kong, and South Korea. With that said, they only accept BTC and ETH cryptocurrencies and this to most people is too restricting. We hope that the Gemini review above gave you insight into trading on the platform, you have a better bet using a regulated exchange such as Gemini over unregulated exchanges.


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BEAST wants you to "Guess Who?" in new Japanese single MV
BEAST is preparing to release a new Japanese album as they drop the latest short version of their newest single, Guess Who?.
Released on February 29th, the short version music video for the leading track "Guess Who?" only plays a minute and 19-seconds long but gives fans a great listen into the upcoming release. With a trendy and catch beat that will have you grooving along, the music video not only plays as a lyric video but has dancers in black outfits and a white question mark in front show off powerful dance moves.
The album Guess Who? will contain BEAST's previously released 2015 monthly singles including "Hands Up," "YeY," and more, and will be officially available on March 9th. Check out the full tracklist below the video:
Track List
- ONE (Watch MV)
- HANDS UP (Watch MV)
- CAN'T WAIT TO LOVE YOU (Watch MV)
- THIS IS MY LIFE (Watch MV)
- #TBM (Watch MV)
- YeY -Japanese Version- (Watch MV)
- Only One (Watch MV)
- ALL IS IN U (Watch MV)
- 最後の一言 (Saigono Hitokoto) (Watch MV)
- STAY FOREVER YOUNG (Watch MV)


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A cabinet can stand alone, be built into a wall, or attached to a wall.
Refinishing or refurbishing your cabinets is a quick and inexpensive way to remodel a kitchen or bathroom. Instead of replacing your outdated cabinetry, you can update it by repainting it, antiquing it or simply changing the hardware. These alternatives will still give your kitchen or bathroom a new look and feel and will save you the hassle of having new cabinets installed.


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Vincy Strong Jersey
Regular price 30.00
Unit price per
On April 8th, the volcano La Soufrière erupted causing up to 20,000 to be evacuated and damaging infrastructure leaving them without water and electricity.
With each jersey sale, 100% of the profits will either go to the GoFundMe started by the Kickers Players, or (in the event the GoFundMe ends before jersey sales end) to the World Pediatric Project.
You can learn more about these great causes below:
Customer Reviews
The fit and feel of the jersey are amazing. It looks great on me!
I really liked the design and the material of the Vincy Strong jersey. I also like the cut and the fit of the jersey. I do think the sizing of the jersey was a bit off though. I am 6' tall and weigh 165lbs and the small jersey fit me. My wife got a small also but it is too big on her. It would be nice to have smaller sizes available. Thank you!
This is one of my favorite kits from a very large collection. Very well designed, solid material and was made for a great cause. Would recommend it to anyone.
Great looking shirt, with a true fit unlike some shirts which you have to size up for. Absolutely love it.
Bold and colorful design made this charity kit so appetizing to begin with, but after getting it and wearing it I know I'll be getting another O&Y jersey sometime soon.


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Justin Theroux in legal tussle with Greenwich Village neighbor
Actor Justin Theroux, fresh off a breakup with Jennifer Aniston, is facing more domestic drama — an irate neighbor who says the star "should watch his language."
The long-running property boundary battle between "The Leftovers" star and attorney Norman Resnicow escalated in new court papers that revealed just how nasty the case has become.
"Justin Theroux describes my conduct as 'patently creepy,' 'peculiar,' 'strange,' and 'inexplicable,'" Resnicow, 70, said in an affidavit filed Friday in Manhattan Supreme Court.
"That young man should watch his language."
Justin Theroux cancels 'Colbert' appearance after Aniston breakup
Theroux, 46, filed suit in May against Resnicow, charging that the downstairs neighbor was wrongly demanding $ 30,000 in soundproofing and had ruined ivy along exterior walls in the Greenwich Village co-op building.
The actor also said Resnicow was trespassing on his property and spying on him. Theroux submitted photos of Resnicow in his pajamas, allegedly hassling workers renovating his roof deck.
Resnicow countered that Theroux neglected his dogs. The lawyer also charged that water leaks from Theroux's portion of the roof terrace caused a toxic "mold infestation."
