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The baroque era trill (or shake) after c.1700 had, at least in theory, a standard form. Save possibly for the briefest trills and a few other exceptions, every trill had a starting appoggiatura (the prefix) and an ending turn (the termination or suffix). With only a very short appoggiatura from above (i.e. with a simple upper-note start), it would look something like this:
It is not generally understood that this was taught as the standard and most common type of trill well after 1750; in fact, thoughout the entire 18th century, and into the 19th century! In particular, a main-note start for a trill is likely wrong (in the sense that it is not what the composer expected to hear) in flute music before c.1790, say. And it is not until the romantic era that we find almost all teachers and performers advocating a main-note start as the normal way to begin a trill.
Let us quickly survey some 18th century sources (flute, violin, and keyboard methods) to see what they teach about trills. Our 18C examples give "the rule" that every trill starts with an appoggiatura—which may be long, or so short as to match the other notes of the trill. (The extracts are taken out of context, so readers are advised to consult the original sources mentioned here, and others, when possible.) It is the start of the trill that will primarily concern us on this page.
Many authors have argued about possible exceptions and discussed problematic examples. Every rule in music has exceptions. The fact that the appoggiatura-start rule is taught in so many sources, however, means that we should be conscious that it was "the rule" even if we choose to ignore it in certain situations.
The survey extends somewhat past the end of the classical period to include, in particular, Hummel's 1828 piano school where he explains that he wishes to break with the past and start every trill with the main note.
It is important to study the treatises of J. J. Quantz, C. P. E. Bach, and Leopold Mozart from 1752, 1753, and 1756, respectively, since these method books were so influential in the classical period. Each was reprinted several times later in the 18th century.
The example below is from Quantz's Versuch einer Anweisung die Flöte traversiere zu spielen (English translation by E. R. Reilly as "On Playing the Flute", Faber and Faber, 1985).
This is admirably clear. The starting appoggiatura may be long or short, but it and the termination are required, whether indicated or not.
Notice that Quantz allows the option of starting the trill with an appoggiatura from below (not the main note, but a step below). This type of start is under-utilized and rarely heard in performances today. It is described in many sources from the second half of the 18th century and thoughout the 19th century.
The instructions of Leopold Mozart, the father of W. A. Mozart, in his Violinschule of 1756 are the same as those in Quantz (English transaltion by Edith Knocker in "A Treatise on the Fundamental Principles of Violin Playing", Oxford, 1948): "The beginning and the end of a trill may be made in various ways. It can begin at once with the upper note downwards. ..... But it can also be prepared by a descending appoggiatura which is suspended rather longer, or by an ascending appoggiatura...."
He suggests that the lower-note start is good at cadences. A little later, he says "All short trills are played with a quick appoggiatura [from above] and a turn" and he gives this example:
There is no reason to suppose that Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–1791) ever deviated from the teachings of his father. There is no reason not to start every trill with the upper note in W. A. Mozart's flute quartets and flute concerti, in my opinion, and all sound better that way.
In his Versuch über die wahre Art das Clavier zu spielen of 1753 (English translation by W. J. Mitchell as "Essay on the True Art of Playing Keyboard Instruments", Eulenburg, 1974), C. P. E. Bach gives an encylopedic description of the types of trills (prefixes, suffixes, length) and the contexts where each type should or may be used. Both upper and lower-note starts are illustrated, but never a main-note start. Among a list of "other errors as ugly as they are frequent", he lists "plunging directly into a trill without playing a preceding appoggiatura...."
Among the instances of trills without suffix are the very short and rapid trills called Pralltrillers. In English sources, these are called half shakes, passing shakes, transient shakes, etc. C. P. E. Bach shows it with an upper-note start. On the right, below, is an example in context, with his fingering for the keyboard.
The Pralltriller works fine on a harpsichord, but he mentions that this ornament cannot be done well on the piano, even on the light fortepianos of his day, because the extreme quickness of the required snap tends to cause a piano player to play it too loudly. Flutists should remember that the Pralltriller in this form is quick but light.
Leopold Mozart, in the 1787 edition of his treatise, includes an illustration of the Pralltriller:
Daniel Gottlieb Türk's Klavier-Schule of 1789 is another very detailed and influential method. (English translation by R. H. Haggh: "School of Clavier Playing", U. of Nebraska, 1982.)
Türk goes on to criticize composers who indicate the upper note start with a small appoggiatura, saying it can only confuse the player as it is "basically quite superfluous". That is, according to Türk, it is not intended to indicate anything unusual, but was the normal thing to do.
For Türk, the Pralltriller still retains an upper-note start:
J. G. Tromlitz, in his ...Unterricht der Flöte zu Spielen of 1791, has a different take on some matters. From Ardal Powell's translation in "The Virtuoso Flutist", Cambridge, 1991: "The trill, when it appears in the course of a melody, is always dependent on an appoggiatura from above or below, or on a preceding note taking the place of an appoggiatura... But if the melody begins with a trill, it can take an appoggiatura, though a very short one... however, it can also be made without an appoggiatura."
So here is an exception—a main note start is OK, for Tromlitz in 1791, when the trill begins the melody.
Tromlitz thinks of the trill "proper" as starting with the main note, after the appoggiatura is finished, and that it is the main note that is to be accented, after the appoggiatura is finished. Not all sources agree with this.
This type of performance (a main-note start when the trill begins a phrase or is preceded by the upper or lower note, whether shown as slurred to it or not) may have been common at this time and even earlier.
Piano methods indicate a mixed practice in the 1790s; different teachers gave different explanations. Some recommend main-note starts for trills; others don't. We remark that some "musical clocks" (mechanical musical instruments) from this period show a predominance of main-note-start trills. For some details, see Sandra Rosenblum's Performance Practices in Classical Piano Music (Indiana U. Press, 1988). It is likely that pianists were among the first to use main-note starts indiscriminately, in part because of the reasons Hummel gives (see below).
Mathieu Peraut's Méthode pour la Flűte (Paris, c.1800) is very careful to show all trills starting on the upper note, with the exception of a single cadential trill starting on the note a step below the main note (second illustration).
Muzio Clementi's Introduction to the Art of Playing on the Pianoforte of 1801 contains an ornament table from which the following is drawn:
Clementi distinguishes short trills and passing shakes, but shows both with main-note starts. The meaning of passing shake (Pralltriller) has changed, and it will be shown this way (three notes, main-upper-main) and in this context (on the first of a pair of scale-wise descending notes) in almost all methods after 1800. It is often shown with a triplet rhythm (see under Dressler below). C. P. E. Bach and others would have called this so-called Pralltriller a Schneller rather than a proper Pralltriller, and many today would call it an inverted mordent.
A complete trill in Clementi starts with the upper or lower note, and not the main note. A sometime exception is when the note on which the trill is to be made is preceded by a note below or above it; see the last line below (also cf. the illustration from Tromlitz, above).
Tebaldo Monzani's Instructions for Playing the German-Flute [PDF version here] was first published in 1801. The excerpts we give below are from the 3rd Edition, c.1813. Concerning the performance of trills, he shows only what we see immediately below in his brief table of ornaments.
But in a companion volume, Seven Studios [PDF version here], to his Instructions, we find the following in Studio 1 (marked allegro moderato). Monzani is presumably cautioning against a three-note Pralltriller as shown in Clementi. (This may also indicate that it is acceptable or encouraged to add short trills in similar passages where Monzani has written only short appoggiaturas. The short appoggiaturas are, of course, always firmly on the beat—see here.)
In Hugot and Wunderlich's "Méthode de Flűte" of 1804, trills are introduced as starting on the upper note. This is still the standard. But they explain that trills can start with either the main note, the upper note, or the lower note, and they indicate two instances where they say either an upper-note start or main-note start may be used.
(The articulation is curiously changed when they illustrate the main-note start in the second instance.)
From J. B. Cramer's Instructions for the Pianoforte (c.1810): "The Shake begins with the note above and ends on the principal note; when at the end of a piece it is generally followed by a turn...". All shakes illustrated in Fancesco Pollini's Methodo del clavicembelo (c.1811) begin with the upper accessory, according to E. Dannreuter's Musical Ornamentation.
The explanation of trills in Rafael Dressler's New and Complete Instructions for the Flute (1827) [available here; see page 27] is very brief. The trill is described with examples starting on the main note, and this is presumably his preference. But after it is clear what a trill is, he says "It may be commenced in different ways; with the principal note itself, with the note above, or with a turn written in small notes." Passing shakes (Pralltrillers) start with the main note.
A. B. Fürstenau's explanation of trills in his Flöten-Schule, Op.42, of 1826 is essentially the same as Dressler's. So is the description of trills by E. Walckiers in his Méthode de Flûte, Op. 30, of 1829.
But Drouët's Method of Flute Playing (London, 1830) is somewhat different. Drouët shows the trill first as an alteration of quarter notes starting with the main note. But that is just to fix the idea of alternating adjacent notes. His following examples make clear that he strongly prefers the upper-note start, and in case it is not clear, he states "It is necessary to remark that the shake commences with the note above." He shows very short trills as a triplet, as in Dressler.
Thomas Lindsay, in his The Elements of Flute-Playing, Part II (1830) says "Theorists are not agreed whether the Shake should begin with the [main] or upper note; it is, consequently, as often performed one way as the other."
Lindsay starts many trills with the main note:
In the case of the chain of trills shown below, Lindsay says either an upper or main-note start is OK—with the best effect obtained, assuming time permits, with an upper-note start and a turn on each trill.
A strong recommendation of a rule that all trills begin with the main note was advanced by J. N. Hummel in 1828, the year after Beethoven's death. In his Ausführliche Theoretisch Practische Anweisung zum Pianofortespiel, he states that he wishes to break with previous practice and henceforth start all trills with the main-note, in part simply because that's often easier on the piano. Here are his words (translation from Edward Dannreuter's Musical Ornamentation of 1894):
L. Spohr in his Violinschule of 1832 says "Every shake generally begins ... with the principle note ...". A footnote states "This rule J. N. Hummel first advanced in his Piano-forte School...". A. B. Fürstenau, in his Die Kunst des Flötenspiels, Op.138, of 1844 agrees with the main-note-start rule and acknowledges the treatises of Hummel and Spohr (and Kalkbrenner, 1831) by name. His 1844 method omits the list of alternative starts that his 1826 Flöten-schule gave.
Still, flutists need not follow Hummel's rule for all music of the mid and late 19th century. For example, Rudolf Tillmetz included trills in his Melodic Etudes, Op.47, of c.1900 for which he used written short appoggiaturas to indicate an upper-note start (e.g., twice in Etude 1).


