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Professor Graeme Clark's discoveries led to the first multi-channel cochlear implant to bring hearing and speech effectively and safely to severely and profoundly deaf children.
In addition it is the first:
- Sensory-neural prosthesis to effectively and safely bring electronic technology into a direct physiological relation with the central nervous system and human consciousness
- Cochlear implant ("Bionic Ear") to be used clinically to give speech understanding to profoundly deaf people and spoken language to children born deaf
- Implant to be shown to be safe with no greater risk of meningitis than in the general community, provided care is taken to prevent postoperative infection, and manage those with high risk factors
When developed industrially by the Australian firm Cochlear Ltd the multi-channel cochlear implant has brought hearing and speech understanding to some hundreds of thousands of severely-to-profoundly deaf people in more than 100 countries. The implants have also made it possible for children born deaf to develop speech and language enabling them to communicate effectively in a world of sound.
His achievements were not previously thought possible as the cochlea is innervated by 10,000 to 20,000 neurons in a complex manner.
It was therefore considered by many that it would be impossible to provide speech understanding with a limited number of electrodes.
Since commencing research on electrical stimulation of the auditory pathways in 1967, Clark systematically undertook the basic and clinical research to bring about his discovery.
It has also provided important insights into brain function.


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Here, Steve Girdler concludes with a piece on getting the best information out of CVs.
The Curriculum Vitae is a prospective employee's first contact with you as an employer and has the potential to open the door to your company. For the person analysing the CVs, it is a task of great responsibility – one which can drastically affect the performance of a company. Despite this, the average time an employer spends looking at a CV is approximately 30 seconds. Little wonder, then, that during this time it is critical to use the seconds as effectively as possible.
Below is a checklist of things to look for beyond the immediate impact of the CV. After all, there is always a lot of information in a résumé; the real skill when analysing them is to look for things beyond the norm, quickly and efficiently.
1) A summary of qualifications. Look for why they are qualified to do a particular job. What makes them unique? Why should they be hired over someone else? What skills do they have for the position?
2) Remember not to look for the plain obvious in the candidate's current job description. If they are a telesales advisor, you already know that they can do telesales. What you are looking for are things such as whether they train others. How good are they at telesales? Do they contribute positively to the company values of their current employer? Were they able to keep up with targets and meet them consistently? Are they fast learners? The list of possible information is endless.
3) Education. Did they finish secondary school and university? Do they have a degree or any other type of qualification? Do they have any additional training or continuing education? Are they computer literate? Can they speak or read a foreign language? There are lots of things that can go under education. Make sure you analyse it properly.
4) Check whether they belong to any professional associations or are involved in their community. If so, do they hold any positions in those organisations? Do they coach any sports? Do they volunteer anywhere? This kind of information will not only give you something to talk about at interview stage, but will also outline how committed the candidate is as an individual.
5) Think about transferable skills. Look for personal skills and a brief description on how they have acquired each skill. Achievements and positions of responsibility can make all the difference when it comes to hiring the right person. Were they a course representative? Do they sit on a committee? Have they completed the Duke of Edinburgh's award scheme? Have they undertaken any voluntary work? This section of a CV is, arguably, the most important for employers as it sets aside people who have achieved more than a degree.
Remember: knowing what you are looking for when you are analysing a CV means that you can save time by eliminating interviews with people who do not have the skills for the job and who would not fit the culture of your company. While by no means perfect, looking a little deeper when analysing a person's CV can make all the difference to your business.
Steve Girdler is director of marketing at recruitment company Kelly Services UKTel: +44 20 7614 5650Website: www.kellyservices.co.uk

subset: commoncrawl


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Several people back in Tennessee have asked to read the story. It's a very personal story, but after my friend told me she was approached by two women at her bridge club who wanted her to thank me for sharing, I decided to put it here. The theme was Hope for The Holidays. Here's my story –
Tag: scars
Tell your story.
Our lives are a puzzle - made of so many different, odd shaped pieces. Those weird ones with the sharp angles, dark red or deep blue, that look more like someone else's bad dream than a piece of your puzzle.
My parents both had their own demons to deal with while raising four kids. I was always a daddy's girl and it took me thirty years to understand a lot of things, but I think I found the answers I needed. In my earlier blog, I shared some of my best memories. I touched on [...]
Gangs, Pain and Automobiles
I met a boy. Another underage kid with some detailed, well done tattoos. He was sixteen, but big for his age. With his height and his tattoos he could easily pass for eighteen - or twenty, but when he smiled at me he looked like a little boy. A kid. He was nervous so I [...]


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2014 Summer Patterns
Showing all 16 results
$ 2.95 Add to cart
Summer Fresh and Light Necklace Set
Such a fresh perspective on tatting, make delicate jewelry for the summer season. Designed by Kelly Dunn
$ 2.95 Add to cart
Checking it Twice!
Santa works behind the scenes all year long, but it's in the fall that he buckles down on his list! You better watch out, you better not cry, 'cause Santa is making his list and checking it twice. Oh yeah! Santa Claus is coming to town. Designed by Maria E. Gollek www.marnicdesigns.com Aspiring to inspire before I expire
$ 4.95 Add to cart
Gone Stitchin'
This design was inspired by a number of things: my discussions with Carla, a pile of junk at a charity auction, the model stitcher thinking a cat would be a cool addition, and my husband's suggestion for more colour. It all came together in Gone Stitchin', of which I'm justifiably proud of – hope you like it too! - Jo Gatenby Designed by Jo Gatenby [email protected] model stitcher Linnea Bain
$ 2.95 Add to cart
Madi's Wrap and Wendy's Comfort Me Blanket
Sometimes we can fall in love with a scarf or wrap so much, we want to make it into a blanket. That was the thought Wendy of The Yarn Store had when she finished crocheting Madi's wrap. She was taken by the lustrous and soft cotton and alpaca yarn and wanted a bigger piece for extra comfort. Designed by Madi Carlisle & Wendy L. Burton The Yarn Store 17817 Leslie Street, Unit 40 Newmarket, Ontario L3Y 8C6 www.theyarnstore.ca 905.853.7001
$ 3.95 Add to cart
Fiesta Shawl
This summer weight shawl is so versatile and can be made to look totally different just by changing the colours used. You may choose to use my colour choices or you may choose to use totally different colours. This is a fun project for you to unleash your inner designer. Designed by Laura Gebhardt [email protected]
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Bridal Nosegay
Beautiful shades of pink crocheted roses and carnations are an elegant addition to the bride's ensemble. Use these flowers as a nosegay, as shown, or to decorate at the bridal reception. Designed by Nazanin S. Fard www.redheart.com
$ 4.95 Add to cart
Summer Lace Tunic
There's comfort in a garment made of linen, almost like a second skin to keep the body cool and dry on a muggy day. The lace pattern offers extra breezy comfort at the beach or lazying around at home. Designed by Cindy Craig www.redheart.com
$ 4.95 Add to cart
She Wears Seashells Cover Up
This is a very clever summer cover-up! It's designed with a sideways knit yoke and mesh sleeves and body. The knitting starts with the yoke, then stitches are picked up and the rest is knit downwards. Why not knit a coordinating pair of seashell earrings to match? Designed by Denise Powell [email protected] Ravelry: DoctorKnit
$ 6.95 Add to cart
Kokimono Reading Jacket
In keeping with our "me time" theme, this reading jacket was designed for comfort. Worked in a cotton yarn, it is "summertime cozy". For a more wintery version, choose a nice, medium (worsted) weight wool. To accommodate today's technology, the sleeves have been designed to be roomy enough to hold an iPod ®, MP3 player or cell phone so that you can choose to have your phone handy or to add music while you read. Designed by Cynthia MacDougall www.CGKnitters.ca blog: cgknitters.blogspot.com ravelry name: macknitnow
$ 6.95 Add to cart
Time for Me Lapghan
A jacket kit in deep ocean blues inspired the original version of this lapghan. Worked in traditional Shetland pattern called Old Shale, adapting the 12-row repeat to an 11 row repeat makes the robe reversible. This incarnation of the same pattern uses a summery cotton/acrylic bouclé with a soft cream mohair blend to make the frothy crests to the 'waves'. This pattern really is easy enough for a beginner. Designed by Cynthia MacDougall www.CGKnitters.ca blog: cgknitters.blogspot.com ravelry name: macknitnow
$ 2.95 Add to cart
Victorian Sewing Pouch
In our sewing pouch we incorporated the edelweiss to represent Uschi's German heritage. The tiny white flower is a symbol of courage and purity. The ladybug is for Kerry's Irish ancestors, symbolizing protection and good fortune. The lily of the valley is a symbol of sweetness and happiness and the pearl represents wisdom, women, and faith. Designed by Ursula Greiner and Kerry Karram Wool Penny Rugs Enterprises Inc. www.woolpennyrugs.com
$ 2.95 Add to cart
Matryoshka Keepsake Case
There are endless embellishment possibilities for this little case. Follow your creative mind. This case is perfect for holding a ring, sewing needles, and small jewellery items to give as gifts. It would also make a great keepsake for a lock of baby hair or a child's first tooth. Designed by Michele Cheong 416.726.0811 [email protected]
$ 3.95 Add to cart
The Spa Quilt
The Spa Quilt is the perfect project to explore your creativity. Make it as a blanket or throw using contrasting fabric colours, assorted cottons, linens, yarn embellishment, appliqués, raw edge appliqués, and decorative stitches. Designed by Cheryl Stranges Product & Event Specialist husqvarnaviking.com pfaff.com seecherylsew.blogspot.com
$ 2.95 Add to cart
Flutterby Summer Tote
Pack your latest hand stitching project in your lovely new tote, include beach read, and fluffy towel and get out into our precious summer. Designed by Nancy Devine Heaven is Hand Made [email protected] nancywhiskeynancyo.blogspot.com
$ 4.95 Add to cart
Bargello Poppy Wallhanging
Try your hand at bargello quilting, it's easier than you think, when you follow the step by step diagrams and instructions. Designed by Jennifer Houlden Quilts by Jen www.quiltsbyjen.ca
$ 4.95 Add to cart
Splish Splash Wallhanging
You have got to make this table top for the summertime! It's splishy splashy and so well designed with buttonhole edges for the droplet appliques. Designed by Christine Baker Fairfield Road Designs P.O. Box 24, Brockville, Ontario K6V 5T7 [email protected] www.FairfieldRoadDesigns.com christinebaker-fairfieldroaddesigns.blogspot.ca www.facebook.com/FairfieldRoadDesigns


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Modern Printing Inc.
691 NW Main Street
Blackfoot, Idaho 83221
Phone: (208) 785-0550
Fax: (208) 785-3516
Mon-Fri 9:00 am to 5:00 pm
© Modern Printing, Inc.
Mon-Fri 9:00 am to 5:00 pm
If a dress or tie doesn't convey your company's style but you still want your employees to have a uniform look, consider a corporate casual program. We'll custom create a wardrobe to fit your company. You can choose from a number of popular tops for both men and women. Add slacks or skirts to ensure your employees show up and ready to represent your company image.


