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By Craig Shagin
The quip is now common: Deportation is a practice of traffic court procedures with death penalty consequences. The Mellouli case illustrates the first part of this comment. It is my hope the Supreme Court will provide some shock therapy to the bullying, high speed, low thought process of deporting lawful permanent residents from the United States. The oral arguments are to be heard on Wednesday, January 14, 2015. I shall be listening with particular attention to the Court's sensitivity to just how aggressive the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) has become in giving imaginative expansive readings to an already draconian statute—not to interpret statutes against deportation but to find in its favor.
[This essay is part of an online symposium on crImmigration.com addressing Mellouli v. Holder. For other contributions, visit the symposium introduction here.]
The issue is straight forward. The INA renders removable "[a]ny alien who at any time after admission is convicted of a violation of (or a conspiracy to violate) any law or regulation of a State, the United States or a foreign country relating to a controlled substance (as defined in section 802 of Title 21)…." INA § 237(a)(2)(B)(i), 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(B)(i). Most states control substances other than those as defined in section 802 of Title 21. The lists are close, but not identical to each other.
Two cases came to the circuit courts in 2013 questioning whether a conviction for possession of drug paraphernalia under a state law was a removable offense under § 1227(a)(2)(B)(i) when DHS failed to prove that the substance used in connection with the paraphernalia was itself defined in section 802 of title 21, a so-called generic paraphernalia conviction. The Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit ruled in Mellouli v. Holder, 719 F.3d 995 (8th Cir. 2013) that Mr. Mellouli's conviction for drug paraphernalia under Kansas law was a conviction for "a violation of (or a conspiracy to violate) any law or regulation of a State, the United States or a foreign country relating to a controlled substance (as defined in section 802 of Title 21)….," § 1227(a)(2)(B)(i), even when the government failed to establish the identity of the controlled substance used in connection with the paraphernalia.
On August 23, 2013, after re-argument en banc, the Third Circuit came to the opposite conclusion. In Rojas v. Attorney General, it ruled that such a conviction is not a crime relating to a controlled substance as defined under section 802. 728 F.3d 203 (3d Cir. 2013) (en banc). Despite having been alerted to the Mellouli decision by 28j letters that the parties submitted, the Third Circuit was not persuaded. This split between the Eighth and Third Circuits set up the current appeal by Mr. Mellouli before the United States Supreme Court.
Having argued, along with Tracey Hubbard, on behalf of Mr. Rojas before the Third Circuit, I am intensely curious in the arguments and outcome of Mellouli. Ms. Hubbard and I were somewhat bemused that the issue needed a circuit court resolution. We naively thought the proper resolution axiomatic and were surprised that the IJ did not terminate Mr. Rojas's deportation case immediately. After all, the statute says "relating to a controlled substance (as defined in section 802 of Title 21)…." Isn't it obvious then that the controlled substance must be "as defined in section 802 of Title 21? We were even more surprised that the first panel that heard the case did not come to that resolution. It then went en banc. Now the same issue is to be decided by the Supreme Court. I seem to possess a remarkable inability to see the government's argument. The Mellouli briefs have not corrected this blindness.
The government argues in Mellouli what it argued in Rojas: that "relating to" is a broad concept that covers all manner of controlled substance related convictions and tries by a convoluted linguistic argument to read "as defined under section 802 of title 21" out of the statute. The Attorney General argues that aliens who are convicted under "state statutes that criminalize hundreds of federally controlled drugs and a handful of similar substances are laws 'relating to' federally controlled substances." They tie their argument to the federal definition not by applying it directly to the alien's particular conviction for some type of controlled substance, but argue that because state laws "based" on the Uniform Controlled Substances Act are intended to be an interlocking trellis with federal drug laws and, therefore, satisfy the "broad common-sense meaning of the 'relating to' requirement because 'they stand in some relation' to…federally controlled substances." This seems to me linguistic muck.
First, the issue in these cases is not the "relating to" clause but the meaning of "as defined under section 802 of title 21." The latter clause seems clear. As broad a concept as "relates" may be, the conviction still must relate to a federally defined controlled substance. The statute does say, "a controlled substance (as defined in section 802 of Title 21)". It does not say…."or something pretty close thereto." The Supreme Court should not so read it.
Moreover, the government ignores the growing disparity between the states and the federal government in controlling substances. While the core substances that are commonly thought of as controlled—heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine—seem universally controlled; several others are not. Indeed, far from being congruent, state and federal lists of controlled substances are at times quite contradictory. Marijuana, which is a Schedule I federal controlled substance, is now legal either for medical purposes or pleasure in Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont and Washington. Many states outlawed various synthetic cannaboids a year or more before the federal government. Khat, betel nuts and other plants have received disparate treatment as well. Some foreign countries outlaw substances that we consume every day without apparent side effects. The United Arab Emirates, for instance, outlaws poppy seeds—even on bagels—and morning glory plants.
There are many good reasons that Congress would have to so define the controlled substances to mean only those on the federal list. Congress may not respect the determination of controlled substances by other jurisdictions: Did Congress really mean to treat one convicted of possessing a poppy seed bagel the same as one who possesses heroin? Since drug possession is essentially a regulatory offense, Congress may well have concluded that for purposes of establishing a uniform predictable basis for removal, the federal law was appropriate with those minor variations in the states not to be used as a basis for removal. In any event, Congress wrote a statute which on its face requires that the substance at issue be a federally controlled substance. Hence, far from being an absurd reading, it seems a logical one.
The other argument offered up by the government strikes me as even more tenuous. This is that while possessory offenses may require that the substance be federally controlled, a conviction for possession of drug paraphernalia need not be. This is because "state drug paraphernalia statutes criminalize tools of drug consumption and distribution that can be used with federally controlled drugs as well as state-controlled substances" and hence, "even individual violations under those statutes uniformly bear relationship to federally controlled drugs." Ergo, "paraphernalia crimes are offenses relating to the drug trade in general" and are not limited to any particular substance. The government looks to the BIA's decision in Matter of Martinez Espinoza, 25 I & N 118 (BIA 2009), for this proposition. This argument as well was raised and lost in Rojas.
Thus, the argument goes, if an individual is convicted of possessing a substance that Pennsylvania concludes is to be controlled, say a skin cream or cosmetic containing propylhexadrine, but the federal government does not, he has not been convicted of a crime relating to a controlled substance as defined under section 802 of title 21. However, if this cream was in a jar, he may be deported for possessing drug paraphernalia for the exact same conduct. This absurdity of the result is not the most powerful argument against it. The absurdity of the fundamental premise—that drug paraphernalia constitutes the tools of drug consumption and distribution—is. The idea that paraphernalia covers the tools of the drug trade is an imaginative mental construct that bears no relationship to reality: Not generally and not in Mr. Mellouli's case.
Kansas, like many states, defines drug paraphernalia to mean "all equipment and materials of any kind which are used, or primarily intended or designed for use in planting, propagating, cultivating, growing, harvesting, manufacturing, compounding, converting, producing, processing, preparing, testing, analyzing, packaging, repackaging, storing, containing, concealing, injecting, ingesting, inhaling or otherwise introducing into the human body a controlled substance and in violation of this act." Kan. Stat. 21-36a01. This expands the common meaning of the word paraphernalia from things generally required for drug use, say a hypodermic needle, to things that ordinarily have nothing per se to do with drug use. Hence, Mr. Mellouli now finds himself before the Supreme Court because he pleaded guilty to possession of "drug paraphernalia" when a substance controlled under Kansas law was found in his sock. His sock seems to me more an unholy relic than a "tool of the drug trade." Socks are neither designed nor intended to be tools of the drug trade. Mr. Mellouli's possession of socks only became criminal because of what he did with them—he held a Kansas controlled substance in it. He should no more be deported for possessing a pair of socks that held poppy seeds than he should be for possessing a simple pair of socks. Only when those socks were used in connection with a controlled substance as defined under section 802 of title 21, could they arguably be viewed as a crime relating to a controlled substance under the INA.
The decision that the government looks to for support, Matter of Martinez Espinoza, 25 I & N 118 (BIA 2009), is really of no direct help to the Attorney General. First, Martinez Espinoza was a case of inadmissibility under section 212(a)(2)(A)(i)(II) of the Act and not of deportability. The difference is critical. An alien has the burden of proving admissibility; the government deportability. More to the point, the particular paraphernalia there was a pipe used for the ingestion of marijuana. The substance used in connection with the paraphernalia was indeed a controlled substance as defined under 802 of title 21. This shows, among other things, that in cases involving paraphernalia, the substance used in connection with it is known and provable by the government. Indeed, in Pennsylvania the factual basis for a plea must be set forth and in the case of paraphernalia, the particular substance used in connection with the offending object must be identified. The Rojas case in this regard involved sloppy police work; sloppy criminal court work; matched by sloppy DHS work. It should not be the function of the IJ or BIA to make up for this deficit of competence by guessing what the substance might have been.
Perhaps the most important issue that is lurking in this case is not in the statute itself, but the type of reading immigration statutes are to be given. Even if the text of INA § 237(a)(2)(B)(i), 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(B)(i), was found to be unclear, courts are supposed to abide by the "longstanding principle of construing any lingering ambiguities in deportation statutes in favor of the alien." Lee v. Ashcroft, 368 F.3d 218, 225 (3d Cir. 2004) (quoting INS v. Cardoza-Fonseca, 480 U.S. 421, 449 (1987)). Like the rule of lenity in criminal cases, this canon has long been recognized as an "accepted principle[] of statutory construction" in the field of immigration law, Costello v. INS, 376 U.S. 120, 128 (1964), due to the fact that "deportation is a drastic measure and at times the equivalent of banishment or exile." Id. (quoting Fong Haw Tan v. Phelan, 333 U.S. 6, 10 (1948)); see also Marincas v. Lewis, 92 F.3d 195, 200 n.6 (3d Cir. 1996) (noting that the Supreme Court has "acknowledged a special canon of statutory construction whereby ambiguities in deportation statutes are to be construed in favor of the alien") (citing Cardoza-Fonseca, 480 U.S. at 449).
