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Nigel Harris Archive | ETOL Main Page
From Socialist Worker Review, No. 98, May 1987, p. 9.
Transcribed & marked up by Einde O'Callaghan for the Encyclopaedia of Trotskyism On-Line (ETOL).
DID YOU see the story about Moscow having a lower standard of living than the rest of the Soviet Union? The tortuous argument went like this: in order to meet the demand for unskilled manual labour in the city over the past 15 years, 700,000 workers have been brought in from poorer parts of the country. Currently, some 70,000 arrive each year to do the jobs Muscovites will not do. Mostly young people, they arrive on temporary visas and live in dormitories, but after three years of good behaviour, they can get permanent status.
The natives, the beneficiaries of this import of cheap labour, complain bitterly that the city and its services are being swamped by outsiders: they want tighter immigration controls. The city authorities did try to restrict entries more tightly, but on all sides the public employers protested that they could not meet their plan targets unless they had the right to bring in cheap labour.
A few issues ago this column featured the problems of a growing scarcity of unskilled manual labour in Japan (SWR, November 1986) and in the United States (SWR, December 1986) and it is interesting that similar issues afflict the Soviet Union. The problem in the Soviet Union is less an overall shortage in the country than scarcity in particular places like Moscow. The scarcity is a product of controls – otherwise masses of workers would migrate there, since the wages and conditions are the best.
Siberia is the opposite because of its ferocious climate and poor facilities. Workers will only go there for temporary periods and, by Soviet standards, very high wages. The government has long tried to get workers to move out of some areas – for example, from Central Asia – to Siberia. Big construction projects (for example, the Daykal-Amur railway, the Tyumin oil fields) have great difficulties in recruiting and keeping an adequate labour force.
There is a supply of labour, however, which is fully mobile without high pay: foreign workers. It is not clear how big this labour force is. In the spring of 1982 a Japanese newspaper picked up an article by the Vietnamese Minister of Labour in the Hanoi daily, Nhan Dan. The minister said an agreement had been reached with the Soviet Union for 10,000 Vietnamese workers to go to work in the Soviet Union. Commentators speculated that this labour was in part repayment for Vietnam's £2 billion debt to Moscow. The workers were to work for five to six years, the minister said, in coal mines, chemical plants, textile and engineering factories and in the south where the climate was warmer. They would be joining "several thousand" other Vietnamese undergoing training as apprentices in Russian factories.
At about the same time, Radio Prague reported that some 14,000 Vietnamese workers were working in Czechoslovakia, and another Hanoi daily, Hanoi Moi, carried a report that some 50,000 Vietnamese workers were employed in East Germany, Hungary and Bulgaria. Izvestiya gave more details on the Russian picture: "over 7,000" Vietnamese, between the ages of 17 and 35, were in training in the Soviet Union for one year; Tass amplified – one year's training and four years working.
Nayan Chanda, one of the leading journalists on Vietnam, reported from Hanoi sources that the flow of workers to the Soviet Union is not at all new. Since at least 1967 workers have been sent there "supposedly for vocational training but in fact providing cheap labour for Soviet factories". The workers, he says, get "board, lodging, clothing and a small amount of pocket money for the first three years", with full pay after that. Most of the workers are aged between 18 and 25, and none are permitted families. Other sources say the overwhelming majority of Vietnamese workers are sent to Siberia, and the Soviet government retains 60 per cent of their pay as part repayment of Vietnam's debt.
From Vietnamese refugees in Canada come stories of letters received from their relatives, working as "guest workers" in the Soviet Union. They complain of the very long separation from their families, the poor conditions and pay. Some say that between 60,000 and 100,000 Vietnamese workers were officially working overseas. One man, living in a work camp next to a construction site in Siberia, wrote:
"We are given seven roubles a month as allowances, enough to buy ten packs of cigarettes. That is all we get. When I first arrived, they issued me with one pair of winter shoes, a thick jacket, a sweater, a pair of trousers, one cheap shirt and some undershirts and shorts, to be used for the next three years ... When I left home, I never expected life in this Russian region would be so wretched. Winter is raging right now ..."
The issue is not the same as in the United States for the numbers are small alongside the Soviet labour force (37 million employed in industry, 11 million in construction). But the mobility and the cheapness must seem remarkable to Soviet industrial planners, as well as the degree of discipline that must be exercised to survive in Siberia's permafrost – rebel workers cannot run away.
The migration of workers is always a response to the anarchic or accidental location of new employment – the movement of labour "equilibriates" demand and supply. It is essential to maintain profits, and generally costs governments nothing. Furthermore, the migrant is always a good target on which to heap blame for the failures of the government or employers. The same principle seems to be true in the Soviet Union, even though the country still seems to have big reserves of unskilled labour in the countryside and tightly controlled wages. Any increase in the tempo of growth – the target of the Gorbachev regime – can only exaggerate the localised scarcities, forcing either increased wage differentials or increased immigration.
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Nigel Harris Archive | ETOL Main Page
Last updated: 31 October 2019


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Applications of environment-behavior-design research to planned communities
Issue Date1990
AdvisorZube, Ervin H.
MetadataShow full item record
PublisherThe University of Arizona.
RightsCopyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author.
AbstractThis study addresses and evaluates the use of Environment-Behavior-Design (E-B-D) research in planned community practice in greater Pima County, using the specific plan approach. The research uses two methods; (1) a review of planning documents; and (2) interviews with planners. The results suggest that very little E-B-D research use has occurred in specific plans, although respondents were supportive of E-B-D research. Recommendations are made for improving research applications and for appropriate subjects for E-B-D research on planned communities.
Thesis-Reproduction (electronic)

subset: commoncrawl


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With planning, a bus trip is an adventure rather than an ordeal. Similar to train and plane travel, but with its own set of potential obstacles and rewards, intercity bus travel is cheaper and frequently more convenient because buses service many small towns and rural areas. Record or near-record ridership was reported in 2012, at least partly because of the high cost of gas. Taking the bus rather than driving is also a green decision, helping to protect the environment by reducing carbon emissions.
Step 1
Plan a route that has stops at reasonable distances apart if you're taking a long trip. Even if the bus stops for only a few minutes, it's important to step off and stretch your legs. At longer stops, you can grab a snack or use the restroom. Buses are equipped with bathrooms but they're small and stuffy and best left for emergencies.
Step 2
Check to see if the station will be open when you arrive at your destination. Small-town stations may be closed overnight or open only for a limited number of hours each day. If the station will be closed, arrange for transportation to your final destination. Call ahead to see if there's a taxi stand if you are unable to have someone pick you up.
Step 3
Leave room in your suitcase for a sweater, wrap or travel blanket, especially for an overnight bus trip. The air conditioning may be too chilly or the heat insufficient. Pack a small pillow so you can nap on long trips.
Step 4
Pack bottled water and a few snacks even if your trip is only a few hours long. You don't have to consume them, but you'll be happy you have these items if hunger strikes. The air in buses tends to be dry, so count on getting thirsty.
Step 5
Buy luggage tags and secure locks for your bags. If your luggage is checked through on a long trip, it may spend some time sitting on the pavement waiting to be transferred to another bus. You can't prevent someone from picking it up and walking away with it, but you can make it a less tempting target. Don't pack valuables in your bags.
Step 6
Avoid over-packing. Large bags will be slung into the compartment under the bus, and overhead racks don't hold much. Juggling three or four bags or a purse and laptop while you walk down the aisle can be trying. Focus on a couple of forms of entertainment: A paperback, puzzle book or iPod doesn't take up much room.
- Wear comfortable clothing and practical footwear.
- Carry medications and a small grooming kit with you on the bus in case your luggage winds up in a different city than intended.
- Make alternate plans in case your bus is delayed or canceled.
- Be considerate of your fellow passengers. Don't wear colognes or fragrances, and wait till you get off the bus to pop that piece of gum into your mouth. Do your personal grooming before you leave home.
- Turn your cell phone off unless you simply must use it. The other riders on the bus may be trying to sleep, or simply not interested in listening to your conversations.
Writer Bio
Meg Jernigan has been writing for more than 30 years. She specializes in travel, cooking and interior decorating. Her offline credits include copy editing full-length books and creating marketing copy for nonprofit organizations. Jernigan attended George Washington University, majoring in speech and drama.


