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MUNICH, Germany — The United States has determined that Russia has committed crimes against humanity in Ukraine, Vice President Kamala Harris said Saturday, insisting that "justice must be served" to the perpetrators.
Speaking at the Munich Security Conference, Harris said the international community has both a moral and a strategic interest in pursuing those crimes, pointing to a danger of other authoritarian governments taking advantage if international rules are undermined.
"Russian forces have pursued a widespread and systemic attack against a civilian population — gruesome acts of murder, torture, rape, and deportation," Harris said. She also cited "execution-style killings, beatings, and electrocution."
The Biden administration formally determined last March that Russian troops had committed war crimes in Ukraine and said it would work with others to prosecute offenders. A determination of crimes against humanity goes a step further, indicating that attacks against civilians are being carried out in a widespread and systematic manner.
"Russian authorities have forcibly deported hundreds of thousands of people, from Ukraine to Russia, including children," Harris said. "They have cruelly separated children from their families."
She also pointed to the attack in mid-March on a theater in the strategic port city of Mariupol where civilians had been sheltering, which killed hundreds, and to the images of civilians' bodies left on the streets of Bucha after the Russian pullback from the Kyiv area last spring.
Harris said that, as a former prosecutor and former head of California's Department of Justice, she knows "the importance of gathering facts and holding them up against the law."
"In the case of Russia's actions in Ukraine, we have examined the evidence, we know the legal standards, and there is no doubt," she said. "These are crimes against humanity."
U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken, who also was attending the Munich conference, said in a statement issued as Harris spoke that "we reserve crimes against humanity determinations for the most egregious crimes."
The new determination underlines the "staggering extent" of suffering inflicted on Ukrainian civilians and "also reflects the deep commitment of the United States to holding members of Russia's forces and other Russian officials accountable for their atrocities," he said.
Russia's nearly yearlong invasion of Ukraine, has dominated discussions at the Munich conference, an annual gathering of security and defense officials from around the world. Harris told the assembled participants: "Let us all agree — on behalf of all the victims, both known and unknown, justice must be served."
"Such is our moral interest," she said. "We also have a significant strategic interest."
"No nation is safe in a world where one country can violate the sovereignty and territorial integrity of another, where crimes against humanity are committed with impunity, where a country with imperialist ambitions can go unchecked," Harris added.
If Russian President Vladimir Putin succeeds in attacking international rules and norms, "other nations could feel emboldened to follow his violent example," she said. "Other authoritarian powers could seek to bend the world to their will, through coercion, disinformation and even brute force."
Harris' audience Saturday didn't include any Russian officials. Conference organizers decided not to invite them this year.
Amid the Western officials defending arms supplies to Ukraine, China's top diplomat, Wang Yi, stood out by calling for an end to the war through peace talks, saying Beijing was "deeply worried about the expansion and long-term effect of this war."
China has refused to condemn Russia's invasion of Ukraine or to impose sanctions on Moscow like Western nations have done. Without naming any countries, Wang said "there may be forces" that don't want the war to stop anytime soon.
"What they care about is not the life and death of the Ukrainian people, nor the increasing damage to Europe. They probably have bigger strategic goals than Ukraine," he said.
Wang said Beijing planned to present a "position paper on the political settlement of the Ukraine issue" that would reiterate proposals made by President Xi Jinping.
Asked on the sidelines of the event about the U.S. determination of crimes against humanity, Ukrainian Foreign Minister Dmytro Kuleba replied that "Russia waged a genocidal war against Ukrainians because they do not recognize our identity and they do not think we deserve to exist as a sovereign nation."
"Everything that stems from that is crimes against humanity, war crimes and various other atrocities committed by the Russian army in the territory of Ukraine," he said. "Let lawyers sort out specifically which act belongs where in terms of legal qualification."
Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy urged Western allies in a video address to the Munich conference on Friday to quicken their military support for Ukraine, declaring that "it's speed that life depends on."
Kuleba voiced confidence that Ukraine would eventually receive fighter jets from its partners, despite their current reluctance. He noted that they initially pushed back on providing other heavy weapons that were later delivered or promised, "so the only outstanding type of weapon is planes."
In Munch on Friday, a Ukrainian deputy prime minister, Oleksandr Kubrakov, called for cluster munitions and phosphorous bombs, German media reported. Cluster munitions are banned by an international treaty.
Asked whether he supported calling for such weapons, Kuleba said Ukraine has evidence that Russia uses them.
"We are not party to the convention on the prohibition of cluster ammunition, so legally there are no obstacles for that," he said. "And if we receive one, we will be using it exclusively against military forces of the Russian Federation."
Geir Moulson contributed to this report from Berlin.