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subset: commoncrawl


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Well the judge let my daughter take her children for the summer and then we go back August,15 to see if the judge deem's my daughter and her husband fit to have the children back.
We did some target practicing with the kid's uncle Damien and cousin Sebastian that they havnt seen in five year's.
The girl's were taught by grandpa how to hold a gun safely...they did real good.
Grandpa giving Tommy some pointer's on safety.....we call Tommy (Machine gun Tommy) he just want's to shoot shoot shoot in a big hurry.
Grandson Sebastian I havnt seen for two year's....he's an old pro.
My son Darrryn's face got cut off in the picture, but we have Damien,Sebastian,Machine gun Tommy,grandpa explaining safety again to the girl's,Kiara and Rylee.
The last week has been so quite without the grandchildren...I hope and pray all goes well with that little family, I love them so.
Sorry I havnt posted for so long....I tried Monday and it wouldnt let me so here I am today (Wednesday) and it let me.
Hope all is well with all of you.
Love sent from Debbie:)


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Rumors have it that AT&T has been reallocating its EDGE service to the weaker 1900MHz band this move is supposed to improve 3G strength in HSPA devices.
I currently am relying on EDGE service with my first generation iPhone and even though I live in a small city of 30,000 or so I haven't seen any signal issues even when I'm miles outside of town.
It's odd that AT&T would decide to do this now, unless they are going to begin really pushing 3G coverage to more and more areas and (obviously) eventually phasing out 2G altogether.
I have a feeling that there won't be too many people affected by this, hopefully AT&T will be smart enough to know where this strategy would work and where it wouldn't be a good idea, but let's face it, AT&T has made some mistakes in the past and will obviously make more in the future.
Fewer Bars in More Places: AT&T Network Upgrades Degrade Service for 2G Phones – OFB.biz: Open for Business.


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The general managers meetings take place this coming week in Boca Raton, Fla., and we'll see, in person, the changing face of baseball front offices.
Formulas, calculations, models, concepts, and projections have overshadowed in some cases instincts and scouting. Smart has replaced street smart.
This is baseball 2015, except in Kansas City and San Francisco, the homes of the last two World Series champions, where traditional baseball lives.
"I've seen so many good baseball men who will be pushed out of the game, and never be allowed back, to make room for some of the huge analytical departments that these teams employ now," said an American League GM. "And the question we all have: Has this made the game better? I'm not sure the answer to that is yes."
Fundamentals have slipped throughout the game. Pitchers can't throw to bases. Few players can bunt. Hitters don't even know how to beat shifts by slapping the ball the other way. Outfielders are consistently unable to hit the cutoff man. Base-running blunders are the norm.
Has all this occurred as a result of a shift in philosophies? If not, what a coincidence.
Every team has power pitchers who can't get past six innings; only 28 pitchers managed 200-plus innings in 2015, one of the lowest totals in years. And power pitchers are getting hurt at an alarming rate. Tommy John surgeons are getting rich.
There's more dependence on bullpens, which in most cases comprise pitchers who aren't good enough to be starters.
It was interesting to watch the free-and-easy nature of the game from the 1950s to the '80s, when players such as Willie Mays, Hank Aaron, and Roberto Clemente just went up to the plate, saw the ball, and hit it, as opposed to the robotic nature of today's game, where everything seems programmed and where data dictate whether a player swings or doesn't.
And so, what we'll see at the GM meetings is a cast that is changing to reflect baseball 2015 and beyond.
All teams will tell you they are hybrids of analytics and traditional scouting, but they all lean one way or the other. Does data support scouting or does scouting support data?
In the AL East, Yankees GM Brian Cashman tilts toward analytics. The Blue Jays will have a new look with Alex Anthopoulos leaving after incoming president Mark Shapiro decided he wanted to have the final say on baseball issues and criticized Anthopoulos for trading top prospects. While Anthopoulos leaned toward traditional, Shapiro is more analytical.
The Rays always have been more analytical. The Orioles are more traditional, yet Dan Duquette was one of the first GMs to use analytics, when he was in Boston.
Dave Dombrowski remains a traditionalist, so the Red Sox will trend that way, but new GM Mike Hazen embraces analytics.
In the AL Central, the Tigers' new GM, Al Avila, is a scouting guy, so he leans traditional. The Indians are more analytical. The White Sox are more traditional, with a host of scouts who have been together for years. The Twins are definitely traditional.
In the AL West, the Astros were always more analytical, but they've acknowledged scouting is still important. Billy Eppler, Cashman's longtime assistant who is the new GM of the Angels, leans analytical, though he embraces scouting. Now the question is, can Eppler and manager Mike Scioscia co-exist? Scioscia may be the last of the old-fashioned managers who consider analytics taboo. Scioscia will eventually lose this battle.
Former Angels GM Jerry Dipoto, who quit over an analytics battle with Scioscia, is now the GM in Seattle and is definitely analytical, as is his new manager, Scott Servais, his former assistant GM in Anaheim who has no prior managerial experience, also a trend among the analytics folks.
The Rangers really are a balanced team, but they lean analytical. The A's lean very much analytical.
In the National East, the Braves and Nationals lean traditional. The Mets use analytics, but they also lean traditional. The Marlins are traditional but are developing their first analytics department this offseason.
The Phillies were always more traditional under Ruben Amaro Jr., but with Medfield's Matt Klentak hired as GM to help president of baseball operations Andy MacPhail, who is also more traditional, the Phillies' approach could change.
In the NL Central, the Cardinals lean toward analytics. The Brewers have hired Harvard-educated Dave Stearns, 30, who is heavily analytical, based on his Astros background as the assistant GM under Jeff Luhnow.
The Cubs will remain a mix of analytics and scouting with the Theo Epstein/Jed Hoyer/Jason McLeod troika, but Epstein leans toward analytics.
The Reds, a traditional team, are also changing. While Walt Jocketty moves up to president of baseball operations, the new GM is Dick Williams, who has been a business executive with the team and is the son of one of the minority owners. It's unclear which way Williams will lean.
The Pirates have great scouts, but they lean toward the analytics side.
In the NL West, the Dodgers are analytics all the way. More than 40 of their scouts and baseball operations staffers have been fired. The Padres are continuing to figure out who they are, but they lean toward analytics, as do the Rockies.
|AL East
|Yankees, Blue Jays, Rays
|Red Sox, Orioles
|AL Central
|Tigers, White Sox, Twins, Royals
|AL West
|Astros, Angels, Mariners, Rangers, A's
|NL East
|Braves, Nationals, Mets, Marlins, Phillies
|NL Central
|Cardinals, Brewers, Cubs, Pirates
|NL West
|Dodgers, Padres, Rockies
|Giants, Diamondbacks
We'll see how trades evolve as the faces change. You won't see two GMs sitting at a bar over a few drinks and making a deal. Some of the greatest deals in baseball history were made that way.
Now there will be enough data shared to choke a horse. And in the end everyone will likely have the same, or pretty close to the same, data.
What has always separated teams is how their scouts evaluate players. Their job is not only to evaluate talent, but to recognize heart, desire, makeup, toughness, resiliency, adaptation to the team culture and the city. All of the things that can't be quantified but may be the most important traits.
Dipoto offered opinions on Sox
Before he left to become the GM of the Mariners, Jerry Dipoto took his temporary role with the Red Sox very seriously.
According to Dave Dombrowski, Dipoto turned in a detailed report on the Sox organization from top to bottom, and Dombrowski said he found it helpful.
Given Boston's minor league talent, the report was mostly positive, but coming into a new situation, the information was valuable to Dombrowski. Former GM Ben Cherington had hired Dipoto before walking away when Dombrowski came aboard.
It would make sense to watch for Mariners/Red Sox trade talks, as Dipoto's knowledge of the Red Sox is likely higher than any other GM's.
Dipoto already has struck with the first major deal of the offseason, acquiring hard-throwing righthander Nate Karns from the Rays for utilityman Brad Miller, first baseman Logan Morrison, and reliever Danny Farquhar, as well as lefthander C.J. Riefenhauser and minor league outfielder Boog Powell.
Obtaining Karns was considered a coup, though the Rays were likely to make one of their starters available in an effort to improve their offense.
The Rays hope Miller can be their new Ben Zobrist. Karns protects Dipoto in case he can't re-sign free agent Hisashi Iwakuma, who will likely receive a qualifying offer.
Not clear where Morrison fits, and the Rays may now try to move James Loney and be rid of his $9.67 million salary. Farquhar gives the Rays another big arm in the bullpen.
Powell has been a productive prospect and could emerge as a starter for Seattle. A lefthanded-hitting center fielder and former first-round pick, he batted .295 with a .385 on-base percentage, 16 doubles, 9 triples, and 18 stolen bases over 117 games between Triple A Durham and Double A Montgomery in 2015.
But Dipoto has made building pitching depth his No. 1 priority. It's expected he'll be active in the free agent market, targeting pitchers such as Yovani Gallardo and Mike Leake, and others in that second tier.
The Mariners were picked by many to make the World Series in 2015, but they fell far short. GM Jack Zduriencik and manager Lloyd McClendon lost their jobs as a result.
Apropos of nothing
1. As expected, Pawtucket Red Sox owner Larry Lucchino opted for Dr. Charles Steinberg and Dan Rea to run the team over Jeremy Kapstein. Lucchino also persuaded Mike Tamburro to accept a vice chairman title, even though Tamburro won't be that involved. Some of Lucchino's investors weren't happy with the choices.
2. It was great to see the Royals recognize the scouts who did such a great job preparing for the teams they beat in the playoffs. The Royals invited the scouts into the World Series celebration, so Tim Conroy, Lynn's Mike Pazik, Mike Toomey, Paul Gibson, Mitch Webster, Dennis Cardoza, and Alec Zumwalt got to revel in a championship they played a part in.
3. Roger Clemens will be honored at The Sports Museum's 14th annual The Tradition, at TD Garden on Dec. 2. Clemens's award will be presented by Red Sox radio voice Joe Castiglione. Also honored will be Danny Ainge, Joan Benoit Samuelson, Richard Seymour, Gerry Cheevers, and Don Rodman. For tickets, visit www.sportsmuseum.org or contact Renee Quinn,at email@example.com or 617-624-1231. Reserved seating is $300 and general admission is $200. Net proceeds benefit The Sports Museum.
4. We're likely to hear by the first of the year whether Pete Rose will be reinstated by commissioner Rob Manfred. Signs point to the status quo, but with Rose being allowed to take part in more MLB-related activities.
5. With Lucchino out, maybe now the Red Sox will properly honor Wade Boggs and retire his No. 26.
6. One of the theories out there on Alex Anthopoulos is that he'll eventually be the GM of the Montreal franchise if the Rays or Athletics relocate, or if there is expansion. Might be a good theory, but Anthopoulos will surely get a job before that.
7. A career well done by Aramis Ramirez, who announced his retirement last week. He played 18 years and hit .283 with 386 homers, 1,417 RBIs, and an .833 OPS. He played in 2,194 games and had 2,303 hits with three All-Star appearances.
Updates on nine
1. Dusty Baker, manager, Nationals — The 66-year-old Baker didn't mind being the second choice to Bud Black for the job. Baker managed 10 years with the Giants, four with the Cubs, and six with the Reds. He managed for 20 consecutive years, from 1993-2013, before a two-year hiatus. He has an 840-715 record and will be the second-oldest manager in baseball, 18 days younger than Terry Collins.
2. Shane Victorino, OF, free agent — Agent John Boggs said Victorino is finally healthy and wants to play in 2016. Boggs also said that Victorino, who hit .214 for the Angels and .230 overall (.245 for the Red Sox) in just 204 at-bats in 2015, would resume switch-hitting with his new team.
3. Mike Napoli, 1B/OF, free agent — Napoli managed to raise his value in the second half with the Rangers. He also added left field to his defensive repertoire. Napoli hit .295 with five homers and 10 RBIs with a .908 OPS in 78 at-bats with the Rangers. There's also some talk about adding catcher back to his tool box.
4. Jeffrey Loria, owner, Marlins — We've been critical of him for his managerial hirings, but Loria is deeply committed to good scouting. He's already hired two outstanding scouts in Paul Ricciarini, previously with the Astros, and Jim Cuthbert, who was the Indians' advance scout.
5. Dayton Moore, GM, Royals — Moore has gone from a man who was consistently ridiculed to one continually praised, after his patience and the lumps he took paid off the last two seasons. Moore is now considered the quintessential GM. And like Brian Sabean, whose Giants beat Moore's Royals in the 2014 World Series, Moore is a traditionalist.
6. Jonny Gomes, OF, free agent — Gomes, 34, was disappointed that he wasn't on the Royals' World Series roster, but said, "I was able to contribute behind the scenes. I helped a lot with the game-planning and the pregame discussions. I wanted to play, don't get me wrong, but it gave me a glimpse of what I want to do when I'm done playing." Gomes, who keeps winding up with postseason teams (he has been on two World Series winners), said he wants to be a manager someday. For now, he wants to continue playing. "They'll have to rip the jersey off my back," he said.
7. Dave Roberts, coach, Padres — Roberts, who made the 2004 Red Sox championship possible, will likely not return to the Padres if he doesn't land the Dodgers manager job, after the Padres did not interview him for their managerial opening. Roberts is waiting to hear whether he has made the second round of interviews in LA. His upbeat nature and embracing of analytics are certainly positives as the Dodgers try to replace Don Mattingly. Roberts is seen as a perfect mentor for Yasiel Puig, who needs that special touch to bring out his talent. Bud Black has entered the picture in LA. There's also Bob Geren, Raul Ibanez, Gabe Kapler, and Ron Roenicke in the mix. Roberts also interviewed for the Mariners job.
8. Frank Viola, Triple A pitching coach, Mets — Behind the scenes, Viola has done a great job grooming the Mets' young pitchers. He did it this year with righthander Noah Syndergaard and lefthander Steven Matz. Viola will now try to advance the next group, which is headed by former Princeton righthander Matt Bowman, who really struggled at Triple A (7-16, 5.53 ERA) but whom Viola sees as someone who could emerge.
9. Dan Jennings, former GM and manager, Marlins — Jennings won't be a manager or GM any time soon, but said he has a few options to join organizations and will likely decide soon. Jennings, who has two years remaining on his contract with the Marlins, will likely take an advisory role.
Extra innings
From the Bill Chuck files: "How good were the Royals in 2015 hitting against fastballs? Very. All teams averaged .275 against fastballs, while the Royals hit .311." . . . Happy birthday, Nick Punto (38), Jose Offerman (47), and Jerry Remy (63).
Roller coaster ride
Unheralded Daniel Murphy was having a historically great postseason before stumbling big time in the World Series. The Mets second baseman homered in a record six straight postseason games in the NL Division Series and Championship Series, winning NLCS MVP honors. The ride came to an abrupt halt in the World Series, but he still joins a list of lesser- known players who did some of their best work in October.
Nick Cafardo can be reached at email@example.com. Follow him on Twitter @nickcafardo. Material from interviews, wire services, other beat writers, and league and team sources was used in this report.


