text: Hypertext Transfer Protocol Version 3 (HTTP/3) Akamai email@example.com Transport QUIC The QUIC transport protocol has several features that are desirable in a transport for HTTP, such as stream multiplexing, per-stream flow control, and low-latency connection establishment. This document describes a mapping of HTTP semantics over QUIC. This document also identifies HTTP/2 features that are subsumed by QUIC, and describes how HTTP/2 extensions can be ported to HTTP/3. Discussion of this draft takes place on the QUIC working group mailing list (email@example.com), which is archived at https://mailarchive.ietf.org/arch/search/?email_list=quic. Working Group information can be found at https://github.com/quicwg; source code and issues list for this draft can be found at https://github.com/quicwg/base-drafts/labels/-http. HTTP semantics are used for a broad range of services on the Internet. These semantics have commonly been used with two different TCP mappings, HTTP/1.1 and HTTP/2. HTTP/3 supports the same semantics over a new transport protocol, QUIC. HTTP/1.1 is a TCP mapping which uses whitespace-delimited text fields to convey HTTP messages. While these exchanges are human-readable, using whitespace for message formatting leads to parsing difficulties and workarounds to be tolerant of variant behavior. Because each connection can transfer only a single HTTP request or response at a time in each direction, multiple parallel TCP connections are often used, reducing the ability of the congestion controller to accurately manage traffic between endpoints. HTTP/2 introduced a binary framing and multiplexing layer to improve latency without modifying the transport layer. However, because the parallel nature of HTTP/2's multiplexing is not visible to TCP's loss recovery mechanisms, a lost or reordered packet causes all active transactions to experience a stall regardless of whether that transaction was impacted by the lost packet. The QUIC transport protocol incorporates stream multiplexing and per-stream flow control, similar to that provided by the HTTP/2 framing layer. By providing reliability at the stream level and congestion control across the entire connection, it has the capability to improve the performance of HTTP compared to a TCP mapping. QUIC also incorporates TLS 1.3 at the transport layer, offering comparable security to running TLS over TCP, with the improved connection setup latency of TCP Fast Open . This document defines a mapping of HTTP semantics over the QUIC transport protocol, drawing heavily on the design of HTTP/2. While delegating stream lifetime and flow control issues to QUIC, a similar binary framing is used on each stream. Some HTTP/2 features are subsumed by QUIC, while other features are implemented atop QUIC. QUIC is described in . For a full description of HTTP/2, see . HTTP/3 provides a transport for HTTP semantics using the QUIC transport protocol and an internal framing layer similar to HTTP/2. Once a client knows that an HTTP/3 server exists at a certain endpoint, it opens a QUIC connection. QUIC provides protocol negotiation, stream-based multiplexing, and flow control. An HTTP/3 endpoint can be discovered using HTTP Alternative Services; this process is described in greater detail in . Within each stream, the basic unit of HTTP/3 communication is a frame (). Each frame type serves a different purpose. For example, HEADERS and DATA frames form the basis of HTTP requests and responses (). Multiplexing of requests is performed using the QUIC stream abstraction, described in . Each request-response pair consumes a single QUIC stream. Streams are independent of each other, so one stream that is blocked or suffers packet loss does not prevent progress on other streams. Server push is an interaction mode introduced in HTTP/2 which permits a server to push a request-response exchange to a client in anticipation of the client making the indicated request. This trades off network usage against a potential latency gain. Several HTTP/3 frames are used to manage server push, such as PUSH_PROMISE, DUPLICATE_PUSH, MAX_PUSH_ID, and CANCEL_PUSH. As in HTTP/2, request and response headers are compressed for transmission. Because HPACK relies on in-order transmission of compressed header blocks (a guarantee not provided by QUIC), HTTP/3 replaces HPACK with QPACK . QPACK uses separate unidirectional streams to modify and track header table state, while header blocks refer to the state of the table without modifying it. The following sections provide a detailed overview of the connection lifecycle and key concepts: Connection Setup and Management () covers how an HTTP/3 endpoint is discovered and a connection is established. HTTP Request Lifecycle () describes how HTTP semantics are expressed using frames. Connection Closure () describes how connections are terminated, either gracefully or abruptly. The details of the wire protocol and interactions with the transport are described in subsequent sections: Stream Mapping and Usage () describes the way QUIC streams are used. HTTP Framing Layer () describes the frames used on most streams. Error Handling () describes how error conditions are handled and expressed, either on a particular stream or for the connection as a whole. Additional resources are provided in the final sections: Extensions to HTTP/3 () describes how new capabilities can be added in future documents. A more detailed comparison between HTTP/2 and HTTP/3 can be found in . The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here. Field definitions are given in Augmented Backus-Naur Form (ABNF), as defined in . This document uses the variable-length integer encoding from . The following terms are used: An abrupt termination of a connection or stream, possibly due to an error condition. The endpoint that initiates an HTTP/3 connection. Clients send HTTP requests and receive HTTP responses. A transport-layer connection between two endpoints, using QUIC as the transport protocol. An error that affects the entire HTTP/3 connection. Either the client or server of the connection. The smallest unit of communication on a stream in HTTP/3, consisting of a header and a variable-length sequence of bytes structured according to the frame type. Protocol elements called "frames" exist in both this document and . Where frames from are referenced, the frame name will be prefaced with "QUIC." For example, "QUIC CONNECTION_CLOSE frames." References without this preface refer to frames defined in . An endpoint. When discussing a particular endpoint, "peer" refers to the endpoint that is remote to the primary subject of discussion. An endpoint that is receiving frames. An endpoint that is transmitting frames. The endpoint that accepts an HTTP/3 connection. Servers receive HTTP requests and send HTTP responses. A bidirectional or unidirectional bytestream provided by the QUIC transport. An error on the individual HTTP/3 stream. The term "payload body" is defined in . Finally, the terms "gateway", "intermediary", "proxy", and "tunnel" are defined in . Intermediaries act as both client and server at different times. RFC Editor's Note: Please remove this section prior to publication of a final version of this document. HTTP/3 uses the token "h3" to identify itself in ALPN and Alt-Svc. Only implementations of the final, published RFC can identify themselves as "h3". Until such an RFC exists, implementations MUST NOT identify themselves using this string. Implementations of draft versions of the protocol MUST add the string "-" and the corresponding draft number to the identifier. For example, draft-ietf-quic-http-01 is identified using the string "h3-01". Non-compatible experiments that are based on these draft versions MUST append the string "-" and an experiment name to the identifier. For example, an experimental implementation based on draft-ietf-quic-http-09 which reserves an extra stream for unsolicited transmission of 1980s pop music might identify itself as "h3-09-rickroll". Note that any label MUST conform to the "token" syntax defined in . Experimenters are encouraged to coordinate their experiments on the email@example.com mailing list. An HTTP origin advertises the availability of an equivalent HTTP/3 endpoint via the Alt-Svc HTTP response header field or the HTTP/2 ALTSVC frame (), using the ALPN token defined in . For example, an origin could indicate in an HTTP response that HTTP/3 was available on UDP port 50781 at the same hostname by including the following header field: Alt-Svc: h3=":50781" On receipt of an Alt-Svc record indicating HTTP/3 support, a client MAY attempt to establish a QUIC connection to the indicated host and port and, if successful, send HTTP requests using the mapping described in this document. Connectivity problems (e.g. firewall blocking UDP) can result in QUIC connection establishment failure, in which case the client SHOULD continue using the existing connection or try another alternative endpoint offered by the origin. Servers MAY serve HTTP/3 on any UDP port, since an alternative always includes an explicit port. HTTP/3 relies on QUIC as the underlying transport. The QUIC version being used MUST use TLS version 1.3 or greater as its handshake protocol. HTTP/3 clients MUST indicate the target domain name during the TLS handshake. This may be done using the Server Name Indication (SNI) extension to TLS or using some other mechanism. QUIC connections are established as described in . During connection establishment, HTTP/3 support is indicated by selecting the ALPN token "h3" in the TLS handshake. Support for other application-layer protocols MAY be offered in the same handshake. While connection-level options pertaining to the core QUIC protocol are set in the initial crypto handshake, HTTP/3-specific settings are conveyed in the SETTINGS frame. After the QUIC connection is established, a SETTINGS frame () MUST be sent by each endpoint as the initial frame of their respective HTTP control stream (see ). Once a connection exists to a server endpoint, this connection MAY be reused for requests with multiple different URI authority components. The client MAY send any requests for which the client considers the server authoritative. An authoritative HTTP/3 endpoint is typically discovered because the client has received an Alt-Svc record from the request's origin which nominates the endpoint as a valid HTTP Alternative Service for that origin. As required by , clients MUST check that the nominated server can present a valid certificate for the origin before considering it authoritative. Clients MUST NOT assume that an HTTP/3 endpoint is authoritative for other origins without an explicit signal. Prior to making requests for an origin whose scheme is not "https," the client MUST ensure the server is willing to serve that scheme. If the client intends to make requests for an origin whose scheme is "http", this means that it MUST obtain a valid http-opportunistic response for the origin as described in prior to making any such requests. Other schemes might define other mechanisms. A server that does not wish clients to reuse connections for a particular origin can indicate that it is not authoritative for a request by sending a 421 (Misdirected Request) status code in response to the request (see ). The considerations discussed in also apply to the management of HTTP/3 connections. A client sends an HTTP request on a client-initiated bidirectional QUIC stream. A client MUST send only a single request on a given stream. A server sends zero or more non-final HTTP responses on the same stream as the request, followed by a single final HTTP response, as detailed below. An HTTP message (request or response) consists of: the message header (see ), sent as a single HEADERS frame (see ), optionally, the payload body, if present (see ), sent as a series of DATA frames (see ), optionally, trailing headers, if present (see ), sent as a single HEADERS frame. A server MAY send one or more PUSH_PROMISE (see ) or DUPLICATE_PUSH (see ) frames before, after, or interleaved with the frames of a response message. These PUSH_PROMISE and DUPLICATE_PUSH frames are not part of the response; see for