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We live in a society that is both more open and more frightened than any that has ever existed before. In the United States, the idea of the chaperone has become a quaint part of our history. What we've forgotten is that a chaperone served a very distinct purpose: A chaperone allowed two people to get together, while keeping an eye on things. Sure, you couldn't hold hands, or kiss, or – heaven forbid – do anything more intimate without being tsk-tsked to kingdom come, but it also meant that you didn't have to worry about improper or uncomfortable advances or fret that your date would interpret your intentions as less than honorable.
Having a chaperone along on a date may have felt restrictive, but it also meant safety. Today that restriction – and that safety – are gone. Now you're faced with the same urge to merge but with few guidelines and no one, other than yourself, for protection.
If the two of you are ever going to have a date, you have to be able to connect. Of course, you could agree to meet on a specific street corner or at a party or restaurant or after a class. But sooner or later, it will occur to one of you that being able to get in touch if plans should change would be nice – and that means a more personal way to connect, and that means a phone number.
Getting a phone number means that the two of you have moved from being strangers to at least being acquaintances, and that can be a very large and somewhat scary first step. To compound the problem, men and women have different senses of times and different sensibilities. Men often feel they have to ask for a number even when they have no interest, and women often feel they have to give out a number even if they have no interest. To help you, this chapter covers how to both get and give a phone number – with the minimum wear and tear on both of you. It also covers what to say during the call, and if you're hesitant to hand out your home phone number, you can also find phone number alternatives.
Asking for a Number
Whether you were introduced by friends, ran into one another on the street, or met at a party, unless you believe that the two of you share a karma that will cause you to run into one another again and again, you're either going to have to depend on blind fate or you're going to have to get a number: a home phone number or a cell number (a great option because it allows you to give out a number without having to transpose one of the last digits for someone you don't really want to give your phone number to.) If you really don't want to give a phone number, don't do it. Give a street address, an e-mail address, a business card, or something. (I know there's always the mutual friend route, but you're not in 7th grade any more – I hope. Plus, if you contact the other person directly, you get a lot more – and more reliable – information.)
There are only a limited number of reasons why you might ask for a phone number:
1. You want to call the person.
2. You're not sure whether you want to call the person but want the number just in case.
3. You know you don't want to call, but you don't want to appear rude. The following sections give you tips for handling each of these scenarios.
You want to get in touch with the person
When you know you want to call someone, obviously you need to ask for the phone number. One of the best ways to approach getting someone else's number is to demonstrate your good faith and to show that you're not Jack or Jacqueline the Ripper:
1. Smile, talk softly, and make eye contact. See Chapter 7 to find out how to approach someone without scaring the daylights out of them.
2. Ask for the number in a friendly, nonthreatening way. For example, instead of saying, "So, can I have your number?" try something like, "I'd really like to stay in touch. Is there a number where I can reach you?" Giving out your phone number if you want to is certainly okay, but doing so puts you in the position of waiting for his call. The best way to offset this position of passivity is to ask for his number as well. Or you can take his and not give yours. (Of course, if you have no intention of calling him, don't ask for the number. It's just as nasty for you to ask for his number and not call as it is for him to ask for your number and then not call you.) See the section "Giving Your Phone Number" later in this chapter for advice on how to take an active role in getting together.
3. Offer your own number. Offering your number is a great way to deflect suspicion by putting the proverbial ball in the other person's court. Offering rather than asking also allows you to be vulnerable first. You can win sensitivity points by saying, "Look, I know these days, a gorgeous woman like you has to be careful, so if you would prefer, I can give you a way to get in touch with me. I'd love to court you the old-fashioned way and call you, but I don't want to make you feel uncomfortable by asking you to give me your number if you're not ready."
You want to keep your options open
In a perfect world, you could actually say, "I'm not sure I want to call you, but, what the heck, give me your number just in case." Of course, a line like that isn't exactly flattering. You're probably better served by expressing an interest but giving yourself an out by saying something like this:
"Look, I'd really love to call you, but I'm . . . (pick one)
*really busy at work
*traveling a lot
*getting out of a relationship
*covered with herpes
*feeling poorly (not poor, which means you're in the midst of pecuniary strangulation)
*scheduled for surgery
*about to be drafted
Advice from the animal kingdom
Yes, even at our most well-behaved, we're still animals – human animals, but animals nonetheless. As a result, the same rules that apply to the larger animal kingdom sometimes apply to us. Lionel Tiger, an anthropology professor who has done a lot of work on animal behavior, reports that, to show that their intentions are honorable, animals bare their necks, the most vulnerable part of any animal's body. Where do you think we got the phrase "Go for the jugular (vein)"? And you thought it came from a Dracula movie. Therefore, the best way to show how honorable your intentions are is to bare your neck metaphorically: In other words, to get a phone number, offer your own.
. . . so if it's okay, I'd like to take your number and call you in a month or so." (Of course, if you use the herpes line, don't expect them to be too enthusiastic.)
When you take this approach, you're not misleading anyone or setting the other person up to hang by the phone waiting for you to call. You're simply keeping your options open without doing so at someone else's expense.
If you're feeling really ambivalent about asking for a phone number, you can always offer yours, saying, "Why not take my number?" Then if the other person calls, you can go out on his or her nickel and enthusiasm. After all, all of us like to be courted.
You're not interested in the other person, but you feel it's expected of you to ask for a number
If you're not interested, don't ask for the number. If you ask for a number, the assumption is that you intend to use it. Don't spread misery like peanut butter. If you have absolutely no interest in the other person and have no intention of calling, just don't ask.
Men especially feel that not asking for a phone number is really rude, but if you can just confine yourself to "See you around" or "Nice seeing you again," you'll spare yourself and the other person some wear and tear.
When not to "cell"
Somehow cell phones have allowed folks to forget basic manners and common sense. If the following list of times not to use cell phones doesn't seem absurdly obvious and straightforward to you, you need a basic attitude adjustment. If the list seems like silly fun and you suspect that my tongue is parked firmly in my cheek – bingo!
1. At a wedding
2. At a funeral
3. At the altar
4. On a date
5. During sex
6. In the shower
7. When comforting someone who is crying
8. When celebrating birthdays or anniversaries
9. When breaking up
10.When making up
Giving Your Phone Number
You've been enjoying the conversation (or not), have been flattered by the attention (or not), and now you're in the spotlight: Your phone number has been requested or his/her phone number has been offered. Now, whether you're wildly euphoric or praying that the floor will open and swallow you whole, you have to respond.
If someone wants to contact you, you may be tempted to give your phone number for these reasons:
1. You want him or her to get in touch.
2. You're not sure that you're interested, but you want to keep your options open.
3. You wouldn't spit on him if he were on fire, but you don't want to appear rude.
The following sections help you maneuver gracefully through these scenarios.
You'd like to see the person again
If you're interested and want to stay in touch, give out your number, but also get the other person's number. If you only give your number and don't get a waiting for a call. So make a deal. Say, "I'd love for you to have my number, and I'd love to have yours as well." Exchanging numbers has the following benefits:
1. You can give the other person a jingle if he/she doesn't call on your timetable.
2. You don't have to be passive or nasty, just a co-equal. No more waiting around for a call, and no more fuming because you never heard from Prince or Princess Charming again.
3. If the person turns out to be a bozo, you have something to fantasize about pasting on bathroom walls – "For a good time, call. . . ." (But don't do it! Paybacks can be really harsh.)
You're not sure whether you're interested
When you're not sure that you want the person to call, you can always say you're about to change your number because you've received too many hang-ups; the number used to belong to an escort service; or you want a cuter number.
If you decide that you want to give out your number and then, upon reflection, decide that it was a mistake, you can get an answering machine or a call block machine so that you can screen your calls. If it turns out that the person is more persistent than you'd like, you can change your number.
Another alternative if you're not sure whether you want to give out your phone number is to get the person's number instead. Of course, doing so means you have to call the person. (See the section "Asking for a Number" earlier in this chapter to find out why.)
Don't ask for a phone number as a defensive measure, as in, "I don't want you to have my number, but if I ask for yours, you'll be less intense about getting mine." Then you're just being creepy.
No way, Jose
If there is no way that you'd ever want to see this person again, don't be tempted to give your number. Doing so may be easy for the short term, but it actually makes the situation more uncomfortable because you'll end up causing yourself and the other person heartache not very far down the line. Even though it's difficult, it's better not to mislead them or give false hope. If you're not interested, be (gently) upfront about it and say, "Listen, I'm going to be very busy," or "You're very nice, but I'm going through a tough time right now," or "I'm about to move," or "I'm joining the French foreign legion." The main point is don't give someone your number if you don't want the person to call you.
Don't you dare give a wrong number (and yes, deliberately mixing up any two numbers in the sequence counts as a wrong number) or your mom's – or your best friend's or an old boyfriend's – number. Come on, this is dating, not terrorism.
Home phone or not?
Many women are reluctant to give out home numbers for safety's sake and are much more willing to give out work numbers because they're not alone at work and they (generally) work during the day. Work phone numbers create their own problems, however:
1. At work other people are around, which feels safer, but it's also less private.
2. Many if not all businesses frown on personal calls during the workday. If you've been given or are giving out a work number, understand that the conversations have to be shorter than they would be if you were using a home number.
Of course, not all home phone numbers automatically eliminate these problems. Sharing your home phone number with roommates or family can limit the length of the calls. If the phone has extensions, you may find that you restrict the content as well because you never know who may be listening in.
Life-saving cells
When it comes to dating, cell phones are really lifesavers, allowing you to remain coy about home and work numbers. Giving out a home number is giving an awful lot of information to a stranger. Giving a work number may compromise you at work because when they call, the timing may be unfortunate due to lack of privacy, running afoul of company policy, or any one of a number of constraints. An operator or a voice mail may identify the name and/or address of your workplace, which may be more information than you want a stranger to have about you initially. Ta-da – cell phones to the rescue! Among other things, cell phones have caller ID and are mobile, thus not identifying any geographical location where you can be found. The disadvantage of a cell over a land line is you can't block a cell number, but you know who it is before you have to answer. Also, if someone is sneaky enough to use "restricted," you can just let it ring through to voice mail. In a worst-case stalker scenario, it's a lot easier to change your cell phone number than your home or office phone.
As long as we're talking cell phones, just a note of caution here: If there's somebody in your life who has access to your cell phone bill, your entire life will be laid out, chapter and verse. Ma Bell has single handedly wiped out adultery as we know it with the combination of itemized bills, star (*) 69, and caller ID.
Phone number alternatives
There are a number of ways to give out a phone number without actually giving out a phone number:
1. I'm listed. If you want the person to get in touch, make sure you've made the listing clear as it appears in the phone book. In many cases, though, directing someone to the phone book means you've given out your home address as well. You can be a bit suaver but if your name is
hard to spell, you may have blown the deal.
2. Business card. A business card usually has a work phone number, often a fax number, a business address, and an e-mail address. If you don't have a business card, for very little money, you can have one printed up that gives out whatever information you want to share. (You can usually get around 500 business cards for between $15 and $25 or less.) If you are self-employed or work at home, having a business card can make you feel a little more professional as well.
3. Home address. Giving out a home address is a bit risky. Of course, sooner or later, if the two of you hook up, you're very likely to exchange home addresses. The question is, sooner or later? My advice is later – when you're sure this is someone you trust to behave respectfully and appropriately after he or she knows where you live. If you have even the most minor inkling that this person may surprise you by lurking on your doorstep, trust your instinct for heaven's sake, and don't give out your address.
4. E-mail. For many folks, giving out an e-mail address is a safer alternative than giving out a phone number. Of course, you have to balance your sense of safety and your need for intimacy. I may be old-fashioned, but I think that actually hearing a voice is a nice way to begin to connect with someone.
Decoding Girl Time versus Boy Time
Girl time is quite different from boy time. When a guy asks for a girl's number, she assumes that means he's going to call on the way home from the party. She checks her machine twice an hour, has the phone company check to make sure the line is okay, and won't take a bath for fear she'll miss the call. If Mom calls to talk about Dad's surgery, she'll politely mention that she's expecting an important call and will call back.
Guys, on the other hand, will almost never call on the way home from the party or even the next day. They think it makes them look too needy. Because nobody ever calls near a weekend for a first date, the better part of a week may pass before a guy even thinks about calling. If he left the number at home or gets busy or gets a cold, well, it may be two weeks before he calls. By this time, the woman is just plain furious.
It doesn't have to be this way.
If you really like a woman, it's okay to call the next day. It's also okay to make a date. Just don't stay on the phone too long and keep the patter light.
Cool your jets a bit. You've been smart enough to get his phone number, so you can wait this one out a while. If he hasn't called in a week or so and you want to give him a ring, fine. Just keep the conversation light and short and
don't ask why he hasn't called.
Talking on the phone is a nice way to begin getting to know one another. It's personal without being overly intimate: You're at arm's – or, literally, at phone's – length from one another.
During the first conversations, keep things short and casual. Those let's-putthe- phone-on-the-pillow-and-listen-to-each-other-breathe-as-we-fall-asleep things come much, much later. So don't worry about the sweaty palms (as long as the phone doesn't slip), don't hang up, and don't try too hard.
Never make a date with a machine. Whether it's the first date or the fiftieth, unless it's an emergency, get in touch with the person mouth to ear so that you know the message has been received loud and clear.
Rules in a Nutshell
The following are the rules for getting, giving, and using phone numbers:
1. If you want a number, ask and be willing to offer your own.
2. If you don't want to see the person again, don't ask for a number and don't give a number.
3. If you're not sure, build a time frame into your response so that nobody is sitting around waiting for you to call.
4. Exchanging phone numbers is the fun, easy part, so relax a bit and don't get too involved before you've even had a first date. It's not worth the stomach acid.
5. Calling and hanging up is not okay; neither is driving by. All states now have anti-stalking laws, and they are enforced (see Chapter 27 for information on stalking). Playing games can get you into serious trouble, so don't be silly here. Plus, caller ID has made hang-ups traceable. You don't need police on your doorstep as part of your dating experience. In a nutshell, a phone is quicker than pony express, less traumatic than a telegram, more personal than e-mail, more fun than smoke signals, and the first major step toward moving from strangers to something much bigger and better.