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Family: Solanaceae
American Black Nightshade, more...purple nightshade (common), smallflower nightshade (es: chichiquelite)
[Solanum americanum var. nodiflorum (Jacq.) Edmonds, moreSolanum americanum var. patulum (L.) Edmonds, Solanum caribaeum Dunal, Solanum fistulosum Dunal ex Poir., Solanum hermannii Dunal, Solanum indecorum A. Rich., Solanum inops , Solanum linnaeanum Hepper & Jaeger, Solanum minutibaccatum var. curtipedunculatum , Solanum nigrum var. americanum (P. Mill.) O.E. Schulz, Solanum nigrum var. nodiflorum (Jacq.) Hitchc., Solanum nigrum var. virginicum L., Solanum nodiflorum Jacq., Solanum nodiflorum var. puberulum , Solanum parviflorum , Solanum photeinocarpum , Solanum sodomeum auct. non L.]
PLANT: Annual or short-lived perennial herbs, sometimes turning woody with age, usually greater than 1 m tall, without tubers or stolons, unarmed; herbage glabrous to pubescent to variously strigose; stems terete to angled, sometimes with small, antrorsely curved teeth on the angles. LEAVES: alternate or sub-opposite, simple, ovate to lance-elliptic, 2-9 cm long, 1-5 cm wide; margin entire to coarsely-toothed; base sub-truncate to attenuate; apex broadly acute to acuminate; petiole (1-)2-6(-8) cm long. INFLORESCENCE: umbel-like racemes, lateral, borne between nodes or sometimes at nodes opposite leaves, (1-)3-8(-12)-flowered; peduncle 8-30 mm long. FLOWERS: actinomorphic (Fig. 3A); pedicel 2-12 mm long; calyx 0.5-2 mm long, the lobes broadly lanceolate to rounded, about equal to or 1/2 as long as the tube; corolla rotate-stellate to reflexed, white or white tinged with purple, 2-6 mm in diameter; style included to 1 mm longer than anthers, pubescent ± half its length; stamens ± equal, (0.5-)1-1.5(-2) mm long; anthers connivent; filaments 1/2 or less as long as anthers, 1 mm long or less. FRUITS: subglobose, 4-8 mm wide, green, orange-brown or blackish at maturity, not enclosed in the calyx; sclerotic granules 0-5; seeds orbicular, minutely pitted, 1-1.3 mm wide. NOTES: Agricultural areas, waste places and riparian areas: La Paz, Maricopa Mohave, Pima, Yavapai cos. (Fig. 1B); 50-1800 m (200-6000 ft); throughout the year; s. and w. U.S.; Mex; probably native to Eurasia. REFERENCES: Chiang, F. and L.R. Landrum. Vascular Plants of Arizona: Solanaceae Part Three: Lycium. CANOTIA 5 (1): 17-26, 2009.
Martin and Hutchins 1980, Kearney and Peebles 1969
Duration: Annual Nativity: Native Lifeform: Subshrub General: Annual with slender stems, widely branched to 1 m tall, herbage glabrous or nearly so. Leaves: Slender petioles, blades 2-10 cm long, oval to ovate, pale green and membranaceous, translucent, with margins entire to sinuate-dentate. Flowers: Pedicels becoming reflexed; calyx lobes 1-2 mm long, unequal, spreading; corolla white or tinged with purple, lobes 4-7 mm long, anthers all alike. Fruits: Berry lustrous black, 5-9 mm in diameter. Ecology: Found on disturbed soils from 4,000-5,500 ft (1219-1676 m); flowers June-September. Distribution: w CAN south to CA and NV, east to GA; south to S. Amer.; throughout the world on every continent. Notes: Distinguished by its annual, herbaceous life form to a meter tall, often dark green, broad lance-elliptic leaves, white Solanaceous corollas with yellow anthers and dark blue mature berries. Similar to S. douglasii but tends to have smaller flowers (>3mm long in douglasii) and shorter anthers ( >2 mm long in douglasii). In the southwest, these two species are a part of the cosmopolitan -S. nigrum complex-, a group of over 30 species with continuous variation, hybridization, polyploidy and many evolutionary intermediates, often making for difficult classification. Ethnobotany: Unknown, but other species in the genera have uses. Etymology: Solanum is Latin for quieting, reference to the narcotic properties of some species, while americanum means of America. Synonyms: Solanum americanum var. nodiflorum, S. americanum var. patulum, S. caribaeum, S. fistulosum, S. hermannii, S. linnaeanum, S. nigrum var. americanum, S. nigrum var. virginicum, S. nodiflorum, S. sodomemum Editor: SBuckley 2010, FSCoburn 2015

subset: commoncrawl


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I love the butterfly shots and the nests, it seems birds are posing for u :)ReplyDelete
Swifts' nests are interesting. I've never seen these. I think the unnamed single bird is a type of pigeon. Can't identify the exact name.ReplyDelete
i guess the first unnamed bird is a 'spotted dove' - a type of pigeon as B mentioned.ReplyDelete
Isnt the second flock of birds, rose ringed parakeet?
no idea abt the 3rd one. but, how big was it?
Nests are really peculiar and first of its kind that i have seen.ReplyDelete
I must add, in Delhi it is rather surprising to find different species of bird during this part of year amidst pollution..And langurs seemed to be common all througout the metros
@ Sri : the butterflies were beautiful! I felt so sorry that I could not capture the sight of so many butterflies on one plant!!!ReplyDelete
and I really wished the birds would pose for me! it was so difficult to photogrph them!
@ Bindhu : Yes, this was the first time I saw these nests.. and the only reason I could identify them was that I recently read a blog about swifts building nests on limestone cliffs!!!!!
@ Sandeep: thanks for the ID.. shall update the blog soon with its name.... the second flock didnt really resemble parakeets, but then they were quite far and against the sun, so i cant be quite sure....
the third one was bigger than a crow... I first wondered if it was the female Koel... there are quite a few of them near my house... but once i saw the pic, i had doubts....
@ Tarun : Langurs are there all over the place... esp where they know they can get food from pilgrims...... and yes, it is difficult to see birds in the city..... any city in india is too polluted and crowded for birds now! we see birds in our locality in bbay only because there are a lot of undeveloped areas within the colony.... its almost marshland...
WOW, your passion for wildlife is awesome Anu. I can't image what you would do if you had the right camera gear. I m sure you would go berserk.ReplyDelete
@ T& S : thanks so much!!!! yes, i would certainly go berserk if i got the proper stuff, which is why i am waiting till Samhith grows up a bit more.... and when I do, you are the one i am coming to, for advice.....ReplyDelete
yes it would have been a real hard work, I guess thats why the shots are good :) bravo!!ReplyDelete
What a wonderful post, and I am just flattened by those bird nests.ReplyDelete
Goat in Attitude
@ Sri. thanks so much! these days, i keep looking for photo ops for the blog... am wondering if i use the camera too much.. what say u???ReplyDelete
@ Bhavesh : thanks... yes, i was too.... and took so many pix.. these were the only ones that came out welll!!
Great shots Anu!ReplyDelete
How exciting to see a variety in the wild like this.
@ Indrani : thanks lot.... yes, it feels great when you see birds close to the city...ReplyDelete
i love the monkey and its baby shot,its describing the human relation with baboonsReplyDelete
Nature-By Deepak mc
@ Deepak : Yes, there were so many mothers and babies... i took a lot of pics, and liked this one the most of all...ReplyDelete
The wildlife in India is not confined to any one particular part of the country. In fact every part of this subcontinent has something to offer. Depending on the part of the country you would like to visit and the kind of wildlife that you are interested:- India Tiger Safari and India Wildlife SafariReplyDelete
@Bob: Absolutely!! there is so much to see in India that a lifetime isnt enough! thanks for writing in...ReplyDelete
This is wonderful!ReplyDelete
Did you go to Mandu as well?
It is not a bad idea to hunt while you traveling. different people have different type of taste. some one love to travel to such places that have natural beauty, some one love to travel to beaches. Here you can also get perfect guideline from Hank Freid which is really helpful to you in organizing a travel towards your desired destinationReplyDelete


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The Incal, Alejandro Jodorowsky and Moebius' classic '80s series (originally published in French magazine Métal Hurlant), was very influential on movies as well as comics. In fact, it contains a number of the elements Jodorowsky had intended to put in a Dune film "adaptation" (which bore little resemblance to Frank Herbert's novel) that never got made. Tim and Kumar discuss this insane, unconventional story.
Louie Hlad review on ComicsBeat
Podcast: Play in new window | Download


