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I hope this Georgia win over Florida was the game that gives our team espirit de corp. Swagger. Confidence. Energy. Because the grey matter in between our ears has been our biggest weakness. Coach Richt has worked diligently to change this teams attitude, with everything from handing out copies of The Energy Bus, to telling Washaun Ealey "Don't let the door hit you on the way out", to sitting Isaiah Crowell because "he loved him." The one missing piece though, was winning a game from behind, oh, and beating Florida. Not giving up and fighting one out with pure heart. And we did, we won with Coach Richt saying "Screw it" for on 3 of 3 on 4th down attempts, to Jarvis Jones having the game of his life, to Bennett wrestling away a hugely non called pass interference for a touchdown. Please, let this be the corner we have needed to turn, because it can get really good from here.
Coach Richt will not be fired. Even with unlikely losses to Auburn and Georgia Tech. I don't care what people at the Atlanta Journal Constitution or ESPN say. It's a "narrative" that got started a few years ago and needs to die. As one commenter here wrote, this "narrative" is even causing revisionist history about previous good years. Every single time Coach Richt is cornered, he comes out with a win, a good decision, and with class. Furthermore, it would be an absolutely horrible idea to fire him now. Everything is lining up for a fantastic 2012. We want to screw that up? Fire Richt and who else goes with him? Surely a new head coach isn't keeping Coach Bobo around, and Coach Grantham, no telling what he does. We bring in a whole new style and system when we just spent a year with underclassmen getting them on board with one we got. Mark Richt is a victim of his own success. All those 10+ winning years and fans got spoiled. One bad year and folks want him out the door. Yes, he doesn't have a BCS championship title. Two points on that: one, most coaches don't and two, when your conference is absolutely brutal, it's going to be even extra hard to do. And LSU and Bama, well, they don't exactly follow the same standards we do, now do they? Let this hot seat talk die and support a great coach, with the highest winning percentage over this number of games at UGA, and doing so in the most competitive of times. Final word as news of suspensions just dropped, anyone who thinks Coach Richt is slack on discipline is just plain wrong. He is deadly serious about the energy bus this year – you better be on it. Coach Richt suspended all our starting RBs, he is, at the same time very dedicated to working with and mentoring these young man. He wins, he disciplines, he keeps us clean, and he mentors. That's what I want at UGA.
SEC East talk. We lost to South Carolina. That's on us. What I don't understand is how quickly emotions changed. Before the Florida game, we were just beating bad teams. Now, we can win the East baby! Please, let's just take it easy a second. The season is 75% done. I want to enjoy and savor each game; it's going to be gone really soon. We have a chance to beat UT, UF, AU and GT all in the same year. That does not happen very often. And now we got even more injury issues. It isn't going to be easy. If the East comes, then it comes. In the meantime, we need to get up by 20 pts quickly this Sat, rest injured players, and get some playing time off the bench. A lot of time off the bench. That's all that matters this week. I will worry about the East after we beat GT, and not a second sooner.
Special teams. First, it's not like Coach Richt doesn't know it's a problem. In fact, Blair Walsh's misses may have driven his decision to go for it more often. The man knows, he will adjust, he will work on it. Here's a quote for you from Coach Richt on Special Teams:
"We've gotta figure something out, don't we?" Richt said. "We don't quite know what the answer is, don't we. But we'll be putting our heads together here." - Seth
As far as a "full time special teams coach", very few schools have one. To clarify again, there is a limit on how many coaches you can have, so a "full time" ST coach means losing someone else. Coach Richt just needs to shuffle some chairs or take on the job himself as some Head Coaches do. But, again, it's not like he doesn't "get" it. As for Blair Walsh, the young man was the best in the nation last year; he is on track I believe to be top five in scoring for UGA, so it's very hard not to go to him. Although he is mostly to blame for the missed FGs, we have also had some snap and hold issues here and there. A lot of pieces have to go very well to make a FG work. We are pretty spoiled for kickers at UGA, although Walsh is having a tough year, we are generally well above the mean in field goal ability. Now, as far as return coverage goes, a full time ST Coach only brings so much to the table. Our problem on kickoff coverage is over-pursuing and bad tackling. Very bad tackling. That's not so much STs as just fundamentals. One suggestion was to get more starters on special teams. Maybe a good idea there. And guess what:
"Richt has also said they would examine changes on each unit. That could mean more veterans on those units. As for future fixes, he has said several times he doesn't like the idea of one assistant coach just for special teams, and he prefers splitting it up among different assistants. The Bulldogs also reserve large chunks of practice for special teams, and they hold separate meetings by units." h/t Seth Emerson
A few more tidbits, Butler said he felt he let the team down against Florida, but I don't expect that to be a continual problem. Just a bad day for him. And as far as kickoffs through the end zone, Blair Walsh said based on winds and such he sometimes he tries to get it up high and with time for coverage to get downfield, and he also said, "If there is anyone that can hit it 80 yards every time, I'd like to meet him." Which is a fair point. However, overall, we just need to hit and wrap up better to start with. This is the first year STs have not been very solid, if not a "go to" for Coach Richt. I fully expect him to figure it out and adjust. They are aware, they are practicing, and it isn't something blindly overlooked. Have faith.
Some Xs and Os, right, I am tankertoad so I got to say a few words. In general, UGA on offense didn't play a very good game against UF. Our national stats are middle of the road for passing and rushing. It is how it is and I will try not to belabor that point, you probably get it. Scoring TDs on 4th down is an emotional high, but it's really not how you want to be winning football games. Aaron Murray's numbers weren't very good, and for once I can't really be overly critical on Coach Bobo because we just didn't execute that well. Not that I still didn't see some of Bobo's usual wacky play calling where we can't make up our minds if we are play action or not, but overall he called a better game. I still believe we need to call a play from the huddle and run our play action, and the back and forth and confused looks to the sideline impacts us getting set and ready. Our defense couldn't tackle in the first quarter for anything, which was scary, but it quickly got fixed somehow. Maybe just the jitters. Coach Grantham made great adjustments immediately, he was so rock solid. But overall, execution wise, we didn't play that well on O. We have got to get Coach Bobo, Aaron Murray and the players all on the same page. Which is why I am hoping that winning with heart as we just did will give that much needed confidence so our execution can improve. I didn't say it on the live thread, but we all thought it in the first quarter: We looked like we have so often looked against Florida for no reason except they are Florida. I thought we were doomed. I bet a lot of you did too. So, we won ugly. We won pretty darn ugly. But we won. We won a game where we came from behind, played our hearts out, never hung our heads, never gave up, and were a TEAM. That was the best part about this game – I don't remember any player or Coach with their heads hanging, distraught. They looked fired up and hungry. Coach Richt's cool to Coach Grantham's fire did that for them. We won with heart, we won with teamwork, we won because we didn't let them get us down. And I'll take it.
I said in the podcast I would take calm cool Coach Richt over crazy Coach Muschamp, and this game is exactly why. From what I read this week, Coach Richt more or less just asked everyone to settle down and keep fighting at halftime. He portrayed quiet confidence and let his players play and his leadership allowed the team. Here's to hoping for a decade more.


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Diesel in Singapore: too late?
By James Wong
Finally, from today onwards diesel cars will have their day by competing on even ground with petrol cars in Singapore. Extra taxes levied on diesel cars have finally been tweaked so that owning a diesel car is now almost comparable to owning a petrol car. We've waited long and hard for this, but has it been too late?
I'd wager that it is a bit too late, yes. Diesel cars are great with torque and fuel but petrol engines have made great strides the past 5 years. We're now seeing petrol engines that can get about 70-80% of the efficiency of a diesel engine, while still offering a higher rev limit, better running characteristics/refinement and probably a sharper throttle response. It's wonderful that downsized petrol engines with three or two cylinder engines actually find more character than the 4 pot equivalents, and definitely more so than diesel cousins. They vibrate a bit, they make a unique noise and it is a nostalgic harking to the old days where these 2/3 cylinder engines were common. In terms of torque, modern petrol engines with F/I are now extremely torque-rich, with 2-litre engines now putting out 350Nm and more comfortably. While a diesel is still ultimately more torquey, the petrol compensates with a wider rev range. In short, we're experiencing a bit of a renaissance of the petrol engine.
Where does that leave the diesel engine? Actually, the gap has narrowed so much now that a diesel car is no longer as desirable as it was before. It used to have strong distinct advantages but that is now fading. It is ironic that its not-so-stellar qualities of a rattling noise, vibration/harshness and higher maintenance costs in the long run now become much more apparent in light of the great strides made by petrol engines. Sure, new diesel engines have also taken petrol-like characteristics, like the bi-turbo V6 diesel in the C7 A6, but it doesn't seem like it will be enough to convince image-conscious Singaporeans to make the switch. It looks like the old gremlins that have prevented a quick uptake of diesel engines in Singapore are here to stay.
It looks quite unlikely that Singaporeans will take to diesel in droves any time soon. Well, that is my opinion anyway. With lower taxes now, we have at least a much wider choice now – and it is up to the dealers to bring in the diesel models. And with more choices, that can't be a bad thing. Just remember to check those petrol F/I engines out before you rush out to get a diesel, because the world has changed so much that diesel engines have lost a bit of their edge.

subset: commoncrawl


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Darrian Doucet
Aquatics Manager
Darrian was born and raised in Calgary, and was homeschooled throughout high school. He has worked in aquatics for multiple years now, gaining new roles that increased in responsibility. He enjoys the aquatics environment very much, growing up around water. He believes that hard work and communication are good qualities in a leadership role and has brought new and innovating ideas to expand JCC's aquatics programs. In his spare time, Darrian enjoys reading, writing, being indoors and outdoors, and spending time with his family and friends.


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Pine tree
Here I will never hear the cuckoo's cry.
Here the tree will not wear a snowy turban,
But in the shade of these pines
My whole childhood is revived.
The rustling of the needles has been and gone;
I will call "Homeland" to a snowy wilderness,
To the greenish ice enclosing a mountain stream,
To the lyrics of a song in a foreign land.
I remember those snow-capped mountains
And a song on F.M.93
Oh my darling, I have grown with you
But my roots… on both sides of the sea.