"Theroux remained blithely unconcerned throughout that years-long ordeal. My wife and I could choke on mold as far as he was concerned," Resnicow said. "I am still on twice-daily doses of an expensive steroid inhaler."
Aniston, Theroux met on Valentine's Day, decided to reveal split
Resnicow also said that he learned in early 2016 that Theroux's balcony and staircase leading from the actor's apartment to his portion of the roof terrace were "heavily deteriorated."
"Theroux dismisses my concern about the condition of the balcony and stairs as 'hysteria.' I say: Go ahead, Justin. You live under that "unstable hunk of metal," Resnicow said.
Theroux seeks a judge's order barring Resnicow from setting foot on his property. He and Aniston issued a statement on Feb. 15 announcing that after seven years together they were separating.
"We are two best friends who have decided to part ways as a couple, but look forward to continuing our cherished friendship," the couple said.
Resnicow dismissed reports that tensions between him and Theroux affected the actor's relationship with Aniston.
"Justin pushing her to be in his smallish, dark, no-doorman apartment was not decent. It's a great little building with good people, but it's totally not for Jennifer," he said.
"Everybody knows Jennifer hated the place."
A spokeswoman for the actor dismissed the latest allegations from his neighbor.
"Resnicow's bizarre comments might carry more weight had he ever actually met Jen or toured Justin's apartment, neither of which has ever happened," Theroux's spokeswoman said.
"The leaks and conditions of which Resnicow complains are a building issue. Justin's deck and apartment had nothing to do with those claimed issues and Resnicow knows it."


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Soleus muscle pain is common and can be a real nuisance due to that fact that the muscle's main function is to stabilize the ankle joint and help push the foot off the ground.
The soleus muscle is one of three muscles located in the calf. It's located at the back of the leg, beginning below the knee and ending at the heel. The soleus muscle is what helps form the Achilles tendon. Aside from being an important muscle for walking and running, the soleus helps circulate blood by returning it to the heart.
Soleus muscle strain or injury can make it very difficult to perform daily tasks and recreational activities. Someone who suffers from soleus muscle pain will likely have trouble going up and down the stairs, running, dancing, or walking briskly. This type of calf muscle pain can also lead to a sense of imbalance.
What Are the Causes and Symptoms of Soleus Muscle Pain?
Soleus muscle pain symptoms can involve the heel, ankle, knee, calf, and even the back. There are times when the pain can be extreme. For instance, many people with soleus pain report experiencing discomfort in the heel to the point where they are not able to put weight on the affected foot. A list of common soleus pain symptoms is listed below.
- Pain in the calf that radiates to the back of the knee
- Severe pain in the ankle that makes it hard to bear weight
- Severe knee pain
- Low back pain
- Sensitivity in the lower back area
- Circulation problems in the affected foot
Soleus pain causes are often linked to certain activities, but there is one cause that you could say is due to inactivity. Check out the list of soleus muscle pain causes below to see what we mean.
- Walking on inclines, such as hills
- Frequent stair climbing
- Frequent cycling
- Playing tennis
- Participating in long jump
- Wearing high heels
- Using a recliner a lot
- Improper alignment when standing
- Age-related inactivity
It may sound like it is easy to strain the soleus, but it actually takes a lot of stress to injure this muscle. The reason the problem is so common is that running uphill forces the knee to bend more than usual, putting stress on the soleus muscle. Additionally, as we age, we tend to be less active. When an older person goes from being sedentary to suddenly navigating a hill or stairs, it can strain what has become a very weak muscle.
Some people are more likely to have soleus muscle strain than others. Risk factors include having peripheral vascular disease, thrombophlebitis, deep vein thrombosis, varicose veins, nocturnal cramping or posterior compartment syndrome, which is also referred to as posterior shin splints. It is also not unusual for those who experience frequent knee dislocation, heel spurs, baker's cyst, Achilles tendon rupture, plantar fasciitis, or sciatica to get soleus muscle pain.