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In less than three weeks, I will be hanging out with three of my heroes whose careers I have followed for years, as well as one new-to-me mentor and inspiration, as these four powerhouses focus on helping me live my dreams. It's going to be a ferociously busy time as I prepare for the Enlightened Bestsellers Mastermind weekend, so I am using one of my favorite "live your dreams" tricks, which I call "Einstein Time."
What is Einstein Time?
You have, of course, heard of relativity. Einstein himself expresses it this way: "Put your hand on a hot stove for a minute, and it seems like an hour. Sit with a pretty girl for an hour, and it seems like a minute. THAT'S relativity."
I believe that when I'm truly laser-focused on the task at hand, I can accelerate my pace of thinking and creating to a lightning speed, as I did when I wrote 180 pages in one week back in 2010 while working on the first draft of my book. I don't know if it's divine inspiration, possession, or just pure raw determination, but when I need to get something done fast, I crank it out!
And when you are totally absorbed in what you are doing, time does fly by. Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi writes about this concept in his book, Flow.
Mihaly defines flow this way: "When a person's entire being is stretched in the full functioning of body and mind, whatever one does becomes worth doing for its own sake; living becomes its own justification. In the harmonious focusing of physical and psychic energy, life finally comes into its own." He goes further to say it is the "full involvement of flow" that makes for excellence in life.
When I enter this state of flow, as I often do when writing, dancing, or public speaking, or preparing a speech, workshop or retreat, time evaporates in a fun way. I'm fully engaged. I love what I'm doing.
I lose track of time and stop looking at the clock.
Stretching Time
Of course if time is flying by, one still needs to be conscious enough to be sure that the deadline is met. This is when I employ my other favorite trick of "stretching time."
For me, stretching time is all about slowing down internally – i.e. operating from an internal state of true calm and peace, so I'm not frazzled or distracted. This to me means focusing intensely, and also committing more strongly than ever to my "foundational practices" of meditation and yoga, which ground me and help me to cultivate that coveted state of a "quiet mind."
And, it's about intending. So, I actually set an intention to "stretch" time to be sure I can complete all the tasks I need to complete.
Of course, good old-fashioned tactics like prioritizing make a difference, so in a fun and wildly busy time like this, I drop all the "non-essential" tasks off my list. For better or for worse, right now this includes deep housecleaning (I do my dishes and laundry and the basics of course, but no floor is getting swept or mopped until I've gotten through these deadlines).
"An immaculate house is a sign of a boring woman" is an expression I've always liked. Maybe this is because cleaning is hardly my favorite activity, although I can make it more fun by cleaning and dancing with ABBA on in the background.
Yet I'd definitely prioritize "living my dreams" over "having a floor I could eat off of." There will not be much socializing in these next few weeks, with the exception of spending time with my adorable four-year-old niece and two-year-old nephew, who are visiting my parents in Massachusetts until early December.
I also want to finish the new version of my Website, print new business cards, and do a juice cleanse over these next two-and-a-half weeks. A lot to pull off, right???
Who Doesn't Love A Good Challenge?
I like challenges, luckily, and have always been one to rise to the occasion… Challenges motivate me to perform at my highest and best level.
I'm so thrilled about this career opportunity, so am going to give it everything I've got. It's what I've been working toward for a few years now, since I first started working on my book, Burning Down the House.
I get the chance now to be mentored by New York Times best-selling authors Janet Bray Attwood and Chris Attwood, of The Passion Test, and Marci Shimoff, who wrote Happy for No Reason and Love for No Reason. All three of them also travel the world doing inspirational speaking, and they will help me to grow my public speaking career.
And, I'll get to benefit from the expertise of Internet marketing guru Geoff Affleck, who is a globe-trotting speaker and facilitator as well.
There is no way I'm going to meet my role models without having done my homework first! Which to me right now means: finishing the book proposal, getting my new Website up, printing new business cards, and polishing my three-minute pitch that describes what my business is, who I serve, and how I differentiate myself from other life coaches and spiritual teachers.
I'm working on that now, and making steady progress every day. Last week, I hid away at a friend's lakehouse for a few days, because he is in a remote, beautiful and peaceful location with no Internet, so I can't even be tempted by Facebook or email.
I'll return there this week for a few days, work hard for 12-hour days, and then spend the weekend with my nephew and niece.
Good times, good times!
Speaking of Einstein and Dreams…
When things get a little wild like this, I remind myself what a "high-quality problem" it is to have your dreams manifesting, and at the same time to have the chance to spend time with some of the people in the world who you love most.
I really do believe I'm almost freakishly lucky. I've been able to live so many of my life's dreams already, and I'm still so young! I am less than halfway through my life, God willing, maybe a third of the way through if I really master longevity, and I feel like I've only just begun…
I've always been fortunate in having the opportunity to connect with my heroes and have access to amazing mentors as well, as I will at this Enlightened Bestsellers Mastermind weekend.
Einstein is one of my personal heroes, and he was a physicist at Princeton, where I spent my undergraduate years. I was originally a math major, and perhaps felt close to Einstein because of that. I also love it that he is a great humanitarian with the world's most wonderfully wild white hair.
I used to dream about Einstein, and in one particularly vivid dream that I still recall clearly all these years later, we were out on a boat together in the middle of the ocean. Which ocean, I don't know, but I don't think it matters. Let's just say, for argument's sake, the Atlantic.
We were the only two people on this white sailboat, and Einstein, my buddy Albert, was busy sharing the secrets of the universe with me. Why he decided to bestow them upon lil' ol' me, who knows, but I was certainly grateful to be learning them and to be in his wild and gentle presence!
At one point in the dream, a red and white missile was rushing by us just underneath the surface of the water. It wasn't headed for us, but I felt that it was my job to stop it.
I definitely have always had a bit of a "messianic save-the-world-complex" which is something one must release in order to focus on living dreams, really. Because I can live my own passions, and do healing work in the world through my writing, speaking and teaching, but surely I am not meant to save the whole world, singlehandedly.
Still, it was nice to hear the secrets of the universe! I just wish I could have remembered them when I woke up!
Staying Focused on Living the Dreams
Perhaps someday I'll remember the secrets that Einstein told me. For now, I'm just focused on getting ready for this amazing Enlightened Bestsellers Mastermind weekend.
I love it when I am living the dream, in a way that exceeds what I ever could have imagined I'd achieve… These special weekend promises to be one of those magical times in my life.
So I will work hard, enjoy being in the flow, "stretch" time, and give it my all….
What are your favorite techniques to "stretch" time or deal with temporary "overwhelm" when many amazing things are happening in your life all at once? Do share your tactics here, dreamers, and keep dreaming big and living the dream!
Lisa P. Graham is an inspirational writer, life coach, TED motivational speaker, and globe-trotter whose passion is to help others to find happiness and meaning in their daily lives. A political activist at heart, Lisa would like to empower more women to run for political office as a way to create positive change in the world. You can find her on her website or watch her TEDx speech on YouTube.
Note: Articles by Lisa may contain affiliate links and may be compensated if you make a purchase after clicking on an affiliate link.


