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Oak woodlands of Mediterranean ecosystems, a major component of biodiversity hotspots in Europe and North America, have undergone significant land-use change in recent centuries, including an increase in grazing intensity due to the widespread presence of cattle. Simultaneously, a decrease in oak regeneration has been observed, suggesting a link between cattle grazing intensity and limited oak regeneration. In this study we examined the effect of cattle grazing on coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia Née) regeneration in San Francisco Bay Area, California. We studied seedling, sapling and adult density of coast live oak as well as vertebrate herbivory at 8 independent sites under two grazing conditions: with cattle and wildlife presence (n = 4) and only with wildlife (n = 4). The specific questions we addressed are: i) to what extent cattle management practices affect oak density, and ii) what is the effect of rangeland management on herbivory and size of young oak plants. In areas with cattle present, we found a 50% reduction in young oak density, and plant size was smaller, suggesting that survival and growth young plants in those areas are significantly limited. In addition, the presence of cattle raised the probability and intensity of herbivory (a 1.5 and 1.8-fold difference, respectively). These results strongly suggest that the presence of cattle significantly reduced the success of young Q. agrifolia through elevated herbivory. Given the potential impact of reduced recruitment on adult populations, modifying rangeland management practices to reduce cattle grazing pressure seems to be an important intervention to maintain Mediterranean oak woodlands.
Citation: López-Sánchez A, Schroeder J, Roig S, Sobral M, Dirzo R (2014) Effects of Cattle Management on Oak Regeneration in Northern Californian Mediterranean Oak Woodlands. PLoS ONE 9(8): e105472. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0105472
Editor: Cédric Sueur, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, France
Received: March 30, 2014; Accepted: July 21, 2014; Published: August 15, 2014
Copyright: © 2014 López-Sánchez et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: The authors confirm that all data underlying the findings are fully available without restriction. The data have been deposited to Figshare and are available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.1116231.
Funding: This study has been developed thanks to a study abroad fellowship (Formación del Profesorado Universitario) of Spain Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport to ALS. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Oak woodland-grasslands have immense ecological and socio-economic importance in Mediterranean regions around the world, supporting both rangeland agroforestry systems and rural populations [1]–[4]. Mediterranean woodland systems are also major biodiversity hotspots [5], [6]. Currently, these systems are characterized by scattered oaks on rolling pastures that support livestock. Historically, Mediterranean woodland systems have been primarily managed for agricultural production with little or no explicitly planned conservation objectives [7]. These woodlands have undergone a variety of land conversion and land-use changes, ranging from low-intensity farmland to extensive irrigation-based agriculture; and from oak woodlands to grasslands or croplands. Such changes threaten Mediterranean biodiversity and ecosystem services [3], [8]. The intensification of land use in Mediterranean agroforestry systems has brought increased soil erosion and reduced forage production [9]–[11]. A sustainable agroforestry system can be combined with appropriately delineated conservation areas to buffer biodiversity loss and maintain ecosystems services [12]. One consequence of current management practices is the apparent lack of oak recruitment occurring in the drier areas of oak ranges [13]–[15]. This trend can lead to long-term declines in natural oak populations [14], [16]. Currently, Mediterranean regions show clear signs of centuries of human habitation and use. Their woodlands support low numbers of young oaks compared to adults, suggesting that populations are not demographically balanced [17].
Californian oak woodlands, or rangelands, are important Mediterranean agroforestry systems that define much of central and northern Californian natural landscapes [18]. They support considerable local biodiversity [18] and are also now threatened on multiple fronts [19]. For decades, the majority of California oak woodlands-grasslands have been used as rangeland for cattle grazing [20]. The causes of poor oak regeneration remain unclear. Among other factors (e.g., acorn diseases or oak death disease; reviewed by [21]), rangeland management practices (especially livestock grazing) have been implicated as primary factors preventing natural oak recruitment [21], [22]. For example, blue oak (Quercus douglasii H. & A.) regenerates poorly because the already limited number of established seedlings does not survive into the sapling class [23], [24], and one know cause of blue oak recruitment limitation is livestock grazing, mainly cattle [25]. On the other hand, valley oak (Quercus lobata Née) seedlings seem to able to tolerate dry habitats [26] and deer browsing [18] better than coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia Née), whereas coast live oak seedlings and saplings usually do not appear in open habitat but can be found under some shrubs, presumably because there they find refuge from wildlife (mainly deer) or livestock grazing [17]. The establishment of first-year-coast live oak seedlings depends on rainfall levels (as they must survive prolonged summer drought), soil conditions, and levels of seed predation by small mammals [18]. It has been suggested that deer and cattle browsing are relatively minor factors of mortality for coast live oak seedlings, but become more important as individuals transition to the sapling stage [18]. Cattle generally cause more shoot damage because they typically chew into larger-diameter stems than do deer, and will also destroy the growing points of stouter saplings by scratching themselves against stems [27]. The majority of oak population studies have focused on blue oak, followed by valley oak, and only a few studies exist on coast live oak [21]. Given the fact that coast live oak has tougher leaves and the leaves' margins are armed with spiny margins, it is possible that mammalian herbivory on this species might be attenuated and therefore grazing by cattle and ungulates might not be such a critical factor in sapling survival. At any rate, research focusing on the seedling and sapling stages of coast live oak is necessary to assess the role of mammalian damage to understand the dynamics of oak recruitment limitation in this understudied specie.
Most studies of California oak woodlands and European Mediterranean oak stands are limited to a small spatial scale [21], [28]. These studies are appropriate for understanding ecological mechanisms that operate over short time intervals in limited space, such as factors impacting germination, or the effect of microsite on early survival and growth [18]. However, small spatial scale studies cannot adequately describe recruitment patterns at the stand level [29].
To address these gaps in knowledge, the present study focuses on oak regeneration at a regional scale in Northern California rangelands. We examined Q. agrifolia regeneration as a function of the presence or absence of cattle in different zones within a geographic area of ca 10,000 km2. These zones had different livestock management (cattle and wildlife presence vs. only wildlife). We focused on seedlings and saplings in coast live oak rangelands. Based on what is known for other species, we hypothesized that cattle management inhibits coast live oak regeneration via grazing. Specifically, we predicted that: 1) adult tree and young plant (seedlings and saplings) density would be lower in the presence of cattle; 2) the probability and intensity of herbivory would be greater in the presence of cattle and would vary with plant size; and 3) young oak plants sizes (as a proxy for young oak age) would be smaller in populations were cattle is present.
Materials and Methods
Ethics Statement
All the work was conducted in accordance with national and international guidelines, and conforms to the legal requirements of the California government (USA). Stanford University, Open Space Preserve, East Bay Regional Park District, Hastings Natural History Reservation and Vince Voegeli (private owner) granted permission to conduct the study in all selected ranches. Field studies did not involve endangered or protected species. Animals were only observed in the field, and were not captured or harmed in any way. Data are available.
Study area
The study was conducted across eight ranches located in Northern California, in 2013 (Figure 1). In all ranches, predominant vertebrate herbivores (mainly black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus Rafinesque)) were present. Livestock has been maintained for at least some period in all selected ranches. Four of them have had cattle for more than 100 years; three of them currently support cattle year round, and one supports cattle from November to May. The rest have not supported cattle in the last 40 years (Table 1). The study area has a Mediterranean climate typical of California's coastal area, with dry, hot summers in which temperatures can reach 37.7°C. However, summer temperatures are usually tempered by coastal advection fogs providing significant moisture to plant communities. The 30-year average annual rainfall of the study area is 625.3 mm, concentrated in winter months, though inter-annual variation is considerable. Soils at the study sites are of metamorphic and sedimentary origins, maintaining complex substrate distributions that support a mosaic of plant community types, but open grasslands and oak woodlands of varying canopy coverage dominate the area's landscapes. Given the latitudinal position of the study area, aspect also affects the microclimatic conditions and therefore vegetation structure and composition. Within each ranch, we selected sites defined as open oak woodland dominated by cost live oak (Quercus agrifolia Née). Study sites ranged in size from 160 to 243 ha (Table 1). Sites with homogeneous characteristics (largely flat and open) were selected for study.