Perhaps only the migrating birds can know,
When they're suspended between earth and heaven,
This pain of the two homelands.
With you I have been planted twice.
With you I have grown, pines.
And my roots are in two different landscapes.
Lyrics: Leah Goldberg (1911 – 1970)
Music and middle verse in English: Achinoam Nini (Noa), September 1993
Translated by Eyal Azulay from the original Hebrew version


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Pages 241-258
The Historical Collections of a Citizen of London in the Fifteenth Century. Originally published by Camden Society, London, 1876.
This free content was digitised by double rekeying. All rights reserved.
In this section
(See page 57, note.)
As there are some inaccuracies in the list of Mayors and Sheriffs contained in Gregory's Chronicle, it was my intention at first to have corrected them in footnotes on comparing them with other lists; but I found that the errors were in some cases very complicated, and that there is no such thing as a complete and accurate list existing. Very often, both in this and other Chronicles, the city officers for one year are assigned to another; sometimes the years are transposed; and sometimes the lists for a whole sequence of years are put one year too early or too late. Further, there are very great variations in the names themselves, many of which are obviously due to transcribers' errors, while many others are genuine aliases, owing to the frequent use in early times of different surnames for the same person. But as it is not in all cases certain to which particular cause each variation is due, and which authority is to be preferred, I subjoin a list, compiled from various sources, of the Mayors and Sheriffs from the beginning of King John's reign to the ninth year of Edward IV., showing all the variations and discrepancies to the end of Edward I.'s reign.
For the Sheriffs the most certain authority is the official list of Sheriffs compiled from the records of the Exchequer, which is printed in Report XXXI. of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records, page 308. This is referred to by the letter O. There is, however, no similar list of Mayors. The other authorities referred to are as follows:—
|Fabyan's Chronicle, referred to by the letter
|Liber de Antiquis Legibus
|Short Chronicle in Appendix to the preceding
|MS. Harl. 565, referred to by the letter
|MS. Cott., Jul. B. I.
|MS. Cott., Vitell. A xvi.
|1 John, 1199 (1198, A., Ap.)
|… … …
|Arnulfus fiz Arnulfi; filius Athelhulhi, A.; Arnaud filius Aluf, Ap.; Arnold fiz Arnold, F.; Arnaldus filius Alulfi, O.
|Rychardus fiz Barthi,—filius Bartholomei, A., or filius Barthelmeu, Ap.; fiz Darty, F.; Ricardus Blundus, O.
|2 John, 1200 (1199, A., Ap.)
|… … …
|Robetus Deserte; Rogerus de Deserto, A., O.; Roger de Desert, Ap.; Roger Desert, F.
|Jacobus fiz Barthyn; Jacobus Aldermannus, A., O.; Jacob Alderman, Ap.; Jamys fiz Barth, F.
|3 John, 1201 (1200, A., Ap.)
|… … …
|Wyllelmus fiz Alysie; filius Alicie, A., O.; filius Alize, Ap.; fyz Alyze, F.
|Simon de Aldermanburye, G., F., A., Ap., O.
|4 John, 1202 (1201, A., Ap.)
|… … …
|Norman Blunden; Normannus Blundus, A., O.; Norman Blondell, F.; Norreman le Blunt, Ap.
|John Ely; or, of Ely, F.; Johannes de Kayo, A.; Johan de Kai, Ap.
|5 John, 1203 (1202, A., Ap.)
|… … …
|Walterus Browne, G., F.; Brun, A.; Brunus, O.; Waltere le Brun, Ap.
|Wyllelmus Chambyrlayne, G., F.; W. Camerarius, A.; Willam le Chaumberleyn, Ap.
|6 John, 1204 (1203, A., Ap.)
|… … …
|Thomas Havyrylle, G., F.; de Haverille, A., Ap.; de Haverhella, O.
|Hamonde Bronde, G., F., A.; Brande, Ap., O.
|7 John, 1205 (1204, A., Ap.)
|… … …
|John Walhame; Walgrave, F., H., J.; Walraven, A.; Waleran, Ap.; Walerain, O.
|Ricardus Wynton; de Wyntona, A., O.; de Wincestre, Ap.; of Winchester, F.
|8 John, 1206 (1205, A., Ap.)
|… … …
|Johannes Holylonde, G., F.; Heliland, A.; Elylond, Ap.; Johannes filius Elinandi, O.
|Edmundus fiz Gerardi, G., F.; filius Gerardi, O.; Eadmundus de la Hale, A., Ap.
|9 John, 1207 (1206, A., Ap.) (9 John, 1208–9, F.) (fn. 1)
|… … …
|Henricus de S. Albano, G., A., O.; de Seint Auban, Ap.; Hugh of Seynt Albon, F.
|Serle, mercer, G., F.; Serlo le Mercer, A., Ap.; Serlo Mercerius, O.
|10 John, 1208 (1207, A., Ap.) (9 John, 1207–8, H.) (fn. 1)
|… … …
|Rogerus Wynchester, G., F.; Robertus de Wintona, A., O.; Robert de Wincestre, Ap.
|Edmundus Hardell, G., F.; Willelmus, A., Ap., O.
|11 John, 1209 (1208, A., Ap.)
|Henricus filius Alwynne; fiz Alwyn, F.; or filius Eylwyni, A. (fn. 2) (The first mayor.)
|Petrus Bukke; Duke, F., H., J.; le Duc, A., Ap., O.
|Thomas fiz Nele; Thomas Neell, F.; filius Nigelli, A.; filius Neal, Ap.; Thomas Aldermannus, O.
|12 John, 1210 (1209, A., Ap.)
|The same
|Petrus Josowe; Petrus Josne, H.; Peter Yonge, F.; Petrus Junior, A.; Peres le Juvene, Ap.; Petre le Joesne, J.; Petrus Neuelun, O.
|Willelmus Blunte; Wyllyam Elande, F.; William Gland, H.; Willielmus Wite, A., Ap.; Willelmus Blundus, O.
|13 John, 1211 (1210, A., Ap.)
|The same
|Adam Whytteby; Whateley, H.; Whetely, J.; Whetley, F.; de Wyteby, A., Ap.; de Withebi, O.
|Stephin Grace; le Graas, F., O.; Stephanus Crassus, A., Ap.
|14 John, 1212 (1211, A., Ap. 13 John, G.) (fn. 3)
|Henricus filius Al wynne
|Joseus filius Pers; Josue fitz Pet, F.; Joceus filius Petri, A., O.; Goce fiz Peres, Ap.
|John Gerlande or Garlonde, G., A., Ap., O.
|15 John, 1213 (1212, A., Ap. 14 John, G.)
|The same
|Rafe Holylonde; Helyland, A.; Eylande, F.; Rudulfus Elyland, Ap.
|Constantinus Joswe; Constantyne le Josne, F.; Constantinus Junior, A.; Costentin Juvenis, Ap.
|16 John, 1214 (1213, A., Ap. 15 John, G.)
|Rogerus fiz Aleyne
|Martyn fiz Alesye; Fiz Alis, F.; filius Alicie, A., O.; fil Aliz, Ap.
|Petrus Batte, G., F., Ap.; Bath, A.
|17 John, 1215 (1214, A., Ap. 16 John, G.)
|Serle, mercer
|Salman Rasynge, G.; Salomon Basynge or de Basinges, A., O., F., Ap.
|Hugo Basynge or de Basinges
|18 John, 1216 (1215, A., Ap. 17 John, G.)
|Willelmus Ardelle; Hardell, F., A.
|John Travers, G., F., A., Ap.
|Androwe Newland, G., F.; Nevelun, A.; Vevelun, Ap.
|1 Hen. III. 1216–7
|Jas. Alderman; afterwards Solomon Basing
|Benedictus Campanarius, A; or Benoit le Seynter, Ap.
|Willelmus Blundus, A., Ap.
|[Fabyan repeats the names of the mayors and sheriffs of 17 John under this year, and the official list of sheriffs is blank for this year; and the official list of sheriffs Ricardus Sumpturer and Wyllelmus Blome Travers, and V. Richard Sumpte and William Blonte.]
|2 " 1217–8
|Robert Serle, mercer
|Thos. Bukrelle
|Ralph Gylonde or Helylaunde; Elinant, O.; Eylond, V.
|3 " 1218–9
|The same
|John Vyele
|John Spycer, G.; Spencer, V.; Goce le Peseur, Ap.; Joceus Ponderator, A., O.
|[Fabyan gives as sheriffs Benet le Ceytur (? Ceyntur) and Will. Blounde, who appear to have been sheriffs in the first year; after which he places all the mayors and sheriffs a year later than they ought to be till the ninth year.]
|4 Hen. III. 1219–20
|Robert Serle, mercer
|Ric. Wimbledon
|John Vyele; or Wayell, F.
|5 " 1220–1
|The same
|Ric. Renger
|John le Joswe; Joseus le Josne, F.; Joceus Junior, A.; Goce Juvenis, Ap.; Josceus filius Willelmi, O.
|6 " 1221–2
|The same
|Ric. Ronger; Renger, A., Ap.; Reinger, O.; Joyner, F.
|Thomas Lambert
|7 " 1222–3
|Ric. Ronger; or Reynger
|Will. Joyner
|Thos. Lambert
|8 " 1223–4
|The same
|John Travers
|Andrew Bokerell
|9 "1224–5
|The same
|The same. But G. and V. give as sheriffs the names of those of the tenth year, and put all the sheriffs following one year too early till the thirty-ninth year
|10 " 1225–6
|The same
|Roger Duke
|Martin Fitz William
|11 " 1226–7
|The same
|The same. F. gives the sheriffs of the twelfth year as those of the eleventh, and like G. antedates all the shrievalties following to the thirty-ninth year
|12 " 1227–8
|Roger Duke. F. dates Roger Duke's mayoralty in the eleventh year
|Stephen Bukerel; Butler, G.
|Henry de Cokham; Colleham, G.; Cobham, F., V.
|13 " 1228–9
|The same
|The same
|14 " 1229–30
|The same
|Walter of Winchester
|Robert Fitz John
|15 " 1230–1
|The same
|Richard Fitz Walter; Fitz William, G., F.