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Maisy Grows a Garden
Sold out
Original Price $195.00
Current Price $122.90
Help Maisy to grow her very first garden with a vegetable patch and LOTS of flowers. See things spring to life in this fun-filled novelty book! Digging, planting, weeding, watering ... Maisy is getting her garden ready so that wonderful, colourful things can lay their roots. Turn the pages and pull the tabs to make seeds grow. Carrots, lettuce, tomatoes and green beans - yum, yum! Sunflowers and daisies! Look, a wriggling worm and a buzzing bee! Gardening is so much fun with Maisy.


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Open an offshore bank account in Mauritius in the private banking division of a major bank. Everything handled remotely, crypto is an acceptable source of funds. Receive an elite VIP credit card.Read more
What is the difference between EMIs (Electronic Money Institutions) and traditional banks? With the growth of EMIs as a viable alternative for sending and receiving electronic payments internationally, this is a question we are frequently asked here at Offshore Pro Group. Safety of funds and stability of financial […]Read more
Luxembourg is one of the most attractive jurisdictions in Europe with economic, political and legislative stability. Luxembourg has only 600,000 inhabitants, but with a GDP per capita of about 110,000 dollars, it is the richest country in the EU and one of the richest in the world. Great attractiveness for the financial industry stems from the political and social stability of this country, but also a very favorable regulatory and tax optimization, or laws that have been adapted to modern needs.Read more
Here at Offshore Pro Group we have offered online check or cheque cashing services for many years. We are proud to be one of the few companies to offer cheque cashing service over the internet – we can help you cash US checks, Euro cheques, foreign cheques, Canadian checks […]Read more
Time has shown that gaming is not only a hobby, but also a sport and a serious business. In the last two decades, since computers became available to everyone, the demand for online games and game development has started to grow. Today, there are already serious platforms and games with such a high resolution that they look realistic. If you are interested in E-gaming, it is an extremely profitable business. If you are looking for a banking solution for your e-gaming business, you can read more about it below.Read more
Offshore banking in relation to business refers to operations that are done within other countries, such as the registration of an offshore company or an offshore bank account.
An Offshore business is a business with advantages and has no universal definition. In most cases, offshore for domestic entrepreneurs […]Read more
The articles discusses the ways to fight against IBAN discrimination.Read more
When you make a seven-figure deposit with a bank, they are going to make some special offers to you that they do not normally make to less wealthy clients. Swiss banks in particular love their well-off customers and they can assign a bank officer to rich […]Read more
Updated 21/05/2020: this free Marshall Islands offer has been going great guns and we expect it to close soon. Read on to find out how you can get upgrade your offshore company to the prestigious Marshall Islands jurisdiction and get a FREE OFFSHORE BANK ACCOUNT […]Read more
While the world is fighting the COVID-19 pandemic and the national economies are suffering great losses, people are looking for ways to protect their personal assets and lower their financial risks. Opening an account with a foreign bank is one of the most effective instruments of asset […]Read more
Buying a product without paying money for it… This certainly sounds as if it was an oxymoron. However strange it may appear though, it is possible to purchase foreign citizenship 'for free' if you put some money into state bonds or bank deposits. This is a perfectly legal […]Read more
How to open an offshore bank account remotely in 2020? What documents are required to open a current account abroad for an individual? How long does it take to open an account offshore?
Being aware of the importance of the current economic depression and your need for […]Read more
Banker J.P. Morgan once said that "gold is money and everything else is credit." It is very close to truth! We recommend that you consider the opportunity to purchase physical gold (and other precious metals like silver, platinum and palladium) thus acquiring the most secure […]Read more
With global travel almost at a standstill, caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, let us reflect on the real value of the freedom of movement and benefits of economic citizenship.
You might have heard of Schindler's List, but below is the much more low-profile is an […]
Over the recent days, we have heard some inspiring news related to the coronavirus pandemic. Several countries are starting to soften the quarantine requirements and it looks like the situation is beginning to improve little by little. However, it would be wrong to expect that the world economy […]Read more


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In the long history of poor management decisions made at major American companies, only a few proved to be fatal. It is hard to ruin a company with a single decision. That is especially true when the company has the advantages of huge market share, large and rising revenue, and a history of success. But not all bad decisions are created equal. 24/7 Wall St. set out to identify the worst business decisions of all time. These decisions cost these companies billions of dollars and, eventually, their independence.
Read: The Worst Business Decisions of All Time
Bad business decisions result in financial loss. The worst business decisions lose companies billions in revenue. Our editors relied on Fortune magazine's annual list of the largest 500 companies ranked by revenue to identify the companies that were the biggest in America and, as a result, capable of losing the most money.
To make the initial cut, companies had to be on the Fortune 100 list for at least 10 consecutive years and then drop off the top 100 ranking for good. We then looked for the companies that made a single identifiable decision that cost them significant revenue and ultimately led to their decline. Based on this cut, 24/7 Wall St. identified the eight companies that suffered from the worst business decisions of all time.
Inclusion at the top of the Fortune 500 is hard to get, but, once won, it is also hard to lose. Nearly three-quarters of 2012's 100 largest companies have been in the top 100 for at least a decade. This includes 23 that have been there for a quarter century, as well as 13 companies that have been on the list since it debuted in 1955. Even if a company falls out of the top 100, it usually remains a large company for a long time. Seventy companies from the original Fortune 100 are still somewhere on the Fortune 500 list.
Most bad business decisions are not fatal. General Motors Co. (NYSE: GM) has made several mistakes, none as harmful as the decision to continue to manufacture large vehicles when the market was trending toward smaller cars. These poor judgment calls led to GM's bankruptcy in 2009, but with the help of a government bailout it remains in the Fortune 100 today. This is not the case with the companies on this list. The decisions made at these companies eventually ruined each of them.
The worst bad decisions fall into three categories. The managements of Lehman Brothers and Firestone were simply reckless. Leading up to the housing collapse, Lehman executives overleveraged the investment bank, far more than any other large financial institution. Firestone hastily tried to expand into production of a new kind of tire. Both companies ignored internal warnings that their decisions were highly risky.
In the case of Kodak and Motorola, management missed tectonic shifts in their industries until it was too late. Motorola held on to its old cellphone business too long, failing to leverage its Razr brand or couple it with a smartphone until the brand had lost its relevance. Kodak, which actually held a patent for digital cameras well before they were mass produced, eventually was left behind by other digital camera manufacturers like Fuji and Sony Corp. (NYSE: SNE) that moved quickly to establish market dominance.
Kmart, meanwhile, showed a general lack of foresight. The retailer failed to create modern supply chain management that could support an increase in customers, something it should have expected following its price war with Wal-Mart Stores Inc. (NYSE: WMT) and aggressive advertising.
To identify the worst business decisions of all time, 24/7 Wall St. reviewed all Fortune 500 companies since 1955 that have, at any point, been in the top 100 for at least 10 years, but were no longer among them in 2012. A company needed to have either filed for bankruptcy protection or been acquired. The declines in the company's fortunes also had to have been traced to one identifiable bad decision. For each of these companies, 24/7 Wall St. reviewed revenue and sales data, obtained from Capital IQ, as well as stock price performance.
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Fanes Sennes Braies, breathtaking itineraries in the Dolomites
The Fanes Sennes Braies natural park is the El Dorado of every mountain lover. Located at the border between South Tyrol and Veneto, it can be reached from San Vigilio di Marebbe, Alta Badia, Cortina d'Ampezzo and Toblach / Dobbiaco.
The whole natural park is a heavenly region of unspoilt mountain landscapes, vast green meadows surrounded by astonishing peaks and beautiful little lakes.
From the Lavarella mountain hut there are various walks, trekking and hiking trails leading in every direction. Short walks for the whole family, even possible with little children, longer and more difficult excursions for the expert mountaineers, vie ferrate, climbing trails, and of course the world famous Alta Via delle Dolomiti 1 (Haute Route 1), the legendary high route across the whole region. From the Lavarella mountain lodge you can reach several peaks: Lavarella (3055 m), Cunturines (3064 m), Cima Dieci / Zehnerspitze (3026 m), Sas dla Crusc (2908 m), Croda del Becco / Seekofel (2810 m) above the Braies / Prags lake, Croda Rossa d'Ampezzo / Hohe Gaisl (3146 m) and the Lagazuoi (2835 m), just outside of the park borders.