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If you want to ensure the best audio quality in your streams and podcasts, you can't substitute a real high-quality mic. HyperX QuadCast and Turtle Beach Stream Mic are two gaming-oriented mics that have been pulling attraction. Below, you can see how HyperX vs Turtle Beach Mic compare against each other and which one that is generally more recommended.
Continue reading to find out further about:
- The comparison of these mics' design and build
- The additional features on each mic
- Which mic that is more versatile, suitable for different purposes
- The comparison of their sound quality
- Whether you should go for HyperX or Turtle Beach Mic to get the best value
HyperX QuadCast: Overview
At first, HyperX QuadCast may look like a hairbrush without the bristles, sitting on a solid dual shock mount. You can find the gain dial on the bottom part of the mic, whereas the pickup pattern selector in on the back. See also: Razer Seiren vs AT2020
Behind the grille, there is a built-in foam layer which will reduce pressure spikes from plosives. It is not necessary to get an additional pop filter.
After taking the mic out from the box, you can plug it directly to your computer. Doing so will cause your computer's mic input and sound output to default to HyperX QuadCast – this is because the mic features a 3.5mm jack that can pass your computer's sound output.
This is really nice because, by plugging your headphones to HyperX QuadCast's 3.5mm jack, you will be able to hear your game sound as well as your own voice in real time. Moreover, you can use HyperX QuadCast not only for streaming but also voice chat during your game. You can connect the mic to PC, Mac, Xbox, or PS4 via USB.
|Turtle Beach Mic
|Product Dimensions
|5 x 4 x 9.8 inches
|4 x 6 x 4 inches
|Shipping Weight
|9 ounces
|1.8 pounds
|Shop now at Amazon
|click here
|click here
HyperX QuadCast: Pros
- Impressive Sound Quality
First and foremost, the sound quality of HyperX vs Turtle Beach Mic is superior. HyperX QuadCast is easily one of the very best USB mics available in the market. It sounds better than pretty much any competitor.
The sound comes out clean, precise, and detailed. There are four selectable pickup patterns, which are cardioid, bidirectional, stereo, and omnidirectional. If you are streaming alone, you want to choose the cardioid option, which happens to be effective for isolating ambient noise.
The other modes are handy when you want to record sounds from different directions. They also sound great on YouTube and Twitch. Thanks to the foam layer under the grille, the mic is quite resistant against wind and breath noise. As the effect, the omnidirectional pickup pattern is actually usable here.
- Smart Functions
Yes, the sound quality is awesome, but that's not the only thing about HyperX QuadCast. It also has some cool functions and features that make it very practical and convenient to use.
Whenever the mic is active, the red LEDs inside will light up. This way, people will be able to tell whether you have a hot mic on your desk or not.
You can mute the mic temporarily simply by tapping on the top. HyperX QuadCast has a touch-sensitive mute button which, unlike physical buttons and switches, will not create a loud click that may get captured into the recording. And, since the button is located on the top, there is almost zero chance to re-activate the mic by accident.
- Integrated Shock Mount
The dual shock mount of HyperX QuadCast also makes a very good reason to choose this mic. The said feature alone already brings this mic over other gaming-oriented microphones.
Many USB mics actually have decent sound, but they are also very sensitive that they tend to pick thuds and bumps easily. This is a big problem if you place the mic on the same desk as your keyboard and mouse. With HyperX QuadCast, you will never have to worry about such a problem, because the dual shock mount will eliminate any mechanical vibration.
HyperX QuadCast: Cons
- Requires Some Fine-Tuning
Don't get it wrong; HyperX QuadCast vs Turtle Beach Mic already sounds good right out of the box. However, you may need to tweak your set-up in order to get the absolute best results.
Note that the microphone has its own gain control. This is independent from any software that you may be using. You will need some time to fine-tune the mic's gain and the software's settings, as different combinations may yield different results.
- Turtle Beach Stream Mic: Overview
Turtle Beach Stream Mic is a USB microphone that is targeted at streaming and podcasting. The company claims that this microphone is ideal for people seeking professional-quality sound for gaming on Xbox Live, Twitch, and YouTube.
You get what you pay for. This mic is fairly expensive, but the build quality is exceptional. The solid housing is made of gloss and matte plastics, and is paired with a metallic grille, frame, and base. It just won't break. It comes with additional accessories for mounting on an armor stand. There is an output jack for direct monitoring.
One similarity between HyperX vs Turtle Beach Mic, this unit also has four selectable polar patterns. But, instead of a stereo polar pattern, Turtle Beach Stream Mic has replaced it with hypercardioid. So, the four options are cardioid, hypercardioid, bidirectional, and omnidirectional. If you press the button long enough, you can toggle between high sensitivity mode and low sensitivity mode.
The mic has its own Windows app. Here, you can customize the mic's EQ and access some additional features, such as the Announcer Mode (which will add a reverb effect to your voice) and the Noise Gate (which is an additional processing for reducing background noise). You can also disable the mic LED lights if you want to.
Turtle Beach Stream Mic: Pros
- Good Sound Quality
Turtle Beach Stream Mic indeed sounds good. It is definitely a step-up from any headset with an integrated mic. This is a great upgrade for people who have been live-streaming from native apps on Xbox or PS4 using gaming headsets.
Not only that; Turtle Beach Stream Mic is also able to do processing all by itself. You won't need to use any additional software or hardware to filter background noise. This mic can handle a variety of situations better than basic USB mics, and it is definitely usable for interviews, podcasts, and voice-over works.
- Nice Flexibility
This is still related to the built-in processing capability of Turtle Beach Stream Mic. The microphone can easily connect to pretty much anything. If you want to perform audio recording on PC, Xbox, or PS4, Turtle Beach Stream Mic is an easy and simple solution.
Of course, having a set of dedicated equipment can deliver better results. For example, pairing your PC with a sound mixer and an XLR mic can give you audiophile-grade sound. But that will complicate your set-up. Turtle Beach Stream Mic, on the other hand, is just as simple as plug and play.
- Convenient Features
When choosing between HyperX vs Turtle Beach Mic, one may want to consider the fact that Turtle Beach Stream Mic is quite smaller and more compact. Even when sitting on its stand, this mic still doesn't eat up much space.
The included stand is well-designed, albeit lacking a shock mount. Still, it will allow you to reach the mute button and pickup pattern selector easily. The main idea of this microphone, after all, is simplicity. You will be able to switch the pickup pattern on the fly. Last but not least, there is a line-out for real-time monitoring of your own voice.
Turtle Beach Stream Mic: Cons
- Prone to Physical Vibrations
As mentioned above, the included stand that comes with Turtle Beach Stream Mic is a fairly basic one. It does not have an integrated shock mount. As the effect, the microphone is prone to physical vibrations.
If you place the mic on your desk together with the keyboard and mouse, Turtle Beach Stream Mic will pick up all those clicks, keypresses, and scratches. Your viewers won't really appreciate such noise. In order to avoid the issue, you can get a shock mount, but this defeats the purpose of the included stand in the first place.
- Good, But Not Great Sound Quality
For sure, the sound quality of Turtle Beach Stream Mic is not as good as HyperX QuadCast. There is a lack of accuracy and detail. The sound also does not have enough warmth to make human voice enjoyable.
If you are working in a quiet room, the built-in processing of Turtle Beach Stream Mic will become a bad thing, as it will cause the sound output to be over-compressed and unnatural. Tweaking the sound in post-production can help a little, but this won't create miracles.
HyperX vs Turtle Beach Mic
Between these two microphones, HyperX QuadCast is better and more recommended. It is superior in terms of design, build quality, and sound quality. It has a built-in shock mount and pop filter. The sound is clean, rich, and accurate. It is one of the very best USB microphones available in the market.


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Our Sendak Artist Rolls:
Classic vs. Mini
For most of my life I've carried things to keep me occupied – often in the form of books. They offered entertainment when I was stuck in a line or arrived somewhere early – which I always did. I was pleased to be lost in a story or scribbling in a journal – unaware of the wait.
When the idea for The Sendak took hold, I was excited at the thought of bringing more organized 'things to do' on outings.
After a year of Sendak making and many requests, we decided to make a Sendak Mini! Since then, we've been cutting and stitching both Sendaks all day long. I am often asked which is my favourite...
If you are a colour lover who always has to add just one more to the take pile, the classic Sendak is the one for you! Plus you can fit sketchbooks, watercolour sets and more. The classic Sendak can carry either a light load or heavy haul!
If you are a minimalist who likes to keep your life simple and organized, I'd suggest the mini. The pens slots are slightly wider, and can fit fountain pens, as well as your old standbys. And it rolls as well as it folds!
In the Wild
We've been delighted to see everyone sharing their Sendaks in the wild and are psyched to share some of the amazing artists + makers who have put theirs to good use!
Don't forget to #pegandawl so we can share yours!


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The craziest MacBook Pro redesign we've ever heard of just inched closer to becoming a reality. We first caught wind of this possibility back in May, when we learned Apple was applying for a patent to make a touchpad that could be customized and take over the entire width of the keyboard deck.
This isn't the touchscreen MacBook that fans have clamored for, but it certainly feels like the kind of shocking and innovative design that has been needed to shake up the aging MacBook line. And with the wide-open possibilities for Apple Silicon-powered MacBooks, it doesn't sound impossible either.
- The best laptops to buy now
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- Just in: Mac malware could take over your laptop with a single Microsoft Office file
Just to be clear, the application for a patent doesn't guarantee a company wants to make said patent a reality in the future. Often times, companies have been found to apply for patents just to block rivals from adopting the same technology.
According to Patently Apple, a site that tracks Apple's quests to win patents, Apple applied for this patent back in March 2019 for an illuminated and "Expandable Virtual Trackpad." The site does not link to the awarded patent, but notes that this surface would be a "Virtual or Dynamic Trackpad with regions that could extend to the MacBook's sidewalls."
The post goes on to note that this area would be "illuminated by an array of light-emitting elements (or a single light-emitting element) to create a configurable or customizable boundary of the active input area," which would basically highlight the space you can touch, so you don't forget.
The customization options seem pretty interesting, as the patent supposedly allows for the touchpad to be "moved, resized, rearranged," and "functionally reassigned." That way, if I'm working with something else on my keyboard deck, I could move the touchpad to the side, giving myself more space.
Why this makes sense for Apple
With the news of iOS apps coming to the Mac in the era of Apple Silicon, this sounds less implausible than it could have months ago. You'd want to customize the touchpad to be a vertical space to match the iPhone's layout, right? I know I would.
Another reason why this sounds very much like an Apple thing to do is that rearranging the touchpad is a big accessibility feature, so users with difficulty using their hands and arms can make touch input easier and more personal.
We're keeping our eyes on Apple's plans for how it will shake up the MacBook going forward, as Apple Silicon allows it to dramatically rethink the sizes of its hardware.


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Commercial Transactions
In addition to our specific areas of expertise, the attorneys at Chuck & Tsoong, LLP are highly experienced in a broad range of commercial transactions, contracts, entity formation and organizational documentation. We further our clients' business operations by providing legal review and drafting of contracts and transactions specific to their line of business, including, advisory services and consulting agreements; partnership and development agreements; commercial leases; non-disclosure agreements; licensing, consignment, supply and distribution agreements; settlement agreements to resolve business disputes.
Our recent commercial matters include:
- Structuring of a joint venture agreement between physical therapy clinic and manufacturer of leading physical therapy devices
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Contact Us Today
The attorneys at Chuck & Tsoong, LLP, are prepared to handle complex business law and business litigation matters for clients throughout California. Contact us online or by telephone at 626-689-4000 to arrange a consultation with an experienced corporate lawyer. Our law offices are located in Glendale, California.