|John Wouburne or Wodeborne
|16 " 1231–2
|Andrew Bokerelle. F. continues Roger Duke this year, but old ed. has A. Bokerell
|Michael de Sancta Helena
|Walter Denfelde, G., F.; Walter le Busle, A.; le Bufle, Ap.; le Bufler, O.
|17 Hen. III. 1232–3
|Andrew Bokerelle.
|Henry de Edelmeton
|Gerard Bat
|18 " 1233–4
|The same
|Simon Fitz Mary
|Roger Blunt
|19 " 1234–5
|The same
|Ralph Ashwy, Aswy, or Eswy; Elwy, A.
|John Norman
|20 " 1235–6
|The same
|Gerard Bat; Bernardus Batte, G.
|Robert Hardel
|21 " 1236–7
|The same
|Henry de Cokham; Cobham, G., F., V.
|Jordan de Coventre
|22 " 1237–8
|Richard Renger; Ric. Roger, G.
|John de Tulesan; Tresalano, G.
|Gerard Cordwainer, G., F., V.; Gervase Camerarius or Chamberlain, A., Ap.; Gervasius Chordewaner, O.
|23 " 1238–9
|William Joyner
|John de Wylhale
|John de Coudres; Goundris, G. Goundresse, F., V.
|24 " 1239–40
|Gerard Batte
|Reginald de Bungey
|Ralph Ashwy or Eswy
|25 " 1240–1
|Reginald de Bungey; Remon de Bengley, F.
|John de Gisors
|Remon de Bengley, F.
|Michael Tovy; Tony, F.; Cony, G.
|26 " 1241–2
|The same
|John Viel, son of John Viel, sen.
|Thomas de Duresme or of Durham; Durysyne, G., F.
|27 " 1242–3
|… … …
|Robert Fitz John; John, G., F., H., J.
|Ralph Ashewy
|28 " 1243–4
|… … …
|Hugh Blunt, goldsmith
|Adam de Basyng; de Giseburne, A.
|29 " 1244–5
|Michael Tovy; Tony, G., F.
|Ralph de Arcubus, spicer
|Nicholas Batte
|30 " 1245–6
|John de Gisors
|Robert Cornhill
|Adam Bentley; Benle, G.; Bewley, F.; de Beverlee, Ap.; de Benetlega, O.
|31 Hen. III. 1246–7
|Piers fitz Aleyn
|Simon Fitz Mary
|Laurence Frowyke
|32 " 1247–8
|Michael Tovy again; Tony, G., F.
|Will. Vyel; John, G., F.
|Nicholas Bat
|33 " 1248–9
|Roger Fitz Roger, G., F.,H.,J. Butaccording to A. Michael Tovy again, and Fitz Roger and the two next mayors each held office one year later than is here stated.
|Nicholaus filius Jocey; fil. Jocelini, Ap.
|Galfridus de Wintona
|34 " 1249–50
|John Norman, G., F., H., J.
|Ralph Hardel
|John de Tolesane
|35 " 1250–1
|Adam Basyng
|Humphrey Basse; Humfridus le Fevre, A., O.; Humfridus dictus Faber, Ap.
|William Fitz Richard
|36 " 1251–2
|F. and G. give in this year the mayor who held office in the thirty-seventh year, and so make the two following mayors also hold office ayear earlier.
|Nicholas Bat
|Laurence de Frowyk (He is inaccurately named in G. as a second mayor instead of a second sheriff.)
|37 " 1252–3
|John de Tolesano
|William of Durham
|Thomas de Wimborne
|38 " 1253–4
|Nicholas Batte
|Richard Picard; Nicholas, G.
|John de Northampton
|39 " 1254–5
|Richard Hardel; Radulfus Hardel, A.
|Ralph Ashwy, G., F.; Willelmus Eswy or Aswy, A., Ap.
|Robertus de Lintona, A., Ap.; Rob. Belyngton, F.; Bylton, G.
|These sheriffs were removed, and their places supplied by—
|Stephen de Oystergate; Stephen Doo, G.
|Henry Walemonde
|[The removed sheriffs of this year are placed by G., V., and F. in the thirty-eighth year, and those who filled their places in the thirty-ninth; after which the sheriffs are assigned to their right years by these chroniclers, by F. till the forty-eighth year, and by G. to the end of the reign.]
|40 Hen. III. 1255–6
|Richard Hardel
|Matthew Bokerell; Michael, G.
|John le Mynur; Lymnour, G.
|41 " 1256–7
|The same
|Richard Ewell
|William Ashwy or Eswy, draper
|42 " 1257–8
|The same
|Thomas fitz Thomas; fitz Richard, G., F.
|Robert Catylleyne; Catelyon or Cateleiger, F.
|The last-named sheriff died, and Matthew Bukerel was put in his place, but afterwards removed and William Grapefige was made sheriff.
|43 " 1258–9
|John de Gisors, pepperer
|John Adrian
|Robert de Cornhill
|44 " 1259–60
|William Fitz Richard
|Adam Browning
|Henry de Coventry; Richard, F.
|45 " 1260–1
|The same
|John of Northampton
|Richard Picard
|46 " 1261–2
|Thomas Fitz Thomas
|Philip le Tayllur (or Cissor); Robert, G.; Richard, F.
|Richard de Walbrook; Philip, F.
|47 " 1262–3
|The same
|Osbert de Suffolk; Robert, F.; Obertus de Sowtheworke, G.
|Robert de Munpelers
|48 " 1263–4
|The same
|Thomas de la Forde; Forthe, G.
|Gregory Rokisle
|[Fabyan gives as sheriffs for this year Osbert Wynter and Philip Taylour, the edition of 1559 giving also Robert Munpilers in the margin as a correction.]
|49 " 1264–5
|The same
|Edward Blunt
|Petrus de Aungers; Armiger, G.; filius Angeri, A.
|[F. gives as sheriffs of this year those of the year preceding, calling the first Thomas de la Fourdeous.]
|50 Hen. III. 1265–6
|William Fitz Richard (Not mayor as in G. but custos)
|John de la Lynde
|John Walerand, Waleraven, or Walrent
|51 " 1266–7
|Alan Souche, custos of the city
|John Adrian
|Luke de Batencourt
|52 " 1267–8
|The same; but during the year he was replaced as custos by Thomas de Eppegrave or Ippegrave, and he by Stephen de Eddeworthe.
|Walter Hervy; W. Henry, F.
|William de Durham; W. Duryseyne, G. (F. places these sheriffs in the fifty-third year.)
|53 " 1268–9
|Hugh Fitz Otho, custos (Henry Fitz Thomas, G., which is certainly inaccurate, as also F., who calls him Thomas, and H. and J., which call him Hugh Fitz Thomas.)
|The same sheriffs at first; afterwards
|Robert de Cornhill
|Thomas de Basings (F. places these sheriffs in the fifty-second year.)
|54 " 1269–70
|John Adrian, draper (F. calls him vintner.)
|Philip le Tailur; John, G., F.
|Walter le Poter; W. Plotte, G.; W. Porter, F.
|[The mayor and sheriffs for this and the remaining years of the reign are placed a year later by Fabyan, who for this fifty-fourth year gives Thomas fitz Thomas as mayor, and William Haddistok and Anketyll de Alverne (de Auverne) as sheriffs.]
|55 " 1270–1
|The same
|Gregory de Rokesle
|Henry le Waleys
|56 " 1271–2
|Sir Walter Hervy, Knight
|John de Bodele; Bedell, G.; Bedyll, F.
|Richard de Paris
|57 " and 1 Edw. I. 1272–3
|The same
|John Horne
|Walter le Poter
|2 " 1273–4
|Henry Waleys
|Nicholas, son of Geoffrey of Winchester
|Henry de Coventry
|3 " 1274–5
|Gregory Rokesley
|Luke Batencurt; Patencourt, F.; Ratyncourt, G.
|Henry Frowyke
|4 " 1275–6
|The same
|John Horne
|Ralph Blount
|5 Edw. I. 1276–7
|The same
|Robert Aras; Rob. de Bracy, F.
|Ralph Feverer
|6 " 1277–8
|The same
|John, son of John Adrian
|Walter Englysche; Water Leggleys, Ap.; Walter le Cornewaleis, O.
|7 " 1278–9
|The same
|Robert Basing
|Will. le Maserer
|8 " 1279–80
|The same
|Thomas Box
|Ralph de la More
|9 " 1280–1
|The same
|Will. Farindon
|Nich. de Winchester
|10 " 1281–2
|Henry Waleys
|Will. Maserer
|Ric. de Chigwell; Roger, O.
|11 " 1282–3
|The same
|Walter Blunt; Ralph, G., F.
|Ankyn Betnell; Anketillus de Betevilla, O.
|12 " 1283–4
|The same
|Jordan Goodeschepe
|Martin Box
|13 " 1284–5
|Gregory Rokesley, and afterwards Sir John Bryton
|Stephen Cornhill
|Rob. Rokesley
|14 " 1285–6
|Ralph Sandwich
|Walter Blunt; William, F.
|John Wade
|15 " 1286–7 (fn. 4)
|The same (Sir John Bryton, F.)
|Thomas Gros; Cros, F., G.
|Will. Hauteyn
|16 " 1287–8 (fn. 4)
|The same
|Will. de Hereford
|Thomas de Stanes
|17 " 1288–9
|The same
|Will. de Betoyne; Byton, G.
|John of Canterbury
|18 " 1289–90
|The same
|Fulk of St. Edmund
|Salomon Lancastre; Langforde, F.; le Cutiller, O., Ap.
|19 " 1290–1
|The same
|Thomas Romayn
|Will. de Lyre
|20 " 1291–2
|Ralph Sandwich
|Ralph Blunt
|Hamond Box
|21 " 1292–3
|The same
|Henry Belle; le Bole, O.
|Elysse or Elias Russelle
|22 Edw. I. 1293–4
|The same; John Brytton, G.
