text:
The endocrine system is made up of glands that produce and secrete hormones, chemical substances produced in the body that regulate the activity of cells or organs. These hormones regulate the body's growth, metabolism (the physical and chemical processes of the body), and sexual development and function.The endocrine system refers to the collection of glands of an organism that secrete hormones directly into the circulatory system to be carried towards distant target organs. The major endocrine glands include the pineal gland, pituitary gland, pancreas, ovaries, testes, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland,hypothalamus, gastrointestinal tract and adrenal glands. The endocrine system is in contrast to the exocrine system, which secretes its hormones to the outside of the body using ducts. The endocrine system is an information signal system like the nervous system, yet its effects and mechanism are classifiably different. The endocrine system's effects are slow to initiate, and prolonged in their response, lasting from a few hours up to weeks. The nervous system sends information very quickly, and responses are generally short lived. In vertebrates, the hypothalamus is the neural control center for all endocrine systems. The field of study dealing with the endocrine system and its disorders is endocrinology, a branch of internal medicine.[1] Special features ofendocrine glands are, in general, their ductless nature, their vascularity, and commonly the presence of intracellular vacuoles or granules that store their hormones. In contrast, exocrine glands, such as salivary glands, sweat glands, and glands within the gastrointestinal tract, tend to be much less vascular and have ducts or a hollow lumen.
In addition to the specialized endocrine organs mentioned above, many other organs that are part of other body systems, such as bone, kidney, liver, heartand gonads, have secondary endocrine functions. For example, the kidney secretes endocrine hormones such as erythropoietin and renin. Hormones can consist of either amino acid complexes, steroids, eicosanoids, leukotrienes, or prostaglandins.[1]The major glands that make up the human endocrine system include the:
|Secreted hormone
|Produced by
|Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
|Parvocellular neurosecretory neurons
|Stimulate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) release from anterior pituitary (primarily)
(Prolactin-inhibiting hormone)
|DA or PIH
|Dopamine neurons of the arcuate nucleus
|Inhibit prolactin released from anterior pituitary
|Growth hormone-releasing hormone
|Neuroendocrine neurons of theArcuate nucleus
|Stimulate Growth hormone (GH) release from anterior pituitary
(growth hormone-inhibiting hormone)
|SS, GHIH, or SRIF
|Neuroendocrine cells of thePeriventricular nucleus
|Inhibit Growth hormone (GH) release from anterior pituitary
Inhibit thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) release from anterior pituitary
|Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
|GnRH or LHRH
|Neuroendocrine cells of thePreoptic area
|Stimulate follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) release from anterior pituitary
Stimulate luteinizing hormone (LH) release from anterior pituitary
|Corticotropin-releasing hormone
|CRH or CRF
|Parvocellular neurosecretory neurons of the Paraventricular Nucleus
|Stimulate adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) release from anterior pituitary
(antidiuretic hormone)
|ADH or AVP or VP
|Parvocellular neurosecretory neurons, Magnocellular neurosecretory neurons of theParaventricular nucleus andSupraoptic nucleus
|Increases water permeability in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct of nephrons, thus promoting water reabsorption and increasing blood volume
|Secreted hormone
|From cells
Monitors the circadian rhythm including induction of drowsiness and lowering of the core body temperature
The pituitary gland (or hypophysis) is an endocrine gland about the size of a pea and weighing 0.5 grams (0.018 oz) in humans. It is a protrusion off the bottom of the hypothalamus at the base of thebrain, and rests in a small, bony cavity (sella turcica) covered by a dural fold (diaphragma sellae). The pituitary is functionally connected to the hypothalamus by the median eminence via a small tube called the infundibular stem or pituitary stalk. .[citation needed]
|Secreted hormone
|From cells
|Growth hormone
|Stimulates growth and cell reproduction
Stimulates Insulin-like growth factor 1 release from liver
|Thyroid-stimulating hormone
|Stimulates thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) synthesis and release from thyroid gland
Stimulates iodine absorption by thyroid gland
|Adrenocorticotropic hormone
|Stimulates corticosteroid (glucocorticoid and mineralcorticoid) and androgen synthesis and release from adrenocortical cells
|Inhibits perception of pain
|Follicle-stimulating hormone
|In females: Stimulates maturation of ovarian follicles in ovary
In males: Stimulates maturation of seminiferous tubules
In males: Stimulates spermatogenesis
In males: Stimulates production of androgen-binding protein from Sertoli cells of the testes
|Luteinizing hormone
|In females: Stimulates ovulation
In females: Stimulates formation of corpus luteum
In males: Stimulates testosterone synthesis from Leydig cells (interstitial cells)
|Stimulates milk synthesis and release from mammary glands
Mediates sexual gratification
|Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
|Melanotropes in the Pars intermedia of the Anterior Pituitary
|Stimulates melanin synthesis and release from skin/hair melanocytes
|Stored hormone
|From cells
|Magnocellular neurosecretory cells
|In females: uterine contraction during birthing, lactation (letdown reflex) when nursing
(antidiuretic hormone)
|ADH or AVP
|Parvocellular neurosecretory neurons
|Increases water permeability in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct of nephrons, thus promoting water reabsorption and increasing blood volume
Oxytocin and anti-diuretic hormone are not secreted in the posterior lobe, merely stored.
|Secreted hormone
|From cells
|Thyroid epithelial cell
|(More potent form of thyroid hormone)
Stimulates body oxygen and energy consumption, thereby increasing the basal metabolic rate
Stimulates RNA polymerase I and II, thereby promoting protein synthesis
|Thyroid epithelial cells
|(Less active form of thyroid hormone)
(Acts as a prohormone to triiodothyronine)
Stimulates body oxygen and energy consumption, thereby increasing the basal metabolic rate
Stimulates RNA polymerase I and II, thereby promoting protein synthesis
|Parafollicular cells
|Stimulates osteoblasts and thus bone construction
Inhibits Ca2+ release from bone, thereby reducing blood Ca2+
|Secreted hormone
|From cells
|Gastrin (Primarily)
|G cells
|Secretion of gastric acid by parietal cells
|P/D1 cells
|Stimulate appetite.
|Neuropeptide Y
|Increased food intake and decreased physical activity. It can be associated with obesity.
|D cells
|Suppress release of gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK), secretin, motilin, vasoactive intestinal peptide(VIP), gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), enteroglucagon
Lowers rate of gastric emptying
Reduces smooth muscle contractions and blood flow within the intestine.[2]
|ECL cells
|stimulate gastric acid secretion
|X cells
|Smooth muscle contraction of stomach[3]
|Secreted hormone
|From cells
|S cells
|Secretion of bicarbonate from liver, pancreas and duodenal Brunner's glands
Enhances effects of cholecystokinin, stops production of gastric juice
|I cells
|Release of digestive enzymes from pancreas
Release of bile from gallbladder, hunger suppressant
|Secreted hormone
|From cells
|Insulin-like growth factor (or somatomedin) (Primarily)
|insulin-like effects
regulate cell growth and development
|Angiotensinogen and angiotensin
release of aldosterone from adrenal cortex dipsogen.
|stimulates megakaryocytes to produce platelets[4]
|inhibits intestinal iron absorption and iron release by macrophages
The pancreas is a mixocrine gland and it secretes both enzymes and hormones.
|Secreted hormone
|From cells
|Insulin (Primarily)
|? Islet cells
|Intake of glucose, glycogenesis and glycolysis in liver and muscle from blood.