I have yet to see this principle actually applied by an immigration court. It is contemptuously ignored. Indeed, in Rojas, the Attorney General argued in his brief, "The rule of lenity (as it is called in the criminal context) does not apply in immigration cases generally and certainly not when the statute's language is plain." Government Brief at 22. I have also heard government lawyers argue that Chevron deference trumps the rule. I don't see how it is possible that an agency interpretation of a statute can be reasonable that so blithely ignores the canons of construction as set forth by the Supreme Court. I wish the Court would remind the Attorney General that this is the rule of construction and yes, the BIA and IJs are also to apply it.
There are many reasons for traffic court procedures in immigration court. The traffic court volume of cases; the lack of legal representation; the lack of meaningful discovery; the use of televideo hearings; the lack of dignity and respect the aliens get in a detained docket proceeding appearing as they do in the worn out orange jumpsuits of prisoners; and the inquisition nature of the hearings when some judges insist on questioning aliens even before their counsel have been able to present the case. Another is simply the means by which deportability for a criminal conviction is established. In the York, Pennsylvania Immigration Court, for instance, it is commonplace for the government to submit police affidavits and police complaints and argue from them the nature of the conviction. Meanwhile the actual record of conviction, the Taylor documents of the statute under which a defendant was convicted, the criminal information, and the plea colloquy may be ignored. Similarly, most presentations are not about the least culpable conduct under the elements of a statute, but the innuendo suggested by the non-Taylor documents as to what the alien did. The alien may thoroughly disagree with this presentation, but he is unable to present evidence to combat the suggestions in those documents. He, of course, shouldn't have to.
The Attorney General is doing the same thing in its brief to the Supreme Court. It is citing to a police report for a supposed "admission" by Mellouli that the substance in his sock was Adderall—a federally controlled substance. Also, in that report was evidence that at the time of the supposed admission, Mr. Mellouli was intoxicated, and quite possibly did not know what he was saying let alone the accuracy thereof. In any event, this is not what he admitted when he entered his plea of guilt. Looking to comments in police reports as clear and convincing evidence would add yet another traffic court procedure to the flimsy justice already at work in the bowels of the immigration court system.
Craig R. Shagin is an immigration lawyer practicing in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. He is graduate of Haverford College (1977) and Villanova University School of Law (1980). He, along with Tracey Hubbard, argued Rojas v. Attorney General before the Third Circuit.


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Yes, its time to discuss the three Ss that many goat farmers have to deal with: sunscreen, sawdust, & sun roofs. Lets take them in order: to stay a happy, healthy goat farmer, sunscreen is vitally important. We goat farmers are constantly outside in the sun. After years of having to have precancerous sun boo-boos taken off my face, I have finally discovered sunscreens. Much to my surprise, not all sunscreens are made alike. You have lotions, creams, gels, water proof, water based, oil based, and who knows what based sunscreens to pick from out there. But, when you go to the SPF 30 to 50 degree protection they have two common results when you put them on, you turn white instantly and then greasy looking in the next instance.
The first time I tried a SPF 30 - okay, first tell me, what exactly does SPF mean? Sputtering Put-out Farmer, after seeing yourself with sunscreen on? Anyway, I digress. The first time I tried SPF 30, I thought I had put on white paint by mistake. It looked like I had white washed myself. I thought, no wonder it protects you from the sun, you just applied white paint to your face.
After a few minutes it started blending in and you didnt look totally painted white, but you did look like youd seen a ghost or were severely anemic. You sort of looked like... Michael Jackson. Like someone had sucked out all your healthy color. Either after you got use to that look, or it actually did blend into your skin tone, you next looked greasy. You had a definite shine to your face. Basically, you look pale and very shiny, but protected from the suns radiation. This must be how it bounces the suns radiation off your face.
Next you trot down to the barn, feeling very protected from the suns radiation, ignoring the stares of motorist looking at a pale, greasy person, and you discover you need fresh sawdust for bedding down the barn. We use sawdust a lot for goats and horses. The only time we dont use sawdust is when a goat is kidding. It tends to be very messy then and we switch to hay for bedding at that time.
Once I watched a documentary of people raising giraffes. They had watched a wild giraffe give birth and she dropped the baby on its head in the sand. So, they figured that must be the way of all giraffes. They carefully fixed up huge stalls for giraffes to have their babies in and then heavily bedded it in sand. They said one thing they noticed was that giraffes never clean their babies like other animals, licking them clean after birth.
No wonder. They showed one of their giraffes having a baby, she stood, grunted, dropped the baby in the sandy stall, the baby rolled around trying to get out of its placenta, then rolled around trying to get up. After all that rolling, the baby was totally covered in sand. It looked like a sticky sandy mess. No wonder the mother wouldnt lick it clean. Its surprising the mother even accepted it. She just stood there and waited for it to find her and nurse, giving it no help whatsoever.
I couldnt help but think if they had only used straw or hay bedding that maybe that mom giraffe would have licked her baby and helped it along. And, maybe that one giraffe in the wild was trying to get out of the sandy area to find a grassy spot to give birth and just didnt make it in time.
Back to the barn. Realizing I badly needed sawdust, I called my favorite sawdust place. This place has absolutely the best people in the world and I have been getting my sawdust there 13 years. They treat me like family, ignoring the fact that I come in pretty much smelling like a barn. They said they can fix me up with a load.
I quickly arrive with my truck and sawdust racks. At this place they blow the sawdust into your truck, using a long pipe from the sawdust bin. Its dusty work, but not too bad. Usually you just move the truck back and forth until you fill up the whole bed, throw a tarp over the racks, and you are ready to go. You just shake your head to knock the dust out of your hair and brush your clothes off a little and thats it.
But, today I had sunscreen on. Anything light sticks to sunscreen, bugs, sand, moths, sawdust. I looked like the original sawdust farmer. Good grief. No amount of dusting would move the sawdust from the sunscreen. I gave up and decided to head home, hoping I could wash the sawdust from my face, but wondering since I had used waterproof sunscreen, if I would have to get a squeegee to scrape the sawdust from my face.
Heading down the road, in deep thought about this, I noticed a car racing towards me in the other lane. It was full of laughing, happy people, sun roof opened up to the world, worshiping that wonderful sun. If anyone has ever gotten a load of sawdust the way I get it, you usually get sawdust on the edges of the truck bed, between the cab and the bed, and it just blows away the first few minutes as you drive. You look like a dust cloud moving along for just a bit.
Those happy, laughing people went flying past me, through my sawdust cloud, and for a minute we were one, the sawdust covered farmer and the fancy car and not so laughing people now. Sawdust swished and settled in their car through that sun roof. I heard several yells and "What on Earth!" and figured they must have had sunscreen on too.
So, if you are heading down the road and see a sawdust cloud coming your way, remember, shut the windows and sun roofs, and realize its just an honest, hard working goat farmer, wearing sunscreen, caked in sawdust, trying to get home to get her work done.
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subset: commoncrawl


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New graph up at Beadwork at BellaOnline, and it comes with this example pattern, which is a set of lover's knots around a trinity knot.
Printing Tips
If you'd like to support this site and all the free things I post- please check out my Don't Eat the Paste Mandala collection coloring book for 9.99 at Amazon.
Friday, February 24, 2012
Knot to color and embroider
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David Bronner is the grandson of Dr. Emanuel Bronner, the founder of Dr. Bronner's Magic Soaps, one of the world's largest personal care product companies to be certified under the USDA National Organic Program. David has a B.A. in Biology from Harvard, and has been president of Dr. Bronner's Magic Soaps since 1998. He is a board member of both the HIA and Vote Hemp, a contributor to the Huffington Post, and is working to bring hemp farming back to the US, as well as raise awareness of GMO, sustainability, and fair trade best practices.
Why you should listen –
David comes on Bulletproof Radio to discuss the problem with GMOs, the dangers of using chemicals and genetic engineering on our food, how Bronner's Magic Soaps keeps its supply chain and products so pure, and why he is so passionate about the movements for hemp, sustainability, and psychedelics. Enjoy the show!
Podcast: Play in new window | Download
What You'll Hear
- 0:10 – Cool Fact of the Day!
- 0:34 – Welcome David Bronner
- 1:54 – The history of Dr. Bronner's Magic Soaps
- 7:11 – David's side projects w/ hemp, sustainability, & psychedelics
- 15:32 – The problem with GMO's
- 19:05 – Chemicals vs genetic engineering
- 22:44 – Lobbying for labeling of GMO's
- 28:59 – Keeping the Magic Soap supply chain pure
- 31:45 – Maintaining integrity in the face of economic pressure
- 36:09 – Defining "Constructive Capitalism"
- 42:05 – Top three recommendations for kicking more ass and being Bulletproof!