|Robert Rokesley
|Martin Aumbre or Aumbresbury
|23 " 1294–5
|Sir John Brytton
|Henry Box
|Ric. Gloucester
|24 " 1295–6
|The same
|John Dunstable
|Adam Halyngbery
|25 " 1296–7
|The same
|Thomas de Suffolk
|Adam de Fullam
|26 " 1297–8
|The same
|John de Storteford
|Will. de Storteford
|27 " 1298–9
|Henry Waleys
|Richard de Refham; Ric. Bosham, G.; Riser le Mercer, Ap.
|Thomas Sely; Geli, Ap.; Tely, G.
|28 " 1299–1300
|Elys Russell
|John Armenters, draper
|Henry Fyngrey, fishmonger
|29 " 1300–1
|The same
|Luke Haveryng
|Ric. Champeis or de Campes
|30 " 1301–2
|John Blount
|Robert Caller
|Peter de Bosham or Bosenho
|31 " 1302–3
|The same
|Simon de Paris, mercer
|Hugh Pourte, fishmonger
|32 " 1303–4
|The same
|Will. Combmartyn (orCombermartyn)
|John Burford
|33 " 1304–5
|The same
|John Lincoln, vintner
|Roger Paris, mercer
|34 (fn. 5) " 1305–6
|The same
|Will. Cosyn
|Reynold Thundrylle; Doderell, F.; Sounderle, Ap.
|35 (fn. 5) " and 1 Edw. II. 1306–7
|The same
|Geoffrey atte Conduit
|Simon Bolete
|[After this date I shall merely give names that seem prettywell authenticated, omitting most of the variations. Wherea corrupt form seems to occur in G., I shall print it in Italics within parentheses.]
|1 " 1307–8
|John Blount
|Nich. Pygotte (Pycok) and Nigel Drury
|2 " 1308–9
|Nicholas Faryngdon
|William Basyng and John Butler
|3 Edw. II. 1309–10
|Thomas Romayne
|Roger Palmer and James of St. Edmunde
|4 " 1310–11
|Richard Roffham (Bosham)
|Simon Croppe and Piers Blackeney
|5 " 1311–12
|John Gysors
|Simon Merwoode and Ric. Wylforde
|6 " 1312–13
|The same (Kysors)
|John Lambin and Ric. Lutekyn
|7 " 1313–14
|Nich. Faryngdon
|Adam Burton and Hugh Gayton
|8 " 1314–15
|John Gysors
|Stephen Habingdon and Hamond Chikwell
|9 " 1315–16
|Steph. Habingdon
|Hamond Goodchepe and Will. Redyng (So in G. and F.; but F. gives in margin Bedington, which is also the surname given in J., while H. gives Golith.)
|10 " 1316–17
|John Wyngrave
|Will. Caston (or Causton) and Ralph Palmer, Bulmer, or Balaunser
|11 " 1317–18
|The same
|John Pryoure and Will. Furneux
|12 " 1318–19
|The same
|John Pulteney and John Dallyng
|[G. gives the officers of the fourteenth year for the twelfth, and repeats them in their proper place.]
|13 " 1319–20
|Hamond Chikwell
|Simon Abingdon and John Preston
|14 " 1320–1
|Nich. Faringdon
|Will. Proudeham and Reynold at the Conduit
|15 " 1321–2
|Hamond Chikwell
|Ric. Constantyne and Ric. Hakeney (Habeney, G.)
|16 " 1322–3
|The same
|John Grantham and Roger (or Richard?) of Ely
|17 " 1323–4
|Nich. Faringdon (Simon Fraunces, F.)
|Adam Salisbury and John of Oxenford
|18 " 1324–5
|Hamond Chikwell
|Benet of Fulham and John Cawston
|19 " 1325–6
|Ric. Betayne
|Gilbert Morden and John of Cotton
|20 " and 1 Edw. III. 1326–7 1 Edw. III. 1326–7
|The same
|Ric. Roting (Roting, G.) and Roger Chaunceler
|2 " 1327–8
|Hamond Chyckewell
|Harry Darcy and John Hawteyn (Hadden, G.)
|3 " 1328–9
|John Grantham
|Simon Francis and Harry Combmartyn (Thonbyrmartyn, G.)
|4 " 1329–30
|Simon Swanne or Swaynlond
|Ric. Lacer and Henry (Ric., G.) Gysors
|5 Edw. III. 1330–1
|John Pountney
|Rob. Ely and Thos. Harewold or Harrewode
|6 " 1331–2
|The same
|John Mokkynge and Andrew Awbrey
|7 " 1332–3
|John Preston
|Nic. Pyke and John Husbond
|8 " 1333–4
|John Pountney
|John Hamond and Will. Hansard
|9 " 1334–5
|Reynold at the Conduit (Ralph Cotymger, G.)
|John Kingston (Kenton, G.) and Walter Turke
|10 " 1335–6
|The same
|Walter Morden and Ric. Upton
|11 " 1336–7
|John Pountney
|Will. Brykelsworth and John Northall
|12 " 1337–8
|Harry Darcy
|Walter Nele and Nich. Crane or Grave (Grene, G.)
|13 " 1338–9
|The same
|Will. of Pountfreyt and Hugh Marberer
|14 " 1339–40
|Andrew Awbrey
|Will. Thorney and Roger Forsham
|15 " 1340–1
|The same
|Adam Lucas and Barth Mareys
|16 " 1341–2
|John Oxynford; afterwards Simon Fraunces
|Ric. Berkyng and John Rokyslee
|17 " 1342–3
|Simon Fraunces
|John Lowkyn and Ric. Kislingbury
|18 " 1343–4
|John Hamonde
|John Sywarde and John Aylsham
|19 " 1344–5
|The same
|Geoffrey Wychyngham and Thos. Legge
|20 " 1345–6
|Ric. Lacer
|Edmund Hemnale and John Gloucester
|21 " 1346–7
|Geoffrey Wichyngham
|John Croydon and Will. Clopton
|22 " 1347–8
|Thos. Legge
|Adam Bramson and Ric. Basingstoke
|23 " 1348–9
|John Lovekin
|Henry Picard and Simon Dolsell
|24 " 1349–50
|Walter (or William ?) Turke
|Adam Bury and Ralph Lynne
|25 " 1350–1
|Will. Killingbury
|John Notte and Will. Worcester
|26 " 1351–2
|Andrew Awbrey
|John Wroth and Gilbert Steyndrop
|27 " 1352–3
|Adam Fraunceys
|John Peche and John Stodey
|28 " 1353–4
|The same
|John (or William?) Welde and John Lytell
|29 " 1354–5
|Thos. Legge
|Will. Totenham and Ric. Smerte
|30 Edw. III. 1355–6
|Simon Fraunceys
|Thos. Brandon (fn. 6) and Thos. Forster (fn. 6)
|31 " 1356–7
|Harry Picard
|Ric. Nottingham and Thos. Dolsell
|32 " 1357–8
|John Stodey
|Stephen Caundish and Barth. Frostelyng
|33 " 1358–9
|John Lovekyn
|John Bernes and John Bures
|34 " 1359–60
|Simon Dolsell (Donfeld or Doffelde)
|Simon Bedyngton (Radyngton, G.) and John Chichester
|35 " 1360–1
|John Wroth
|John Deynes and Walter Berney
|36 " 1361–2
|John Pecche
|Will. Holbeche and Jas. Tame
|37 " 1362–3
|Steph. Caundish
|John of St. Alban's and Jas. Andrew
|38 " 1363–4
|John Notte
|Ric. Croydon and John Hyltofte
|39 " 1364–5
|Adam of Bury
|Simon Mordon and John of Metford
|40 " 1365–6
|The same till 28 Jan.; afterwards John Lovekyn
|John Brikylsworth and John Ireland
|41 " 1366–7
|John Lovekyn
|John Warde and Will. Dykman (so F. and G.; but H., J., and the MS. of Fabyan used by Ellis give Thos. At Lee or Otley for the second.)
|42 " 1367–8
|Jas. Andrew
|John Thorgold (Corgold, G.) and Will. Dykeman
|43 " 1368–9
|Simon Mordon
|Adam Wymbyngham (or Wymondham) and Rob. Girdeler
|44 " 1369–70
|John Chichester
|John Pyell and Hugh Holbeche
|45 " 1370–1
|John Bernes
|Will. Walworth and Rob. Gayton
|46 " 1371–2
|The same
|Rob. Hatfeld and Adam Staple
|47 " 1372–3
|John Pyell
|John Philpott and Nich. Brembre
|48 " 1373–4
|Adam of Bury
|John Aubrey and John Fyfhede
|49 " 1374–5
|Will. Walworth
|Ric. Lyons and Will. Wodhouse
|50 " 1375–6
|John Warde
|John Hadley and Will. Newport
|51 " 1376–7
|Adam Staple till 21March; afterwards Nich. Brembre
|John of Northampton and Robert Launde
|[52 Edw. III. (fn. 7)
|Nioh. Brembre (fn. 7)
|Andrew Pykeman (fn. 7) and Nioh. Twyford (fn. 7) ]
|1 Ric. II. 1377–8
|Nich. Brembre
|Andrew Pykeman and Nich. Twyford
|2 " 1378–9
|John Philpot
|John Boseham and Thos. Cornwaleys
|3 " 1379–80
|John Hadley
|John Heylysdone and Will. Baret
|4 " 1380–1
|Will. Walworth
|Walter Doget and Will. Knyghtcote
|5 " 1381–2
|John Northampton
|John Rote and John Hende or Hynde
|6 " 1382–3
|The same
|Adam Bamme (Wamme, G.) and John Sely
|7 " 1383–4
|Nich. Brembre
|Simon Wynchecombe and John More
|8 " 1384–5
|The same
|Nich. Exton and John Frosh, Fresh, or Frensh
|9 " 1385–6
|The same
|John Organ and John Chyrchman
|10 " 1386–7
|Nich. Exton
|Will. More and Will. Staundon
|11 " 1387–8
|The same
|Will. Venour and Hugh Fastolf
|12 " 1388–9
|Nich. Twyford
|Adam Carlylle and Thos. Austyn
|13 " 1389–90
|Will. Venour
|John Walcote and John Loveye or Loveney
|14 " 1390–1
|Adam Bamme
|John Fraunceys and Thos. Vyvent
|15 " 1391–2
|John Hynde or Hende
|Harry Vanner and John Schadworth
|16 " 1392–3
|Will. Stawnden
|Gilbert Mawfield and Thos. Neuton or Newenton
|17 " 1393–4
|John Hadley
|Ric. Whittington and Drewe Barentyne
|18 " 1394–5
|John Frosh or Frensh
|Will. Brampton and Thos. Knolles
|19 " 1395–6
|Will. More
|Roger Elys and Will. Sheringham
|20 " 1396–7
|Adam Bamme
|Thos. Wylford and Will. Parker
|21 " 1397–8
|Ric. Whittington
|Will. Askham and John Woodcock
|22 " 1398–9
|Drewe Barentyne
|John Wade and John Warner
|1 Hen. IV. 1399–1400
|Thos. Knolles
|Will. Waldern and Will Hyde
|2 Hen. IV. 1400–1
|John Fraunceys
|John Wakeley and Will. Ebote, Enote, or Emot (fn. 8) (John Obete, G.)