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Crafted from glass in shades of blue with a granules finish, it showcases a slender and abstract silhouette that grabs glances in any arrangement.this set of 2 glass table lamps is perfect for adding an eye-catching accent to any room in need of an upgrade. A shiny metallic-finished metal base down below offers a touch of glamour, each lamp showcases a round metal base with USB portwhile an understated white cotton drum shade up above balances out the look.
It arrives in a set of two, each uses 150 watt standard E26 light bulb,Bulb not included.The table lamps can be compatible with a variety of incandescent, LED or CFL light bulbs. It is very convenient to have a 3 way switching ON/OFF button,can dimmable.
Nightstand Lamps TH:25",TOB:13", Shade is: 11''*13''*10'', round flat cover, white Linen.Base:5.25''*1''.Bracket: Nickel finish, total height 8".Transparent wire SPT-2, 60 inches. Thanks to the 60-inch power cord, you can put the light anywhere in your room no matter how far away the socket is. Thanks to its rotary switch, you can control it easily from the comfort of your bed or couch
The traditional table lamps set of 2 are consisted of high-quality glass material and white fabric drum shade that are perfectly combined with the warm tone of the lamp's illuminated, creating a comfortable environment to read, to work, to rest,without hurting your eyes. Whether resting on your nightstands, set on side tables in the den or tucked into your favorite reading nook, this set of lamps is a chic addition to any aesthetic.
Your satisfaction is our top priority. Please feel free to contact us if you have any questions, and we will work with you to resolve the issue.
product Size


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May 20, 2009
Known as aggregate fruits because each berry is made up of groups of smaller seed-containing fruits called drupelets placed around a hollow center, raspberries are among one of our favorite flavors in the garden. Here are some things about raspberries you might not have known.
- A member of the rose family, the raspberry's scientific name Rubus idaeus means "with red fruit."
- Raspberries can be cultivated from hardiness zones 3 to 9; they prefer full sun.
- Since around 4 A.D., the leaves of raspberries were made into teas and various parts of the plant were used for throat gargles, morning sickness remedies, digestive cures and the like. Today, new research suggests that eating red raspberries may prevent cancer, according to Oregon Raspberry and Blackberry Commission.
- According to USDA nutrition data, 1 cup of raspberries boasts daily values of more than 50 percent vitamin C, 12 percent vitamin K and nearly 10 percent folate and magnesium, among many other vitamins and minerals. One cup also contains 32 percent of your DV dietary fiber. (Don't forget to try our recipe for raspberry streusel squares.)
- Some raspberries are hardier than others. In general, red raspberries are the hardiest type, followed by purple raspberries, black raspberries and blackberries, says the University of Maine Cooperative Extension.
- Planting caution: Don't plant raspberries where tomatoes, potatoes, peppers or eggplant have been grown within the past four years because these crops carry a root rot called Verticillium that can also attack raspberries, says the University of Maine.
- Raspberries may also be classified as summer-bearing or ever-bearing, says the Ohio State University Extension Office. Summer-bearing cultivars produce one crop in the early summer, while ever-bearing cultivars can produce up to two crops a year, one crop being produced in the spring and the second crop in the fall.
- Consider trellising your raspberries. Even with a few raspberry plants, if you use a trellis, you may get higher yields because longer canes can be grown, reports Oregon State University, which offers some raspberry trellising tips. Find more trellising tips.
- Raspberries in raised beds? According to the North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, you can give it a try. Raised beds are recommended if soils are wet or heavy. Raspberries may be short-lived on sites with poor soil drainage. A typical raised bed should be 10 to 12 inches high and 4 to 6 feet wide at the base, though this may be adjusted for your own particular site and soil conditions. Soil temperatures in raised beds may exceed the optimal and should be monitored. Light irrigation of the soil can keep soil temperature down.
- DavesGarden.com advices the following for propagating raspberries:
- By dividing the rootball
- By dividing rhizomes, tubers, corms or bulbs (including offsets)
- From herbaceous stem cuttings.


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Dragons Beware! (The Chronicles of Claudette)
Jorge Aguirre (Author), Rafael Rosado (Illustrator)
First Second
May 2015
Claudette is back for more adventuring and fighting evil again. And this time it's personal! An evil wizard is back and the only thing that can stop him is Augustine's magic sword…which is the belly of a dragon. So Claudette, Marie, and Gaston head out to find the sword and stop the evil wizard once and for all! But Augustine and Zubair head off on their own and forbid the children from following. And what do they do? Why follow of course! There's no telling what trouble will be caused when these three are on the loose or what tables are overturned.
The first volume, Giants Beware!, broke all kinds of rules and boundaries–a young girl that was a warrior like her dad, a brother that was an excellent baker, and the daughter of the nobles that cared not a wit for princes, but cherished making intelligent decisions. And in this second book, they continue the trend of having a dragon that isn't as evil as people think, a sword that isn't what anyone thinks!, and a wizard that will blow your mind with who and what he is. It's a great bit of writing and I enjoy watching the characters interact with each other and the world around them. They come to find out not only more about themselves, but their past as well, and how they're going to let it influence them. We also got to find out some of the secrets that the town holds and I can't wait to see the series continue.
I really like the artwork in this book, especially in the opening sequence. It's a bit different than the rest of the book as it uses more muted colors and shadows, but it's really well done.The rest of the book is done in brighter colors, still very well drawn, and perfect for a young reader. In fact the style reminds me a lot of Jeff Smith's Bone, especially in the way the background and older characters are depicted. They have a lot more detail to them, more age lines on their faces, while the three main characters are almost less defined. It's as if the artist is giving readers a chance to put themselves in the main characters places, making it easier for the reader to identify with them My absolute favorite character designs are Zubair and Claudette's father, Augustine. I love the way they move while on their journey and the grizzle looks on their faces.
One thing that does bother me a bit about the writing in this book is that sometimes the words chosen don't fit the age range of the book. I see the book as being for the elementary school range, but they use words like odoriferous or the discussion on politics at the beginning that just don't fit that. While it would let the child come and ask their parents questions about what it means it just seems to be a bit of a deterrent to me for a young reader to really enjoy the book.
I'd highly recommend this book to any elementary school/middle school reader, especially young girls that are looking for a story where the girl isn't a princess. I give the book 4 out of 5 stars.
ARC provided by Gina at First Second


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The Million Dollar Phase 3
Do you have a spare million? This 1971 Ford XY Falcon GT-HO Phase 3 is owned by Paul Carthew, who also owns one of the three surviving XA GT-HO Phase 4 race cars (see link to video clips on the home page; his Phase 4 is the first video). Is this the best original unrestored Phase 3 in the world?
Source: www.youtube.com
Off the showroom floor in 1971 it cost $5,159. Today it is a rare unrestored 1971 Ford Falcon GT-HO Phase 3. "It's a collector's item and I won't budge at $1 million,'' the Sydney car-lover, Paul Carthew, said. He's been collecting cars for almost 40 years, and bought the classic Aussie muscle car 19 years ago for $40,000. He said he was very picky at the time and spent three years searching for a one-owner, low mileage model. The car, which was even driven on a racetrack by racing legends Peter Brock and Colin Bond during a magazine shoot, now has just over 40,000 miles (68,000km) on the clock. "It's quite an amazing car. That's why they command this sort of money, they are the icon of Australian muscle,'' he said. Only 300 of the Falcon GT-HO Phase 3s were built in 1971 and fewer than 150 remain.
Source: Daily Telegraph (Sydney)
Friday 17th August 2007