JRBP, Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve; EP, Edgewood Preserve; AP, Enid Pearson-Arrastradero Preserve; HNHR, Hastings Natural History Reservation; ORR, Oak Ridge Ranch; TD, The Dish at Stanford University; BP, Briones Regional Park; WCRP, Wildcat Canyon Regional Park. The management condition of the study sites is indicated in parenthesis: CW, cattle and wildlife; WO, wildlife only.
Sample design and data collection
Nine 4 m×50 m belt transects were established within each ranch (total n = 72) and located in open coast live oak zones with an average size of 200 ha (Table 1). The belt transects were located in flat areas dominated by open annual grasslands (coverage = 70%±1.0776), oak woodlands of low canopy coverage (coverage = 20%, mean diameter = 56.7 cm, density = 102.8 trees.ha−1), and some shrub cover (<1% ±0.498). For each transect we recorded all adult and young plants, and measured all young plants. Seedlings and saplings were operationally defined as follows: plants with basal diameter less than 1 cm were considered seedlings; plants with basal diameter greater than 1 cm were considered saplings, which in turn were grouped into two height categories: below 50 cm (hereafter small saplings) and between 50 and 130 cm (hereafter large saplings). Vertebrate herbivory was assessed for all young plants. Damage was categorized according to its intensity. Damage categories were: 0 for plants with no apparent browsing evidence, 1 for plants with low browsing evidence (1–10% of the browsable biomass damaged), 2 for plants with moderate browsing intensity (11–40% of the browsable biomass damaged), 3 for plants with considerable browsing intensity (41–70% of the browsable biomass damaged), and 4 for plants with high browsing intensity (>70% of the browsable biomass damaged). These scorings were calibrated among researchers for consistency by initially practicing together and arriving to consensus scoring before scoring plants independently. The surveys were conducted during April, 2013.
Variables analyzed and statistical analysis
Data processing and statistics were performed using R 2.13.2 (R Development Core Team, 2012) with the modules "lme4" [30], "car" [31] and "nnet" [32].
In order to analyze oak density as a function of rangeland management, we developed two generalized linear mixed models (GLMM, using the model approach in [33]): (1) using mature trees per plot as the response variable, and (2) using number of young plants (seedlings plus saplings) as the response variable. We also analyzed seedlings and saplings as response variables independently, but results did not differ from those including both. Analyses included ranch nested within treatment as a random effect, and treatment as fixed effect. Treatment has two levels: presence of cattle and wildlife, and presence of only wildlife. Latitude and longitude (for each transect) were included as predictor covariates in order to consider and control for other potentially important factors -related to the spatial location- affecting oak density. The interactions between all terms were included as well. We selected the best model based on Akaike's Information Criterion (AICc [34]). Both number of adult trees and number of young plants were fitted to Poisson error distributions with a log link function.
In addition to plant density, occurrence of herbivory was analyzed as a response variable by means of a GLMMs. Beyond herbivory occurrence, intensity of herbivory was analyzed using herbivory categories (described in part 2.2) by means of a multinomial log-linear mixed model [32]). The analyses considered transect nested within ranch nested within treatment as random effects. Models included treatment (presence or absence of cattle) and diameter of plant as fixed effects. Latitude, longitude, and the interactions between all terms were included as predictor covariates. Occurrence of herbivory was fitted to a binomial error distribution with a logit link, and the intensity of herbivory was fitted to a multinomial error distribution with a cumulative logit link. One more GLMM was developed using diameter of young plants as the response variable. Analyses included the same random effects as those previous models that have the occurrence and intensity of hervibory as response variables. Models included treatment and occurrence of herbivory as fixed effects. Plant diameter was fitted to a gamma distribution with logit link. AICc was used for model selection [34] in all cases.
Density of oak plants depending on the presence of cattle
The density of adult trees did not differ depending on the presence or absence of cattle, location of the plot (latitude and longitude), or management type of the ranch (Table 2). However, we found that the density of young plants, both seedlings and saplings, did differ depending on the presence or absence of cattle (Table 2). The results of independent models for seedlings and saplings were identical to the results of the models taking all young plants together, thus we only show the results using all young plants together for simplicity. In areas where cattle were present in addition to wildlife, the density of young plants was less than half (around 10 young plants per 200 m2) than in areas in which only wildlife was present (more than 20 young plants per 200 m2) (Figure 2). Additionally, we found significant effects of plot location on the density of young plants (Table 2).
Predicted density of different class sizes found at our study depending on the presence or absence of cattle (N = 72 sampling plots). Error lines are 95% confidence intervals. Note that in the case of adult trees the confidence intervals for predicted values are not visible because of their small size. Young plants: seedlings (plants with basal diameter less than 1 cm) and saplings (plants with basal diameter>1 cm and height<130 cm); Adult trees: plants with basal diameter>7.5 and height>130 cm.
Probability and intensity of herbivory depending on the presence of cattle
The probability of the occurrence and intensity of herbivory depended strongly on plant spatial location, plant diameter, and the presence or absence of cattle (Tables 3, 4). Plants with larger diameters showed a higher probability of been grazed (Table 3). When cattle were present the probability of presenting herbivory damage was higher (Table 3) and damage scores were also higher (>70% of the browsable biomass was damaged) than when only wildlife was present (Figure 3). The effect of diameter on the probability of occurrence of herbivory did not depend on the presence of cattle, suggesting that both wildlife and cattle show similar preferences for plant sizes.
Predicted probability of plant being grazed across different damage categories depending on the presence or absence of cattle (N = 1,201 plants). Error lines are 95% confidence intervals. Low damage = 1–10% of browsable biomass was damaged; Moderated damage = 11–40% of browsable biomass was damaged; Considerable damage = 41–70% of browsable biomass was damaged; Intensive damage = >70% of browsable biomass was damaged.
Diameter of oak plants depending on the presence of cattle
Plant diameter depended on the ranchs management type. Seedlings and saplings were smaller in ranches where both cattle and wildlife were present than in ranches where only wildlife was present (Figure 4). Larger plants were more grazed (Figure 4) and the size difference between grazed and ungrazed plants was stronger when only wildlife was present.
Predicted plant diameter depending on the presence or absence of herbivory and of cattle (N = 1,201 plants). Error lines are 95% confidence intervals.
Lack of adequate regeneration is a major problem faced by woodland oak species in California, especially in cattle rangelands [21], [35]–[37]. Through this study we compared the densities of adult and young plants, observing that presence of cattle produced a notably change in young oak populations. Besides oak recruitment limitation associated with rangeland management, herbivory pressure on plants, depending on the presence of cattle, seem to vary as well. We focused specifically on coast live oak (Q. agrifolia), which shows recruitment levels insufficient for maintaining oak stands in certain areas [13], [23]. Coast live oak populations show low recruitment especially in open areas dominated by mostly herbs and a few shrubs [23], [38]. In Mediterranean climates, herbaceous vegetation gets completely consumed or dried during summer [39], making ungulates to switch food sources. Hence, late season use of browse as a food resource by ungulates and cattle increases, and subsequently affects oak regeneration [40], [41]. An increase of drought due to climate change not only would prompt a decrease of hydric resources and consequently would generate difficulties in the normal growth of the vegetation [42]; but also would exacerbate grazing pressure on browse, especially over young plants [41]. Given the potentially high herbivory levels at early ontogenetic stages of plants, herbivory of coast live oak seems to be an important factor driving regeneration rate, although other factors have been found to also be important e.g., substrate type, soil moisture levels, shade, fire regime, and drought frequency [43], [44]. Moreover, heavy grazing over many years can indirectly affect oak recruitment by increasing soil compaction and reducing organic matter [45], thereby making it more difficult for oak roots to penetrate downward to obtain moisture [45]. While cattle's grazing has been blamed for poor oak recruitment in rangelands, removal of livestock has often failed to alleviate oak recruitment problems even after many years without grazing (e.g., [46], [47]). In our study, we observed a reduction in the density of coast live oak seedlings and saplings, but not adults - (more than 100 years old [48], [49]) - in areas grazed by cattle relative to seedling and sapling density in abandoned areas (at least 40 years without livestock), corroborating previous similar findings [50] in Israel. The presence of cattle for a long period negatively affected oak regeneration, especially in pastures with a high stocking rate. The mobility of wildlife reduced such constant grazing pressure, allowing more oak recruitment than in permanently stocked rangelands [51].
