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Tags Lynne Stewart
Tag: Lynne Stewart
Prison Panthers and awakening the Black radical
I have always said that if you want to understand the nature of a thing, you must research its origin. I would venture to say that the iconic freedom fighter and servant of the people Malcolm X was the first "Prison Panther," although he was not known officially as such. However, when Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale founded the Black Panther Party for Self Defense in 1966 at Merritt College in Oakland, California, the legacy of their hero, OUR HERO, Malcolm X was on their mind.
Fight Toxic Prisons National Convergence is in Texas this June
In its mission to challenge the prison systems that are putting prisoners and surrounding communities and ecosystems at risk of dangerous environmental conditions, the Campaign to Fight Toxic Prisons is taking its second annual convergence to Texas this year. In Denton and Ft. Worth on June 2-5, the gathering of activists from around the country will feature speakers, panels, workshops, protests and cultural activities, including an art show and hip-hop performances.
Lynne Stewart, people's lawyer, freedom fighter, presente!
Lynne Stewart, after 78 winters in America, has died, after battling for years against breast cancer. But those were just some of her battles and, like most of us, she won some and lost some. But she never stopped fighting! For decades, she and her husband, Ralph Poynter, fought for New York's political activists and revolutionaries, like Black Panthers and Young Lords, a Puerto Rican socialist collective. But mostly, they fought for the freedom of the poor and dispossessed of New York's Black and Brown ghettoes. Lynne Stewart was an officer of her clients, a People's Lawyer, beloved and respected. May she ever be so.
Free Rev. Pinkney!
Rev. Edward Pinkney is the kind of preacher that Martin Luther King would have admired. Pinkney has for years advocated for his community, fighting for water rights, fair elections and social justice for the people of Benton Harbor, Michigan. Because of his political activities, he's been targeted by the government, tried by the Michigan political machine before an all-white jury and, with no evidence, convicted of allegedly altering five petition dates!
Messing with Major
Major George Tillery is a Pennsylvania lifer, 65, who confronted SCI Mahanoy Superintendent John Kerestes over Mumia Abu-Jamal's deteriorating health. Prison authorities retaliated against Major Tillery – repeatedly ransacked his cell and denied him medical treatment for seeking medical assistance for Mumia and other prisoners. Tillery was transferred to SCI Frackville and then falsely charged with drug possession, disciplined and given six months in "the hole."
Wanda's Picks for October 2014
Sunday, Oct. 12, marks our 19th Annual Maafa Commemoration. This is a time when we gather to remember our African ancestors, especially those who endured the transatlantic slave trade or the Middle Passage, the Black Holocaust. It is a time for Pan Africans to gather and celebrate life and recommit ourselves to the work of liberation: spiritual, psychological, economic and political.
Free all political prisoners: National Jericho Movement Conference, new effort to...
The Jericho Movement is stepping up its work to free political prisoners, especially those caught in FBI Director Edgar Hoover's COINTELPRO web. Nineteen members of the Black Panther Party are in prison today. Collectively they have been incarcerated for 800 years. Jericho has long been a supporter of Nebraska's political prisoners, Wopashitwe Mondo Eyen we Langa (né David Rice) and Ed Poindexter, known as the Omaha 2.
Wanda's Picks for February 2014
I am recovering from a huge blow – my computer was taken along with other personal irreplaceable items. We stopped by Loon Point to visit the shore before driving back to the San Francisco Bay Area Jan. 30. It was early, we'd just finished our first session of the Winter Quarter. We left our luggage in view in our cohort's car. In Oakland, we'd not have done that, but somehow the seashore, mountains and quiet terrain deceptively seduced us.
Sekou Odinga and Dequi Kioni-Sadiki: Marriage in a prison visiting room
My friend Dequi Kioni-Sadiki is a schoolteacher and grandmother in her early 50s who's married to a former Black Panther serving time upstate. Dequi met her husband, Sekou Odinga, a few years ago, in the course of her activist work, visiting prisoners in New York State. Dequi and Sekou fell in love and were married almost three years ago. You think something's wrong with Dequi for getting involved with a prisoner?
Judge orders Lynne Stewart's release
"This morning, the government, meaning the United States Attorney's Office for the Southern District of New York, on behalf of the Bureau of Prisons, filed a motion before federal Judge John Koeltl, requesting that Lynne Stewart be re-sentenced to time served," said Bob Boyle, one of Stewart's lawyers. Boyle says he fully expects Stewart to be released in the next few days and return to New York City, where she will live with her son.
'Help bring me home for the holidays,' a life and death...
I need to ask once again for your assistance in forcing the Bureau of Prisons to grant my compassionate release. They have been stonewalling since August and my life expectancy, as per my cancer doctor, is down to 12 months. They know that I am fully qualified and that over 40,000 people have signed on to force them to do the right thing, which is to let me go home to my family and to receive advanced care in New York City. Yet they refuse to act.