Intake of lipids and synthesis of triglycerides in adipocytes. Other anabolic effects
|Glucagon (Also Primarily)
|? Islet cells
|Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in liver.
Increases blood glucose level.
|? Islet cells
|Inhibit release of insulin[5]
Inhibit release of glucagon[5] Suppress the exocrine secretory action of pancreas.
|Pancreatic polypeptide
|PP cells
|Self regulate the pancreas secretion activities and effect the hepatic glycogen levels.
|Secreted hormone
|From cells
|Renin (Primarily)
|Juxtaglomerular cells
|Activates the renin-angiotensin system by producing angiotensin I of angiotensinogen
|Erythropoietin (EPO)
|Extraglomerular mesangial cells
|Stimulate erythrocyte production
|Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3)
|Proximal tubule cells
|Active form of vitamin D3
Increase absorption of calcium and phosphate from gastrointestinal tract and kidneys inhibit release of PTH
|stimulates megakaryocytes to produce platelets[4]
|Secreted hormone
|From cells
|Glucocorticoids (chiefly cortisol)
|zona fasciculata and zona reticularis cells
|Stimulates gluconeogenesis
Stimulates fat breakdown in adipose tissue
Inhibits protein synthesis
Inhibits glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue
Inhibits immunological responses (immunosuppressive)
Inhibits inflammatory responses (anti-inflammatory)
|Mineralocorticoids (chiefly aldosterone)
|Zona glomerulosa cells
|Stimulates active sodium reabsorption in kidneys
Stimulates passive water reabsorption in kidneys, thus increasing blood volume and blood pressure
Stimulates potassium and H+ secretion into nephron of kidney and subsequent excretion
|Androgens (including DHEA andtestosterone)
|Zona fasciculata and Zona reticularis cells
|In males: Relatively small effect compared to androgens from testes
In females: masculinizing effects
|Secreted hormone
|From cells
|Adrenaline (epinephrine) (Primarily)
|Chromaffin cells
|Fight-or-flight response:
|Noradrenaline (norepinephrine)
|Chromaffin cells
|Fight-or-flight response:
|Chromaffin cells
|Increase heart rate and blood pressure
|Chromaffin cells
|Regulate pain
|Secreted hormone
|From cells
|Androgens (chiefly testosterone)
|Leydig cells
|Anabolic: growth of muscle mass and strength, increased bone density, growth and strength,
Virilizing: maturation of sex organs, formation of scrotum, deepening of voice, growth of beard andaxillary hair.
|Sertoli cells
|Prevent apoptosis of germ cells[6]
|Sertoli cells
|Inhibit production of FSH
|Secreted hormone
|From cells
|Granulosa cells, theca cells
|Support pregnancy:[7]
|Theca cells
|Substrate for estrogen
|Estrogens (mainly estradiol)
|Granulosa cells
Protein synthesis:
Fluid balance:
Gastrointestinal tract:
Lung function:
|Granulosa cells
|Inhibit production of FSH from anterior pituitary
|Secreted hormone
|From cells
|Progesterone (Primarily)
|Support pregnancy:[7]
Other effects on mother similar to ovarian follicle-progesterone
|Estrogens (mainly Estriol) (Also Primarily)
|Effects on mother similar to ovarian follicle estrogen
|Human chorionic gonadotropin
|Promote maintenance of corpus luteum during beginning of pregnancy
Inhibit immune response, towards the human embryo.
|Human placental lactogen
|Increase production of insulin and IGF-1
Increase insulin resistance and carbohydrate intolerance
|Fetal Trophoblasts
|Suppress FSH
|Secreted hormone
|From cells
|Decidual cells
|milk production in mammary glands
|Decidual cells
|Unclear in humans and animals
|Secreted hormone
|From cells
|Parathyroid hormone
|Parathyroid chief cell
|Secreted hormone
|From cells
|Calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3)
|Inactive form of vitamin D3
|Secreted hormone
|From cells
|Atrial-natriuretic peptide
|Cardiac myocytes
|Reduce blood pressure by:
reducing systemic vascular resistance, reducing blood water, sodium and fats
|Brain natriuretic peptide
|Cardiac myocytes
|(To a lesser degree than ANP) reduce blood pressure by:
reducing systemic vascular resistance, reducing blood water, sodium and fats
|Secreted hormone
|From cells
|liver and kidney cells
|stimulates megakaryocytes to produce platelets[4]
In 1998, skeletal muscle was identified as an endocrine organ[12] due to its now well-established role in the secretion of myokines.[12][13] The use of the term myokine to describe cytokines and other peptides produced by muscle as signalling molecules was proposed in 2003.[14]
Signalling molecules released by adipose tissue are referred to as adipokines.
|Secreted hormone
|From cells
|Leptin (Primarily)
|decrease of appetite and increase of metabolism.
|Estrogens[15] (mainly Estrone)
The human endocrine system consists of several systems that operate via feedback loops. Several important feedback systems are mediated via the hypothalamus and pituitary.[16]
Extensive bidirectional interactions exist between the endocrine system and the immune system.[17] Cortisol has major immunosuppressive effects,[18][19] and dopamine has immunomodulatory functions.[20] On the other hand, cytokines produced during inflammation activate the HPA axis at all three levels, sensible to negative feedback.[21] Moreover, cytokines stimulate hepcidin release from the liver, which is eventually responsible for the anemia of chronic disease.[22]
The typical mode of cell signaling in the endocrine system is endocrine signaling. However, there are also other modes, i.e., paracrine, autocrine, and neuroendocrine signaling. Purely neurocrine signaling between neurons, on the other hand, belongs completely to the nervous system.
It occurs between adjacent cells that possess broad patches of closely opposed plasma membrane linked by transmembrane channels known as connexons. The gap between the cells can usually be between only 2 and 4 nm.[citation needed]
Endocrinopathies are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary. Primary endocrine disease inhibits the action of downstream glands. Secondary endocrine disease is indicative of a problem with the pituitary gland. Tertiary endocrine disease is associated with dysfunction of the hypothalamus and its releasing hormones.[citation needed]Diseases of the endocrine system are common,[24] including conditions such as diabetes mellitus, thyroid disease, and obesity. Endocrine disease is characterized by irregulated hormone release (a productive pituitary adenoma), inappropriate response to signaling (hypothyroidism), lack of a gland (diabetes mellitus type 1, diminished erythropoiesis in chronic renal failure), or structural enlargement in a critical site such as the thyroid (toxic multinodular goitre). Hypofunction of endocrine glands can occur as a result of loss of reserve, hyposecretion, agenesis, atrophy, or active destruction. Hyperfunction can occur as a result of hypersecretion, loss of suppression, hyperplastic or neoplastic change, or hyperstimulation.
As the thyroid, and hormones have been implicated in signaling distant tissues to proliferate, for example, the estrogen receptor has been shown to be involved in certain breast cancers. Endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine signaling have all been implicated in proliferation, one of the required steps of onco
Hormone levels that are too high or too low indicate a problem with the endocrine system. Hormone diseases also occur if your body does not respond to hormones in the appropriate ways. Stress, infection, and changes in the blood's fluid and electrolyte balance can also influence hormone levels, according to the National Institutes of Health.