In other agroforestry systems, some measures have been proposed to promote the maintenance of the tree layer and to alleviate regeneration problems such as transhumance (traditional livestock movements through grazing zones and seasons, at the landscape level), or temporary absence of livestock in Spanish (Mediterranean) agroforestry systems ("dehesas") [52], [53]; or adoption of non-continuous grazing management schemes in Australian rangelands [54]. These studies have been used to justify the increase of livestock mobility in California rangelands as a way to allow increased oak regeneration.
In the present study, differences in browsing depending on ranchs management type (wildlife vs. cattle and wildlife) affected plant density in populations of young coast live oak plants. Moreover, plants showed a larger diameter in areas were cattle were not present. These differences in plant diameter indicate that in areas where cattle are present the opportunity of the plants to pass on to the next ontogenetic stage would be reduced. We found intensive damage (>70% of browsable biomass damaged) in cattle areas. The smaller diameter of the young plants in cattle grazed areas compared to areas without cattle (Figure 4) could result from a reduction in the net growth rate of oak juveniles due to the intensity of damage caused by cattle, which could also reduce the transitioning from seedlings to saplings. Our findings suggest that the likelihood of young coast live oak individuals reaching the subsequent size classes is significantly reduced in cattle ranches, especially during transition from small saplings to the next phase of saplings. In contrast, in the Spanish dehesas, unsuccessful holm oak (Quecus ilex L.) recruitment seems to be limited not by transition between sapling stages but by failures of seedling emergence and establishment [55]. Unsuccessful transition from the seedling to sapling phase can be a critical determinant of the lack of oak regeneration [51]. In both types of management (wildlife only vs. cattle and wildlife), grazers showed similar preferences for plant sizes. However, the grazing pressure over plants seem to vary depending on the community of animals grazing on them, with cattle frequently chewing into larger diameters for longer grazing periods thus causing more shoot damage than do deer [27].
Field studies on oak recruitment that are conducted at larger spatial (the present study) or temporal scales can contribute information about the potential ranges of age-specific survivorship for a given set of environmental conditions, and about the relative importance of limiting factors for different life stages [18]. We have found important effects of the spatial locations of the plots (latitude and longitude) on the density of young plants, which might indicate that the effect that animals have on the regeneration of this species is also related to their spatial location. Woodlands of Q. agrifolia in cooler, moister climates in northern California contained proportionally more saplings than woodlands in southern California [56]. Increasing the number of study sites across a greater spatial range within Northern California would improve our ability to accurately model oak population dynamics, to understand controls on oak demography, and to predict outcomes of restoration and other management efforts [18].
Decades of research have produced no definitive conclusion about the existence of the California oak 'regeneration problem' [21]. The underlying causes of perceived recruitment failure are unclear and could include drivers at broad scales including such as climate change, habitat fragmentation, altered herbivore populations, changes in fire regimes, exotic plant and animal invasions, livestock grazing, and soil conditions altered by past land uses [21]. In our study we have not included microhabitat effect, or competition with annual grasses, all of which may be important determinants of the regeneration stage of coast live oak at a short spatial scale. Further research on the conditions that would ensure tree regeneration in Californian rangelands is needed in order to determine thresholds of grazing density and timing. Moreover, there remains a lack of information about the factors that govern the transitions from seedlings to saplings [57], [58], and from saplings to adults [59], [60], because the majority of oak regeneration studies [21] have focused on the earliest ontogenetic stages only (e.g., [24], [61], [62]). Therefore, further research about the factors determining the transition probability to reach subsequent ontogenetic stages will be necessary to understand better the regeneration problem.
Permanent exclusion of cattle from rangelands may not be an optimal management solution, as light to moderate cattle grazing enhances species richness among herbaceous species, prevents fire hazards by reducing encroachment of dwarf shrubs [50], reduces competition with annual grasses [61]–[63], and reduces herbivory by small animals attracted to high herbaceous cover [64], [65]. Cessation of grazing would also have negative economic implications for ranchers [50], [54], [66]. Movement of cattle around the ranch might help to more evenly distribute grazing pressure. Compared with deer, browsing pressure from fenced cattle is generally more intense, more consistent, and consequently more damaging to oak regeneration [27]. Transhumance is a millenary practice that has been proven to provide a wide range of ecosystem services and preserve the cultural landscapes of Spanish dehesas by allowing sustainable regeneration of the tree structure [51]. Changing the position of feeding points over time and distributing several water points throughout the ranch would encourage the movement of cattle. Grazing cessation during summer and autumn [51], reduction of stocking rate, deferment of the commencement of grazing, and fencing young seedlings [50] can be applied to improve the regeneration of scattered trees. In the face of inadequate recruitment, management practices must be modified to allow for the establishment of new trees.
The scattered trees of open woodlands that characterize these landscapes are widely recognized as keystone organisms due to the multiple ecological processes that depend upon their presence [54], [66]. We found that the density of seedlings and saplings in California's rangelands was 50% lower in grazed sites compared to ungrazed sites. Under significant grazing pressure by cattle, young coast live oak plants may rarely survive beyond the seedling and sapling size classes. Given the importance of Californian rangelands, it is increasingly critical to employ science-based measures to better manage and ensure the continuity of these landscapes.
We thank the staff of Stanford University's Jasper Rigde Biological Preserve, Edgewook Preserve and The Dish, the staff at the Enid Pearson-Arastradero Preserve, the staff of the East Bay Regional Park District, the staff of the Hastings Natural History Reservation, and to Vince Voegeli for access at the Oak Ridge Ranch.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: ALS RD SR. Performed the experiments: ALS JS. Analyzed the data: ALS MS. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: ALS MS. Contributed to the writing of the manuscript: ALS JS. Revised article critically for important intellectual content: JS RD MS SR. Writing revision: JS RD MS SR.
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Plumb TR, Hannah B (1991) Artificial regeneration of blue and coast live oaks in the central coast. In: Standiford RB, editor. USDA General Technical Report PSW-126, Berkeley, CA. pp. 74–80.
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Welker JM, Menke JW (1987) Quercus douglasii seedling water relations in mesic and grazing-induced xeric environments. In: Hanks RJ, Gardner WR, Halbertsma J, Przybyla C, editors. Proceedings of International Conference on Measurement of Soil and Plant Water Status. Springer, Logan, Utah. pp. 229–234.
- 46. Callaway RM (1992) Effect of shrubs on recruitment of Quercus douglasii and Quercus lobata in California. Ecology 73: 2118–2128.
- 47. White KL (1966) Structure and composition of foothill woodland in central coastal California. Ecology 47: 229–237.
- 48. Gea-Izquierdo G, Cañellas I, Montero G (2008) Site index in agroforestry systems: age-dependent and age-independent dynamic diameter growth models for Quercus ilex L. in Iberian open oak woodlands. Can J Forest Res 38: 101–113.
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Serrada R, Bravo JA, Roig S (2004) Brotación en encinas (Quercus ilex ssp. ballota) con edades elevadas. Experiencias en el monte de Riofrío (Segovia). Invest Agrar: Sist Recur For Fuera de Serie 127–141.
- 50. Dufour-Dror J (2007) Influence of cattle grazing on the density of oak seedlings and saplings in a Tabor oak forest in Israel. Acta Oecol 31: 223–228.
- 51. Carmona CP, Azcárate FM, Oteros-Rozas E, González JA, Peco B (2013) Assessing the effects of seasonal grazing on holm oak regeneration: Implications for the conservation of Mediterranean dehesas. Biol Conserv 159: 240–247.
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Swiecki TJ, Bernhardt EA, Drake C, Pillsbury N, Verner J, et al. (1997) Stand-level status of blue oak sapling recruitment and regeneration. In: Pillsbury NH, Verner J, Tietje WD, editors. Proceedings of Symposium Oak Woodlands: Ecology, Management, and Urban Interface Issues. General Technical Report PSWGTR-160. Albany (CA): Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, USDA. pp. 147–156.
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Danielsen K (1990) Seedling growth rates of Quercus lobata Nee. (Valley oak) and the competitive effects of selected grass species. Master's thesis, University of California, Los Angeles, CA.
- 64. McCreary DD, Tecklin J (2005) Restoring native California oaks on grazed rangelands. USDA Forest Service Proceedings RMRS-P-35: 109–112.
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text: For celebrations that mean the world to everyone, these golden globe favors are great for travel themed events and destination weddings.This delightful mini globe container is made of clear plastic. It is supported by a plastic stand with a luxurious shiny gold vacuum plated finish.The mini globe opens up in the middle, allowing you to easily fill it with treats of your choice. Fill it with candies, decadent chocolates, small gifts, a hand written Thank You note or anything that will thrill your guests! The globes are bulk packed in poly bags.This latest addition to our exclusive favor collection is perfect for any travel themed event or destination wedding.