Dr. Bronner's Magic Soaps on Facebook
Dr. Bronner's Magic Soaps on YouTube
Dr. Bronner's Magic Soaps on Pinterest
Dr. Bronner's Magic Soaps on Instagram
Oregon Measure 92 – Labeling GMOs
Hemp Industries Association (HIA)
Multidisciplinarty Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS)
MDMA (3,4-MethyleneDioxy-N-MethylAmphetamine)
Acid Test: LSD, Ecstast, and the Power to Heal by Tom Shroder
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) protein
Colony Collapse Disorder: European Bans on Neonicotinoid Pesticides (EPA)
Click here to download a PDF of this transcript
Dave: Hey everyone, it's Dave Asprey with Bulletproof Radio. Today's cool fact of the day is that in the US genetically modified organisms are in about 80% of conventional processed industrial food. Most foods that contain GMOs are also processed foods, which is one more reason that you might want to think about eating real food. Today's guest knows a thing or two about genetically modified organisms because he's Doctor David Bronner, grandson of the late Emanuel Bronner who founded the famous Dr. Bronner's Magic Soap Company.
If you listen to this podcast, the odds are that you've probably walked in to any organic grocer anywhere in North America and found these crazily labeled bottles of soap that have nothing in them but soap and they're made from conscious ingredients. In fact, Dr. Bronner's has just one of the world's largest personal care companies that's fully certified as USDA Organic. David's been president of the company since 1998. He's also a practicing vegan.
David, welcome to the show.
David Bronner: Yeah, thanks for having me.
Dave: If you're watching this on video, you'll see that David has an epic painting of a dragon up behind him and if you're driving in traffic, well you missed out, but it's cool. I'm really stoked to have you on, man. You're representing a company that's pretty epic in terms of the amount of time it's been out and just the commitment to quality and even some softer, gentler principles around being kind to your neighbor sort of things. What's the deal? What's the history of Dr. Bronner's?
David Bronner: Yeah. We have the extreme good fortune to our grandfather, me, my brother, are 50/50 in the company. My mom is CFO, my brother-in-law is Chief Operations. It's a totally family affair. Our grandfather was in soap, a third generation master soap maker from German-Jewish … A soap making family in Southern Germany. In fact, his grandfather started manufacturing soap in 1858. By the time my granddad was born the family enterprise had really gotten pretty big and there's three different factories in Southern Germany, including Heilbronn where my granddad grew up.
He was a pretty intense guy from day one. He was in his 20s in the late '20s. He had been apprentice to a master soap maker in the guild system at the time and had the equivalent of a masters. This was also the time when Hitler and fascism and the rising tide of just badness over there and my granddad was pretty Zionist and political. His dad and uncle who were really running the show and more bourgeois assimilationist, the madness is going to blow over. It just caused a generational clash with them on that. Also he had newfangled ideas on soap making and just a lot of generational whatever. He finally bailed, came over here in 1929, became a consultant for a U.S. soap industry.
Things were getting worse quick over there. He was trying desperately to get his parents and family out. Then, he did get his 2 younger sisters out but his parents refused to leave until it was too late. Nazi's nationalized the factory in 1940, parents were gases soon thereafter. The same time his wife, my dad's mother died when my dad was very young at age 4. A lot of tragedy hit my granddad all at once and he's always a mystical, spiritual dude and just had these very intense experiences of experiencing this pain and tragedy. Also this divine oneness at the heart of reality. Felt urgently called that if we don't realize this transcending unity across religious traditions and ethnic divides in a world of nuclear weapons, we're going to kill ourselves. He felt called on this mission that you had to convey this, urgently or we were going to all perish. At the same time in a post war era, this is the better living through chemistry and diverse industries were moving into petroleum as the primary feed stocks.
Even personal care and body washes became petro-chemical detergent based. Granddad's natural family soaps, this old world quality is really fantastic, ecological, biodegradable high quality soap is no longer in vogue. He launched his own soap business. Mostly he was going around the country lecturing what he called the Moral ABC and advancing his peace plan and selling his soap on the side. He realized people were coming to hear him speak, more to get the soap than to hear what he had to say. That's when he had the insight to put his message on each bottle of soap he was selling. Which the soap always was more to sell the label than vice versa. It was genius, how often do you do to the bathroom and you forget a magazine or whatever and he's got you.
With rise of counter culture, rejection of corporate America, the soap was perfect. It's biodegradable, versatile, use it to wash body, hair, kids, dog, plates, you know. Wash by the river, not worry about it and this message of peace, really become the iconic soap of the era. Then eventually with the health food movement, he was a real pioneer in that as well, just grew up with the counter culture, helped the movement. Always the company was also a non-profit religious organization. All in God faith. It's still a cooperate name.
The IRS disagreed with his tax exempt self designation. He lost in the 80s the IRS and was forced into bankruptcy and his health was failing. My dad at that point kind of took the reign. My dad had his own company that I grew up working in. Chemical specialty consultant. Developed among other things fire fighting foam for Monsanto's then fire fighting division. I grew up selling fire fighters on foam, which is now pretty standard on structured forest fires. Anyways, my dad reorganized the company as a for profit. We have this non-profit religious DNA. All profits not needed for … We cap all our compensation at 5 to 1 and all profits not needed to reinvest in the company are dedicated to the causes we believe in.
Among other things that's fair trade, sustainable organic agriculture. I feel like the industrial agriculture machine is just out of control. The seed industry in this country's been bought by the chemical industry. Fast forward now, they're engineering genetic engineering resistance to the pesticides so big and blasts our food with increasing amounts of toxic pesticide. It's totally out of control and unsustainable. We're also very involved in recommercializing industrial hemp, cannabis reform generally integrating the psychedelics consciously and responsibly among the board of MAPS. Associated psychedelic studies. We actually hosted them at the burn this year. They're I think pretty much one of the best products on the planet helping…
Dave: Talk a little bit more about that. I've touched on my own use Ayahuasca and things like that. I suspect some listeners might not know about MAPS.
David Bronner: Sure. MAPS, it's somewhat of a mouthful but it's Multidisciplinary Association of Psychedelic Studies. Its founder, Rick Doblin just e-founded it in the in mid 80s, the year that DEA scheduled MDMA, Ecstasy, MDMA had been used by an underground psychotherapist community with great, huge positive results. Treated trauma, couples counseling and inevitably though it got out on the street and became this huge recreational deal and DEA, this is a say no to drugs, drug war, zealot hysteria, Rick did a great job fighting the machine. There's actually a really good book out that I highly recommend called Acid Test. It's primarily about Rick Doblin and his project.
He's been working the system. He actually went to the Harvard Kennedy school. Did his PhD on bringing psychedelic medicine through FDA approval process. Which he is now in process of doing. He's just working the system hard. He's just getting high level allies plugging into this project. He's getting huge support now from the Veteran's Administration and just making all kinds of headway because obviously military's got a huge problem with treatment resistant PTSD. All these veterans are really traumatized and there's suicide. There's more, people die more from suicide than actually in the war. It's horrible but this is a basic drug.
This is a drug that when it's used in a psychotherapeutic context with a trained therapist enables incredibly difficult emotional material to be worked on and without re-traumatizing the person. Which is kind of the problem PTSD is when those memories come up they just re-traumatize and it's just a bad cycle. Rick's kind of sees it all as medicinal but he's also involved in cannibals for PTSD. LSD psychotherapy. The primary product focus is MDMA just because organizations need to focus.
There's another organization called Hefter that's doing the psilocybin side and doing really good work with psilocybin over at John Hopkins, bringing that through for end of life anxiety in cancer patients and having some really incredible results. There's some real nice coordination going on. I guess MDMA and psilocybin and Ayahuasca are the main psychedelic medicine cross over points into the larger culture. Ayahuasca because it didn't have all the baggage from the counterculture in the 60s. It's kind of more impossible to use recreationally.
Dave: You could say that again. You go to a rave and throw up on everyone and then lay around. Yeah, that's just not so fun.
David Bronner: Yeah. Right. It's like some hard difficult work. It's great when your in a blissed out love space.
Dave: Yeah. I'm with you there. You're actually supporting these things with your work with Dr. Bronner's or are these sort of like you make donations to these or are these your personal projects you work with? What's you relationship with these companies or you say these non-profits who are working to legalize molecules that exist in nature?
David Bronner: I would say it's my personal professional life are integrating ever more closely. I have a great supportive family. It's a little spicy. We each have our projects and passions and causes. This one is maybe a little spicier and traditionally was handled outside the company even though that was where the funding source was but I think my family's getting more comfortable with us being more public about it but it's still a little bit in the background. We're more public facing on other causes such as fair trade or GMO labeling or organics.
Psychedelics are still somewhat spicy but non the less it's hugely important for everybody to stand up and speak out because this is a religious war on our sacraments and the way we're going to fight it in freedom is standing up to the power. Being, I'm hey a responsible business person, rocking my life. Father, coach, son, whatever, husband and these sacraments in psychedelics are very helpful. As that happens taking a page from the gay rights movement and just coming out and speaking the truth. We'll get there.
Dave: I'm with you on that on many of those things. Psychedelics have improved some of my levels of performance and certainly haven't harmed me. It's one of those things where when you're willing to talk about it, you find out that there's also someone on either side of you that also did it and just never mentioned it. It definitely has some of the flavor of what happened in 60s and 70s with the gay movement. You're like, there's more of it happening than you know.
David Bronner: Yeah. You just give permission to open up cultural space. That's where Rick was. He was doing this back in the 80s. That's crazy. I can't imagine doing during the height of the drug war hysteria. This guy's super brave and smart and strategic and also very honest. I think part of the problem coming out of with Leery and the 60s was there was not enough attention or honestly about how difficult and terrible the psychedelic experience can be if –
Dave: It can be ruinous if you … There have been people that have been harmed by them, when you play with powerful things you can be hurt. That's true of almost anything whether it's a drug or not.