|3 " 1401–2
|John Schadworth
|Will. Venour and John Fremyngham (William F. in G., which agrees with Arnold.)
|4 " 1402–3
|John Walcote
|Ric. Merlowe and Rob. Chicheley
|5 " 1403–4
|Will. Askam
|Thos. Fauconer and Thos. Polle
|6 " 1404–5
|John Hynde
|Will. Louthe and Steph. Spilman
|7 " 1405–6
|John Woodcock
|Will. Crowmer and Harry Barton
|8 " 1406–7
|Ric. Whittington
|Nich. Wotton and Geoffrey Broke
|9 " 1407–8
|Will. Staundon
|Henry Pomfret and Henry Halton
|10 " 1408–9
|Drewe Barentyne
|Will. Norton and Thos. Duke
|11 " 1409–10
|Ric. Marlowe
|John Lane and Will. Chicheley
|12 " 1410–11
|Thos. Knolles
|John Penn and Thos. Pyke
|13 " 1411–12
|Rob. Chicheley
|John Raynwell and Will. (or Walter) Cotton
|14 " and 1 Hen. V. 1412–13
|Will. Waldern
|Ralph Lobenham and Will. Sevenok
|2 " 1413–14
|Will. Crowmer
|John Sutton and John Michell (Nichole, G.)
|3 " 1414–15
|Thos. Fauconer
|John Michell and Thos. Aleyn
|4 " 1415–16
|Nich. Wotton
|Aleyn Everarde and Will. Cambridge
|5 " 1416–17
|Henry Barton
|Rob. Whittington and John Coventry
|6 " 1417–18
|Ric. Merlowe
|Henry Rede and John Gedney
|7 " 1418–19
|Will. Sevenoke
|John Bryan, Ralph Barton, and John Perneys (in place of Bryan, who was drowned)
|8 " 1419–20
|Ric. Whittington
|Rob. Whittington (or Whytyngham) and John Butler
|9 " 1420–1
|Will. Cambridge
|John Butler and John Welles
|10 " 1421–2
|Rob. Chicheley
|Ric. Gosselyn and Will. Weston
|1 Hen. VI. 1422–3
|Will. Waldern
|Will. Estfelde and Rob. Tattersall
|2 " 1423–4
|Will. Crowmer
|Nich. James and Thos. Wandesford
|3 " 1424–5
|John Mychell
|Simon Seman and John By-the-Water
|4 " 1425–6
|John Coventry
|Will. Milrede and John Brokley
|5 Hen. VI. 1426–7
|John (or Will.) (fn. 9) Raynwell
|Rob. (fn. 10) Arnold and John Higham
|6 " 1427–8
|John Gedney
|Henry Frowyk and Rob. Otley
|7 " 1428–9
|Harry Barton
|Thos. Dufhous and John Abbot
|8 " 1429–30
|Will. Estfeld
|Will. Russe and Ralph Holand
|9 " 1430–1
|Nich. Wotton
|Walter Chertsey and Rob. Large
|10 " 1431–2
|John Welles
|John Adyrley and Steph. Browne
|11 " 1432–3
|John Parneys (or Parveys?)
|John Olney and John Padysley
|12 " 1433–4
|John Brokley
|Thos. Chalton and John Lynge
|13 " 1434–5
|Rob. Otley
|Thos. Barnwell and Simon Eyre
|14 " 1435–6
|Harry Frowyke
|Thos. Catworth and Rob. Clopton
|15 " 1436–7
|John Mychell
|Thos. Morestede and Will. Gregory
|16 " 1437–8
|Will. Estfeld
|Will. Chapman and Will. Hales
|17 " 1438–9
|Steph. Browne
|Hugh Dyke and Nich. Yeo
|18 " 1439–40
|Robert Large
|Rob. Marchall and Philip Malpas
|19 " 1440–1
|John Paddisley
|John Sutton and Will. Wetynhale
|20 " 1441–2
|Rob. Clopton
|Will. Combe and Ric. Riche
|21 " 1442–3
|John Hatherley
|Thos. Beaumont and Ric. Nordon
|22 " 1443–4
|Thos. Catworth
|John Norman and Nich. Wyfold
|23 " 1444–5
|Harry Frowyk
|Steph. Foster and Hugh Wyche
|24 " 1445–6
|Simon Eyre
|John Derby and Geoffrey Feldyng
|25 " 1446–7
|John Olney
|Rob. Horne and Geoffrey (or Godfrey) Boleyn
|26 " 1447–8
|John Gedney
|Will. Abraham and Thos. Scott
|27 " 1448–9
|Steph. Browne
|Will. (John, G.) Cantlowe and Will. Marowe
|28 " 1449–50
|Thos. Chalton
|Thos. Canyng and Will. (John, G.) Hewlyn
|29 " 1450–1
|Nich. Wyfold
|Will. Dere and John Middelton
|30 " 1451–2
|Will. Gregory
|Matthew Philip and Christopher Water (or Warton)
|31 " 1452–3
|Geoffrey (or Godfrey) Feldyng
|Ric. Lee and Ric. Alley
|32 " 1453–4
|John Norman
|John Walden and Thos. Coke
|33 " 1454–5
|Stephen Forster
|John Felde and Will. Tailor
|34 Hen. VI. 1455–6
|Will. Marowe
|John Yong and Thos. Holgrave (Oulgrave or Walgrave)
|35 " 1456–7
|Thos. Canynge
|John Steward and Ralph Verney
|36 " 1457–8
|Geoffrey Boleyn
|Will. Edward and Thos. Reyner
|37 " 1458–9
|Thomas Scott
|Ralph Josselyn and Ric. Nedeham
|38 " 1459–60
|Will. Hewlyn
|John Plummer and John Stocker
|39 " 1460–1
|Ric. Lee
|Ric. (fn. 11) Flemyng and John Lambard
|1 Edw. IV. 1461–2
|Hugh Wiche
|John Loke and George Ireland
|2 " 1462–3
|Thos. Coke
|Bartholomew James and Will. Hampton
|3 " 1463–4
|Matt. Philip
|Thos. Muschamp and Rob. Basset
|4 " 1464–5
|Ralph Josselyn
|John Tate and John Stone
|5 " 1465–6
|Ralph Verney
|Will. Constantine and Henry Waver
|6 " 1466–7
|John Yong
|John Bromer and Henry Brice; and on Brice's death John Stokton
|7 " 1467–8
|Thos. Holgrave (or Owlegrave)
|Humph. Hayford and Thos. Stalbroke
|8 " 1468–9
|Will. Taylour
|Simon (or Symkyn) Smyth and Will. Haryot
|9 " 1469–70
|Ric. Lee
|Ric. Gardiner and Robert Drope


text:
Is there an age of innocence?
For each and everyone?
Can this continue all our lives?
From birth till death were done
Yes it can continue
It's entirely up to us
Before we start to judge someone
It's through their eyes we must
That young one walking on the street
Just innocence on two feet
But a few years pass and ventures found
And innocence there remains
The same feet, same sidewalk
But is guilt just some others thought?
Let us not be hasty, but think a little first
Guilt is but a word but used just like a curse
That person walking on that walk
Is merely walking home
In time will be with the Father
The maker of innocence


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Yachting had a chance to view Ocean Alexander's brand-new, U.S.-built 70e. That "E" stands for evolution. Watch our video to find out why.
The 70e is a 78,000-pound yacht, with a 70-foot, 6-inch length overall of 70-feet and an 18-foot, 2-inch beam. Her top-end speed is about 30 knots, with a 26-knot cruising speed. Like long-distance cruising? At 10 knots, her range is 980 nautical miles.
Learn more: Find out more about the 70e in our feature from the February issue of Yachting Magazine.


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The Saint Petri cathedral is a Romanic church made out of sandstone and bricks. The cathedral was built in the 11th century and was rebuilt in the style of gothic art until the 13th century. There were expansions around lateral chapels. In 1502 structural alteration works began, that changed the church into a late gothic hall church. The construction works stopped as the reformation began. In the late 19th century, extensive renovations of the strongly neglected construction started. They tried to keep the old form. Today, the Lord's house belongs to the Evangelic-Lutheran cathedral parish St. Petri. Since 1973 the Saint Peters cathedral is declared a historic monument. The place on the site of today's Saint Peters cathedral, the highest point of the Weser dune in midst of the settlement has become the city core with the construction of the church. The construction was initiated by the Anglo-Saxon missionary bishop Willehad. The timber work was burnt and destructed in 792, 3 years after its completion in course of the Saxon war. After Willehad's death in 798, there neither was a new bishop nor a cathedral in Bremen for 13 years. In 805 the construction of a new cathedral (out of stone) started under the direction of bishop Willerich. The construction dragged on for many years.