subset: commoncrawl


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Just in time for love month, Kaspersky Lab released its findings of a spike in phishing activities taking advantage of the hype of Valentine's Day.
The cybersecurity firm said "the total number of user attempts to visit fraudulent websites with a romantic theme that were detected and blocked during the first half of February more than doubled compared to the same time in 2018, a reminder that fraudsters are always looking for an excuse to steal users' data and money."
Phishing is one of the oldest — and still effective — form of social engineering where criminals obtain personal information through fraudulent emails disguised as legitimate documents. The emails usually carry so much urgency that the unsuspecting victim would fail to check the authenticity of the email address and website.
According to Kaspersky: "The overall number of user attempts to visit fraudulent websites that were detected and blocked by Kaspersky Lab solutions in the first half of February 2019 — the days leading up to February 14th – dramatically peaked from over two million in 2018 to more than 4.3 million this year. According to statistics, the most affected countries were Brazil (a more than 6.4% share of detections), Portugal (more than 5.8 percent), and Venezuela (5.5 percent). They were followed by Greece (5.3%) and Spain (5.1 percent).
Deeper analysis into the sent emails has shown that fraudsters are particularly exploiting pre-order gift items and performance-enhancing drugs as a trap to lure users into sharing their credentials in order to please their loved ones. This again proves the findings of Kaspersky Lab's own survey, indicating that when it comes to love, users tend to lose their vigilance.
"Our research has shown that there is no difference between phishing activities exploiting major sporting events, fake payment bills, or a more romantic pretext. They all just need to drive users' emotions, be it excitement, stress, or love. Thus, almost anything can become an attack tool in the cyber fraudsters' hands. The detected spike reminds us that we should always be cautious when surfing the web even we are just buying flowers for our loved one," warns Andrey Kostin, Senior Web-Content Analyst at Kaspersky Lab.
Kaspersky Lab advice for staying safe:
- Phishers often exploit emotions — including those connected with relationships and love. Signs that there could be phishers aiming to exploit your romantic expectations include messages that demand immediate action, ask for vast amounts of very personal and seemingly irrelevant information, or which simply sound too good to be true.
- Pay extra attention to emails promising "one time only" offers or various goods for free. If emails come from people or organizations you don't know or have suspicious or unusual addresses think twice before opening. Do not click on links until you are sure that they are legitimate and start with "https", especially when any personal or financial information is asked for.
- Have a separate bank card and account with a limited amount of money, specifically for buying flowers or making a table reservation. This will help to avoid serious financial losses if your bank details are stolen.
Categories: News


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Their concern is that Sawyer probably had Norovirus last week, but it may have developed into a bacterial infection that might have entered his bloodstream. He may need IV antibiotics. They want to avoid putting any meds into his gut right now.
I will update once I know more. A simple CBC will help determine a lot, but both doctors believe hospitalization is necessary at this time.
Thanks for praying!
Sent from Lorraine's iPhone


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Forney Industries has rounded out their line of battery chargers with five machines that are sure to recharge your workbench. These chargers range in size and abilities, but are all equally useful.
If you're having trouble deciding which machine (or machines) to purchase, read on to learn more about each charger and the features that make them durable, user-friendly and reliable.
Forney's Wheeled Battery Charger
Easy to use and effortlessly transportable, this ETL certified battery charger will put life back into your batteries. This machine includes several safety features including short circuit, overheat and reverse polarity protection. The LED button controls featured on the machine are easy to read and accurate. This charger can trickle, standard, and quick charge both 6-volt and 12-volt batteries. At 6-volts, this wheel charger can charge at 2 amps (trickle) and 10 amps (standard). At 12-volts, it can charge at 2 amps (trickle), 10 amps (standard), 40 amps (quick charge) and 200 amps (engine start). Using the 200 amps emergency setting can bring cars, large SUVs and small trucks back to life.
Forney's Bench Battery Charger
This bench battery charger can charge trickle, standard and quick charge both 6-volt and 12-volt batteries at 2 amps (trickle), 10 amps (standard) and 20 amps (quick charge). In addition to this, at 12-volts this bench battery charger also has a 100 amp engine start charging capability. Using the emergency start setting is powerful enough to bring cars, SUVs and small trucks back to life.
Forney's Trickle Battery Charger
This trickle charge battery charger was designed for a more efficient way of charging. The portable and easy to use machine can charge both a 6-volt and/or a 12-volt battery at 2 amps and 4 amps charging capability. This machine is ideal for keeping batteries charged while in storage. It features a digital LED screen that displays charging status and built-in safety features. Safety features include: short circuit protection, overheat protection, spark-proof protection and an auto on-off circuit.
Forney's Jump Start Battery Charger
This jump start battery charger encompasses smart and safe features to charge your batteries with efficiency and confidence. Those features include a battery status indicator and audio error alarms to prevent damage to your battery and the charger. This jump battery charger is also durable, featuring wrap cleats for easy cable storage and heavy-duty clamps with thick insulated cables. What's more, this battery charger acts as a jump-starter and 12-volt battery all in one portable power pack.
Forney's Jump Start Battery Charger With Air Compressor
Like ITEM# 52760, this jump start battery charger encompasses intelligent charging capabilities to charge your batteries efficiently and confidently. This charger includes all the features of the previous jump stater, with the addition of a built-in air compressor for filling tires, air mattresses and more. This charger acts as a jump starter, air compressor, power inverter and 12-volt battery.
If you're tired of charging your batteries with mediocre battery chargers, try Forney's upgraded line of battery chargers today!
To learn more about these machines, check out these videos:
To learn more about Forney's battery chargers, visit askforney.com or call Forney's customer service at 1-800-521-6038.


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The Storyteller's Secret is the third book of Carmine Gallo that I have read after Presentation Secrets of Steve Jobs, Talk like TED.Like the first two, I have found this equally fascinating.
This book is a must read for those who are looking to overcome stage fright , public speaking as well as those who are into selling.
As is evident from this as well as his previous books, storytelling has always been an art not science and needs the storyteller to understanding the working of the human brain with precision.
The stories of great presentations , the preparation before the presentations , the effort made by the presenter in trying to influence the human brain goes a long way in conveying the message that for passing on a simple message in an easily understandable way needs lot of complex planning and preparation.
The following are the concepts related to engaging presentations, storytelling that deeply appealed to my senses. All these it must be said have deep rooted relationship with neuroscience and ability to understand the working of the human brain. Thus storytelling is still an art using scientific techniques leaving nothing to chance.
1. Neural coupling —– This is what happens when a message from a storyteller is able to engage the listener and his brain (emotional side of it) is tightly coupled with the idea presented by the storyteller. It is similar to resonance that happens when the natural frequency matches. Once a listener is neutrally coupled the job of the storyteller in conveying his message becomes a lot easier. As a result of neural coupling an emotionally charged event gets triggered in the brain that gives rise to excitement in the mind of a listener driving away boredom.
2. Heart sing —- This is a concept coined by Steve Jobs wherein the presenter or storyteller has to connect with the audience in such a way that would make the heart of the audience sing with the message conveyed by the presenter.
3. Mood contagion happens when the mood or magic created by the storyteller spreads like a disease amongst the audience and becomes contagious wherein the audience remains engaged with all eyes and ears enjoying the presentation.
4. Amygdala "Post It" notes – Amygdala is the region of the brain that releases dopamine, the chemical that gives us happiness. The message of the presenter when conveyed in a desirable manner gets registered as a "Post It" note in the brain region named Amygdala and causes the release of dopamine which makes the listener not only relate better but carry the message with him/her after the presentation.