David Bronner: Yeah. Absolutely. Often times the most rewarding experiences are when you go through the real dark, hard stuff but that's where the real work is done and MAPS I think you can apply for example they have a project called Zendo, if you happen to having an overwhelming experience, instead of going to the med tent with the fluorescent lights, the pretty much worst possible. You can go to this really sweet little space with trained sitters and hold space and help you navigate through to a positive outcome. Having this much more realistic approach and just kind of stay with the difficult material, you can work through it and help people not get stuck and traumatized.
Dave: I didn't realize we'd end up talking about that but that's really cool that you're taking some of your cooperate side and you're applying it towards lobbying for things that honestly, I think it's hard to argue that we don't have a right to chemistry. Sorry stuff exists in nature and people have been using it for tens of thousands of years and some of it's new but hey it's mine it's not owned by anyone and certainly I can't fathom the reason that it shouldn't be legal at least in some circumstances.
Well, let's talk about the flip side of that though because hey, if it's okay for you and I to have psychedelics isn't it okay for Monsanto to hack some seeds and spray a bunch of crap on the soil. What's the difference there? Why are you opposed to GMOs yet in favor of legal chemistry in other areas?
David Bronner: Well, I'm not in principle opposed to genetic engineering. I know the technology's used appropriately for example making insulin for diabetics.
Dave: Yeah.
David Bronner: Engineer E. Coli so you don't have to buy up a bunch a cow pancreases for insulin anymore. That's great. I'm a biology major myself and I was consciously optimistic about this technology as applied to agriculture and like a lot of people still do today this is about drug tolerance and reducing chemical inputs and all the things like to think is happening but in the last 5, 10 years it became increasingly clear that in fact what is happening the applied applications we don't have two traits. We're 99% genetically engineers crops on U.S. soil engineered to do 2 things.
One producing insecticide, tolerate herbicide. Huge amounts of herbicide. Both trades have rapidly created resistance in the respected insect and pest populations. Insects in the weeds have now developed resistance to these chemicals, rapidly. Which every weed and pesticide is not on Monsanto's payroll is wondering what's going to happen. Much like overdosing antibiotics in factory farms is rapidly creating these super germs so they're antibiotic resistance. It's the same thing. Massive blasting of chemicals and herbicide has rapidly created this resistance which either they're the dumbest people ever or the smartest.
I think they saw this coming a million miles away and much like Enron, gaining their energy markets, bamboozled they're cultural leads. Oh, this is a whole new next level energy that's going to deliver cheap efficient energy. It was just a whole scandal and sham to it's core and I feel like this is what's happening in the chemical industry has taken over the seed industry and our food markets and has gained them. They're selling more and more chemicals even as they're spinning people; oh we're reducing chemical inputs. It's ridiculous and in fact just today EPA just gave final approval to 24D soy and corn crops, and 24D is half of Agent Orange.
It's a super toxic herbicide that we were not supposed to need to use anymore because we had the glyphosate-ready crops that – glyphosate is supposedly less toxic herbicide, is going to take care of the problem and the weeds. Now that doesn't work on half the country. Now they're desperate and they're bringing back this older, much more toxic herbicide and just got the Obama administration, USDA, EPA to green light it. It just shows the power of this industry and they buy out both parties and they get their people in USDA, EPA and FDA. We're just getting our foods is increasingly saturated in their chemicals and genetic engineering is this process on steroids. It's not backing off. This whole charade of oh, we're going to have less chemicals because of genetic engineering is completely false.
Dave: The real issue is more so the excessive use of chemicals or are you also concerned about the built in production of pesticides? Is one of them a bigger issue or are they both equal evils?
David Bronner: It's important to understand that even though the insecticidal protein, BT protein, is produced inside the plant, the plant is expressing this insecticide on the entire growing season and ever single cell of the plant. This is the opposite of integrated pest management where you use chemical controls judicially just as needed with non-chemical methods like cover cropping and crop rotations to break pest cycles and instead they've just been blasting glyphosate and using a BT insecticide on these corn-on-corn-on-corn cycles that just because we got the ethanol boondoggle where they're 40% corn acres going into our cars and it's complete inefficient negative energy return model. Another scandal again that they've got going on.
Expressing the insecticide within the plant itself, you're putting huge amounts of this insecticide into the environment and that is rapidly selected for resistance. Now they're putting all these soil-injected insecticides, again that we're not supposed to have to use anymore, and now we're using 50% of the BT corn crop and even worse and the muinicnatoids. In the last 10 years, these are the systemic insecticides that now coat 90% of corn and soy seeds. Two of which are now banned in Europe because of they're pretty much proven link to colony collapse disorder in bees.
This is the … BT trade doesn't work because they just over did it. Now they're putting all these other powerful worse insecticides than ever. It's kind of the same. It's the same result even though the insecticidal protein is expressed in the plant verses producing an enzyme in the plant that allows you to blast it from the outside like they're doing on herbicide. You're getting to the same place.
Dave: A lot of the research that I've done on this involves soil biology. When you spray glyphosate, what you're doing is you're making the soil fungus pump out 500 times more of the toxins that it makes. If penicillium makes penicillin you piss it off with glyphosate it makes 500 times more. In this case penicillin's useful but the other poisons that molds make they kill animals, they kill people and they can have devastating effects on your autoimmunity and things like that.
By genetically modifying the seeds and then spraying the stuff there what we end up with is a whole broken soil biome and a lot of people listening may understand like a gut biome is the bacteria in your stomach growing, we all know about probiotics. The same thing happens in your garden. When you start spraying this stuff on there it's kind of like what happens when you take a bunch of antibiotics. It destroys your ability to break down your food and we've done it to our soil and that's the reason that I'm particularly concerned about genetically modified organisms.
It's the spraying of the chemicals and there's also probably some immune and some allergy things and some fertility issues with genetically modified seeds themselves. However, I don't think there's enough research to say that conclusively but I would like to know so I could experiment and see whether I'm eating it or not. What work are you doing around just labeling of GMOs?
David Bronner: Well, labeling is key because once you give consumers informed choice then they can make wise choices to not consume the genetically engineered food and I share … I'm not necessarily super motivated by the potential ill effects of the genetic … The actual genetically engineered proteins themselves but it does give me pause and cause for concern but there is no doubt that the herbicides and the insecticides are very toxic and that's very much saturating our food to the point about making it to the soil that's crucial. It's dirt, it's dead.
To take genetically engineered corn to harvest they're using at least 8 different pesticides now and they're using fungicides and everything necessary. They need to put like 3 different fungicides on them. They're using 2 or 3 different herbicides, 2 or 3 different insecticides. The plants are sick, the soil is sick, the system's sick. It doesn't have the natural beneficial organisms. It doesn't have the natural pest predators. It's just a completely broken system and they're just pouring more and more and more chemicals into this to get these things to harvest. Labeling is kind of the easy initial step.
Banning these things is a … You know that would be great but that's a bigger lift and a lot of people are not ready to go there. You can have a debate about the marriage or lack thereof of genetically engineered food but we all have a right to know it's not food. That's something that's a winning proposition. Except for, of course, these guys have infinite money and just spent tens of millions of dollars confusing people to vote against their own interests. Making up stories how a simple label at the store was going to drive up cost of food 800 bucks a household or just spreading all kinds of misinformation. Never take on labeling directly.
It's always kind of like, well you know labeling might be good idea but this is just the worst measure ever and let's make up a bunch of crap about it. It's just that the same type of regulation in effect in 64 other countries that American food companies all ready label for. They've just successfully been able to manipulate and confuse voters to vote against their own interest. California, super disappointing. Washington, super disappointing but we've learned from these campaigns the food movements really getting it's act together. We just won in Vermont in May. I think this was a big huge breakthrough.
Jackson county in Oregon, in southern Oregon led by family farmers, because they banned genetically engineered crops and Willamette valley grows out a lot of the organic seed for the rest of the country, or just seed in general and they're growing out all these herbicide tolerant, lab-ready sugar beets and the sugar beets are cross breeding and contaminating all the grass. Just all kinds of different plants getting contaminated with these herbicide tolerant genetics. The fact that they not along beat them but they crushed them, 66, 34 being outspent 3 to 1. It just shows there's a lot of momentous happening. Oregon I feel is an ideal battle ground for that reason among others.
Dave: I live on a really fertile, large island, on Vancouver island, that there's a lot of agriculture around. I would love to see the whole island turn into a GMO free zone because you can preserve soil biodiversity when everyone does it because you have a natural barrier. I have no idea if that would ever happen but I would totally support that kind of an idea of doing in a county, doing it in a valley, doing it in a geographically contiguous space so that we can conserve natural soil biology because if we keep doing this everywhere we'll have permanently altered the planetary biome in a way that's honestly we have no idea what we're doing.
Spraying these chemicals everywhere has long term multi-generational consequences. I agree with you labeling is the first thing to do. What is Dr. Bronner's doing? Are you directly supporting these initiatives? You say we won in Vermont and what not. Are you applying company resources to supporting the idea that people should know what's in their stuff?
David Bronner: Yeah. Absolutely, we're a major financial contributors to the different political efforts across the board. Pretty much if you're a group or doing good work we're going to support you and then organizationally right now in Oregon, our head of marketing Christina Volgyesi is actually based in Portland and she's a real force. We're just leveraging. We have 30 demo people in stores traveling around.
We actually got these neon blue turquoise GMO corn seeds from Ray Seidler. Amazing former senior scientist from the EPA who just wanted from the inside out the collusion between the chemical industry and the EPA has just habituated any meaningful regulation of GMOs and pesticides. We've go this great visual crop we're rolling around with. In general we're just leveraging all our different resources into these fights. At the same time marijuana, cannabis reforms on the ballot there. Which I never thought I would be only spending 1% of my energy on that but that's kind of reached a cultural tipping point and we're not real concerned about it.