How to Know If You Have a Strained Soleus Muscle
It's true that some of the symptoms we described could be associated with other muscle injuries or health conditions. So, how do you actually know if you've strained your soleus muscle? Well, there are a few simple tests you can perform to diagnose your muscle strain.
Bent Knee Heel Raises: Stand barefoot with your feet parallel and about shoulder-width apart. Bend the knees as far as possible while keeping the heels on the floor and keeping the back erect. The next step is to rise up onto the balls of the feet several times while keeping the knees bent. If you feel discomfort or pain, it could be a soleus muscle strain.
Single Leg Bent Knee Heel Raises: This is a variation of the first test. Stand on the injured leg, holding something to help you with your balance. Rise onto the ball of the foot while keeping the knee bent to see if there is any discomfort.
Alignment Test: Stand naturally and take a look at the alignment of the feet. Well-aligned feet are parallel or rotated outward no more than about 5 degrees. Pronated feet rotate about 10–20 degrees. Also, when someone bends their knees, they will go straight forward, while the feet point outward.
How Is a Strained Soleus Muscle Treated?
Soleus muscle pain treatment is usually pretty conservative. In fact, some of the approaches can be handled at home.
Here's an outline of soleus muscle treatment options:
- Rest: Not bearing weight on the injured foot for a week or so can allow the muscle to begin to heal. It will also allow any swelling to come down.
- Elevation: Using pillows to keep the soleus elevated above the heart for as long as possible for the first day can be effective in reducing any swelling.
- Heat and Ice: Applying ice packs to the injured area for 15–20 minutes a few times each day can help. Using a warm compress to lower swelling and inflammation is also an option for soleus pain treatment.
- NSAID: Some people are prescribed an anti-inflammatory medication to reduce the pain and inflammation.
- Wraps: These are used to compress the affected area, helping with swelling and pain relief.
- Active Release Technique (ART): This is a hands-on technique to treat muscle, ligament, fascia, tendon, nerve, or capsule pain. In the case of soleus pain, the muscle is held with tension applied to the tissue. It is different from massage in that there is no skin tension or sliding on the skin with the hand. The practitioner uses his or her hands to feel abnormal or damaged tissue. While tension is being applied, the patient will be asked to move the injury from a shortened to a lengthened position.
If pain is unbearable or doesn't seem to go away after about three days, see a doctor. Your doctor may recommend the use of mobility aids, such as crutches for a short time.
Soleus Stretches and Exercises
There are a number of exercises for the soleus muscle. Some of them require equipment, such as machinery found in a gym, while other exercises can be performed with props that are accessible in most homes.
The following are considered effective soleus muscle exercises:
Seated Calf Extension
Using either a calf extension machine or a combination calf extension/leg press machine, move the seat close to the foot pedals so your knees are bent to 90 degrees or as close to that as possible. Place your feet on the pedals and grasp the handles below the seat. With your feet connected to the pedals, press your toes away from your shins, extending your ankles. Release and bring your toes toward your shin to stretch your calves.
Seated Soleus Stretch
This is one of several soleus stretches. You sit on the floor with both legs extended out straight, then draw one heel in toward your body. Relax the knee out to the side so the sole of your foot is tucked toward your opposite thigh. You can then bend your other knee and draw your heel in toward your glute with your toes raised in the air. Now, grasp the ball of your foot and gently pull your toes in toward your shin and hold for 30 seconds. Repeat on the other side.
Wall Stretch
This is considered one of the easiest stretches of the soleus muscle. You stand several feet away from the wall and place both hands against it. Put one foot about a foot away from the wall while the other foot is back three or four feet. Push both feet flat to the floor and push your back knee toward the ground. Hold for 10–15 seconds, relax, and switch the position of your feet so you can stretch out the other leg.
Towel Stretch
Lie on your back with one leg extended while the other knee is bent with the foot flat on the floor. Place a towel under the toes of the bent leg and pull up so your leg is straight in the air. Pull on the towel to pull your toes toward your body as you use your soleus muscle to push your heel toward the ceiling. Hold for 10 to 15 seconds and return your leg to the floor. Repeat this soleus stretch on the other leg.