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Adhesives – Glue – Spray Adhesive
Adhesive Applicators – Glue Guns
Boxes – Moving Containers – Stock
Bundling Film – Masterwrap – Goodwrapper
Green Sweep – Dust Bane – Floor Compound
Hand Stretch Wrap – Pallet Wrap
Mailers and Envelopes – Padded Bubble Bags
GF Packaging, a division of Bunzl Canada, is the leading provider of industrial packaging supplies, warehouse supplies, fastening products, packaging equipment and service in Western Canada. From stretch wrap to labeling products and everything in between, we have the supplies you need. We serve both the industrial and residential sectors and partner with the premium suppliers of packaging supplies and warehouse supplies. We are proud to be able to provide full service and support for everything we sell.
You can use the e-Catalogue to quickly link, or associate, your product SKU with our's. Not only will this make browsing your products easier and more familiar, your SKU will be available on subsequent paperwork, including the packing slip that accompanies your shipments. This short Youtube video shows how to quickly make the links.


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Updated 2013 by Gill Deford, 2015 by Jeffrey S. Gutman
To a great extent, federal litigation practice is a motions practice. Legal aid attorneys often challenge agency regulations or practices on constitutional or statutory grounds or both. Facts are often not in dispute and plaintiffs seek judgment as a matter of law. In such cases, neither discovery nor settlement features prominently in the litigation strategy. Rather, such cases are resolved through motions to dismiss or for summary judgment.
6.3.A. Procedure on Motions
A motion is a request for a court order. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 7(b)(1) requires that all motions, except those made at trial, be made in writing and state with particularity the grounds supporting the motion and the relief or order sought. As discussed below, other rules set out specific requirements for particular kinds of motions. Typically, the motion is accompanied by a memorandum of law and a proposed order. When appropriate, you may establish facts in support of a motion by appending a declaration or an affidavit, which, in turn, may authenticate or explain attached documents or both. All motions are to be signed in accordance with Rule 11.1
Local rules of court typically provide detailed requirements regarding the form, content, length, and timing of motions, memoranda, and proposed orders.2 Motions are generally quite brief and simply state the nature of the motion and invite the court to review the accompanying memorandum.3 Local rules frequently require motions to certify that the movant consulted unsuccessfully with opposing counsel to resolve the matter at issue. Clerk's offices refuse to permit filing of such motions without a required certification. Review your local rules with care and comply with all such certification requirements. Local rules frequently also identify categories of information, such as social security numbers, names of children, dates of birth and identifiable financial data, which must not be filed electronically with the court. Ordinarily, such information must be redacted from public filings and, when necessary, filed under seal with the court. Before filing a document with the court, review it carefully for confidential personal information and consult the local rules and experienced attorneys in your office regarding filing requirements.
Motions practice may also be governed by standing orders of the court. Standing orders may be issued by the particular judge hearing the case, or the court may issue specific scheduling orders pursuant to Rule 16(b). Some courts use case management tracking systems based on the expected complexity of the case and direct cases into alternative dispute resolution procedures. If you are new to the district in which you are practicing, consult with senior attorneys in your office for advice on the sources of local written litigation procedure as well as the unwritten local customs and practices that judges and opposing counsel expect you to follow.
The amount of factual detail and legal support necessary for a memorandum of law depends on the nature of the motion involved, the anticipated position of the opposing party, and the expectations of the court. Most memoranda include a brief introduction to familiarize the court with the case and the issues presented in the motion and follow with sections containing the pertinent facts, statutory framework, legal arguments, and the specific relief requested in the motion. If you represent the moving party, do not forfeit the opportunity to file a reply brief. The reply can and should respond to the arguments made by the opposing party and identify the argument you have made that have gone unrefuted. It is generally best not to introduce new arguments in the reply brief in support of the motion; doing so will likely result in a request to file a sur-reply which gives your opponent the last word. The content of your briefs should be concise and persuasive; heated rhetoric is usually not effective.
Unless your local practice provides otherwise, a motion should be accompanied by a proposed order granting the relief your client requests. It should be cast in the present tense, so that the judge may execute the order in the presence of counsel at the time of presentation. A carefully considered and drafted proposed order may well be signed by a busy federal judge. If you are seeking several forms of relief, set forth each request in a separately numbered paragraph. Do not assume that the judge will simply ignore your proposed order and craft her own. A thoughtfully prepared proposed order is itself an advocacy piece and may create a framework for oral argument and the judge's consideration of your motion.
Although there are differences of opinion about the importance of oral argument, the better practice is to request oral argument on any motion critical to your case. If your motion is complicated or if opposing counsel has made strong arguments, oral argument may be useful. Similarly, if the judge assigned to your case is unfamiliar with or unsympathetic to the issues of legal aid clients, you may want an opportunity to answer any questions that the court may have or to persuade the court of the basis of the claims. If you have been constrained by the court's page limits on briefs, oral argument is an opportunity to elaborate on issues of particular interest to the judge.
Check your local rules or consult with those knowledgeable about unwritten practices to see what steps are necessary to request oral argument on a motion. In some districts, oral argument must be specifically requested; in others, it will be granted only upon a "proper showing" to the presiding judge. In many jurisdictions, oral argument is uncommon. If the assigned judge allows oral argument, find out how that judge conducts motions hearings. Sit in the courtroom for a few hours to observe; talk to other attorneys who have appeared before the judge. Find out whether the judge limits the time for argument and whether there is opportunity for rebuttal. The more you can learn about how a hearing might proceed, the more prepared and effective you can be.
6.3.B. Motions Addressed to the Pleadings and Parties
6.3.B.1. Rule 12
In many cases, a defendant's first response to a complaint is to file a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b).4 The defendant's Rule 12(b)(6) motion—the Rule 12(b) motion you are most likely to encounter— will generally argue either that the factual allegations made in the complaint, even if true, do not set forth a cognizable legal claim, or that the complaint is factually insufficient in that, for example, it fails to allege facts that are sufficient to state a plausible claim for relief. The first sort of argument raises questions of law for briefing, many or all of which you would have considered pre-filing and have discussed in your pre-filing litigation memorandum. The second sort of argument will require you to consider whether to oppose the motion on the ground that the complaint satisfies notice pleading standards,/5/ or whether to move to supplement or amend the complaint to add more factual allegations consistent with Rule 11.5
6.3.B.2. Rule 15
Rule 15(a)(1), which governs amending pleadings as a matter of course, was changed significantly effective December, 2009. It now permits a plaintiff that has filed a complaint an opportunity to amend the complaint without leave of court 1) within 21 days of service or 2) when an answer is required, within 21 days of the filing of the answer or 21 days after a Rule 12(b), (e) or (f) motion is filed, whichever is earlier. The purpose of the new rule is to permit the pleader a limited amount of time to amend their complaint in response to assertions made in the answer or arguments made in a Rule 12 motion. Doing so may serve to limit the disputes between the parties or moot points made in the Rule 12 motion. 6 No longer may the plaintiff wait after a motion to dismiss (filed without an answer) to file an amended complaint as a matter of course. And, no longer does the filing of an answer preclude the plaintiff from amending as a matter of course. Following the expiration of these periods (with or without the filing of an amended complaint), amended complaints may be filed only by leave of court or written consent of the adverse party. Leave to amend should be freely given. A court's refusal to grant leave to amend is reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard, unless the denial is based on futility, in which case the court applies a de novo standard of review.7 Typically, the motion for leave to file an amended complaint attaches the amended complaint, which is deemed filed when the motion is granted. In Krupski v. Costa Crociere S.p.A., the Supreme Court recently eplained the relation-back doctrine for amended pleadings that is set out in Rule 15(c).8
6.3.B.3. Rule 19
Legal aid advocates should have a working knowledge of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 19, which deals with the compulsory joinder of parties. Rule 19(a) establishes the rule for determining whether a party is "necessary" and who must therefore be joined if possible. Joinder may, however, not be feasible if the person is not subject to service of process, if joinder deprives the court of subject-matter jurisdiction, and if the party properly objects to venue.9 In such cases, Rule 19(b) requires the court to determine whether the action should proceed without the necessary party or whether the party is indispensable, and, therefore, the case must be dismissed.10
6.3.B.4. Rule 23
In class actions, the complaint should contain allegations concerning the class drafted in light of Rule 23. It should allege facts to support the requirements of numerosity, commonality, typicality, and representativeness. When practical, a motion for class certification can and should be filed with the complaint in order to lessen the defendant's ability to moot out the case by providing quick relief to the named plaintiffs. Other cases may require discovery to establish the factual basis for class certification. A motion for class certification and accompanying memorandum must contain the evidence and argument necessary to demonstrate that the prerequisites of Rule 23(a) are met and that the action is maintainable under one or more of the forms of class actions listed in Rule 23(b). Again, be sure to consult your local rules, because many districts have specific requirements on the form of class action complaints and a limited time, often sixty or ninety days, after filing the complaint within which the motion for class certification must be filed.11 In class actions in which you seek a temporary restraining order (TRO) or preliminary injunction on behalf of the class, you should move immediately for conditional class certification under Rule 23(c).
6.3.B.5. Rule 25
Legal aid attorneys frequently need to substitute parties when a client dies or becomes incompetent and when government officers change. Under Rule 25(a), if a party dies, but the claim survives, a motion to substitute may be made by any party or the decedent's successor or representative. The action is dismissed if the motion is not made within ninety days after "service of a statement noting the death."12 A statement or suggestion of death is not required to be filed.13 The ninety day period only begins to run upon filing and proper service.14 Given the language of the Rule, there is sometimes controversy over the nature of the document that qualifies as a "statement." Such a statement is a formal and specific document resembling Federal Rule of Civil Procedure Form 9. Federal courts have frequently described the triggering statement as a "formal" document.15 When a public officer is a party to a pending action and dies, resigns, or ceases to hold office, the successor is automatically substituted as a party.16 A suggestion of substitution may be filed by either party and the court may order substitution, but its failure to do so is not important.
6.3.C. Preliminary Relief
6.3.C.1. Preliminary Injunctions