Where as genetic engineering, we're close to take a transformational moment. It's still another decade or something as far as something super fundamental but we're kind of running out of time. Like you said, we can't do this. We can't be killing the soil and there's only so much chemical load we can do on this. There's a recovery period and we have to become conscious. Make good choices. Make wise sustainable food choices and change our agricultural policies that are just reinforcing all the bad agricultural practices and punishing the right ones.
Dave: How do you kept bad stuff out of your soap? There's a lot of agricultural inputs that go into Dr. Bronner's soap. How do go through your whole supply train and know you're not getting basically unhealthy stuff into your soap?
David Bronner: We're certified organic under the USDA national program that certifies food. Which is not a perfect program but it's pretty meaningful and rigorous and depending on your own certifier and your own integrity you can do a lot guarantee the purity of your product and ingredients and we actually have out own projects in our major material. Coconut oil is our number 1 material and we had a Tsunami relief project in Sri Lanka that one thing let to another and we have our own fair trade coconut factory in Sri Lanka in the coconut triangle and work with small farmers there and have compost programs, organic training, and so it's a super secure pure source of our coconut oil.
We have a really cool palm oil project in Ghana. It's biodiverse grew out of this non-profit that was doing really good work. Palm oil plantations in Indonesia are generally horrible and are destroying rain forests and orangutan habitat and [crosstalk 00:29:53]. We got a really cool project in Ghana. There's actually another really cool on in Ecuador that we're starting to partner with.
Olive oil we source primarily from Palestinian farmers in the West Bank who never, didn't grow organic. Just to be clear, we are not anti-Israel; we source a minority 10% of our need from the Israeli side. Dr. Bronner's sister actually went to the kibbutz out of Nazi Germany and I've got family through Israel. Actually it's a second cousin is, turns out, to be our supplier through that. Let's see, hemp oil, we use certified hemp oil out of Canada. You know I guess fortunately as far as genetically engineering goes, we don't even use any at risk ingredients. We don't use any soy, corn, canola, cotton materials in our products. We don't have to have, fortunately, those kinds of problems that other companies do.
Dave: That's remarkable for a soap company anyway. Finding, even if you go to a good organic store, the number of soaps that are made out of basically soy beans and canola, that ingredients not organic, but that's the major oil in your soap. It's so easy to cut corners there and from what I perceive I haven't really seen any corner cutting at least in the 20 or so years I've known about your products. How do you maintain that? How do you keep from getting those economic pressures to just put a little bit of the less pure stuff in there?
David Bronner: We've just been rewarded and lucky to be able to make the right choices and have customers who support what we're doing. If we have to raise prices we explain, hey, we're going organic fair trade, this is why and people dig it so … We're just in a real fortunate position. I don't know, whatever, good karma. I guess we're lucky. We really try to do the right thing. It's not like we're perfect. It's definitely less than perfect things going on but for the most part we're always trying to do the right thing.
It's our ethics. Our ethics is like it's not just what we do to our profits out there. It's like what are doing in our backyard. Our operation needs to be clean. Our supply chain needs to be clean. That's the first responsibly before getting money to the breast cancer foundation because that's your target demographic that you're going to sell your cosmetics too. That's a lot of the social responsibility to motives other companies and is pretty kind of hollow. Whereas for us it's at the core. Yeah. Mostly we're just very fortunate … It's not like we don't have difficult decisions to make but generally we just take the high road and kind of lucked out, I guess.
Dave: You just built a company culture that you just don't do that. It's admirable. You're done a lot of work there. It helps out in scale but I share similar values there. You just don't want to cut quality to make an extra 20 cents. It's not worth it and it's not what people want. You have to lie if you want to cut quality and not tell people and that's just not cool. Kudos for sticking with that for 150 years. That's something I haven't seen a lot of companies do.
David Bronner: Yeah. Thank you. I give the example recently it was Costco; we were going to go into Costco. We had to set a projection and we just wanted to do a test in Northern California and it was like holy crap. This is taking off. It's crazy. If we actually were to go nation wide, grow too fast, on the one hand wow that's like 10 million bucks that were leaving on the table if we don't do it and look at all the good we can do with that. Then on the other hand, well that's going to totally stretch and destroy the supply chains we have.
It's going to force us to go to uncertified sources and if we just kind of do it more organic. Just take a little more time, we can just go ahead and grow into this. It's all about maybe it's a little bit slow growth mentality. Not that we're growing that slow, we're growing pretty fast but not just going for chasing business just to chase it.
Dave: It's a … Costco's an interesting company. I had some yays with Costco. They were really straight foreword, if we're getting to do more than 20% of the revenues for a small company we wont touch the deal because we've found that we stress the companies too much and we don't want to break our suppliers. I thought that was really cool of them. They were very into partnering and I say that mostly because I want them to buy my book when I launch it December 2nd. Just kidding. I found them to be a really reputable company. The supplier purchasing discussion was really above board. It's cool that you went through and you did it and you stuck with your values but I was actually really impressed at the way that they looked at their effect on the business ecosystem as well as the environmental one.
David Bronner: They are, when it comes to a big box retailer, far and away the best. You know they pay people extremely well, they all have good benefits, they are all lifers. Whereas Walmart it's this horrible internal refuse. They're doing food drives at Christmas time because no ones making enough money. Yeah, Costco's a total another category of retailer for sure.
Dave: They haven't gone so far as to talk about constructive capitalism but you have. How do you define constructive capitalism? What is that?
David Bronner: My granddad is it's basically where you share the profits with the workers and make it. It's just basically respecting that everything we make and consume has a human labor component and is that labor respected or is it exploited? All too often it's exploited. Our stuff is made in conditions that are just hellish and horrible in the wages and working conditions. Constructive capitalism was my granddads term for being respectful in your business dealings. Making sure everyone's getting a fair deal out of the arrangement.
Given that, let the free market rip. It was not he did believe in respecting people and being fair. I'm a little more liberal than he is but just really respect also that … You need to reward initiative. I believe in private enterprise and private property. The power of individuals to really make a difference. I think that's kind of where it's at with it.
Dave: The idea is you can still be a capitalist but you can treat people like human beings and not destroy the planet while you're doing it.
David Bronner: Exactly.
Dave: That seems like a reasonable goal to me. Certainly one I share.
David Bronner: It's very simple and comes back to us in a lot of different ways.
Dave: You reap what you sow as they say in agriculture anyway and other parts of life.
David Bronner: Yeah.
Dave: We're coming up on the end of the show and I think everyone who's listening to this knows where to find Dr. Bronner's soap because you're running a big brand that's available at Whole Foods and many, many other grocers as a very clean soap. One I've used for many years. Maybe could you tell people where they could find out more about what you're doing on the GMO initiative so that we can get the word out about that?
David Bronner: Absolutely, oregonrighttoknow.org is the website. You can go there, volunteer where ever you live in the country. Sign up for the phone banking. What we have and they don't as people. People talking to people is the most effective voter contact. Hearing from real people laying it down, countering their BS is crucial. We look at the rhythm of the last couple of measures. They evaporate support early but then we close super hard. Like a tsunami we just surge hard at the end. We've almost won twice 49:51. Hard, close losses.
I feel this time in Oregon we got it. If we get enough people signed up plugged in. Then also we need fire power. Whoever's in a place that they can donate, we do need to have critical minds share on broadcast TV. We need to be talking to people where they're at and a lot of times that's in front of the nightly news. Making sure our messages and messengers reach a threshold. We're never going to outspend them but we do need to get certain critical levels to have a realistic shot. I feel really good. Everything's cranking so much better I would say than the last couple cycles.
Pretty much across the board we're in a really good position to close it out and win it. We win in Oregon and that will shift the country. We'll get New York, Massachusetts, Rhode Island. We move to the in Connecticut and Maine. Join Vermont, New York and Connecticut are in second circuit with Vermont. That'll flush the second circuit. Right now we're in legal battle, or the movements in a legal battle with biotech over Vermont's mandatory labeling. Courts are very political. They respond the cultural zeitgeist and if we make this a cultural inevitability then the courts will do the right thing. If we don't then we're dicey.
Dave: It's awesome to see an entrepreneur running a sizable company spending so much energy and time to something that matters like that. Thanks for paying attention and thanks for caring. I really appreciate you doing that. Say that url one more time.
David Bronner: Oregonrighttoknow.org
Dave: Alright. We'll like to that in the show notes but given the timing of this and November 4th there's a vote on this. It's called measure 92 in Oregon. I would love to see that win. We need more wins like that. This is not to ban anything. It's just to say, hey, I have a right to know what's in my food and I just can't see a reason to vote against that. If a food manufacturer tells you it's going to raise food costs, that's a lie. I am a food manufacturer. I make chocolate. I make coffee. I make edible oils and it's not going to change anything meaningful. I had to put a sticker on there anyway. Doesn't change the cost.
David Bronner: No. It's ridiculous.
Dave: There's one question I've asked every guest on the show. I honestly have no idea how you're going to answer it. I ask everyone based on your life, your life wisdom, not just what you do with soap or anything else but top 3 things you've learned. Top 3 recommendations for people who want to perform better or just basically kick more ass at life, not at any one thing like a sport?