The most common endocrine disease in the United States is diabetes, a condition in which the body does not properly process glucose, a simple sugar. This is due to the lack of insulin or, if the body is producing insulin, because the body is not working effectively, according to Dr. Jennifer Loh, chief of the department of endocrinology for Kaiser Permanente in Hawaii.
Hormone imbalances can have a significant impact on the reproductive system, particularly in women, Loh explained.
Another disorder, hypothyroidism, occurs when the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone to meet the body's needs. Loh noted that insufficient thyroid hormone can cause many of the body's functions to slow or shut down completely.
Thyroid cancer begins in the thyroid gland and starts when the cells in the thyroid begin to change, grow uncontrollably and eventually form a tumor, according to Loh.
Hypoglycemia, also called low blood glucose or low blood sugar, occurs when blood glucose drops below normal levels. This typically happens as a result of treatment for diabetes when too much insulin is taken. While Loh noted that the condition can occur in people not undergoing treatment for diabetes, such an occurrence is fairly rare.
The hypothalamus (pronounced: hi-po-THAL-uh-mus), a collection of specialized cells that is located in the lower central part of the brain, is the main link between the endocrine and nervous systems. Nerve cells in the hypothalamus control the pituitary gland by producing chemicals that either stimulate or suppress hormone secretions from the pituitary.
Although it is no bigger than a pea, the pituitary (pronounced: puh-TOO-uh-ter-ee) gland, located at the base of the brain just beneath the hypothalamus, is considered the most important part of the endocrine system. It's often called the "master gland" because it makes hormones that control several other endocrine glands.
The production and secretion of pituitary hormones can be influenced by factors such as emotions and changes in the seasons. To accomplish this, the hypothalamus provides information sensed by the brain (such as environmental temperature, light exposure patterns, and feelings) to the pituitary.
The tiny pituitary is divided into two parts: the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The anterior lobe regulates the activity of the thyroid, adrenals, and reproductive glands. The anterior lobe produces hormones such as:
The pituitary also secretes endorphins (pronounced: en-DOR-fins), chemicals that act on the nervous system and reduce feelings of pain. In addition, the pituitary secretes hormones that signal the reproductive organs to make sex hormones. The pituitary gland also controls ovulation and the menstrual cycle in women.
The posterior lobe of the pituitary releases antidiuretic(pronounced: an-ty-dy-uh-REH-tik) hormone, which helps control the balance of water in the body. The posterior lobe also produces oxytocin (pronounced: ahk-see-TOE-sin), which triggers the contractions of the uterus in a woman having a baby.
The thyroid (pronounced: THY-royd), located in the front part of the lower neck, is shaped like a bow tie or butterfly and produces the thyroid hormones thyroxine (pronounced: thy-RAHK-sin) andtriiodothyronine (pronounced: try-eye-oh-doe-THY-ruh-neen). These hormones control the rate at which cells burn fuels from food to produce energy.
The production and release of thyroid hormones is controlled bythyrotropin (pronounced: thy-ruh-TRO-pin), which is secreted by the pituitary gland. The more thyroid hormone there is in a person's bloodstream, the faster chemical reactions occur in the body.
Why are thyroid hormones so important? There are several reasons — for example, they help kids' and teens' bones grow and develop, and they also play a role in the development of the brain and nervous system in kids.
Attached to the thyroid are four tiny glands that function together called the parathyroids (pronounced: par-uh-THY-roydz). They release parathyroid hormone, which regulates the level of calcium in the blood with the help of calcitonin (pronounced: kal-suh-TOE-nin), which is produced in the thyroid.
The body also has two triangular adrenal (pronounced: uh-DREE-nul) glands, one on top of each kidney.
The adrenal glands have two parts, each of which produces a set of hormones and has a different function:
The pineal (pronounced: pih-NEE-ul) body, also called the pineal gland, is located in the middle of the brain. It secretes melatonin(pronounced: meh-luh-TOE-nin), a hormone that may help regulate when you sleep at night and when you wake in the morning.
The gonads are the main source of sex hormones. Most people don't realize it, but both guys and girls have gonads.
In guys the male gonads, or testes (pronounced: TES-teez), are located in the scrotum. They secrete hormones called androgens(pronounced: AN-druh-junz), the most important of which istestosterone (pronounced: tess-TOSS-tuh-rone). These hormones tell a guy's body when it's time to make the changes associated withpuberty, like penis and height growth, deepening voice, and growth in facial and pubic hair. Working with hormones from the pituitary gland, testosterone also tells a guy's body when it's time to produce sperm in the testes.
A girl's gonads, the ovaries (pronounced: OH-vuh-reez), are located in her pelvis. They produce eggs and secrete the female hormones estrogen (pronounced: ESS-truh-jen) and progesterone(pronounced: pro-JESS-tuh-rone). Estrogen is involved when a girl begins to go through puberty. During puberty, a girl will experience breast growth, will begin to accumulate body fat around the hips and thighs, and will have a growth spurt. Estrogen and progesterone are also involved in the regulation of a girl's menstrual cycle. These hormones also play a role in pregnancy.
Although the endocrine glands are the body's main hormone producers, some other organs not in the endocrine system — such as the brain, heart, lungs, kidneys, liver, and skin — also produce and release hormones.
The pancreas (pronounced: PAN-kree-us) is also part of the body's hormone-secreting system, even though it is also associated with the digestive system because it produces and secretes digestive enzymes.
The pancreas produces (in addition to others) two important hormones, insulin (pronounced: IN-suh-lin) and glucagon(pronounced: GLOO-kuh-gawn). They work together to maintain a steady level of glucose, or sugar, in the blood and to keep the body supplied with fuel to produce and maintain stores of energy.
Once a hormone is secreted, it travels from the endocrine gland that produced it through the bloodstream to the cells designed to receive its message. These cells are called target cells. Along the way to the target cells, special proteins bind to some of the hormones. These proteins act as carriers that control the amount of hormone that is available for the cells to use.
The target cells have receptors that latch onto only specific hormones, and each hormone has its own receptor, so that each hormone will communicate only with specific target cells that have receptors for that hormone. When the hormone reaches its target cell, it locks onto the cell's specific receptors and these hormone-receptor combinations transmit chemical instructions to the inner workings of the cell.
When hormone levels reach a certain normal amount, the endocrine system helps the body to keep that level of hormone in the blood. For example, if the thyroid gland has secreted the right amount of thyroid hormones into the blood, the pituitary gland senses the normal levels of thyroid hormone in the bloodstream. Then the pituitary gland adjusts its release of thyrotropin, the hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones.
Another example of this process is parathyroid hormone, which increases the level of calcium in the blood. When the blood calcium level rises, the parathyroid glands sense the change and reduce their secretion of parathyroid hormone. This turnoff process is called a negative feedback system.
Too much or too little of any hormone can be harmful to your body. For example, if the pituitary gland produces too much growth hormone, a teen may grow excessively tall. If it produces too little, a teen may be unusually short. Doctors can often treat problems with the endocrine system by controlling the production of hormones or replacing certain hormones with medication.