Stair Soleus Stretch
To do this exercise, you stand with the balls of both feet on the stairs. Bend your right knee and let the left heel drop below the stair. To stretch the soleus, bend your left knee. Hold the stretch for a few seconds and switch legs.
Chair Stretch
Sit on the edge of a chair with your left foot on the floor. You can then straighten your right leg out, putting your heel on the floor. Pull your toes up toward your head until you feel a stretch in the back of your calf. Bend your knee slightly and you will be targeting the soleus. Lean forward at your hips if you want to increase the stretch. Hold for 20–30 seconds and repeat three times before switching legs.
Knee to Chest Soleus Stretch
Sit on a hard surface with your legs in front of you. Bend your right knee and bring it close to your chest. While keeping your heel on the floor, lift your toes up toward your head. Grab the ball of your foot with both hands. Gently pull until you feel a stretch along the back of your calf. Hold for 20 to 30 seconds and repeat three times on each leg
Seated Calf Raise
Sit in a chair and place a book under the balls of your feet. Lift your heels as high as you can and then lower them so they land below the level of the book. Try to do 25 repetitions.
Whether you are doing soleus stretches or other forms of soleus exercise, you should be careful not to overdo it. If you feel pain, stop. Here are some dos and don'ts when it comes to soleus stretching:
- Warm up your muscles before any stretching
- Stretch slowly
- Breath normally to improve blood circulation to the muscles
- Move into deeper stretches gradually as you build strength
- Hold a stretch for a minimum 30 seconds if you can
- Overstretch the muscle to the point where you feel pain
- Bounce in any of the poses
- Stretch cold muscles since it can do more harm
Soleus muscle strain recovery can take time, and it can mean that you have to give up some of your regular activities temporarily, including sports. However, the sooner you address the problem with proper treatment, including soleus exercises, the sooner you will be able to get back to regular life.
If you are experiencing severe pain in your calf, seek medical attention as soon as possible. Getting diagnosed and receiving recovery instructions that suit your individual situation can help you avoid recurring soleus pain.
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Q: Dr. Cravatta, I understand that you are both a chiropractor and an Ayurvedic practitioner. How did you become interested in the practice of Ayurveda?
MJC: I've been a direct disciple of Babaji of the Kriya Yoga lineage for many years. In 1979, I felt the inner guidance, which I believe came from Babaji, to begin studying Ayurveda. I realized a few years later, however, that for karmic reasons I also needed to become a chiropractor, so in 1982 I enrolled in chiropractic college. Being a chiropractor has proved helpful in my practice of Ayurveda – I will sometimes combine an Ayurvedic consultation with a chiropractic adjustment.
After graduating from chiropractic college in 1987, I studied Ayurveda with a number of Indian practitioners in this country, including an outstanding doctor from New Delhi who would visit the United States once a year. When this doctor no longer came, I prayed to Babaji that I needed further study. From then on, I received the teachings from Babaji intuitively. Most of what I know about the deeper aspects of Ayurveda comes from Babaji.
Q: What is Ayurveda?
MJC: Ayurveda is a system of natural medicine from India that is said to be over 5,000 years old. It is based on truths that were cognized by the rishis (sages) in deep meditation. Much of the original Ayurvedic science became lost during the Dark Age of Kali Yuga, but the deeper Ayurvedic truths are again beginning to surface.
Q: Do you see yourself as blazing a trail for a new type of Ayurvedic practice?
MJC: In my practice I try to present the deeper aspects of Ayurveda in a way that helps people see the connection between their attitudes and the "imbalances" that lead to illness, and how their attitudes relate to their karmic lessons in this lifetime. I believe there is a divine purpose to our lives and that illness can motivate us to work on important karmic issues and fulfill our life purpose.
Q: I understand that pulse diagnosis is one of the main diagnostic tools for Ayurveda. How does Ayurvedic pulse analysis differ a nurse's reading of a pulse?
MJC: When a nurse feels your pulse she's tuning into a physical process. Ayurvedic pulse analysis is a means of accessing information stored in a person's energy body. Everything relating to a person's physical, mental, and emotional nature is stored in the energy body. By reading someone's pulse, I can determine if that person has an illness and the imbalances that led to that illness. I can also determine whether that person has imbalances that might lead to illness.