David Bronner: Right. Okay. I guess check in with yourself and just make sure you're doing, you're making a hard choice and just check in with the heart. Spend some time with it. I guess take care of yourself health wise but don't be afraid to party, cut lose. For me I get on this psychedelic train. That's very helpful, it's really helped me center on my higher moral center. Cannabis is a great daily check in for me. I'll be in an argument with my wife and I'll be like, I don't want to not be right. I know I'm going to hit this and realize she's got a point. I'm wrong but obviously that's just the best that you can have something that can help you realize your higher truth. I don't meditate but I'm sure that's another super valid path. Whatever it is that can bring you to your center and spend more time in your center.
Dave: Thanks. Awesome. It's been great chatting with you. I really appreciate all the work you're doing and I got to say if you're listening to this and you haven't tried Dr. Bronner's soap, it's legit. It smells good. It's got nothing in it. My rule at our house, one we follow pretty well is if you wouldn't put it in our mouth don't put it on your skin. You guys make that cut. I appreciate that.
David Bronner: Awesome. Brush your teeth. We're going to come out with toothpaste. It's not the best tasting but yeah, it's super healthy and won't hurt you.
Dave: I can't wait to try it.
David Bronner: Yeah. Sweet. Thank you Dave for having me and the opportunity.
Dave: A lot of people don't realize that I went to a great deal of effort to make Keurig compatible coffee cartridges. This means that if you have one of those machines that can take a K-cup you can use the bulletproof coffee cartridges in the same machine. The difference is that bulletproof cartridges, which are not licensed by the Keurig, are made from 100% recyclable materials and they're nitrogen flushed for maximum freshness. You can check those out on upgradedself.com.


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Films & Other Videos
Films with: Schwingel, Ralph
- Gegen die Wand Head-on /
- A suicidal middle-aged man enters into a marriage of convenience with a sexually-adventurous young woman looking to escape from her parents.
- Im Juli In July /
- Daniel, a young teacher, decides to spend his summer at home in Hamburg. At the local flea market, he meets Juli, who is immediately attracted to him, a fact to which Daniel seems oblivious. On the same day, Daniel meets Melek, a young Turkish girl, with whom he is immediately smitten. Ignoring his earlier plans, he sets out in pursuit of her across the Balkans. Along the way he picks up a hitchhiker, who just happens to be Juli.


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Former medical graduate and medical missionary, James Bowen Thomson travelled to the region where met his wife, the founder of the first schools for girls in Lebanon. Among other early alumni who held connections with Lebanon were the sons of Glasgow-based merchants, who became merchants themselves in Beirut.
Between 1880-1965, the University welcomed six Lebanese-born students, the first being William Robertson (MBCM 1887), whose father, James Robertson was Professor of Oriental Languages at the University and founder of the University's Oriental Society.
Following Lebanon's independence in 1943, four students attended the University, having mainly come to study Mechanical, Chemical and Civil Engineering.


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Use the personal version of Airhead for free! That's right NADA! Sign in using your Facebook, Google or Microsoft account. Or buy Airhead for your school and get all the powerful sharing and MIS data features.
We've deliberately kept the pricing model for Airhead simple and fair. Whether you're a small primary school or a huge college, you just pay for the student accounts you need. Parental logins are also available if you want to provide parent launchpads and flightdecks. And remember, teacher accounts are completely free - no matter how many you need.
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text: Charlotte Dentist Do you need a Charlotte dentist for a smile makeover? Many people suffer from stained, discolored, damaged or missing teeth. Did you know Dr. Patrick J. Broome, DMD, and his team at Charlotte Center for Cosmetic Dentistry has successfully performed full mouth reconstructions on even seriously damaged smiles? If you need help restoring a winning smile you can be proud of, read more to learn how our cosmetic dentistry experts can help. Who is Dr. Patrick J. Broome? The best dentist in Charlotte! Dr. Broome has extensive training and experience in cosmetic and aesthetic dentistry specialties such as endodontics, which is the branch of dentistry that deals with the tooth root and dental pulp, as well as implant dentistry, periodontal surgical technique, conscious sedation therapy, and straight-wire and Invisalign® orthodontics. Dr. Broome believes that continuing education is essential to providing his Charlotte patients with the best dental care possible. His expertise is so extensive that he is highly sought after as an instructor for other dentists and their dental staff who also wish to stay on the cutting edge of dental techniques. Dr. Broome is a member of the American Academy of Cosmetic Dentistry, the North Carolina Dental Association, South Carolina Dental Association and The American Dental Association. Biolase Regional Training Center Dr. Broome's Charlotte dental office has been designated as a Biolase Regional Training Center. Biolase is the dental industry leader in laser technology. Dr. Broome instructs dental professionals on how to utilize Biolase's laser systems, offering Certification Training Courses, Master Level Courses and Refresher Training Courses. Schedule Your Consultation Today If you need a dental expert to help you achieve a healthy, beautiful smile, call Dr. Broome today. Dr. Broome's focus is helping patients improve their overall wellness by improving their smiles. Call (704) 364-4711 to request a consultation. Next, learn about how Dr. Broome transforms smiles using Invisalign.


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Lakes Aquarium
A visit to the award winning visitor attraction, the Lakes Aquarium, formerly known as the Aquarium of the Lakes, makes a great day out for all the family. The aquarium is situated at Lakeside, on the south west bank of Lake Windermere.
Uncover the secret world of the lakes at Britain's unique freshwater aquarium - with all new features allowing you to visit the lakes of the world along with those a little closer to home
On a journey from mountain-top to Morecambe Bay visitors to the attraction are able to see the incredible underwater tunnel with giant carp and diving ducks, meet British sharks and rays from around the coast. Enjoy close encounters with otters as they forage around in their spectacularly designed woodland home complete with waterfalls and pools and watch them dive and swirl underwater.
The Aquarium of the Lakes recreates the journey of a river from mountain top to sea, with stunning displays that bring the visitor face to face with an array of life found in and around the Lake District. See Lakeland's menacing pike, char and giant carp.
Set off from a Lake District Mountain Top and follow the tranquil water flow to find jumping trout and river bank creatures. Leap over the paddy fields to Asia- homeland of our delightful and mischievous otters. Your journey warms up as you forage your way through our themed areas of Africa, the Americas and our amazing tropical jungle.
The aquarium features mini mammals such as harvest mice, voles and brown rats and their nocturnal activities. Film presentation and plasma screen documentaries along with children's quiz trail. Offering a fully interactive experience, the Aquarium also provides a series of information boards and a programme of daily talks and presentations to help you discover more about the fascinating world of the lakes.
Interact with hippos, crocodiles and sharks in the worlds first virtual dive bell. Ask questions while you watch them feed.
An educational and enjoyable experience for all age groups.
There are also a range of shops and a cafe at the quayside with panoramic views of Lake Windermere and a mouth watering menu.
Coming soon to the Lakes Aquarium Marmoset monkeys, Owls, Kestrels and Caimans
Images courtesy of the Lakes Aquarium
Opening timesOpen daily from 9a.m. - 6p.m. (5p.m. winter)
Last admission one hour before closing
Closed on Christmas Day


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What is it? Why does it matter? And where can you learn more?
Like many things in our collective memory, windows aren't as simple as they used to be, which means window flashing, too, has reached a whole new level of complicated.
In the 1940s you couldn't really bling out your window flashing (let alone choose a specific brand of house wrap).
Case in point – there are 4 different flashing standards prescribed by the American Architectural Manufacturer's Association (AAMA). That's not factoring in the dozens of window flashing manufacturers with unique interpretations of those methods.
And that's just for residential flanged windows. Combined with the hundreds of window producers and overlaid by some actively-advancing energy codes: the number of possible window flashing variations for each project is boggling.
So how do you as an installer Window flashing comprises the bulk-water diversion steps of the window installation process. Simply put – it is the connection between window and wall. make good decisions in the field? Remember a couple fundamental building envelope truths:
*exception for windows produced in Switzerland
Any durable material that is installed to divert bulk water away from sensitive areas is a flashing.
Flashings are used in many different exterior trades. As a result, you'll primarily see them in roofing and siding– and they generally operate within 2 distinct layers of the building assembly:
Roof valley flashing image courtesy of vistainspireprogram.com
The SIGA Majvest® 500 SA is acting as the weather barrier
Depending on which layer of the wall they're in, flashings can take on a number of forms to repel water:
Window flashing comprises the bulk-water diversion steps of the window installation process. Simply put – it is the connection between window and wall.
In terms of the definition stated above, window flashing is the bridge between the secondary drainage plane (weather resistive barrier) to the primary water shedding surface (the window).
Windows all start as a really big hole in the wall (often called a fenestration).
Even though we fill the hole with arguably the most sophisticated building component there is (a window), the hole itself presents an inherent vulnerability.
Windows also command special attention because they are 3-dimensional. It's much simpler to manage the flow of water (straight down) in the area of the [flat] wall plane.
Like Smaug's missing scale in The Hobbit– it only takes one pinhole for water to fell the beast.
However, reach the window, and bulk water is on a downward path and is diverted out/in/around/along any number of directions.
Thankfully the path water takes is predictable. With a little building physics know-how, the right products, and the correct installation, you can mitigate water penetration risk.
Today we design buildings with a backstop: a secondary drainage plane and associated flashings work to reduce the risk of water penetration.
The process of flashing a window is broken into two main parts:
Like fish scales, each part must nest underneath the previous one. Layering from bottom-to-top is called water-shedding or weather-lapping fashion.
"Pre-flashing" is an extension of what is historically known as a sill-pan: a custom, soldered piece of brake-formed metal installed at the bottom of the rough opening.
Metal pans are still around, but the more common practice is to choose a self-adhered material to flash the sill – Wigluv® is a high-quality tape option here. Better-than code-minimum installations won't stop at the sill but rather seal the entire perimeter of the rough opening.