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 65 governs motions for TROs and preliminary injunctions. Because complex and varying circumstances often arise, trial courts are given broad discretion over granting or denying preliminary relief. Such orders accordingly are reviewed for abuse of discretion.17 The standards for both TROs and preliminary injunctions are formulated by case law rather than by rule or statute; the standards have sometimes been formulated differently in different circuits. However, the Supreme Court's recent decision in Winter v. Natural Resources Defense Council, established a more exacting standard and limited to some degree a sliding scale approach.18 To obtain a preliminary injunction, the plaintiff must establish that it is:
likely to succeed on the merits;19
likely to suffer irreparable injury if preliminary relief is denied;
the balance of equities tips in the plaintiff's favor; and
an injunction would serve the public interest.20
The Court rejected the Ninth Circuit's sliding scale approach in which only a "possibility" of irreparable injury was sufficient when the plaintiff showed a "strong likelihood" of prevailing on the merits.21 Instead, the Court held that a likelihood of irreparable injury is required, in keeping with the notion that preliminary injunctive relief is an extraordinary remedy requiring a "clear showing" of entitlement.22 Winter, involving the Navy's use of sonar in training exercises and its potential impact on aquatic wildlife in the Pacific, also raised the profile of the balance of equities and public interest factors, regarding those factors as "important" and criticizing the Ninth Circuit for giving them cursory consideration.23 Indeed, even assuming a likelihood of irreparable injury, the Winter majority found these factors to outweigh it.
Where Winter leaves the oft-used sliding scale analysis is not clear. One way of reading Winter is that "likelihood" of irreparable injury is a now a floor and a showing beyond it may be balanced against a relatively weaker showing on the remaining factors. In dissent, Justice Ginsburg wrote:
Consistent with equity's character, courts do not insist that litigants uniformly show a particular, predetermined quantum of probable success or injury before awarding equitable relief. Instead, courts have evaluated claims for equitable relief on a "sliding scale," sometimes awarding relief based on a lower likelihood of harm when the likelihood of success is very high. This Court has never rejected that formulation, and I do not believe it does so today.24
Winter did not specifically address a converse question: given a showing of a likelihood of irreparable injury, may a court issue a preliminary injunction based on something less than a likelihood of success if the remaining factors weigh in favor of preliminary relief? The Second Circuit, for example, requires a showing of irreparable injury and either "(1) likelihood of success on the merits or (2) sufficiently serious questions going to the merits to make them a fair ground for litigation and a balance of hardships tipping decidedly toward the party requesting the preliminary relief."25 Given the relative uncertainty of success, the balance of hardships must tip decidedly in the movant's favor. The Fourth Circuit has read Winter to reject this sort of sliding scale inquiry in cases in which the movant has not established that it is more likely than not that they will prevail.26 The Second, Seventh and Ninth Circuits have disagreed and held that a sliding scale formulation survives Winter so long as a likelihood of irreparable injury is shown.27 Given this emerging split in the circuits, consult the law in your circuit to ascertain the standard, and if one does not yet exist, review the developing law in other cirucits in formulating your argument.
When researching a potential motion for preliminary injunction, determine whether the applicable statute authorizes injunctive relief. Some cases have held that no showing of irreparable injury is necessary to obtain a preliminary injunction pursuant to such statutes because Congress has implicitly determined that a statutory violation is irreparable. Given the Supreme Court's repeated holdings regarding express and implied directions in legislative language, be very cautious in arguing that the plaintiff need not establish the threat of irreparable injury when seeking statutorily authorized injunctive relief.
6.3.C.2. Temporary Restraining Orders
Under Rule 65(b), the court may grant a TRO ex parte, without notice to the opposing party, only if (1) specific facts shown by affidavit or by a verified complaint "clearly" show that immediate and irreparable injury, loss, or damage will result to the applicant before the adverse party or his attorney can be heard in opposition and (2) the applicant's attorney certifies to the court in writing the efforts, if any, that have been made to give the notice and the reasons supporting his claim that notice should not be required.28
A TRO expires at any time that the court fixes, not to exceed fourteen days.29 However, the court may extend the order for another period of fourteen or fewer days for good cause shown or for a longer period if the adverse party consents. After an ex parte TRO is granted, the motion for a preliminary injunction is set for hearing at the earliest possible time and takes precedence over all other matters except older matters of the same character.30 On two days' notice to the party that obtained the ex parte TRO, or shorter notice if the court so prescribes, the adverse party may move for modification or dissolution of the TRO.31 Rule 65(b)(2) and Rule 65(d) detail what the court must state on the record or in the injunction.
Rule 65(c) requires an applicant for a TRO or preliminary injunction to post security for the issuance of preliminary relief in the event that the court later finds that the opposing party was wrongfully enjoined. Because this is likely to be a problem for legal aid clients, you must seek a waiver of this requirement and document your client's inability to post security. The court may dispense with security when the applicant does not have the resources to post a bond.32 The Federal Rules do not favor ex parte TROs, as they are contrary to the adversarial system of justice. Unless you believe in good faith that notifying the opposing party will cause it to harm your client, try first to negotiate a settlement with the opposing party. Rule 65(b)(1)(B) requires an attempt to give notice and, in exercising its equitable authority, the court will want to know that you have attempted to resolve matters without taking valuable court time on an emergency basis. During negotiations, you may want to give to opposing counsel a draft of your TRO memorandum or notice of the statutory, regulatory, or case authority upon which you are relying. As a general proposition, the more candid you are in attempts to resolve matters without court involvement, the more reasonable you will appear to the court. Therefore, no matter how hurried you are, keep a record of all contacts with the opposing party or counsel and confirm them in a letter at the earliest possible time. At the same time, do no permit these discussions to drag on; real or perceived delay in seeking emergency injunctive relief may be viewed as suggesting the lack of irreparable injury. Despite the urgency, take extreme care in drafting the declarations or affidavits you draft, which must be signed under oath and will undoubtedly be examined carefully at this and future stages of the litigation.
If a temporary settlement is not feasible, or is too time-consuming, call the court clerk's office or district judge's chambers, depending on who does scheduling in your district, and request a hearing time. As soon as you schedule a hearing, notify opposing counsel or parties by phone, followed by a confirming letter. Review all of your documents at this point to make sure they are in order, and, in particular, check your proposed order to see that it contains the detail required by Rule 65(d).
Although TRO hearings are often held in chambers and without evidence, be prepared to present witnesses to prove your need for a TRO. Whether or not you are in chambers, presentation of the facts is crucial. Of the elements for a TRO, proof of imminent irreparable injury is the most important. In litigation over public benefits, the client's loss of a social welfare benefit can be irreparable injury.33 At a hearing on a motion for preliminary injunction, you should also be prepared to present live testimony, although your motion papers will present the relevant facts through declarations. The witnesses should be present even if the practice of the court is not to take such testimony. Many judges conduct a "mini-trial" on a preliminary injunction. Therefore, be prepared to present a compelling and sympathetic case that the client has been or will be imminently and irreparably harmed by the defendant's unlawful conduct if preliminary relief is not granted, and will likely prevail on the merits.
Plaintiff must show that preliminary relief will not harm the defendant or that such harm is outweighed by the harm to the plaintiff from denying preliminary relief. In some cases, the plaintiff should be prepared to subpoena and examine the defendant. Although presenting a case only through the client and favorable witnesses is better, having the welfare administrator, housing bureaucrat, or correctional worker before the court not only increases the likelihood that the court will hear testimony, but also ensures that the court can, in fact, enter preliminary relief in the presence of the opposing party.
Rule 65(a)(2) allows for the consolidation of the preliminary injunction hearing with the trial on the merits. In some cases this may be to your client's advantage, particularly when discovery is not essential.
6.3.D. Summary Judgment
Summary judgment is the procedural device intended to dispose of factually meritless or legally unpersuasive claims and defenses before trial. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56 authorizes summary judgment when there is no genuine issue of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Thus, a motion for summary judgment pierces the pleadings to consider the facts of the case. In the last twenty-five years, summary judgment practice has played an increasingly prominent role in the resolution of federal litigation, and federal trial practice has been in relative decline.34
Either party may move for summary judgment and may do so with or without supporting affidavits.35 If used, affidavits must be based on personal knowledge, "set out facts that would be admissible in evidence" and show that the affiant is competent to testify on the matter.36 Unless the objection is waived, hearsay, for example, may not support a motion for summary judgment. If you are relying on the affidavit (or deposition) of an expert witness to oppose or support a motion for summary judgment, keep in mind the rules generally applicable to expert testimony. The affidavit should not just offer conclusory comments; rather, it should set forth the expert's qualifications as well as the factual basis, reasoning, and methodology underlying the expert's opinion.37
The movant may also support its motion for summary judgment with documents, answers to interrogatories, and deposition transcripts obtained in discovery. Review local federal court rules prior to filing a motion for summary judgment. Often, for example, the local rules will require a party to file a statement of material facts not in dispute with the motion. The adequacy of these statements and opposing statements has become an increasing focus of summary judgment disputes. Failure to offer adequate statements of undisputed fact or to oppose the statements of other parties can severely prejudice your clients.38
The 2009 amendments to Rule 56 made significant changes to timing issues involving summary judgment motions. A movant may now file immediately after a complaint is filed.39 Unless otherwise ordered or prescribed by local rule, motions for summary judgment may be filed until 30 days after the close of discovery. Oppositions are due within 21 days and replies fourteen days after service.40
The moving party always bears the burden under Rule 56(c)(2) to establish the absence of a genuine issue of material fact and entitlement to judgment as a matter of law. An issue of material fact is one "that might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law."41 A genuine dispute is one that a reasonable jury can resolve against the moving party.42 The judge's role is not to weigh the evidence, but instead to determine whether there is a relevant and triable factual issue. Nor may the trial judge resolve factual disputes by ignoring or failing to credit relevant facts offered by the nonmoving party that contradict the movant's version of the facts.43 Nonetheless, some evaluation of the evidence is necessary to determine whether a jury can reasonably find in favor of the nonmoving party. That evaluation incorporates the standard of proof at trial, whether it is preponderance of the evidence or clear and convincing evidence.44
Moreover, in Celotex Corporation v. Catrett the Court tied the nature of the movant's burden to the allocation of the burden of production in the underlying litigation.45 Celotex was a wrongful-death case against various asbestos manufacturers and distributors. During discovery, Celotex served interrogatories asking plaintiff to identify any witnesses who could testify to the decedent's exposure to Celotex products. When plaintiff failed to identify any witnesses, Celotex moved for summary judgment on the ground that plaintiff lacked evidence proving that exposure to Celotex products caused the disease. Plaintiff opposed the motion on the ground that Rule 56 required the defendant to establish the absence of a genuine issue of material fact by filing affidavits specifically negating her claim that the decedent was exposed to Celotex products.
