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The right words can get you what you WANT.
Words are your least expensive, most powerful Sugar Baby Tool.
Are you choosing yours wisely?
Are you speaking "Sugar Daddy" language?
Because if you're not, here's what will happen: your profile collects digital dust when you don't know how to create intrigue with capturing your prospective Sugar Daddy attention and you end up wasting your time on a Sugar Daddy dating site with no payoff.
And the only thing you are left with is being stuck in frustration (what? it's a thing).
And it's even harder when what you are hoping to get (the allowance, upgraded lifestyle, becoming debt-free, or simply being able to pick his brain to get you pointed in the right direction of financial abundance) is on the line.
You've been down every Sugar Daddy dating road there is...
You tried SeekingArrangement, SugarDaddie, SugarDaddyForMe, SugarDaddyMeet, Sudy, Luxy,...Tinder, MillionaireMatch, EstablishedMen, Craigslist, even! (gah!)
You've scoured the internet for information and followed the tips. Yet your profile is still not attracting Sugar Daddy's.
You're not sure if you are making some HUGE mistakes that are costing you.
You know that if nobody is contacting you, you'll never make it off the dating site, and into the arrangement you hope for.
Which is usually when you start creeping the Sugar Baby competition.
You wonder what she's doing differently and try imitating her or *gasp* you just copied her profile. (Hey, if it worked for her…)
And even when your profile manages to attract someone, you are being met by men who are NOTHING like the kind of person your profile says you're looking for.
If you are feeling...
No wonder you're frustrated.
It doesn't have to be like this — AT ALL!
You got into this lifestyle because you wanted to change your financial situation around, the mentoring, the experience... and enjoying the REAL perks that come with it. Am I right?
It's not enough to put the bare minimum on your profile, throw in some words that you feel will make a Sugar Daddy want to have a special relationship with you. You know those "trigger words" that will somehow convey the arrangement you hope to get: mutually beneficial, generous, spoil, shopping, love traveling. And hope for the best.
Your profile is your gateway at making online dating work for you.
Stop looking at other Sugar Baby's profiles with no clue on how to write profiles that attract the attention of Sugar Daddy's. Just stop it.
And stop putting the bare minimum to get onto the dating sites, wasting precious action-taking time, and wondering why nobody is responding to you. Seriously, stop it.
So, here's a better idea…
Never again wonder if your profile is good enough to attract a Sugar Daddy. Like, never ever again.
And for that, you'll need the right words.
I can help.
© 2019 Proudly helping Sugar Baby's change their image with their words.
Created by the Sugar Daddy Formula


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HANOI, Vietnam – Police in Vietnam have arrested a blogger for anti-state writings which they said distorted the truth, tarnished the country's leaders and instigated the public to oppose the government.
Nguyen Ngoc Nhu Quynh, 37, was accused of conducting propaganda against the Communist state and taken into custody in south central Khanh Hoa province Monday, the police said on their website Tuesday.
Quynh, who blogged under the name of Me Nam or Mother Mushroom, has been blogging about the government's human rights abuses.
Her mother was quoted by the Network of Vietnamese Bloggers as saying Quynh did nothing wrong, but just spoke the truth.
Quynh was detained for nine days in 2009 for printing T-shirts with slogan opposing the construction of a state-owned bauxite mining project.

subset: commoncrawl


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by David Shaw, 24 June 2021 | 0 comments
Have you ever wondered why there are gaps in footpaths, and at the ends of bridges? Bridges, footpaths and many other structures get bigger when they heat up, and they need gaps so they don't break on hot days. But Australian scientists have discovered a material that stays the same size over a wide range…
If you're after more activities for kids sign up today!


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The Times of London pegs Anish Kapoor's fortune at £40m. That's not quite Hirst's £235m or Lucien Freud's £120m, but still a healthy achievement:
According to the Companies House filing, the main activity of Kapoor's company, White Dark, is "the creation and sale of fine art". Its 2008 accounts show an operating profit of £17.2m, up from £8.4m the previous year.
Kapoor has invested heavily in property since he bought a studio in Camberwell, southeast London, for £250,000 in 2001. His £2.7m newly built home in Chelsea has walls of glass, stone and shimmering stainless steel. Last year, he added a £4m townhouse in Lincoln's Inn Fields, central London, to his portfolio. He also owns a £2m property in the Bahamas. Kapoor has now set his sights on a country retreat and is understood to be in the market for Ashdown House, a 17th-century National Trust property in the Berkshire downs. A 41-year lease for the eight-bedroom mansion is being marketed for £4.5m, while an 83-year lease costs £5.3m.
Sculptor with Big Ideas, Anish Kapoor, Joins the High Rollers (Times of London)


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Approx. SQ FT: 2,042
Bedrooms: 3-4
Master: Main Floor
Bathroom: 2.5-3.5
Stories: 2
Floor Plan Details
Approx. SQ FT: 2,042
Contact for pricing: 905.667.8849
The Mountview Plus Bungaloft
Beautiful bungalow living with master, ensuite and laundry on the main floor. Add a vaulted ceiling in the great room open to a loft and two bedrooms on the second floor.


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So what now?
Human trafficking….being proactive
When it comes to a topic that can put you in anxiety overload, know that your eyes and ears are key. Discuss the power (good and bad) with social media with your young person. Empower them, but enlighten them. The more we know the safer those we love are.We need to know what someone who may be subject to this looks like.
Human trafficking is a global issue: what to look for
• Physical appearance: looking unkempt, malnourished
• Mental health/behavior: skittish, consistently on edge or nervous, overwhelming sadness or depression, noticeably defensive or paranoid when chatting about family history or law enforcement, not able to have consistent stories.
• Family history: Where they live is gray and uncertain. They lack a real timeline.
• Detachment from those around them (colleagues, students, peers, etc.) No independence. No personal space.
• They are very point a to b attending work or school and nothing else.
• Lacking personal possessions, nothing is really their own.
• Actions and opinion overseen by someone else – they have no voice.
• They are monitored or lack control of their finances, bank account.
Signs that indicate someone may be being held against their will:
• Not able to go anywhere without permission.
• There is excessive debt they can't break free from.
• They work long hours, but pay is minuscule.
• Hours for work are exceptionally long and pay is either nonexistent or minimal.
• Restrictions in the work place that are unusual.
• Work place or home is out of the norm with security measures (cameras) and a limit of views (windows boarded or taped up).
Human trafficking and how to keep your kids safe
Keep your eyes open. Know that your efforts, words and insight can not only protect your loved ones, but save an innocent heart from a pain no one deserves.
If you have suspicions or you have a nagging gut feeling that something is off, you have every right to make a phone call to your local authorities. Call, reach out and express your concerns. If you're wrong, there is no consequence. If you're right, you just freed a human being from a living hell. Your voice means something. I believe if we open our eyes and educate others the tide can and will turn. We can do this.
If you have suspicions that someone is a victim of human trafficking please contact the National Human Trafficking Hotline: 888.373.7888
We can empower and guard our kids, but we must not be silent for those who fall prey. Chat with your kids. Hug them. Pray for their protection. I wish you a week of family, empowerment and compassion. Peace, Love & Goodness!


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First Look At Encore Episode 106 – "Oklahoma!"
Disney has released some details and images of the sixth episode of Encore, which will be coming to Disney+ on Friday 13th December.
Episode 106 – "Oklahoma!"
Twenty-eight years ago, students at Brookwood High School in Snellville, Georgia planted their Southern roots in the classic musical "Oklahoma!" Now, the alumni reunite with the help of Broadway professionals to restage it for an encore performance. The cast comes together and turns their struggles into a sensation, while learning more about themselves and each other in five days. Tony award-winning Broadway actress Ali Stroker appears in this episode.
Are you looking forward to this new episode of Encore?
1 Comments
I am interested in applying our High School group for this program. How do I do this. Inglemoor High School's 1979 Production of "Guys and Dolls"


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29th – 30th November 2016
Live-stream from the Root Health Forum in Minsk. Main language is Russian; presentations in English are indicated below the videos.
Day 1 (29th November)
Day 2 (30th November)
Day 1
- 00:19:00 – 00:30:20
Welcome to the 2016 CIS Root Health Forum
C. Schlatter, Head of CIS, Syngenta, Russia
- 01:19:45 – 01:36:20
The impact of Rhizoctonia on cereals
Dr. Lemanczyk, Departement of Molecular Phytopathology, UTP Universtiy of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz, Poland
- 01:53:20 – 02.12.15
Crop losses and control of Rhizoctonia solani and R. cerealis
Dr. Ray, Assistant Professor in Crop Science, Plant and Crop Sciences, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
- 03:33:33 – 03:54:56
VIBRANCE® – A Novel Seedcare Compund for Root Health
M. Feitknecht, Global Asset Manager Seedcare, Syngenta, Switzerland
- 04:15:00 – 04:37:40
Effects of seed-applied fungicides on root growth of wheat under controlled conditions and in open fields (PDF, 4 MB)
Prof. Vamerali, Departement of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment, University of Padova, Italy
- 04:53:00 – 05:07:45
Effects of VIBRANCE Gold on plant growth and N status of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Dr. Slezack-Deschaumes, UMR 1121, Agronomy and Environment, University of Lorraine and INRA, France


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OK, pupppers.
This one is kind of a good news/bad news situation.
On the one hand, our sign does not have a big red circle through it ... dogs are allowed!!!
On the other hand, how come it's OUR sign that got defaced???
I mean, really, horses are so much bigger and much more capable of fending for themselves, yes??