more details. Frames of unknown types (), including reserved frames () MAY be sent on a request or push stream before, after, or interleaved with other frames described in this section. The HEADERS and PUSH_PROMISE frames might reference updates to the QPACK dynamic table. While these updates are not directly part of the message exchange, they must be received and processed before the message can be consumed. See for more details. The "chunked" transfer encoding defined in MUST NOT be used. A response MAY consist of multiple messages when and only when one or more informational responses (1xx; see ) precede a final response to the same request. Non-final responses do not contain a payload body or trailers. If an endpoint receives an invalid sequence of frames on either a request or a push stream, it MUST respond with a connection error of type H3_FRAME_UNEXPECTED (). In particular, a DATA frame before any HEADERS frame, or a HEADERS or DATA frame after the trailing HEADERS frame is considered invalid. An HTTP request/response exchange fully consumes a bidirectional QUIC stream. After sending a request, a client MUST close the stream for sending. Unless using the CONNECT method (see ), clients MUST NOT make stream closure dependent on receiving a response to their request. After sending a final response, the server MUST close the stream for sending. At this point, the QUIC stream is fully closed. When a stream is closed, this indicates the end of an HTTP message. Because some messages are large or unbounded, endpoints SHOULD begin processing partial HTTP messages once enough of the message has been received to make progress. If a client stream terminates without enough of the HTTP message to provide a complete response, the server SHOULD abort its response with the error code H3_REQUEST_INCOMPLETE. A server can send a complete response prior to the client sending an entire request if the response does not depend on any portion of the request that has not been sent and received. When the server does not need to receive the remainder of the request, it MAY abort reading the request stream, send a complete response, and cleanly close the sending part of the stream. The error code H3_NO_ERROR SHOULD be used when requesting that the client stop sending on the request stream. Clients MUST NOT discard complete responses as a result of having their request terminated abruptly, though clients can always discard responses at their discretion for other reasons. If the server sends a partial or complete response but does not abort reading, clients SHOULD continue sending the body of the request and close the stream normally. HTTP message headers carry information as a series of key-value pairs, called header fields. For a listing of registered HTTP header fields, see the "Message Header Field" registry maintained at https://www.iana.org/assignments/message-headers. Just as in previous versions of HTTP, header field names are strings of ASCII characters that are compared in a case-insensitive fashion. Properties of HTTP header field names and values are discussed in more detail in , though the wire rendering in HTTP/3 differs. As in HTTP/2, header field names MUST be converted to lowercase prior to their encoding. A request or response containing uppercase header field names MUST be treated as malformed (). As in HTTP/2, HTTP/3 uses special pseudo-header fields beginning with the ':' character (ASCII 0x3a) to convey the target URI, the method of the request, and the status code for the response. These pseudo-header fields are defined in Section and of . Pseudo-header fields are not HTTP header fields. Endpoints MUST NOT generate pseudo-header fields other than those defined in . The restrictions on the use of pseudo-header fields in also apply to HTTP/3. Messages which are considered malformed under these restrictions are handled as described in . HTTP/3 uses QPACK header compression as described in , a variation of HPACK which allows the flexibility to avoid header-compression-induced head-of-line blocking. See that document for additional details. To allow for better compression efficiency, the cookie header field MAY be split into separate header fields, each with one or more cookie-pairs, before compression. If a decompressed header list contains multiple cookie header fields, these MUST be concatenated before being passed into a non-HTTP/2, non-HTTP/3 context, as described in . An HTTP/3 implementation MAY impose a limit on the maximum size of the message header it will accept on an individual HTTP message. A server that receives a larger header field list than it is willing to handle can send an HTTP 431 (Request Header Fields Too Large) status code . A client can discard responses that it cannot process. The size of a header field list is calculated based on the uncompressed size of header fields, including the length of the name and value in bytes plus an overhead of 32 bytes for each header field. If an implementation wishes to advise its peer of this limit, it can be conveyed as a number of bytes in the SETTINGS_MAX_HEADER_LIST_SIZE parameter. An implementation which has received this parameter SHOULD NOT send an HTTP message header which exceeds the indicated size, as the peer will likely refuse to process it. However, because this limit is applied at each hop, messages below this limit are not guaranteed to be accepted. Clients can cancel requests by resetting and aborting the request stream with an error code of H3_REQUEST_CANCELLED (). When the client aborts reading a response, it indicates that this response is no longer of interest. Implementations SHOULD cancel requests by abruptly terminating any directions of a stream that are still open. When the server rejects a request without performing any application processing, it SHOULD abort its response stream with the error code H3_REQUEST_REJECTED. In this context, "processed" means that some data from the stream was passed to some higher layer of software that might have taken some action as a result. The client can treat requests rejected by the server as though they had never been sent at all, thereby allowing them to be retried later on a new connection. Servers MUST NOT use the H3_REQUEST_REJECTED error code for requests which were partially or fully processed. When a server abandons a response after partial processing, it SHOULD abort its response stream with the error code H3_REQUEST_CANCELLED. When a client resets a request with the error code H3_REQUEST_CANCELLED, a server MAY abruptly terminate the response using the error code H3_REQUEST_REJECTED if no processing was performed. Clients MUST NOT use the H3_REQUEST_REJECTED error code, except when a server has requested closure of the request stream with this error code. If a stream is cancelled after receiving a complete response, the client MAY ignore the cancellation and use the response. However, if a stream is cancelled after receiving a partial response, the response SHOULD NOT be used. Automatically retrying such requests is not possible, unless this is otherwise permitted (e.g., idempotent actions like GET, PUT, or DELETE). A malformed request or response is one that is an otherwise valid sequence of frames but is invalid due to the presence of extraneous frames, prohibited header fields, the absence of mandatory header fields, or the inclusion of uppercase header field names. A request or response that includes a payload body can include a content-length header field. A request or response is also malformed if the value of a content-length header field does not equal the sum of the DATA frame payload lengths that form the body. A response that is defined to have no payload, as described in can have a non-zero content-length header field, even though no content is included in DATA frames. Intermediaries that process HTTP requests or responses (i.e., any intermediary not acting as a tunnel) MUST NOT forward a malformed request or response. Malformed requests or responses that are detected MUST be treated as a stream error () of type H3_GENERAL_PROTOCOL_ERROR. For malformed requests, a server MAY send an HTTP response prior to closing or resetting the stream. Clients MUST NOT accept a malformed response. Note that these requirements are intended to protect against several types of common attacks against HTTP; they are deliberately strict because being permissive can expose implementations to these vulnerabilities. The pseudo-method CONNECT () is primarily used with HTTP proxies to establish a TLS session with an origin server for the purposes of interacting with "https" resources. In HTTP/1.x, CONNECT is used to convert an entire HTTP connection into a tunnel to a remote host. In HTTP/2, the CONNECT method is used to establish a tunnel over a single HTTP/2 stream to a remote host for similar purposes. A CONNECT request in HTTP/3 functions in the same manner as in HTTP/2. The request MUST be formatted as described in . A CONNECT request that does not conform to these restrictions is malformed (see ). The request stream MUST NOT be closed at the end of the request. A proxy that supports CONNECT establishes a TCP connection () to the server identified in the ":authority" pseudo-header field. Once this connection is successfully established, the proxy sends a HEADERS frame containing a 2xx series status code to the client, as defined in . All DATA frames on the stream correspond to data sent or received on the TCP connection. Any DATA frame sent by the client is transmitted by the proxy to the TCP server; data received from the TCP server is packaged into DATA frames by the proxy. Note that the size and number of TCP segments is not guaranteed to map predictably to the size and number of HTTP DATA or QUIC STREAM frames. Once the CONNECT method has completed, only DATA frames are permitted to be sent on the stream. Extension frames MAY be used if specifically permitted by the definition of the extension. Receipt of any other frame type MUST be treated as a connection error of type H3_FRAME_UNEXPECTED. The TCP connection can be closed by either peer. When the client ends the request stream (that is, the receive stream at the proxy enters the "Data Recvd" state), the proxy will set the FIN bit on its connection to the TCP server. When the proxy receives a packet with the FIN bit set, it will terminate the send stream that it sends to the client. TCP connections which remain half-closed in a single direction are not invalid, but are often handled poorly by servers, so clients SHOULD NOT close a stream for sending while they still expect to receive data from the target of the CONNECT. A TCP connection error is signaled by abruptly terminating the stream. A proxy treats any error in the TCP connection, which includes receiving a TCP segment with the RST bit set, as a stream error of type H3_CONNECT_ERROR (). Correspondingly, if a proxy detects an error with the stream or the QUIC connection, it MUST close the TCP connection. If the underlying TCP implementation permits it, the proxy SHOULD send a TCP segment with the RST bit set. HTTP/3 does not support the HTTP Upgrade mechanism () or 101 (Switching Protocols) informational status code (). Server push is an interaction mode introduced in HTTP/2 which permits a server to push a request-response exchange to a client in anticipation of the client making the indicated request. This trades off network usage against a potential latency gain. HTTP/3 server push is similar to what is described in HTTP/2 , but uses different mechanisms. Each server push is identified by a unique Push ID. This Push ID is used in a single PUSH_PROMISE frame (see ) which carries the request headers, possibly included in one or more DUPLICATE_PUSH frames (see ), then included with the push stream which ultimately fulfills those promises. Server push is only enabled on a connection when a client sends a MAX_PUSH_ID frame (see ). A server cannot use server push until it receives a MAX_PUSH_ID frame. A client sends additional MAX_PUSH_ID frames to control the number of pushes that a server can promise. A server SHOULD use Push IDs sequentially, starting at 0. A client MUST treat receipt of a push