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Our brand and
about us
We got our start on Tik Tok when a viral video showing our gowns caught traction. Our little business was born, now nearly a year later, we are still going strong.
Bought this for my granddaughter who is expecting our first great granddaughter soon. I never knew that such things were made! I love the color and theworkmanshipis wonderful. Wish I'd have thought of this when I was still sewing! The bunting and hat for the baby is such a great extra!! We love it!!❤Nov 4, 2021
Shipping was so fast! I'm having twins so I bought the labor gown/swaddle/hat set in floral for me and my girl twin and this gray swaddle/hat set for my boy twin. The quality is amazing and they're buttery soft ❤❤❤
Contact buyerSept 27, 2021
I am SO excited to wear this!! It's so comfy and stretchy, and it's really great quality. It's a gorgeous color and it comes with the cutest matching set for the baby, which is to die for! I love that everything is adjustable - I'm 22 weeks and still pretty small and it looks adorable on me, but there's so much room so I'm so confident it will work at all stages (pregnant or not!). So nice to have something like this rather than a crappy hospital gown.Sept 14th, 2021
I purchased this after seeing it off of tiktok and it is absolutely gorgeous! Even better quality than I imagined, and it is so comfortable. The seller was incredibly helpful and friendly. I'm obsessed with this and cannot wait to wear it for my pregnancy! I highly recommend this product and this sellers shop!Sept 2, 2021


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Ready, Set, Knit! 385: Kathy talks with Kate AtherleySaturday, January 10th, 2015
Play Now:
This week Kathy talks with Kate Atherley about her new eBook, Pattern Writing for Knit Designers.
Learn about how Kate got into pattern design, her work with Knitty.com, her history with pattern design and editing, and how this book can help you.
Kathy then talks with Education Manager Amy Greeman about our upcoming Mystery Knit-along and Mystery Crochet-along. If you're local to the store sign up for the class, if you're not be sure to check our blog in late January for more details of how you can participate.
Drop-ins are Back! Be sure to stop by the store Tuesday and Thursday mornings between 10am and 1pm and Thursday evenings from 5:30-8pm
Winter/Spring 2015 Classes are on the website now, register before they fill up!
Upcoming Events:
Our 9th Annual Pre-Game Event is coming up on Feb 1st – It's free but be sure to register!
Join us for a Yarn Tasting with Cascade Yarns on Feb 12th.
Don't miss your chance to meet and talk with Norah Gaughan on March 7th!
Be sure to check out all of our upcoming Events here.


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What Is Ecology?
What does ecology have to do with me?
Ecology is the study of the relationships between living organisms, including humans, and their physical environment; it seeks to understand the vital connections between plants and animals and the world around them. Ecology also provides information about the benefits of ecosystems and how we can use Earth's resources in ways that leave the environment healthy for future generations.
Who are Ecologists?
Ecologists study these relationships among organisms and habitats of many different sizes, ranging from the study of microscopic bacteria growing in a fish tank, to the complex interactions between the thousands of plant, animal, and other communities found in a desert.
Ecologists also study many kinds of environments. For example, ecologists may study microbes living in the soil under your feet or animals and plants in a rain forest or the ocean.
The Role of Ecology in Our Lives
The many specialties within ecology, such as marine, vegetation, and statistical ecology, provide us with information to better understand the world around us. This information also can help us improve our environment, manage our natural resources, and protect human health. The following examples illustrate just a few of the ways that ecological knowledge has positively influenced our lives.
Improving Our Environment
Pollution from Laundry Detergents & Fertilizers
In the 1960s, ecological research identified two of the major causes of poor water quality in lakes and streams-phosphorous and nitrogen-which were found in large amounts in laundry detergents and fertilizers. Provided with this information, citizens were able to take the necessary steps to help restore their communities' lakes and streams-many of which are once again popular for fishing and swimming.
Non-Native or Introduced Species Invasions
Some non-native species (plants, animals, microbes, and fungi not originally from a given area) threaten our forests, croplands, lakes, and other ecosystems. Introduced species, such as the kudzu vine shown here, do this by competing with plants and animals that were originally there, often damaging the environment in the process. For example, the gypsy moth, a native of Europe and Asia, wreaks havoc on great swaths of forest lands by defoliating, or eating the leaves off of trees. At first, highly toxic chemicals, which also poisoned other animals, were the only methods available to control this introduced pest. By targeting vulnerable stages in the moths' life cycle, ecologists devised less toxic approaches to control their numbers.
Public Health
Natural Services
Ecologists have discovered that marshes and wetlands filter toxins and other impurities from water. Communities can reap the benefit of this ecological service. Leaving some of these filtering ecosystems intact can reduce the burden on water treatment plants that have been built to perform the same service. By using natural filtering systems, we have the option to build fewer new treatment plants.
Biomedical Contributions
Ecologists have discovered that many plants and animals produce chemicals that protect them from predators and diseases. Some of these same chemicals have been synthesized by scientists or harvested from the organism and used to treat human diseases. For example, the Pacific Yew tree produces a substance which is used in cancer treatments. Another example is a substance found in horseshoe crabs, hemolymph, that is used in leukemia treatments.
Lyme Disease
Lyme Disease is a potentially serious bacterial infection that is transmitted to humans by certain ticks. Ecological studies have found that people are more likely to get Lyme disease when acorns are plentiful. Why? Because mice and deer, which carry the disease and the ticks, feed on acorns. More acorns usually mean more mice and deer, providing a favorable environment for large populations of ticks to flourish. Knowing the connections between acorns, deer, mice, and ticks, ecologists are able to predict the likelihood of infection and let people know when they need to be more careful when outdoors.
Natural Resource Management
Endangered Species Protection
Some of our nation's most cherished species, such as the bald eagle and peregrine falcon, as well as countless other less familiar species, like the Virginia Big-Eared Bat and the American Burying Beetle, have either been brought back from the brink of extinction or their populations have been stabilized. These successes are the result of successful captive breeding efforts, reintroduction methods, and a greater understanding of species, in part because of ecological research.
Forestry Solutions
Ecological concepts have been applied to forest management and are slowly being integrated into traditional forest science. For example, ecological studies have shown that fire plays a key role in maintaining healthy forest ecosystems in certain types of forests. This knowledge has encouraged more research to find ways to use controlled fires to prevent unpredictable and costly wildfires.
Agricultural Solutions
Biological control is a technique that uses the natural enemies and predators of pests to control damage to crops. It is based in part on knowing the ecology of pests, which is used to understand when and where they are the most vulnerable to their enemies. Biological control alleviates crop damage by insects, saves money, and decreases problem associated with pesticides.
Fishing Solutions
Ecological research has shown that estuaries are nursery grounds for fish populations that live in coastal waters, an important reason to protect these areas. Ecological research has also identified obstacles, such as dams, that fish encounter when returning to their breeding areas. This information has been used to help design structures for fish so they can move around these obstacles to reach their breeding areas.
Common Terms
An ecosystem is any geographic area that includes all of the organisms and nonliving parts of their physical environment. An ecosystem can be a natural wilderness area, a suburban lake or forest, or a heavily used area such as a city. The more natural an ecosystem is, the more ecosystem services it provides. These include cleansing the water (wetlands and marshes) and air (forests), pollinating crops and other important plants (insects, birds, bats), and absorbing and detoxifying pollutants (soils and plants).
Short for biological diversity, biodiversity is the range of variation found among microorganisms, plants, fungi, and animals. Some of this variation is found within species, such as differences in shapes and colors of the flowers of a single species of plants. Biodiversity also includes the richness of species of living organisms on earth.
The environment is the surroundings of an organism including the physical and chemical environment, and other organisms with which it comes into contact. This term is most frequently used in a human context, often referring to factors affecting our quality of life.
Natural Resources
Natural resources are living and nonliving materials in the environment that are used by humans. There are two types: renewable (wildlife, fish, timber, water) and nonrenewable (fossil fuels and minerals).
A group of individuals belonging to one species (of bacteria, fungi, plant, or animal) living in an area.
Populations of organisms of different species that interact with one another.
Where Can I Go For More Information or Assistance?
If you are interested in learning more about ecology, or would like to know what you can do to become involved, a number of resources are at your disposal. Public and university libraries offer articles, journals, and books on a range of ecological research.
Many environmental organizations have developed educational materials that focus on species and ecosystems, and offer tips on becoming involved in community activities that relate to the environment. Finally, professional ecological organizations can connect you with scientific experts in all types of ecological study, from those that specialize in wetland ecology, to those that focus on endangered species, to those whose work emphasizes city environments.
Related Materials
Issues in Ecology
This series of reports providing key scientific information on current environmental issues is published by the Ecological Society of America with support from the Pew Foundation and from the Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Sustainable Ecosystems and Communities.
For a current list of Issues in Ecology, please visit:
Benefits of Ecological Research
- Ecological Research Benefits one-pager, Case Study 1: The Hantavirus
- Ecological Benefits one-pager, Case Study 2: Lyme Disease