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Dozens of 'noisy' churches silenced in Cameroon
The government of Cameroon has ordered the closure of dozens of churches in an attempt to put an end to what it considers to be anarchy among some Christian organisations. The measure, which authorities began to impose on August 23, targets Pentecostal churches, which are not officially recognised. The minister . . . Read More


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Our free open source linear algebra library ViennaCL has three computing backends: One based on CUDA, one based on OpenCL, and one based on OpenMP. While the CUDA and OpenCL backends provide high performance, this is not yet the case with the OpenMP backend. Although the OpenMP-backend was initially introduced as a fall-back mechanism for CPU-only systems, it is now mature enough to be tuned for high performance. The student will tune the individual linear algebra kernels (vector operations, matrix-vector products, etc.) for best performance.
Squeezing the last bit of performance out of recent hardware is a lot of fun. Also, the student will learn a lot about how multi-core CPUs really work and the many tricks needed to get good performance.
Certain algorithms cannot be implemented efficiently on CPUs with only OpenCL, so having an efficient OpenMP compute backend available will be an enabler for many high-performance implementations both within ViennaCL and derived by our users.
Moderate C or C++ skills are required. Experience in using OpenMP is a plus.
Karl Rupp
Write a C or C++ program using OpenMP which computes the dense matrix-matrix product B = A * A for a double-precision floating point square matrix A in row-major storage (i.e. the element [i,j] is located at i*N + j in the underlying array) as fast as possible. The size of A should be a command line parameter of your program. Plot the obtained performance for matrix sizes between 10 and 2000 in dependence of the number of threads and comment on the results.
Contact rupp_AT_iue.tuwien.ac.at or stop by at the institute if you have questions. Submit the code with your application.


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Department of Communication Networks and Telecommunication Systems
Head of Department: Anatoly Nistyuk, Prof., DSc
Address: Russia, Udmurt Republic, Izhevsk 426069, Studencheskaya 48, bld. 2, room 229
Tel.: +7 (3412) 77-60-55 ext. 2288
Email: email@example.com
Department of Communication Networks and Telecommunication Systems was established in 1998 to train specialists in the fields of electrical communication; automatic switching; telecommunication systems and networks; multichannel systems of information transfer; digital communication systems; radio-relay, laser and space communication.
Research Areas:
- System analysis and information processing in info-communication systems
- Strategic planning and management at communication enterprises
- Regularities of info-communication development and service quality in data transfer networks
- Details
- Last Updated on Monday, 22 October 2018 14:36


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I was super curious to see what my new repeat patterns would look like on pillows, so I tried them out over on Society6. It's a neat website that allows artist to upload work and have numerous items made from it. You could have a painting on an iphone case, or a photo on a pillow, and even just a nice plain print made of an illustration! I love it.
I tried out a bunch of my designs on all of their available products, and a few I really liked and wanted to share…
You can find all the pieces above, and more, in my Society6 shop! I loved playing around with it all, so I may just keep adding work!
OH and I had a question… Has anyone ever had an iPhone case made by Society6? I'd love to know you like it!Pin It


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Glove Boxes
Glove Boxes are storage units closed off and isolated through the ambiance and lab atmosphere to make a handled, containment method. This device is useful for many apps, such as chemical and biological study.
Plas-Labs simple and nitrogen glove boxes come as solitary station units, or perhaps in multi-station devices and therefore are the very best quality for chemistry isolation strategies. The individually managed chambers from the hypoxia isolation chamber and PCR glove package are suitable for biological and life research apps. The anti-static ionizer and fresh air analyzer accessories compliment the requirements for air-delicate supplies and investigation.
Science ware glove boxes from Artwork offer an isolated work place for handling examples or dealing with air-hypersensitive materials while maintaining an anaerobic or some other gas specific environment inside the glove package. Manufactured from clear polycarbonate, these glove boxes with air locks supply ideal visibility and durability.
Glove package sleeves offer safety for the staff utilizing the glove boxes. Changeable glove assemblies enable various customers to work alongside exactly the same glove box by transforming how big the glove being utilized. The unique construction of accordion or right-sleeve mixes the glove and sleeve into a leakproof unit important with all the container. Neoprene bonded sleeve and gloves avoid modest chemical substances and acids skin oils, greases, acids, ozone and fats numerous skin oils and solvents.


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Date: July 12, 2017
Length: 8K
Start Time: 6:45pm
Location: Genesee Waterways - Rochester, NY (map)
Both the RUN585 Series and the Summer in the City 8K are SOLD OUT!
Join us for a mid-week, low-key road race series at Genesee Waterways. There are 3 races offered from June-August, each with a unique course and common finish line. You can register for each race separately, or commit to the entire series. All of the races support the Genesee Waterways programs.
Race 1 - Wed, June 7, 2107 - The Big Run 5K - Global Running Day - SOLD OUT!
Race 2 - Wed, July 12, 2017 - Summer in the City 8K - SOLD OUT!
Race 3 - Wed, August 2, 2017 - Hot Summer Night 5K - SOLD OUT!
To signup to volunteer for this event, click here.
By June 5
June 6 - June 7
June 8 - July 10
July 11 - July 12
3 Race Series
Race #2
This race is capped at 500!
There are NO PROCESSING FEES when registering online for all YellowJacket Racing events in 2017.
All entries are non-refundable, non-transferable, non-deferrable, no exceptions.
All registrants will receive a different Silipint brand pint "glass" for each race. Series registrants will receive a 4th "glass" to complete the set!
5:45pm - Packet pickup opens at Genesee Waterways
6:45pm - Race Start
7:30(ish)pm - Awards
Parking is available at the Roundhouse Shelter at Genesee Valley Park, off Moore Road. You can view a park map here.
Parking is also available at the Genesee Waterways Center is located in Genesee Valley Park near the City ice rink/outdoor pool.
The address is:
149 Elmwood Avenue
Rochester, New York 14611
From the South
Get off at the Scottsville Road (NYS Rt. 383) exit which is on the southwest side of Monroe County. Travel north on Scottsville Road for about 2/3 mile and then bear right onto Elmwood Ave. Proceed ¼ mile on Elmwood Ave and turn right into Genesee Valley Park by the City ice arena/pool. Go another 400 feet until you see the GWC facilities (tan and green buildlings) and park in the designated areas.
From the East
Take 490 Westbound to 590 South. Get off the Elmwood Avenue Exit. Turn Right onto Elmwood. Stay on Elmwood about 3 miles. Its past Strong Hospital and U or R Campus
From the West
Take 490 Eastbound. Get off the Goodman Street Exit. Turn Right onto Goodman. Take Goodman to Elmwood Avenue. Turn Right onto Elmwood. Its past Strong Hospital and U or R Campus


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A one-year fellowship in surgical pathology (five positions) is offered by the Division of Surgical Pathology. Based in a 734-bed tertiary care university hospital, the program provides advanced training and responsibility in diagnostic surgical pathology through rotations which include preliminary diagnosis of all cases, frozen section interpretation, gross room supervision, consult service, tumor boards, and elective time for sub-specialty and/or research experience.
Special laboratory expertise may be gained in Molecular Pathology/Diagnostics and Immunopathology. The laboratory examines more than 50,000 surgical specimens and 4,050 frozen sections per year.


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Sanitary Fittings LLC, a distributor of stainless steel fittings and accessories, is introducing a new product line offering of Sanitary Beverage Transfer Hoses. The hoses will be offered online for purchase in varying dimensions of both length and diameters. All hoses offered by Sanitary Fittings are USDA/FDA approved for use in the food, beverage and pharmaceutical industries.
Sanitary beverage hoses provide a safe and effective way to transfer liquids during the manufacturing process between separate holding tanks. Tri-Clamp connections come standard with all hoses to provide customers with an option to quickly connect and disconnect transfer lines while following best practices for sanitary environments.
RELATED: We discuss infrastructure solutions with the polypropylene-random pipe experts at Aquatherm
At present, Sanitary Fittings hose line includes sizes ranging from 3/4-in. to 3-in. with custom lengths up to 40 ft. These made-to-order hoses come with some of the biggest and most widely recognized names in the hose industry including ContiTech and Novaflex.
Constructed of ASTM A270 and type 316L stainless steel, the tri-clamp connections are 3A certified so suppliers can trust that are following best practices for a sanitary environment.


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Fri, 14 July 2006
JivaDiva Yoga Jam *Abhyasa* -5 min. yoga philosophy lecture on yoga practice, with Alanna, the JivaDiva
A quick, 5 minute lecture on yoga philosophy. Alanna gives an overview of Abhyasa, the yogic art of constant practice. You'll clearly understand why a daily practice is so important. Enjoy this lecture, and don't forget to go to podcastawards.com and vote for the JivaDiva Yoga Jam in the Health and Fitness category! Namaste!
Direct download: Abhyasablast14.mp3
Category:Archived Podcasts: 2005-2008 -- posted at: 8:17am EDT


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What do you like about this photo ?
An Architect by education and Architectural Journalist and Consultant by choice and profession.
Having studied architecture gave me the knowledge and understanding of design and construction skills and on the other hand the passion towards writing brought me to this opportunity where I can interweave both my profession and passion and bring something spectacular for the world to see in.
During my course of study i have worked with Hiren Gandhi & Associates in Ahmedabad as an Intern and further moved to Indore an practicing as an junior architect and further continuing as a design consultant and working towards my passion of writing through freelance basis on tfod.
TFOD is a virtual platform for end-users to search and source design ideas, artwork, art and design professionals, products and services. The Future Of Design - www.tfod.in – the first community of its kind, leads the way with over 20,000 contributions by design professionals and artists, allied consultants, contractors, companies supplying products and materials, artists and artisans, and enthusiasts! Driven by the fraternity, TFOD is the single largest professional networking platform by TFOD Lifestyles Pvt. Ltd. for all those connected with architecture, design and art. The fraternity has thus shaped this forum, to make the design journey easy and enjoyable for the end-users!! Browse photos for ideas, Find Professionals, Search Product Catalogs, Enjoy Articles, Post Comments!! Join us to shape The Future Of Design!
TFOD-The Future Of Design