stream with a Push ID that is greater than the maximum Push ID as a connection error of type H3_ID_ERROR. The header of the request message is carried by a PUSH_PROMISE frame (see ) on the request stream which generated the push. Promised requests MUST conform to the requirements in . Each pushed response is associated with one or more client requests. The push is associated with the request stream on which the PUSH_PROMISE frame was received. The same server push can be associated with additional client requests using a DUPLICATE_PUSH frame (see ). These associations do not affect the operation of the protocol, but MAY be used by user agents when deciding how to use pushed resources. Ordering of a PUSH_PROMISE or DUPLICATE_PUSH in relation to certain parts of the response is important. The server SHOULD send PUSH_PROMISE or DUPLICATE_PUSH frames prior to sending HEADERS or DATA frames that reference the promised responses. This reduces the chance that a client requests a resource that will be pushed by the server. When a server later fulfills a promise, the server push response is conveyed on a push stream (see ). The push stream identifies the Push ID of the promise that it fulfills, then contains a response to the promised request using the same format described for responses in . Due to reordering, DUPLICATE_PUSH frames or push stream data can arrive before the corresponding PUSH_PROMISE frame. When a client receives a DUPLICATE_PUSH frame for an as-yet-unknown Push ID, the request headers of the push are not immediately available. The client can either delay generating new requests for content referenced following the DUPLICATE_PUSH frame until the request headers become available, or can initiate requests for discovered resources and cancel the requests if the requested resource is already being pushed. When a client receives a new push stream with an as-yet-unknown Push ID, both the associated client request and the pushed request headers are unknown. The client can buffer the stream data in expectation of the matching PUSH_PROMISE. The client can use stream flow control (see section 4.1 of ) to limit the amount of data a server may commit to the pushed stream. If a promised server push is not needed by the client, the client SHOULD send a CANCEL_PUSH frame. If the push stream is already open or opens after sending the CANCEL_PUSH frame, the client can abort reading the stream with an error code of H3_REQUEST_CANCELLED. This asks the server not to transfer additional data and indicates that it will be discarded upon receipt. Once established, an HTTP/3 connection can be used for many requests and responses over time until the connection is closed. Connection closure can happen in any of several different ways. Each QUIC endpoint declares an idle timeout during the handshake. If the connection remains idle (no packets received) for longer than this duration, the peer will assume that the connection has been closed. HTTP/3 implementations will need to open a new connection for new requests if the existing connection has been idle for longer than the server's advertised idle timeout, and SHOULD do so if approaching the idle timeout. HTTP clients are expected to request that the transport keep connections open while there are responses outstanding for requests or server pushes, as described in . If the client is not expecting a response from the server, allowing an idle connection to time out is preferred over expending effort maintaining a connection that might not be needed. A gateway MAY maintain connections in anticipation of need rather than incur the latency cost of connection establishment to servers. Servers SHOULD NOT actively keep connections open. Even when a connection is not idle, either endpoint can decide to stop using the connection and let the connection close gracefully. Since clients drive request generation, clients perform a connection shutdown by not sending additional requests on the connection; responses and pushed responses associated to previous requests will continue to completion. Servers perform the same function by communicating with clients. Servers initiate the shutdown of a connection by sending a GOAWAY frame (). The GOAWAY frame indicates that client-initiated requests on lower stream IDs were or might be processed in this connection, while requests on the indicated stream ID and greater were rejected. This enables client and server to agree on which requests were accepted prior to the connection shutdown. This identifier MAY be zero if no requests were processed. Servers SHOULD NOT permit additional QUIC streams after sending a GOAWAY frame. Clients MUST NOT send new requests on the connection after receiving GOAWAY; a new connection MAY be established to send additional requests. Some requests might already be in transit. If the client has already sent requests on streams with a Stream ID greater than or equal to that indicated in the GOAWAY frame, those requests will not be processed and MAY be retried by the client on a different connection. The client MAY cancel these requests. It is RECOMMENDED that the server explicitly reject such requests (see ) in order to clean up transport state for the affected streams. Requests on Stream IDs less than the Stream ID in the GOAWAY frame might have been processed; their status cannot be known until a response is received, the stream is reset individually, or the connection terminates. Servers MAY reject individual requests on streams below the indicated ID if these requests were not processed. Servers SHOULD send a GOAWAY frame when the closing of a connection is known in advance, even if the advance notice is small, so that the remote peer can know whether a request has been partially processed or not. For example, if an HTTP client sends a POST at the same time that a server closes a QUIC connection, the client cannot know if the server started to process that POST request if the server does not send a GOAWAY frame to indicate what streams it might have acted on. A client that is unable to retry requests loses all requests that are in flight when the server closes the connection. A server MAY send multiple GOAWAY frames indicating different stream IDs, but MUST NOT increase the value they send in the last Stream ID, since clients might already have retried unprocessed requests on another connection. A server that is attempting to gracefully shut down a connection can send an initial GOAWAY frame with the last Stream ID set to the maximum possible value for a client-initiated, bidirectional stream (i.e. 2^62-4 in case of QUIC version 1). This GOAWAY frame signals to the client that shutdown is imminent and that initiating further requests is prohibited. After allowing time for any in-flight requests to reach the server, the server can send another GOAWAY frame indicating which requests it will accept before the end of the connection. This ensures that a connection can be cleanly shut down without causing requests to fail. Once all accepted requests have been processed, the server can permit the connection to become idle, or MAY initiate an immediate closure of the connection. An endpoint that completes a graceful shutdown SHOULD use the H3_NO_ERROR code when closing the connection. If a client has consumed all available bidirectional stream IDs with requests, the server need not send a GOAWAY frame, since the client is unable to make further requests. An HTTP/3 implementation can immediately close the QUIC connection at any time. This results in sending a QUIC CONNECTION_CLOSE frame to the peer; the error code in this frame indicates to the peer why the connection is being closed. See for error codes which can be used when closing a connection. Before closing the connection, a GOAWAY MAY be sent to allow the client to retry some requests. Including the GOAWAY frame in the same packet as the QUIC CONNECTION_CLOSE frame improves the chances of the frame being received by clients. For various reasons, the QUIC transport could indicate to the application layer that the connection has terminated. This might be due to an explicit closure by the peer, a transport-level error, or a change in network topology which interrupts connectivity. If a connection terminates without a GOAWAY frame, clients MUST assume that any request which was sent, whether in whole or in part, might have been processed. A QUIC stream provides reliable in-order delivery of bytes, but makes no guarantees about order of delivery with regard to bytes on other streams. On the wire, data is framed into QUIC STREAM frames, but this framing is invisible to the HTTP framing layer. The transport layer buffers and orders received QUIC STREAM frames, exposing the data contained within as a reliable byte stream to the application. Although QUIC permits out-of-order delivery within a stream, HTTP/3 does not make use of this feature. QUIC streams can be either unidirectional, carrying data only from initiator to receiver, or bidirectional. Streams can be initiated by either the client or the server. For more detail on QUIC streams, see . When HTTP headers and data are sent over QUIC, the QUIC layer handles most of the stream management. HTTP does not need to do any separate multiplexing when using QUIC - data sent over a QUIC stream always maps to a particular HTTP transaction or connection context. All client-initiated bidirectional streams are used for HTTP requests and responses. A bidirectional stream ensures that the response can be readily correlated with the request. This means that the client's first request occurs on QUIC stream 0, with subsequent requests on stream 4, 8, and so on. In order to permit these streams to open, an HTTP/3 server SHOULD configure non-zero minimum values for the number of permitted streams and the initial stream flow control window. So as to not unnecessarily limit parallelism, at least 100 requests SHOULD be permitted at a time. HTTP/3 does not use server-initiated bidirectional streams, though an extension could define a use for these streams. Clients MUST treat receipt of a server-initiated bidirectional stream as a connection error of type H3_STREAM_CREATION_ERROR unless such an extension has been negotiated. Unidirectional streams, in either direction, are used for a range of purposes. The purpose is indicated by a stream type, which is sent as a variable-length integer at the start of the stream. The format and structure of data that follows this integer is determined by the stream type. 