Endocrine problems that can affect teens include:
Adrenal insufficiency. This condition occurs when the adrenal glands don't produce enough corticosteroids. The symptoms of adrenal insufficiency may include weakness, fatigue, abdominal pain, nausea, dehydration, and skin changes. Doctors treat adrenal insufficiency with medications to replace corticosteroid hormones.
Type 1 diabetes. When the pancreas fails to produce enough insulin, type 1 diabetes (previously known as juvenile diabetes) occurs. In kids and teens, type 1 diabetes is usually an autoimmune disorder, which means that some parts of the body's immune system attack and destroy the cells of the pancreas that produce insulin. To control their blood sugar levels and reduce the risk of developing diabetes problems, kids and teens with this condition need regular injections of insulin.
Type 2 diabetes. Unlike type 1 diabetes, in which the body can't produce normal amounts of insulin, in type 2 diabetes the body can't respond to insulin normally. Kids and teens with the condition tend to be overweight. Some kids and teens can control their blood sugar level with dietary changes, exercise, and oral medications, but many will need to take insulin injections like people with type 1 diabetes.
Growth hormone problems. Too much growth hormone in kids and teens who are still growing will make their bones and other body parts grow excessively. This rare condition (sometimes called gigantism) is usually caused by a pituitary tumor and can be treated by removing the tumor. The opposite can happen when a kid or teen has a pituitary glad that doesn't produce enough growth hormone. Doctors may treat these growth problems with medication.
Hyperthyroidism. Hyperthyroidism is a condition in which the levels of thyroid hormones in the blood are very high. In kids and teens, the condition is usually caused by Graves' disease, an immune system problem that causes the thyroid gland to become very active. Doctors may treat hyperthyroidism with medications, surgery, or radiation treatments.
Hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the levels of thyroid hormones in the blood are very low. Thyroid hormone deficiency slows body processes and may lead to fatigue, a slow heart rate, dry skin, weight gain, and constipation. Kids and teens with this condition may also grow more slowly and reach puberty at a later age. Hashimoto's thyroiditis is an immune system problem that often causes problems with the thyroid and blocks the production of thyroid hormone. Doctors often treat this problem with medication.
Precocious puberty. If the pituitary glands release hormones that stimulate the gonads to produce sex hormones too early, some kids may begin to go through puberty at a very young age. This condition is called precocious puberty. Kids and teens who are affected by precocious puberty can be treated with medication that will help them develop at a normal rate.
Diabetes mellitus is the most common endocrine disorder and occurs when the pancreas either does not produce sufficient insulin or the body cannot use the available insulin. Symptoms of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes include:
Acromegaly is a disorder in which the pituitary gland overproduces growth hormone. This leads to symptoms of overgrowth, especially of the hands and feet. Symptoms of acromegaly include:
Addison's disease is characterized by decreased production of cortisol and aldosterone due to adrenal gland damage. Common symptoms of Addison's disease include:
Cushing's syndrome arises from excess cortisol, produced by the adrenal glands. Symptoms of Cushing's syndrome include:
Graves' disease is a type of hyperthyroidism resulting in excessive thyroid hormone production. Common symptoms of Graves' disease include:
Hashimoto's thyroiditis, or autoimmune thyroiditis, is a condition in which the thyroid is targeted by the immune system, leading to hypothyroidism and low production of thyroid hormone. Often, Hashimoto's thyroiditis is symptomless, but symptoms can include:
Hyperthyroidism is a condition characterized by an overactive thyroid gland. Common symptoms of hyperthyroidism include:
Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid is underactive and produces too little thyroid hormone. Often, hypothyroidism can be symptomless or very mild. Common symptoms of hypothyroidism include:
Prolactinoma arises when a dysfunctional pituitary gland makes excess prolactin hormone, which functions in the production of breast milk. Excess prolactin can lead to symptoms such as:
In some cases, endocrine disorders can be life threatening. Seek immediate medical care (call 911) if you, or someone you are with, have any of these serious symptoms that might indicate a life-threatening condition including:
A number of factors are believed to cause endocrine disorders. Types and causes of endocrine disorders include:
Acromegaly, an overproduction of growth hormone, and prolactinoma, an overproduction of prolactin hormone, resulting from damage to the pituitary gland
Addison's disease and Cushing's syndrome, disorders relating to changes in levels of hormones produced by the adrenal glands
Diabetes mellitus, which arises when the pancreas does not produce sufficient insulin or when the body cannot respond to the insulin that is present
Environmental or nutritional factors, such as a lack of iodine in hypothyroidism, which can affect hormone production
Genetic factors, which may play a role in endocrine disorders, especially with diabetes and other disorders, such as autoimmune thyroiditis, or Hashimoto's thyroiditis
Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid), hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid), Graves' disease (a type of hyperthyroidism resulting in excessive thyroid hormone production), and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (autoimmune disease resulting in hypothyroidism), all resulting from problems with the thyroid gland
Tumors, since the underlying cause of the endocrine disorder can be linked to a growth or tumor of the gland
In many cases, the exact cause of a particular endocrine disorder is not known. Often, hormones interact with each other, so symptoms of a particular endocrine disorder may be nonspecific. It is important to seek medical evaluation if you believe you may have an endocrine disorder, as direct assessment of hormone levels may help find and fix the underlying cause of hormone imbalance.
A number of factors increase the risk of developing endocrine disorders. Not all people with risk factors will develop endocrine disorders. Risk factors for endocrine disorders include:
Elevated cholesterol levels
Family history of endocrine disorder
Personal history of autoimmune disorders, such as diabetes
Poor diet
Pregnancy (in cases such as hyperthyroidism)
Recent surgery, trauma, infection, or serious injury
While many endocrine disorders are inherited or arise for unknown reasons, some may be related to modifiable lifestyle factors. You may be able to lower your risk of certain endocrine disorders, such as hypothyroidism, by:
Eating a balanced, healthy diet
Living a healthy lifestyle, including regular physical activity
Medicines used to treat endocrine disorders
The leaflets in this section are authored by an experienced pharmacist. Pharmacists are experts in medicines. The medicines in this section include those which act on the endocrine glands. Endocrine glands release hormones (chemicals) into the blood and include the thyroid, pancreas, pituitary, ovaries and testes. Many of the medicines in this section are different types of treatment used in diabetes, but there are also medications for the thyroid (levothyroxine and carbimazole). They include insulin, metformin and gliclazide as well as the newer treatments like sitagliptin and liraglutide. If you've ever thought "Who shouldn't take metformin?", "How do I take my prednisolone?", "How do I get the most from my insulin treatment?" or "What problems can bromocriptine cause?" information leaflets in this section will have answers for you.
Cyproterone – an anti-androgen for men (Cyprostat, Androcur)
Desmopressin (DDAVP, DesmoMelt, Desmospray, Desmotabs, Octim)
Pioglitazone tablets for diabetes (Actos, Diabiom, Glidipion)
Testosterone (Nebido, Restandol, Sustanon 250, Testim, Testogel, Tostran)
In many cases, endocrine disorders may be symptomless or mild enough to not require treatment. Symptoms can arise from excess hormone production or a hormone deficiency. When symptoms of endocrine disorders are bothersome, they can generally be treated by correcting the hormone imbalance. This is often done by means of synthetic hormone administration. In cases such as prolactinoma, where a noncancerous tumor is responsible for symptoms, surgery or radiation therapy may be used. Often, diagnosis and treatment of the underlying cause of the endocrine disorder will resolve the symptoms.