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It also provides extreme temperature resistance to both very hot (104°F) and very cold (-104°F) temperatures, making it ideal for outdoor use. A standard power strip will allow you to run electricity to multiple devices, typically via an on/off switch. Smart power strips function similarly, but they can also connect with compatible smart home systems, like Amazon Alexa or Google Assistant, usually through a WiFi connection.
- A trainer who typically wins at a 20% rate might win just 8% of the time with first-time starters, which suggests their runners are rarely cranked for peak efforts on debut.
- Bet on all this and more with our long list of domestic league betting markets.
- XLN themselves conducted extensive research whilst developing the software and found many triggering technologies required a lot of additional editing and correction.
- The popular ride-hailing app went public in 2019 at $45 per share, valuing the company at $82.4 billion.
The Lutron Caseta Dimmer Switch Starter Kit is one of the best smart plugs because it works with any desk or table lamp , making the » informative post dumb » device smart. Unlike a standard smart plug, Lutron's gadget lets you dim the bulb, rather than simply turn it on or off. The Starter Kit includes a handy remote, but you can skip that if you want to control it with your voice assistant. As one of the best smart plugs for outdoor use, the Kasa Smart Outdoor Plug KP400 will raise the IQ of your front porch or backyard deck.
Best Outdoor Plug For Kasa Device Users
We have more What Does « plus » And « minus » Mean In Sports Betting? success stories than we can count, with more coming in every single day. We certainly hope you will share your story with us once you get grounded and experience the powerful results from using your Earthing products to connect to the earth on a regular basis. The importance of a thorough position size calculation process is stressed out in many influential Forex books.
Types Of Football Betting Markets At William Hill
Take this compact, portable power strip with you and keep your devices protected from surges with its surge suppression rating of 900 J. The donut shape of the power strip allows you to fit more outlets into a compact area so you aren't struggling to fit it into your bag or purse. It includes a retractable 3.3-foot power cord that winds up inside the power strip itself for convenient storage and transportation. These top-rated products were chosen for quality, price, and customer satisfaction to help you find the best power strip for your overcrowded outlets.
Decimal odds represent the amount that is won for every $1 that is wagered. For instance, if the odds are 3.00 that a certain horse wins, the payout is $300 for every $100 wagered. Although odds require seemingly complicated calculations, the concept is easier to understand once you fully grasp the three types of odds and how to convert the numbers into implied probabilities. The house always wins because the bookmaker's profit margin is also factored into the odds. The three types of odds are fractional, decimal, and American.
Problems arise when you consider other states, such as Mississippi, where betting on sports on your mobile is legal but only on-site at a brick-and-mortar casino. Consequently, a different kind of 'geofence' needs to be adopted. As with any modern piece of software or technology, some problems occasionally arise. Geolocation is no different, and each operator will have a list of troubleshooting tips to help you overcome them. This can be frustrating for the player as they have launched the app and just want to bet but are being blocked.
Just plug in your bet size and the pot size BEFORE you bet to see the pot odds ratio and equity requirement your opponent would be getting. Some sportsbooks will list round robin options with nicknames, which are borrowed from horse racing. A round robin in sports betting is a series of smaller parlays made up from a larger list of teams you select. Latest legal & regulated Sportsbook reviews & guides for sports betting in Indiana.
For a country with less than a 400K people, they are treating electric and plug-in hybrid cars exceptionally well. Per capita in 2017, the country had 2,990 plug-in vehicles registered, up 157% from previous year. In 2017, the market share for electric vehicles rose to 1.58%. The European Roulette wheel and table layout are slightly different than those of the American. The American Roulette table has an additional '00' sector, making the total number of the pockets on the wheel 38. This slightly reduces the winning odds and increases the house edge at American Roulette.
Some line the potty area with a different material than the sleeping area of the box. Sand, wood chips or even flat-laid newspaper are good choices. Healthy dogs won't sleep in a soiled area, and many puppies learn quickly where to pee and poo. Regardless of what kind of bedding you choose, be prepared to change it several times each day.
By adding Subtle Patterns to your plug-in list, you get access to a library of tileable, textured patterns. It's oh-so-convenient to use as you simply click on the thumbnail of the pattern that you want to use and it will be applied to the layer that you're currently working on. You will be guided via the method of putting a guess in a variety of the most popular online bitcoin playing websites. Once you may have determined the quantity of deposit you'll make, you will need to full your first wager, list of bitcoin casinos1.


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Dr Janette Martin writes:
The compositions of Delia Derbyshire (1937-2001), a pioneer of British electronic music, continue to inspire and delight audiences today.
As regular readers of this blog will know, 2017 marks what would have been Delia's eightieth birthday year. To commemorate this milestone lots of activities are taking place across the country. As part of a Heritage Lottery Fund project, the Delia Derbyshire Day charity commissioned a film exploring the contents of the Delia Derbyshire Archive, which is held by the University of Manchester's John Rylands Library. The film explains how the collection is available for anyone to use and gives a tantalising glimpse into its contents. If you would like to register as a reader or find out more about this archive please contact firstname.lastname@example.com.
Breaking the Sound Barrier: Delia Derbyshire's legacy to women in experimental music.
Delia fans are invited to a free sound performance at the John Rylands Library on Thursday 18 May 2017. An event which is part of the Manchester After Hours festival, which is taking place across the city.
The evening features unpredictable, evocative and extraordinary performances by two female artists whose sound and method echo that of Delia Derbyshire's pioneering work with the BBC Radiophonic Workshop. Listen as Vicky Clarke creates one of her trademark 'sound sculptures' using electronic, digital and analogue techniques, and watch Naomi Kashiwagi craft unexpected melodies using a wind-up gramophone in 'The Gramophonica Mode', her creative response to Delia Derbyshire's archive.
Two performances will be held during the evening, starting at 7pm and 8.30pm. We highly recommend arriving on time for the performances as space is limited in the building. Free entry. No need to book.


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Emma O'Halloran has won the Next Generation competition run by Beth Morrison Projects. O'Halloran has been commissioned to write a full length opera that will be premiered and toured over the coming seasons.
O'Halloran's work is cross genre, and aims to capture, "complex and powerful emotions". To date, she has composed for chamber ensembles, laptop orchestra, symphony orchestra, folk musicians and turntables alongside music for film and theatre.
A founder of the #HearAllComposers campaign – which brings attention to social issues regarding race, gender and socio-economic discrimination – O'Halloran has been described as, "an advocate for inclusivity in classical music".
Beth Morrison Projects (BMP) is responsible for New York's Prototype Festival and productions including Place, Prism and Train with No Midnight. After beginning in New York it expanded to include Los Angeles in 2014. Recent production Madame White Snake was staged at the Hong Kong Arts Festival and the company will also stage Home at the festival from 14-16 March.


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The Iowa Department of Revenue has set the value that's used to determine the property tax values for the state. The department's Julie Roisen, says the "rollback" value as it is known is mandated by state law.
"The rollback calculations are designed to keep aggregate taxable values across the state for residential, agricultural and commercial properties, if they qualify, to keep them from growing more than four-percent statewide," Roisen says. The taxable value was raised to 52.81-percent, compared to the previous rate of 50.75-percent in 2011 to show the changes in property value.
"The aggregate taxable value has grown, and so therefore, the local governments may see a higher collection depending on what they did with their (tax) levees," Roisen says. County auditors use the figure set by the department to each property to compute the tax value that's used for property taxes.
"The whole idea is to keep the statewide taxable value from shooting up dramatically," Roisen explains. "Now it does not speak to an individual particular property at a parcel level. If the assessed value of an individual property grew dramatically for whatever reason, they would see an increase in their tax burden, because their assessed value grew, and then you apply the rollback."
The tax values based on 2012 will be paid by property owners in fiscal year 2013-14 will not be determined until local taxing bodies establish their property tax needs early next year.


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The Common Metrics Initiative is designed to assess and optimize the CTSA Program's overall impact on the nation's health. Establishing a set of standard evaluation measures across CTSA Program hubs helps focus program activities, streamline data collection, and demonstrate measurable progress toward program goals, including improvements in research translation and workforce development.
NCATS works collaboratively with researchers, administrators, program evaluators and a diverse range of staff from various CTSA Program hubs to develop, demonstrate and disseminate new common metrics. Currently, three metrics are established across the hubs:
- Careers in clinical and translational research
- Institutional review board duration
- Pilot funding and publications
Investigators at the CTSA Program's Center for Leading Innovation and Collaboration (CLIC) at the University of Rochester lead the Coordinating Center, which is supporting the Common Metrics Initiative. Learn more about common metrics.