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Stream Type (i) ... +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Some stream types are reserved (). Two stream types are defined in this document: control streams () and push streams (). defines two additional stream types. Other stream types can be defined by extensions to HTTP/3; see for more details. The performance of HTTP/3 connections in the early phase of their lifetime is sensitive to the creation and exchange of data on unidirectional streams. Endpoints that excessively restrict the number of streams or the flow control window of these streams will increase the chance that the remote peer reaches the limit early and becomes blocked. In particular, implementations should consider that remote peers may wish to exercise reserved stream behavior () with some of the unidirectional streams they are permitted to use. To avoid blocking, the transport parameters sent by both clients and servers MUST allow the peer to create at least one unidirectional stream for the HTTP control stream plus the number of unidirectional streams required by mandatory extensions (three being the minimum number required for the base HTTP/3 protocol and QPACK), and SHOULD provide at least 1,024 bytes of flow control credit to each stream. Note that an endpoint is not required to grant additional credits to create more unidirectional streams if its peer consumes all the initial credits before creating the critical unidirectional streams. Endpoints SHOULD create the HTTP control stream as well as the unidirectional streams required by mandatory extensions (such as the QPACK encoder and decoder streams) first, and then create additional streams as allowed by their peer. If the stream header indicates a stream type which is not supported by the recipient, the remainder of the stream cannot be consumed as the semantics are unknown. Recipients of unknown stream types MAY abort reading of the stream with an error code of H3_STREAM_CREATION_ERROR, but MUST NOT consider such streams to be a connection error of any kind. Implementations MAY send stream types before knowing whether the peer supports them. However, stream types which could modify the state or semantics of existing protocol components, including QPACK or other extensions, MUST NOT be sent until the peer is known to support them. A sender can close or reset a unidirectional stream unless otherwise specified. A receiver MUST tolerate unidirectional streams being closed or reset prior to the reception of the unidirectional stream header. A control stream is indicated by a stream type of 0x00. Data on this stream consists of HTTP/3 frames, as defined in . Each side MUST initiate a single control stream at the beginning of the connection and send its SETTINGS frame as the first frame on this stream. If the first frame of the control stream is any other frame type, this MUST be treated as a connection error of type H3_MISSING_SETTINGS. Only one control stream per peer is permitted; receipt of a second stream which claims to be a control stream MUST be treated as a connection error of type H3_STREAM_CREATION_ERROR. The sender MUST NOT close the control stream, and the receiver MUST NOT request that the sender close the control stream. If either control stream is closed at any point, this MUST be treated as a connection error of type H3_CLOSED_CRITICAL_STREAM. A pair of unidirectional streams is used rather than a single bidirectional stream. This allows either peer to send data as soon as it is able. Depending on whether 0-RTT is enabled on the connection, either client or server might be able to send stream data first after the cryptographic handshake completes. Server push is an optional feature introduced in HTTP/2 that allows a server to initiate a response before a request has been made. See for more details. A push stream is indicated by a stream type of 0x01, followed by the Push ID of the promise that it fulfills, encoded as a variable-length integer. The remaining data on this stream consists of HTTP/3 frames, as defined in , and fulfills a promised server push by zero or more non-final HTTP responses followed by a single final HTTP response, as defined in . Server push and Push IDs are described in . Only servers can push; if a server receives a client-initiated push stream, this MUST be treated as a connection error of type H3_STREAM_CREATION_ERROR. 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | 0x01 (i) ... +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Push ID (i) ... +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Each Push ID MUST only be used once in a push stream header. If a push stream header includes a Push ID that was used in another push stream header, the client MUST treat this as a connection error of type H3_ID_ERROR. Stream types of the format 0x1f * N + 0x21 for integer values of N are reserved to exercise the requirement that unknown types be ignored. These streams have no semantics, and can be sent when application-layer padding is desired. They MAY also be sent on connections where no data is currently being transferred. Endpoints MUST NOT consider these streams to have any meaning upon receipt. The payload and length of the stream are selected in any manner the implementation chooses. Implementations MAY terminate these streams cleanly, or MAY abruptly terminate them. When terminating abruptly, the error code H3_NO_ERROR or a reserved error code () SHOULD be used. HTTP frames are carried on QUIC streams, as described in . HTTP/3 defines three stream types: control stream, request stream, and push stream. This section describes HTTP/3 frame formats and the streams types on which they are permitted; see for an overview. A comparison between HTTP/2 and HTTP/3 frames is provided in . Frame Control Stream Request Stream Push Stream Section DATA No Yes Yes HEADERS No Yes Yes CANCEL_PUSH Yes No No SETTINGS Yes (1) No No PUSH_PROMISE No Yes No GOAWAY Yes No No MAX_PUSH_ID Yes No No DUPLICATE_PUSH No Yes No Reserved Yes Yes Yes Certain frames can only occur as the first frame of a particular stream type; these are indicated in with a (1). Specific guidance is provided in the relevant section. Note that, unlike QUIC frames, HTTP/3 frames can span multiple packets. All frames have the following format: 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Type (i) ... +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Length (i) ... +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Frame Payload (*) ... +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ A frame includes the following fields: A variable-length integer that identifies the frame type. A variable-length integer that describes the length in bytes of the Frame Payload. A payload, the semantics of which are determined by the Type field. Each frame's payload MUST contain exactly the fields identified in its description. A frame payload that contains additional bytes after the identified fields or a frame payload that terminates before the end of the identified fields MUST be treated as a connection error of type H3_FRAME_ERROR. When a stream terminates cleanly, if the last frame on the stream was truncated, this MUST be treated as a connection error () of type H3_FRAME_ERROR. Streams which terminate abruptly may be reset at any point in a frame. DATA frames (type=0x0) convey arbitrary, variable-length sequences of bytes associated with an HTTP request or response payload. DATA frames MUST be associated with an HTTP request or response. If a DATA frame is received on a control stream, the recipient MUST respond with a connection error () of type H3_FRAME_UNEXPECTED. 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Payload (*) ... +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ The HEADERS frame (type=0x1) is used to carry a header block, compressed using QPACK. See for more details. 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Header Block (*) ... +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ HEADERS frames can only be sent on request / push streams. If a HEADERS frame is received on a control stream, the recipient MUST respond with a connection error () of type H3_FRAME_UNEXPECTED. The CANCEL_PUSH frame (type=0x3) is used to request cancellation of a server push prior to the push stream being received. The CANCEL_PUSH frame identifies a server push by Push ID (see ), encoded as a variable-length integer. When a client sends CANCEL_PUSH, it is indicating that it does not wish to receive the promised resource. The server SHOULD abort sending the resource, but the mechanism to do so depends on the state of the corresponding push stream. If the server has not yet created a push stream, it does not create one. If the push stream is open, the server SHOULD abruptly terminate that stream. If the push stream has already ended, the server MAY still abruptly terminate the stream or MAY take no action. When a server sends CANCEL_PUSH, it is indicating that it will not be fulfilling a promise and has not created a push stream. The client should not expect the corresponding promise to be fulfilled. Sending CANCEL_PUSH has no direct effect on the state of existing push streams. A server SHOULD NOT send a CANCEL_PUSH when it has already created a corresponding push stream, and a client SHOULD NOT send a CANCEL_PUSH when it has already received a corresponding push stream. A CANCEL_PUSH frame is sent on the control stream. Receiving a CANCEL_PUSH frame on a stream other than the control stream MUST be treated as a connection error of type H3_FRAME_UNEXPECTED. 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Push ID (i) ... +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ The CANCEL_PUSH frame carries a Push ID encoded as a variable-length integer. The Push ID identifies the server push that is being cancelled (see ). If a CANCEL_PUSH frame is received which references a Push ID greater than currently allowed on the connection, this MUST be treated as a connection error of type H3_ID_ERROR. If the client receives a CANCEL_PUSH frame, that frame might identify a Push ID that has not yet been mentioned by a PUSH_PROMISE frame due to reordering. If a server receives a CANCEL_PUSH frame for a Push ID that has not yet been mentioned by a PUSH_PROMISE frame, this MUST be treated as a connection error of type H3_ID_ERROR. The SETTINGS frame (type=0x4) conveys configuration parameters that affect how endpoints communicate, such as preferences and constraints on peer behavior. Individually, a SETTINGS parameter can also be referred to as a "setting"; the identifier and value of each setting parameter can be referred to as a "setting identifier" and a "setting value". SETTINGS frames always apply to a connection, never a single stream. A SETTINGS frame MUST be sent as the first frame of each control stream (see ) by each peer, and MUST NOT be sent subsequently. If an endpoint receives a second SETTINGS frame on the control stream, the endpoint MUST respond with a connection error of type H3_FRAME_UNEXPECTED. SETTINGS frames MUST NOT be sent on any stream other than the control stream. If an endpoint receives a SETTINGS frame on a different stream, the endpoint MUST respond with a connection error of type H3_FRAME_UNEXPECTED. SETTINGS parameters are not negotiated; they describe characteristics of the sending peer, which can be used by the receiving peer. However, a negotiation can be implied by the use of SETTINGS - each peer uses SETTINGS to advertise a set of supported values. The definition of the setting would describe how each peer combines the two sets to conclude which choice will be used. SETTINGS does not provide a mechanism to identify when the choice takes effect. Different values for the same parameter can be advertised by each peer. For example, a client might be willing to consume a very large response header, while servers are more cautious about request size. The same setting identifier MUST NOT occur more than once in the SETTINGS frame. A receiver MAY treat the presence of duplicate setting identifiers as a connection error of type H3_SETTINGS_ERROR. The payload of a SETTINGS frame consists of zero or more parameters. Each parameter consists of a setting identifier and a value, both encoded as QUIC variable-length integers. 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Identifier (i) ... +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Value (i) ... +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ An implementation MUST ignore the contents for any SETTINGS identifier it does not understand. The following settings are defined in HTTP/3: The default value is unlimited. See for usage. Setting identifiers of the format 0x1f * N + 0x21 for integer values of N are reserved to exercise the requirement that unknown identifiers be ignored. Such settings have no defined meaning. Endpoints SHOULD include at least one such setting in their SETTINGS frame. Endpoints MUST NOT consider such settings to have any meaning upon receipt. Because the setting has no defined meaning, the value of the setting can be any value the implementation selects. Additional settings can be defined by extensions to HTTP/3; see for more details. An HTTP implementation MUST NOT send frames or requests which would be invalid based on its current understanding of the peer's settings. All settings begin at an initial value. Each endpoint SHOULD use these initial values to send messages before the peer's SETTINGS frame has arrived, as packets carrying the settings can be lost or delayed. When the SETTINGS frame arrives, any settings are changed to their new values. This removes the need to wait for the SETTINGS frame before sending messages. Endpoints MUST NOT require any data to be received from the peer prior to sending the SETTINGS frame; settings MUST be sent as soon as the transport is ready to send data. For servers, the initial value of each client setting is the default value. For clients using a 1-RTT QUIC connection, the initial value of each server setting is the default value. 