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Father's Day is upon us. I know some of you didn't have a good relationship with your father growing up, neither did I. Because of this it's hard to go to church and enjoy a service thanking men for being a good parent when mine wasn't.
Because of my non-relationship with my father, I had a hard time with the whole God the Father thing. Eventually, I worked through it, but it took a lot of soul-searching and Bible reading. And then God did what he does best, he made me write a book about it. The book is titled Holding the Hand of a King and the e-book is now on sale on Amazon for $0.99 at http://amzn.to/2gsVQz6.
Yes, this is a promo for the book, but it's also a way to help those women who have issues with getting close to God. Below is part of Chapter 1. I encourage you to read this book not because I'm such a terrific writer or I have God's ear when it comes to this stuff. But if you are having issues getting close to God, I'm praying this book will help.
Chapter 1
Let me Introduce You to Your Father's Love
If someone were to ask you to state in one word what the story of the Bible is about, what would you say? Jesus? Faith? Forgiveness?
True, but I'd say it's more a story of love. The love of a Father for his children.
Before we go further, let's define exactly what a father is. Most of us define the noun use of "father" as a provider or paternal protector. However, you might be surprised to find that www.dictionary.com defines the verb use of father as "author of" and to "assume as his own."
I love the notion that God assumes us as His own. Basically, we are His.
Now, let me ask you, what does a father do? Come up with some words to describe a father's job. I'll bet some of the words you used were things like comforter, protector, or provider.
How about abuser or neglecter?
Depends on who you ask. To some, abuser or neglecter might describe their opinion of a father. Unfortunately, they might also picture God the Father the same way.
I did for a long time.
My earthly father was an alcoholic. He was abusive; verbally, emotionally, and sometimes physically. I saw things in the negative for a long time, including God. As far as I was concerned, God was a mean, judgmental being in the sky I couldn't rely on. He was just a spiritual being who was far off and untouchable. He had too many rules I could never live up to and didn't want to. He was certainly not a deity I could have a relationship with.
A father's job is to provide shelter and food for his children. He is to love the mother and make sure everything runs smoothly in the family. Unfortunately, too many fathers are abusive, or they walk away because it's easier than being the head of the family.
If you have any questions regarding this book or are in need of prayer for yourself or someone you know, please let me know in the comment section below.


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Updates on COVID-19
We have gotten a lot of requests from clients wanting to purchase fabric for making handmade masks. Also, we are still offering free samples, order pick up and shipping, and Facetime appointments. Click here for the latest updates on what we're doing to help you with your projects.
Helping you create beautiful spaces since 1988
Designer Discount Fabrics & Furniture has been helping clients and designers alike design the perfect space for over 30 years. We finally decided to bring our fabric selections and services online to serve more people worldwide.
Since we carry hundreds of fabrics in stock and thousands more to order, we will be adding inventory to our online store little by little. If you're looking for something special or not sure where to start, please use the sample request form. We'll help you find exactly what you need from our in-store selection.


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AUSTIN, Texas -- The Longhorns started fall camp bright and early Monday morning and have since gone through several practices sessions, including a few in shoulder pads and helmets.
After four days of camp, here are a few things that stood out to the HornsNation staff:
The training wheels are officially off.
Mack Brown and Bryan Harsin threw their freshman quarterbacks into the fray on Thursday.


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Holiday Meals and Holiday Cleanse
Lasagne, ravioli, tortellini, polenta, nuts of every kind … not to mention sweets, from panettone to pandoro, through torrone and cantuccini.
The typical dishes of Christmas are delicious but not exactly light and diet friendly.
And trying to restrain and keep fit may not be so simple, because there are so many opportunities for the strain.
Holiday cleanse with essential oils may be just what you need.
To avoid the limit for a day or two is not a drama.
The important thing is to try to follow a balanced diet the following days and do not overdo it all the time.
Improper nutrition can cause digestive problems, heaviness, nausea, headache, and drowsiness.
Essential oils can be of great help during this time to purify the stomach and promote the elimination of excess toxins.
They are completely natural and condense all the properties of the starting plants, always used by man to cleanse the body and live better.
The Stomach is the center of our body
In all oriental cultures, the stomach is a very important point, in which our life force resides.
It is no coincidence that we somatize our emotions on the abdominal level, for example with the classic stomach punch.
Also from an anatomical point of view, the solar plexus is located in the stomach, the great nerve center that receives and distributes impulses to all the abdominal organs.
The solar plexus controls the automatic mechanisms of the body at the abdominal level, such as digestion and the activities of internal organs.
The problems that we can encounter in this part of the body are many, both for the anatomical location of most of our organs, but also for its function as an emotional center.
Essential oils can be a valuable aid to purify the stomach, especially with massage.
The navel area can be a point of direct application to act on the problems of the abdomen, a point of exchange between the outside and the inside.
Essential Oils Massage For A Holiday Cleanse
The excesses of the Christmas holidays may be responsible for the difficulty in digesting and heaviness in the abdomen.
A massage with essential oils can provide a great help to cleanse the stomach from toxins and regain the joy of sitting down at the table.
An excellent essential oil to promote the expulsion of toxins and excess air from the abdomen is fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), also together with the essential oil of anise (Pimpinella anisum).
You can add a few drops to the calendula oil, to be used as the carrier oil for its relaxing and soothing properties.
Use the navel as a small container to be filled with a mixture of calendula oil and 100% pure essential oils.
From there, slowly, begins to distribute the oil on the stomach, drawing with the hand of the circles clockwise that start from the navel and then open out.
Circular movement and essential oils will facilitate the expulsion of excess air and toxins.
If the stomach is cold, with a tendency to have slow digestion, try essential oil of ginger (Zengiber officinale).
It is warming and stimulating of all the functions of the digestive system, but without being aggressive.
For a real treat, you can also anticipate the application of the oil with a compress of Dead Sea Mud, enriched with a few drops of essential oil of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), ideal for awakening the blocked intestine.
Rely on Chamomile and Lavender for Peace Of Mind
Lavender essential oils and chamomile are naturally soothing and can help you get rid of weight from your stomach.
To purify the abdomen perform a massage by mixing 10 drops of Roman chamomile(Anthemis nobilis)and 10 drops of hybrid lavender(Lavandula hybrida)in 50 ml of calendula oil.
Perform the massage by performing a horizontal 8, where the center of the eight is on the stomach under the breastbone and the two rings are on the liver and on the spleen.
Advice that comes from an ancient popular use of chamomile for disorders related to these three organs, but very effective.
Taking care of your stomach serves to connect with our innermost part
This is why it is important in moments of relaxation even just to place your hands on your stomach for a deep contact with ourselves.
Flora is a verified donor of the World Permaculture Association and produces all of their essential oils according to permaculture ethics and principles. We are proud to share the products of Flora with you and to have Flora as a verified donor to our shared mission and purpose.


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According to IEC International Standards
The Electrical Installation Guide is a single document covering the techniques, regulations and standards related to electrical installations. It is intended for electrical professionals in companies, design offices, inspection organisations, etc.
This Technical Guide is aimed at professional users and is only intended to provide them guidelines for the defnition of an industrial, tertiary or domestic electrical installation. Information and guidelines contained in this Guide are provided AS IS.
This new edition has been published to take into account changes in techniques, standards and regulations, in particular electrical installation standard IEC 60364.We thank all the readers of the previous edition of this guide for their comments that have helped improve the current edition.
What's new in version 2015
- Updated list of relevant IEC standards.
For example, the new standard IEC60364-8-1 "Low-voltage electrical installations – Part 8-1: Energy efficiency" published in October 2014
- New content about LED lighting: characteristics and particular constraints of LED luminaires, selection tables to choose the proper circuit-breakers and relays
- New content about Arc Fault Detection Devices (AFDD), as defined by new IEC 62606 (2013) and updated IEC60364-4-42 (November 2014)
- "Connection to the MV utility distribution network" chapter completely re-written and updated, with more detailed information about protection in electrical installations, including the introduction of service continuity classes.
- "MV and LV architecture selection guide for buildings" chapter partly re-written and including a description of the barycentre method, recommended by the new IEC 60364-8-1, to select the optimal location for the transformers and switchboards
- New content about the selection of busways (busbar trunking systems) in presence of harmonics
- Updated Energy Management architectures
Schneider Electric also thank the many people and organisations, to numerous to name here, who have contributed in one way or another to the preparation of this guide.
This guide has been written for electrical Engineers who have to design, realize, inspect or maintain electrical installations in compliance with international Standards of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).
Complete study
The aim of the present guide is to provide a clear, practical and step-by-step explanation for the complete study of an electrical installation, according to IEC 60364 and other relevant IEC Standards.
General contents
- Connection to the MV utility distribution network
- Connection to the LV utility distribution network
- MV & LV architecture selection guide
- LV Distribution
- Protection against electric shocks
- Sizing and protection of conductors
- LV switchgear: functions & selection
- Overvoltage protection
- Energy Efficiency in electrical distribution
- Power factor correction
- Harmonic management
- Characteristics of particular sources and loads
- Photovoltaic Installations
- Residential and other special locations
- EMC guidelines
Therefore, the frst chapter (B) presents the methodology to be used, and each chapter deals with one out of the eight steps of the study. The two last chapter are devoted to particular supply sources, loads and locations, and appendix provides additional information.
Special attention must be paid to the EMC appendix, which is based on the broad and practical experience on electromagnetic compatibility problems.
|Electrical Installation Guide 2015 – Schneider Electric
|Right here | Video Courses | Membership | Download Updates
36 Comments
- Mohamed Bilal AbdullaApr 30, 2020
Very useful guide for all Electrical Engineers.
- enstanto andriJan 31, 2020
below link is the update document 2018, hopefully usefull.
- Irfan HassanApr 20, 2019
Thank You very much for sharing this a very useful and comprehensive book..
- TaibiMay 23, 2018
Thank you
- D McGregorOct 08, 2015
Thank you it's very interesting and useful
- TNTSep 08, 2015
I couldn't download the file. Please help.
- Dipak DodiyeSep 07, 2015
Thank you very much Sir
- Harvey VenierAug 30, 2015
Thank for the very useful articles.
- Haruna toAug 23, 2015
Thanks but I find it difficult to download
- Mario Tovar MBAApr 22, 2015
It is very interesting but I have a need for more detailed information on retrofiting actual CFL and Fluorescent buildings lighting with LEDs so what criteria we need to resize the breackers for the new low consumption and higher inrush current? harmonics? utilization?
- George g.Feb 17, 2015
Thank u!!
- vamshhi krishnawMar 08, 2015
how to install inverter in house
- ODUM ISAACJan 17, 2015
please am using 0.5kw frige but the moment i switch it on all my apartment go off automatically
- saidou jallowJun 21, 2017
the compressor of your fridge is faulty,disconnect the fridge from the socket outlet and switch on the Residual current device connected to your house
- Kevin korirJul 28, 2019
Or you might have used the wrong cable