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The lone voice of horticultural reason
Common Name: Coleus
I can't think of a genus of plants grown for foliage that has more to offer than Solenostemon, hereafter "Coleus," since no one in the world refers to this genus by its Latin botanical name. Coleus you know. But have you planted Coleus lately?
Two reasons I consider Coleus highly valuable: One, they grow in part shade/shade, and are a mainstay of shady beds, shady containers and shady window boxes. Two, in the last five years, the nursery nerds have devoted thousands of hours and millions of dollars to developing varieties that grow in part to full sun. Meaning today, one can grow these fabulously colorful plants anywhere in the landscape.
|'Skyfire,' part sun to sun, 18-24" H x 20" W
Care and Use
In terms of use in the landscape, any number, anytime, anywhere. Coleus foliage comes in such mind-boggling combinations of colors they are among the top few most colorful plants in our arsenals. Use shade varieties en masse to create carpets of color around trees and in filtered sunlight situations. Mix them in with Hosta, ferns, and other shade perennials.
Singles work great popped in here and there throughout the perennial garden. In containers, they rule. I did two large church container boxes, flanking the front door, with five varieties, 15 total plants in each box, and by early July the entrance to the church was the most glorious explosion of color you've ever seen. You'll have to trust me, I never had my camera as I drove by, and of course am incapable of remembering that I have a camera in my phone.
|'Pineapple Splash,' sun to shade, 18-24" H x 18" W
A great trick: At the back of the perennial border, raise up a container on bricks or some form of pedestal (needn't be fancy), then plant one of the taller coleus varieties in the container. Or do it three or five times along the back. By midseason, you have four-foot coleus looming in the background, with the perennials in front hiding the container and pedestal.
Considered annuals in the US and Canada, coleus are actually perennials, and are easy to over-winter. Dig the plants, pot them, and bring them inside before frost. Check the plants closely for insects and treat if needed. Pinch the plants down by half. Place in a bright area in the home. Add humidity by setting the container in a saucer filled with pebbles, with water to the top of the pebbles, or mist once a week with a spray bottle. Never fertilize, and water only once per week, or when top of soil is fully dry. Plant outside in spring after frost danger has passed.
|'Religious Radish,' sun to shade, 24-42" H x 20" W
Always pinch off the flower spikes that begin to appear on plants in midseason. The blooms are OK, usually blue, but as soon as plants bloom they get tired and lose their vigor. Pinch the bloom spikes once per week and plants will continue to kick out fresh new leaves into late fall. I've had plants in light shade grow 32" tall with a 26" spread.
When shopping at the nursery, Proven Winners™ far and away has the best and widest variety of shade, part shade, part sun and sun coleus.
Photos (except the top one) courtesy of the Proven Winners™ Photo Gallery.
Don Engebretson
The Renegade Gardener


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Extra UK has announced the distribution of Fast Forward Wheels (FFWD).
FFWD has a full range of high-end carbon wheels for a variety of cycling disciplines, including road, track, cyclocross and triathlon. By being part of professional teams like Direct Energie (Niki Terpstra) and Arkea-Samsic (Andre Greipel, Warren Barguil), it said it can count on the "highest quality feedback" to further develop its products.
FFWD sales manager Edwin Koopmans said: "The UK is a strong cycling market which asks for a strong distribution partner. We are confident that Extra UK is the right partner for us to bring the FFWD story to the UK dealers!"
Mark Greshon, head of brands at Extra UK, added: "We've been looking for a quality brand of high-end wheels to complement our portfolio for a little while now and FFWD more than fits the bill. Everyone at Extra UK is looking forward to working with FFWD and achieving great success with the brand."


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It's the most wooooonderful time of the year!!!! Christmas is my favorite holiday (with the Fourth a close second, especially since I am a teacher & off during that time) — but there is just nothing quite like the pure magic in the air during the month of December. We also found out we were pregnant with our sweet Remerie last Christmas day, so I think it will always hold an extra special place in my heart forever.
Seven days into December and I feel like we have already been so busy with all the (best!) things. We went & picked out our tree, decorated gingerbread houses, visited Santa, hung holiday lights and have picked names for our Secret Santas with family. Our elf also showed up December first and brought the girls breakfast, they LOVED it and were so excited about her. This is one those things I know I will desperately miss when they are older, watching them whole heartedly believe in an elf or Santa (also the tooth fairy who came again over the weekend!) — it is just the best and one of my favorite things about being a parent.
Sharing some things we want to get into over the next few weeks before the big day hits, while also keeping it a little lighter than usual to give myself some grace in our first holiday season as a family of five!
1 — Bake cookies and deliver to family.
2 — Parents-only date for stocking stuffers & last-minute holiday gifts for the girls.
3 — Make chocolate-covered pretzels and drive around to look at lights while we eat them.
4 — Hot chocolate and holiday movie night.
5 — Christmastown, one of our very favorite traditions every year.
6 — Take donations to an animal shelter in honor of our sweet dog Bogger, who we had to put to sleep last December.
Number six just gives me all the feels, I know the girls will love this so much and I hope we can make it a new tradition in honor of him each year. Hoping you are having the best start to December your way! XO


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<< Back to the fan club
Yesterday's News:
The Meaning Behind the Title of Our New CD
Sat., Jul. 11. 2020 3:56pm EDT
Our next CD is called Braggadocious. Why?
Hall of Fame baseball pitcher Dizzy Dean once said, "It ain't braggin' if you can back it up." Regardless of whether Ol' Diz was right, the Bible surprisingly shows that not all boasting is bad. This CD refers to two different kinds of bragging done by two different kinds of people — those who are "Braggin' and Lyin'" and those who want to "Brag on the Lord All Day."
It doesn't take a genius to identify bad bragging. The world is full of that, and even people who don't read the Bible know that pride goeth before a fall, a saying based on Proverbs 16:18. But the Good Book has a lot to say about good bragging, too. In Jeremiah 9:23-24, the Lord says:
"Let not the wise boast of their wisdom or the strong boast of their strength or the rich boast of their riches, but let the one who boasts boast about this: that they have the understanding to know me, that I am the Lord, who exercises kindness, justice and righteousness on earth, for in these I delight
Both 1 Corinthians 1:31 and 2 Corinthians 10:17 say, "Let the one who boasts boast in the Lord." Later the Apostle Paul goes on to say, "If I must boast, I will boast of the things that show my weakness" (2 Corinthians 11:30). In Galatians 6:14, he adds, "May I never boast except in the cross of our Lord Jesus Christ, through which the world has been crucified to me, and I to the world."
Bad bragging can get you into trouble, and so can good bragging, but let's all praise, and don't fear the people. Everyone who redirects the spotlight from themselves to Jesus goes from brags to riches.


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Why salt makes us thirsty
Yes, has to do with a hormone of course. Vasopressin is a hormone that is secreted based on the salt concentration of the blood. This hormone regulates the production of urine in the bladder. It is secreted by a gland located in the brain. The higher the salt concentration of the blood, the more vasopressin…Details


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The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) and China's Manned Space Agency (CMSA) have invited applications from United Nations Member States to conduct experiments on-board China's Space Station (CSS).
In 2016 UNOOSA and CMSA signed a Memorandum of Understanding to work together to develop the space capabilities of United Nations Member States via opportunities on-board the CSS, which is expected to be operational from 2022. The Announcement of Opportunity for this initiative, as well as application instructions, were released at a ceremony hosted by UNOOSA and the Permanent Mission of China to the United Nations and Other International Organizations in Vienna on 28 May.
The UNOOSA-CMSA initiative aims to:
- promote international cooperation in human space flight and activities related to space exploration;
- provide flight experiment and space application opportunities on-board the CSS for United Nations Member States;
- promote capacity-building activities by making use of human space flight technologies, including facilities and resources from China's human spaceflight programme; and
- promote increased awareness among United Nations Member States of the benefits of utilizing human space technology and its applications.
"Since the launch of the first Chinese satellite in 1970, China has become one of the major space faring nations. Its state of the art space programme, including the well-established Manned Space Programme, is one of the most holistic and technologically advanced in the world. Such technical advances in space have broader benefits to all of us, as space is a driver and a tool for socio-economic sustainable development. With the global challenges we all face here on Earth, it is important to foster collaboration and cooperation in space activities. This is space diplomacy in action. I appreciate China's partnership and support on this exciting initiative, and look forward to seeing a number of interesting applications from United Nations Member States," said Simonetta Di Pippo, Director of UNOOSA.
"The China Space Station belongs not only to China, but also to the world. Just as the Outer Space Treaty of 1967 proclaimed, the exploration and use of outer space shall be a common province for humankind. Outer space should become a new domain for promoting the common interests of everyone, rather than a new battlefield for competition and confrontation. Guided by the idea of a shared future, the CSS will become a common home in space for all humankind. It will be a home that is inclusive and open to cooperation with all countries, a home of peace and good will, and a home of cooperation for mutual benefit. Through the CSS, we would like to build up a model of sincere mutually beneficial cooperation among countries in the peaceful exploration and use of outer space," said Ambassador Shi Zhongjun, representative of China to the United Nations and other International Organizations in Vienna.
There are three possibilities for orbital experiments in the first round of opportunities:
- Conducting experiments inside the CSS by utilizing experiment payloads developed by selected applicants.
- Conducting experiments inside the CSS by utilizing experiment facilities provided by China.
- Conducting experiments outside the CSS by utilizing payloads developed by selected applicants.
Public and private organizations including institutes, academies, universities and private enterprises with a scientific orientation are invited to apply for the opportunity by 31 August 2018. Institutions from developing countries are particularly encouraged to apply.


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Replenish Rambouillet Sport--Weathered Sheep Barn
Regular price $29.00
Certified Climate Beneficial (TM) sport weight wool in a beautifully smooth, worsted style prep. Grown in northern California by a ranch using multiple carbon sequestration practices, this wool feels good at the same time that it does good for the earth. 3-ply. 310 yds, 110 grams.
Colorway: Weathered Sheep Barn