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Long & Luxe Strengthening Shampoo
As I Am Long & Luxe Strengthening Shampoo 355ml
Lengthen, Strengthen Your Hair with Long & Luxe
As I Am® introduces a new collection of luxurious products infused with Pomegranate & Passion Fruit.
The perfect regimen from start-to-finish for naturalistas to grow their hair longer and stronger.
- Cleanses hair and scalp gently and adds moisture.
- Reduces tangles and combing damage.
- Strengthens hair for longer hair lengths.
A special blend that works to promote healthier hair and scalp. Detangles hair and cleanses scalp gently. Helps hair become long and strong. Prepares hair for styling.
Rub ample amount of shampoo between palms and gently lather through wet hair. Massage hair and scalp, leave on for five minutes and rinse thoroughly. Repeat if necessary.
Aqua/Water/Eau, Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice*, Disodium Cocoamphodipropionate, Trideceth-7 Carboxylic Acid, Disodium Laureth Sulfosuccinate, Cocamide MIPA, Polysorbate 20, Punica Granatum Fruit Juice*, Glycerin, Passiflora Edulis Fruit Juice, Hydrolyzed Lupine Protein, Serenoa Serrulata Fruit Extract, Linum Usitatissimum (Linseed) Seed Extract*, Melia Azadirachta Leaf Extract, Glycyrrhiza Glabra (Licorice) Root Extract, Camellia Sinensis Leaf Extract, Betaine, Royal Jelly, Keratin, Hydrolyzed Keratin, Niacinamide, Phytosterols, Caffeine, Biotin, Trifolium Pratense (Clover) Flower Extract, Equisetum Arvense Extract, Urtica Dioica (Nettle) Extract, Cola Acuminata Seed Extract, Piroctone Olamine, Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose, Maltodextrin, Acacia Senegal Gum, Polyquaternium-7, Polyquaternium-10, Phenoxyethanol, Caprylyl Glycol, Citric Acid, Fragrance/Parfum, Beta Vulgaris (Beet) Root Extract, Sodium Benzoate, Ethylhexylglycerin, Tetrasodium EDTA, Ceteareth-60 Myristyl Glycol, Silica, Red 33/CI 17200, Polyacrylamide, Benzyl Benzoate, Limonene, Linalool.


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- Key People:
- Paul Vieille
- Related Topics:
- cordite Powder B guncotton pyrocellulose collodion
nitrocellulose, also called cellulose nitrate, a mixture of nitric esters of cellulose, and a highly flammable compound that is the main ingredient of modern gunpowder and is also employed in certain lacquers and paints. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries it was the basis of the earliest man-made fibres and plastic materials.
Composition, properties, and manufacture of nitrocellulose
Cellulose is a naturally occurring polymer obtained from wood pulp or the short fibres (linters) that adhere to cotton seeds. It consists of repeating glucose units that have the chemical formula C6H7O2(OH)3 and the following molecular structure:
In unaltered cellulose the X in the molecular formula represents hydrogen (H), indicating a presence on the cellulose molecule of three hydroxyl (OH) groups. The OH groups form strong hydrogen bonds between cellulose molecules, with the result that cellulose cannot be softened by heat or dissolved by solvents without causing chemical decomposition. However, upon treatment with nitric acid in the presence of a sulfuric acid catalyst and water, OH groups are replaced by nitro (NO2) groups. In theory, all three OH groups can be replaced, resulting in cellulose trinitrate, which contains more than 14 percent nitrogen. In practice, however, most nitrocellulose compounds are dinitrates, averaging 1.8 to 2.8 nitro groups per molecule and containing from 10.5 to 13.5 percent nitrogen. The degree of nitration determines the solubility and flammability of the final product.
Highly nitrated cellulose—i.e., nitrocellulose containing more than approximately 12.5 percent nitrogen—will dry to a fluffy white substance known variously as pyrocellulose and guncotton. Guncotton is unstable to heat, and even carefully prepared samples will ignite on a brief heating to temperatures in excess of 150 °C (300 °F). Guncotton is employed in gunpowders, solid rocket propellants, and explosives. Moderately nitrated cellulose (containing approximately 10.5 to 12.5 percent nitrogen) is also flammable, though less violently so than guncotton, and is soluble in alcohols and ethers. Nitrocellulose of this type, once referred to by various names such as pyroxylin, xyloidin, and collodion cotton, is employed as a film-forming agent in solvent-based paints, protective coatings, and fingernail polishes.
In the commercial manufacture of nitrocellulose, wood pulp is the primary source of cellulose. Cellulose sheet and nitrating acids are fed into a reacting vessel, where nitration proceeds until the acids have been centrifuged from the nitrated product. Remaining acid is removed by washing the nitrocellulose slurry in water and boiling it in a caustic solution. The product is often treated with various stabilizers to reduce degradation under exposure to light and heat. In order to reduce the likelihood of combustion, nitrocellulose is usually stored and transported in water or alcohol.
Chronology of development and use
In 1833 Henry Braconnot, director of the Botanic Garden in Nancy, France, treated potato starch, sawdust, and cotton with nitric acid. Braconnot found that this material, which he called "xyloidine," was soluble in wood vinegar, and he attempted to make coatings, films, and shaped articles of it. In 1838 another French chemist, Théophile-Jules Pelouze, discovered that paper or cardboard could be made violently flammable by dipping it in concentrated nitric acid; Pelouze named his new material "pyroxyline." Christian Friedrich Schönbein, a Swiss chemist, was able to increase the degree of nitration, and therefore the flammability of the product, by dipping cotton in a mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids. In 1846 he announced the discovery of this revolutionary explosive substance, which became known as guncotton, and acquired patents in Britain and the United States. Schönbein also described the dissolution of moderately nitrated cellulose in ether and ethyl alcohol to produce a syrupy fluid that dried to a transparent film; mixtures of this composition eventually found use as collodion, employed through the 19th century as a photographic carrier and antiseptic wound sealant.
Guncotton did not come into use as an ingredient of gunpowder until the 1860s. The early history of its use was punctuated by many disastrous explosions, caused partly by the failure to appreciate that nitrocellulose is an unstable material and is subject to catalytic decomposition caused by its own decomposition products. In 1868 English chemist Sir Frederick Augustus Abel showed that the methods then prevalent for washing nitrocellulose after nitration were inadequate and that the residual acid was causing instability. In the 1880s French engineer Paul Vieille added special stabilizers to nitrocellulose to neutralize the catalytically active decomposition products; the first stable and reliable propellant, smokeless powder, resulted from his work and became the main form of gunpowder.
Nitrated cellulose retains its threadlike shape even in solution, and, in the 19th century, methods were devised to spin nitrocellulose into fibres and then convert them back into cellulose. These efforts culminated in 1891 with the introduction of "Chardonnet silk," the first commercially produced artificial fibre and a type of rayon, by the French chemist Hilaire Bernigaud, comte de Chardonnet. In 1869 American inventor John W. Hyatt mixed solid pyroxylin and camphor to produce the first commercially successful plastic, known as celluloid, which he patented the next year. After World War I nitrocellulose was employed in paints for the booming auto industry. Although nitrocellulose coatings are no longer employed on a massive scale, owing to restrictions on the use of products that contain volatile organic compounds, nitrocellulose continues to be used as a film-forming polymer in certain specialty coatings.