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Discover Raddish, a cooking club and curriculum for kids! Each month families receive a thematic and educational cooking kit filled with:
— illustrated, step-by-step recipe guides that teach real culinary techniques
— a creative and fun kitchen project
— a kid-sized, high quality kitchen tool
— collectibles like an embroidered apron patch and table talk conversation starters
Fun for the Whole Family
We make it easy for families to share delicious, quality time together. Raddish takes the guesswork out of cooking with kids at a fraction of the price of a traditional cooking class.
Kids Who Cook Eat
It's simple: kids who help prepare their food are much more likely to eat it. (Broccoli included.) Which means Raddish is perfect for budding chefs and hesitant eaters ages 4-12.
Created by Teachers and Chefs
Delicious recipes are packed with math, science, geography, history, culture, and more, giving a whole new meaning to edible education.


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Local and Lovin' It
Farm-to-table style restaurants continue to be a staple of the Atlanta food scene. And it makes sense! Many chefs insist on using locally sourced products because it helps support local farmers and ensures that diners will be eating the best, freshest, tastiest meal possible.
We found it only appropriate, then, to highlight a handful of super awesome Atlanta restaurants dedicated to using local farmers, proprietors, produce and proteins.
Miller Union
Chef Steven Satterfield is committed to cooking according to what's fresh, locally, now. The preparation of the food is intended to highlight the products beings used and to allow them to shine. The week's harvest is to be the show stopper and, boy, at Miller Union, it definitely is!
Empire State South
Owner/chef Hugh Acheson has long been at the forefront cooking local. Executive Chef Ryan Smith takes ownership of this concept, incorporating local products throughout the menu; from charcuterie to entrees to sides to put ups, ESS is sure to leave you saying "wow."
Originating from the Atlanta area, Chef Carvel Grant Gould makes you feel right at home with her regional cuisine. Canoe's locally-sourced and inspired food, coupled with its country-in-city-vibe (or vice versa) makes you remember why you love Atlanta!
No. 246
What? An italian restaurant? While it is certainly not what most people think of when they think farm-to-table, Chef Drew Belline is uber passionate about using the best, local products he can find. A seasoned forager, Belline even finds some of the ingredients himself and incorporates them into delicious, italian-inspired dishes.
The Spence
The Spence features Chef Richard Blais's ingredient-driven food (local, of course) as he re-imagines classic American dishes in a communal environment.
Chicken and The Egg
Serving Modern American Farmstead food, Chicken and The Egg serves up delicious, locally-sourced southern fare inspired by, but not quite, your Grandmama's cooking! The name of the restaurant itself is a reference to the importance of sustainability and impact on the planet.
This list would simply not be complete without mentioning the restaurant that started it all. Bacchanalia stays true to its ideals, creating exquisite food from only organic ingredients – including some from the farm of owners Anne Quatrano and Clifford Harrison.
Woodfire Grill
Chefs Kevin Gillespie and E.J. Hodgkinson Hicaksf incorporate locally sourced and sustainable ingredients into delicious food, without the constraints of a specific cuisine. Woodfire Grill has given Atlanta diners tasty and inspired dishes for many years and still continues to dazzle.
Table and Main
At Table and Main, Chef Ted Lahey creates American fare that uses products from local farms, creameries and beyond. This Roswell dining room serves up a beyond-enjoyable evening, southern hospitality and all.
Muss & Turner's
"A neighborhood joint with no culinary boundaries or pretense," Muss and Turner's delights Smyrnans with some of the best food in Atlanta. Muss and Turner's is one of the few places that regularly draws steadfast ITP residents OTP!
Holeman and Finch
Linton Hopkins stays true to his beliefs in using local farmers and purveyors at his second restaurant, Holeman and Finch Public house. With delicious charcuterie, burgers and beyond (see: cocktails from mixologist Greg Best), H & F is sure to impress.
Octopus Bar
Lets get one thing straight: there is nothing traditional about this place except chefs Angus Brown and Nhan Le's use of locally sourced, sustainable ingredients. Not opening until 10:30 PM, this is the place where you will find all the industry folks enjoying out-of-the box, delicious grub and booze.


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Online Resumes with "piping design"
engineering Technicion/estimator
I'm looking for a engineering job where I can contribute my vast experience in both civil/structural and mechanical field
Ideal Companies: engineering company
Tags for this Online Resume: autocad, microstation
Design room Manager - 25 years experience - CAD
Continue to contribute to drafting/design organization and efficiency.
Tags for this Online Resume: Cad operator, Design, Chemical Piping Design, P&ID Design, Project Design, Petrol Chemical Systems
senior piping designer
Sr. Piping Design Checker/Specialist
I have 42 years of design experience in the Petrochemical, Offshore and Marine industries. I am seeking employment at this time.
Tags for this Online Resume: Piping, Design, Sr. Checker/Specialist, Engineering, Petrochemical/Offshore & Marine Industries, Sr. Technician
Senior Plant layout specialist-lead checker-Piping estimator
I have a broad spectrum experience. I have plant layout and piping design and structural design and construction estimating experience as well as lots of 3D modeling and field experience as a manager.
Tags for this Online Resume: Piping layout , equipment nozzle orientation, PDMS, Lead piping checker, Liason Engineer, Principle Piping designer
Senior Piping Designer
Lead designer/ Supervisor
Senior Piping Designer
Mechanical Designer
I wish to obtain a challenging career position as a Mechanical Designer or Piping Designer, which offers professional advancement based on personal performance, using my skills, experience, and education.
Piping Design II or Quality Assurance
mechanical piping designer
Principal Piping Designer
I am seeking employment with a company that can utilize my many years and extensive piping design, leadership, computer skills, field work and checking experience.
sr piping designer
gainful employement


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Tags Centers for Disease Control
Tag: Centers for Disease Control
Cleaning is code for evicting, from Frisco to Winnemucca: The UnHoused...
Genocide in action as unhoused people fight for survival while being swept, stripped, demolished and evicted, even from land assigned to them by U.S. federal government.
Eye on Education
Education Reporter Daphne Young brings 99 percent good news and holiday cheer for the uplift we've been craving.
2020 hindsight brings corrupted radiation testing into focus at the EPA...
Tetra Tech was part of a team of contractors hired by the EPA to clean up a toxic radioactive dump in Ohio but evidence suggests EPA implemented a cover-up instead of a cleanup, creating a playbook for institutionalizing corrupted science across the nation. When Tetra Tech got busted years later for fraud at another radioactive site, in San Francisco, the EPA's failure to demand best scientific practices was exposed again with dire ramifications for public health.
San Mateo CPS ignores father and covers up child abuse
The little girl in the photograph is happy. The little girl sitting on Daddy's lap knows she is loved, knows she is wanted. The same little girl is on the telephone four years later – desperate, terrified, traumatized, begging for help. The little girl is Sophia Grace Hope Merrill, Barry White's daughter. When Sophia fell into San Mateo County's child welfare system, Barry thought that maybe everything would be OK because she was placed under the care and supervision of his sister, Ka'misha Crittendon. Barry White was wrong.
Hosted by the Center for Youth Wellness, Dr. Nadine Burke Harris...
Dr. Nadine Burke Harris is an esteemed pediatrician and founder of the Center for Youth Wellness. She emphasizes the importance of understanding the science behind Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) everywhere she goes and in everything she does. At a recent community conversation about her book, "The Deepest Well: Healing the Long-Term Effects of Childhood Adversity," she answered questions ranging from information about ACEs to questions about the beginning of her career.
'One life is worth all the guns in America': Students demand...
In a historic day of action, more than 800 protests on Saturday urged lawmakers to pass gun control. In Washington, D.C., alone, organizers say up to 800,000 people took part in the March for Our Lives, which was organized by students who survived the Feb. 14 shooting massacre at the Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Florida. In New York, another 150,000 people took to the streets; 85,000 rallied in Chicago; 55,000 marched in Los Angeles. Tens of thousands also rallied in Atlanta and Pittsburgh. And 20,000 people gathered in Parkland, Florida.
Healthy Hearts Campaign takes off in Bayview
"Healthy Hearts San Francisco" is a federally funded campaign designed to promote fitness opportunities for low income San Francisco residents in the African American and Latino communities. Health workers at the various city clinics offer physical activity prescriptions to people to take advantage of fitness classes, dieting and lifestyle changes, which help to promote healthier lifestyles.
Who gets hepatitis C drugs? Who pays?
"Who gets treated for hepatitis C?" is a medical decision for infectious disease specialists, not a question of "ethics, costs or access" for well-meaning executives. "Who pays?" depends on measuring the real social costs of failing to treat a national epidemic and cannot be measured by the limited considerations of private entities and public agencies in a single state, or even several states.
Part 3A: She was homeless, so cops and Child Protective Services...
Since 2000, when the family moved to the island, everyone has been plagued by mild to severe respiratory and gastrointestinal problems that they believe are caused by island pollution. These illnesses, however, have given Child Protective Services a pretext for repeatedly taking Liz' children and placing them in foster care, accusing this devoted mother of dereliction in her child-rearing.
Shit storm erupts in Treasure Island townhouse when sewer pipes break...
On May 29, 2015, on the Golden Gate Bridge side of Treasure Island, smelly brown chocolate ooze began to gush from the Lundgren family's 1201-B Bayside Drive faucets. The other side of the island had just trembled. Between the Job Corps grounds and the San Francisco Bay Bridge, Lennar Corp. engineers had penetrated 50 feet of soil with huge vibrating bores.
United States Ebola death raises questions about quality of care
There was a sense of shock and disbelief when news was released about the death of Thomas Eric Duncan on Oct. 8 at the Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital in Dallas. The Liberian-born 42-year-old was the first reported case of the Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) which emerged in the U.S. and resulted in death. Reports during the week of Oct. 6 mentioned that Duncan's medical condition was worsening and that he was "fighting for his life."
Postal workers picket their boss, US Postmaster General Patrick Donahoe
U.S. Postmaster General Patrick Donahoe spoke at a National Postal Forum in San Francisco on March 18, prompting picketing by rank and file postal employees and their supporters. Protestors opposed Donahoe's support for post office closures and layoffs of USPS (U.S. Postal Service) workers. The demonstration was part of a week of actions called for by Communities and Postal Workers United .
African American children with autism fall between the cracks
For many in the African American community, especially those who are between poverty and middle class, autism is unfamiliar. We aren't quite sure what kind of delay that means in our children. Does it mean they are dumb? Does it mean they won't talk ever in life? Will they be sitting in the corner for decades, fascinated by the shiny object on the ceiling? Will they have friends of their own? Will they be independent?
Question marks, the elephant in the room and the refusal of...
Given the detection of "hot particles" in Japan and as far away as Seattle, there is reason for concern. When ingested or inhaled, "hot particles" give intense radiation to local tissue areas. We acknowledge that many factors can cause infant deaths, but the critics who ignore Japanese fallout as possible contributing factors are acting irresponsibly.
Is the increase in baby deaths in the northwest U.S. due...
U.S. babies are dying at an increased rate. While the United States spends billions on medical care, as of 2006, the U.S. ranked 28th in the world in infant mortality, more than twice that of the lowest ranked countries. The recent CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report indicates that in eight cities in the northwest U.S., infant mortality increased 35 percent in the 10 weeks after the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant disaster.
A Good Food Manifesto for America
As an African-American farmer, I am calling on the first African-American president of the United States to lead us quickly away from this deepening crisis. Demand, President Obama, that Congress and your own administration begin without delay the process of reforming our farm and food policies. Start now by correcting the omission in your economic stimulus and recovery act that prevented significant spending on creating new and sustainable jobs for the poor in our urban centers as well as rural farm communities.