St. Petri cathedral Bremen
Protestantism in Bremen
When the Protestant Reformation swept through northern Germany, the first reformed preach in Bremen was held in 1522, and in 1534 the city established a Protestant rule of churches. The cathedral chapter was still catholic and closed St Peter's cathedral, after in 1532 a mob of Bremen's burghers had forcefully interrupted a Catholic mass and prompted a pastor to hold a Lutheran service. Roman Catholic Church was condemned as a symbol of the abuses of a long Catholic past by most local citizens and the building fell into disuse and then disrepair. In 1547 the chapter, meanwhile prevailingly Lutheran, appointed the Dutch Albert Hardenberg, called Rizaeus, as the first Cathedral preacher of Protestant affiliation. Rizaeus turned out to be a partisan of the rather Zwinglian understanding of the Lord's Supper, which was rejected by the then Lutheran burghers, city council, and chapter. So in 1561 - after tremendous quarrels - Rizaeus was dismissed and banned from the city and the cathedral shut again its doors. While the majority of Bremen's burghers and city council adopted Calvinism until the 1590s, the chapter, being simultaneously the body of secular government in the neighboring Prince-Archbishopric, clung to Lutheranism.


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Daemons are neutral evil outsiders that eat souls and thrive on disaster and ruin.
Daemons have the following traits (unless otherwise noted):
- Immunity to acid, death effects, disease, and poison.
- Resistance to cold 10, electricity 10, and fire 10.
- Summon (Sp): Daemons share the ability to summon others of their kind, typically another of their type or a small number of less powerful daemons.
- Telepathy.
- Except where otherwise noted, daemons speak Abyssal, Draconic, and Infernal.
Daemon Subtype from Tome of Horrors Complete (Frog God Games)
This subtype is identical to the standard daemon with the addition of the following:
- Unique daemons (such as Charon and the Oinodaemon) get a profane bonus to AC equal to their Cha modifier (minimum +1).
- Arch daemons (such as the Oinodaemon) get an insight bonus to AC equal to their Wis modifier (minimum +1)
Daemon from the Tome of Horrors Complete, Copyright 2011, Necromancer Games, Inc., published and distributed by Frog God Games; Author Scott Greene, based on original material by Gary Gygax.
Harbingers of ruin and embodiments of the worst ways to die, daemons epitomize painful death, the all-consuming hunger of evil, and the utter annihilation of life. While demons seek to pervert and destroy in endless unholy rampages, and devils vex and enslave in hopes of corrupting mortals, daemons seek only to consume mortal life itself. While some use brute force to despoil life or prey upon vulnerable souls, others wage campaigns of deceit to draw whole realms into ruin. With each life claimed and each atrocity meted out, daemons spread fear, mistrust, and despair, tarnishing the luster of existence and drawing the planes ever closer to their final, ultimate ruin. Notorious for their hatred of the living, daemons are the things of dark dreams and fearful tales, as their ultimate ambitions include extinguishing every individual mortal life—and the more violent or terrible the end, the better. Their methods vary wildly, typically differentiated by daemonic breed. Many seek to infiltrate the mortal plane and sow death by their own taloned hands, while others manipulate agents (both mortal and immortal) as malevolent puppet masters, instigating calamities on massive scales from their grim realms. Such diversity of methods causes many planar scholars to misattribute the machinations of daemons to other types of fiends. These often deadly mistakes are further propagated by daemons' frequent dealings with and manipulation of other outsiders. Yet in all cases, despair, ruin, and death, spreading like contagion, typify the touch of daemonkind, though such symptoms often prove recognizable only after the hour is far too late.
Daemons flourish upon the plane of Abaddon, a bleak expanse of cold mists, fearful shapes, and hunted souls. Upon these wastes, the souls of evil mortals flee predation by the native fiends, and terror and the powers of the evil plane eventually transform the most ruthless into daemons themselves. Amid these scarred wastelands, poison swamps, and realms of endless night rise the foul domains of the tyrants of daemonkind, the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse. Lords of devastation, these powerful and unique daemons desire slaughter, ruin, and death on a cosmic scale, and drive hordes of their lesser kin to spread terror and sorrow across the planes. Although the Horsemen share a singular goal, their tactics and ambitions vary widely.
Along with mastery over vast realms, the Horsemen are served by unimaginably enormous armies of their lesser brethren, but are obeyed most closely by retinues of daemons enslaved to their titles. These specific strains of daemonic servitors, known among daemonkind as deacons, serve whoever holds the title of Horseman. Although these instruments of the archdaemons differ in strength and ability, their numbers provide their lords with legions capable of near-equal terrorization. More so than among any other fiendish race, several breeds of daemons lust after souls. While other foul inhabitants of the planes seek the corruption and destruction of living essences, many daemons value possession and control over mortal animas, entrapping and hoarding souls—and in so doing disrupting the natural progression of life and perverting the quintessence of creation to serve their own terrible whims. While not all daemons possess the ability to steal a mortal being's soul and turn it to their use, the lowliest of daemonkind, the maniacal cacodaemons, endlessly seek life essences to consume and imprison. These base daemons enthusiastically serve their more powerful kin, eager for increased opportunities to doom mortal spirits. While cacodaemons place little value upon the souls they imprison, greater daemons eagerly gather them as trophies, fuel for terrible rites, or offerings to curry the favor of their lords. Several breeds of daemons also posses their own notorious abilities to capture mortal spirits or draw upon the power of souls, turning the forces of utter annihilation to their own sinister ends.
The Four Horsemen
Four dread lords, infamous across all the planes, rule the disparate hordes of daemonkind. Risen from among the ranks of their terrible brethren to displace those fiendish tyrants before them, they are the archdaemons, the End Bringers, the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse. In the blasphemous annals of fiendish lore, they are the prophesied architects of multiversal ruin, destined to stand triumphant over cadaverous cosmoses and infinities of silence before also giving way to absolute oblivion. Undisputed in his power among their kind, each Horseman rules a vast realm upon the bleak plains of Abaddon and a distinctive method of mortal ruin: pestilence, famine, war, or death from old age. Yet while each archdaemon commands measureless influence, daemons know nothing of loyalty and serve only those they cannot overcome. Thus, though the Horsemen stand peerless in their power and manipulations among daemonkind, they must ever defend their thrones from the machinations of ambitious underlings and the plots of other archdaemons.
Upon the poisonous expanses of Abaddon, lesser daemonic peers carve petty fiefdoms and posture as lords, but despite their world-spanning intrigues, all bow before the Horsemen—though most do so only grudgingly. Ancient myths also tell of a mysterious fifth Horseman, the Oinodaemon, though nearly all mention of such a creature has been scoured from the multiverse.
The Soul Trade
There are many different ways to capture souls. The most commonly used methods are spells like soul bind and trap the soul, with the former imprisoning the soul of a newly dead creature and the latter trapping the soul of someone still alive. Other creatures, such as the undead called devourers, have their own innate methods of trapping souls, and likewise night hags are capable of using a version of soul bind through their heartstones to capture the souls of those they torment, binding them in dark gems and selling them in planar markets. Still other creatures create magic items called soul jars, which mimic the effects of these spells.
All of these methods, however, pale in the face of daemons' industrialized harvesting of souls. Abaddon's fiends use virtually all known methods of collecting and storing souls, many of which are unique to themselves. Cacodaemons, the least caste of daemons, prove vital to this harvest, and represent the most common means of turning souls into trade goods. These ravenous fiends possess the unique ability to devour the souls of freshly killed creatures; transform their souls into small, jewel-like objects called soul gems; and spit them back up for collection. These gems each contain the basic essence of a soul, and daemons use them for various raw and refined purposes depending on the fiend in question, the quality and power of the soul, and the daemon's knowledge of soul-warping magic. Of course, many cacodaemons would prefer to consume the souls in their entirety, rather than passing the spirits on, but more powerful daemons rarely give them the option, bullying the cacodaemons into giving up their treasures, employing (or enslaving) a particular individual as a partner in the trade, or maintaining whole hunting packs as pets.
Most methods of using souls extinguish them completely, consigning them to oblivion. In these cases, only the direct intervention of a deity can return them to life—and sometimes not even then, such as when the soul is specifically devoured by one of the Horsemen. Other methods bleed a fraction of a soul's energies away, and while this method is far less powerful, some daemons capture other creatures for the sole purpose of entrapping them and milking their souls over a prolonged period of time, causing horrific agony for spans of months, years, or centuries before finally giving in to their own hunger and consuming what tattered fragments of soul remain.
Unconscionable as most of the universe considers these practices, trapped souls exist as a commodity replete with their own rampant underground economy, both within the evil-aligned planes and elsewhere. Most of these souls ultimately end up in Abaddon, though buyers and markets can also be found in Hell, the Abyss, Axis, and even the worlds of the Material Plane, as evil spellcasters and item crafters can make great use of powerful souls in their dark rites. The economy is complex, with prices determined not only by the strength and power inherent in a given soul, but also according to each soul's manner of death, alignment in life, and other criteria. These additional factors rarely influence their use in magical experiments unless a soul was particularly noteworthy, but as the daemons are happy to explain, the nature of a soul has everything to do with its unique flavor.
While the value of souls is as relative as any other commodity, and pricing can fluctuate wildly based on an endless parade of factors, presented here are some basic categories. With each of these, it's important to note that these are guidelines only, and individual spirits may fall lower (such as a dragon slain young, or a king whose general lack of ambition kept him from great deeds) or higher (a commoner of exceptional piety, or one who never had the chance to fully explore her exceptional abilities) than one might expect. These prices are based upon the supply and demand commonly faced by traders upon the planes where such commodities prove far less outlandish than on the Material Plane, where prices might increase by 10 times or more (though such has no effect on their value when put to use; see below). As with anything else, the exact value of a soul is ultimately up to GM discretion. It's also worth noting that, while trading spirits may prove lucrative, the practice is undeniably evil and an affront to the natural order, and thus carries great consequences in the afterlife.
Mindless Spirits (10 gp): While it's possible to capture the vital essences of vermin, basic oozes, and other such unthinking creatures, these paltry spirits are worth very little.
Animal Spirits (25 gp): This category contains creatures of animal-level intelligence, whose spirits—while presumably worth something to some deities, as reflected by the value of animal sacrifice—are rarely traded in the soul markets. In fact, though the existence of animal spirits is undeniably real, there's rampant debate in many societies over whether such things truly count as "souls."
Basic Soul (100 gp): This is the soul of a standard intelligent creature—a commoner, a low-level adventurer, a sentient monster of low CR, or any of the other hordes of weak or mundane folk who live out their lives with a normal amount of pomp and excitement. This is the lowest category of souls which interests daemons, who see animals and other nonsentient creatures as hardly worth the time to destroy.