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Copyright Resources Gateway
Alliance for Intellectual Property
Established in 1998, the Alliance for Intellectual Property (IP) represents trade associations across the creative, branded and design industries concerned with ensuring that IP rights are valued in the UK and that a legislative regime exists which enables the value and contribution of these rights to be fully realised. Members include representatives of the audiovisual, music, games and business software, and sports industries, branded manufactured goods, publishers, retailers and designers
BASE (British Association for Screen Entertainment)
Originally known as the BVA (British Video Association), BASE provides a diverse range of education services, from smart tools which encourage consumers to access content from legal services, training and development programmes for category stakeholders and regular updates to and from policy makers designed to support the most effective regulatory framework for the growth of the category.
BBC Copyright Aware
Still in beta mode, this is a small but useful site aimed at the education community.
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Provides licences and support for churches, schools and other Christian organisations.
Copyright and Schools
Copyright and Schools is a working group of representatives from the licensing bodies that provide licences for the use of copyright material in the schools sector. The group aims to manage the issues that surround copyright in schools through raising awareness, providing information and increasing the two-way understanding of the concerns of both our rights-holders and the schools that benefit from using their work.
The Industry Trust
The Industry Trust works with its member companies (from film studios to retailers) to spread the word about the positive role of copyright. The Trust's website contains a Q&A on the Digital Economy Act, links to the best and most trusted legal download sites and FindAnyFilm.com, as well as a copyright clinic, a summary of the 1988 Copyright, Designs and Patents Act in relation to DVD and film piracy, and advice on copyright theft.
The Copyright Hub
The Copyright Hub defines itself as having two main functions: the provision of copyright information/education to a wide audience; and access for users to simpler licensing, with much lower transaction costs, via websites connected to the Copyright Hub.
The Copyright Licensing Agency (CLA)
CLA is a collecting society on behalf of publishers and issues licences for the use of print and digital publications in education. It also has a compliance arm, Copywatch working to prevent illegal copying.
Copyright Cortex
The Cortex is a new online resource on copyright and digital cultural heritage produced through a collaboration between Queen's University Belfast (QUB) and CREATe at the University of Glasgow, with the support of CILIP, The Library and Information Association; the Libraries and Archives Copyright Alliance (LACA); the CILIP Information Literacy Group; and Europeana. Led by Professor Ronan Deazley (QUB), it aims to provide libraries, archives, museums and other memory institutions with information and expert commentary on how copyright law affects the creation and management of digital cultural heritage.
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CREATe is the RCUK Centre for Copyright and New Business Models in the Creative Economy, based at the University of Glasgow. It is funded jointly by the Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC), Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) and the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC).
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Provides licences to those wishing to use an artist's work in anything from merchandise or an advert, to a book, film or website.
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The ERA licenses UK educational establishments to record radio and television programmes for educational use. The site lays out the relevant copyright information and the special allowances made for educational establishments.
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Incorporating the old Patent Office, the Intellectual Property Office (IPO) is the official UK government body responsible for IP rights including patents, designs, trade marks and copyright and is an executive agency of the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS).
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Established in 1996, the NLA licenses access to a variety of newspapers and magazines in print and digital format. Since August 2014 its HE and FE licence has been administered by the CLA (qv).
OER IPR Support Project
The aim of this project, delivered by JISC Legal, Web2Rights Ltd and Creative Commons UK, is to provide intellectual property rights and licensing support for JISC/HEA funded OER Phase 2 projects, in order to help them identify and manage IPR issues with particular emphasis on the use of Creative Commons Licences. The range of advice and information sources produced are also freely available and of value to other open educational resource projects. A starter pack and diagnostic tools are available, and the website also hosts a blog for the discussion of relevant issues.
PPL (Phonographic Performance Limited)
PPL collects and distributes money for the use of recorded music on behalf of record companies and performers.
PRS for Music
Collecting society that licenses organisations to play, perform or make available copyright music on behalf of its members and those of overseas societies, distributing the royalties to them. The site provides much useful detail for those look to perform, use or create music. Originally created from the merging of the Mechanical-Copyright Protection Society (MCPS) and the Performing Right Society (PRS).
Public Domain Review
An online journal dedicated to celebrating and disseminating interesting public domain content. The strength of the collection lies in its scholarly but imaginative curatorial focus, which is on the 'surprising, the strange and the beautiful'. The site's content is organised according to Image, Audio, Film and Books. The moving image content features newsreel clips, fiction films, home movies, industrial and public information films and propaganda films. Each film is accompanied by a short contextual essay, giving the provenance of the clip, and links to its parent archive, copyright information and download options. There is a search function but the site is really designed for browsing and it is easy to become absorbed in the gems on offer.
UK Copyright Literacy
This recource is aimed at the ducation community and aims to raise awareness about Copyright and to try and make it as engaging as possible. Run by Chris Morrison (University of Kent) and Jane Secker (City, University of London). Along with its celebrated 'copyright card game' (available udner Creative Commons) this recource is particularly useful for the links it provides to the copyright guidance pages at over 75 British universities.
WIPO Lex
WIPO Lex, launched in September 2010 by the World Intellectual Property Organization, is an on-line global intellectual property (IP) reference resource which provides up-to-date information on national IP laws and treaties. It also features related information which elaborates, analyzes and interprets these laws and treaties. The database is searchable by country and topic, including copyright and related rights, and enforcement of IP and related laws.
YouTube Copyright Centre
Provides support for those looking to upload content or wish to report an infringement or any other disputes.
If you have any Copyright Queries please get in touch by email (email@example.com) or telephone (020 7393 1500)


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The Workshop on Interviewing for an open position in Finance
- 15/07/2015
- Карьера
On Monday, July 6 at the Hyundai Motorstudio on Novy Arbat, the CFA Association Russia together with the SQ-Team consulting company led a master class on the theme "Interviewing for an open position in finance". The event involved recruiters who specialize in finding staff for the financial and investment sector in Russia.
"We decided to take a break from our series of highly specialized events and dedicate this master class to what might be one of the most important skills for a financial professional," said Vladimir Tutkevich, Executive director of the CFA Association Russia in his opening remarks. "At each stage in your career, you have got to remember that a moment will come when you must show, must prove, that you are capable of more."
"After the crisis of 2008–2009, the market of specialists in the financial sector has undergone fundamental changes," said Alexey Gorbunov, CEO of SQ-Team in his talk. Professionals are faced with completely new realities, he claims, with the major ones being a greater demand for young specialists, replacement based on a "price is more important than quality" approach, as well as faster staff turnover.
Alexey Gorbunov divided his presentation into two parts. In the first part, a talk, he spoke of the most frequent questions that candidates are confronted with, what interests employers the most, and the main reason for which people are turned down. Another main theme was the typical mistakes that candidates make when they are brought in for an interview. The second part of his presentation was an interactive one and dedicated to answering questions from the audience, as well as some concrete examples of successful and unsuccessful interviews.
Especially beneficial for the discussion was the presence of leading specialists in the financial market: Headhunter, Ex-Sberbank CIB Natalia Mirskaya, Partner and Head of HR at Renaissance Capital's Russian division Elena Faustova, and Thomson Reuters recruiting specialist Yuliya Feldman. They shared their experience and helped the attendees to better understand the motivations of employers and interviewers, to feel like they were "on the other side of the desk" for a while.
The audience at the master class was 65 people. The event program was quite intense, guests had the possibility of not only receiving a great deal of useful information, but also concrete examples of mistakes and good interviewing. For many of the attendees this event, without doubt, was one step on the road to building a successful career in finance.