While most endocrine disorders are mild and slow to progress, certain endocrine disorders can lead to complications over time as unbalanced hormonal signaling affects normal body processes. In cases of Addison's disease and hypothyroidism in particular, acute attacks or crises can have serious complications. Diabetes can also have potentially life-threatening complications. Complications of untreated or poorly controlled endocrine disorders can be serious, even life threatening in some cases. You can help minimize your risk of serious complications by following the treatment plan you and your health care professional design specifically for you. Complications of certain endocrine disorders include:


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Eden Cole has been creating stories in her head since she was a small child. Love and romance, sensual pleasures find their voice in her erotic stories of romance. Fantasy, paranormal and science fiction are her favorite genres to write in.
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- Additional Weighted Hose Line
- Air compressor
- SCBA Regulator/Adapter for inflation of hose line
- Coupling adapters for other hose lines
Training Opportunities
Emergency Response
Trainees learn how specific atmospheres (the presence or lack of certain gases) will determine the level of emergency response.
Locate Emission Sources
Teach trainees how to identify and find the source of a gas leak in order to determine the proper response (simple valve closure or evacuation).
Establish Safety Perimeters
Learn the proper distances to maintain from certain hazardous environments, understand what respiratory protection and other PPE is required at certain gas concentration levels.
Available Accessories
Detachable Metering Wand
The metering wand allows students to meter confined spaces or to search for gas sources in limited-access areas, such as confined spaces.
HazMat Placard Kit
Includes a complete set of magnetic Hazardous Materials placards, a UN number sign and an NFPA 704 diamond.
Compressed gas cylinder prop with integrated electronics that create a hissing sound effect when the valve is opened.
Leaking Propane Tank
Propane cylinder prop (20lbs) with integrated electronics that create a hissing sound effect when the valve is opened.
"Why LION? I have interacted with firefighter survival equipment manufacturers for over four decades, but I haven't met any that come close to LION with their sincere and proven interest in understanding (aka LISTENING) to what we, firefighters, genuinely need. Their endless pursuit to listen to the "voices of firefighters" and then utilizing the latest proven firefighting research results in bunker gear that supports us in best taking care of those who need us, as well as each other. From their demonstrated commitment in providing us with what we genuinely need to do the job, to their full and hands on involvement (in research and fiscal support) with the battle to reduce firefighter cancer, LION isn't just words- they are proven action with impressive results."
Billy Goldfeder | Deputy Fire Chief Loveland-Symmes Fire Department
"Recently, the Baton Rouge Fire Department accepted delivery of the ITS Xtreme fire extinguisher training prop and we have hit the ground running. We have trained over 200 people in the proper use of a fire extinguisher in approximately 6 weeks. This new technology is leaps and bounds better and more efficient than the old training method of the burn pan and carbon dioxide extinguishers. We are able to take full advantage of the ability to recharge the extinguishers onsite, thereby allowing us to reach more people effectively. This unit is exponentially easier to setup, use and maintain than previous methods."
Clint L. Sanchez | Baton Rouge Fire Department
"When you combine ease of use, quick set up and tear down time, actual training time, and SAFETY of this training system, there is nothing out there comparable."
George Ostrom | Safety Asst, AMRI Global
"The customer service has been awesome! I did have a problem with one of the fire extinguishers when it was first delivered. I made one phone call and spoke with a technician who immediately sent out a brand new extinguisher. They have contacted me often to make sure that I was completely satisfied and wasn't having any further problems. It's not too often that you can not only get a great product, but also great service. I would highly recommend it to others."
Denita Lynch | High Point Fire Department
"I have trained about 125 employees for one company, with great success. The system is very easy to set up, as well as to operate."
Pat Patterson | President LAAP, Inc.
"Thanks to [LION], we have directly cut over $1,000 annually from our contracted fire training and since we have been able to easily train staff, the system has paid for itself; given the cost of contracting out this training to the number of staff we trained ourselves."
Dylan Hayes | Disaster Response Manager, Seattle Children's Hospital


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Upcoming Events
Grove Roots is so excited to grow their distribution footprint!! They have so much love for our local businesses! Here is where you can find their beer in Imperial Polk County. Go check 'em out!
Winter Haven
- LEGOLAND Florida
- Fire
- Ovation Bistro & Bar, Winter Haven
- Country Club of Winter Haven
- Jessies lounge
- Jensen's Corner Bar
- Moon Mountain Vapor Cafe - Winter Haven
- RP Funding Center
- Red Door Lakeland
- Lakeland's Beer Rev
- Revival
- Ovation Bistro & Bar, Lakeland
- Cob & Pen
- Swan Brewing
- Ovation Bistro & Bar, Davenport
Very Soon!
- Tempo 1930
- The Twisted Prop Bar & Grille (Opening Soon!)
- Idle Zone Bar and Grill Auburndale
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401 Avenue B, NW, Winter Haven, FL, 33881
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Austin-based taqueria Tacodeli will open a second Dallas location this fall. The restaurant will slither into The Hill Shopping Center (a new mixed-use development located at the northeast corner of Central Expressway and Walnut Hill Lane).
"I was born and raised in Dallas," says co-owner Eric Wilkerson. "So this city has always held a special place in my heart. Roberto [Espinosa] and I are very excited to call Dallas our second home for the growing family of Tacodeli restaurants. The community has been extremely welcoming and for that we are truly grateful."
Well, there you have it.
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Dallas' hottest dining news, recipes, and reviews served up fresh to your inbox each week.


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China slams US support for Japan's territorial claims
Beijing has once again emphasized its sovereignty over a group of disputed islands in the South and East China Seas, blasting US President Donald Trump over his recent pledge of support for Japan's overlapping territorial claims with China.
"China has indisputable sovereignty over the South China Sea islands and their adjacent waters. China is firmly committed to upholding its territorial sovereignty and maritime rights and interests," said Foreign Ministry spokesman Geng Shuang in a Monday press briefing.
The development came after Trump and his Japanese counterpart, Shinzo Abe, issued a joint statement following a meeting last week, in which they affirmed that "Article V of the US-Japan Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security covers the [disputed] Senkaku Islands," referred to in China as Diaoyu.
The joint statement further added, "They oppose any unilateral action that seeks to undermine Japan's administration of these islands. The United States and Japan will deepen cooperation to safeguard the peace and stability of the East China Sea."
The Chinese spokesman, however, expressed Beijing's "grave" concern over and "firm" opposition to the joint Trump-Abe statement, underlining that the islands are part of China's "inherent territory."
"No rhetoric or actions, from whomsoever, will change the fact that Diaoyu Dao belongs to China or waver China's resolve and determination to uphold its national sovereignty and territorial integrity," Shuang added.
Read more:
He also called on Tokyo and Washington to "exercise prudence" and stop making "wrong remarks" to avoid causing a negative impact on regional peace and stability.
"We urge the US and Japan to view the South China Sea issue in an objective and rational light and do more things that are conducive to peace and stability in the South China Sea rather than the opposite."
The islands in question were transferred by the US to Japan's administrative control in 1971, triggering a territorial dispute with China, which claims the discovery and ownership of the islands from the 14th century.