Pre-flashing in this way helps to integrate the secondary drainage plane (weather-resistive barrier) with the opening. And when (not if) the window itself leaks, your horizontal wood or metal sill is protected.
Providing a drainage path at the sill when setting the window can help the window flashing to perform better.
After the window is installed, another layer of self-adhered material is installed to the sides (jambs) and top (head) of the window.
The main goal of this flashing is to divert any moisture over and past the window. It is also designed to offer additional water resistance behind the window-to-siding or trim joints, and to offer an additional seal to window flange fasteners.
All put together, it looks something like this:
Window flashing is a critical piece of every window installation and the benefits of waterproofing properly are felt for decades afterwards. You've only got one shot at it, unless you prefer callbacks.
The window flashing steps mentioned above are very general steps for installing a window —it's likely that your project is even more complex than code minimum.
Lean on your architects, consultants and manufacturers alike to make sure you are choosing the right methods and materials for the job at hand. SIGA has already done a the work of developing best practices for complex windows, and our website has a wealth of knowledge to help you configure your projects with high-quality SIGA flashing tapes.
Get some regular inspo for your building's hidden armor by signing up for our monthly email, the Build it Better eNewsletter.
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Saturday April 24, 2010: I didn't get a chance to post a development update last week. Sorry about that. It has been very busy. We submitted a milestone for Spirit on April 16, which has already been approved by the publisher (thank you for being prompt Mr. Publisher), and we submitted a milestone for Face yesterday. Phew! Both projects are going really well. Spirit is thick into the production stage. We have the game playable with AI, music, and all sorts of goodness going on. It already feels like a real game. We just need to add more "stuff" to it and tweak what we have. I am very happy with how it is progressing. Face is in it's early stage. We just finished the GDD, TDD, and milestone delivery schedule. It was a lot of work to get all of that completed, but it feels good to have it done. It shows us what the game is in terms of scope, which is vital for both us and the publisher in knowing what we're making in the time/budget available. We always weigh the contents of the game design against time and resources (people) to make sure it is doable, and as such I feel confident we're in good shape. As usual, it won't be easy to complete the creation of the game, but it is doable. If it is ever "easy" for us to complete a game, then something has probably gone wrong! :)
The publisher for Red visited us last week. That went well. It was part of their due diligence. So, it doesn't mean we've got the project. We'll hear more about that later.
We're in talks with one of our current publishers about a new game - let's call that Smoke. It is a fun, small game that would need to be started immediately if it is to be released on time. So, that may happen fairly quickly.
Hope you're having a great day. TTYL.


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It's as easy as: ship, pay, click and get the consignment released.
This is, in a nutshell, PayCargo's service, offered to the global air freight community, as well as shipping lines and trucking companies.
The clearing house, founded 2009 in the USA and now also active across Europe and Asia, facilitates electronic financial transactions between forwarders and ground handling agents, freight vendors, and payers within 30 days – max.
If this intermediary did not exist, it would have to be invented.
Adriaan Reinders, CEO of PayCargo Europe B.V. is a straight-talking man, not fishing for compliments or shoulder patting. His words expressed quietly and precisely, have worth and weight.
Mr Reinders told CargoForwarder Global that in 2019 PayCargo expects to accomplish transactions in the region of three billion USD.
The service provider's revenues have increased by 100 percent each consecutive year and will do so in future, the CEO predicts.
The expectation is for even more growth since the Coral Gables, Florida-based company has expanded lately by setting up branches in Europe and the Far East, headed by him. A move that is fully in line with market demands, speeding up the delivery of cargo shipments via PayCargo's patented payment platform, upping their customer's profitability.
Going global, following the customers
Juan Dieppa, COO at PayCargo's U.S. HQ states: "In view of our global carrier support, it was time to establish our service around the world in cargo-centric locations. Given the importance of the European freight market, our choice quickly fell upon Amsterdam, The Netherlands being at the heart of it."
And Adriaan Reinders adds to this: "We are ambitiously growing around the globe and it is only natural to have an Amsterdam base in order to service the local and regional cargo players even better than we could from our HQ in the United States." He went on to say: "With our European presence, we are showing our customers that we are a serious player in all markets, and they can count on us to expand where and when they need us to."
Encrypted data
Currently, 12,800 payers and more than 20,000 users have registered on PayCargo's electronic platform with an upward trend. Among them are leading forwarders such as DB Schenker, Nippon Express and Kuehne + Nagel, well-known air freight carriers including American Cargo, United Cargo, Lufthansa Cargo, LATAM Cargo, the U.S. integrators FedEx and UPS, as well as a considerable number of ground handlers, shipping lines and terminal operators.
All financial transactions are processed entirely electronically and encrypted by connecting via an Application Programming Interface (API).
The Automated Clearing House (ACH) transfer is a well proven way to send or receive money online, pushing funds from one account to another, including the exchange of key remittance information between payers and vendors.
"There is no more manual work involved," Mr Reinders emphasizes. "Payer and vendor are connected on a real-time platform which transmits financial data and information."
Faster flow of goods at lower costs
This immediate transparency not only improves payment communication but also allows for significant cost savings through automation and standardization, he adds. Hence, administrative costs are reduced such as paperwork, mailing or printing.
Within 30 days transactions are completed, he says, unless there is a financial dispute should the ground handler's charges differ from his forwarding agent's files. In case there is a mismatch the participants are given time to settle the differences among themselves within two weeks. "The undisputed receivables will be paid immediately," he assures.
Heiner Siegmund
Footnote: We always welcome your comments to our articles. However, we can only publish them if the sender name is authentic.


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Coronavirus could slow the world's solar-energy revolution
The coronavirus outbreak is threatening to slow the global solar energy revolution as it cuts the supply of key equipment for solar and wind farms in China and beyond.
As cases of the disease mounted over the last week, manufacturers including Trina Solar Ltd. sounded the alarm over production delays while developers such as Manila Electric Co. in the Philippines said projects would be held up.
"If the virus outbreak lasts beyond the first quarter and spreads to more geographies, as is currently happening in Korea and Italy, then it may very well slow down global renewable energy deployment," said Ali Izadi-Najafabadi, head of analysis in Asia for BloombergNEF, which has downgraded its outlook for installations this year.
While China is slowly starting to get back to work after an extended shutdown to contain the virus' spread, many factories are still not at full capacity amid a lack of staff and raw materials. Green manufacturers are not spared, with analysts and industry groups flagging the potential for higher costs and a hit to overseas operations, especially if the outbreak continues.
For now, the effect on green companies remains manageable and mainly confined to areas in China where the coronavirus was first found. Solar giant LONGi Green Energy Technology Co. has said it sees no significant effect on its panel sales and production and has kept shipment targets for the year unchanged.
Even so, the warnings that have started to trickle out are a reminder of China's importance in the global supply chains involved in building clean-energy plants and reducing the pollution that's damaging the climate.
The country leads the world both in installing new wind and solar farms and in producing photovoltaic panels used almost everywhere. Of the top 10 cell makers, nine are mainly Chinese manufacturers and one is from South Korea.
Overseas plants could be hit as they will be unable to receive components from China given flight restrictions, according to the China Photovoltaic Industry Assn. The group has asked the government to delay tariff cuts for domestic projects — meant to encourage solar plants to compete on their own against conventional fuels such as coal and natural gas — due at the end of March.
Wind power utilities in China have also requested that policymakers extend feed-in tariffs for onshore installations beyond this year, according to the Global Wind Energy Council, citing conversations with companies. The current policy requires wind farms cleared for construction through 2020 to be completed by 2021 to qualify for subsidies.
BNEF lowered its forecasts for solar and wind installations in China this year but cautioned that capacity can ramp up quickly after the outbreak and that disruptions won't be enough to reverse an oversupply.
The analysts now expect a maximum of 43 gigawatts of solar installations this year from 45 gigawatts before. Its most pessimistic forecast is for 31 gigawatts compared with at least 37 gigawatts estimated previously. China added about 30 gigawatts last year, according to the industry association.
Here are some reports of delays by companies:
- On Monday, a Manila Electric unit said two solar projects will be delayed for months because solar panels were stuck in a factory in Hubei.
- China's New Energy Chamber of Commerce said this month that production had been disrupted and will affect shipments of equipment to overseas markets. Its members include leading panel makers JinkoSolar Holding Co., Tongwei Co., LONGi Green Energy and Trina.
- Trina's deputy general manager, Yin Rongfang, told the Economic Times on Feb. 20 that its factories had lower supplies than usual, boosting short-term logistics costs. Factory utilization took a hit but is rebounding.
- Photovoltaic production capacity has been hit in Jiangsu province, where more than 60% of China's solar panels are made, according to the Gofa Institute, a wing of the government's National Energy Administration. It said those plants are "gradually recovering."
- In France, Claire Waysand, interim chief executive of the utility Engie, said the coronavirus outbreak would delay some solar and wind projects by "a few weeks" because some suppliers of photovoltaic panels and of blades for wind turbines are Chinese.
Some manufacturers are relying on production outside of China to cope. That's especially true for two of the largest makers of inverters, which convert solar power into electricity for the grid.
SolarEdge Technologies Inc. said on an earnings call that increased capacity at factories in Hungary and Vietnam has helped it meet demand. It expects, however, to do air shipments this quarter in part because of the coronavirus, which put pressure on gross margins.
Enphase Energy Inc. is boosting manufacturing of microinverters in Mexico as a backup in case of supply disruptions. It's seeing some sign of constraint from goods coming from China.