1-RTT keys will always become available prior to SETTINGS arriving, even if the server sends SETTINGS immediately. Clients SHOULD NOT wait indefinitely for SETTINGS to arrive before sending requests, but SHOULD process received datagrams in order to increase the likelihood of processing SETTINGS before sending the first request. When a 0-RTT QUIC connection is being used, the initial value of each server setting is the value used in the previous session. Clients SHOULD store the settings the server provided in the connection where resumption information was provided, but MAY opt not to store settings in certain cases (e.g., if the session ticket is received before the SETTINGS frame). A client MUST comply with stored settings – or default values, if no values are stored – when attempting 0-RTT. Once a server has provided new settings, clients MUST comply with those values. A server can remember the settings that it advertised, or store an integrity-protected copy of the values in the ticket and recover the information when accepting 0-RTT data. A server uses the HTTP/3 settings values in determining whether to accept 0-RTT data. If the server cannot determine that the settings remembered by a client are compatible with its current settings, it MUST NOT accept 0-RTT data. Remembered settings are compatible if a client complying with those settings would not violate the server's current settings. A server MAY accept 0-RTT and subsequently provide different settings in its SETTINGS frame. If 0-RTT data is accepted by the server, its SETTINGS frame MUST NOT reduce any limits or alter any values that might be violated by the client with its 0-RTT data. The server MUST include all settings which differ from their default values. If a server accepts 0-RTT but then sends settings that are not compatible with the previously specified settings, this MUST be treated as a connection error of type H3_SETTINGS_ERROR. If a server accepts 0-RTT but then sends a SETTINGS frame that omits a setting value that the client understands (apart from reserved setting identifiers) that was previously specified to have a non-default value, this MUST be treated as a connection error of type H3_SETTINGS_ERROR. The PUSH_PROMISE frame (type=0x5) is used to carry a promised request header set from server to client on a request stream, as in HTTP/2. 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Push ID (i) ... +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Header Block (*) ... +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ The payload consists of: A variable-length integer that identifies the server push operation. A Push ID is used in push stream headers (), CANCEL_PUSH frames (), and DUPLICATE_PUSH frames (). QPACK-compressed request header fields for the promised response. See for more details. A server MUST NOT use a Push ID that is larger than the client has provided in a MAX_PUSH_ID frame (). A client MUST treat receipt of a PUSH_PROMISE frame that contains a larger Push ID than the client has advertised as a connection error of H3_ID_ERROR. A server MUST NOT use the same Push ID in multiple PUSH_PROMISE frames. A client MUST treat receipt of a Push ID which has already been promised as a connection error of type H3_ID_ERROR. If a PUSH_PROMISE frame is received on the control stream, the client MUST respond with a connection error () of type H3_FRAME_UNEXPECTED. A client MUST NOT send a PUSH_PROMISE frame. A server MUST treat the receipt of a PUSH_PROMISE frame as a connection error of type H3_FRAME_UNEXPECTED. See for a description of the overall server push mechanism. The GOAWAY frame (type=0x7) is used to initiate graceful shutdown of a connection by a server. GOAWAY allows a server to stop accepting new requests while still finishing processing of previously received requests. This enables administrative actions, like server maintenance. GOAWAY by itself does not close a connection. 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Stream ID (i) ... +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ The GOAWAY frame is always sent on the control stream. It carries a QUIC Stream ID for a client-initiated bidirectional stream encoded as a variable-length integer. A client MUST treat receipt of a GOAWAY frame containing a Stream ID of any other type as a connection error of type H3_ID_ERROR. Clients do not need to send GOAWAY to initiate a graceful shutdown; they simply stop making new requests. A server MUST treat receipt of a GOAWAY frame on any stream as a connection error () of type H3_FRAME_UNEXPECTED. The GOAWAY frame applies to the connection, not a specific stream. A client MUST treat a GOAWAY frame on a stream other than the control stream as a connection error () of type H3_FRAME_UNEXPECTED. See for more information on the use of the GOAWAY frame. The MAX_PUSH_ID frame (type=0xD) is used by clients to control the number of server pushes that the server can initiate. This sets the maximum value for a Push ID that the server can use in PUSH_PROMISE and CANCEL_PUSH frames. Consequently, this also limits the number of push streams that the server can initiate in addition to the limit maintained by the QUIC transport. The MAX_PUSH_ID frame is always sent on the control stream. Receipt of a MAX_PUSH_ID frame on any other stream MUST be treated as a connection error of type H3_FRAME_UNEXPECTED. A server MUST NOT send a MAX_PUSH_ID frame. A client MUST treat the receipt of a MAX_PUSH_ID frame as a connection error of type H3_FRAME_UNEXPECTED. The maximum Push ID is unset when a connection is created, meaning that a server cannot push until it receives a MAX_PUSH_ID frame. A client that wishes to manage the number of promised server pushes can increase the maximum Push ID by sending MAX_PUSH_ID frames as the server fulfills or cancels server pushes. 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Push ID (i) ... +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ The MAX_PUSH_ID frame carries a single variable-length integer that identifies the maximum value for a Push ID that the server can use (see ). A MAX_PUSH_ID frame cannot reduce the maximum Push ID; receipt of a MAX_PUSH_ID that contains a smaller value than previously received MUST be treated as a connection error of type H3_ID_ERROR. The DUPLICATE_PUSH frame (type=0xE) is used by servers to indicate that an existing pushed resource is related to multiple client requests. The DUPLICATE_PUSH frame is always sent on a request stream. Receipt of a DUPLICATE_PUSH frame on any other stream MUST be treated as a connection error of type H3_FRAME_UNEXPECTED. A client MUST NOT send a DUPLICATE_PUSH frame. A server MUST treat the receipt of a DUPLICATE_PUSH frame as a connection error of type H3_FRAME_UNEXPECTED. 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Push ID (i) ... +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ The DUPLICATE_PUSH frame carries a single variable-length integer that identifies the Push ID of a resource that the server has previously promised (see ), though that promise might not be received before this frame. A server MUST NOT use a Push ID that is larger than the client has provided in a MAX_PUSH_ID frame (). A client MUST treat receipt of a DUPLICATE_PUSH that contains a larger Push ID than the client has advertised as a connection error of type H3_ID_ERROR. This frame allows the server to use the same server push in response to multiple concurrent requests. Referencing the same server push ensures that a promise can be made in relation to every response in which server push might be needed without duplicating request headers or pushed responses. Allowing duplicate references to the same Push ID is primarily to reduce duplication caused by concurrent requests. A server SHOULD avoid reusing a Push ID over a long period. Clients are likely to consume server push responses and not retain them for reuse over time. Clients that see a DUPLICATE_PUSH that uses a Push ID that they have since consumed and discarded are forced to ignore the DUPLICATE_PUSH. Frame types of the format 0x1f * N + 0x21 for integer values of N are reserved to exercise the requirement that unknown types be ignored (). These frames have no semantics, and can be sent on any open stream when application-layer padding is desired. They MAY also be sent on connections where no data is currently being transferred. Endpoints MUST NOT consider these frames to have any meaning upon receipt. The payload and length of the frames are selected in any manner the implementation chooses. Frame types which were used in HTTP/2 where there is no corresponding HTTP/3 frame have also been reserved (). These frame types MUST NOT be sent, and receipt MAY be treated as an error of type H3_FRAME_UNEXPECTED. QUIC allows the application to abruptly terminate (reset) individual streams or the entire connection when an error is encountered. These are referred to as "stream errors" or "connection errors" and are described in more detail in . An endpoint MAY choose to treat a stream error as a connection error under certain circumstances. Implementations need to consider the impact on outstanding requests before making this choice. Because new error codes can be defined without negotiation (see ), use of an error code in an unexpected context or receipt of an unknown error code MUST be treated as equivalent to H3_NO_ERROR. However, closing a stream can have other effects regardless of the error code (see ). This section describes HTTP/3-specific error codes which can be used to express the cause of a connection or stream error. The following error codes are defined for use when abruptly terminating streams, aborting reading of streams, or immediately closing connections. No error. This is used when the connection or stream needs to be closed, but there is no error to signal. Peer violated protocol requirements in a way which doesn't match a more specific error code, or endpoint declines to use the more specific error code. An internal error has occurred in the HTTP stack. The endpoint detected that its peer created a stream that it will not accept. A stream required by the connection was closed or reset. A frame was received which was not permitted in the current state or on the current stream. A frame that fails to satisfy layout requirements or with an invalid size was received. The endpoint detected that its peer is exhibiting a behavior that might be generating excessive load. A Stream ID or Push ID was used incorrectly, such as exceeding a limit, reducing a limit, or being reused. An endpoint detected an error in the payload of a SETTINGS frame. No SETTINGS frame was received at the beginning of the control stream. A server rejected a request without performing any application processing. The request or its response (including pushed response) is cancelled. The client's stream terminated without containing a fully-formed request. The connection established in response to a CONNECT request was reset or abnormally closed. The requested operation cannot be served over HTTP/3. The peer should retry over HTTP/1.1. Error codes of the format 0x1f * N + 0x21 for integer values of N are reserved to exercise the requirement that unknown error codes be treated as equivalent to H3_NO_ERROR (). Implementations SHOULD select an error code from this space with some probability when they would have sent H3_NO_ERROR. HTTP/3 permits extension of the protocol. Within the limitations described in this section, protocol extensions can be used to provide additional services or alter any aspect of the protocol. Extensions are effective only within the scope of a single HTTP/3 connection. This applies to the protocol elements defined in this document. This does not affect the existing options for extending HTTP, such as defining new methods, status codes, or header fields. Extensions are permitted to use new frame types (), new settings (), new error codes (), or new unidirectional