Tokyo insists it had ownership of the islands from 1895 until its surrender at the end of World War II.
During Monday's briefing, the Chinese official defended construction on the disputed islets and reefs, rejecting US claims that Beijing is "militarizing" the area.
Beijing, he said, has the right to construction on its own islands and reefs, adding that such activities have "nothing to do with militarization."
He also criticized Washington for interfering in the region's affairs and provoking militarization in Southeast Asia.
"Certain countries either send vessels and aircraft to the South China Sea to flex muscles or sow discord. This is exactly the largest contributor to militarization in the South China Sea," Shuang stated.
He was referring to the US military's naval and aerial patrols in the disputed waters, which Beijing has repeatedly slammed as provocative.


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Round 2 with a new link!
Topbox Canada is inviting you to try Love Beauty and Planet! #trywithtopbox
"Complete the form below to receive a Shampoo & Conditioner sachet sample from Love Beauty and Planet!
While supplies last. Limit one per household. Canadian residents only."
Unlock "vibrancy for color-treated hair" with Love Beauty and Planet's Murumuru Butter and Rose Blooming Color shampoo and conditioner.
Try it for free! Click the link below, fill out the form, confirm your address and in approximately 2-3 weeks, you'll receive:
- Murumuru Butter and Rose Blooming Color Shampoo (10mL) x 1
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"Offer available only in Canada. Shipping times may vary depending on location. By submitting your email address, you consent to receive emails from Topbox about shipping and feedback. Read the Topbox Privacy Policy for more information."
Many thanks to Stephanie, from our Glossense Community, for sharing this Canadian beauty freebie with us! ❤
Click here to request your free Love Beauty and Planet haircare samples.Like and Follow Glossense:


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CPR Class Offered by Fire Department
City Times Staff
The Wisconsin Rapids Fire Department will be offering a certified CPR class on Wednesday, Sept. 21 from 1:00 p.m. to 4:00 p.m.
This class will certify those who attend in adult and child CPR, choking victim, and the use of an AED. This is open to the general public and the cost is $10.
Class size is limited to the first 16 people who sign up. The fire department is asking those interested to sign up by Sept. 14. You can do so by calling 715-421-6281.
The class will be located at 1641 W. Grand Ave., fire station 2.


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In 2014, Seattle voters approved a $60 annual vehicle license fee and 0.1% sales tax increase to fund bus service in the city, using the framework of a "Seattle Transportation Benefit District" (STBD). Originally intended to avoid deep service cuts, by election day the revenue picture had improved enough that the package instead improved service on crowded routes. This measure, dedicated to operating funds, is not to be confused with the 2015 "Move Seattle" measure that funded capital improvements in roadways to create more transit priority, among other things. Late last month SDOT released its "Year Two Performance Report"* to promote all the things this money had accomplished.
The measure generates about $50m per year, funding over 300,000 annual service hours, the Youth ORCA program, and greater outreach on low-income ORCA LIFT. Those hours revised the night owl network, and raised the percentage of households a 10-minute walk away from a frequent (< 10 minute headway) bus from 25% to 64%. However, this is a somewhat peculiar definition of 10-minute headways, as SDOT Transit Director Andrew Glass-Hastings explains:
Our definition (for this metric) is an average of at least 10-minute service over a span of 13 hours (6:00am to 7:00pm). .. While some runs may have slightly more than 10 minutes the average is 10 minutes or better, which is a very high level of frequent service.
So the C and D lines, with 12-minute headways mid-day, have enough 6-minute spacing during the peak to allow each to average 6 buses per hour over 13 hours. Hastings added that SDOT could reach its 2025 goal of 72% of households as early as next year, using "about 30,000 hours in the Routes 41, 45, 49, 70 and 120."
Another part of the STBD was "regional partnership" funds to allow other jurisdictions to combine with Seattle to fund mutually beneficial service. As one might expect, suburban cities have been a little less excited about finding tax dollars for this. However, Mercer Island has partnered with Seattle to fund Route 630. King County Metro has helped fund 11 routes that aren't sufficiently contained in Seattle to be solely funded by the STBD.
See the report for tons more detail on exactly which routes got what, what routes have improvements still to come, and other statistics (like ridership) that are clearly related, but cannot be directly attributed to STBD improvements.
The STBD concludes in 2020. It will be up to Mayor Durkan's administration (and voters) to determine what replaces it, if anything.
* Written by many people, including STB alum Adam Parast.


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ADG021501Reseller Finder
Product Information
- Absolute accuracy of fit and stability
- Best possible separation values
- Strict quality standards
- Compliance with the requirements of vehicle manufacturers
Vehicle Repairs. We've Got What it Takes.
In order for modern combustion engines to function properly, they must be continuously lubricated. The oil required for this circulates under pressure to minimize friction between various metal components, e.g. bearings or camshafts. Oil filters ensure that the engine oil remains free of dirt particles, soot, or residues of burnt fuel thus preventing damage.
Blue Print has a comprehensive range of oil filters in tested OEM quality. Best possible filtration performance guarantees constant optimised engine operation. Oil filters from Blue Print meet or exceed the permit requirements of the vehicle manufacturers.
A Contribution to the Longevity of the Engine
The engine oil also supports the cooling process by dissipating heat from the pistons, cylinders, and turbochargers. Additionally, microscopically small, abrasive particles, dust, and soot from combustion must be reliably filtered out so they do not get onto the bearing surfaces thus preventing the acceleration of wear on the engine.
Regular oil and filter changes extend the service life of the engine. A quality filter must have the capacity and efficiency to reliably protect the engine from contamination between today's usual maintenance intervals.
Maintenance Packages: Service Solutions for Professionals
Alongside individual components for professional vehicle inspections, Blue Print also offers complete maintenance packages. These contain all of the relevant components, with the exception of fluids.
These components include the oil filter, as well as air, fuel and cabin filters. The oil drainage screw and all necessary sealing rings are included in the Blue Print maintenance packages.
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6" to 7" wide
Here are lace trims that are 6" to 7" wide
White Flower Roses Flat Lace Trim 6" wideThis large, snow-white lace trim features a gorgeous flower and leaf motif. The design is centered in between two solid borders, one straight and the other slightly waved. It is the perfect additio...


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6 Top Best Protein Bars for Muscle Gain in India for Men: When you are trying to gain weight or are into body building then it is very important that you take good care of yourself and take adequate supplements and diet. Else when we workout the muscle may break and that needs high protein diet. So, when you take whey protein powders, soy protein isolate powders etc then the protein bars are also very handy. You may eat then when you are hungry or when get instant energy after the workout. This also helps in reducing the excess weight and make you control your body weight aiming towards fitness, but guys, now the question is which are the best protein bars in India that you can try. For that we have compiled this list of best protein bars for weight loss, muscle mass and body building. Have a look at them:
6 Top Best Men's Protein Bars for Muscle Gain
RiteBite Max Protein
In this protein bar you will get 20 g of protein per bar of 75 g and it costs 330 rupees for 3 such bars which is very affordable for men who are into fitness and body building. This protein bar supplement will help you maintain a healthy weight and also reduces the hunger cravings.