The Court held that the defendant was entitled to summary judgment even though it did not file any affidavits to negate the claim of causation.46 The Court reasoned that because the plaintiff would have borne the initial burden of production on the issue of causation, had the case proceeded to trial, the defendant would have been entitled to judgment as a matter of law unless the plaintiff produced evidence showing that her husband had been exposed to Celotex products.47 Summary judgment was proper even though Celotex filed no affidavits because the plaintiffs' lack of evidence on an issue on which she bore the burden of production necessarily made every other issue nonmaterial.48
The principal holding of Celotex is clear: Rule 56 requires the entry of summary judgment (after an adequate time for discovery) against a nonmoving party on a claim or defense on which it bears the underlying burden of production whenever the moving party shows that the nonmoving party lacks sufficient evidence to establish one or more elements of that claim or defense. The court must resolve all ambiguities and draw all permissible factual inferences against the movant, and issues of credibility should not generally be resolved by summary judgment. When, however, as in Celotex, a plaintiff cannot prove an essential element of a claim, all other factual issues are immaterial; hence, "no genuine issue as to any material fact" can then exist.49
Celotex makes clear that the party moving for summary judgment can easily satisfy the initial burden of showing the absence of a genuine issue of fact when the nonmoving party bears the burden on the claim or defense at issue. The motion need not be supported by evidence negating the claim. Rather, the moving party can meet the Rule 56 burden without filing negating affidavits if the responses to discovery show that the nonmoving party will not be able to establish an element of the claim or defense.
Celotex does not affect summary judgment practice when the moving party has the burden of production on the underlying claim or defense. When the moving party has the underlying burden, it must produce affidavits and other material that, if offered at trial, would entitle it to judgment as a matter of law. Thus, Celotex principally affects plaintiffs, since plaintiffs ordinarily bear the burden of production on all elements of a claim. However, because defendants bear the burden of production on most affirmative defenses, Celotex may be invoked against an unsupported affirmative defense.
When faced with a motion for summary judgment, the nonmoving party is likely to try to establish a material factual dispute.50 If discovery is not complete when the motion is filed, the nonmoving party may file a motion under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(f) with an affidavit in which it must explain that it cannot yet oppose the motion because relevant discovery has not been obtained. If discovery is complete, the nonmovant generally needs to produce discovery or affidavits (or both) demonstrating the existence of a genuine issue of material fact that a reasonable finder of fact could decide in the nonmovant's favor.
The Celotex and Anderson decisions have had a dramatic impact on the use of summary judgment practice to resolve federal court litigation. The message of the cases for plaintiffs is clear: prompt and thorough discovery is crucial. The impact of Celotex and Anderson in cases involving questions of motive, intent, or state of mind is largely fact dependent. On the one hand, courts commonly hold that summary judgment is not appropriate in cases involving an assessment of credibility, demeanor, and state of mind because this function is reserved for the finder of fact.51 On the other hand, virtually all cases involve some such element and to deny summary judgment reflexively in all such circumstances would undermine the utility of the summary judgment procedure. For the nonmoving party, resolution of this issue often turns on identifying record evidence revealing important questions of credibility on particular and relevant issues. This underscores the need to approach discovery with great care.
Whenever the plaintiff's claim crucially depends on expert testimony to establish fault or causation, the defendant can combine a Celotex52 summary judgment motion with a Daubert53 challenge to the admissibility of plaintiff's expert testimony.54 If, under Daubert, the trial court concludes that the expert testimony is inadmissible, and that without that expert testimony plaintiff will lack admissible evidence of fault or causation, then Celotex will require the entry of summary judgment.55 Good practice, therefore, requires the early retention and preparation of an expert in anticipation of a Daubert challenge likely to accompany a summary judgment motion. Although appeals from orders granting summary judgment are subject to plenary review, General Electric Co. v. Joiner held that when the basis for the grant of summary judgment is the exclusion of expert testimony, deferential abuse of discretion review governs the admissibility determination.56
Updated 2013 by Gill Deford, 2015 by Jeffrey S. Gutman
- 1. Fed. R. Civ. P. 7; Fed. R. Civ. P. 11(a).
- 2. Local federal court rules can be found on the Internet, using the links at www.uscourts.gov or going to the "Federal Resources" section of www.FindLaw.com.
- 3. Some local rules, however, require the motion to set forth supporting rules and cases as authority.
- 4. A Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) motion will be treated as a motion for summary judgment under Rule 56 if matters outside the pleading are presented to and not excluded by the court. The advocate should also be familiar with Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(g) and 12(h), which govern when certain defenses may be waived.
- 5. A motion to supplement under Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(d) is used to set forth transactions or events that have occurred since the date of the original pleading. It is allowed only by leave of court, and response is required only if the court so orders.
- 6. Rule 15 Advisory Committee Notes (2009).
- 7. See Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182 (1962); Estate of Oliva ex rel. McHugh v. New Jersey, 604 F.3d 788 (3rd Cir. 2010); In re NVE Corp. Sec. Litig., 527 F.3d 749, 752 (8th Cir. 2008); Franks v. Ross, 313 F.3d 184 (4th Cir. 2002); YWCA v. Allstate Ins. Co., 214 F.R.D. 1 (D.D.C. 2003).
- 8. Krupski v. Costa Crociere S.p.A., 130 S. Ct. 2485 (2010).
- 9. Fed. R. Civ. P. 19(a).
- 10. See Temple v. Synthes Corp., 498 U.S. 5 (1990); Provident Tradesmen's Bank v. Patterson, 390 U.S. 102 (1968).
- 11. Chapter 7 of this MANUAL discusses class actions.
- 12. Fed. R. Civ. P. 25; see generally 7C Charles A. Wright et al., Federal Practice and Procedure § 1951 (3d ed. 2007).
- 13. McKenna v. Pacific Rail Serv., 32 F.3d 820, 836 (3d Cir. 1994).
- 14. Fed. R. Civ. P. 25(a)(3).
- 15. Younts v. Fremont County, 370 F.3d 748, 752 (8th Cir. 2004); Barlow v. Ground, 39 F.3d 231, 233 (9th Cir. 1994); Grandbouche v. Lovell, 913 F.2d 835, 836 (10th Cir. 1990); Rothschild v. Board of Educ., 778 F. Supp. 642, 644 (W.D.N.Y. 1991).
- 16. Fed. R. Civ. P. 25(d).
- 17. See Gonzales v. O Centro Espirita Beneficente Uniao do Vegetal, 546 U.S. 418, 428 (2006); Ashcroft v. ACLU, 542 U.S. 656, 664 (2004).
- 18. Winter v. Natural Resources Defense Council, 555 U.S. 7 (2008).
- 19. Because the "burdens at the preliminary injunction stage track the burdens at trial," a party moving for a preliminary injunction does not have the burden of disproving the defendant's affirmative defense. The defendant's failure to discharge that burden renders the movant likely to prevail on the merits. O Centro Espirita, 546 U.S. at 429.
- 20. Winter, 555 U.S. at 20.
- 21. Id. at 22.
- 22. Id.
- 23. Id at 26-27.
- 24. Id. at 51 (Ginsburg, J., dissenting) (citation omitted).
- 25. Citigroup Global Markets v. VCG Special Opportunities Master Fund, 598 F.3d 30, 35 (2d Cir. 2010).
- 26. Real Truth About Obama, Inc. v. Fed. Election Comm'n, 575 F.3d 342, 346-47 (4th Cir. 2009), vacated on other grounds, 130 S. Ct. 2371 (2010).
- 27. Citigroup Global Markets, 598 F.3d at 35-38; Hoosier Energy Rural Elec. Co-op., Inc. v. John Hancock Life Ins. Co., 582 F.3d 721, 725 (7th Cir. 2009); Alliance for the Wild Rockies v. Cottrell, 632 F.3d 1127, 1131-32 (9th Cir. 2011).
- 28. Fed. R. Civ. P. 65(b)(1); see generally 11A Charles A. Wright et al., Federal Practice and Procedure § 2952 (2d ed. 1995).
- 29. Fed. R. Civ. P. 65(b)(2). The time period was increased from 10 to 14 days effective December, 2009.
- 30. Fed. R. Civ. P. 65(b)(3).
- 31. Id. 65(b)(4).
- 32. Pharm. Soc'y v. N.Y. State Dep't. of Soc. Servs., 50 F.3d 1168 (2d Cir. 1995); C.H. v. Payne, 683 F. Supp.2d 865, 885 (S.D. Ind. 2010); Collick v. Weeks Marine, 680 F. Supp.2d 642, 658 (D.N.J. 2009); Brantley v. Maxwell-Jolly, 656 F. Supp.2d 1161, 1177 (N.D. Cal. 2009).
- 33. Collick, 680 F. Supp.2d at 655-56; Brantley, 656 F. Supp.2d at 1176; Mayer v. Wing, 922 F. Supp. 902 (S.D.N.Y. 1996); McMillan v. McCrimon, 807 F. Supp. 475 (C.D. Ill. 1992). See also 11A Charles A. Wright, supra note 298, at § 2951.
- 34. See Martin H. Redish, Symposium: The Civil Trial: Adaptation And Alternatives, Summary Judgment and the Vanishing Trial: Implications of the Litigation Matrix, 57 Stan. L. Rev. 1329 (2005).
- 35. Celotex v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986).
- 36. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e)(1); Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). The Celotex and Anderson cases were the principal catalysts for the increased importance of summary judgment practice.
- 37. See Chapter 6.6 of this MANUAL for a detailed discussion of expert witnesses.
- 38. See, e.g. Potter v. District of Columbia, 558 F.3d 542, 548 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (court may accept statement of material facts as true if opposing party does not dispute them); Gosselin v. Webb, 242 F.3d 412, 414, n.2 (1st Cir. 2001); Schneiker v. Fortis Ins. Co., 200 F.3d 1055, 1057 (7th Cir. 2001).
- 39. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a), (b).
- 40. Id. 56(c).
- 41. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248.
- 42. Id.
- 43. Tolan v. Cotton, 134 S. Ct. 1861, 1866 (2014) (per curiam) (in police shooting case, Court held that lower court's evaluating qualified immunity defense improperly disregarded facts presented by plaintiff about shooting that contradicted officer's narrative).
- 44. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248.
- 45. Celotex, 477 U.S. at 324 (1986).
- 46. Id.
- 47. Id. at 323-24.
- 48. Id. at 322.
- 49. Id.
- 50. See generally 10A Charles A. Wright et al., Federal Practice and Procedure § 2725, n.16-22. (3d ed. 1998).
- 51. See, e.g., Graham v. Long Island R.R., 230 F.3d 34, 38 (2d Cir. 2000).
- 52. Celotex, 477 U.S. 317, 317 (1986).
- 53. Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Incorporated, 509 U.S. 579 (1993), is discussed extensively in Chapter 6.6 of this MANUAL.
- 54. General Electric Co. v. Joiner, 522 U.S. 136 (1997).
- 55. See e.g., Paz v. Brush Engineered Materials, 555 F.3d 383 (11th Cir. 2009) (affirming district court's rejection of doctor's affidavit on diagnosis of disease and granting of summary judgment); Thomas v. City of Chattanooga, 398 F.3d 426 (6th Cir. 2004) (summary judgment for city affirmed since expert's opposing affidavit asserting municipal policy of condoning excessive force was properly disregarded as inadmissible under Daubert for lack of reliable methodology); Burleson v. Texas Dep't of Criminal Justice, 393 F.3d 577 (5th Cir. 2004) (summary judgment for prison officials affirmed since proposed expert's testimony that prison welding shop exposure to radioactive thorium caused plaintiff's cancer inadmissible for lack of reliable methodology); McDowell v. Brown, 392 F.3d 1283 (11th Cir. 2004) (summary judgment for defendants responsible for delay in treating inmate's spinal epidural abscess affirmed since plaintiff's expert's proposed testimony that four hour delay caused or worsened paralysis unsupported by reliable methodology); Ammons v. Aramark Unif. Servs., Inc., 368 F.3d 809 (7th Cir. 2004) (summary judgment for employer in ADA claim affirmed since expert affidavit attesting that plaintiff could perform essential functions of job with or without reasonable accommodation was speculative and unreliable); Gabbard v. Linn-Benton Hous. Auth., 219 F. Supp.2d 1130 (D. Or. 2002) (summary judgment for defendant in ADA claim based on "multiple chemical sensitivity" syndrome (MCS); expert affidavit attesting to diagnosis unreliable, noting that no federal court has yet found reliable expert testimony purporting to diagnose MCS; existence and etiology not established by reliable methodology).
- 56. Gen. Elec. Co., 522 U.S. at 142-43 (" We likewise reject respondent's argument that because the granting of summary judgment in this case was 'outcome determinative,' it should have been subjected to a more searching standard of review. On a motion for summary judgment, disputed issues of fact are resolved against the moving party--here, petitioners. But the question of admissibility of expert testimony is not such an issue of fact, and is reviewable under the abuse-of-discretion standard.").