For Enphase, Mexico helps it "sidestep coronavirus challenges," Philip Shen, an analyst at Roth Capital Partners, wrote in a note to clients.
So far, it's the solar industry that has suffered more, with wind turbine makers bouncing back. Facilities owned by Vestas Wind Systems and Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy in the city of Tianjin, in China's northeast, are close to major ports and as yet not subject to any World Health Organization warnings on cargo transport from China.
"Vestas restarted production as planned on Feb. 15 and received further approval on Feb. 23, which has enabled us to significantly ramp up our production in China," a spokesperson for the Danish turbine maker said. "We expect to return to full capacity soon, provided local conditions allow. We are seeing more suppliers resuming operations."


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Total Building Permits Rise 0.8% in July
September 14, 2016
Municipalities issued building permits worth $6.5 billion in July, up 0.8% from the previous month. The advance resulted largely from higher construction intentions for institutional and industrial buildings. Ontario and Alberta led the national increase.
In the non-residential sector, the value of building permits advanced 5.6% to $2.4 billion. The gain followed two consecutive months of declines. Increases were reported in four provinces, most notably Ontario.
The value of residential building permits was down 2.0% to $4.0 billion in July, the fourth consecutive monthly decrease. Lower construction intentions were posted in five provinces, with British Columbia, Ontario and Quebec leading the decline.
Non-residential sector: higher construction intentions in all components
In July, all three non-residential components posted higher construction intentions, with institutional structures leading the advance, followed by industrial buildings.
The value of permits for institutional buildings rose 9.6% to $740 million in July, the third increase in four months. The advance was largely the result of higher construction intentions for medical facilities and, to a lesser extent, retirement residences. Gains in Ontario offset declines observed in six provinces, led by Saskatchewan.
In the industrial component, the value of permits advanced 17.1% to $418 million, following five consecutive monthly declines. The increase stemmed from higher construction intentions for transportation terminals and, to a lesser degree, maintenance-related buildings. The value of building permits was up in four provinces, most notably Ontario, followed by Alberta and Manitoba.
The value of commercial building permits edged up 0.3% to $1.3 billion in July. Higher construction intentions for office buildings and retail complexes were mostly responsible for the gain. Increases were registered in seven provinces, with Ontario reporting the largest advance.
Residential sector: single-family dwellings report the largest decline
The value of permits for single-family dwellings declined 3.0% to $2.4 billion in July, following a 4.8% increase in June. Every province, except Nova Scotia and Manitoba, posted a decrease. The largest drop was reported in Ontario, followed by British Columbia and Alberta.
Construction intentions for multi-family dwellings edged down 0.4% to $1.7 billion in July, the fifth decline since the beginning of 2016. The value of permits was down in four provinces, with British Columbia and Quebec reporting the largest decreases.
Municipalities approved the construction of 15,388 new dwellings in July, 2.2% more than in June, when the number of new units approved was at its lowest since December 2012. The advance in July was attributable to multi-family dwellings, up 3.9% to 9,652 new units. In contrast, the number of single-family homes declined 0.5% to 5,736 new dwellings.
Provinces: Ontario posts the largest increase
In July, higher construction intentions were reported in four provinces, led by Ontario, followed by Alberta and Manitoba.
The value of building permits in Ontario was up 11.1% to $2.8 billion, following an 8.2% decline in June. The gain was attributable to higher construction intentions for non-residential buildings, led by institutional structures, followed by commercial and industrial buildings. The advance was moderated by a 2.6% decrease in the value of residential dwelling permits.
Following two consecutive monthly declines, the value of building permits in Alberta rose 7.4% to $951 million in July. All components were up, except single-family dwellings. The gain was largely the result of higher construction intentions for multi-family dwellings and industrial buildings.
In Manitoba, the value of building permits increased 17.6% to $230 million. Every component registered a gain, led by industrial buildings and multi-family dwellings.
Conversely, Saskatchewan and Quebec posted the largest declines. In Saskatchewan, the value of building permits was down 44.3%, offsetting the notable advance in June. In Quebec, the 10.1% drop followed two consecutive monthly increases.
Census metropolitan areas: Toronto registers the most significant advance
In July, the value of building permits was up in 14 of the 34 census metropolitan areas. The largest increases were registered in Toronto and Ottawa.
In Toronto, the value of permits rose 18.5% to $1.5 billion. Every component, except single-family dwellings, posted a gain. Higher construction intentions for institutional and commercial buildings were largely responsible for the advance.
The value of building permits in Ottawa was up 58.0% to $339.4 million in July, a second consecutive monthly increase. While every component registered a gain, higher construction intentions for multi-family dwellings led the advance.
In contrast, Saskatoon recorded the largest decrease (-68.1%), following three consecutive monthly increases. While lower construction intentions were reported for all components, institutional buildings accounted for most of the decline.
Source: Statistics Canada, www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/160908/dq160908a-eng.htm.


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Textus Receptus Bibles
Noah Webster's Bible 1833
|Ye are the children of the LORD your God: ye shall not cut yourselves, nor make any baldness between your eyes for the dead.
|For thou art a holy people to the LORD thy God, and the LORD hath chosen thee to be a peculiar people to himself, above all the nations that are upon the earth.
|Thou shalt not eat any abominable thing.
|These are the beasts which ye shall eat: the ox, the sheep, and the goat,
|The hart, and the roebuck, and the fallow-deer, and the wild-goat, and the pygarg, and the wild ox, and the chamois.
|And every beast that parteth the hoof, and cleaveth the cleft into two claws, and cheweth the cud among the beasts, that ye shall eat.
|Nevertheless, these ye shall not eat, of them that chew the cud, or of them that divide the cloven hoof; the camel, and the hare, and the coney: for they chew the cud, but divide not the hoof; therefore they are unclean to you.
|And the swine, because it divideth the hoof, yet cheweth not the cud, is unclean to you: ye shall not eat of their flesh, nor touch their dead carcass.
|These ye shall eat, of all that are in the waters: all that have fins and scales shall ye eat:
|And whatever hath not fins and scales ye may not eat; it is unclean to you.
|Of all clean birds ye shall eat.
|But these are they of which ye shall not eat: the eagle, and the ossifrage, and the ospray,
|And the glede, and the kite, and the vultur after his kind,
|And every raven after his kind,
|And the owl, and the night-hawk, and the cuckow, and the hawk after his kind,
|The little owl, and the great owl, and the swan,
|And the pelican, and the gier-eagle, and the cormorant,
|And the stork, and the heron after her kind, and the lapwing, and the bat.
|And every creeping animal that flieth is unclean to you: they shall not be eaten.
|But of all clean fowls ye may eat.
|Ye shall not eat of any thing that dieth of itself: thou shalt give it to the stranger that is in thy gates, that he may eat it; or thou mayest sell it to an alien: for thou art a holy people to the LORD thy God. Thou shalt not seethe a kid in his mother's milk.
|Thou shalt truly tithe all the increase of thy seed, that the field bringeth forth year by year.
|And thou shalt eat before the LORD thy God, in the place which he shall choose to place his name there, the tithe of thy corn, of thy wine, and of thy oil, and the firstlings of thy herds and of thy flocks; that thou mayest learn to fear the LORD thy God always.
|And if the way is too long for thee, so that thou art not able to carry it; or if the place is too far from thee, which the LORD thy God shall choose to set his name there, when the LORD thy God hath blessed thee:
|Then shalt thou turn it into money, and bind up the money in thy hand, and shalt go to the place which the LORD thy God shall choose:
|And thou shalt bestow that money for whatever thy soul desireth, for oxen, or for sheep, or for wine, or for strong drink, or for whatever thy soul desireth: and thou shalt eat there before the LORD thy God, and thou shalt rejoice, thou, and thy household.
|And the Levite that is within thy gates, thou shalt not forsake him; for he hath no part nor inheritance with thee.
|At the end of three years thou shalt bring forth all the tithe of thy increase the same year, and shalt lay it up within thy gates:
|And the Levite, (because he hath no part nor inheritance with thee) and the stranger, and the fatherless, and the widow, who are within thy gates, shall come, and shall eat and be satisfied; that the LORD thy God may bless thee in all the work of thy hand which thou doest.
Noah Webster's Bible 1833
While Noah Webster, just a few years after producing his famous Dictionary of the English Language, produced his own modern translation of the English Bible in 1833; the public remained too loyal to the King James Version for Webster's version to have much impact.


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Meet the Candidates!
Candidates for President (1 seat)
deCella, Baji
Ketzenberger, Courtney A.
Simpson, Jeri-Lyn K.K.
Candidate for Secretary (1 seat)
Santos, Joyleanne Leialoha D.
Candidate for Caucus Delegate(2 seats)
Perry, Sara
Candidate for Education Division Senator (1 seat)
Gunn, Katrena M.
Candidates for Vice President (1 seat)
Lochman, Mellissa K.
Sommer, Ryan J.
Candidate for Treasurer (1 seat)
Nishimura, Shane T.
Candidate for Sophomore Class Senator (1 seat)
Caraang, Crizalmer "CJ" U.
Candidate for Social Sciences Division Senator (1 seat)
Baclaan, Isaiah C.
Events, such as General Meetings and Constituency Meetings are posted on our Facebook page under events: www.facebook.com/ASUHWO/events
News Archives
October 2017
The Associated Students of the University of Hawai'i at West O'ahu (ASUHWO) is an autonomous governing body that works to coordinate student services, including organizing school wide functions and recognizing funding, and supporting student groups at the University of Hawai'i at West O'ahu (UHWO). ASUHWO continuously works to convey student concerns to the school's faculty and administration, and its members serve as consulted stakeholders in school-wide decisions.