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Amazing Tips On How To Buy The Best Fishing Sunglasses This 2021
The best fishing sunglasses can greatly enhance your fishing experience. As an angler, proper eye protection is paramount especially when spending many hours outdoors in the bright sun. Polarized sunglasses help to reduce glare, protect your eyes from harmful UV rays, and improve visibility in the water. So, how do you go about choosing quality fishing glasses?
How To Buy The Best Fishing Glasses This 2017
Last update on 2022-08-23 at 02:41 PST - Details
Tips To Remember When Buying Angling Glasses
There are three main things to look for in fishing sunglasses: clarity, color, and comfort. It is important to wear polarized sunglasses that fit the environment you are fishing in. Here are important features to look for in polarized angling glasses.
Polarized Lenses
Polarized lenses help to eliminate strained vision when fishing and protect the eyes from excess sunlight. Polarized lenses can reduce reflected light by up to 98 percent. This helps to reduce glare on various surfaces including water. There are three types of polarized lenses: light, medium, and heavy polarized sunglasses. The three differ in the degree to which their lenses are polarized.
Light polarized lenses are available in brown or grey shades. These lenses suit indoor environments where the light comes in from outside. These types of lenses are suitable for anglers who spend significant amounts of in an ice fishing shelter waiting for a prized catch.
Medium polarized lenses are available in blue, ruby, or green tint glasses. These tinted glasses should be fitted onto grey, green, or red polarized shades. Medium polarized glasses are ideal for low light conditions like fogy or hazy environments. An example of a medium polarized glass is a mirror prescription glass.
Photochromic Lenses
These lenses change their shades to match the environment. They change their color as UV rays increase or decrease in intensity. Anglers would benefit from these types of lenses, especially if they spend many hours on the water. Photochromic lenses help to enhance vision above or under water in any environment.
Lens Material
Angling glasses can be made from various materials including glass, polycarbonate, and NXT. Glass lenses have superior optical qualities and are more resistant to scratching. However, they are heavy, prone to breaking, and quite expensive. I would not advise anglers to go for glass lenses.
Polycarbonate is more resistant to impact than glass. It is also cheaper and has decent optical clarity. The only problem is that polycarbonate lenses scratch or damage easily. NXT is the best of the three lens materials. It is strong, light, and tough providing extra protection to the eyes from flying objects.
Lens Color
The lens color of your fishing sunglasses should be determined by your fishing environment. There are three main types of lens colors: grey, copper, and amber colored lenses.
Grey lenses provide better depth perception in water. They also enhance color saturation and the contrast between medium and light areas in the water. Many saltwater anglers prefer fishing sunglasses with grey lenses to any other color. Unfortunately, grey lenses are not suitable for freshwater fishing. The grey tint contrast works against the lens making it a bit difficult to tell the fish from its surrounding.
Copper lenses help to tone down blue light. These lenses suit both saltwater and freshwater environments. Copper lenses are recommended for low light conditions, especially after dusk. The lenses brighten objects underwater making them ideal for netting bright colored fish.
Amber lenses are known for their overall brightness. They also maintain the overall color of the surrounding even when moving from one fishing location to another.
Lens Coating
The lenses of most angling sunglasses are treated with a hydrophobic coating. This helps to prevent water droplets from sticking to the sunglasses and impairing visibility. An extra layer of chemical treatment may be applied to boost visibility in foggy or humid conditions.
Shape And Style Of Frame
The shape and style of the frame determine how the angling sunglasses fit your face. Quality fishing sunglasses bend to the shape of your face and feel comfortable when worn. The sunglass frame should not be too loose or too tight on the face.
Sunglass frames come in different styles. Wrapping sunglasses have a frame that wraps around the angler's face. Such frames do not easily come off even when fishing on a speeding boat. A strap or band may be added to fortify the frames.
Floating sunglasses have a frame that can float on water. This feature makes them easy to retrieve in case they accidentally fall in the water. Ventilated sunglasses have a permeable frame that evaporates sweat droplets keeping the temple cool and dry. Some frames come with a protective skirt providing extra protection against airborne debris.
Prescription Glasses
Anglers who use prescription glasses can still find suitable fishing glasses to wear. Most high-end sunglass manufacturers can make custom fishing sunglasses to suit individuals looking for prescription fishing sunglasses.
Top Best Fishing Sunglasses On The Market
Last update on 2022-08-23 at 02:41 PST - Details
*Below, you'll find our more detailed reviews, but you can also click the links above to see current prices or read customer reviews on Amazon.
These fishing sunglasses tick all the right boxes as far as professional angling glasses are concerned. They measure 6.6 by 3.3 by 2.2 inches and weight 2.6 ounces. They are not the lightest fishing sunglasses, but you will not feel their weight as you wear them.
The lenses come with Holbrook plutonic filters and sport a six-base curvature design. This technology is designed to filter about 100 percent of harmful UV rays and blue light that could reach your eyes.
The lens and frames of these fishing sunglasses are available in different styles ideal for both men and women. The polycarbonate lens is impact resistant and designed to perfectly wrap on the face. This helps to provide your eyes with enhanced protection from external objects while enhancing visibility from different angles.
These sunglasses are fitted with metallic bolts and accents along the frame. This not only strengthens the frame but also accentuates its overall aesthetics.
You can get the Cosver polarized sunglasses in various shades including grey, matte black, emerald iridium, ruby iridium, and ice iridium. Another color option is matte black in jade iridium.
One feature that sets these sunglasses apart is that they are RX rated. This means they are prescription-ready for anglers with existing eye problems.
What I Liked
- Sleek, durable and lightweight black matte frame with metallic accents
- Provides 100 percent UV protection up to 400nm
- Improved side vision
- Comes in various colors and styles
- Impact resistant polycarbonate lens
- 57-millimeter thick lens that is durable and impact resistant
- Prescription ready
What I Didn't Like
- Some color shades may be expensive
- May be too large to fit some heads
- It is possible to receive a counterfeit version of the glasses
The Knight Visor sunglasses are my first pair of angling shades to own. They measure 7 by 3 by 3 inches and weight 3.8 ounces. I received these pair as a gift from my wife and immediately loved them. They felt quite light on my face.
Knight Visor polarized sunglasses are designed to enhance color and clarity when fishing. This is exactly what I needed to spot the walleye below the water and also enjoy the sunsets while fishing.
The sunglass lens is polarized and has a grey tint to retain color saturation of the overall environment. I also loved how they enhanced the contrast of the water and reduced the sun's glare. These sunglasses come in two shades and I remember mine were crystal colored at the frames.
The unbreakable lens is reinforced with 100 percent UV protection. No single day did I have to squint due to glare or the harsh rays of the sun. These polarized did a good job for me the entire period I had them.
On the downside, the plastic frames were not as durable as I thought. The frames got broken when they fell down and I had to replace the frames.
What I Liked
- Sturdy polarized lens
- Lens treated to enhance protection against harmful UV radiation
- Entire sunglass is hand assembled
- Enhanced clarity and color
- Grey lenses enhances contrast and retain color saturation
- Available in different styles and colors
What I Didn't Like
- Quite pricy for the budget conscious angler
- Plastic frames may break under heavy impact
- Easily attracts dust, dirt, and smudges
- Plastic lens
Duduma polarized sunglasses measure 7.1 by 3.3 by 2.5 inches and weigh an ounce. Quite lightweight in nature but the size may be too big for kids. They also come with permanent lenses.
Duduma sunglasses have a film-free polarized lens. These sunglasses filter certain wavelengths of light preventing them from reaching your eyes. In addition, they make everything look brighter and crispier behind the polarized sunglasses.
What I appreciate about the Duduma Sunglasses is their ability to eliminate glare and flare. The lens surface is non-reflective and scratch resistant on both sides. I would highlight the non-reflective feature, which is a deal-breaker for me, especially when fishing light sensitive fish. No reflection on sunglasses means the fish cannot spot you and will take the bait better.
The frame is held together by the firm and flexible hinges. The frame fits your face snuggly while the hydrophilic megol nose pad is designed to be breathable and sweat-absorbent.
One more thing I would mention about the lens is its smudge free property. I have often heard anglers complain about oil or dirt smudges on their glasses. Anglers with these sunglasses do not experience problems with smudges.
What I Liked
- Flexible stainless steel hinges
- Photochromic, polarized, and long-lasting lens
- Breathable nose pad that absorbs sweat
- Scratch resistant and film-free lens surface
- Quite affordable
- Comes in different colors for variety
What I Didn't Like
- Aesthetic coating on the frame may peel with time
- Lens is not interchangeable
I upgraded to the Flying Fisherman polarized sunglasses after breaking the frame of my Duduma model. The heavy-duty design on these ones was an assurance that they will last longer than my previous fishing sunglasses. Measuring 8 by 9 by 10 inches and weighing only 1.4 ounces, I find them compact and lightweight enough to carry around.
The Flying Fisherman angling glasses are 100 percent polarized and treated to provide enhanced UV protection. The frame is co-injected with a nylon-based compound to make them tough, durable, and comfortable to wear.
The lens is made from a 580-polycarbonate compound. This not only adds to the lightweight nature of the sunglasses but also ensures the lens surface is resistant to scratches or breaking on impact. In addition, the lens surface is quite resistant to oil smudges and dirt.
What stood out for me more on these sunglasses is the enticing aesthetics. There are about 40 different styles of the same model on the market. I still maintained a blacked out frame but chose a polarized lens with silver mirror glass. The Flying Fisherman polarized sunglasses does an impressive job in blocking the sun's glare.
An additional advantage of these sunglasses would be the free casing that comes with the sunglasses. This casing is super tough and keeps the sunglasses protected.
What I Liked
- Heavy duty hinges provide a sturdy frame
- Comes in a variety of styles and designs
- Comes with a sturdy carrying case
- Very aesthetic; can be worn while fishing or out on vacation
- 100 percent polarized and reinforced to provide enhanced UV protection
What I Didn't Like
- It's possible to buy the counterfeit version of the glasses
- A bit expensive compared to other Costa sunglass products
I love the fact that Merry's Sunglasses do not look like they are designed for angling. In fact, they look more suited for a biker, cyclist, or someone taking that weekend road trip. Merry's Sunglasses with smoke lenses are quite stylish yet maintain some of the heavy-duty specs you find on military eyewear.
These sunglasses come with special eye protection design. They borrow the ingenuity of military ballistic combat eyewear. In addition, Merry's sunglasses with smoke grey lenses meet OSHA and ANSI Z87.1 safety requirements.
At first glance, I loved and appreciated these angling sunglasses. The entire frame is a deep black color accentuated by the smoke grey lenses. The half-frame design is quite stylish and I find the quality quite top-notch.
When you order a pair, the angling sunglasses come with a case, lanyard, and a piece of cleaning microfiber cloth.
Unfortunately, Merry's fishing sunglasses are available in only one style. The smoke grey lenses held together by a sturdy aluminum frame. Nevertheless, I personally do not see these particular sunglasses in any other color other than a bold black. They not only fit my angling escapades, but they are also perfect for cycling, hiking, motorcycle riding, and many other outdoor activities.
What I Liked
- Professional sunglasses designed to military standards
- Perfect for various outdoor activities
- Stylish half-frame design
- Meets OSHA and ANSI Z87.1 Safety Standards
- Fits snuggly even in windy situations
- Comes with a case, cleaning cloth, and lanyard
- Affordable
What I Didn't Like
- Only available in one color and style
Last update on 2022-08-23 at 02:41 PST - Details
My Final Choice!
I tend to be picky when it comes to my fishing sunglasses. At the same time, I do not want to spend so much looking for sunglasses. These are some of the reasons why I spend some time looking for sunglasses that meet all my angling needs without burning a hole in my pocket. If I compare the five angling sunglasses I reviewed, it comes down to two choices: Merry's fishing sunglasses and the Flying Fisherman polarized sunglasses.
Without a doubt, I am a fan of Flying Fisherman Eyewear products and have owned two pairs of the sunglasses so far. My current Flying Fisherman angling sunglasses ticks all the right boxes in what I look for in fishing sunglasses. They have a strong and durable lens that is resistant to scratching and smudging. I do not expect them to break like my previous pair of Duduma.
However, if I compare the Merry's and Flying Fisherman side by side, the Merry's takes the crown. Its amplified standards in safety and quality are what set it apart from the other sunglasses I reviewed. Merry's fishing sunglasses meet various quality and safety standards including OSHA and ANSI Z87.1 standards. The sunglasses are packed in a hard case that includes a microfiber cleaning cloth and lanyard. An additional advantage is that Merry's fishing sunglasses are cheaper than the Flying Fisherman.
I hope you found this article useful. Please share the article with your friends and followers on social media. You may also share your experiences using various fishing sunglasses in the comments section.