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Senior Consultant, World Bank and ADB
The three main global energy concerns of providing access to modern energy, enhancing the security of the energy supply, and minimising the impact of energy systems on the climate have an impact on both national and international energy governance. To develop solutions that address the many facets of these difficulties, however, a variety of actors and stakeholders must be included due to the complexity of the energy challenges.
The main sub-themes under governance will be:
Cities are responsible for more than 70% of the world's energy consumption and 40% to 50% of its greenhouse gas emissions. Managing increasing urbanisation is a challenge, and nations must deal with the effects it will have on the environment in terms of energy and climate.
India still has to identify the development pathways for these complicated energy service demands, therefore this sector offers the chance to improve future planning. The Indian economy will have to make long-term investments in the network of energy provision for homes, businesses, and other types of structures as well as for transportation, public constructed spaces, and other urban arrangements.
Our transition to a future with lower carbon emissions depends heavily on buildings. They are our places of residence, rest, and employment; they also account for around one-third of the world's greenhouse gas emissions and nearly 40% of the world's energy usage.
The main sub-themes under buildings will be:


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Is right on your doorstep if you are in the Algarve and if you landed at Faro then you flew over it! I am talking of course about the beautiful Ria Formosa.
As regular readers to this blog will know one of the reasons we return again and again to the Ria Formosa is the birdlife. As well as being one of the stop-over points in the bird migration routes it is also a wintering ground for birds, particularly waders, from northern and central Europe. There can be around 20,000 birds here during the Winter months. Don't worry though if birds are not your thing as there are plenty of opportunities for boat trips, walks and cycle rides, and of course there are also the glorious beaches, which even in the height of summer apparently have quiet(ish!) areas.
For those who have not visited before, the Ria Formosa is a large lagoon on Portugal's Algarve coastline, extending around 60km east from Faro to a few km west of Vila Real de Santo Antonio. The lagoon becomes a labyrinth during falling and low tides as hundreds of sandbanks and channels appear. At times it can feel as though there are islands everywhere, there are in fact only 5 islands which create a barrier to the Atlantic. There are 6 inlets from the Atlantic but only one permanent river – the other rivers I understand from this environmental report dry up in the Summer – so consequently it is a coastal water lagoon. Today I thought I'd a share a little bit more about the Ria Formosa tides.
The tides are part of life here in the Algarve, and a few hours ether side of low tide you will notice local people heading out onto the sands to dig for clams and other shellfish. Some head out by walking (or wading!) from the saltpans or the small beach by the marina, others heading out in small boats to the sandbanks further out. Just occasionally one of them leaves it rather late to return and you will spot them in the channel with the water up to their chests and their basket on their head.
In the past the power of the tides was utlized through tidal mills.
Today though there are no working mills left as far as we are aware, but one has been partly restored at the park's headquarters on the outskirts of Olhão and ruins of others are dotted throughout the area.
Whilst we have explored the Ria Formosa from the islands a few times now, and explored it further east most of our strolls tend to be in Olhão's saltpans. It is around here I have begun to try and to capture the range of the tides. The tides are 6hrly so most days there are two high and two low tides. The tidal range (between high and low) is from 1.5m to 3m, but is the variation in height of the high tides which has enthralled us. The highest tide we've seen was at least 3.7metres – can't be definite on height as it was windy that day so may have been higher. A few days earlier the high tide was only 2.7metres. Below are a few shots of the same channel at different high tides.
Watching the tide come in and go out is a lovely way to spend a few hours.
So if you have not yet been to this Seventh Wonder then make sure you do soon, and if you are wondering about the other six Natural Wonders. Two are in the Azores, one is Madeira and the remaining three you have the caves of Mira D'Aire near Fátima, Portinho da Arrábida about 40 km south of Lisbon and Peneda-Gêres National Park in the north. I've only achieved 2 of the 7 so have lots to do on our return trip this Autumn!