Hyp Protein Bar
Hyp Protein Bar is formulated for an instant supply of proteins for your body. It will not only aid in the weight management but will also give the essential vitamins, amino acids and nutrients so that your body does not get deficient of any of those. In these bars there is 20 g of protein per bar of 58 g and it costs rupees 540 for 6 pieces. These bars will boost the natural stamina, strength and vigor. This contains high quality proteins and nuts that give quick boost of energy. This protein bar is suitable for using before and after the workout so that the muscle mass remain intact and gets developed. Moreover, it tastes good. This has no artificial sweeteners and preservatives.
Calibar Gofit Protein Bar
You get this protein bar which is of 45g and you will get 10g of protein. It costs 360 rupees for 6 bars. This is also a good source of fibers and 6 bars or 6 pieces of this protein bars.
Oh Yeah! 12 Bars
These protein bars are good combination of vital proteins, amino acids, soy protein isolate, calcium caseinate, milk protein isolate, milk protein concentrates and the protein with good absorption of proteins and other nutrients. In these protein bars, you get 26 g of protein per bar of 85g and it costs 3800 rupees for 12 bars. It will greatly help you in getting lean muscle mass. This can be taken before the workout or after and also throughout during the day to keep the proteins levels in good state in the body. This bar is loaded with carbohydrates as well.
Quest Protein Bar
In this protein bar, you get 21 g of protein per bar of 60 g and it costs 3300 rupees for 12 bars. This is a little expensive but worth it as this is free of gluten, sugar and soy free. It is made up of the protein isolates and premium quality milk.
RiteBite Max Protein Professional
You get 30 g of protein per bar of 100 g and it costs 900 rupees for 6 pieces. This will strengthens the muscle mass and will provide huge amount of energy to the body.
These are the best protein bars available in India.


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Welcome to our website.
Unfortunately, you are using an out-of-date browser version that does not support all the features of this web site.
For security reasons and for a better surfing experience, we ask you to update your browser to the latest version.
How long does it take to produce a finished coin?
As soon as the design has been agreed, it takes between three and six months, depending on the quality, until the first coin is struck. The highest quality takes a few weeks longer: for the striking and then for the manual quality control and packaging. For further information, click here.
How is the price of a coin decided?
It is our aim to design attractively priced products. Designs rich in detail, high-quality coin blanks and striking, limited circulation figures and special packaging all cost money. Furthermore, the price of precious metals (at the time they are purchased for production) is a crucial factor. This explains why the price of coins that have the same precious metal content can differ widely. In the case of our silver coins, you also have to add VAT.
Do all coins have a face value?
The face value and the name of the issuing country are the two factors that distinguish a coin from a medal. If either of the two are missing, then we talk about a medallion or a jeton. All the coins we produce – from the one cent to the two euro – with Euro and Cent values are legal tender in Austria and in all the countries of the European Monetary Union.
Do some coins sell out?
One man's joy is another man's sorrow. It is more and more often the case that coins sell out straight after they are issued. Due to strictly limited editions, only a certain number are available to collectors. If a certain theme is particularly popular, coins are likely to sell out very quickly and will only be available in the collector market at much higher prices. Take a tip from us: play it safe. Take out a subscription for the coins you want, and you'll receive them at the issue price.
Who can I ask if I have specific questions about a coin?
If the question is about a historic coin, then it is best to contact a specialised coin dealer, the coin department of a museum or a numismatist.
Does the Austrian Mint also produce bank notes?
The Austrian Mint only produces coins. In Austria, the production of bank notes is the responsibility of another subsidiary of the Österreichische Nationalbank.
How do circulation coins reach banks?
Circulation coins are produced by the Austrian Mint and delivered to banks by GSA (Geld Service Austria). Both services are contracted by the Österreichische Nationalbank.
Where can I get your coin magazine?
All members of the coin club receive our customer magazine by post four times a year. If you are not a member of the club, you can subscribe for free.
I'm interested in the Coin Club. Where can I find out more?
The Coin Club is a free service offered by the Austrian Mint to its customers. In addition to the four yearly issues of our magazine, members also receive special offers, invitations to events and reductions with numerous partner companies. You can find out more about the Coin Club here.
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Community Eye Candy: Groovy Buttons
March 12th, 2014
Sometimes a project starts with a special button. Sometimes the perfect button is that finishing touch. Sometimes you never get around to sewing those buttons. Here are 9 perfect pairings that were completed during the last several weeks.
Above, from left to right: addiesma's Antrorse in Frost, strickende13's Kleiner Pullunder, and JenniferLauren's Miette Cardigan
Above: ClodeSuisse's B4 Bag, yvonnegut's No Doubt About It, and irasis' Cabled Vintage Jumper.
Above: CometParty's Empire of the Sun, hellskitsch's Dark Poetry Tam and creativedesign's 50 Shades of Grey.


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Flex Your Head Episode September 9, 2008
Broadcast on 09-Sep-2008
6:00pm - 8:00pm
No description available for this episode.
Track Listing:
Get Fucked
Aspirations · EP
R4 Attack
Black Panda · split w/ Holocaust In Your Head
Some Antique Relics
Repoman · s/t
Who's Foolin' Who
You Lose! · All In
Slingshot's Revenge
Slingshot · SHMER


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It took almost five years, but the work is finally live!! Some other time I'll write about the long and winding road, but I'm delighted to share that my and Ujju Aggarwal's co-authored piece, From Forgotten to Fought Over: Neoliberal Restructuring, Public Schools, and Urban Space,
is part of the latest issue of The Scholar & Feminist Online. This is really an amazing collection of work.
Special thanks to Barnard Center for Research on Women (BCRW) and the folks and The Scholar & Feminist Online for being supportive hosts, and a huge, huge thanks to our rad editors Soniya Munshi and Craig Wilse.
So without further ado:
Navigating Neoliberalism in the Academy, Nonprofits, and Beyond
Issue 13.2 | Spring 2015
About this Issue
This issue of The Scholar & Feminist Online, edited by scholar-activists Soniya Munshi and Craig Willse, explores the nonprofit and the university as two key sites in which neoliberalism's gendered and racialized social and economic formations are constituted and contested, opening new possibilities in the critical work of resisting and imagining beyond the nonprofit industrial complex (NPIC) and the academic industrial complex (AIC). Emerging out of a 2009 meeting at the American Studies Association convened by Munshi and Willse and drawing on the theoretical and historical models articulated by INCITE! Women, Gender Non-conforming, and Trans People of Color Against Violence, this issue foregrounds inquiries into how neoliberalism has reconstituted education, service provision, and social justice organizing in ways that serve and further the harms caused by capitalism, gendered hierarchies of heteropatriarchy, racism, and white supremacy. Contributors also consider the ways that people working inside nonprofits and schools mobilize resistance to neoliberalism and develop alternatives within and outside their current institutional formations.