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With in-person early voting beginning today and North Carolina's March 3 primary election day moving closer, voters may be paying attention to what's happened in other states to this point.
Just a week after the Iowa Democratic Party failed to deliver a functional caucus, New Hampshire's election professionals carried out the state's primary without a hitch on Tuesday.
It's the New Hampshire model, not the Iowa fiasco, that North Carolina's primaries are expected to resemble.
That's because the state's March 3 primaries are "in no way similar" to Iowa's caucuses, according to state Board of Elections spokesperson Pat Gannon.
The differences between a primary and a caucus make it very unlikely that the meltdown that prevented Iowa's election night results from being reported quickly, accurately or completely will happen here in North Carolina, according to several leaders of election administration and technology nonprofits and the state's election officials.
But the layers of security that North Carolina has in place should also prevent any small problems from causing the process to unravel.
Even if something unforeseen were to happen, state election officials are prepared, they say.
"We have paper and electronic backups of every single vote cast in North Carolina," Gannon told CPP.
"If there are unanticipated website issues, we still will have accurate, verifiable results."
Addressing concerns after Iowa
In an ideal world, Iowa's failures would not affect voter confidence in North Carolina, said David Becker, the executive director and founder of the nonprofit Center for Election Innovation and Research.
But he admits that stories of election mishaps from other contexts or even eras can shake voter confidence in the here and now.
"Those kinds of myths can really diminish voter confidence nationwide in a national election like we're going to experience in November," Becker said.
"It's why election officials have such a difficult job to do."
The job is twofold, Becker said. First, elections need to be as secure and as accessible as possible. Second, especially in the face of misinformation, election officials need to communicate that security and accessibility to voters.
CPP has reviewed North Carolina's election night reporting procedures and election security, which are largely in line with national best practices. The state board has also launched a voter confidence campaign to communicate its security stance to the public.
Lessons learned from Iowa 2020
Iowa Democratic Party officials, who were responsible for running the caucuses, made several logistical errors that are not at play in North Carolina.
First, they relied on new technology that was rapidly designed and deployed, with minimal testing and no security reviews or certifications by the state or federal government, as reported by several news outlets.
The party planned to use a phone app to send caucus tallies to a central office to compile and report the results. But the volunteers who ran individual caucus sites were not adequately trained in the use of the app and were not prepared to use it on the night of the caucuses. Further, it is not clear how well the app actually worked.
In comparison, North Carolina's election night reporting system has been in place since 2014 and has not undergone any significant changes since the 2019 municipal elections, according to Gannon.
Further, the system has undergone mock elections to make sure that it can handle the amount of data it will receive on election night. The people inputting the data are county election staff members who are professionals with experience using the system.
The Iowa caucus's second major mistake was not properly tracking paper records.
This year, the caucus used a new system of voter preference cards, but the cards were not subjected to the same security, monitoring and maintenance that are required of paper ballots in primary states like North Carolina. This led to numerous errors in the reporting of caucus results.
The reason the voter preference cards were not well-maintained, according to John Sebes, the co-founder and chief technology officer for the Open Source Election Technology Institute, was that the Iowa Democratic Party was planning on using the election night reporting results as the official results of the caucus.
The Iowa Democratic Party was not treating the election preference cards that every caucusgoer filled out "as the moral equivalent of paper ballots from which the official count is taken," Sebes said.
In every state that runs primary elections, election night results are unofficial.
North Carolina's results are not made official until several audits are conducted, making sure the first count is correct. In addition, many mail-in and provisional ballots, counting in the many thousands for statewide or national elections, are processed after election night.
Because the paper ballots are the official tally of the vote – not what is reported online on election night – ballots in North Carolina are subjected to much more rigorous control, monitoring and accounting than the Iowa voter preference cards.
Every election official and expert with whom CPP talked for this article stressed the same point: Election night results are not official results.
"The results that media and media consumers hear on election night, or even in the immediate day or days after an election, are all unofficial," Becker said.
"They have no legal meaning at all. And there's a really good reason for that. That's because, again, we want to get things accurate and complete rather than get it fast."
North Carolina's counties are scheduled to certify the primary results on March 13. Once they have done that, each county's results will be passed to the state Board of Elections for further review before the statewide results are certified. There is no date set for that certification, as the timing is not laid out in state statute, Gannon said.
If something were to happen…
Though it is unlikely, if the state's election night reporting system were to go down for any reason during the primary, backup plans and procedures are in place in North Carolina.
Unlike Iowa, where every caucus site reported results to a single location, North Carolina has a diffuse structure, said Charlie Collicutt, Guilford County's election director.
For Collicutt, 165 precincts report to him, and he reports to the state. That model is repeated across all 100 counties.
That means that each county has its own results and that a failure of the election night reporting system would be a problem for news media outlets and campaigns seeking quick results, but it would not have any impact on the quality, accuracy or preservation of votes themselves.
"We have the ballots if we need them, on-site," Collicutt said.
Those ballots can be recounted by a high-speed scanner, by multiple smaller scanners, by hand, whatever needs to be done, Collicutt said.
While it does not seem that the state Board of Elections has so far issued a cohesive backup plan for reporting election night results in the unlikely scenario that the state system goes down, that may be addressed in the Election Security Plan the board plans to release in the coming weeks.
However, Collicutt said he could always release his county's results on the county webpage. Rae Hunter-Havens, election director for New Hanover County, suggested the same or that she could call in results to the state board. Even if it were a significant inconvenience, news media outlets could get election night results county by county.
State Board of Elections Chairman Damon Circosta does not think there will be any problem with the election night reporting system.
"But if we do have a delay," Circosta said, "that's going to invite concern. And the most important thing for the public and the media to know is that that a delay doesn't necessarily mean an inaccuracy. A delay means that we're going to get it right before we get it fast."
Collicutt and Hunter-Havens expressed similar sentiments, describing the checks they do on election night before submitting results to the state system.
"We understand everybody wants to see the unofficial results," Hunter-Havens said.
"But we also want to make sure that we're following all of both the state protocols and our internal checks to make sure the data is accurate."
Speed, accuracy and security
The pressure to report results on election night can be intense. Both Collicutt and Hunter-Havens have admitted feeling it. But both stressed that they would not report results they did not feel were accurate.
Getting results out quickly but doing all the checks to make sure the unofficial election night results are accurate is a "tight tightrope to walk," Collicutt said.
In line with the county election officials, Becker said transparency was more important than speed.
"Don't be a slave to the media's demands for quick responses," Becker said.
"One of the real challenges in Iowa, was that at 9:30 there were anchors on the cable news networks, you know, complaining that the results weren't in and speculating about, you know, kind of conspiracy theories about that. That is not responsible."
Becker also said the public needed to manage expectations.
"There's never been an election that happened where there weren't routine problems," Becker said.
"There are going to be some places where polling places don't open at the right time, where someone's late, where a poll worker doesn't properly do something because they missed that part of training, where a voting machine wasn't plugged in properly. Those are very, very normal things."
There is a significant difference between these types of routine problems and a systematic undermining of election results that many Americans fear, given reporting on foreign interference in the 2016 elections and the expected interference in this year's contests.
That drumbeat of uncertainty becomes louder when failures like the Iowa caucus happen. The Democratic Party of Iowa's missteps became magnified by fake Twitter accounts spreading disinformation, and when the phone number for reporting results was posted on the chat site 4Chan, prompting prank callers and trolls to flood the lines, making reporting results more difficult.
"So there's a threat here, whether it's pranksters or actual nation-state adversaries at some point," Sebes said.
"There's a threat here that all of the primaries' legitimacy now has to face that simply wasn't the case in prior years."
It's the role of election official and journalists, Sebes said, to inoculate the public against that kind of disinformation. Even little screw-ups, which happen every election, can feed the disinformation cycle.
"Because ultimately what I'm saying here, North Carolina probably has pretty good practices," Sebes said. "They should just talk it up to the public."
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The Morning Call
Following a year with thrilling years and humiliating lows for African sport in 2018, the continent will be looking forward to capitalising on gains made for the year ahead.
With at least five World Cups lined up in 2019, many in Africa will be rooting for major silverware, and the global glory that has often eluded African national teams.
In this article, we highlight the major sporting events that are likely to dominate headlines in 2019.
The Confederation of African Football CAF will celebrate the best footballers on the continent, male and female, at a glamorous event in Dakar, Senegal, on January 8. Some of the awards to be handed out include African Player of the Year, Coach of the year and National Team of the Year.
The Australian Open will also take place in the city of Melbourne, from January 14, to January 27.
February will be a relatively quiet month, but fans of American Football can look forward to the Super Bowl, which will take place on February 3, in the city of Atlanta, Georgia. The much anticipated championship game will determine the winner of the 2018 National Football League season.
Media reports say US pop band group, Maroon 5 will headline the game's famous halftime show but the NFL is yet to confirm this news.
March will be a thrilling month for Formula One fans, who will catch action at the Australian Grand Prix on 17 March, before climaxing the month at the Bahrain Grand Prix on 31 March.
The reigning world heavyweight champion, Anthony Joshua, will face his next opponent at the Wembley Stadium on April 13. The British fighter, with Nigerian roots, is hoping to face American Deontay Wilder, who is the reigning WBC Champion.
AJ as Joshua is fondly referred to by his fans, is the unified heavyweight champoion, holding the IBF, IBO, WBO and WBA belts.
Kenya's Eliud Kipchoge will also get the opportunity to defend his London Marathon win, on April 28.
The 2019 Cricket World Cup, hosted by England and Wales, will kick off on 30 May, and run until 14 July. South Africa are Africa's solo representatives, and we wish them all the best. Bring it home, boys!
The European football season also ends in May and the champions of several leagues including the English, French, Italian, Spanish, German, Dutch and UEFA Champions League will be known by this time.
The UEFA Europa League Final will be held at the Baku Olympic Stadium, Baku, Azerbaijan, on May 29, while the Champions League final will be held on June 1, at the Estadio Metropolitano, in Madrid, Spain.
The CAF Champions League final, will also be held on June 1.
The historic African Nations Cup, featuring 24 teams and being held in June rather than January, for the first time, will kick off on 15 June, and go all the way to 13th July. While the host of the continent's biggest football tournament is yet to be determined, one of the biggest highlights will be the debut appearances of Madagascar and Mauritania at the tournament.
The finals of the newly created UEFA Nations League will be held between 5 and 9 June, in Portugal. Portugal take on Switzerland in one semi-final, while Netherlands take on England in the other.ALSO READ: The good, bad and ugly of African sport in 2018
July will be the month of women as it will feature two World Cups, celebrating the best female talent, in football and netball.
The Women's Football World Cup, hosted in France, which will have started on 7th June will crown a winner on 7th July. Africa will be represented at this tournament by Nigeria's Super Falcons, South Africa's Banyana Banyana and Cameroon's Indomitable Lionesses.
England will host the Netball World Cup, from July 12 to July 21. Africa's hopes of winning the tournament will be carried by Malawi's Queens, Uganda's She Cranes and Zimbabwe.
The CAF Super Cup, which features the winner of the elite CAF Champions League and the second-tier Confederation Cup, will be played between the 16, 17 or 18 August 2019. Hosted in Qatar, the 2019 Super Cup will the first to be played in August, but also most historically, it will be the first time that African teams are going to play a competitive fixture outside the continent.
The FIBA Basketball World Cup, hosted by China, which will have began on August 31, will crown a champion on September 15. Angola, Nigeria and Tunisia have already qualified for the tournament. The last two slots for Africa's representatives will be determined in February 2019.
October is officially Athletics month, featuring the The IAAF World Athletics Championships and All Africa Games. Doha, Qatar will host the World Championship from 27 September to 06 October, while Casablanca, Morocco will host the All Africa Games from 14 October to 31 October.
Japan will host the Rugby World Cup, from 20 September to 2 November. Africa will be represented by South Africa and Namibia. This will be the first time for the tournament to be hosted in Asia.
December is awards season, and traditionally features several events celebrating the best athletes and sports personalities of the year, including the IAAF Athletics Awards and the coveted Ballon d'Or award that names the best footballers in the world each year.
Hopefully, Africa's gallant sons and daughters will have done enough to sweep all the available accolades.@danmumbere