Q: Can you explain what you mean by "imbalances?"
MJC: Yes. In every person there are three basic health-related influences or what in Ayurveda we call doshas. These are known as vata, pitta, and kapha. Everyone has all three doshas in their body type but in differing proportions. For each person there is an optimal or properly "balanced" combination of these three influences, which varies from person to person. Deviations from the optimal create imbalances.
Q: In your many years of practice, what are the main imbalances you've seen?
MJC: By far the most frequent imbalance occurs in the vata dosha and is known as prana vata. I've read over 40,000 pulses in my career and rarely did I encounter someone who did not have a prana vata imbalance.
A prana vata imbalance causes a person to have a restless, overly active mind and difficulty in perceiving reality correctly. Often there's insomnia, and a tendency to worry and replay mental "tapes" of past experiences. There may also be a tendency to be paranoid and to jump to wrong conclusions.
Q: Are there other common imbalances?
MJC: Yes. The two other most common imbalances involve the pitta dosha. Pitta is related to the fire element and people with an excess of pitta have a tendency toward negative attitudes and emotions — frustration, sadness, disappointment, impatience, anger, irritability, self-pity. The failure to process and release negative attitudes and emotions is the main cause of sadhaka pitta, which is the second most common imbalance that I see in my practice. When not processed and released, negative attitudes and emotions are stored in the energy body.
The third most common imbalance is ranjaka pitta. A ranjaka pitta imbalance usually results from feelings of being wronged or abused. Often there have been instances of actual abuse, persecution, or other serious "wrongs" in the person's life. The imbalance occurs when a person feels justified in hanging on to the feeling of being wronged and is unable to accept responsibility for having attracted that karma.
Q: Can you give an example of how these imbalances lead to illness?
MJC: Let's look at adult-onset diabetes. Most cases of adult-onset diabetes involve a pitta imbalance caused by not fully processing emotional experiences. Usually there's a holding on to disappointments, regrets, and to feelings of being wronged. There might also be the kind of intense, driving energy associated with "type A" personalities.
The accumulation of these unprocessed emotions and attitudes generates heat and inflammation in the body undermining the functioning of the body's internal organs and cells, a process which can, in time, inhibit the cells' ability to process glucose.
With adult-onset diabetes, it is said that unprocessed emotions block one's ability to experience the "sweetness" that life can offer. The life lesson will include understanding that absolutely everything that happens in life is an opportunity to work on our karma. Without this understanding, a person will usually feel "wronged." It's the holding on to the feeling of being "wronged" that leads to diabetes, a heat-related disease.
Q: If having a predominance of pitta in one's body type can predispose a person to certain imbalances and illnesses, it seems that it would be important to know one's body type?
MJC: It's very important. Our body type reflects the life lessons we need to learn in our soul journey. Understanding your body type is like having a roadmap to better health. You understand what attitudes you need to work on and what lifestyle changes you need to make.
Q: You stated previously that the most common and also the most serious imbalance is prana vata. Can you explain how a prana vata imbalance affects a person's health?
MJC: A prana vata imbalance is a factor in all major diseases, including diabetes and cancer. A long-standing prana vata imbalance constricts the flow of life force in the body and weakens the immune system. The more active, and restless a person's mind, the more constricted the flow of life force and the greater the impact on the immune system and on all bodily systems and cells.
Q: You mentioned that a prana vata imbalance is often a factor in the onset of cancer. Can you explain how that occurs?
MJC: Yes. Let's look at colon cancer, which is relatively common today. When people hold a lot of stress in the abdominal area, it affects their digestion and elimination, causing toxins to build up. The build-up of toxins and wastes in the colon aggravates prana vata, which weakens the immune system and constricts the flow of life force.
In my experience, most if not all cancers also involve negativity. Negativity generates heat and inflammation in the body which, as we saw with diabetes, can undermine the functioning of the internal organs and bodily cells. The negativity may not be obvious. It might be that someone is highly critical but doesn't show it outwardly.