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Water SA
On-line version ISSN 1816-7950
Print version ISSN 0378-4738
Water SA vol.41 n.1 Pretoria Jan. 2015
Effects of salinity on the survival of the Brackwater mussel, Brachidontes virgiliae, in the St Lucia estuarine system, South Africa
HA NelI, *; R PerissinottoII, I; RH TaylorIII, I
ISchool of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, P. Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
IIDST/NRF Research Chair in Shallow Water Ecosystems, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa
IIIEzemvelo KZN Wildlife, P. Bag X01, St Lucia Estuary 3936, South Africa
During drought periods, the razor clam Solen cylindraceus is the dominant bivalve in the St Lucia estuarine system, although restricted to its South Lake region. However, with the recent onset of a wet phase, the mussel Brachidontes virgiliae has become widespread and overwhelmingly dominant throughout the system. The salinity tolerance of B. virgiliae is here determined using both rapid and gradual changes in salinity. Mussels were collected at Esengeni in the Narrows (salinity ≈ 0) and Listerfs Point in False Bay (salinity ≈ 20). Mortalities were recorded for animals exposed to a sudden change in salinity using 8 different treatments, ranging from 0 to 70. Additionally, animals were exposed to a gradual change in salinity, using treatments that exceeded the minimum and maximum salinities mussels were previously able to tolerate. In all four experiments, animals were able to tolerate salinity levels up to 20. However, a wider salinity tolerance, up to 50, was shown by animals collected from Listerfs Point and those gradually acclimated to test conditions. With an increase in flood events predicted for this region, it is imperative to understand how key species may be affected. During wet phases B. virgiliae becomes ubiquitious throughout Lake St Lucia and it is unlikely that the species will disappear from the system, even if floods escalate in the future, as it has an ability to withstand near-freshwater conditions. During dry periods, however, the mussel will be concentrated in the Narrows (oligohaline to limnetic conditions), especially if an inverse salinity gradient with hypersaline conditions prevails within the system.
Keywords: bivalves, range shift, wet and dry periods, hypersaline conditions, flood events, iSimangaliso Wetland Park
Salinity is an important factor structuring the estuarine ecosystem (McLeod and Wing, 2008). This is manifested as spatial and temporal variations in salinity modify species composition and distribution within an estuary (Boltt, 1975; Cyrus, 1988; Owen and Forbes, 1997; Pillay and Perissinotto, 2008). The salinity regimes of many estuaries have been severely altered by anthropogenic modifications within their catchments (e.g. The Coorong System in Australia and the St Lucia estuarine system in South Africa). As a result of low freshwater inflow into the Coorong, a reverse salinity gradient and hypersaline conditions have developed, causing benthic invertebrates to become restricted to the lower reaches (Rolston and Dittmann, 2009). Similarly, an impoverished benthic community due to extreme hypersaline conditions is often present in the northern reaches of Lake St Lucia (Day et al., 1954; Millard and Broekhuysen, 1970; Boltt, 1975; Pillay and Perissinotto, 2008).
Although Lake St Lucia is naturally variable, exhibiting large-scale temporal changes from wet to dry periods, the dry periods have been exacerbated by the artificial divergence of the adjacent Mfolozi River into the sea (Begg, 1978; Forbes and Cyrus, 1993; Whitfield and Taylor, 2009). This has deprived Lake St Lucia of its most essential freshwater source (Forbes and Cyrus, 1993), which is fundamental to maintaining lake levels during dry periods and mitigating the occurrence of hypersaline events (Whitfield and Taylor, 2009). As a result, the system has experienced crises for extended periods, the last from 2002 to 2011. A reverse salinity gradient develops during dry periods, with salinities as high as 200 in the northern reaches recorded on numerous occasions (Forbes and Cyrus, 1993; Cyrus et al., 2010). A unique halotolerant community can be established in the northern reaches of the estuarine system, as few species are able to tolerate such salinity extremes (Carrasco and Perissinotto, 2012).
In addition, Lake St Lucia also experiences stochastic disturbances, such as flooding events and the presence of wetter than normal years (Cyrus, 1988; Forbes and Cyrus, 1992; Pillay and Perissinotto, 2008), both causing dramatic decreases in salinity. Cyclones Domonia and Imboa in 1984 resulted in a large-scale decline in salinity that caused the disappearance and re-distribution of most benthic species (Cyrus, 1988; Forbes and Cyrus, 1992; Owen and Forbes, 1997). In November/December 2010, Lake St Lucia received high rainfall, resulting in a drastic salinity reduction within the system (Nel et al., 2013). Additionally, the management decision to no longer keep the Mfolozi separated from Lake St Lucia (Whitfield et al., 2013) allowed the re-linkage of the two systems in July 2012. Therefore, Lake St Lucia shifted into a wet period resulting in the system becoming dominated by an oligohaline environment (< 5). This caused the disappearance of the infaunal bivalve, Solen cylindraceus, from the South Lake and the successful re-establishment of this species in False Bay (Fig. 1), where the salinity fell within the species tolerance range (Nel et al., 2011; Nel et al., 2013).
During drought conditions, S. cylindraceus is considered to be the dominant bivalve species in Lake St Lucia (Nel et al., 2011; Nel et al., 2013). Although restricted to the South Lake, it occurs at high densities ranging from 14 to 3 000 ind-m-2 (Nel et al., 2011). During the last hypersaline phase, S. cylindraceus was a key species for the system. Having a salinity tolerance between 15 and 65, it was able to withstand high salinities outside the tolerance range of other bivalve species (Nel et al., 2011). Currently, however, the mussel Brachidontes virgiliae has become so abundant and widespread throughout Lake St Lucia that it has replaced S. cylindraceus as the dominant bivalve in the system. Anecdotal evidence suggests that this ubiquitous mussel is able to withstand very low salinity levels and can rapidly invade denuded areas. Therefore, this study set out to investigate the experimental salinity tolerance of the B. virgiliae population currently occurring in the St Lucia estuarine system.
A species may have two types of controls on its tolerance ranges; genetic and phenotypic (Segnini de Bravo et al., 1998). The former is defined as the genetically imposed capability to withstand an external factor, while the latter is the ability to alter its tolerance in response to previously experienced conditions (Segnini de Bravo et al., 1998). Thus, an extreme or moderate change in salinity may yield varying adaptive potentials for a species (Berger and Kharazova, 1997). Castagna and Chanley (1973) showed that a gradual change in salinity may allow a species to extend its environmental threshold. It is well established that a slow increase in salinity enables organisms to widen their tolerance range. However, there is less evidence to show that a species found in two habitats under different salinity regimes may exhibit different salinity tolerance ranges. Thus, the objectives of this study were to determine the salinity tolerances of B. virgiliae collected from two sites within Lake St Lucia and exposed to both sudden and gradual changes in salinity.
Sample collection and maintenance
Mussels with a mean shell length of 9.76 ± 1.06 (SD) mm were collected from 2 sites representing the minimum and maximum salinities found within Lake St Lucia - Esengeni (salinity ≈ 0) and Lister's Point (salinity ≈ 20). At both sites Brachidontes virgiliae were found attached to submerged macrophytes, which were subsequently removed. They were then placed in buckets containing naturally-occurring estuarine water and transported back to the laboratory where they were aerated within 3 to 4 h and acclimated to laboratory conditions for 3 days, prior to their exposure to experimental conditions. During acclimation, animals were maintained at salinity levels similar to those found at the collection site. This was measured using a portable refractometer (Atago S/Mill-E). At ambient temperature, mussels were exposed to a 12:12 h light:dark regime using artificial light. Dead mussels were removed daily, to avoid contamination of the sample stock, and animals were selected randomly from the holding buckets at the start of each experiment. All experiments took place between March and August 2013.
Shock experiments
Animals collected at each of the two sites were exposed to a rapid change in salinity. Five animals were transferred into each replicate, with five replicates per salinity for the Lister's Point experiment and three for Esengeni. This was due to the availability of animals at the time. Mussels were placed into 300-mℓ plastic bottles containing pre-made, aerated saline solutions prepared using 'Instant Marine' artificial seawater salt and fresh/distilled water. The salinity treatments ranged from 0 to 70, increasing by increments of 10. Mortality was checked at 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 24 h during the first day; thereafter daily for the next 29 days. Measured using a portable refractometer, salinity was maintained at a constant level (± 1) and mussels were fed a suspension of naturally-occurring benthic microalgae, renewed once a week. Mussels that remained gaping and did not respond to physical stimulation were deemed to be dead.
Acclimation experiments
Fresh animals were collected from Esengeni and Lister's Point for the acclimation experiments and gradually exposed to an increase in salinity over a period of 30 days. However, the treatments used were restricted to those salinity levels that did not show 100% survival after 30 days in the previous shock experiments. Lister's Point animals were exposed to a change in salinity of 5 units every 7.5, 5, 4 and 3 days for treatment 40, 50, 60 and 70, respectively. Treatments 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 for the Esengeni experiment were exposed to a change in salinity of 5 units every 5, 4, 3, 2.5 and 2 days, respectively. Mortality was checked daily and salinities were again maintained at a constant level (± 1) using a portable refractometer. Thereafter, the same set-up used for the shock experiments was employed.
Analysis of data
SigmaPlot version 11.0 was used to generate the graphs for all four experiments. A repeated-measures ANOVA was used to determine whether salinity, exposure time and the combination of the two variables had a significant effect on animal survival. In all experiments, the fixed independent variable (time) was the within-subject factor and the fixed independent variable (salinity) was the between-subject factor. Measure name was 'survival' in all analyses. In all experiments there were 36 levels (groups = time). The Mauchly's Test of Sphericity was used to test the assumption that the variance was equal between the differences in all combinations of related groups (levels). The assumptions were not met and, therefore, the Greenhouse-Geisser Epsilon value was used instead. SPSS 21.0 for Windows was used for all statistical analyses.
Brachidontes virgiliae was recorded throughout Lake St Lucia at salinities ranging from near-freshwater to ~ 20. The salinity maximum was recorded at Lister's Point in the northern reaches, while the minimum was found at Esengeni in the Narrows (Fig. 1). Esengeni mussels exposed to a rapid change in salinity exhibited a narrow tolerance range. Visible movement was seen in the salinity treatments ranging from 0 to 20, with 100% survival at the end of the experiment (Fig. 2A). Unable to survive salinities above 20, animals exposed to levels above this threshold remained tightly shut. Animals exposed to salinities of 30, 40 and 50 had a faster mortality rate than those at 60 and 70 (Fig. 2A). However, within 5 days there was 100% mortality in all treatments above 20 (Fig. 2A).
A wider salinity tolerance was recorded when Esengeni mussels were gradually exposed to a rise in salinity. Animals increased their tolerance to include salinity levels from 30 to 50 (Fig. 2B). Previously those exposed to 30, 40 and 50 had 100% mortality within 4 days, yet with a gradual acclimation animals were able to survive these salinities indefinitely. However, the long-term survival of animals at 50 is unknown, as they had a 73% survival at the end of the experiment (after 30 days). Animals in these three treatments showed movement and were attached to the edge of experimental bottles. Mussels were still unable to survive extreme salinities, 60 and 70, regardless of the slow acclimation to test conditions (Fig. 2B). Mussels gradually acclimated to the 70 treatment died during the acclimation phase of the experiment. Additionally, the majority of mussels in the 60 treatment died during the acclimation phase, with 100% mortality reached within 3 days. This was less than the 5 days they were able to survive in the shock experiment (Fig. 2A).
Animals collected from Lister's Point and exposed to a rapid change in salinity showed a similar trend to the Esengeni mussels acclimated to test conditions. They were able to tolerate lower salinities, from 0 to 40 (Fig. 2C). Mortality was seen in the 60 and 70 treatments, similar to that observed in both Esengeni shock and gradually acclimated animals (Fig. 2A, B and C). Activity was recorded in all treatments below 50, however above this salinity mussels were tightly shut. In the salinity treatment of 50, mussels experienced 100% mortality within five days, while complete mortality was reached faster in the 60 and 70 treatments, after 4 and 3 days, respectively.
Again, mussels exposed to a gradual increase towards test conditions showed a higher tolerance range than animals exposed to a rapid change in salinity. However, the treatments of 60 and 70 were still lethal regardless of the site of collection or exposure method. Additionally, these animals were unable to survive the full acclimation period and did not reach the onset of the experiment. This was similar to the pattern observed with the gradually acclimated Esengeni mussels. Mussels were able to tolerate the salinity treatment of 50 (Fig. 2D), while 100% mortality occurred within 5 days in the Lister's Point shock experiment. Although the 60 treatment was still lethal for mussels, animals were capable of withstanding it for 6 days, as opposed to the 4 days previously recorded in the shock experiment. Similarly, not all animals survived until the end of the acclimation process and the majority of animals were dead within 24 h in the 60 treatment (Fig. 2D).
Overall B. virgiliae appeared to have a preferred tolerance ranging from 0 to 20, regardless of where they were collected. An increase in tolerance to raised salinities was seen in those collected from sites with a higher salinity (i.e. Lister's Point). In addition, an increase in tolerance was seen when animals were slowly exposed to an increase in salinity over a period of a month for both Esengeni and Lister's Point mussels. Salinity, exposure time and the combination of the two had a significant effect on the survival of B. virgiliae in all four experiments (Table 1).
Estuaries are characterised by large temporal and spatial fluctuations in physico-chemical parameters due to dynamic hydrological cycles. Thus, in order to successfully manage an estuary, it is essential to understand how the ecosystem will be affected by different climatic scenarios (Lester and Fairweather, 2009). In Lake St Lucia, salinity fluctuations are fundamental in determining the distribution and abundance of estuarine fauna and flora (Forbes and Cyrus, 1993). This is evident in the shift in bivalve dominance from Solen cylindraceus (dry period) to Brachidontes virgiliae (wet period). In addition, there has been a recent change in distribution ranges, with S. cylindraceus previously restricted to the South Lake, but currently established only in the northern reaches (salinity ~ 20). Brachidontes virgiliae, previously abundant in the Narrows, has now become ubiquitous throughout the system. Nel et al. (2011) determined an experimental salinity tolerance of between 15 and 65 for S. cylindraceus. Acclimation to a gradual decrease in salinity allows this bivalve to survive salinities as low as 10, although long-term survival under such conditions is unknown (Nel et al., 2013). Lake St Lucia is currently in a wet phase, resulting in S. cylindraceus being unable to tolerate the predominantly oligohaline environment dominating the system. This has allowed the Brackwater mussel, B. virgiliae, to become dominant throughout Lake St Lucia. Weerts (1993) described a similar situation during periods of low salinity, when B. virgiliae was considered the most abundant bivalve, while S. cylindraceus was rare. According to results obtained with the current in-vitro study, B. virgiliae has a salinity tolerance skewed towards the lower levels, and is able to tolerate virtually freshwater conditions. This mussel thrives in Lake St Lucia during the wet period, as it has a preferred tolerance range from freshwater to 20.