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Clinic Coordinator
Marlene is originally from Wilcox, Nebraska. She graduated from the dental assisting program in Central Community College in Hastings, and joined Pershing Orthodontics in 1981. Marlene holds certifications in radiology, coronal polishing and CPR. Marlene is responsible for taking diagnostic records, fabricating orthodontic appliances, clinic supplies and chair side assisting. In her spare time she enjoys gardening, antiques, car shows and spending time with her family.
Appointment Coordinator
Leesa has been part of the Pershing Orthodontic team since 2007. She is in charge of the reception area where she makes appointments and handles communications. Leesa oversees all patient accounts and financial contracts for the office. Along with Julie, she is responsible for new patient consultations. In her spare time Leesa loves to travel and spend time with family and friends.
Orthodontic Assistant
Jessica has been a dental assistant with our office since June 2005. She graduated from the dental assisting program at Central Community College in 2002. She has multiple responsibilities including assisting the doctors chair side with all procedures, taking X-rays, sterilizing instruments and helping answer any questions patients may have regarding their orthodontic treatment. In her free time, Jessica enjoys spending time with her husband, Addison and children Allee and Graham. You may find her traveling whenever she gets the chance.
Treatment Coordinator
Julie has been Pershing Orthodontic's treatment coordinator since 1995. As the treatment coordinator, she assists the doctors with patient consultations. That also includes coordination of appointments with other offices and your dentist when necessary. Julie helps our parents with orthodontic insurance filing as well as questions regarding orthodontic appliances, appointments, fees and contracts. You will also find her behind the scenes coordinating school events and community service projects for our office. Julie and her husband have two daughters. She enjoys long distant running, cycling, and bowling. You can often find her outdoors enjoying activities with her family & friends.


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Education Sponsorship
Education is our utmost priority at the Mirror of Hope. We believe and have seen first-hand the impact that education could have on the lives of children and their families in Kibera. We aim at providing education to needy children from extremely poor families in Kibera. Our one student per family policy enables us to reach as many families that are in need of our help.
We sent our students to different schools all over the country all of which are boarding facilities. Our aim is to enable our students experience a new yet peaceful and calm environment from which they can learn.


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This scenario is becoming all too familiar for those following San Jose Earthquakes this season.
Quakes play a good game in the first 75 minutes of the match, sometimes conceding a goal, other times not. They run hard, they play a physical game and they battle.
Alan Gordon comes on as a substitute in the second half and while the other team begins to wear out, the Quakes switch gears and begin playing like the game just started.
This scenario has happened time and time again this season, and was on full display once more, this time at Rio Tinto Stadium in Utah where local Real Salt Lake were hosting San Jose's club.
RSL dominated majority of the game, but it was the Quakes that came away with a late game 2-1 victory.
The way the game went, the score was perhaps a bit unfair. Real had more attempts on goal (19 vs 12), more shots on target (7 vs 6), and dominated the ball possession (60.1%). They had more scoring chances too.
The first real one came early in the game when RSL's Fabian Espindola got himself into scoring position and past Quakes goalkeeper just to see Justin Morrow head the ball away from danger.
Home team had more good scoring chances as the game progressed, and none were better than the one by Will Johnson on 57th minute. After few bounces he had the ball in front of an open net, with Jon Busch past him, but out of nowhere came Quakes' defender Jason Hernandez with a last moment tackle to prevent the goal.
Not too long after it was Hernandez again with another memorable save - this time on Real's Alvaro Saborio who was trying to beat Busch with a header. This he did, but standing on the goal line was Hernandez who put it away with his head.
Hernandez and the players from both teams did not know how to react to another shocking save by the Quakes defender, so they simply laughed.
Speaking after the game, Hernandez explained why he was there in those moments -
"A lot of times there's a scramble in the box and Busch gets caught out trying to make a play and in training, I've been known to just creep in behind him and just try to be that last line of defense. In years past, I've had one or two go my way and that's just something that's natural for me. I get back there and just try to keep the ball out of the net and, luckily, it came right to me and I was fortunate enough to hit it over."
And then came Alan Gordon's time.
First he opened the score in the game on the 75th minute, capitalizing on the missed step by Nat Borchers as the ball was bouncing, thus giving Gordon room and time to put header past Rimando. This was Gordon's fifth goal of the season - all of them scored while coming into the game as a substitute (highest in the MLS).
"Well that's Alan for you, he is a terrific player," said Quakes head coach Frank Yallop after the game. "He is just kind of getting back to match fitness, but that is exactly his role on this team, to come in late and to make an impact. He has great character and the guys love having him around. He brings some great team spirit and he just has a knack for scoring goals. He has played his role so well this season and especially tonight."
RSL quickly responded with a goal from a close range free kick from Morales who bended the ball into the upper left corner.
But the Quakes knew it was their time, and they regained the lead few minutes later. The goal happened after a long throw in to Gordon (who else?), who passed it to Chris Wondolowski in front of the net. Top striker in the MLS did not miss, and scored his 13th MLS goal this season. Once again, the Quakes did not give up and did not want to settle down, even after giving up a tying goal.
"I think that's just the mentality we came in with; we're always going to try to get three points," said Wondolowski. "I think a lot of times, especially coming into Rio Tinto, teams would be content with just trying to come away with a 0-0 tie. We try to go out there and press the game, play our game, but we never give up - like the Goonies say, 'never say die.' It's fun to be a part of."
Whatever San Jose Earthquakes are doing this season to remain alert and dominating in the last 15 minutes of the game is working. They proved once again that it is costly to fall asleep against them during that stretch, and that they are perhaps the fittest team in the league this season.
After winning both games on the road this week, the Quakes are returning to Bay Area, where they will play Seattle Sounders in US Open Cup on Tuesday at Kezar Stadium.


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English indie label Warp Records is celebrating its 30th anniversary with a three-day online radio music festival. Titled WXAXRXP, the broadcast will feature previously unreleased material from a number of Warp artists including Aphex Twin and Boards of Canada.
Airing on NTS Radio from June 21st through June 23rd, the non-stop takeover is said to boast over 100 hours of exclusive mixes, live sessions, videos, and unreleased compositions. There will also be curated archive recordings presented as standalone radio shows and experimental free-form radio.
(Read: Aphex Twin Makes Epic Return to NYC)
Along with the aforementioned artists, WXAXRXP's festival roster includes Flying Lotus, Brian Eno, Oneohtrix Point Never, Kelela, Danny Brown, and Squarepusher. Also involved are Hudson Mohawke, Grizzly Bear's Chris Taylor, Yves Tumor, Battles, and Evian Christ.
For more information, head to WXAXRXP's website. As a refresher on Warp Records, check out our feature highlighting their 10 best releases.
Update – June 21st: You can see the complete docket of programming here.