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Refreshing Mountain Retreat and Adventure Center
455 Camp Road
Stevens, PA 17578
Directions Reviews Video Discounts
Refreshing Mountain is a year-round retreat and adventure center that has provided family-friendly fun and refreshment in Lancaster County, PA for over 30 years.
We provide a variety of zipline courses and other outdoor adventures that are perfect for families, friends, individuals, dates, corporate team building events, school field trips, and more.
Looking for places to go ziplining in PA? Come be challenged and exhilarated! Push out of your comfort zone in a way you'll long remember, climbing through the trees as you take on the challenging ziplines in Lancaster County at Refreshing Mountain.
3 Zipline Adventure Courses:
- Aerial Excursion Zipline Tour – 7 zip lines, 3 sky bridges, 3500′ long, 40′ rappel ending (see video)
- Challenge Adventure Zipline Tour – 5 zip lines, 9 challenge elements, 1400′ long (see video)
- The Flying V Zipline Tour – 2 zip lines, great for first-timers and ages 5+ (see video)
Whether you're looking for a zipline for kids or adults, the canopy ziplines at Refreshing Mountain are safe and exciting for individuals, families, and groups.
Prices start at less than $40/person! Reservations are required – book online today!
Elevated Obstacle Course
(High Ropes Course)
This isn't your average high ropes course! Our elevated obstacle course has 2 levels and 22 challenging elements, including features such as a climbing wall, slackline, vertical logs, multiple bridges and platforms, and a variety of other climbing features.
Prices are affordable for this fun 1 hour activity!
More Activities (Outdoor & Indoor)
In addition to our zipline and ropes courses, our Outdoor Adventure Center has lots of exciting (and even educational) adventures for all ages and group sizes. All activities include free access to hiking trails and our outdoor playground.
Activities vary by group size, and include:
- Archery
- Climbing Tower
- Farm Animals
- Giant Swing
- Pedal Carts
- Rappelling
- Wildlife Center
- Outdoor Swimming Pool
- Escape Rooms
See Activities Based on Group Size:
All Outdoor Activities »
Refreshing Mountain is built on 80 acres of beautiful Pennsylvania woodland, conveniently located near the PA Turnpike (I-76) just 25 minutes north of Lancaster, 30 minutes east of Hershey, 60 minutes west of King of Prussia, and just 90 minutes west of Fairmount Park and center city Philadelphia. So if you're looking for zip lining near Philadelphia, check us out!
Looking to stay overnight? Check out our cabin rentals.
Refreshing Mountain
Retreat & Adventure Center
455 Camp Road
Stevens, PA 17578
Directions Reviews Video Discounts