Brachidontes virgiliae is a minute, epifaunal mussel regularly underestimated in macrofaunal surveys, with only anecdotal evidence available on its salinity tolerance. Day et al. (1954) found B. virgiliae at salinity levels ranging from 26.0 to 34.1. This is similar to the results obtained by Blaber et al. (1983), showing the presence of this mussel in South Lake under stable marine salinities. It has been described as a euryhaline species commonly found in the salinity range of 34.4-36.0 (Millard and Broekhuysen, 1970). Absent or rare during periods of hypersalinity, the species has, however, a preference for low salinities (Boltt, 1975). Davies (1980) suggested a tolerance range from 0 to 34 for mussels found in the Kowie Estuary, Eastern Cape, South Africa, although there had at that time been no attempt to experimentally determine their salinity tolerance. This range is consistent with the results obtained in the present study using mussels collected from Lister's Point and exposed to a rapid change in salinity (salinity tolerance: 0 to 40; Fig. 2C). In addition, mussels collected from both Esengeni and Lister's Point and gradually exposed to an increase in salinity showed a slightly wider salinity range, which included the 50 treatment (Fig. 2B and D). Although there is no evidence of B. virgiliae establishing outside of its natural distributional range, it is a potential biofouling threat given its wide salinity tolerance and ability to attach to boats' hulls.
Tolerance limits have been extended in numerous bivalve species by acclimation (Castagna and Chanley, 1973). Berger and Kharazova (1997) stated that sensitivity to environmental fluctuations may be shifted by previous acclimation to low/high salinity. In this study, a wider salinity tolerance range was seen in mussels collected from the site exhibiting the higher saline environment. In addition, an increase in tolerance was seen when animals were slowly exposed to an increase in salinity over a monthly period. A wider salinity tolerance was also seen for S. cylindraceus when gradually increased/decreased to test conditions (Nel et al., 2011). Numerous studies have illustrated an increase in the salinity tolerance of bivalve species when slowly adjusted to test salinities (Yuan et al., 2010). Additionally, the historical fluctuations observed within False Bay are wider than those occurring at Esengeni. This may be reflected in the evolutionary response that species have to a change in environmental parameters.
This mussel is often found attached to submerged mac-rophytes (Nel et al., 2012). In Lake St Lucia, the three main macrophyte species are Stukenia pectinata, Ruppia cirrhosa and Zostera capensis (Adams and Bate, 1994). Floods may dislodge these submerged macrophytes and this will have an indirect effect on the mussel population. An increase or dramatic decrease in salinity may also affect B. virgiliae indirectly, by eliminating these macrophytes. Stukenia pectinata is excluded above salinity levels of 20; Z. capensis can tolerate salinity levels between 10 and 45, while R. cirrhosa is able to tolerate salinities as high as 50 (Adams and Bate, 1994; Adams et al., 2013).
Salinity may affect an organism directly through its physiology and indirectly by altering its food, predators and habitat availability (Finney, 1979; Jassby et al., 1995; Montagna et al., 2002). The metabolic rates of an organism are affected with escalation in its activity level (Berger and Kharazova, 1997; Segnini de Bravo et al., 1998). In mussels, the formation of byssus threads can be affected by changes in the saline environment (Sundaram and Syed Shafee, 1989). Although these factors were not directly measured in this study, a reduction in mobility was observed under unfavourable salinity levels. Additionally, mussels in the higher treatments did not attach to the sides of the incubation vessel, as opposed to their counterparts exposed to lower salinities. There is a need for future research to focus on sub-lethal effects of salinity on attachment, filtration and respiration, as these factors will affect population dynamics.
Sessile and relatively sedentary species are unable to move away from unfavourable environmental conditions (Perkins, 1974). They thus employ behavioural strategies to cope with exposure to salinity levels outside of their tolerance range. Mussels may close their shells when exposed to abnormal salinities, with this isolation reflex first occurring in the more sensitive individuals and later in all (Berger and Kharazova, 1997). Individuals are able to withstand prolonged asphyxia and accumulation of acidic products produced during anaerobic metabolism, while the mussel remains closed (Berger and Kharazova, 1997). However, this is a temporary mechanism and long-term survival under such conditions is unlikely. Zebra mussels are extremely starvation-tolerant and this may be a mechanism used to withstand periods of closure (McMahon, 1996). In the current study, B. virgiliae displayed an ability to withstand unfavourable conditions for a few (4 to 7) days by tightly closing their shells. Although long-term survival at these salinity levels is unlikely, this mussel may be able to tolerate short spikes in the saline environment.
Lake St Lucia is characterised by floods, wetter than average years and periods of extreme drought conditions. Floods such as those caused by Cyclone Domoina in January/February 1984 reduced the salinity within Lake St Lucia from - 40 to near-freshwater conditions, in a matter of days (Cyrus, 1988; Forbes and Cyrus, 1993; Nel et al., 2011). This cyclonic activity and heavy rains caused a reduction in the macrofaunal density by - 40% (Cyrus, 1988). Owen and Forbes (1997) found that macro-faunal biomass declined following cyclonic activity. Prolonged periods of rainfall will also cause a decline in salinity, thus eliminating species unable to withstand oligohaline to limnetic conditions (Owen and Forbes, 1997). There is often a moderate to large decrease in abundance (e.g. 28 to 100%) of certain species, especially bivalves, when exposed to a drastic decrease in salinity (McLachlan and Erasmus, 1974; Hanekom, 1989; Kanandjembo et al., 2001). Although Lake St Lucia has historically been subjected to cyclonic activity (Cyrus, 1988; Owen and Forbes, 1997), an increase in the frequency of occurrence and intensity of extreme events is expected in response to climate change (Schulze, 2006). Brachidontes virgiliae may be positively affected by the dramatic decrease in salinity; however, an associated high silt load entering the system may have detrimental effects on filter-feeding mussels (Adam, 1986; Thrush et al., 2004). Although B. virgiliae may withstand periods of about 30 days of exposure to high silt concentration, up to 1 500 NTU (HA Nel, unpubl. data), this needs to be investigated further.
Lake St Lucia has recently experienced a severe drought period that has resulted in the development of a reverse salinity gradient and caused hypersaline events in the northern reaches. High salinities prevailing in False Bay and North Lake have resulted in a scarcity of benthic fauna and flora (Day et al., 1954). Similarly, in the late 1960s, Millard and Broekhuysen (1970) attributed the observed decrease in faunal richness in the northern reaches to extreme conditions. In addition, Boltt (1975) reported that an impoverished benthic community was seen when there were high salinities, between 45 and 80. Pillay and Perissinotto (2008) suggested that the reduction in macrofaunal abundance, species richness and diversity in the northern parts of the system was due to hypersaline conditions and low water levels. Thus localised elimination due to hypersaline conditions is well documented, whereby species that are unable to tolerate high salinities are temporarily eliminated from the system. Brachidontes virgiliae is able to withstand salinity levels up to 50, if slowly acclimated or found in a habitat with higher salinities. Above 50, this species remains tightly shut and suffers mass mortality within a week. Both S. cylindraceus and B. virgiliae have a wide salinity tolerance that has enabled these species to persist, whereas numerous bivalves have previously been eliminated from this system due to unfavourable conditions (Nel et al., 2011; Nel et al., 2012).
In conclusion, this species is unlikely to disappear from Lake St Lucia, as it becomes widespread during wet periods, and is able to withstand low salinities. During dry periods, it remains abundant in the Narrows and is restricted to areas with salinity levels below 50. During the most extreme drought periods, when salinities may reach 200 in the northern reaches, the Narrows would act as a refuge area for this mussel. This is in contrast to S. cylindraceus which uses South Lake as its reservoir during hypersaline conditions and the northern reaches during oligohaline conditions. Lancaster and Belyea (1997) described a refuge as an area that provides a species with protection from the negative effects of the surrounding environment. These areas are important during natural disturbances (i.e. drought and flood events), as they allow species to persist in a highly variable ecosystem (Magoulick and Kobza, 2003). Future studies should investigate the rate at which these areas act as nuclei from which recolonisation of the remaining lake can occur once favourable conditions have returned.
We are grateful to the iSimangaliso Park Authority and Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife for supporting this project. Funding for this project was provided by the National Research Foundation (NRF, Pretoria) through the programme Knowledge Fields Development - Society, Ecosystems and Change (SEA-CHANGE), as well as the South African Netherlands Research Programme on Alternatives in Development (SANPAD, Durban) and the University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN, Durban). Thanks to Nicola Carrasco and David Dyer for assisting with the collection of animals at Lake St Lucia and John Swart for assisting with the execution of the experiments in the laboratory.
ADAM ME (1986) The Nile bivalves - how do they avoid silting during the flood? J. Mollusc. Stud. 52 248-252. [ Links ]
ADAMS JB and BATE GC (1994) The ecological implications of tolerance to salinity by Ruppia cirrhosa (Petagna) Grande and Zostera capensis Setchell. Bot. Mar. 37 449-456. [ Links ]
ADAMS JB, NONDODA S and TAYLOR RH (2013) Macrophytes. In: Perissinotto R, Stretch DD and Taylor RH (eds.) Ecology and Conservation of Estuarine Ecosystems: Lake St Lucia as a Global Model. Cambridge University Press, New York. [ Links ]
BEGG GW (1978) The Estuaries of Natal. (Part II). Natal Town and Regional Planning Commission Report 41. 657 pp. [ Links ]
BERGER VJ and KHARAZOVA AD (1997) Mechanisms of salinity adaptations in marine molluscs. Hydrobiologia 355 115-126. [ Links ]
BLABER SJM, KURE NF, JACKSON S and CYRUS DP (1983) The benthos of South Lake, St Lucia following a period of stable salinities. S. Afr. J. Zool. 18 311-319. [ Links ]
BOLTT RE (1975) The benthos of some southern African Lakes Part V: The recovery of the benthic fauna of St Lucia Lake following a period of excessively high salinity. Trans. R. Soc. S. Afr. 41 295-323. [ Links ]
CARRASCO NK and PERISSINOTTO R (2012) Development of a halotolerant community in the St. Lucia Estuary (South Africa) during a hypersaline phase. Plos One 7 1-14. [ Links ]
CASTAGNA M and CHANLEY P (1973) Salinity tolerance of some marine bivalves from inshore and estuarine environments in Virginia waters on the western mid-Atlantic coast. Malacologia 12 47-96. [ Links ]
CYRUS DP (1988) Episodic events and estuaries: Effects of cyclonic flushing on the benthic fauna and diet of Solea bleekeri (Teleostei) in Lake St Lucia on the southeastern coast of Africa. J. Fish Biol. 33 1-7. [ Links ]
CYRUS DP, VIVIER L and JERLING HL (2010) Effect of hypersaline and low lake conditions on ecological functioning of St Lucia estuarine system, South Africa: An overview 2002 - 2008. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 86 535-542. [ Links ]
DAVIES BR (1980) The identification of the mytilids Musculus virgiliae Barnard, Arcuatula capensis (Krauss) and Brachidontes variabilis Krauss, with corrections to the literature and a note on their distribution. Trans. R. Soc. S. Afr. 44 225-235. [ Links ]
DAY JH, MILLARD NAH and BROEKHUYSEN GJ (1954) The ecology of South African estuaries Part IV: the St Lucia system. Trans. R. Soc. S. Afr. 34 129-156. [ Links ]
FINNEY CM (1979) Salinity stress in harpacticoid copepods. Estuaries 2 132-135. [ Links ]
FORBES AT and CYRUS DP (1992) Impact of a major cyclone on a southeast African estuarine lake system. Neth. J. Sea Res. 30 265-272. [ Links ]
FORBES AT and CYRUS DP (1993) Biological effects of salinity gradient reversal in a southeast African estuarine lake. Neth. J. Aquat. Ecol. 27 485-488. [ Links ]
HANEKOM N (1989) A note on the effects of a flood of medium intensity on macrobenthos of soft substrata in the Swartkops Estuary, South Africa. S. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 8 349-355. [ Links ]
JASSBY AD, KIMMERER WJ, MONISMITH SG, ARMOR C, CLOERN JE, POWELL TM, SCHUBEL JR and VENDLINSKI TJ (1995) Isohaline positions as a habitat indicator for estuarine populations. Ecol. Appl. 5 272-289. [ Links ]
KANANDJEMBO AN, PLATELL ME and POTTER IC (2001)The benthic macroinvertebrate community of the upper reaches of an Australian estuary that undergoes marked seasonal changes in hydrology. Hydrol. Process. 15 2481-2501. [ Links ]
LANCASTER J and BELYEA LR (1997) Nested hierarchies and scale-dependence of mechanisms of flow refugium use. J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. 16 221-238. [ Links ]
LESTER RE and FAIRWEATHER PG (2009) Modelling future conditions in the degraded semi-arid estuary of Australia's largest river using ecosystem states. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 85 1-11. [ Links ]
MAGOULICK DD and KOBZA RM (2003) The role of refugia for fishes during drought: a review and synthesis. Freshwater Biol. 48 1186-1198. [ Links ]
MCLACHLAN A and ERASMUS T (1974) Temperature tolerances and osmoregulation in some estuarine bivalves. Zool. Afr. 9 1-13. [ Links ]
MCLEOD R and WING S (2008) Influence of an altered salinity regime on the population structure of two infaunal bivalve species. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 78 529-540. [ Links ]
MCMAHON RF (1996) The physiological ecology of the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, in North America and Europe. Am. Zool. 36 339-363. [ Links ]
MILLARD NAH and BROEKHUYSEN GJ (1970) The ecology of South African estuaries Part X: St Lucia: a second report. Zool. Afr. 5 277-307. [ Links ]
MONTAGNA PA, KALKE RD and RITTER C (2002) Effect of restored freshwater inflow on macrofauna and meiofauna in upper Rincon Bayou, Texas, USA. Estuaries 25 1436-1447. [ Links ]
NEL HA, PERISSINOTTO R, TAYLOR RH and CARRASCO NK (2011) Salinity tolerance of the bivalve Solen cylindraceus (Hanley, 1843) (Mollusca: Euheterodonta: Solenidae) in the St Lucia Estuary. Afr. Invert. 52 575-586. [ Links ]
NEL HA, PERISSINOTTO R and TAYLOR RH (2012) Diversity of bivalve molluscs in the St Lucia Estuary, with an annotated and illustrated checklist. Afr. Invert. 53 503-525. [ Links ]
NEL HA, PERISSINOTTO R and TAYLOR RH (2013) In situ growth rate of Solen cylindraceus (Mollusca: Euheterodonta: Solenidae) in the St Lucia estuarine lake, South Africa. Afr. Zool. 48 266-273. [ Links ]
OWEN RK and FORBES AT (1997) Salinity, floods and the infaunal macrobenthic community of the St Lucia Estuary, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Afr. J. Aquat. Sci. 23 14-30. [ Links ]
PERKINS EJ (1974) The Biology of Estuaries and Coastal Waters. Academic Press, London. 678 pp. [ Links ]
PILLAY D and PERISSINOTTO R (2008) The benthic macrofauna of the St Lucia Estuary during the 2005 drought year. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 77 35-46. [ Links ]
ROLSTON A and DITTMANN S (2009) The Distribution and Abundance of Macrobenthic Invertebrates in the Murray Mouth and Coorong Lagoons 2006 to 2008. Water for a Healthy Country National Research Flagship. CSIRO, Canberra. [ Links ]
SCHULZE RE (2006) Climate Change and Water Resources in Southern Africa. WRC Report No. 1430/1/05, Water Research Commission, Pretoria. [ Links ]
SEGNINI DE BRAVO MIS, CHUNG KS and PEREZ JE (1998) Salinity and temperature tolerances of the green and brown mussels, Perna viridis and Perna perna (Bivalvia: Mytilidae). Revista De Biol. Trop. 46 121-125. [ Links ]
SUNDARAM KS and SYED SHAFEE M (1989) Salinity tolerance of some bivalves of Ennore estuary. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India 31 299-302. [ Links ]
THRUSH SF, HEWITT JE, CUMMINGS V, ELLIS JI, HATTON C, LOHRER A and NORKKO A (2004) Muddy waters: elevating sediment input to coastal and estuarine habitats. Front. Ecol. Environ. 22 99-306. [ Links ]
WEERTS KA (1993) Salinity, sediments and the macrobenthic communities of Lake St Lucia. MSc Thesis, University of Natal, Durban. [ Links ]
WHITFIELD AK, BATE GC, FORBES T and TAYLOR RH (2013) Relinkage of the Mfolozi River to the St Lucia estuarine system -urgent imperative for the long-term management of a Ramsar and World Heritage Site. Aquat. Ecosyst. Health Manage. 16 104-110. [ Links ]
WHITFIELD AK and TAYLOR RH (2009) A review of the importance of freshwater inflow to the future conservation of Lake St Lucia. Aquat. Conserv.: Mar. Freshwater Ecosyst. 19 838-848. [ Links ]
YUAN W, WALTERS LJ, SCHNEIDER KR and HOFFMAN EA (2010) Exploring the survival threshold: A study of salinity tolerance of the non-native mussel Mytella charruana. J. Shellfish Res. 29 415-422. [ Links ]
Received 29 January 2014
Accepted in revised form 14 November 2014
* To whom all correspondence should be addressed. Current address: Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa +27 72 805-2141; e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com