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mobile-review.com as a review of the Wave already an the phone looks very good indeed ,an the screen one of the best on a mobile
Anonymous, 14 Feb 2010Not really, everyone is talking about how buggy Samsung phones are and that Samsung doesn't ap... moreWell, for confirmation again, i'm no samsung 'fanboy', all im saying is a new OS means loads of planning and DIFFERENCE from earlier models/os.... please realize that as far as touch smartphones go, recently only htc and samsung are showing us good devices, moto, nokia and se are catching up, and lg is a beginer... By 'showing' i meant devices that made it to the market...,... Customer feedback? Sorry, im not the person your looking for .. And since when did how i type begin to matter for a, god bless us all, PHONE?...
Watchout, 14 Feb 2010Everyone in this DB is talkin about how good this phone looks, and you are, well... no comments!Not really, everyone is talking about how buggy Samsung phones are and that Samsung doesn't appreciate their customers. And about the pointlessness of releasing a new mobile OS.
And the fact that you can't use the ENTER key.
Anonymous, 14 Feb 2010You do not need to write a WALL OF TEXT to make a point, because: 1)Nobody but Samsung fanboy... moreHehehehe, so you read it, good enough... And for info- im a nokia 'fanboy' keying this from my n97, which is why there isnt any formating... :P
Watchout, 14 Feb 2010please Read, very imp- 1) for all those complaining about 5megapixels- please, please its not ... moreYou do not need to write a WALL OF TEXT to make a point, because:
1)Nobody but Samsung fanboys are excited about this phone, which will probably be buggy.
2)Nobody will read something as large as what you wrote if doesn't even have space between paragraphs, correct punctuation or grammar.
Bill, 14 Feb 2010No one ever said that this was aimed squarely at the Iphone, people like you need to stop comp... moreYou don't know what Nokia S Series s, do you?
It's a replacement for the 88** series, not for Maemo mobile computers, those will still be called Nokia 9***
31 min until samsung unpacked .
All I really want was wait for the ELSE Intuition or X10. But this one is very tempting. Will Compare it with X10 and ELSE before making the buying decision.
Hope the BADA plateform is not too immature.
it looks just like a tocco ultra they need to stop making touch screen phones as samsung cannot keep up with the quality of the software to maintain quality of the phone
Anonymous, 14 Feb 2010Hello? Samsung has the most BORING phones ever! First of all, their phones have the worst desi... moreEveryone in this DB is talkin about how good this phone looks, and you are, well... no comments!
uff so many phones, just look at the reviews on the homepage, click on any manufactures tab and they're be 1000's of phones..
but yet we die for more
No bada os but symbian^4 screenshots leaked at mwc may be of n87 at dailymobile.se/2010/02/13/gallery-symbian-4-screenshots/
Alex, 14 Feb 2010Nokia's and SE's are really boring. From the first entry level phone to high end phones UI and... moreHello? Samsung has the most BORING phones ever! First of all, their phones have the worst designs ever! I mean, fashion emergency much! Their designs looks nasty as hell!! It's waaay fckd up and weight like crazy as hell!! Second, that HUGE "SAMSUNG" logo of theirs is really hell annoying and just really butt ugly!! Gross! Third, their UI is so cheap looking and has the corniest and childish look ever!! It's BORING they don't even have those flashy animations that looks sleek or whatever! BORING! I'm actually not surprised why their no samsung phones in the "most popular" section. I guess no one can stand that ugliness of their phones!
Wow! I feel sorry for you. You're probably one of those people who doesn't know what "fashion" and "style" is, huh?
C'mon Samsung give us this with Android and you would have a winner.
I'm a little gun shy after the Jet. Nice phone but miss the ability to download apps.
Nokia's and SE's are really boring. From the first entry level phone to high end phones UI and OS es are almost same(Except SE's WM). But Samsung really rocks. Many variety. And this time BADA. Hope BADA should be the cheapest smartphone touch platform for such type of users who frequently like to change their handsets and obviously moods.
Watchout, 14 Feb 2010please Read, very imp- 1) for all those complaining about 5megapixels- please, please its not ... moreI totaly agree with you .
This device is so hot .
This mobile looks like the blackberry storm , compare them !
please Read, very imp- 1) for all those complaining about 5megapixels- please, please its not the MP count that matters for a good pic!! its also the sensor grade, lens and, very imp, imaging software- samsung excels in all of this, if u dont think so, go try the cams f innov8 n pixon12- they were the best for there times 2) the bada OS comes into a world full of powerful competitors and the top managmnt at samsung are no fools to release their own thing, if it wasnt atleast as good, in their eyes though... n oh, when symbian dcidd 2 go touch, everyone screamed that it wont have any apps to compare with winMo, same thing with the iphone Os, when android came, what an uproar about the no. of apps that symbian had!!!... When a good/famous OS is released naturally devs will go make apps for makin profits... and please, please take a note of the tie ups that bada has as far as apps development are concerned, do not comment without knowing them! 3) AMOLED display, n almost sure gues- it will have wvga resolution... i cant believe people are still complaining! :P 4) no xenon flash? small screen? pity,.. its just 10.9mm thick! n its not huge, either... what did u expect?? they packed in this much- now thats cool, im only hoping it comes with a reasonable sized battery 5) now heres what i feel you should be worrying about, wel, a bit atleast for now- availability of regular software updates, screen size( im trying to stretch the list), sturdiness of the phone (i told you!... gues aluminium n tempered glass will take care of that though), pricing (will make or destroy the phone!), 2gigs internal? (what are they thinking of?)... 6) Heres the good stuff- snappy processor (its ARM based and, hopefully, the hummingbird), should be BRILLIANT display, compact and beautiful form n blah, blah... ...,. i really liked this phone! but u already know that!!
Martin, 14 Feb 2010SE is ugly phones and they are way behind HTC and Samsung.Your opinion!
How long will Bada takes to have as many apps available as Symbian. Symbian may not be very polished but it sure has lots and lots of apps (free and err...cracked) to keep the user entertained.


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reclass assumes a node-centric perspective into your inventory. This is obvious when you query reclass for node-specific information, but it might not be clear when you ask reclass to provide you with a list of groups. In that case, reclass loops over all nodes it can find in its database, reads all information it can find about the nodes, and finally reorders the result to provide a list of groups with the nodes they contain.
Since the term "groups" is somewhat ambiguous, it helps to start off with a short glossary of reclass-specific terminology:
|A node, usually a computer in your infrastructure
|A category, tag, feature, or role that applies to a node Classes may be nested, i.e. there can be a class hierarchy
|A specific set of behaviour to apply
|Node-specific variables, with inheritance throughout the class hierarchy.
A class consists of zero or more parent classes, zero or more applications, and any number of parameters.
A class name must not contain spaces.
A node is almost equivalent to a class, except that it usually does not (but can) specify applications.
When reclass parses a node (or class) definition and encounters a parent class, it recurses to this parent class first before reading any data of the node (or class). When reclass returns from the recursive, depth first walk, it then merges all information of the current node (or class) into the information it obtained during the recursion.
Furthermore, a node (or class) may define a list of classes it derives from, in which case classes defined further down the list will be able to override classes further up the list.
Information in this context is essentially one of a list of applications or a list of parameters.
The interaction between the depth-first walk and the delayed merging of data means that the node (and any class) may override any of the data defined by any of the parent classes (ancestors). This is in line with the assumption that more specific definitions ("this specific host") should have a higher precedence than more general definitions ("all webservers", which includes all webservers in Munich, which includes "this specific host", for example).
Here's a quick example, showing how parameters accumulate and can get replaced.
All "unixnodes" (i.e. nodes who have the unixnode class in their ancestry) have /etc/motd centrally-managed (through the motd application), and the unixnode class definition provides a generic message-of-the-day to be put into this file.
All descendants of the class debiannode, a descendant of unixnode, should include the Debian codename in this message, so the message-of-the-day is overwritten in the debiannodes class.
The node quantum.example.org (a debiannode) will have a scheduled downtime this weekend, so until Monday, an appropriate message-of-the-day is added to the node definition.
When the motd application runs, it receives the appropriate message-of-the-day (from quantum.example.org when run on that node) and writes it into /etc/motd.
At this point it should be noted that parameters whose values are lists or key-value pairs don't get overwritten by children classes or node definitions, but the information gets merged (recursively) instead.
Similarly to parameters, applications also accumulate during the recursive walk through the class ancestry. It is possible for a node or child class to remove an application added by a parent class, by prefixing the application with ~.
Finally, reclass happily lets you use multiple inheritance, and ensures that the resolution of parameters is still well-defined. Here's another example building upon the one about /etc/motd above:
quantum.example.org (which is back up and therefore its node definition no longer contains a message-of-the-day) is at a site in Munich. Therefore, it is a child of the class hosted@munich. This class is independent of the unixnode hierarchy, quantum.example.org derives from both.
In this example infrastructure, hosted@munich is more specific than debiannode because there are plenty of Debian nodes at other sites (and some non-Debian nodes in Munich). Therefore, quantum.example.org derives from hosted@munich _after_ debiannodes.
When an electricity outage is expected over the weekend in Munich, the admin can change the message-of-the-day in the hosted@munich class, and it will apply to all hosts in Munich.
However, not all hosts in Munich have /etc/motd, because some of them are of class windowsnode. Since the windowsnode ancestry does not specify the motd application, those hosts have access to the message-of-the-day in the node variables, but the message won't get used…
… unless, of course, windowsnode specified a Windows-specific application to bring such notices to the attention of the user.
It's also trivial to ensure a certain order of class evaluation. Here's another example:
The ssh.server class defines the permit_root_login parameter to no.
The backuppc.client class defines the parameter to without-password, because the BackupPC server might need to log in to the host as root.
Now, what happens if the admin accidentally provides the following two classes?
- backuppc.client
- ssh.server
Theoretically, this would mean permit_root_login gets set to no.
However, since all backuppc.client nodes need ssh.server (at least in most setups), the class backuppc.client itself derives from ssh.server, ensuring that it gets parsed before backuppc.client.
When reclass returns to the node and encounters the ssh.server class defined there, it simply skips it, as it's already been processed.
Now read about reclass operations!