Noteworthy Soul (500 gp): The souls of mid-level characters, rulers, famous or influential people, and other powerful, accomplished, and otherwise important people draw greater attention than basic souls, and drive bidding higher accordingly.
Grand Soul (1000–5000 gp): High-level characters, great heroes, dragons, powerful aberrations, and other such spirits of fabulous power and forceful personalities offer equally significant rewards to those who manage to contain their essences.
Unique Soul (priceless): For the truly unique souls—those of legendary figures, epic heroes, and other massive presences—there can be no going price. The unique sparks that live within these creatures are valuable beyond compare, and the frantic bidding (and backstabbing) that arises when one of these trapped spirits comes up for sale is the sort of thing fiends and undead wait thousands of years for, paying nigh-unimaginable prices for the right to consume or display such an artifact.
Using Souls
In addition to consuming them for the sheer joy of destruction, daemons use souls to empower themselves, conduct strange experiments, construct their hideous domains, and more—and mortal spellcasters have followed their lead. Of these varied uses, the most common is the creation or recharging of magic items, using the life force contained in soul gems and other such vessels—or drawn out of the victim directly at the moment of casting—to empower the magic being worked. In these cases, souls should be assigned values based on the categories presented here and then treated as material components, reducing the gold expenditure necessary to cast the spell according to the souls' value. (Thus a spell that requires 400 gp to cast might instead cost 300 gp and a basic-level soul.) Souls used in this manner are consumed and destroyed utterly.
Souls are especially useful in the creation of intelligent items. In these cases, usually only one soul crystallizes as the intelligence embedded into the item, though other souls may be cannibalized in the item's creation. Item alignment, item ability scores, and languages spoken by the item mirror those of the soul used to provide the item's intelligence. Scholars have long debated whether the intelligence in such an item is the soul used, or if the soul is destroyed and the intelligence is only patterned on it—the implication being that recovered intelligent objects (especially of daemonic origin) might be destroyed in order to liberate the souls used in their construction. As instances of both have been reported over the centuries, the question remains open, though few adventurers are willing to destroy their prized weapons based on conjecture.
Beyond the means described above, daemons have myriad additional means of trapping, keeping, and subsequently using souls for constructing permanent objects and effects, such as a liquid form of soul-stuff mixing multiple souls, a crystalline dust formed from soul gems, and even ink created from souls and used to write down the names of the doomed, imprisoning them in elaborate poems penned on the daemons' own flesh. Something intrinsic in daemonic nature allows for this flexibility, as some of the same methods they routinely use fail spectacularly when attempted by non-daemons, including such creatures as night hags, devourers, liches, and followers of some fiendish lords, who themselves possess a vested interest in exploiting some or all of these methods.
While many claim to see absolute evil in the eons-spanning agendas of Hell or the unpredictable and unstoppable devastation of the Abyss, the features of immorality, depravity, and cruelty most truly shape the face of Abaddon. The scions of this shattered realm know no ambitions but their own, no loyalty but that wrested from them by fear or pain, and no limitations in pursuing their most wicked desires. Some underestimate daemons, viewing them as evil without form, with vague plots that fall short of diabolical schemes and constrain them from the boundless degeneracy of demonkind. In truth, daemons might be viewed as embodying evil at its purest, free from the mandates and strictures of devils, possessed of greater vision and focus than demons. They are embodiments of evil without concern for law or chaos, malice given thought and form.
All daemons endure trials upon the plane of Abaddon, facing mind-shattering torments and paradoxes that, over eons, imbue each with the fundamental traumas and timeless hatreds that epitomize daemonkind.
From the Mortal to the Eternal: A daemon's existence begins in shock, pain, fear, and desperation. Virtually every daemon begins by crawling Abaddon's unforgiving soil as one of the hunted. The rare exceptions to this wretched beginning are often those mortals who, prior to death, worshiped one of the Horsemen and sealed a pact that condemned them to one of these unfathomably evil beings' clutches—and even then, at least half of these depraved spirits are betrayed by their patrons and consumed outright. Only seldomly does a mortal of exceptional evil and foul potential gain a daemon's interest. Such perverse spirits can hardly view such attention as a boon, though. Existence as one of the hunted is terrifying and generally swift, ending in a moment of horrific violence as the soul is consumed by the denizens of Abaddon. Those elevated to serve as newly shaped daemons face prolonged trials of pain, maddening stints of gaslighting, and unimaginable cruelties. Over a span of ages, just as surely as the souls of the hunted are destroyed and digested, so are the souls of promising mortals warped and fractured into beings unrecognizable from the villains they once were. Either as one of the transcended hunted or a chosen spirit, once a soul becomes a daemon it typically turns to prey on other hunted, mercilessly reveling in its increased status, even though most are elevated only to the forms of cacodaemons. Gradually, as time progresses in spans measured in centuries, new daemons integrate into the larger societies of Abaddon. These less powerful fiends wander Abaddon, left to their own devices until gathered together and organized by their more powerful kindred, obeying out of fear or respect. To the masses of lesser daemonkind, structure and organization come with difficulty, but their superior brethren find that their loyalty can be purchased quite easily. The mantra endlessly whispered in the ears of lesser daemons is simple: "Servitude brings safety and souls. Follow, obey, and feast." In this way most lesser daemons fall under the sway of more powerful members of their kind.
Obedience without Loyalty: Although all daemons show a strange, racial loyalty to the Horsemen and their deacon servitors, daemonic authority bears no relation to the rigid hierarchy of Hell or the survival of the foulest and most experienced in the Abyss. Daemonic authority tends to be one of territory, with a given region, location, or city ruled by a powerful individual, the ruler's authority conferred by one of the Horsemen, a harbinger, or the daemon's own might and ability to subjugate all rivals. Within that territory, such despots essentially rule by divine right, but their rule exists only so long as their actions please the power that invested them. Of course, should such a daemonic dictator be killed by its servitors, clearly it was not fit to rule. Such lesser tyrants remain free to appoint whatever hierarchy they see fit to serve them, and so daemonic citadels and cities may possess vastly different societies. For example, the council of crucidaemons that controls the sub-realm of Ovencal contrasts sharply with the harem-autocracy of Gasping Ecstasy, dominated by the erodaemon Weeping Libation and the 35 ever-shifting members of her harem.
The Existential Paradox: Given most daemons' origin among the souls of the hunted, coupled with their quasi-religious hatred of mortal life, an inherent paradox underlies all daemonic thought: that all things mortal must be obliterated, despite the fact that they themselves were once mortal. The reasons for this hatred of existence are as varied as the daemons themselves, stemming from lives of grief and pain, terrible and unjust ends, heartbreak and wounded pride, and more. Regardless of how their hatred comes to be, most daemons lock away any considerations of their former nature or musings on the roots of their anger, and ages of depravity and delusion scour their beings of anything recognizable as the creatures they were in life. Yet just as a gnarled willow grows from a tiny black seed, so does each daemon know its current being finds it roots in that which it most loathes. This core of self-loathing guides most daemons in their greatest profanities, allowing them to lash out at the living, spirits, other outsiders, members of their own kind, and occasionally even themselves with a viciousness that translates into an absolute hatred of all things that live, once lived, or ever might live. Such makes them the ultimate nihilists, guiding them toward a vision of a silent multiverse, an endless realm devoid of life and which, in the end, even they will be absent from. Yet as much as it loathes all things, every daemon loathes itself a modicum less, and so each strives to be the last witness to a dead eternity.
Binding a Daemon
Source: Ultimate Magic (see Binding Outsiders for further details.)
All daemons have a common goal: bringing death, destruction, and pain to mortals. They eat souls, and stop at nothing to sate their hunger for them. Daemons are not to be trifled with. The greater lords of the daemons—the deacons and the Four Horsemen themselves—are almost never summoned. Whether this is because they force others to arrive in their place, or because they have somehow anchored themselves to the plane of Abaddon, none can say with certainty.
Daemons are immune to acid, death effects, disease, and poison, and all are vulnerable to good and/or silver weapons. They have resistance to cold 10, electricity 10, and fire 10.
Astradaemon (SR 27): Powerful but relatively dim hunters of souls, astradaemons can only be bribed into service by two things—a feast of souls and the promise to spread death.
Cacodaemon: Savage and hungry, most cacodaemons cannot suppress their savage natures long enough to make deals. At best, the binder can trick a cacodaemon toward actions in concert with her purposes.
Ceustodaemon: The most common daemons summoned to the Material Plane, ceustodaemons are relatively easy to deal with, though none know if this is because of some deliberate action by more powerful daemons. They are often called guardian daemons, as they are frequently bound to that task.
Derghodaemon (SR 23): No one summons a derghodaemon unless they are stupid, desperate for the services of a savage killer, or both. Less intelligent than cacodaemons and twice as vicious, derghodaemons do not deal with any creature, and relentlessly attempt to escape their binding, usually with brute force.
Hydrodaemon (SR 19): On their home plane, these vile creatures swim the River Styx; on the Material Plane, they are often called to serve as guardians in swamps and sanctuaries of unscrupulous spellcasters. More pliable than most of their fiendish kin, hydrodaemons take treasure and the promise of souls as gifts for their services.
Leukodaemon (SR 20): Leukodaemons are the deacons of the Horseman of Pestilence, and on the rare occasions that they are summoned, they make any deal a binder wants, as long as it somehow results in the spreading of disease and devastation.
Meladaemon (SR 22): As deacons of the Horseman of Famine, meladaemons are rarely summoned by mortal spellcasters, and typically only agree to actions aligned with their own agendas or those of their lord.
Olethrodaemon (SR 31): The mammoth olethrodaemons often make deals with mortals wishing to evoke devastation on rival lands, sometimes even asking only half the normal offering for the privilege. Even those olethrodaemons serving one of the Four Horsemen as paragons can be summoned, though it is often assumed that such a feat is done only at their master's whim.
Piscodaemon (SR 21): Lovers of misery, especially that of the strong and powerful, piscodaemons eagerly make deals with mortals who wish to use them as soldiers against the powers of good—especially armies composed of or led by paladins.