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Among the many madnesses of Brexit is the licence it gives for loose talk about a united Ireland. As, for example, in a recent letter to The Irish Times from Sinn Féin president Gerry Adams: "the Good Friday Agreement… allows for Irish reunification in the context of a democratic vote: 50 per cent +1. I believe we can secure a greater margin, but ultimately that will be for the electorate. That's what democracy is about." There's a remarkable blitheness to this, but the Brexiteers have given some apparent substance to such insouciance. The simplest way to avoid a hard Border, after all, is to have no Border at all. And the European Union has quite explicitly – and quite remarkably – stated that Northern Ireland can automatically rejoin the EU at any time after Brexit takes effect if it agrees to a united Ireland.
But we need to slow down here. Yes, Brexit and the upsurge of English nationalism that drives it have created a deep existential crisis for the United Kingdom that will unfold over the next 20 years. And over that timeframe Irish unity is now much more likely than it was before. Northern Ireland voted against Brexit and will be very deeply and adversely affected by it. The crisis of authority that is already so evident in London is likely to become even more acute: any conceivable deal with the EU will reignite the uncivil wars in English politics. Scotland's resentment will deepen if an economic crisis results from a revolutionary change it emphatically rejected. Anarchy in the UK indeed. Any sensible unionist would be looking across the Irish Sea and asking – what the hell is it we are supposed to be united to?
I will be 60 next year, and before the Brexit vote I would not have put any money on my chances of seeing a united Ireland in my lifetime. But after that vote, I'd be glad to take a flutter. In some form, it now seems more likely than not, thanks in part to the Democratic Unionist Party. But it is an odd kind of likelihood, one that is simultaneously of great significance and scarcely worth talking about yet.
Belfast Agreement
In Adams's formula, it is all so simple. The Belfast Agreement allows for a Border poll; the poll is called and the nationalists beat the unionists by one vote. Voila!
The first problem with this is that Adams is actually wrong about the formula. It is not 50 per cent + 1 = a united Ireland. It is in fact 2x (50 per cent + 1) = a united Ireland. He likes to forget that there are two parties to this potential marriage. The citizens of the 26 counties have as much of a say in the matter as those of the six counties. The Irish Constitution, as amended specifically in the context of the Belfast Agreement in 1998, is explicit on the subject: "a united Ireland shall be brought about only by peaceful means with the consent of a majority of the people, democratically expressed, in both jurisdictions in the island".
The second problem arises directly from this need for a referendum south of the Border. It has always been a mistake to assume that the consent of the Republic's population to the creation of a new state can be taken for granted. Enthusiasm for Irish unity tends to increase the further into the future its achievement is postulated. (Make us whole, O Lord, but not yet.) That enthusiasm, moreover, is not unconditional. To put it bluntly (as no one ever does) southerners have no interest in inheriting a political wreck, or becoming direct participants in a gory sequel, Troubles III: the Orange Strikes Back. They will not vote for a form of unity that merely creates an angry and alienated Protestant minority within a bitterly contested new state.
Tribal majoritarianism
And this in turn brings us to the third problem. In the context of Ireland's future, 50 per cent + 1 is not, as Adams claims, "what democracy is about". That kind of crude, tribal majoritarianism is precisely what the Belfast Agreement is meant to finish off. Again, the new article 3 of the Constitution is a good guide: "It is the firm will of the Irish nation, in harmony and friendship, to unite all the people who share the territory of the island of Ireland, in all the diversity of their identities and traditions. . ." Harmony, friendship, diversity, multiplicity, a unity not of territory but of people – not: "We beat you by one vote so suck it up and welcome to our nation." Irish democracy has to be "about" the creation of a common polity in which minorities of different kinds can feel fully at home. We're not remotely there yet – on either side of the Border.
Pushing for a Border poll in which a majority of one vote would solve all our historic problems is as pointless as it is delusional. The ultimate cause of Irish unity is being very well served as things stand – by its sworn enemies. Its friends can serve it best by working to create a Republic of equals that might be worth joining.