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In top skiing destinations, such as the US, Canada, Switzerland, Italy and France, the number of skiers has been heading down hill over the last three years, according to the latest findings by the World Travel and Tourism Council.
However, this decline in the winter sport's popularity has one well-groomed location bucking the trend – Austria.
As long ago as 2010, industry surveys of ski property opportunities have described the Grande Dame destination as an "attractive prospect". Investment offerings have improved considerably since, and buyers are starting to wake up to the value of pine clad real estate in scenic resorts like Ischgl, Kühtai and St Anton.
A government shake-up in 2014 truly started the second-home snowball rolling with economic stimulus packages and tax incentives now making the country much more friendly to investment, both domestic and foreign, helped by historically low interest rates.
The country also boasts some of the most attractive ski resorts in the Alps and the fastest-growing summer tourism levels in the EU. Visitors can enjoy the same quality of skiing in high-altitude resorts as in the French Alps, but properties are 40-50% cheaper. Mountain homes are priced according to the quality of local skiing and the amount of rent they can generate, with healthy yield potential due to prudent residential tourism development.
But Austria has a further hidden strength – namely its broad-based investment appeal (compared to rival Alpine getaways France and Italy), with a high percentage of Non-EU citizens already eyeing and buying Austrian properties. A high annual repeat visitor ratio across keynote resorts is further driving local investment in tourism infrastructure and supporting growth in rental income. So much so, on the back of these positive numbers, industry insiders predict a continuation of the solid capital growth within the Austrian tourism property market for 2016/17: 16.5% in the last 4 years versus a fall of 5.7% in France (source: Knight Frank, June 2016).
Property purchase options are also varied in their offering which appeals to a wider, affluent investor pool. In selected resorts for example, certain new-build homes come with a rental obligation and the tax authorities waive the 20% VAT on the purchase price in return for the owner's agreement to rent the property and support the growing numbers of visiting tourists. In this instance - the property is classified as a small business and the rental income may be used to service a mortgage with a local bank. Financing a part of one's purchase in Euros and servicing the mortgage with Euro rental income acts as a 'hedge' against Sterling/Euro exchange rate fluctuations.
As for those with 'wait and see' Brexit jitters - should a British buyer's status in Austria change once we have left the EU, non-EU citizens may buy Austrian properties through limited companies with a registered office inside the EU and there is no requirement for the shareholder to be a European citizen. Definitely food for investment thought…..
COPYRIGHT © Abode2 2012-2023


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"Getting It Done: Help Your Child with ADHD Start—and Finish—Homework" [podcast episode #232]
Do you dread the nightly homework battles? Are your evenings spent hovering, hand-holding, and helping your child with ADHD through assignments? If you answered yes to either of these questions, tune in to listen as Leslie Josel offers solutions.
Listen to "Getting It Done: Help Your Child with ADHD Start—and Finish—Homework" with Leslie Josel
Click the play button below to listen in your browser. Mobile users can open this episode in: Apple Podcasts; Google Podcasts; Stitcher; Spotify; Overcast.
Click here to view the original webinar broadcast and accompanying slides.
Add ADDitude's ADHD Experts Podcast to your podcasts app: Apple Podcasts | Google Podcasts | Spotify | Google Play | Pocket Casts | Overcast | Stitcher
Do you dread the nightly homework battles with your child? Are your evenings spent hovering, hand-holding, and helping your child through assignments? Do you wish he could get his work done independently — and on time — no matter what the subject? If you answered yes to any or all of these questions, you're in the right place for solutions.
Homework doesn't actually start at home. It begins at school — with copying down the assignments correctly and bringing home books and materials to complete them. Still, you can implement many strategies at home to ease the burden on you and your child. Here, we'll explore out-of-the box and creative tools your student can use to stay on task and on track.
Bottom line? The best homework strategy is one that taps into your child's inner strengths and needs, and provides the tools and resources needed to build executive-function muscles over time.
Listener testimonials:
- "Great ideas! Just bought the speaker's book online and ready to try these strategies.
- "Excellent suggestions and presentation. I'll try these ideas and also recommend this to others. Thanks!"
- "The webinar had a great pace."
- "Great information! Most of the questions she answered were ones I just hadn't thought of yet but definitely applied to my son. Thanks so much!"
Related recommended resources:
- Make Life Easier: 15 Back-to-School Apps Your Student Needs
- [Screener] Dysgraphia in Children
- Free Resource: Proven Homework Help for Kids with ADHD
- A Mom Designs a Desk to Help Her Fidgety Student Focus
This ADHD Experts webinar was first broadcast live on September 25, 2018. ADDitude thanks our sponsors for supporting our webinars. Sponsorship has no influence on speaker selection or webinar content.
Note on audio quality: This podcast is a recording of a webinar series, and the audio has been captured from telephone conversations, not recorded in a studio. Register to participate in the live webinars at: www.additude.com/webinars/
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ADDitude thanks our sponsors for supporting our webinars. Sponsorship has no influence on speaker selection or webinar content.


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TEL AVIV (JTA) — Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas' spokesperson said that Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu was "wasting time" with his demand that the Palestinians recognize Israel as a Jewish state and was undermining the current peace negotiations.
"The intention of Netanyahu's continued demand to recognize Israel as the Jewish state is to waste time and avoid reaching a true, just and viable peace agreement," said Nabil Abu Rudeineh, Abbas' spokesperson, according to reports.
In a speech at the annual conference of the American Israel Public Affairs Committee Tuesday, Netanyahu emphasized his oft-repeated demand that the Palestinian Authority recognize Israel as a Jewish state in any Israeli-Palestinian peace agreement.
"President Abbas, recognize the Jewish state, and in doing so, you would be telling your people, the Palestinians, that while we might have a territorial dispute, the right of the Jewish people to a state of their own is beyond dispute," Netanyahu said in the speech. "No excuses, no delays, it's time."