text: APTs and other types of sophisticated attacks are undoubtedly changing information security processes, technologies, and skills, but ESG found another interesting transition in progress: Given the volume, sophistication, and surreptitious nature of APTs, large organizations are apparently willing to adopt more automated security technologies as a means for attack remediation. ESG\u2019s recently published research report on APTs indicates that 20% of enterprises believe this development will happen \u201cto a great extent\u201d while another 54% say this will happen \u201cto some extent.\u201d (See this link for more information about the ESG Research Report, U.S. Advanced Persistent Threat Analysis).Why is this surprising? Since the introduction of Intrusion Prevention Devices, security professionals have had access to technical tools to block certain behavior or remediate problems automatically. For the most part however, many firms eschewed these capabilities for fear that a false positive would cause security tool to take a critical business application or network segment off-line. As a result, IPS devices were usually deployed in passive-mode \u2013 generating alarms but not taking any type of automated action.The ESG data indicates that many enterprise organizations believe that sophisticated attacks and IT complexity make this \u201cwait-and-see\u201d security strategy obsolete. Security tools need to be smart enough to detect and react to suspicious behavior, anomalous activities, and attacks in progress. To me, this means:1.\tSecurity intelligence is critical. Automated remediation depends upon extremely accurate analysis of mountains of data. In other words, security intelligence has turned into a big data problem that CISOs must recognize. This trend validates the vision of vendors like EMC\/RSA (enVision, NetWitness, Greenplum), HP (ArcSight, Vertica, HP Labs), IBM (Q1, Netezza, SPSS, i2), McAfee (Nitro Security) and startups like RedLambda.2.\tReputation data must play a role. Aside from internal network analysis, security intelligence must understand if a source\/destination IP address, URL, application, DNS record, or file is known to be suspicious or malicious. Reputation data from Blue Coat, Check Point, Cisco, and Trend Micro must be part of the mix.3.\tLook for lots of R&D with security rules engines. It\u2019s hard enough collecting and analyzing terabytes of security data \u2013 making accurate remediation decisions based upon this data analysis adds another quantum degree of difficulty. This is rocket science-type stuff that demands strong public\/private cooperation. For starters here, the Federal government should be more forthcoming on its Einstein project and any other research it has done in this area.


text:
Poor Report Card?
Help for the Second Quarter
By Christa Melnyk Hines
For some kids, school is a challenge no matter what. But throw in a historic pandemic, complete with masks, social distancing and an unrecognizable classroom environment — or remote learning — and you have a recipe for even more kids feeling the sting of school struggles.
Plan a Successful Parent-Teacher Conference
Try to connect with your child's teacher before the conference to avoid surprises.
Approach the conference from a collaborative perspective.
Ask questions like:
Does my child struggle with the content?
How can we address poor test performance?
What does their organization/time management look like?
Does my child seem happy/sad/frustrated/lonely?
My child's grades are good, but how I can support their continued growth?
How should we respond?
"Families, teachers and students need to show grace with each other. Students have not been in classrooms for months and there are many things going on in our lives," says Kristen Zuck, a coordinator of curriculum and instruction.
Acknowledge feelings. Focus not only on your child's physical health, but also their social and emotional well-being. Talk with your child about how school looks and feels different, and maybe even a little weird, this year.
"Discussing with our kids how they feel and reassuring them that it's okay that they feel that way can help ease some anxiety," Kristen says.
Get curious. Rather than panicking over a poor grade and demanding answers, try to understand your child's perspective. Otherwise, you risk losing an opportunity for a productive conversation.
"Curiosity is a good place to start with because it's a non-defensive position, and it puts your child in a position of not having to react," says parent coach Nicole Schwarz, LMFT.
Try to identify what might have led to a poor score. Perhaps your child is distracted by the unusual school environment, their mask is itchy, or they can't figure out the technology. Maybe they're struggling to grasp a concept like multiplication. Or perhaps they need to have their desk moved up closer to the front of the classroom because they can't hear the teacher well.
Ask your child questions like: What do you think would help you do better? or How can I support you?
"My goal as a parent would be to show my kids that I'm rallying around them and wanting to help them move forward," Nicole says. "When they feel heard and understood, they're more willing to go deeper into conversation."
Create structure. Kids typically thrive in a structured environment because it provides a sense of predictability and security, which supports learning.
"Whether they are at home or in a physical school building, helping them create a daily schedule, including goals, can help them guide their day and know if they're setting themselves up for success," Kristen says.
Tech check. Whether your child is in an actual classroom or a virtual one, not understanding how to use the technology or how to access available resources can frustrate any learner.
"Regardless of learning mode, make sure your kids know how to use whatever technology they have available. Whether they are accessing resources, keeping a calendar, engaging in virtual meetings or note-taking with their devices, kids may need some guidance," Kristen says.
The process will also help you determine where assignments and grades are posted, how teachers are communicating with their students day to day, and how to tell if/when assignments are turned in.
Talk to the teacher. Even if your child is learning remotely, teachers generally make themselves available to address student or parent questions and concerns.
"Our teachers have 'office hours.' They'll have time during the day when they can read emails from parents and take phone calls," says Michelle Fitzgerald, Ed.D., an assistant superintendent of curriculum, instruction and professional development.
Younger children may not be able to articulate why they are struggling in a particular subject or in general. Don't wait until parent-teacher conferences to reach out for support and ideas.
"Communicate with the teacher to help understand why exactly the grade came out the way it came out," she says.
Ask questions like:
- What specifically caused this grade to be low?
- Were assignments not turned in?
- Did my child not do well on assessments?
- Are they having trouble with the content?
Conversations with your child's instructor can help you understand what they're seeing from their perspective. Oftentimes they can suggest ideas for helpful interventions.
"It's not so much about 'my child got an A, B, C, D or F.' It's about figuring out 'who my child is as a learner,' " Michelle says.
When you have that information, you can work with the teacher to create strategies that support your child's learning ability at school and at home.
For example, if your child struggles to focus during testing or assessments, ask the school if accommodations can be made for your student to test in an area with fewer distractions. At home, make sure your child is fueled with quality sleep, healthy food and time to focus on concepts where they need additional help.
Encourage personal advocacy. Beginning from when they are young students, encourage your child to advocate for themselves in the classroom.
Tell them to "ask your teacher for more help, raise your hand in class — and celebrate your accomplishments," Michelle says.
As your child gets older, include them in parent-teacher conferences, which will empower them to take personal responsibility for their learning, monitor their progress and set future goals.
"If a plan needs to be created for moving forward, having the student, parent and teacher work together is best," Kristen says.
Be proactive. Help your student enjoy a stronger second quarter by remaining aware of upcoming assessments, as well as ongoing assignment deadlines. Most teachers post grades in digital grade books. Check those periodically to stay on top of your child's progress throughout the quarter.
"Watch them when they're doing their homework to see if they're struggling and then communicate with the teacher on a regular basis," Michelle advises.