stream types (). Registries are established for managing these extension points: frame types (), settings (), error codes (), and stream types (). Implementations MUST ignore unknown or unsupported values in all extensible protocol elements. Implementations MUST discard frames and unidirectional streams that have unknown or unsupported types. This means that any of these extension points can be safely used by extensions without prior arrangement or negotiation. However, where a known frame type is required to be in a specific location, such as the SETTINGS frame as the first frame of the control stream (see ), an unknown frame type does not satisfy that requirement and SHOULD be treated as an error. Extensions that could change the semantics of existing protocol components MUST be negotiated before being used. For example, an extension that changes the layout of the HEADERS frame cannot be used until the peer has given a positive signal that this is acceptable. Coordinating when such a revised layout comes into effect could prove complex. As such, allocating new identifiers for new definitions of existing protocol elements is likely to be more effective. This document doesn't mandate a specific method for negotiating the use of an extension but notes that a setting () could be used for that purpose. If both peers set a value that indicates willingness to use the extension, then the extension can be used. If a setting is used for extension negotiation, the default value MUST be defined in such a fashion that the extension is disabled if the setting is omitted. The security considerations of HTTP/3 should be comparable to those of HTTP/2 with TLS; the considerations from apply in addition to those listed here. When HTTP Alternative Services is used for discovery for HTTP/3 endpoints, the security considerations of also apply. Where HTTP/2 employs PADDING frames and Padding fields in other frames to make a connection more resistant to traffic analysis, HTTP/3 can either rely on transport-layer padding or employ the reserved frame and stream types discussed in and . These methods of padding produce different results in terms of the granularity of padding, the effect of packet loss and recovery, and how an implementation might control padding. Several protocol elements contain nested length elements, typically in the form of frames with an explicit length containing variable-length integers. This could pose a security risk to an incautious implementer. An implementation MUST ensure that the length of a frame exactly matches the length of the fields it contains. The use of 0-RTT with HTTP/3 creates an exposure to replay attack. The anti-replay mitigations in MUST be applied when using HTTP/3 with 0-RTT. Certain HTTP implementations use the client address for logging or access-control purposes. Since a QUIC client's address might change during a connection (and future versions might support simultaneous use of multiple addresses), such implementations will need to either actively retrieve the client's current address or addresses when they are relevant or explicitly accept that the original address might change. This document registers a new ALPN protocol ID () and creates new registries that manage the assignment of codepoints in HTTP/3. This document creates a new registration for the identification of HTTP/3 in the "Application Layer Protocol Negotiation (ALPN) Protocol IDs" registry established in . The "h3" string identifies HTTP/3: HTTP/3 0x68 0x33 ("h3") This document New registries created in this document operate under the QUIC registration policy documented in . These registries all include the common set of fields listed in . The initial allocations in these registries created in this document are all assigned permanent status and list as contact both the IESG (email@example.com) and the HTTP working group (email@example.com). This document establishes a registry for HTTP/3 frame type codes. The "HTTP/3 Frame Type" registry governs a 62-bit space. This registry follows the QUIC registry policy; see . Permanent registrations in this registry are assigned using the Specification Required policy , except for values between 0x00 and 0x3f (in hexadecimal; inclusive), which are assigned using Standards Action or IESG Approval as defined in Section and of . While this registry is separate from the "HTTP/2 Frame Type" registry defined in , it is preferable that the assignments parallel each other where the code spaces overlap. If an entry is present in only one registry, every effort SHOULD be made to avoid assigning the corresponding value to an unrelated operation. In addition to common fields as described in , permanent registrations in this registry MUST include the following field: A name or label for the frame type. Specifications of frame types MUST include a description of the frame layout and its semantics, including any parts of the frame that are conditionally present. The entries in are registered by this document. Frame Type Value Specification DATA 0x0 HEADERS 0x1 Reserved 0x2 N/A CANCEL_PUSH 0x3 SETTINGS 0x4 PUSH_PROMISE 0x5 Reserved 0x6 N/A GOAWAY 0x7 Reserved 0x8 N/A Reserved 0x9 N/A MAX_PUSH_ID 0xD DUPLICATE_PUSH 0xE Additionally, each code of the format 0x1f * N + 0x21 for integer values of N (that is, 0x21, 0x40, …, through 0x3FFFFFFFFFFFFFFE) MUST NOT be assigned by IANA. This document establishes a registry for HTTP/3 settings. The "HTTP/3 Settings" registry governs a 62-bit space. This registry follows the QUIC registry policy; see . Permanent registrations in this registry are assigned using the Specification Required policy , except for values between 0x00 and 0x3f (in hexadecimal; inclusive), which are assigned using Standards Action or IESG Approval as defined in Section and of . While this registry is separate from the "HTTP/2 Settings" registry defined in , it is preferable that the assignments parallel each other. If an entry is present in only one registry, every effort SHOULD be made to avoid assigning the corresponding value to an unrelated operation. In addition to common fields as described in , permanent registrations in this registry MUST include the following fields: A symbolic name for the setting. Specifying a setting name is optional. The value of the setting unless otherwise indicated. A default SHOULD be the most restrictive possible value. The entries in are registered by this document. Setting Name Value Specification Default Reserved 0x2 N/A N/A Reserved 0x3 N/A N/A Reserved 0x4 N/A N/A Reserved 0x5 N/A N/A MAX_HEADER_LIST_SIZE 0x6 Unlimited Additionally, each code of the format 0x1f * N + 0x21 for integer values of N (that is, 0x21, 0x40, …, through 0x3FFFFFFFFFFFFFFE) MUST NOT be assigned by IANA. This document establishes a registry for HTTP/3 error codes. The "HTTP/3 Error Code" registry manages a 62-bit space. This registry follows the QUIC registry policy; see . Permanent registrations in this registry are assigned using the Specification Required policy , except for values between 0x00 and 0x3f (in hexadecimal; inclusive), which are assigned using Standards Action or IESG Approval as defined in Section and of . Registrations for error codes are required to include a description of the error code. An expert reviewer is advised to examine new registrations for possible duplication with existing error codes. Use of existing registrations is to be encouraged, but not mandated. In addition to common fields as described in , permanent registrations in this registry MUST include the following fields: A name for the error code. Specifying an error code name is optional. A brief description of the error code semantics. The entries in the are registered by this document. Name Value Description Specification H3_NO_ERROR 0x0100 No error H3_GENERAL_PROTOCOL_ERROR 0x0101 General protocol error H3_INTERNAL_ERROR 0x0102 Internal error H3_STREAM_CREATION_ERROR 0x0103 Stream creation error H3_CLOSED_CRITICAL_STREAM 0x0104 Critical stream was closed H3_FRAME_UNEXPECTED 0x0105 Frame not permitted in the current state H3_FRAME_ERROR 0x0106 Frame violated layout or size rules H3_EXCESSIVE_LOAD 0x0107 Peer generating excessive load H3_ID_ERROR 0x0108 An identifier was used incorrectly H3_SETTINGS_ERROR 0x0109 SETTINGS frame contained invalid values H3_MISSING_SETTINGS 0x010A No SETTINGS frame received H3_REQUEST_REJECTED 0x010B Request not processed H3_REQUEST_CANCELLED 0x010C Data no longer needed H3_REQUEST_INCOMPLETE 0x010D Stream terminated early H3_CONNECT_ERROR 0x010F TCP reset or error on CONNECT request H3_VERSION_FALLBACK 0x0110 Retry over HTTP/1.1 Additionally, each code of the format 0x1f * N + 0x21 for integer values of N (that is, 0x21, 0x40, …, through 0x3FFFFFFFFFFFFFFE) MUST NOT be assigned by IANA. This document establishes a registry for HTTP/3 unidirectional stream types. The "HTTP/3 Stream Type" registry governs a 62-bit space. This registry follows the QUIC registry policy; see . Permanent registrations in this registry are assigned using the Specification Required policy , except for values between 0x00 and 0x3f (in hexadecimal; inclusive), which are assigned using Standards Action or IESG Approval as defined in Section and of . In addition to common fields as described in , permanent registrations in this registry MUST include the following fields: A name or label for the stream type. Which endpoint on a connection may initiate a stream of this type. Values are "Client", "Server", or "Both". Specifications for permanent registrations MUST include a description of the stream type, including the layout semantics of the stream contents. The entries in the following table are registered by this document. Stream Type Value Specification Sender Control Stream 0x00 Both Push Stream 0x01 Server Additionally, each code of the format 0x1f * N + 0x21 for integer values of N (that is, 0x21, 0x40, …, through 0x3FFFFFFFFFFFFFFE) MUST NOT be assigned by IANA. QUIC: A UDP-Based Multiplexed and Secure Transport Fastly Mozilla QPACK: Header Compression for HTTP over QUIC Google, Inc Akamai Technologies Facebook Hypertext Transfer Protocol Version 2 (HTTP/2) Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key Words Augmented BNF for Syntax Specifications: ABNF Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Message Syntax and Routing HTTP Alternative Services Transport Layer Security (TLS) Extensions: Extension Definitions HTTP Alternative Services Opportunistic Security for HTTP/2 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Semantics and Content HTTP State Management Mechanism Transmission Control Protocol Using Early Data in HTTP Guidelines for Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs TCP Fast Open HPACK: Header Compression for HTTP/2 Additional HTTP Status Codes Transport Layer Security (TLS) Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation Extension HTTP/3 is strongly informed by HTTP/2, and bears many similarities. This section describes the approach taken to design HTTP/3, points out important differences from HTTP/2, and describes how to map HTTP/2 extensions into HTTP/3. HTTP/3 begins from the premise that similarity to HTTP/2 is preferable, but not a hard requirement. HTTP/3 departs from HTTP/2 where QUIC differs from TCP, either to take advantage of QUIC features (like streams) or to accommodate important shortcomings (such as a lack of total ordering). These differences make HTTP/3 similar to HTTP/2 in key aspects, such as the relationship of requests and responses to streams. However, the details of the HTTP/3 design are substantially different than HTTP/2. These departures are noted in this section. HTTP/3 permits use of a larger number of streams (2^62-1) than HTTP/2. The considerations about exhaustion of stream identifier space apply, though the space is significantly larger such that it is likely that other limits in QUIC are reached first, such as the limit on the connection flow control window. In contrast to HTTP/2, stream concurrency in HTTP/3 is managed by QUIC. QUIC considers a stream closed when all data has been received and sent data has been acknowledged by the peer. HTTP/2 considers a stream closed when the frame containing the