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Hi guys, I'm sporty buff camgirl latina EmilyHawk. Do you like my sexy workout pic? I spend a lot of time in the gym and love to be active. Sometimes I take part in fitness competitions, which is really good fun.
Sports have always been a big part of my life. I love jogging, biking, swimming and anything extreme really. It gives me great stamina, which is wonderful cause it makes me look hot and full of energy. My bateries dont run out fast. So be prepared, if you want to play with me, you better have a lot of stamina. I want to take you to your sexual limits!
Just llike loving long sessions at the gym, I like sex to last as long as possible. I love teasing and pushing the body to its limits. Adore getting to that point where it shakes and trembles in pleasue, wishing for it to never end. Then when you're finally at the highest point of ecstasy, I'll finally let you take that deep gasp which sends you gushing over the edge.
I don't like liars or unfaithful people. If you are here of free will and free choice, there is nothing to hide. It's hard to get to know you if you lie. So cast your fears aside. Come to me and be yourself. We'll have an amazing time together.
You got some fantasies you want to share with your sporty buff camgirl lover, I know. We're gonna take them and make some whole new ones all of our own. It's gonna be awesom!


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The second floor plans went from this...
|Plans found here
to this...
As with the first floor, we reversed the plans to better fit our lot.
We were once again inspired by the Parade of Homes and liked the concept of a Jack & Jill area.
Our children (if they ever exist...sorry Mom) will not know how to share.....unless we have 6 of them (there you go Mom).
Each will have their own bedroom and sink area and will share a shower and toilet. I hope they can handle that. Spoiled brats.
Each room has a fairly decent sized closet as well.
I originally debated the upstairs laundry. I had never heard of such a thing. I live in Iowa. I don't get out much. I did like the idea of not having to lug laundry baskets full of clothes up and down stairs. So it stayed...and it was a FABULOUS decision.
The master bedroom stayed the same...except we were cheap and left out the tray ceiling.
We didn't love the layout of the master bathroom. It just seemed weird to us. Nate wanted a walk-in shower with no curtain (awesome decision) and I wanted a claw foot tub (awesome decision). So we worked with the plan designer to come up with our current layout. We added 2 pocket doors as well.
The master closet does have a major design flaw....the giant double window. We had to incorporate it to keep the exterior from looking unbalanced. Not so good for privacy though.
At least we can watch fireworks from our closet now...
You live and you learn.
Overall, we did follow the inspiration design closely. We loved the walk-way and the separation of the master suite from the rest of the house.
Tomorrow we'll look at the change in the exterior of the house....note that giant window.


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EAGLES = Empowerment As God Leads Each Step
Established since 2006, EAGLES is a casual fellowship group for young adults in Hakka Methodist Church.
This ministry was set up as a platform to meet and serve God and friends. Besides fellowship and fun, EAGLES is a place to practice and learn your gifts and skills from trial and error. An opportunity for young adults to initiate projects and events, and learn from mistakes. In all, EAGLES is a ministry to prepare and strengthen young adults to become adult leaders and workers for God through the fellowship of love and mutual support.
As planned by the committee, the focus for EAGLES 2015 is to be:
- More Evangelistic
- More involved in social concerns
- More integrated with the church's activities and vision
From our focus of the year, EAGLES have planned out more events that will allow us to invite friends and care for the less fortunate.
We normally meet on the first Saturday of every month. These are the events planned out for the rest of the year.
|Movie Screening
|We will be watching Big Hero 6 and Guardians of the Galaxy.
|Amazing Race
|A fun race around town.
|Tea Party
|Inviting older adults to share about their lives with young adults over a tea party
|1-Aug (tbc)
|Visit Old folks home
|Young Adults will visit an old folks home
|Toy collection
|A program under Social Concerns Committee to collect and clean old toys for the less fortunate.
|Evangelistic Event
|A fun event to invite friends.
|A time for young adults to reflect on the year and give thanks to God.
|Christmas event
|A time to do something festive and give back to the community


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Sep 23, 2017
Get thee behind me Achilles. Hi, I'm Nuke, and this is the AntiSF Radio Show Achilles, in when the water rises we may retire on a word with Sammy of the five-hundred. Really? Let's get some facts. Achilles is a large and dark Jupiter trojan beast telescopically unmasked in 1906 by Max Wolf. It's diameter is about 135 kilometres, and this body is the first known example of a stable solution to the three body problem. And if you haven't read that yet, go get a copy now.
Well, maybe not right now. Stay here now and listen with me for three fine pieces of flash speculative fiction.
In This Show:
AntipodeanSF Radio Show by Ion Newcombe is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.
Based on a work at www.antisf.com.au.
Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at http://www.antisf.com.au/contact
Gregoire Lourme - Cinematic Volumes 1 to 8 - jamendo.com Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike CC BY-NC-SA
Speed Racer (II) by Nctrnm is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.
Julie's An Android Remix (Instrumental) by The Dirty Moogs is licensed under a Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 International License.
Featured Music: Devil Music - by Moscato (Erin, Jo and Monkey)