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text:
Developing an effective London SEO strategy is not easy, or a one-time job, especially when you're up against numerous different competitors in the bustling capital. All businesses need to leverage their online presence in a way that attracts a greater audience. Nonetheless, this is easier said than done; so, we'll walk you through the essentials.
In terms of local SEO and rankings, the reigning search engine Google prioritises a few main factors, like how prominent your business is, how far it is from central locations in the area, and if it is relevant to what local prospects are looking for.
How is Local SEO Different?
Businesses have gotten used to the demands of traditional SEO, which involves making bids and ranking higher on SERPs. Comparatively, local SEO helps provide users with results based on their current location.
Now that more members of your target audience rely on smartphones and voice-based searches to scour out the best local solution, you need to level up your online presence for neighboring areas. According to HubSpot, a whopping 78 percent of local search queries lead to an offline purchase.
Here's What You Need to do
Enhance Your Business Listing with 'Google My Business'
Google My Business dashboard assists brands in managing individual listings and helps them customize how their name and associated results show up on SERPs. Optimising your Google My Business Listing gives your brand a better chance of appearing on Local Finder results, along with features like the 'map box.'
Develop a Local Landing Page
Thanks to local SEO, consumers can search for services and products near their location, so your brand can increase visibility with a specific local landing page. You can improve it with specific locations containing geographical keywords, and location-focused meta titles and content. With an optimized local landing page, you'll drive prospects to your site first, and then to your business' location. If you are a franchising business it might be worth building local business websites for each franchise location so you can focus on local SEO for each.
Garner More Reviews from Customers
Word-of-mouth marketing, like reviews, is a consumer's best friend in helping them make an informed purchase. Therefore, gathering a large amount of positive feedback and reviews for your products or services should be a priority.
It establishes your brand as a reliable and trustworthy one, so try incorporating ways to ask customers to leave reviews; plenty of people feel more than happy to recommend a brand when they've had a pleasant experience.
Remember To Dos
Whenever you make changes to your brand's local London SEO plan, you'll need to double-check a few things that can have a massive impact on the impression you make.
- Add your business' name to local directories to enhance visibility among a greater audience, and even participate in local community events to increase brand awareness. Despite these domains not being as popular, they still count.
- Emphasize on your social media marketing strategy to generate a larger following on various (relevant) platforms. This way, you'll be reaching maximum potential while retaining engagement with an online audience.
- Make sure that your company's contact and location information remains consistent on your search engine listing, as well as your business website.
Work on Your WebPages
Don't forget, your business scores points for optimising your local web pages with London SEO. This means that you need to add location-specific geographical keywords to local-centred pages. You will, however, need to make changes to header tags, page titles, and the page URL if you intend to make your brand seen.
Helpful Tactics
- Build external and internal links to your webpages to help Google better understand the content on a page
- Add videos and images that are optimized with keywords and relevant to the content
- Refrain from using lengthy URLs; keep it short and use keywords so that customers can remember the content
- Enhance location relevance by incorporating Google Maps in your business' contact page
User Experience is essential for both desktop & mobile.
User experience refers to what your website looks like, but in terms of SEO, it has everything to do with how it works. Google always prefers websites that have intuitive navigation and layouts, fast response speed and a clear call to action. So you need to have all this to reach customers in the first place and also ensure that the potential customers who find you convert into paying customers.
Developing your website so that it responds to users' requests is technical on-page SEO; a Local London SEO developer can perform a detailed assessment to see if it offers the experience consumers are looking for.
There's so Much To Do
Looking over your business' local London SEO is a full-time job on its own because of how dynamically the customer journey is changing, you'll need a dedicated team to handle this task if you intend to compete in London while maintaining great product development at the same time. Local London SEO can be the key to your business growth; you just need to leverage it the right way!
Talk to us about how we can help with you maximise your local SEO efforts and achieve those top positions in London.
Editor of the Lakewood Journal and the founder of Lakewood media. Also an avid landscape and travel photographer.


text:
People who lack faith are deprived of the good fortune of being able to practice the Dharma, and their not having faith is therefore an immeasurable defect. Just as a rock on the bottom of the ocean will never appear on the surface, without faith it is impossible to reach the dry land of liberation. Just as a ferry without a helmsman will never reach the other shore, without faith it is impossible to traverse the great river of suffering. Without faith, it is as impossible to nurture good qualities in one's being as it is for someone with no hands to pick up anything even if he were to find himself on an island of gold. Without faith, it is impossible for the shoot of bodhichitta to grow, for nothing can ever sprout from a burned seed. Without faith, one is like a blind person who finds himself in a temple: it is impossible to see the light of the Dharma. Without faith, however clever one is, one is trapped in the deep pit of cyclic existence: everything one does becomes an action that leads to cyclic existence, and it is impossible to ever attain the freedom of enlightenment. As the Sutra of the Ten Qualities puts it, From roasted seeds No greenery will sprout. In those who have no faith No virtue will appear.
A Torch Lighting the way to Freedom
Jigdral Yeshe dorje
Shambala publications
© 2011 Padmakara Translation Group
Photographer: unknown
In the service for public disclosure,
this post has been reprinted under the Fair Use Law.


text:
PPLive Video Accelerator (PPVA) is a free video accelerator that can effectively speed up video playback, helping you watch video sites content seamlessly, without annoying pauses caused by the slowly loading buffer. This software will drastically increase the loading time of flash videos up to 5x faster. The best part is that it automatically detects when a video is being played and it starts its job instantly and allows you to have a smoother playback. PPLive Video Accelerator works with any web browser and with any popular video website on the web. It is the perfect tool that makes video streaming faster and smoother by reducing buffering problems. Setting up the software is quite simple. Just download the file and install it. Once finished, It will run in the background whenever a video is being played and accelerates the video transfer.
PPLive Video Accelerator Interface
Latest version: 1.0.0.0066 (10 Jan 2013)
License: Freeware
System requirements: Windows XP/Vista/7/8/10
Download: ppliveva_setup_1.0.0.0066.zip (6.4 MB)
See also:
URL Snooper
Main Page
This website is Copyright © CodecPack.co
All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Terms Of Use


text:
New York City Mayor Bloomberg's administration announced last week that in an effort to improve the lives of black and Latino teenagers in the city, public middle and high schools will now be required include sex-education classes in their curriculum.
"It's obviously something that applies to all boys and all girls," deputy mayor for health and human services Linda I. Gibbs, told the New York Times. "But when we look at the biggest disadvantages that kids in our city face, it is blacks and Latinos that are most affected by the consequences of early sexual behavior and unprotected sex."
According to city statistics, black and Latino teens are far more likely than their white counterparts to have unplanned pregnancies and contract sexually transmitted diseases.
Beginning immediately this coming school year, schools will use a curriculum that includes lessons on how to use a condom and topics that include human anatomy, puberty, pregnancy and the risks of unprotected sex, with the focus to get students to wait until they are older to experiment.
Parents will be able to have their children opt out of the lessons on birth-control methods.
According to the latest numbers provided by the Department of Education, 74 percent of students in New York City public schools are black and Latino.
In 2006, 87 percent of U.S. public and private high schools taught abstinence as the most effective method to avoid pregnancy, HIV and other STDs in a required health education course, according to the Guttmacher Institute, which studies reproductive health.


text:
The Mythbusters TV series finale airs Saturday, March 5, 2016 at 8:00pm ET/PT on Discovery. All of the series hosts — Adam Savage, Jamie Hyneman, Kari Byron, Tory Belleci, and Grant Imahara — will reunite for the finale.
Mythbusters, which doesn't consistently divide the show into seasons, premiered in 2003. Discovery says, "After 248 episodes, 2950 experiments, 1050 myths, and 900 explosions, MYTHBUSTERS will go out with a bang in the epic and explosive series finale episode." That's a lot of busted myths.
Get more information from this press release:
-Unforgettable MYTHBUSTERS Reunion Special Airs at 9pm ET/PT-
-Special Never-Before-Seen MYTHBUSTERS Duct Tape Episode Airs on Science Channel-
(Los Angeles, Calif.) Since 2002, MYTHBUSTERS hosts Adam Savage and Jamie Hyneman have used science to separate fact from fiction in spectacular style. But as the saying goes, all good things must come to an end. After 248 episodes, 2950 experiments, 1050 myths, and 900 explosions, MYTHBUSTERS will go out with a bang in the epic and explosive series finale episode airing Saturday, March 5 at 8:00pm ET/PT on Discovery. The seven-time Emmy(R)-nominated series – and the longest-running series on Discovery – premiered on the network in January 2003.
MYTHBUSTERS led an exciting and brand new approach to science and accomplished what had never been done before: making science fun. This year, in its final season, Adam and Jamie have tackled some of the biggest myths they've ever tested from classic categories that made the show part of our cultural lexicon: car stunts, social science, viral videos, explosions (of course!), and rockets. Prepare to be blown away as Adam and Jamie have put together an epic grand finale episode. In the finale, an RV gets blown to kingdom come, Buster goes supersonic, Adam takes the most wild ride imaginable and then it all boils down to a Cement Truck with 5000 pounds of ANFO.
Following the episode, all five MYTHBUSTERS hosts from its 13-year history – Adam Savage, Jamie Hyneman, Kari Byron, Tory Belleci and Grant Imahara – will come together for one last hurrah in an unforgettable reunion special airing at 9:00pm ET/PT. Deep within M5, the MYTHBUSTERS will join forces to pull back the curtain as never before and give an enlightening and emotional farewell to the television icon. Additionally, very special guests and celebrity fans will pay tribute to the groundbreaking series in the reunion special.
The day following the series finale of MYTHBUSTERS on Discovery, Science Channel will premiere a never-before-seen episode from the series on Sunday Mar. 6 at 8pm. This special episode features one of the duo's favorite mechanical cure-alls: duct tape. During the run of MYTHBUSTERS, duct tape has been the focus of many stories and crucial to almost every myth the team has tackled. Adam and Jamie have built boats, hats and even a bridge, and they have one more duct tape build up their sleeves. In this special episode, viewers will see the duct tape build to end all duct tape builds in size, engineering, complexity and sheer ambition.
MYTHBUSTERS is produced for Discovery Channel by Beyond Productions. For Beyond Productions, Dan Tapster serves as show runner and executive producer, with John Luscombe executive producer. Joshua C. Berkley serves as executive producer for Discovery Channel.
About Discovery Channel
Discovery Channel is dedicated to creating the highest quality non-fiction content that informs and entertains its consumers about the world in all its wonder, diversity and amazement. The network, which is distributed to 100.8 million U.S. homes, can be seen in 224 countries and territories, offering a signature mix of compelling, high-end production values and vivid cinematography across genres including, science and technology, exploration, adventure, history and in-depth, behind-the-scenes glimpses at the people, places and organizations that shape and share our world. For more information, please visit www.discovery.com.
About Discovery Communications
Discovery Communications (Nasdaq: DISCA, DISCB, DISCK) is the leader in global entertainment reaching 3 billion cumulative subscribers in more than 220 countries and territories. Discovery satisfies curiosity, entertains and inspires viewers with high-quality content through global brands, led by Discovery Channel, TLC, Investigation Discovery, Animal Planet, Science and Turbo/Velocity, as well as U.S. joint venture network OWN: Oprah Winfrey Network, and through the Discovery Digital Networks portfolio, including Seeker and SourceFed. Discovery owns Eurosport, the leading pan-regional sports entertainment destination across Europe and Asia-Pacific. Discovery also is a leading provider of educational products and services to schools, including an award-winning series of K-12 digital textbooks, through Discovery Education. For more information, please visit www.discoverycommunications.com
What do you think? Are you a fan of the Mythbusters TV show? Do you think the series is ending at the right time, or do you wish it would have been renewed for another season?