So, to sum up: the combination of toxic build-up in the colon, a reduced flow of life force throughout the body, a weakened immune system, and an increase of heat and inflammation throughout the body can in time result in colon cancer.
Q: Does breast cancer also involve unprocessed attitudes and emotions, and inflammation in the organs and cells?
MJC: Yes. Breast cancer is very much related to the heart and to unprocessed feelings and emotions. In this instance, the resulting heat and inflammation will often increase the rajasic element in the body's hormonal cells.
Q: How do you help your patients transcend the attitudes that lead to imbalances and illness?
MJC: I think a big lesson for many people with serious illnesses and especially cancer is forgiveness—learning to forgive people for not being perfect and to recognize that all people are working on their life's lessons. With an attitude of forgiveness we become grateful for life's lessons. We recognize the truth that there are no "mistakes" and that every single aspect of our life is designed to facilitate our working on our life lessons.
Q: Of all the imbalances, which is the most important one to try to correct?
MJC: I would say prana vata because of its powerful effect on the immune system and the flow of life force in the body. Yet people today tend to do things that aggravate prana vata.
Q: Can you give a few examples?
MJC: Multi-tasking is a big one. Driving and talking on a cell phone. Talking on the phone while watching the computer screen. Reading while eating a meal. When you do more than one thing at a time, it divides the mind and increases prana vata.
The solution is for people to put their attention on one thing at a time. When they're working on the computer, that's should be all they are doing. When they're eating a meal, they should only be doing that. Doing only one thing at a time is a big help in reducing prana vata.
People also need to watch what goes on in the mind. They may think, "Oh, I'm not doing two things at the same time." They may not be doing two things, but if their minds are focusing on more than one thing at a time, the mind becomes scattered. The more scattered the mind, the greater the prana vata imbalance.
Having a regular schedule of sleep, waking, and eating is also very important in preventing and reducing prana vata. Caffeine and alcohol aggravate prana vata.
Q: Is it correct that Ayurveda places a great deal of the responsibility for healing on the individual?
MJC: Yes. To benefit from Ayurveda people need to take responsibility for their own healthcare – meditation, diet, exercise, getting enough sleep. What kind of thoughts do they have? Are they multi-tasking?
Q: Why do some people not take responsibility?
MJC: I can think of a number of reasons. Some may have such a big prana vata imbalance that they become scattered and simply forget. They may intend to work on calming the mind but then forget! Also, the more active and busy a person's mind, the less able they are to see themselves in reality and to see that they are not taking care of themselves.
Another reason is second-guessing the diagnosis, which can also stem from prana vata and an overly active mind: "Did the doctor do the diagnosis right? Am I taking the right herbs?" The mind just goes on and on.
A third reason is that a people with a prana vata imbalance often don't think clearly and can misinterpret what they've experienced. When you combine that lack of clarity with the kind of pitta imbalance that makes a person inflexible, you can easily have someone who is resistant to treatment.
A final reason would be a pitta imbalance in the heart, and a sense of sadness and lack of fulfillment. People with this kind of imbalance often believe that no form of treatment will ever help them. Usually they don't take care of themselves because they think, "I'm not worthy of love," or "I'm overweight anyway, so who really cares?"
Q: Roughly what percent of your patients listen to you?
MJC: I always have drawn a lot of devotees in my practice but I'm now drawing devotees who are deeper on the spiritual path and highly motivated to work on their imbalances. They understand how getting rid of their imbalances and becoming more grounded, less restless, and more flexible will help them spiritually.
Q: What kind of remedies and practices do you recommend for people?
MJC: Meditation is at the top of the list, but if a person is not yet calm enough to meditate, I might first recommend breathing exercises such as alternate nostril breathing, which is calming and cooling to the nervous system. I also recommend affirmations and visualizations relating to the chakras affected by their imbalances.
Herbs are a very important part of what I recommend. With Babaji's guidance, I recently developed a number of herb formulas that address the kinds of imbalances I commonly see in my practice. The herbs have a balancing effect on the doshas, chakras, and the energy body. There are also nasya oils based on the same herb formulas that give a quick input into the nervous system through the nostrils.