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Song Saa is a private island resort in Cambodia, located just off Koh Rong, in the Gulf of Thailand. It's actually located on two islands aptly named 'the sweethearts' as they are so close together. One of the islands houses the resort itself: 27 villas which come in three different categories, jungle villa, sea view villa, and over water villa, plus an overwater restaurant, huge infinity pool, spa and a chefs garden. The other island is more of a place to take an easy hike around, spot some wildlife and whilst you're there fill up a bag with any washed up rubbish you spot because that's the least you can do if you want to help Song Saa's cause.
Whilst many hotels are jumping on the green bandwagon – and we should think so too – Song Saa was built with the purpose to give back to Cambodia, and it was a pioneer in ethical sustainable tourism in the country. Not only did they create a protected marine reserve around the island, they have set up a permanent charitable foundation that works with local communities on education and conservation projects.[URIS id=100189]
The villas are all super swish, and all come with a plunge pool, outdoor terrace, day beds, huge four poster bed, many showers (inside and out) and bath tub. We had a sea view villa, which had a complete glass fronted bathroom meaning we could shower or bath whilst looking out to sea. It's the height of luxury and even during peak season the island felt super quiet. The speed boat we got from the main land to the island with two other couples, one of which we never saw and the other only once at the free morning yoga sessions. It's no accident the villas are so well kitted out – it feels wrong to leave them….
But leave them we did to enjoy the infinity pool, which we had mostly to ourselves, a delicious spa treatment, and of course an early morning walk around the nature reserve, which ended with us on our ass… but let's not talk about that.
For a high end resort the food and drink prices are surprisingly reasonable too and the food was delicious. Whilst there was Western dishes on offer there was still a good amount of local dishes that were as good if not better than anything we ate in Cambodia – the BBQ pork with rice and pickles for breakfast was a highlight of our entire three week trip.[URIS id=100194]
Then there was the turn down snacks made fresh each evening, the sundowner cocktails sat on swinging double beds whilst eating cashews from the island, eating dinner under the stars and spotting fish from the walkways on the reef that surrounds the island. We left Song Saa with heavy hearts and a tear in our eye as the whole staff waved us off in the speedboat, hoping someday, if we were lucky we'd make it back to heaven.
Song Saa are also planning their next project, this time in Siem Reap and it will have the same huge heart that keeps on giving. We for one will be watching and waiting very eagerly.


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The Member of Parliament for Harlington John McDonnell has called for a historic building to be refurbished after it was damaged by a fire started deliberately six years ago.
Mr McDonnell has been joined by residents who want the "eyesore" Grade II listed Dower House building to be revamped.
He added that there was "deep concern" about the state of the house which has been derelict for a number of years.
Mr McDonnell said: "Seven years ago, after a failed planning application, the Dower House was severely damaged.
"Seven years on the Dower House remains derelict despite the local council's talks with the owner, no remedial works have been undertaken.
"The house remains an eyesore and at risk of further deterioration.
"Local residents and I have written to the owner calling upon him to start work urgently on refurbishing this once beautiful building and an important part of our local heritage."
The Dower House in Harlington High Street has been listed since May 1949 because of its special architectural or historic interest.
In May 2011, part of the historic two-storey building collapsed after a fire broke out.
The roof of The Dower House collapsed and the front of the building was damaged.
Eight fire engines attended the scene and 40 fire fighters battled to bring the blaze under control.
Investigators said the fire was started deliberately.
The front of the building was built in the 16 century while the rear extensions are thought to date back to the 17 and early 19 centuries.
Its owner submitted grand plans for the house before the fire to build a new three-storey hotel on Green Belt land behind the house.
A second application to turn the building into an eight-room hotel was turned down in March 2011.
Keep up to date with the latest news in west London via the free getwestlondon app.
You can even set it to receive push notifications for all the breaking news in your area.
Available to download from the App Store or Google Play for Android now!


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Wide Roads facilitate entry to this area, It is 5km from the Cileunyi toll gate and within distance to the container terminal of Gedebage which is essential for transporting goods
The distance is about 100 km from Jakarta.
Availabily of manpower as it is close to center of excellence like Institute of Technology Bandung ( ITB ) and University of Padjadjaran Bandung ( UNPAD )
Jl. Raya Rancaekek Km 24.5 Bandung, West Java, INDONESIA
tel: 62-22-779-6090
fax: 62-22-778-0011
email: firstname.lastname@example.com