text:
Good morning ModeKnitters!
One week from today we will be vending at Shepherd's Harvest in Lake Elmo, MN!!
Saturday, May 17th 9:00 – 5:00
Sunday, May 18th 10:00 – 4:00
Do you receive our newsletter? Sign up for the newsletter to receive a special something for the Shepherd's Harvest Weekend!
We will be showcasing several new yarns not yet available on the website, as well as mini skein sets, Slippy cowl kits, and all your favorite ModeKnit Yarns.
More this week! See you at Shepherd's Harvest!


text:
|A Obstacles to Access
|8 25
|B Limits on Content
|16 35
|C Violations of User Rights
|11 40
- Access to the internet became more challenging and expensive for Sudanese citizens amid a continually deteriorating economy (see Availability and Ease of Access).
- No online news outlet, social media, or communications platforms were restricted this year, though forced content removals became more prevalent (see Content Removals).
- While social media was critical for mobilizing protests against the economic crisis, the so-called Cyber Jihadists worked to thwart the movement by disseminating misinformation (see Media, Diversity, and Content Manipulation).
- A new cybercrime law and amendments to the media law introduced new restrictions on online activities (see Legal Environment).
- In July 2017, political activist Hatim Merghani was sentenced to two years in prison and a fine for publishing commentary on the corruption of a government official on WhatsApp and other social media channels. Numerous journalists and activists were also arrested or prosecuted for their online activities (see Prosecutions and Arrests for Online Activities).
Internet freedom in Sudan declined in the past year due to a crippling economic crisis that made access to ICTs prohibitively expensive for everyday users. The government also exerted increasing control over the online sphere by arresting online journalists and activists and introducing new restrictive laws.
In October 2017, the United States lifted economic, trade, and financial sanctions first imposed on Sudan in 1997, opening up opportunities for new companies to enter Sudan and fuel a long-awaited digital revolution.1 However, the renewed hope was hampered by a massive economic downturn in late 2017 that saw the devaluation of the local currency and exponential spikes in inflation. Everyday citizens were hard-hit by the soaring prices of goods, including access to the internet.
So-called "bread protests" erupted in late 2017 through early 2018 against the government's flagging response to the country's deteriorating economy. Social media platforms were critical for mobilizing and documenting the protests, which were not covered in traditional media. Meanwhile, misinformation spread by the pro-government Cyber-Jihadist Unit tried to paint the protests as a deliberate ploy to destabilize Sudan and disseminated propaganda on how the government was effectively handling the economic situation.
The government sought to tighten restrictions on online activities in the past year, introducing a new cybercrime law and amendments to the media law (they were passed in June 2018, after this report's coverage period). The cybercrime law announced criminal penalties for the spread of fake news online, while amendments to the media law require online journalists to register with the Journalism Council.
Meanwhile, the authorities continued to crackdown on online activities, sentencing at least one citizen to prison for critical commentary shared on social media and arresting numerous journalists and activists for alleged cybercrime.
- 1Under the sanctions, Sudanese users could not download applications or software online without a VPN or access services such as Google and even online courses.
Economic challenges intensified with high inflation rates in Sudan, resulting in higher costs and declining quality of services for Sudanese citizens in the past year.
Availability and Ease of Access
Access to the internet became more challenging for Sudanese citizens during the coverage period amid a continually deteriorating economy, which has raised the cost of living for many. In December 2017, the Central Bank of Sudan devalued the official rate of the SDG, while inflation rose to over 122 percent in January 2018,1 compared to 30 percent inflation in December 2016.2 The operating environment for the ICT sector has also become more expensive, impacting both telecom companies and their subscribers.3 A month of fixed-line internet can cost nearly half of the average monthly income in Sudan.4
Consequently, internet penetration is still low at 29.6 percent, according to the latest available data from the International Telecommunications Union (ITU).5 Mobile phone penetration stood at 71 percent. The majority of internet users access the internet from their mobile devices, though only 22 percent of residents in the capital city, Khartoum, have a smartphone, compared to 9 percent of the total population.6
In addition to high prices, the quality of service for 3G users deteriorated as telecommunications companies tried to push people toward their 4G services, which is very expensive; as of mid-2018, 30 GB cost about 615 SDG (US $34) and is not enough for an entire month of service.
Electricity shortages also limit internet services in Sudan, especially in major cities that have been subject to periodic power rationing due to electricity price increases. Most of the periphery areas have unsteady or no electricity at all. Power cuts usually peak in the summer when demand for electricity is highest, especially in Khartoum, where a growing population and severe weather have intensified demand. In January 2018, the country experienced a total electricity blackout, ironically during the president's televised speech during which he was expected to address the economic situation.7 Another unexplained nationwide blackout occurred on February 27, 2018.8
Restrictions on Connectivity
There were no reported restrictions on connectivity during the coverage period.
Sudan is connected to the global internet through international gateways controlled by the partly state-owned Sudan Telecom Company (Sudatel), Zain, and Canar Telecom, which are in turn connected to five submarine cables: Saudi Arabia-Sudan-1 (SAS-1), Saudi Arabia-Sudan-2 (SAS-2), Eastern Africa Submarine System (EASSy), FALCON, and Africa-1, the largest cable. Partial control over the international gateway has enabled the government to restrict internet connectivity during particular events in the past.
ICT Market
There are four licensed telecommunications operators in Sudan: Zain, MTN, Sudatel, and Canar. All are fully owned by foreign companies with the exception of Sudatel, in which the government owns a 22 percent share.9 However, the Sudanese government holds significant sway over Sudatel's board of directors, which includes high-ranking government officials.10
Two providers, MTN and Sudatel, offer broadband internet, while Canar offers fixed phone lines and home internet. The Bank of Khartoum subsequently purchased Canar from UAE's Etisalat in June 2016, after the bank used its 3.7 percent share in Canar to block Zain's efforts to purchase it. Observers believe the government's move to increase its market share of the telecom industry will have a negative impact on internet freedom for Sudanese users due to the government's growing ownership of the market.
Regulatory Bodies
Sudan's telecommunications sector is regulated by the National Telecommunications Corporation (NTC),11 which is housed under the Ministry of Telecommunications and Information Technology. The NTC is tasked with producing telecommunications statistics, monitoring the use of the internet, introducing new technology into the country, and developing the country's telecommunications and IT industry. It is also responsible for deciding what content should be accessible on the internet.
Although it is a state body, the NTC receives grants from international organizations such as the Intergovernmental Authority on Development and the World Bank, and its website describes the body as "self-financing." The body received praise from the Council of Ministers for supervising the national SIM card registration campaign in late 2017 (see Surveillance, Privacy, and Anonymity).
- 1https://www.albawaba.com/business/sudans-inflation-jumps-543-percent-fe…
- 2"Sudan inflation rises to 30.47 pct in December," Reuters Africa, January 18, 2017, http://bit.ly/2ncTg35; Globally, the average inflation rate is approximately 3 percent. https://www.statista.com/statistics/256598/global-inflation-rate-compar…
- 3Zain, the country's largest telecom operator, reported a decrease in its third quarter net profits due to Sudan and Iraq. In fact, the company reported that "$20 million of its net profit losses in the third quarter stemmed from its unit in Sudan." According to a source at Zain, the company is making profit, however, due to tough regulations and the unavailability of hard currency, they are unable to exchange their profits into hard currency. The source also added that in recent times "the company has resorted to using the profits to purchase property, agricultural lands and other investments and market them to Gulf-based investors who then make purchases and make payments to the mother company in hard currency,." One of the recent investments recently made by the company is the purchase of a large plot of land on Sudan's most expensive avenue and the construction of a massive modern office complex. http://gulfnews.com/business/sectors/telecoms/kuwait-telecoms-giant-zai…
- 4According to Numbeo as of September 2018. Average monthly salary is 3,333 SDG, compared to 1,250 SDG for monthly internet. https://www.numbeo.com/cost-of-living/country_result.jsp?country=Sudan
- 5International Telecommunication Union, "Percentage of Individuals Using the Internet, 2000-2016," and "Mobile-Cellular Telephone Subscriptions, 2000-2016," http://bit.ly/1cblxxY
- 6The State of Sudan Digital- https://sudandigital.com/en_US/2018/03/04/state-sudan-digital-2018/
- 7https://www.thenational.ae/world/africa/sudan-hit-by-nationwide-electri…
- 8http://www.china.org.cn/world/Off_the_Wire/2018-02/28/content_50619317…
- 9Rupa Ranganathan and Cecilia Briceno-Garmendia, Sudan's Infrastructure: A Continental Perspective, Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic, (Washington, D.C.): World Bank, June 2011), http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/561781468202137788/Sudan-infr…
- 10Sudan Central Bank, "The Present Board of Directors," https://cbos.gov.sd/en/members
- 11In March 2018, the NTC's website was down.
No online news outlet, social media, or communications platforms were restricted this year, though forced content removals became more prevalent. Social media was critical for mobilizing protests against the economic crisis. The so-called Cyber Jihadists worked to thwart the movement by disseminating misinformation.
Blocking and Filtering
The Sudanese government openly acknowledges blocking and filtering websites that it considers "immoral" and "blasphemous." The NTC manages online filtering in the country through its Internet Service Control Unit and is somewhat transparent about the content it blocks, reporting that 95 percent of blocked material is related to pornography,1 though the regulator has acknowledged that it had not be successful in blocking all "negative" sites in Sudan.2 The NTC also obligates cybercafé owners to download blocking and filtering software as a requirement to sustain their licenses.3
The NTC's website gives users the opportunity to submit requests to unblock websites "that are deemed to not contain pornography,"4 but it does not specify whether the appeals extend to political websites. Users attempting to access a blocked site are met with a black page that explicitly states, "This site has been blocked by the National Telecommunications Corporation," and includes links to further information and a contact email address.5 In addition to the NTC, the General Prosecutor also has the right to block any site that threatens national security or violates social mores.6