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Grab a few cups of coffee, you're going to be here a while. Grab your firearms and gather them around (pointed in a safe direction of course), because they'll appreciate the work these people are doing to support them via the 2nd Amendment.
There is no particular order to these videos. They are simply a collection that I have found on YouTube over the years. They deal with a wide variety of topics, all of which are informational and important (and some quite entertaining).


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Do I Have To Water My Wildflowers?Your wildflower seeds will require ample moisture to germinate and develop into
How frequently you water your newly planted area will depend on local rainfall and soil types. In the western United States you may need to water every day. In the south, central and eastern regions of the United States you may need to water every couple of days. In the southwest desert region, several waterings a day might be needed until your plants are well established.
After your seedlings are 1 to 2 inches in height, watering should be gradually reduced and applied only if the plants show signs of stress.
On larger projects that cannot be irrigated, plant in the fall or early spring during the months when rainfall is usually abundant. If adequate moisture is not received by natural rainfall and irrigation is not possible at your planting site, you may run the risk of disappointing results during a dry year.
Index | Photos | Growing Info | Seed Sources | Web Links | Mixes | Zone Map


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Permitted Development England
How to build a
home extension without Planning Permission using your PD rights - Oct. 1st
September 2010 - Code
Summary of Case (appeal
The property is a two-storey
semi-detached house, with a hipped roof. In 2008 planning permission (reference H/01121/08) was granted for
various works. These works included a two-storey side extension, which would have had a hipped roof with a
ridge-line at a slightly lower level than the main ridge-line. These works also included a small rear dormer,
which would have been located entirely on the original main rear roof slope.
The above works have been
constructed, but with several differences. The main ridge-line has been extended sideways, such that the pitch
of the main hipped roof has been increased. A much larger rear dormer has been constructed, which is located not
only on the original part of the main rear roof slope but also on the extended part of the main rear roof slope.
The application was for a certificate of lawfulness, which appears to be on the basis that the larger rear
dormer was permitted development (e.g. no more than 50m3, etc).
The Inspector stated the
"After examining the
information before me and carrying out my site visit, I consider that the dormer is physically inseparable from
the main roof of the house which has itself been the subject of works including a roof extension over a new two
storey side extension. Evidence indicates that the two storey extension and the roof extensions (including the
dormer) were constructed as one operation. Consequently, it is my view that the dormer should be considered as
an integral part of one building operation which includes the construction of roof extensions and the two storey
side extension.
I now need to look at
whether "the rear dormer for loft conversion" constitutes permitted development. If the works to the roof were
to be considered without being part of an operation which included the erection of two storey side extension,
the dormer would be permitted development for the purposes of Article 3 and Class B of Part 1 to Schedule 2 of
the Town and Country Planning (General Permitted Development) Order 1995 ("the GPDO"). In this context, the
additions to the roof do not exceed the highest part of the existing roof and the works do not extend beyond the
plane of any existing roof slope which fronts a highway. The Council has estimated that the roof extension
volume is 37.4 cubic metres (less than 50 cubic metres) and the dwellinghouse is not on Article 1(5)
However, for the reasons
set out in paragraph 8, I believe that the dormer should not be looked at in isolation. Rather, the dormer
should be considered as an integral part of one building operation which includes the roof extensions and also
the two storey side extension. Whilst the roof extensions would be permitted development, this would not be the
case with the two storey side extension. Class A of Part 1 to Schedule 2 of the GPDO does permit the enlargement
of a dwellinghouse provided certain criteria are met. Paragraph A.1(h) of Class A relates to the enlarged part
of a dwellinghouse which would extend beyond a wall forming a side elevation of the original dwellinghouse. Here
development is not permitted if the enlarged part would, amongst other matters, have more than one storey. It
follows that the two storey side extension is not permitted development.
Given that the works the
subject of this appeal form part of an operation which includes other works (the two storey side extension)
which are not permitted development, the rear dormer, as part of the larger operation, cannot benefit from
rights under the GPDO. I therefore find
that in this particular case the dormer is not permitted development under Class B of Part 1 to Schedule 2 of
the GPDO."
It is not possible as a single
operation to erect an extension where part of it has been granted planning permission by the Council and the
other part is permitted development.[Relevant to: "General"].
Links to the "Appeal Decision
Notice" and other associated documents (e.g. drawings, etc):
· Appeal Decision
· 2008 Planning
Download documents and diagrams of
Permitted Development
©2020 - Christopher Hunt :: This page
last updated:


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Curated Information and News About Epigenetics
Understanding Epigenetics
Definition: The term epigenetics, which was coined by Waddington in 1942, was derived from the Greek word "epigenesis" which originally described the influence of genetic processes on development.1
♦Epigenetics: The Science of Change (PDF)
♦How Dad's Stresses Get Passed Along to Offspring: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-dads-stresses-get-passed-along-to-offspring
¹Waddington C.H. "The epigenotype". Endeavour 1: 18–20 (1942)


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The Legacy of Farrell B. Howell, First Native American Principal in DPS
All schools in DPS rest on the ancestral homelands of the Cheyanne, Arapahoe and Ute Nations, and the community acknowledges this with respect. But one school holds a special honor — it is named after the first Native American principal in our district.
In 2006, a new ECE-8th grade school opened its doors in Northeast Denver. The school's namesake, 30-year DPS educator and principal, Farrell B. Howell (Tee-da-dee-kucks – War Cry), was no stranger to education. The son of two educators, Howell was born in 1941 and grew up in the Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma where his mother and father taught at the boy's dormitory school on the reservation.
His father, Stacy Howell, (Ca-he-kee – Leader) was a full blood chief of the Pumpkin Vine Clan, in the Skidi band of Pawnee.


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Contact Information
Fred Giovannitti can be found exclusively, by appointment, at his private studio in Lewes, DE.
My rates are as follows (once a project proposal is accepted):
- All accepted project proposals ultimately require an in-person consultation.
For new clients: $50 consultation fee (Payable in advance via email invoice. Non-refundable. Does not apply to tattoo procedure costs. Does not guarantee project proposal acceptance.)
- Once a project is accepted:
Session fee: $150 per hour with a 3 hour minimum per session. 5 hour max. (New clients are limited to a maximum of one session every 2 weeks)
Project proposals can be made by filling out the New Client Application Form HERE.


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Starting a Business with No Energy, How I Stay Motivated
When I started Morrise Products last year, I was concerned that I wouldn't be able to actually sit in my office in the basement and work for 8+ hours a day when there was no external pressure being applied to me. For many years, I have had extremely low energy, a combination of anxiety, low testosterone, 10 kids, and some other factor that I have yet to figure out, though I know it isn't sleep apnea, this goofy picture of me is from the sleep study I did to rule that one out. This, added to my high level of distractability, I have been diagnosed with ADHD, was not a good combination for getting things done.
I know from experience that when I have something that has to be done, like a job where I am expected to be working all the time, or a school class, I can do it, and then I come home and crash. However, this new venture was me directing me. Over the first few months, when I had no idea what I was doing, this was especially hard, but I am pleased that I have actually done pretty well despite. Below in list fashion are the things that I think enabled me to push past these issues and stay focused and on task, for the most part.
- To Do Lists – When I start the day, I make a list of everything that needs to get done that day. Those tasks give me a purpose for the day, and also keep me working on the things that are important to grow my business, instead of the easy to do but unnecessary types of things that I would otherwise be doing. For example, I find I can check my email 600 times a day if I am not paying attention.
- Schedule – If I know I am going to work starting at 8:00 and then have lunch from 12:00 – 1:00 and then work again until 6:00, I can usually stick to that. It may result in some solitaire every now and again, but solitaire gets pretty boring after a short time and working becomes preferable.
- Events – Early on, I started going to events on a weekly basis. These local events, sponsored by various local entities, have been primarily educational experiences, business owners talking about how they were successful and lessons on how to grow a business types of things. This not only gives me a break from the basement, but also teaches and encourages me.
- Collaboration – Finding other people to collaborate with not only gives me other people to work with, making things more enjoyable, but it also gives me someone to be accountable to. If I have a project of my own and I am not making progress, I only have to answer to myself, but if someone else expects something of me, I have to be proactive.
- Consulting – I have a couple of consulting activities that I do that help me stay focused. For example, I work 2 days a week at my previous employment, which gives me a requirement twice a week that I can't push off. I also help local university students a couple times a week on their senior engineering design project. These types of work give me a place I have to be a few times a week, along with some consistent pay which is always nice.
Overall, I have found that setting expectations for myself helps me to work harder and feel like I am accomplishing what needs to be accomplished. I definitely have room for improvement, but am coming along. What tips do you have for staying motivated?


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The newly-arrested gang is said to have been based around 'hacksector', an internet forum focused on hacking and the exchange of stolen credit card information
"Although the internet is by-and-large a wonderful thing, there are some corners of the worldwide web which are dedicated to crime. The price of freedom-of-speech is that sites exist where people are given free reign to discuss how to make other peoples' lives a misery," said Graham Cluley, senior technology consultant for Sophos.
The raids and consequential arrests were made in