Purrodaemon (SR 29): Steadfast servants of the Horseman of War, purrodaemons may be the easiest deacon daemons to summon. It seems their master often gives them leave to spread war on the Material Plane, but their service to any binder is often brief and violent, for both daemon and spellcaster.
Thanadaemon (SR 24): As deacons of the Horseman of Death, thanadaemons are hardly ever summoned by mortal spellcasters, and when they are, the event portends a near-apocalyptic end of mortal life.


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The Welcome Plaza Brick Sale is your opportunity to say "Welcome to Mayer Lutheran High School!" What a great way to place your name, special graduate, business, teacher, friend, relative, or anything that will fit on a paver for all to see and admire! Three sizes of bricks are available: 4 x 8″, 8 x 8″, and 12 x 12″.
The 4 x 8″ bricks can take three lines of up to fifteen characters on each line, including spaces.
The 8×8″ brick can have six lines of up to fifteen characters, including spaces.
The 12 x 12″ brick can have nine lines of up to nineteen characters, including spaces.
|Paver Size
|Basic Price
|With Custom Graphic
|4" x 8"
|8" x 8"
|12" x 12"
|$5,000 (no extra charge)
Click HERE for ordering information.
Forms also available in the school office.
Order deadline is May 1, 2023.


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The Window of Bacon Fat
Pictured above is a one-pound pack of Oscar Mayer thick cut bacon — and a tape measure. The tape measure is there because the picture above (and the one below) comes from an article rating the "top grocery store bacon brands" on a website known as "Bacon Scouts" — for some reason when you need to rate bacon, you need to measure it. But that's not important, and neither is the tape measure, at least not for our purposes. What's important is how the meat looks. As Bacon Scouts points out, "the way it is layered emphasizes the meaty side of the bacon. The strips are cut in a way so that one edge is the meat. This edge is then angled and displayed in a way to make the consumer think they are getting a great package of thick, meaty bacon."
It's a lie.
The proof? Just flip the package over.
That window shows the true nature of the meat. To continue with Bacon Scouts, "flipping over the bacon package will give you a clear view of an entire slice (if not the whole package) of bacon revealing how fatty it really is. It's such a disappointment to have most of the bacon be fat."
Why the lie? What's the point of setting up a fake display on the front, only to give away the truth to anyone who checks the other side?
It turns out, the back window is there because it's the law — and has been since 1974, shortly after bacon sellers came up with the idea to stack bacon to make it seem less fatty. Claiming that the front of the package arrangement was akin to deceptive advertising, the government promulgated a regulation laser-focused on this problem. Here's what they came up with — it's section 317.8(5)(ii) of title 9 of the Code of Federal Regulations if you want to look it up:
(ii) Packages for sliced bacon that have a transparent opening shall be designed to expose, for viewing, the cut surface of a representative slice. Packages for sliced bacon which meet the following specifications will be accepted as meeting the requirements of this subparagraph provided the enclosed bacon is positioned so that the cut surface of the representative slice can be visually examined:
(a) For shingle-packed sliced bacon, the transparent window shall be designed to reveal at least 70 percent of the length (longest dimension) of the representative slice, and this window shall be at least 1 1/2 inches wide. The transparent window shall be located not more than five-eighths inch from the top or bottom edge of a 1-pound or smaller package and not more than three-fourths inch from either the top or bottom edge of a package larger than 1 pound.
(b) For stack-packed sliced bacon, the transparent window shall be designed to reveal at least 70 percent of the length (longest dimension) of the representative slice and be at least 1 1/2 inches wide.
The bacon pictured above is shingle-packed sliced bacon, so subsection (a) applies. The regulation clearly spells out that a "representative slice" be made visible through a "transparent window." And while the regulation also dictates, in part, where that window has to be (e.g. "not more than five-eighths inch from the top or bottom edge"), it omits a critical detail — it doesn't say which side of the package it should be on.
As a result, we get the mullet of meat — business in the front, party in the back. As Bloomberg concludes, "It's hard to think of another package that engages in such a clever sleight of hand on the front and then gives away the game" on the other side.
From the Archives: Bacon of the Sea: When pigs swim.
Related: Bacon stickers.


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Top ten photos from 201511 Feb 2016
Ok, it was really difficult to take 8000 photos, down to 800 good ones, down to 100 really good ones, and pull out just 10 favorites. Very difficult. But when "Martin Bailey" and "The Arcanum" asks, I will deliver.
I'm exaggerating a bit, it wasn't as bad as I expected, and it was actually easier than choosing my top ten from 2014, because I had a bunch I really-really liked from that year. Anyway, I'm just rambling on because I don't have much else to say to introduce these photos, so here they are. Click on any image to see it full size.
Some of my favorite scenes are out in the thick fog. In this shot, the seagull was perched just at the time when a beam of sunlight lit up her body and the piling. The fog was truly this thick on the other side, no special effects.
Looking up toward the Gate to Heaven at Siena Cathedral. This magnificent cathedral contains one of the most interesting and mysterious mosaics on the floor of the entryway - an image of "Hermes Trismegistus" emparting knowledge to some humble scholars. I managed to get this shot in the midst of a large crowd while my daughters were running circles around me.
My first shot of lightning, ever. This was a long exposure, about 10 minutes. I set it up in the spot I expected to see lightning, and was happily surprised when I realized the warning sign was also in the frame (I was aiming into pitch black night).
From the same beach on Figure 8 Island, the sky was incredible, the sea was colorful, but this was calling for black and white.
Also on Figure 8, I wanted to capture the pastels with a little blur from camera motion. The only treatment here is a slight turn of the camera while taking a long exposure.
Not trying to be narcissistic with this, but after taking some shots of just the Milky Way, I felt like it needed something more in it, so I added myself, and my reflection.
This image will probably only ever mean something to me, it's incredibly special and warms my soul to see my girls here against the setting sun. And I mean, they actually listened to me, how special is that? I was about 50 yards away with a telephoto.
Can't get enough Milky Way photos? I know I can't. And this night was extra dark, and extra quiet on the beaches of Tofino. I knew I had something special when the band of Milky Way crossed over Frank's Island. Ya, I sat here for a long time and watched it traverse the island.
Oh the Enchantments, thank you for taking me so many years ago Andrew. I backpacked up Aasgard Pass and to Lake Vivian with this shot in my mind the whole time. I was a little bummed that it was past peak larch time and needles were shedding. But then again, it creates a unique scene in itself with the golden ground all around.
More of the Enchantments, entire families of larches set against the beautiful granite. It's too bad this area is so difficult to access, but then again, it might not be so special otherwise.


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Deploying the right volunteer retention strategies can keep volunteers coming back to fulfill new opportunities for your organization.
What volunteer retention strategies is your nonprofit investing in? Did you know that 1 out of 3 volunteers who commit to service in one year do not volunteer the next? According to a volunteer retention study (2006), performed by The Corporation for National and Community Service, the national retention average is about 66%.
In other words, out of the 65.4 million people that volunteered in 2005 only 44.5 million of them volunteered in 2006. These are troubling statistics for nonprofits nationwide considering that many use volunteers to fill roles organization-wide. There are also many organizations especially startup nonprofits that are solely run by volunteer support.
Nonprofits today need to do whatever they can to keep volunteers coming back. The volunteer retention strategies that your organization deploys can mean the difference between reaching your organizational goals or not.
Here are 4 volunteer retention strategies that your nonprofit can deploy today.
Keeping track of your volunteer data is an action that your nonprofit must take. Volunteer data can provide your organization with the insights necessary to leverage and optimize decision-making capabilities. Data about your volunteer program is also an important component in measuring volunteer impact.
Did you know that only 55% of nonprofit assess volunteer impact according to a survey by Software Advice? Many organizations today still use spreadsheets as a means of capturing volunteer data. This process may be cost efficient but it lacks the data capture capabilities of web-based volunteer management tools. If your organization is part of the 45% not measuring volunteer data chances are you are missing out on opportunities.
Volunteer management software can:
- Help you're nonprofit organize and access volunteer data from anywhere.
- Create an automated process for volunteer communications.
- Create segmentation for outreach campaigns.
- Identify patterns that can be used to optimize organization processes.
See additional strategic benefits of volunteer management software
Setting volunteers up for success starts with providing on-going training and resources that benefit them and their experiences. Your nonprofits volunteer retention strategies should incorporate how your organization plans to provide this type of support to volunteers.
Here are a few volunteer training and resource tips to consider:
- Make sure to create a realistic volunteer training budget for your organization.
- Make sure training appeals to all demographics and all learning styles.
- Incorporate engagement into your volunteer training program.
Learn a few additional easy to implement volunteer training tips
Making a good first impression may seem like an obvious volunteer retention strategy. You would be surprised how many organizations take advantage of this easy to implement practice. Making a good first impression is a critical part of your volunteer's experience with your nonprofit. Believe it or not but only about 7% of a first impression is based on spoken words. The remaining 93% is formed based on tone of voice and body language.
Here are a few ways to make a good first impression on volunteers:
- Demonstrate that your nonprofit is organized and prepared for your volunteer.
- Help your volunteer manage their time effectively.
- Provide volunteers with training that relates to their specific role.
- Be confident when discussing your organization mission, goals, and values with a volunteer.
- Offer a volunteer the guidance they need to be successful.
- Make your volunteers feel welcome.
People naturally like to be recognized for making a commitment. Volunteers are no different. Recognizing and rewarding volunteers can be one of your nonprofit most effective volunteer retention strategies.
Here are a few ways that your nonprofit can recognize volunteers:
- Develop a volunteer of the month program
- Acknowledge volunteer milestones
- Send thank you cards and birthday greetings
- Provide volunteers with opportunities to network
- Offer volunteers additional opportunities for career development
- Add gamification to your rewards and recognition strategy
Identifying and deploying the right strategic volunteer retention strategies is a must for nonprofit organizations. Volunteers are a critical aspect of nonprofit success. Keeping track of your volunteer data, better equipping volunteers to fulfill opportunities, making a good first impression, and recognizing volunteers is a great place to start.