Political or social content was last blocked in 2012, when Sudanese Online and Facebook were intermittently inaccessible and the "Innocence of Muslims" YouTube video was blocked.
Content Removal
Forced content removal was more prevalent in the past year, though the extent of the practice remains unknown.
In May 2018, Al-Taghyeer, an independent online newspaper, published an article about a song critical of the government called "Barkawi," written by a famous Sudan-based poet and sung by Egypt-based musician Ahmed Abdullah. After the article and the song went viral, the musician received threats from the Sudanese embassy in Cairo and was compelled to immediately remove the song from YouTube to avoid reprisals.
Media, Diversity, and Content Manipulation
Compared to the highly restrictive space in the traditional media sphere—which is characterized by pre-publication censorship, confiscations of entire press runs of newspapers, and warnings from NISS agents against reporting on certain taboo topics7 —the internet remains a relatively open space for freedom of expression, with bold voices expressing discontent with the government on various online platforms. Online news outlets such as Altareeg,8 Altaghyeer,9 Radio Dabnga,10 Hurriyat, and Alrakoba cover controversial topics such as corruption and human rights violations. Facing heavy censorship, many print newspapers have shifted to digital formats, circulating censored or banned material on their websites and social media pages; as a result, Sudanese citizens increasingly rely on online outlets and social media for uncensored information.11 Blogging is also popular, allowing journalists and writers to publish commentary free from the restrictions leveled on print newspapers and provides ethnic, gender, and religious minorities a platform to express themselves. The more active Sudanese bloggers write in the English language.
The economic crisis and associated rise in the costs to access the internet has negatively impacted the quality of content available to users, mainly because the high cost of data has disincentivized accessing higher quality content or content in its entirety. Many people share information on WhatsApp, which uses less data, but at the expense of visiting other online news sources for more information.
WhatsApp is also particularly popular among Sudanese for the platform's relative privacy and anonymity features. 12 Some government officials have found the app threatening, blaming WhatsApp for the spread of rumors and leaked information, among other issues. During the height of Sudan's fuel shortages in April 2017, for example, the finance minister told the press that he held WhatsApp responsible for spreading false information and panic about fuel prices and thus creating the fuel crisis.13
Government threats against the internet has led to growing self-censorship in recent years. Many journalists writing for online platforms publish anonymously to avoid prosecution, while ordinary internet users in Sudan have become more inclined to self-censor to avoid government surveillance and arbitrary legal consequences.
In response to Sudan's more vibrant online information landscape, the government employs a concerted and systematic strategy to manipulate online conversations through its so-called Cyber Jihadist Unit. Established in 2011 in the wake of the Arab Spring, the unit falls under the National Intelligence and Security Service (NISS) and works to proactively monitor content posted on blogs, social media websites, and online news forums.14 The unit also infiltrates online discussions in an effort to ascertain information about cyber-dissidents and is believed to orchestrate technical attacks against independent websites, especially during political events 15
In the past year, Cyber Jihadists worked to thwart the so-called "bread protests" that took place in early 2018.16 Their strategies included posting pictures from war-torn areas of Syria to demonstrate a higher quality of life in Sudan and commentary that negates citizens' posts about the high prices of medicine and basic goods. The Cyber Jihadists also spread misinformation about the protests being a deliberate ploy to destabilize Sudan and propaganda illustrating how the government was effectively handling the economic situation.
Digital Activism
Social media and communications platforms were critical to the organization of protests in early 2018. Between December 2017 and February 2018, mass protests broke out against the country's economic deterioration, particularly in response to the 2018 state budget, which was seen as more focused on security and the military and heavily based on taxing ordinary citizens who had already seen large increases in taxes in recent years.17 The "bread protests" were heavily organized through Facebook, Twitter and WhatsApp and saw larger numbers of ordinary citizens engage compared to previous protests given the widespread impact of the economic crisis.
While the Cyber Jihadists tried to shutdown popular Facebook pages disseminating information about the protests by reporting the pages en masse, social media was the main source of news about the protest movement. Citizen journalists posted videos of the protests, and reporting on police violence against protestors was only covered online.
- 1National Telecommunications Corporation, "Blocking Or Unblock Websites," last modified September 21, 2016, http://tpra.gov.sd/regulation-issues/consumers-issues/blocking-websites/
- 2"Sudan steps up measures to block 'negative' websites," Sudan Tribune, March 25, 2014, http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article50432
- 3"Sudanese intelligence prosecutes Internet content that 'threatens the morals of the nation'," Alhayat, February 29, 2016, http://bit.ly/21iftrT ; "Violations of Internet cafes in Khartoum state," Ashorooq, September 24, 2016, http://bit.ly/2pg7K23
- 4NTC, "Blocking Or Unblock Websites."
- 5Image of a blocked site: https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B6mgwvplJ6IadERXT3RTZW1jSkk/edit?pli=1
- 6"Cybercrime: Cyber terrorism threatens the sovereignty of the state," [in Arabic] Alintibaha, August 13, 2014, http://bit.ly/1NRfFg5.
- 7"Sudanese Security continues crackdown on press, journalists strike," Sudan Tribune, December 01, 2016, http://bit.ly/2okLKm0
- 8Altareeg was established in January 2014.
- 9Altaghyeer [Arabic for change with political connotation] was established in 2013 following the government's crackdown on independent journalists, who were eventually banned from practicing traditional journalism in Sudan.
- 10Launched from the Netherlands in November 2008, Radio Dabanga focuses on reporting on Darfur and has a strong online presence and wide audience in conflicts areas. It website is bilingual and runs in depth reports and features. It is a project of the Radio Darfur Network. Dabnga, "About Us," http://bit.ly/1LkMr5H.
- 11"Blocking information in Sudan revives websites," Aljazeera, January 9, 2017, http://bit.ly/2nloyos
- 12Khalid Albaih, "How WhatsApp is fueling a 'sharing revolution' in Sudan," The Guardian, October 15, 2015, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/15/sudan-whatsapp-sharing-re…
- 13Finance Minister Holds Whatsapp responsible for the fuel crisis in Sudan (Arabic)- https://www.sudanakhbar.com/267744
- 14"Sudan to unleash cyber jihadists," BBC, March 23, 2011, bbc.in/1V3FWdi.
- 15See Freedom on the Net, Sudan 2015, bit.ly/1QQpZp5.
- 16It should be noted that activists rarely use the term "Cyber Jihad Unit", in fact they refer to thee affiliated with this unit as "electronic chickens" as of 2012.
- 17Export taxes on non-essential food items increased to almost 40% while tariffs on cars increased by 300%. The increase in car tariffs forced the tariffs authority to have to accept instalments as thousands were unable to pay the fees to bring their cars into the country.
A new cybercrime law and amendments to the media law introduced new restrictions on online activities (they were passed in June 2018, after this report's coverage period). At least one citizen was sentenced to prison, while numerous arrests and interrogations for online activities were reported. Violence against users decreased.
Legal Environment
Sudan has restrictive laws that limit press and internet freedom. Most notably, the Informatic Offences (Combating) Act 2007 (also known as the IT Crime Act, cybercrimes or electronic crimes law)1 criminalizes the establishment of websites that criticize the government or publish defamatory material and content that disturbs public morality or public order.2 Violations involve fines and prison sentences between two to five years.
New laws enacted in 2018 (after this report's coverage period) seek to tighten restrictions on online activities. In June 2018, the National Assembly passed the Law on Combatting Cybercrimes of 2018 that introduced criminal penalties for the spread of fake news online.3 The law also penalizes criticizing foreigners with up to two years in prison.
Also in June, amendments to the Media Law (also known as the Press and Publications Act) were approved, which were reportedly aimed at imposing restrictions on online journalism and social media.4 Notably, the amendments require online journalists to register with the Journalism Council.5 Digital newspapers were not previously required to register, which allowed them to operate without an official physical office due to security concerns.6 The amendments also reportedly include a separate article on offenses in electronic publishing, which carry tough sentences.7
The highly restrictive Media Law was last updated in November 2016 to include specific clauses pertaining to online journalism, extending onerous limitations long placed on the traditional press to the online sphere,8 such as provisions that hold editors-in-chief liable for all content published by their press outlets.9
National security imperatives also restrict journalism, particularly under the 2010 National Security Act, which gives the National Intelligence and Security Service (NISS) immunity from prosecution and the permission to arrest, detain, and censor journalists under the pretext of national security.10
Prosecutions and Detentions for Online Activities
Arrests, prosecutions, and interrogations for online activities continued in the past year, particularly as heavy-handed censorship on the print and broadcast sectors led journalists to migrate online to disseminate news. The arrests reflected an ongoing tactic to limit internet freedom by silencing critical voices and encouraging self-censorship.
At least one citizen was sentenced to prison for online activities during the reporting period. In July 2017, political activist Hatim Merghani was sentenced to two years in prison and a fine for publishing commentary on the corruption of a government official on WhatsApp and other social media channels.11
Numerous journalists faced prosecutions for alleged cybercrime:
- In July 2017, a journalist with the Al-Jareeda newspaper was charged for defamation under the cybercrimes law for an article on the corruption of the South Darfur finance minister.12
- In October 2017, journalist Alaa-Aldeen Mahmoud discovered he had cybercrimes charges pending against him for being the owner of the online newspaper, the Khartoum Post, which had published an article critical of a government official. He was also accused of being the author of the anonymous article. The only evidence against him was documentation that he had added a friend to the Khartoum Post's Facebook page. He was released on bail, though his case remains open as of mid-2018.13