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Alfonso Rojas
Google Reviews - Mar 7, 2019
What I like the most of Bloomingdale Air is how they empower their senior technicians to become an agent of the company, and they deliver... once they assign a technician to the job I have their cell number and email with their devoted attention to follow up schedules and any questions I have: technical and office related as well. One person takes care of you and iis there to install your unit. I feel like I am dealing with the owner of the company. I won't be surprised if their senior technicians have a stake in the company. Great job David!!!!!


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PM Nguyen Xuan Phuc meets Premier of Quebec
Quebec (VNA) – Prime Minister Nguyen Xuan Phuc met with Premier of Quebec Philippe Couillard on June 8 (Canada time), as part of his attendance at the Group of Seven (G7) Outreach Summit and visit to Canada from June 8 – 10 at the invitation of Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau.
At the meeting, Phuc thanked for the warm welcome he received in Quebec and expressed his impression of the local diverse and strong growth.
Vietnam values cooperation with Canadian localities, including Quebec, placing it as a priority in the two countries' comprehensive partnership, stated the Vietnamese PM.
Philippe Couillard welcomed the Vietnamese high-ranking delegation's attendance at the Group of Seven (G7) Outreach Summit and visit to Canada.
He said the establishment of the Vietnam – Canada comprehensive partnership in November 2017 is an important milestone in bilateral relations, serving as a drive to intensify friendship and cooperation between their localities.
Lauding collaboration between Vietnam and Quebec in recent year, especially in trade and education – training, Phuc suggested Quebec continue granting scholarships for Vietnamese students, supporting Vietnam's participation in projects on climate change response, economics, and education within the framework of the International Francophone Organisation.
PM Phuc asked Quebec's authorities to facilitate the involvement of Vietnamese expatriates here in the local development and bilateral ties between Vietnam and Canada.
The Premier of Quebec vowed to continue promoting cooperation expansion and academic exchange via the establishment of partnerships and student exchange programmes.
He pledged to create best conditions possible for Vietnamese expatriates to make contributions to bilateral relations.
Philippe Couillard requested Vietnam consider Quebec's proposal to set up a representative office in the country.
PM Phuc took the occasion to invite the Quebec Premier to visit Vietnam, which was accepted.
After their meeting, the leaders witnessed the signing of a joint statement on tertiary education between Vietnam's Ministry of Education and Training and Quebec's Ministry of Education and Higher Education.-VNA


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My business is some sort of mama connected with some in addition to in the past from the time When i seemed to be some sort of educator. As i received little ones connected with my personal and in addition they evolved into classes previous, When i tutored these individuals. Image homeschooling intended for in excess of twenty years at this point and another matter i always know is usually of which for top level knowledge on your scholar is usually to include many professors. My business is effective in quite a few things even so; many things My business is struggle to instruct correctly. Other than, little ones ought to view unique models in addition to strategies of coaching. Many professors, including everyone, include a variety of facts designed for the younger learner. Even so, different professors could be gurus with what exactly many people instruct going for the chance to instruct for a greater levels.
To be a home business enterprise manager I've got this superb chance besides become a educator although a student likewise. My business is happy to obtain prepared within many amazing persons un cours en miracles. The intellect journeyed at a adverse, deficiency minded in addition to feeling hopeless blob a great inspired, prompted in addition to gracious sponge or cloth of which wishes to learn in addition to instruct. To be a boss, I have to really encourage in addition to motivate the workforce. I have to become a educator in their eyes in addition to instruct these individuals what exactly I'm sure. I have to thrust those to this control that can help these individuals get to the aims.
Even so, My business is likewise some sort of realist. I'm sure i always are not ones solely educator and have absolutely people prosper. You will need to find some teaching, intellect teaching by some place else. And so with whom will you look for to be a educator? With people discovered in addition to with whom will you be using. Listed below are the best professors. They've already modified playing with a great number of means. I'm sure the way significant it truly is to know anything by each one. Almost all these professors possesses many wonderful in addition to superb facts that can alter yourself.
William Proctor- I'm keen on William to be a educator mainly because as well as an authentic useful strategy to reveal the fact that earth of energy is effective and even more notably the way your depths of the mind is effective. He / she facilitates everyone to help utilize the intellect in addition to know it is limitless likely.
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Java Vitale- This Wonderful things educator. Java was in conjunction having William Proctor from the good sense on the full strength soil matter. Even so, Java helps understand why it's not necessarily doing the job. Java explained to everyone stuff like clarifying in addition to means to lose this adverse strength. He / she served everyone to achieve of which while on one hand When i seemed to be accomplishing what exactly I should to help show themselves the wish When i seemed to be in contrast stopping what exactly I need to using a distorted idea process. He / she likewise exhibited everyone the best way to correct it.
Jack Canfield- would be the strategy man or women. He / she simply just possesses many simply uncomplicated thoughts that you mature in person in addition to skillfully. They are quick to be controlled by and just adds up.
Les Brown- They are the encouraged educator. They are the preacher. He / she talks to everyone almost like the pastor were being revealing to everyone what exactly my father required everyone to try and do. He / she induces everyone to help strive for anything far more. He / she urges everyone to help triumph over almost any barrier in addition to he / she puffs the idea in addition to lifts the hope.
Certainly, you will discover plans including Adam Allen, Vic Johnson, Lisa Jimenez in addition to Zig Ziglar.
I exploit most of these methods continually. If you would like get to ones achievements aims subsequently it is advisable to acquire some sort of content connected with almost all these ebooks in addition to understand these individuals in the 8 center commitments: Recall, in the event the scholar is usually completely ready this educator will appear.
Lisa is usually an enthusiastic spontaneous one day-to-day lives having appreciate, appreciation in addition to intent. Your lover likes home business enterprise in addition to homeschooling. The girl with effective with the woman group and is particularly generally calling guide your next spouse and children locate the personal in addition to way of living aspirations.


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Zac Efron has been out there flexing his muscles on the press circuit this week promoting Neighbours 2. He was on The Tonight Show with Jimmy Fallon, he was on with Seth Meyers, and he was also interviewed by ELLE. As you know, I'm not a believer in Zac Efron. The blatant "bro appeal" he's been working the last few years has been an eye-roll for me. And he's all about that "bro appeal" with ELLE too, tell the magazine about the time a big dude stopped him and wanted to bro-shake his hand because he was such a f-cking bro in Neighbours.
Sure, Zac. But can you carry a movie? Because the last two movies he was in without Seth Rogen were giant dumps at the box office.
But you can't kill that dream. What dream? The dream of being Leonardo DiCaprio. I've been writing about this for years. That Zac has long said he's aspired to Leo's kind of career. Look how happy he was a few years ago when he got to sit next to Leo at a basketball game!
This one's my favourite. At that point he was laughing at anything that came out of Leo's mouth:
So… remember when Leo was promoting The Struggle for his Oscar and he kept talking about how many times he almost died? One of those times involved a shark. Apparently he went diving in South Africa and a shark lunged at the cage. Curiously, in this ELLE interview, Zac too had a moment with a shark:
"I was in Hawaii recently, and I went shark diving with some researchers. I came face to face with a shark. I could either turn and try to beat the shark to the boat, or I could look it in the eyes and let it know I'm present and I'm not afraid. It went right past me, and I put my hand out and I actually rode the shark for 10 or 15 seconds.
After that it came back and it swam under my legs and I just kind of touched it from the nose all the way to the tail. The researchers said that's a sign of respect. It goes back to that Bruce Lee quote, "Be like water…If you pour water into a cup, it becomes the cup. You put it into a teapot, it becomes the teapot."
Point of the story: Zac Efron is so "bro" he's taken it to the next level. He's not just "bro cool", he's f-cking shark-approved.


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Every Thursday rocks at Bierock, but on Oct. 24 it's a special occasion.
Consider it a tune-up for Widespread Panic's upcoming yearly three-night run in nearby Milwaukee from Oct. 25 through 27 at the Riverside Theatre.
For the second consecutive year, we'll play a Panic-inspired playlist on our house sound system from 8:00 p.m. to midnight.
This special night of music is in lieu of the typical Umphrey's McGee inspired playlist we play the fourth Thursday of the month during our Thursdays Rock at Bierock series.
On Thursday nights we offer drink specials for our jam-band loving customers. Appropriately, we have $10 buckets of Rolling Rock. And we'll also have assorted cans of beer by Terrapin for $3.
So come on out, Spreadheads. The pre-party is at Bierock.