END_STREAM bit has been committed to the transport. As a result, the stream for an equivalent exchange could remain "active" for a longer period of time. HTTP/3 servers might choose to permit a larger number of concurrent client-initiated bidirectional streams to achieve equivalent concurrency to HTTP/2, depending on the expected usage patterns. Due to the presence of other unidirectional stream types, HTTP/3 does not rely exclusively on the number of concurrent unidirectional streams to control the number of concurrent in-flight pushes. Instead, HTTP/3 clients use the MAX_PUSH_ID frame to control the number of pushes received from an HTTP/3 server. Many framing concepts from HTTP/2 can be elided on QUIC, because the transport deals with them. Because frames are already on a stream, they can omit the stream number. Because frames do not block multiplexing (QUIC's multiplexing occurs below this layer), the support for variable-maximum-length packets can be removed. Because stream termination is handled by QUIC, an END_STREAM flag is not required. This permits the removal of the Flags field from the generic frame layout. Frame payloads are largely drawn from . However, QUIC includes many features (e.g., flow control) which are also present in HTTP/2. In these cases, the HTTP mapping does not re-implement them. As a result, several HTTP/2 frame types are not required in HTTP/3. Where an HTTP/2-defined frame is no longer used, the frame ID has been reserved in order to maximize portability between HTTP/2 and HTTP/3 implementations. However, even equivalent frames between the two mappings are not identical. Many of the differences arise from the fact that HTTP/2 provides an absolute ordering between frames across all streams, while QUIC provides this guarantee on each stream only. As a result, if a frame type makes assumptions that frames from different streams will still be received in the order sent, HTTP/3 will break them. Some examples of feature adaptations are described below, as well as general guidance to extension frame implementors converting an HTTP/2 extension to HTTP/3. HTTP/2 specifies priority assignments in PRIORITY frames and (optionally) in HEADERS frames. HTTP/3 does not provide a means of signaling priority. Note that while there is no explicit signaling for priority, this does not mean that prioritization is not important for achieving good performance. HPACK was designed with the assumption of in-order delivery. A sequence of encoded header blocks must arrive (and be decoded) at an endpoint in the same order in which they were encoded. This ensures that the dynamic state at the two endpoints remains in sync. Because this total ordering is not provided by QUIC, HTTP/3 uses a modified version of HPACK, called QPACK. QPACK uses a single unidirectional stream to make all modifications to the dynamic table, ensuring a total order of updates. All frames which contain encoded headers merely reference the table state at a given time without modifying it. provides additional details. Frame type definitions in HTTP/3 often use the QUIC variable-length integer encoding. In particular, Stream IDs use this encoding, which allows for a larger range of possible values than the encoding used in HTTP/2. Some frames in HTTP/3 use an identifier rather than a Stream ID (e.g., Push IDs). Redefinition of the encoding of extension frame types might be necessary if the encoding includes a Stream ID. Because the Flags field is not present in generic HTTP/3 frames, those frames which depend on the presence of flags need to allocate space for flags as part of their frame payload. Other than this issue, frame type HTTP/2 extensions are typically portable to QUIC simply by replacing Stream 0 in HTTP/2 with a control stream in HTTP/3. HTTP/3 extensions will not assume ordering, but would not be harmed by ordering, and would be portable to HTTP/2 in the same manner. Padding is not defined in HTTP/3 frames. See . The PRIORITY region of HEADERS is not defined in HTTP/3 frames. Padding is not defined in HTTP/3 frames. See . As described in , HTTP/3 does not provide a means of signaling priority. RST_STREAM frames do not exist, since QUIC provides stream lifecycle management. The same code point is used for the CANCEL_PUSH frame (). SETTINGS frames are sent only at the beginning of the connection. See and . The PUSH_PROMISE does not reference a stream; instead the push stream references the PUSH_PROMISE frame using a Push ID. See . PING frames do not exist, since QUIC provides equivalent functionality. GOAWAY is sent only from server to client and does not contain an error code. See . WINDOW_UPDATE frames do not exist, since QUIC provides flow control. CONTINUATION frames do not exist; instead, larger HEADERS/PUSH_PROMISE frames than HTTP/2 are permitted. Frame types defined by extensions to HTTP/2 need to be separately registered for HTTP/3 if still applicable. The IDs of frames defined in have been reserved for simplicity. Note that the frame type space in HTTP/3 is substantially larger (62 bits versus 8 bits), so many HTTP/3 frame types have no equivalent HTTP/2 code points. See . An important difference from HTTP/2 is that settings are sent once, as the first frame of the control stream, and thereafter cannot change. This eliminates many corner cases around synchronization of changes. Some transport-level options that HTTP/2 specifies via the SETTINGS frame are superseded by QUIC transport parameters in HTTP/3. The HTTP-level options that are retained in HTTP/3 have the same value as in HTTP/2. Below is a listing of how each HTTP/2 SETTINGS parameter is mapped: See . This is removed in favor of the MAX_PUSH_ID which provides a more granular control over server push. QUIC controls the largest open Stream ID as part of its flow control logic. Specifying SETTINGS_MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS in the SETTINGS frame is an error. QUIC requires both stream and connection flow control window sizes to be specified in the initial transport handshake. Specifying SETTINGS_INITIAL_WINDOW_SIZE in the SETTINGS frame is an error. This setting has no equivalent in HTTP/3. Specifying it in the SETTINGS frame is an error. See . In HTTP/3, setting values are variable-length integers (6, 14, 30, or 62 bits long) rather than fixed-length 32-bit fields as in HTTP/2. This will often produce a shorter encoding, but can produce a longer encoding for settings which use the full 32-bit space. Settings ported from HTTP/2 might choose to redefine their value to limit it to 30 bits for more efficient encoding, or to make use of the 62-bit space if more than 30 bits are required. Settings need to be defined separately for HTTP/2 and HTTP/3. The IDs of settings defined in have been reserved for simplicity. Note that the settings identifier space in HTTP/3 is substantially larger (62 bits versus 16 bits), so many HTTP/3 settings have no equivalent HTTP/2 code point. See . As QUIC streams might arrive out-of-order, endpoints are advised to not wait for the peers' settings to arrive before responding to other streams. See . QUIC has the same concepts of "stream" and "connection" errors that HTTP/2 provides. However, there is no direct portability of HTTP/2 error codes to HTTP/3 error codes; the values are shifted in order to prevent accidental or implicit conversion. The HTTP/2 error codes defined in logically map to the HTTP/3 error codes as follows: H3_NO_ERROR in . This is mapped to H3_GENERAL_PROTOCOL_ERROR except in cases where more specific error codes have been defined. This includes H3_FRAME_UNEXPECTED and H3_CLOSED_CRITICAL_STREAM defined in . H3_INTERNAL_ERROR in . Not applicable, since QUIC handles flow control. Not applicable, since no acknowledgement of SETTINGS is defined. Not applicable, since QUIC handles stream management. H3_FRAME_ERROR error code defined in . H3_REQUEST_REJECTED (in ) is used to indicate that a request was not processed. Otherwise, not applicable because QUIC handles stream management. H3_REQUEST_CANCELLED in . Multiple error codes are defined in . H3_CONNECT_ERROR in . H3_EXCESSIVE_LOAD in . Not applicable, since QUIC is assumed to provide sufficient security on all connections. H3_VERSION_FALLBACK in . Error codes need to be defined for HTTP/2 and HTTP/3 separately. See . RFC Editor's Note: Please remove this section prior to publication of a final version of this document. Removed H3_EARLY_RESPONSE error code; H3_NO_ERROR is recommended instead (#3130,#3208) Unknown error codes are equivalent to H3_NO_ERROR (#3276,#3331) Some error codes are reserved for greasing (#3325,#3360) Removed quic Alt-Svc parameter (#3061,#3118) Clients need not persist unknown settings for use in 0-RTT (#3110,#3113) Clarify error cases around CANCEL_PUSH (#2819,#3083) Removed priority signaling (#2922,#2924) Further changes to error codes (#2662,#2551): Error codes renumbered HTTP_MALFORMED_FRAME replaced by HTTP_FRAME_ERROR, HTTP_ID_ERROR, and others Clarify how unknown frame types interact with required frame sequence (#2867,#2858) Describe interactions with the transport in terms of defined interface terms (#2857,#2805) Require the use of the http-opportunistic resource (RFC 8164) when scheme is http (#2439,#2973) Settings identifiers cannot be duplicated (#2979) Changes to SETTINGS frames in 0-RTT (#2972,#2790,#2945): Servers must send all settings with non-default values in their SETTINGS frame, even when resuming If a client doesn't have settings associated with a 0-RTT ticket, it uses the defaults Servers can't accept early data if they cannot recover the settings the client will have remembered Clarify that Upgrade and the 101 status code are prohibited (#2898,#2889) Clarify that frame types reserved for greasing can occur on any stream, but frame types reserved due to HTTP/2 correspondence are prohibited (#2997,#2692,#2693) Unknown error codes cannot be treated as errors (#2998,#2816) No changes Prohibit closing the control stream (#2509, #2666) Change default priority to use an orphan node (#2502, #2690) Exclusive priorities are restored (#2754, #2781) Restrict use of frames when using CONNECT (#2229, #2702) Close and maybe reset streams if a connection error occurs for CONNECT (#2228, #2703) Encourage provision of sufficient unidirectional streams for QPACK (#2100, #2529, #2762) Allow extensions to use server-initiated bidirectional streams (#2711, #2773) Clarify use of maximum header list size setting (#2516, #2774) Extensive changes to error codes and conditions of their sending Require connection errors for more error conditions (#2511, #2510) Updated the error codes for illegal GOAWAY frames (#2714, #2707) Specified error code for HEADERS on control stream (#2708) Specified error code for servers receiving PUSH_PROMISE (#2709) Specified error code for receiving DATA before HEADERS (#2715) Describe malformed messages and their handling (#2410, #2764) Remove HTTP_PUSH_ALREADY_IN_CACHE error (#2812, #2813) Refactor Push ID related errors (#2818, #2820) Rationalize HTTP/3 stream creation errors (#2821, #2822) SETTINGS_NUM_PLACEHOLDERS is 0x9 (#2443,#2530) Non-zero bits in the Empty field of the PRIORITY frame MAY be treated as an error (#2501) Resetting streams following a GOAWAY is recommended, but not required (#2256,#2457) Use variable-length integers throughout (#2437,#2233,#2253,#2275) Variable-length frame types, stream types, and settings identifiers Renumbered stream type assignments Modified associated reserved values Frame layout switched from Length-Type-Value to Type-Length-Value (#2395,#2235) Specified error code for servers receiving DUPLICATE_PUSH (#2497) Use connection error for invalid PRIORITY (#2507, #2508) HTTP_REQUEST_REJECTED is used to indicate a request can be retried (#2106, #2325) Changed error code for GOAWAY on the wrong stream (#2231, #2343) Rename "HTTP/QUIC" to "HTTP/3" (#1973) Changes to PRIORITY frame (#1865, #2075) Permitted as first frame of request streams Remove exclusive reprioritization Changes to Prioritized Element Type bits Define DUPLICATE_PUSH frame to refer to another PUSH_PROMISE (#2072) Set defaults for settings, allow request before receiving SETTINGS (#1809, #1846, #2038) Clarify