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The wonderful world of d3o orange goo
On a recent edition of Dragons' Den, Jason Roberts, founder and CEO of a company called Tech21, managed to convince Peter Jones and Theo Paphitis to part with £150,000 (in return for a 40% stake in his business) for what is effectively a range of laptop bags, MP3 player and mobile phone cases.
Doesn't sound that exciting, does it? But there is something rather special that lies at the heart of his apparently mundane products – a fabric called called d3o. This is an impact-absorbing material, that's becoming increasingly popular in the world of protective clothing – it's been used by the military, the US downhill ski team, and motorcycle clothing manufacturers to provide impact protection in the event of a crash.
What's clever about it is that it's soft and flexible in its natural state but goes hard on impact, as Mr Roberts ably demonstrated on a recent visit to PC Pro. He extracted a large lump of what looked like orange goo from his bag – the goo, he told us, was the raw material behind d3o.
Then he placed it in on the table and proceeded to hit it with his fist with the sort of impact that would have been enough break his knuckles with nothing in the way; but he didn't even wince. We tried it too, and it didn't hurt a bit. He hit it with a mallet and it hardly changed shape. Then he rolled it into a sphere and bounced it on the desk like a rubber ball.
It's truly fascinating stuff, and it drew universal interest when I touted it around the office. The applications for it seem endless, and others clearly agree. Just check out the list of products detailed on the d3o website and you'll see why.
We're not so convinced how useful the iPod nano "iBand" made of this stuff will be (available from the Apple online store for £19.95), but I'll be first in line for a protective laptop or camera bag.
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Motorola Cliq to receive 2.1 update soon
The Motorola Cliq is set to receive the Eclair (2.1) OTA update in a couple weeks, as the T-Mobile employee training guide for updating has leaked out. No word yet on specific dates, but Cliq users should be happy that they will finally receive 2.1.
Even though there are no dates, there is some information Cliq users should be aware of. The update will require 30MB of internal memory as well as 100MB on the SD card. The update should also take about an hour to complete. (Unlikely, but that's what they say.)
We will keep you updated with the more information we hear. Rest assured Cliq users, Eclair is coming! [TmoNews]
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Bike Ride with the girls
While Andrew and Peter attended the St. Patrick's Day parade with their band group this morning, Mike and I took the girls on their very first bike ride on the trail. It was a slow start getting Abby to be comfortable on the trail but eventually she picked up some speed and started having a good time. With only pedal brakes it was a bit hard for Abby on the steep sections so she and Mike just took it slow. Emma was happy riding ahead of everyone but kept mentioning how she really wanted a bike with gear shifts like her brothers bikes. Emma and I rode ahead of Mike and Abby and then we switched partners on the way back. The view of Pike's Peak after we turned around on the trail was so beautiful. We all had a great time biking together, playing at the playground and eating Baskin Robbins ice-cream afterwards. What a fun morning this turned out to be.
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September 2023


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Just this afternoon, Apple CEO Steve Jobs unveiled the much-rumored newest generation Apple smartphone, now officially-named iPhone 4, during his keynote speech at WWDC 2010. He began by stating, "There are over 100 new features, but I'm going to cover 8. The first one? An all new design." I'm sure there will be more detail revealed about all of this over the next several weeks, but here's a rundown.
- 9.3 mm thick – 22% thinner than iPhone 3GS
- Glass front and back
- Stainless steel case perimeter which acts as part of the antenna system
- Micro SIM card tray
- Front-facing camera
- LED flash on rear camera
- "Retina Display" – same 3.5 inch size, but 960 x 640, 4x the pixel density of iPhone 3GS and 78% of the pixels on the iPad
- Apple-designed A4 processor chip
- Larger battery than iPhone 3GS for increased usage time
- Quad band HSDPA, 7.2Mbps
- Dual microphones
- 802.11n WiFi
- New gyroscope linked to compass and accelerometer for "six-axis" input control
- 5 megapixel camera with backside illuminated sensor
- Records 720p HD video at 30fps
- iMovie for iPhone (in App Store for $4.99) to edit video right on the phone
- iPhone OS 4 operating system–now re-named iOS 4–including previously unveiled features like app multi-tasking, folders for apps, unified email inbox with message threading
- Micrsoft's Bing added alongside Yahoo! and Google search engines
- iBooks for iPhone – wireless download, syncs to iPad or iPod Touch
- iAd – "emotion + interactive" ads
- FaceTime video calling – no setup, WiFi only, iPhone 4 to iPhone 4
- Available in black and white
- $199 for 16Gb, $299 for 32Gb
- AT&T upgrade offer – if your contract expires anytime in 2010, you can upgrade to iPhone 4
- On sale June 24 (pre-orders start June 15)
- Accessories – a dock; a "bunker" case in various colors for $29.99
Also announced, iOS 4 free upgrade for iPhone 3GS and latest-gen iPod Touch available "soon" (possibly June 21).
And, only a few minutes ago, Apple updated its website to feature iPhone 4.
[Info above from engadget LiveBlog.]


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The 2021 Community Integration Awards wants to recognise the inspirational ways in which migrant, refugee and more 'settled' communities are coming together to support each other during the Covid-19 pandemic.
Across the UK, ordinary communities are coming together to advance integration, often with little or no resources. New links are being forged to help address isolation, inequality and ongoing need as people struggle to cope amidst the loss of loved ones, the absence of family and friends and the worst economic downturn in decades.
This amazing work isn't simply a 'bright spot' in uncertain times; it is building resilience in communities that will face ongoing crisis as the fallout from the pandemic continues.
We want to recognise these incredible efforts but also join an important national conversation about how we can value, support and sustain such efforts given the challenges ahead.
Whatever our 'new normal' looks like, this issue needs to be at the heart of it.
Work bringing together different parts of the community, including refugees and migrants, to address loneliness, isolation and exclusion.
Projects or initiatives supporting safety and wellbeing for people in the community in an inclusive way.
Improving equality of opportunity or provide better access to justice or rights-based support or advocacy.
Do you know a project or initiative in your area which has strengthened the community in its response to Covid-19? Has it brought different parts of the community together, including migrants and refugees, to meet local needs? Does it cut to the very essence of what you believe 'community' should be?
If so, they could win £1,000, the chance to make a short promotional film about their work and a bespoke package of support to take their work to new heights.
If you are interested in sponsoring a category OR if you would like to come on board as a partner, we would love to discuss working with you.
"Brighton Table Tennis Club was utterly delighted to be awarded […] the Community
Integration Award for 2016. It enabled the work of the club to be highlighted to a huge number of completely new audiences, not just from within the traditional Table Tennis and sporting channels.
Since the award we have been approached and made partnerships with
over ten Refugee charities and had national press coverage in the Guardian newspaper, who prior to the award had not heard about the work we are doing.
Sport England have asked us to deliver a hugely expanded program
of engaging refugees and asylum seekers through Table Tennis and the strong community that has been built over 10 years at BTTC."
Tim Holtam
Director, Brighton Table Tennis Club
2016 Champions


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The Austin-based startup Hurricane Party received all kinds of attention at South by Southwest Interactive 2011. Mashable wrote about them. So did Read Write Web. TechCocktail labeled Hurricane Party the hottest app of 2011 at SXSW. Hurricane Party was a mobile app that let people know where the best parties were at. Then a year […]
First Hurricane Party Failed, Now Forecast Shuts Down
July 10, 2012 by 5 Comments
Austin's A List of Startups
January 4, 2012 by Leave a Comment


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$1,000 Per Course
10 Courses
1.5 - 3 years
Top 10 University
On Your Schedule
Earn Your Master of Computer Science Online
The online Master of Science in Computer Science program provides a flexible learning environment while fostering personal engagement between professors and students. Taught by UT faculty, many of whom are award-winning leaders in the CS research community, the program supplies rigorous training to expand your expertise in areas such as advanced systems design, machine learning and artificial intelligence. By the end of the program, students will have gained the skills needed to accelerate their careers.
The demand for computer science jobs continues to explode. Computer science is impacting innovation in fields outside of the technology sector, including finance and healthcare. Over the next decade, virtually every job is going to require some expertise in computer science. The master's degree will make you more marketable by focusing your skillset on cutting-edge topics and increasing your breadth of knowledge.
World-Class Education
The program provides students with the same world-class education enjoyed by our on-campus students. Taught by leading faculty at the cutting edge of research, courses are designed to prepare you to be industry leaders in a diverse array of computer science fields.
Affordable Advanced Degree
We've worked hard to reduce fees and overhead so that you can receive a master's degree from a top computer science program for the affordable price of about $10,000.
Flexibility to Fit Your Life
With on-demand lectures and weekly release schedules, courses are designed to fit within your busy calendars. HD lecture videos put you directly in front of your professors, while they work through real-world problems and challenges currently facing computer science professionals.
About the Program
Admissions & Application
The online MSCS program is a rigorous graduate-level program that offers talented students from a variety of backgrounds an opportunity to embark on highly successful careers in technology. The program accepts applications for fall and spring semesters.
Curriculum & Courses
The online MSCS is a degree program that includes advanced coursework from a wide array of subjects such as machine learning, optimization, systems, quantum computing, and high-performance and scientific computing.
Student Experience
Students receive weekly courses through the edX platform, and are advised and assessed by UT Austin faculty and staff on rigorous assignments, programming projects, and comprehensive exams and connect with instructors and classmates in office hours and discussion forums.
Fall Application
Application Opens
Priority Deadline
Final Deadline
Spring Application
Application Opens
Priority Deadline
Final Deadline
*Please note: because it is a twofold process to apply to UT Austin, we recommend that applicants apply before the priority deadline to allow for their materials to be processed.


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<tc>This summer you have free shipping anywhere in Romania for all orders, regardless of value!</tc>
Autumn is the season when nature delights all our senses through the dance of colors, the warm light, the aroma of ripe fruit, or the rustling of leaves. It's that time of year when nature simply cannot go unnoticed. So I invite you for a walk through the orchard, let's pick a well-ripened pear each, let's enjoy their fragrance and sweetness.
The "Green Pear" earrings capture the color of green pears, which begin to redden when touched by the sun. Wear them and even the gloomiest autumn days will become sweeter and more colorful.
Mandala earrings are hand painted on wooden support with water based acrylic colors. The product is varnished with two layers of matte, non-toxic, water-resistant varnish.
Product details:
The shades in the pictures do not correspond 100% (due to your screen settings, there may be slight differences in shades between the displayed images and the actual product).


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Our High Definition ISO 50 Tweezers are perfect for isolating the criss-cross lashes in both the inner and outer corners of the eye. This allows for ultimate precision even if you choose the zoom out when applying as not everyone likes a close-up. Ideal for semi-permanent Volume appl ication, the angle has been perfected giving you only award-worthy results.
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Qt3 Movie Podcast: Kick-Ass
After our week off — all you would have missed was three dudes agreeing that Hot Tub Time Machine was no Hangover — we've returned to discuss Kick-Ass.
Haven't seen Kick-Ass? No problem. Join us for this week's 3×3 at the 47-minute mark: double features that you have to explain.
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