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Chase Elliott: 'Just make the rules and be done with it'
Former champions Kevin Harvick and Kyle Busch raised questions this week about if NASCAR is listening to the drivers.
Reigning champion Joey Logano said he believes NASCAR listens, while Chase Elliott questions if his voice should be heard in some matters.
"Just make the rules and be done with it," Elliott said Friday at Kansas Speedway.
The issue was raised after Monday's race at Dover International Speedway. Busch said the high horsepower and high downforce package there was "terrible" and added "All I can do is bitch about it and fall on deaf ears and we'll come back with the same thing in the fall."
A couple of days later, Kevin Harvick said on his SiriusXM NASCAR Radio show: "I think a lot of Kyle's frustration and what he's saying bleeds over to other drivers. You don't feel like your voice is being heard. … The driver's voice is not being heard very much on things when it comes to competition, especially when it comes to this particular style of rules package, and then you get to Dover and it boils over after the first 11 weeks."
Logano said Friday at Kansas Speedway that he felt drivers were being heard. Logano also recognized that drivers were not on the only ones consulted on various issues in the sport.
"There is plenty of other members that have a vested interest in what we do," he said. "You think of our fans for one. It has to be a good race. It has to look good and be good passing. Our TV partners will weigh in on that. Media members weigh in on that. The team owners weigh in on that. And yes, the drivers will weigh in on that.
"Do I feel like the drivers have a great view of what is happening? Yeah, probably better than anyone because you can do all the CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) studies and show me all these squiggly lines but there is nothing like real life when you get out there and actually feel it. There are only 40 people that really know what it feels like out there. I feel like the drivers have a good opinion of what is going on, but we also have to realize and almost take a step back and look at it from a global view of what is best for our sport.
"There are a lot of good metrics going on and you guys have all seen them as far as the ratings and approvals and all that stuff. It is all trending the right way. Dover was a little different, but it wasn't awful. There was still good racing back and forth, it was just different. To answer that, I do feel like our voice is heard. I just feel like it is not everything and it probably shouldn't be everything because there are other groups that need to be heard as well."
Elliott also addressed the question of if he was being heard.
"Frankly, I've tried to voice my opinion at different times or in those meetings we're supposed to voice our opinions in," he said. "At the end of the day, I've kind of come to the realization and maybe this will change as time goes, but I just don't think my opinion really matters to the people who make the rules. Really and truly, I'm not sure that it should.
"Why do the owners and drivers and teams even have a voice in some of that stuff, really, when it comes down to it. Just make the rules and be done with it. Trying to make everybody happy. We're racing. Either you like it or you don't."


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Off-campus UMass Amherst users: To download dissertations, please use the following link to log into our proxy server with your UMass Amherst user name and password.
Non-UMass Amherst users, please click the view more button below to purchase a copy of this dissertation from Proquest.
(Some titles may also be available free of charge in our Open Access Dissertation Collection, so please check there first.)
Investigation of fluid flow and heat transfer in grinding
In this dissertation, comprehensive thermal models are developed to account for the influence of grinding conditions on the temperatures generated. Various aspects of the heat transfer problem are analyzed and experimentally investigated including the fluid flow through the grinding zone, energy partition to the workpiece, heat flux distribution at the workpiece surface, cooling by the grinding fluid, transient temperatures during a grinding pass, and burn-out heat flux limits for creep-feed grinding. The work begins with an analysis of fluid flow through the grinding zone. The model predicts tangential and radial fluid velocities relative to the wheel, the depth of fluid penetration into the wheel pores, and the useful flow rate through the grinding zone. The useful flow rates predicted using the model are combined with experimental measurements for both conventional and creep-feed wheels to estimate the effective wheel porosity, which provides a measure of the ability of a wheel to pump fluid through the grinding zone. Thermal models are then developed to predict the partition of the total grinding heat to the workpiece, the fluid, and the grinding wheel. The thermal properties of the composite depend on the effective wheel porosity as described above. Results are obtained for the local partition of the total energy to the workpiece and to the composite along the grinding zone for different grinding conditions. For creep-feed grinding in the absence of fluid burn-out, the energy partition to the workpiece is typically only a few percent of the total. Inverse heat transfer methods are developed to determine the heat flux distribution to the workpiece from measured temperature distributions for regular grinding of steels with both conventional aluminum oxide wheels and CBN wheels. These results are also used to estimate the energy partition to the workpiece, as well as the wheel-workpiece contact length and convective heat transfer coefficient on the workpiece surface. A transient thermal analysis was developed. For creep-feed grinding, the temperature rise is found to be much bigger than the quasi-steady state value at the end of the cut. The transient temperature model is subsequently applied to predicting burn-out heat flux limits for creep-feed grinding. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
Subject Area
Mechanical engineering|Industrial engineering
Recommended Citation
Guo, Changsheng, "Investigation of fluid flow and heat transfer in grinding" (1993). Doctoral Dissertations Available from Proquest. AAI9408283.


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The Latest
He's Watching Me
For the eyes of the LORD move to and fro throughout the earth that He may strongly support those whose heart is completely His.
There's a scene in The Dark Knight where Batman sits high above Gotham City, surveying the scene, his eyes searching for some sign of distress or wrongdoing. And as soon as he spots such a thing, he swoops down from his perch and swoops in to save the day.
As much as I love Batman and his movies, I know that such a character cannot really exist. After all, what human has the ability to sit on a tall skyscraper and, with natural vision, spot a mugger stealing an old lady's handbag on yonder street corner? Would be nice though, wouldn't it? To know that someone is always watching, with your protection and best interests at heart …
Well, that's exactly who God is and that's exactly what God does. God really can see our situation, our every distress, our every challenge from where He sits. But He is no disinterested observer – His engagement doesn't stop with the seeing. No, our God is always looking, searching, scouring the earth for the opportunity to show us just how strong He is, to prove to us that He loves us, that He is in our corner, backing us up, clearing paths, making ways, and removing obstacles. And unlike Batman, God is not subject to human faults, foibles, or limitations. And God doesn't need the latest technological gadgets and gizmos to help Him discern your whereabouts or your needs and desires.
Now there is a catch: You have to love Him completely and you have to trust Him entirely. But that 's not much of a requirement, is it? And if you can manage those two small things, then the God of the Universe takes up your cause. Fights your battles. Opens (and closes) doors for you. The Creator of Heaven and Earth sits on His Throne, in His high Heaven and looks for ways to support you, empower you, and give you the abundant and joy-filled life He so greatly desires for you. Beats Batman every day of the week!
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