message processing rules for streams that aren't closed (#1972, #2003) Removed reservation of error code 0 and moved HTTP_NO_ERROR to this value (#1922) Removed prohibition of zero-length DATA frames (#2098) Substantial editorial reorganization; no technical changes. Recommend sensible values for QUIC transport parameters (#1720,#1806) Define error for missing SETTINGS frame (#1697,#1808) Setting values are variable-length integers (#1556,#1807) and do not have separate maximum values (#1820) Expanded discussion of connection closure (#1599,#1717,#1712) HTTP_VERSION_FALLBACK falls back to HTTP/1.1 (#1677,#1685) Reserved some frame types for grease (#1333, #1446) Unknown unidirectional stream types are tolerated, not errors; some reserved for grease (#1490, #1525) Require settings to be remembered for 0-RTT, prohibit reductions (#1541, #1641) Specify behavior for truncated requests (#1596, #1643) TLS SNI extension isn't mandatory if an alternative method is used (#1459, #1462, #1466) Removed flags from HTTP/3 frames (#1388, #1398) Reserved frame types and settings for use in preserving extensibility (#1333, #1446) Added general error code (#1391, #1397) Unidirectional streams carry a type byte and are extensible (#910,#1359) Priority mechanism now uses explicit placeholders to enable persistent structure in the tree (#441,#1421,#1422) Moved QPACK table updates and acknowledgments to dedicated streams (#1121, #1122, #1238) Settings need to be remembered when attempting and accepting 0-RTT (#1157, #1207) Selected QCRAM for header compression (#228, #1117) The server_name TLS extension is now mandatory (#296, #495) Specified handling of unsupported versions in Alt-Svc (#1093, #1097) Clarified connection coalescing rules (#940, #1024) Changes for integer encodings in QUIC (#595,#905) Use unidirectional streams as appropriate (#515, #240, #281, #886) Improvement to the description of GOAWAY (#604, #898) Improve description of server push usage (#947, #950, #957) Track changes in QUIC error code usage (#485) Made push ID sequential, add MAX_PUSH_ID, remove SETTINGS_ENABLE_PUSH (#709) Guidance about keep-alive and QUIC PINGs (#729) Expanded text on GOAWAY and cancellation (#757) Cite RFC 5234 (#404) Return to a single stream per request (#245,#557) Use separate frame type and settings registries from HTTP/2 (#81) SETTINGS_ENABLE_PUSH instead of SETTINGS_DISABLE_PUSH (#477) Restored GOAWAY (#696) Identify server push using Push ID rather than a stream ID (#702,#281) DATA frames cannot be empty (#700) None. Track changes in transport draft SETTINGS changes (#181): SETTINGS can be sent only once at the start of a connection; no changes thereafter SETTINGS_ACK removed Settings can only occur in the SETTINGS frame a single time Boolean format updated Alt-Svc parameter changed from "v" to "quic"; format updated (#229) Closing the connection control stream or any message control stream is a fatal error (#176) HPACK Sequence counter can wrap (#173) 0-RTT guidance added Guide to differences from HTTP/2 and porting HTTP/2 extensions added (#127,#242) Changed "HTTP/2-over-QUIC" to "HTTP/QUIC" throughout (#11,#29) Changed from using HTTP/2 framing within Stream 3 to new framing format and two-stream-per-request model (#71,#72,#73) Adopted SETTINGS format from draft-bishop-httpbis-extended-settings-01 Reworked SETTINGS_ACK to account for indeterminate inter-stream order (#75) Described CONNECT pseudo-method (#95) Updated ALPN token and Alt-Svc guidance (#13,#87) Application-layer-defined error codes (#19,#74) Adopted as base for draft-ietf-quic-http Updated authors/editors list The original authors of this specification were Robbie Shade and Mike Warres. A substantial portion of Mike's contribution was supported by Microsoft during his employment there.


text:
An Israeli firm is responsible for security inspections in the airport in Schiphol, Holland, the airport where Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab boarded the Airbus 330 heading for Detroit (USA). The Israeli company, ICTS, is reportedly one of the leaders in security, & operates in Amsterdam and a number of other European countries.
ICTS was established in 1982 and today employs 11,000 security personnel in 22 countries. Many airports and airlines seek the Israeli expertise and opt for ICTS to provide security for passengers and employees.
According to Rom Langer, the director of the company, who granted Channel 2 News an interview on motzei shabbos, the terrorist did undergo a security inspection in Amsterdam, but he does not have the information pertaining to the inspection.
When asked about the fact that the suspect attempted to set fire to the aircraft, Langer responded, "You too can set the seat on fire, using a lighter".
Schiphol is among the busiest airports in Europe, with many passengers from Africa and Asia passing through, making their way to North America. Security is reportedly stringent, and passengers are limited regarding quantities of liquids and other substances permitted on a flight.
(Yechiel Spira – YWN Israel)

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Snapshot (event)
The Coppermind has spoilers for all of Brandon's published works, now including The Frugal Wizard's Handbook for Surviving Medieval England and Yumi and the Nightmare Painter (Secret Projects Two and Three). Information about books that have not yet been released, like the other secret novels releasing in 2023 and Stormlight 5, is allowed only on meta-pages for the books themselves. For more details, see our spoiler policy. To view an earlier version of the wiki without spoilers for a book, go to the Time Machine!
|Snapshot (event)
|Earth (Snapshot)
|Featured In
A Snapshot is an exact re-creation of a specific day in the past but must be made within a few weeks of the day being recreated. Everything down to a molecule is the same as the day being re-created. Snapshots are made up of raw matter and energy in the system and anything left in the system will be recycled into the system for use in the next Snapshots.[1][2]
Snapshots are made overnight with some computer code wired to some creature that is unconscious and dreams the Snapshot. Then at the end of the day, it can be ended with the press of a button.[1]
The fake people inside a simulation are referred to as dupes.[2] These dupes aren't aware they are in a Snapshot unless they see a Reality badge. If the dupes exit the boundary of the Snapshot they instantly disappear and if they are scheduled to enter the city they will immediately appear.[3]
Real people can enter a snapshot to investigate but since they weren't there on the original day they cause Deviations.[2] Entering and exiting a Snapshot can cause huge Deviations so detectives enter at the beginning of the day when the Snapshot is being created and exit only when they've completed all of their cases. When exiting a Snapshot dupes won't be able to see the door that real people use.[1] Since everything is an exact recreation, real people can be killed in a Snapshot.[4]
It is possible to create a Snapshot of a Snapshot.[5]
The ability to create Snapshots was developed in the Snapshot Project, which was run by the Restored American Union. When the Americans left Clipperton, they "allowed" the New Clipperton government to buy the Snapshot Project, for a large fee. The underground Snapshot facility in New Clipperton is the only official one in the world.[2]
A court order must be issued to use a Snapshot in any official business.[2] This was made law after the mayor was discovered using the Snapshots for personal uses.
Films about detectives investigating in a Snapshot are popular in the Restored American Union, although they never show the Reality badge, probably because it works better in your head. [2]
- Brandon's initial premise was that an Epic could create them,[6] but because of conflicts with film rights, Snapshot is not in the Reckoners universe "right now."[7]
- ↑ a b c Snapshot chapter 5Summary: Snapshot/Chapter_5#
- ↑ a b c d e f Snapshot chapter 1Summary: Snapshot/Chapter_1#
- ↑ Snapshot chapter 2Summary: Snapshot/Chapter_2#
- ↑ Snapshot chapter 6Summary: Snapshot/Chapter_6#
- ↑ Snapshot chapter 10Summary: Snapshot/Chapter_10#
- ↑ Snapshot postscriptSummary: Snapshot/Postscript#
- ↑ /r/brandonsanderson
— Arcanum - 2017-07-18Cite: Arcanum-2959#
|Anthony Davis · Chaz · Enrique Estevez
|New Clipperton
|Snapshot (event) · Deviation


text:
Archeologists of Primorsky Krai have discovered five new objects of archaeological heritage, according to the administration of the province. The monuments are located in Shkotovsky district, Vladivostok and Nakhodka urban districts and included in the list of identified cultural heritage objects.
"In Nakhodka discovered a monument of the early middle Ages under the name "Glinka 10. The settlement, which dates back to the IV-VIII century ad – is mahaska archaeological culture. Monument "Sodic 2" in the Shkotovsky district refers to the Yankovskaya culture of the paleometal period – VIII-I century BC and brounovskoe culture of the early iron age – V century BC – I century ad. Another object found in the Shkotovsky district, – "Shtykovo 3″ – refers to the era of paleometal, this is the first Millennium BC", – stated in the message.
Archaeological monuments constructed during the late Neolithic – paleometal, found in the Vladivostok city district. They are called "Papenberg" and "Novik 6".
All in the information system of the region provides information on more than 2.6 thousand the objects of archaeological heritage, 413 of them are protected by the state, 172 registered in the unified state register.


text:
Each year, many young people's Christmas lists are packed with violent video games that commandeer minds and eyeballs for hours on end. Although it's easy to skip those items and opt for presents that seem more productive — they'll just love Jenga and Scrabble — the do-gooder approach to gift-giving might warrant a rethink.
According to research cited by Vice, not only do violent games help users skirt violent behavior, but the games can actually have beneficial effects. A study conducted in 2014, at Stetson University in Florida, shows that the playing of death-bloated video-games actually caused real-life violence to decrease. Vice speculates that the pixelated mayhem gives "gamers an outlet for their aggression, or [keeps] potentially violent people safely at home."
Games loaded with action-oriented sequences can even enhance motor skills. Steady playing of "Unreal Tournament," a first-person shooter game, has, according to researchers at New York University in Shanghai, led to speedier reactions during road tests on driving simulation software.
And, if you fear that buying games for your juvenile relative will turn him into a solitary delinquent, John Velez, a researcher at Texas Tech University, allays those worries. In 2015, according to Vice, he found that war games enhance social skills. Velez has concluded that team-play games of this ilk — such as Halo and TimeSplitters — led participants to treat each other, whether teammates or opponents, with surprisingly high degrees of decency.
While plenty of people in the worlds of psychiatry and psychology have targeted computer games as a cause of societal ills, there are at least 230 academics in the field who disagree. Three years ago, in 2013, they put forth a letter opposing commonly held beliefs among members of American Psychological Association's Task Force on Violent Media. They asked for reconsideration of the view that games cause violence. In fact, according to a study recently published in the International Journal of Communication, teenage gamers excel at math while those who are into social media show below average scores.
But before forsaking traditionally good influences for the lure of joysticks, high-resolution monitors and a crate of Visine, consider the common-sense advice proffered by psychosocial researcher Andrew K. Przybylski, Ph.D.: "The small positive effects observed for low levels of regular electronic play do not support the position that games provide a universal solution to the challenges of development and modern life."