From Forgotten to Fought Over: Neoliberal Restructuring, Public Schools, and Urban Space
Brandeis High School was located on 84th Street in an area of Manhattan known as the Upper West Side. However, 84th Street was not always the Upper West Side. Historically, 84th Street and the area surrounding it were primarily comprised of low-income African American, Haitian, Latino, and White residents. Like so many other neighborhoods of New York City, as a result of multiple waves of gentrification, the area is now comprised of a percentage of affluent residents, the majority of whom are White. Amidst these neighborhood shifts, however, Brandeis continued to serve low-income students and students of color until 2009, when the New York City Department of Education (NYCDOE) decided that it was a failing school and slated it to be phased out, or closed.[1]
Brandeis was one of several large, comprehensive high schools in New York City. It was also the case study for Michelle Fine's seminal Framing Dropouts.[2] To a large extent, the conditions that Fine documented over twenty years ago have not considerably changed over time: Brandeis continued both to be under-resourced and to serve a student body that was predominantly low-income and Black and Latino.[3] The school also served a large number of English language learners as well as students with special needs. Brandeis was among over 100 schools that were closed during Michael Bloomberg's tenure as Mayor.[4] In many ways, Brandeis is representative of a forgotten or abandoned place, which Ruth Wilson Gilmore describes as "planned concentrations or sinks—of hazardous materials and destructive practices that are in turn sources of group-differentiated vulnerabilities to premature death …."[5]
During the phase out of Brandeis, as the students slowly disappeared, the question arose as to what should be built in the space. And it was during this time that Brandeis—or more precisely, the building that once housed Brandeis—transformed from being a place that was once forgotten and never sought after, to one that became fought over.
Several scholars have drawn upon David Harvey's articulation of accumulation by dispossession to highlight the relationships between restructuring in education, the increasingly explicit role of market forces that permeate state-driven education reforms, and the gentrification of urban neighborhoods.[6] Building upon the work of these scholars, we use historical and ethnographic methods to examine what the case of Brandeis might tell us about how the continued production of what Gilmore terms "group differentiated vulnerability to premature death"[7] occurs in tandem through urban renewal and education reform.[8]
In the sections that follow, we trace state-driven education reforms and urban renewal programs that moved through Brandeis and through the Upper West Side over the course of several decades. We begin with an examination of how the education reforms that claimed to fix Brandeis only allowed for a continued dispossession. While these reforms ensured that the world inside Brandeis remained consistent over time, the world outside the building was changing rapidly. We chart how urban renewal programs for the Upper West Side facilitated a gradually increasing disjuncture between the school and its surrounding community. Finally, we interrogate the cultural logic that undergirded the negotiation of this disjuncture during what we term the postmortem period of Brandeis phase out.[9]
– See more at: http://sfonline.barnard.edu/navigating-neoliberalism-in-the-academy-nonprofits-and-beyond/ujju-aggarwal-edwin-mayorga-from-forgotten-to-fought-over-neoliberal-restructuring-public-schools-and-urban-space/#sthash.v1sp2ukc.dpuf


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The City of Calgary is working to improve transportation options for Calgarians. One of the recent plans is the new Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) program. BRT is a fast, reliable bus service. It has fewer stops than a regular bus route, and it delivers more direct connections to CTrain stations and major destinations.
The City created an engagement webpage to hear from Calgarians about the BRT program. Within the page you can learn about the BRT program, share your thoughts, and find out about the program background: http://engage.calgary.ca/BRT


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No matter what size your business, we can help it run more smoothly with our special services.
When you think of convenience and efficiency, think of Plaquemine Bank's Automated Clearing House. Using Direct Deposit, you can reduce the risk of payroll errors while providing your employees the benefit of having their deposits made for them. Direct Debit gives your customers the option of having their accounts automatically charged for your services. Contact one of our Customer Service Representatives for details.
Using our E-Deposit Service, Commercial customers can conveniently and safely make deposits right from their office. The bank provides the user with a scanner that attaches to your computer, you scan the checks for deposit, balance the transaction and electronically submit it to the bank. It's that simple! Contact the bank for additional information. Contact one of our Customer Service Representatives for details.
Enjoy the advantage of accepting Visa/Mastercard for payments and, for a small monthly fee, you can let Plaquemine Bank provide the terminal and clearing house for online transactions. Contact one of our Customer Service Representatives for details.
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This presentation, which was made during the 2017 MLE CoP annual meeting, aimed to share with the team the importance of MLE Plan in project management; the components and structure of the MLE plan and to draw the linkage between the MLE plan and other MLE tools.
Subjects: MLE CoP
Publication Date: 2017
Rights: Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) - You can copy, distribute, display and perform the work and evolved versions of it. You must give the original creator credit for the work.
Keywords: Evaluation, HarvestPlus, MLE CoP, MLE Plan, Monitoring


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A Mountain Railroad Experience on the Moonshine Express
Take the Moonshine Express run of the Great Smoky Mountain Railroad, and I promise you will not be disappointed.
After booking our tickets online, we picked them up at 9:30 the morning of the trip and boarded the Carolina Shine car around 10 AM. Before we even started rolling, we were served three of the seven moonshine flavors we tasted. Starting with the basic White Lightening, we moved quickly on to Apple Pie and Cherry. Our second flight featured Peach, Blueberry, Pina Colada, and Salted Caramel. Peach and Apple Pie were my favs . . . and I did try them all. Heartier souls can order all sorts of shots and/or moonshine-laced cocktails in addition to wine or beer from the well-stocked bar. It was a happy train car.
We rolled out of the Bryson City, NC trainyard under diesel power about half an hour into our five-hour experience, on a route along the beautiful Nantahala Gorge. Our energetic, funny host, Steve, kept us entertained with all sorts of historic facts and trivia as we chugged along about 20 miles per hour through forests, around lakes, and over rivers.
A tasty BBQ lunch was served before our hour-long stop at the Nantahala Outdoor Center. At the Center, you see some beautiful (and scary-looking) class-5 rapids, as well as a kayak training course used by Olympic athletes. There are ample restrooms, a restaurant/bar, and a shopping area focused on active outdoor clothes and accessories (think wetsuits and paddles).
Back on the train we had a delicious dessert and enjoyed some good 'ole banjo playing by roving musician Isaac, as we made the return trip to Bryson City.
The Shine Car is pretty fancy, complete with air conditioning and bathroom, but there are a variety of riding options. The open-air car is wonderful on a beautiful day, and you have a First-Class option without moonshine, a Family car, and several other price levels, as well as lots of special themed trips. You can also take the train in the other direction towards Dillsboro, NC along the Tuckasegee River and see the train wreck created for The Fugitive movie, try a wine trip, or a BBQ & Brews experience. Tickets run from the $40s to more than $100 per person depending on your choice.
When you pull back into the station, leave some time to visit the Train Museum, your ticket gets you in for free (otherwise it's close to $10). It's a real treat for Lionel model train enthusiasts.
Before or After the Ride:
BTW, Bryson City is a little more than an hour south of Asheville and a very cute town, as is neighboring Dillsboro. An extra day or two in the area is a good idea because there is a lot to explore. Our group of three couples spent the night before in Dillsboro at the Best Western Plus, right on the beautiful Tuckasegee River. We enjoyed dinner in Dillsboro at Boots Steakhouse where we enjoyed chatting with the friendly owner Colleen, who is from Louisiana and Ireland and a great story-teller. Our food was good and portions huge, with appetizers so ample we should've shared.
Other overnight options nearby include several small B&Bs and Cherokee with its casino hotel and facilities. In the fall be sure to see the elk herds which have been recently reintroduced into the Smoky Mountain National Park.
All Aboard!