Q: You describe what you practice as "Shaktiveda Ayurveda." Can you explain what that means?
Shaktiveda Ayurveda includes pulse diagnosis and the different therapies and practices I recommend for the imbalances that lead to illness. I also recently completed a DVD which combines a number of different therapies.
Q: How do you see the future of your practice?
MJC: Eventually, I may focus more on people who are prepared to delve deeply into the underlying imbalances. My specialty is being able to help people see what blocks them, and as I evolve spiritually, that ability evolves in me. Today I'm better at reading pulses than I was five or ten years ago.
Q: Does Babaji give you more understanding of the pulse as you grow spiritually?
MJC: Yes. I gain a deeper understanding of how everything revealed by the pulse fits together. Having this big picture enables me to see why people have certain symptoms, what the imbalances are, and what life lessons they need to work on. But it's all from Babaji, not from me.
Q: When you do Ayurvedic pulse readings, how would you describe Babaji's relationship to you?
MJC: He opens up a channel that allows me to get the truth. But it's his blessings. It's not from me.


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Google Play is the place we can find, download, update, install, uninstall all kinds of apps and games on Android devices. If you intend to install applications from other sources, the installation will be blocked unless you have changed the security settings on the phone to allow the installation of unknown apps or apps from third-party sources. Today, we will use a itel mobile phone in the demo to show you how to install unknown apps or apps from third-party or unknown sources on itel mobile phones and other Android devices.
Launch the Settings on your itel phone, proceed to Apps & notifications > Special app access. See below screenshot.
On this Special app access screen, locate Install unknown apps.
When you on the Install unknown apps screen, you will see a list of apps on your mobile phone. By default, they will be set to 'Not allowed'.
Choose any apps from this list, then touch the toggle to enable 'Allow from this source' , you will then find its status turns to 'Allowed' which means you can run this specific app to find and install apps downloaded or received from third-party sources other than Google Play Store. For example, if you have allowed Chrome to install unknown apps, you can download apps from third-party websites onto your phone and directly install the app from the Chrome browser. When you saved apk files to the File Manager, grant the file explorer app the permission, so you can install apk files from there.


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A beautifully warm and ambery spiced rum scent released in 2013, Alyson Oldoini Rhum D'hiver merges elements of aromatic spice, luminous citrus and liquor. The top notes are a boozy yet balanced, bright effusion of Calabrian bergamot, kumquat and Sicilian lemon merged with hints of rum. The rum accord deepens and smooths as the scent settles, joined by spice nuances of steamed cardamom, nutmeg and vetiver.
Rhum D'hiver by Alyson Oldoini – Eau De Parfum Refillable Spray 41 ml f. herra
Alyson Oldoini – Eau De Parfum Refillable Spray 41 ml
Brand:Alyson Oldoini


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Preventing Ice Dams in Albany
While the Northeast winters bring the joys of skiing and sledding, and the beautiful backdrop of snowcapped mountains, they also bring some unwanted headaches. One in particular can cause serious damage to your roof and home… ice dams. Ice dams are those chunks of ice that form along the edges of your roof. While frozen, they're not much more trouble than icicles. But once it warms up, water melting off the roof pools behind the ice, then redirects back up under the shingles. Sometimes water can work its way up to 10 feet back. That's when the problems begin. Eventually it drips through the roof into the soffits, walls, and worst of all, onto your ceilings. Some common issues are rust spots on drywall fasteners, peeling paint, sagging drywall and stains around windows and doors. Dealing with insurance and the aggravation isn't something any of us want to deal with.
The most effective way to prevent ice dams are:
Attic Insulation – hire a professional to check the depth of your attic insulation and, if needed, use them to blow more insulation where needed. You're not going to save much money doing it on your own and you'll have piece of mind knowing it's done right.
Airflow in the Attic – adequate soffit openings and a proper ridge vent are critical in drawing in cold air and flushing out warm air, cooling the attic and the roof in the process.
If you have any questions about how to prevent ice dams or are experiencing problems or damage to your roof contact the professionals at Home Evolution right away.