- In a similar case, journalist Ali Atif Abdelwahab was accused in March 2018 of being the owner of the independent online newspaper Al-Taghyeer and arrested for allegedly publishing false news about the assassination of an ordinary citizen at the hands of the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), a paramilitary force active in Darfur and now in Eastern Sudan on the platform. However, Abdelwahab worked for Al-Taghyeer, a print newspaper, which has no relation to the online version. Although he insisted on the misunderstanding, he still faces charges under the cybercrimes law on public order, which carries a maximum sentence of seven years.14
Several activists and everyday citizens were arrested for their social media activities:
- In October 2017, a video circulated of a young man wearing makeup and dancing in a wedding hall. He was reportedly arrested after the party and sentenced to a fine and 40 lashes.
- In February 2018, an online activist was arrested from his house in Suakin, Red Sea (state) for publishing a video on Facebook and WhatsApp that ridiculed the president during his last visit to the state.15
- In April 2018, philosophy professor Dr. Esmat Mahmoud was arrested from a class he was teaching and interrogated about a Facebook post he published the previous day criticizing the director of the university.16
- Also in April, activist Muhsin Musa from South Kordofan was arrested for posts on his Twitter and Facebook accounts voicing concerns about government corruption and the lack of services in the state. A young woman was arrested alongside Musa after she shared his post and commented on it on her Facebook page.17
- Suad Fadul was charged with cybercrimes in April 2018 after she shared a video on WhatsApp in which she detailed how she had recently been removed from her position at the Sudan Communication Company and replaced with the president's niece.18
In a dangerous new pattern, the public order police (also known as the morality police) have arrested individuals featured in viral videos for violating laws on personal behavior and dress codes. Sentences vary between 40 lashes for indecent clothing to jail-time and a hefty fine for indecent acts. In February 2018, a video circulated on Facebook and WhatsApp in which a group of young men and women were dancing at a party. Days later, the morality police announced that the people shown in the video were arrested and they would be persecuted. In March, a young woman also filmed dancing in a viral video was arrested by the same police force.
Meanwhile, the authorities continued to pursue online activists based outside Sudan, particularly those who live in Saudi Arabia. In July 2017, Saudi officials handed journalist and online activist Ad-Divina to the NISS. Later in November, Saudi authorities arrested Hisham Ali Mohamed Ali, an online activist residing in Saudi Arabia, and handed him over to the NISS in May 2018. In July 2018, Mohamed's family reported that he had been hospitalized as a result of severe torture.19
Surveillance, Privacy, and Anonymity
Unchecked surveillance of ICTs is a grave concern among citizens in Sudan, where the government is known to actively monitor internet communications on social media platforms and target online activists and journalists during politically sensitive periods. The NISS regularly intercepts private email messages, enabled by sophisticated surveillance technologies.
According to Citizen Lab research from June 2013, Sudan possesses high-tech surveillance equipment from the U.S.-based Blue Coat Systems, a technology company that manufactures monitoring and filtering devices. The surveillance system was initially traced to three networks inside Sudan, including the networks of the private telecom provider Canar.20 In July 2017, NISS agents reportedly planted Blue Coat surveillance software into the phones and laptops of at least eleven activists during an out-of-country meeting and training. According to a local expert, the software was installed through the WiFi modem shared by the group and enabled the monitoring of all online activities.21
Article 9 of the NTC's General Regulations 2012, based on the 2001 Communications Act, obligates mobile companies to keep a complete record of their customers' data, and mandatory SIM card registration was enforced in late 2017. Subscribers were given the deadline of December 31, 2017 to register their phone numbers using their National ID, which includes detailed personal information such as home address, birthplace, and mother's name.
Intimidation and Violence
Online journalists and activists often face extralegal intimidation, harassment, and violence for their online activities, though there were fewer reported incidents of violence during the coverage period compared to previous years.
Most online violence targets social media influencers and minority groups such as LGBTI. In October 2017, a video circulated of a young man wearing makeup and dancing in a wedding hall. He was reportedly arrested after the party and sentenced to a fine and 40 lashes. The young man also received serious threats online and off, which eventually led him to flee the country.22
Female activists in particular are subject to multilayered attacks such a threats and smear campaigns on social media. In one prominent example from the past few years, over 15 female activists were doxed on the fake "Sudanese Women against the Hijab" Facebook group, where their private pictures were posted without their consent alongside fabricated quotes about being against the veil and religion. Some of the victims became fearful for their life in the face of violent threats from religious fundamentalists. Two victims reported this page at the cybercrimes prosecution office to no avail; instead, one of the victims was shamed and scolded for posting her picture online. The page was only shut down after serious advocacy with international human rights groups. One group in particular sent a representative to meet with Facebook executives and campaign on this issue. The page was finally removed in April 2017.
Technical Attacks
Independent news sites are frequently subject to technical attacks, which many believe are perpetrated by the government's Cyber Jihadist Unit. Attacks usually intensify during political events and unrest, while some prominent news sites ward off daily DDoS attempts. Several online outlets reported technical attacks against their websites in the past year, but they were able to respond by increasing their cyber security capabilities.
Throughout 2017, a Facebook page created by Sudanese women to post screenshots of sexual harassment incidents faced several hacking attempts following strong condemnation from numerous male users. The women also have a private group with over 7,300 members on social media called "Inboxat" (Arabic for "Inbox messages") where they share sexual harassment messages they receive on social media with one another.
- 1The Informatic Offences (Combating) Act, 2007, https://cbos.gov.sd/en/content/informatic-offences-combating-act-2007
- 2Abdelgadir Mohammed Abdelgadir, Fences of Silence: Systematic Repression of Freedom of the Press, Opinion and Expression in Sudan, (International Press Institute, 2012) http://bit.ly/1Pv7nee. According to Section 4, crimes against public order and morality Sudan cyber law, of Sudan's Cybercrime Law (2007), intentional or unintentional producing, preparing, sending, storing, or promoting any content that violates public order or morality, makes the offender liable to imprisonment of 4 to 5 years or a fine or both. The maximum penalty for committing both crimes is 7 years or fine or both. Also, under the same section, creating, promoting, using, website that calls for, or promote, ideas against public law or morality is punished by 3 years in prison or fine or both. Cyber defamation crimes necessitate 2 years in prison or fine or both. Public order is not defined clearly in the law. Subsequently, most of the opposition content online falls under this section making online activists liable under this law.
- 3https://smex.org/do-new-sudanese-laws-regulate-digital-space-or-limit-f…
- 4https://smex.org/do-new-sudanese-laws-regulate-digital-space-or-limit-f…
- 5Sudanese Cabinet Press Release, October 26, 2017. https://goo.gl/anHZQX; "Amendments to the Press Law to restrict social media and increase newspapers' suspension days," Altaghyeer, (Arabic), November 11, 2017. https://goo.gl/ZUmTw1; "Sudan: A new law includes digital press to the Press Council's jurisdiction," Altareeq (Arabic), Nov 6, 2017. https://goo.gl/NnCxgZ; Sudanese journalists protest against draft press law, http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article64012
- 6As in the case of Hurriyat, Al-Rakoba, Al-Taghyeer, Al-Tareeg.
- 7The Council of Ministers Passes a law with harsher penalties on electronic publishing- https://www.altaghyeer.info/2018/03/23/مجلس-الوزراء-يجيز-قانون-يشدد-الع…
- 8"Ministry of Justice receives amendments to the Sudanese Press Law of 2016," [in Arabic] Altareeq, November 8, 2016, http://bit.ly/2nvP1Tr; "The Sudanese Press Freedom Forum: online journalism to be included in the Press Law,' [in Arabic] Alsahafa, August 30, 2016, http://bit.ly/2nSjYwB
- 9Committee to Protect Journalists, "Repressive press law passed in Sudan," June 11, 2009, https://cpj.org/x/2c67.
- 10Amnesty International, "Sudanese security service carries out brutal campaign against opponents," July 19, 2010, https://www.amnesty.org/en/press-releases/2010/07/17643/
- 11Leader in the Sudanese Congress Party jailed due to a whatsapp message (Arabic)- https://www.altaghyeer.info/2017/07/22/سجن-قيادي-بالمؤتمر-السوداني-بسبب…
- 12Four Sudanese citizens charged with defamation and cybercrimes for social media activity- http://www.acjps.org/four-sudanese-citizens-charged-with-defamation-and…
- 13Interview with Alaa-aldeen Mahmoud on 8th of March 2018
- 14Interview with Al-Taghyeer editor on Tuesday 6th of March 2018 over whatsapp.
- 15Interview with Al-Taghyeer journalist, February 2018.
- 16http://www.acjps.org/four-sudanese-citizens-charged-with-defamation-and…
- 17http://www.acjps.org/four-sudanese-citizens-charged-with-defamation-and…
- 18Four Sudanese citizens charged with defamation and cybercrimes for social media activity- http://www.acjps.org/four-sudanese-citizens-charged-with-defamation-and…
- 19Sudanese activist deported from Saudi Arabia detained in Khartoum-
- 20Ellen Nakashima, "Report: Web monitoring devices made by US firm Blue Coat detected in Iran, Sudan," Washington Post, July 8, 2013, http://wapo.st/1Pv95fA.
- 21Based FH consultant interviews, March 2018.
- 22He was a Sudanese-Canadian
On Sudan
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Country Facts
Global Freedom Score10 100 not free
Internet Freedom Score29 100 not free


text:
El BLOOP es un misterioso infrasonido submarino detectado en 1997… copiamos la info de Wikipedia:
The Bloop, from the NOAA website at 16x the original speed
The Bloop is the name given to an ultra-low frequency underwater sound detected by the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration several times during the summer of 1997. The source of the sound remains unknown.
The sound, traced to somewhere around 50º S 100º W (South American southwest coast), was detected repeatedly by the Equatorial Pacific Ocean autonomous hydrophone array, which uses U.S. Navy equipment originally designed to detect Soviet submarines. According to the NOAA description, it "rises rapidly in frequency over about one minute and was of sufficient amplitude to be heard on multiple sensors, at a range of over 5,000 km." According to scientists who have studied the phenomenon it matches the audio profile of a living creature but there is no known animal that could have produced the sound. If it is an animal, it would have to be, reportedly, much larger than even a Blue Whale, the largest known animal on the earth.