The 'compassion' of empire: Herman and Lynne await
Several years ago, the global human rights group Amnesty International issued an extraordinary appeal to Louisiana Gov. Bobby Jindal to grant compassionate release to 72-year-old former Black Panther and political prisoner Herman Wallace, who has recently been diagnosed with terminal liver cancer, after losing some 50 pounds in less than six months.
White House vigil for Lynne Stewart's compassionate release starts Monday, June...
The continuing campaign to gain compassionate release for Lynne Stewart – the grievously ill, imprisoned human rights attorney – is headed to Washington, D.C. with a continuing vigil in front of the White House starting on Monday, June 17. Despite being approved for compassionate release, Stewart continues to be held in Carswell Federal Prison in seriously deteriorating health.
July 8, 2013: United KAGE Brothers' demands
We, the United KAGE (Kings Against Genocidal Environments) Brothers, welcome you to our communion. We aim to unite and unionize the movement from within the belly of the beast to without. We wish to unite all people, regardless of color, race, creed, gender or sexuality. We all have much in common when dealing with prejudices and classism.
Compassionate release for Lynne Stewart now!
A worldwide embrace to all of the thousands of people who helped me! As my hero said, we are motivated by great feelings of love and compassion, and I am fortunate to be the beneficiary this time around. To savor this victory, you all should know that the Carswell Prison authorities kept telling me "it can't be done." You don't qualify. Why bother? Wait till you are closer to death!
Bring Lynne Stewart home!
This week there have been enormous developments in the worldwide campaign to gain compassionate release for imprisoned people's lawyer Lynne Stewart. The wheels are beginning to turn. We must redouble all efforts! Please sign or re-sign the petition for compassionate release for Lynne Stewart. Keep the pressure on!
The global campaign to save the life of Lynne Stewart gathers...
Lynne Stewart devoted over 30 years of her life to helping others as a criminal defense lawyer. She defended the poor, the disadvantaged and those targeted by the police and the state. Now Lynne Stewart needs our urgent help or she may die in prison. Our determination can compel the Bureau of Prisons to file the motion for compassionate release that will free Lynne Stewart.
Imprisoned human rights attorney Lynne Stewart denied cancer treatment
Civil rights attorney and political prisoner Lynne Stewart needs help. She fought breast cancer two years ago, apparently successfully, but now the cancer is spreading. Her condition is treatable. But authorities have denied her request for transfer from her Texas prison to the New York City hospital where she received expert medical attention before.
Wanda's Picks for January 2013
This year, on the 150 anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation, we all need to heed the words of Sister Jayne Cortez: "And if we don't fight / if we don't resist / if we don't organize and unify and / get the power to control our own lives / Then we will wear / the exaggerated look of captivity ..." And don't miss Wanda's excellent, no holds barred reviews of "Django Unchained," "Lincoln and "Red Hook Summer," plus Dr. King birthday events listing and much more
We need Lynne Stewart back on the front lines
Ralph Poynter, the husband of Lynne Stewart, spoke at the National Lawyers Guild convention last month. As his speaking time was running out, well before the culmination of his remarks, he called upon convention delegates to stand as a commitment of support for Lynne's struggle for justice and freedom. Guild members responded with a prolonged and thunderous standing ovation.
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Ideas On How To Successfully Enhance Your Home
The approach of spring usually encourages owners to start considering home enhancements and repairs. Residence improvement tasks also require that you simply make a plan of the time-frame and the totally different changes you might be about to make, since you don't want the home to stay in a house enchancment part for too long, it is best to take into consideration what needs to be completed, and when to do it. Most residence owners favor to make indoor changes in winter, taking care of the living rooms and the kitchen, the spring and summer are a superb time to make changes to the roof, to any concrete work you will have in your property, set up of recent things in the garden or backyard and work on the house shutters.
These enhancements add to the dwelling amenity of the house's homeowners and usually add worth to the house. Whereas repairs alternatively is something you to decelerate or stop any depreciation that may be occurring on your private home or property. Capital improvements are those house improvements that will ultimately help cut back your taxes.
Home enchancment grants are distributed to American homeowners who're both in need of repairs which can be detrimental to the protection and basic upkeep of the property in query. Residence improvement is very general term for the changes which you could make within the interior of your home, the household rooms, the kitchen and the home workplace, or the changes that you may make in your backyard or backyard, patio or porch.
Holmes on Properties takes examples of renovations or repairs which were improperly carried out and shows how they should have been carried out. Bathe improvements: Including grab bars is one thing however it is also necessary to provide easy access, a chair to sit on, and a hand-held bathe system that's easily reached from a sitting position.
The third kind of house improvement adjustments you may make involved the skin of the house, and usually the elemental things that make your own home, these are generally a bit tougher and you have to to consider possibly getting some professional help for these duties, unless you already know what you're doing.
House enchancment tax credits apply for enhancements made between January 1, 2006 and December 31, 2007. Installation of shingles or alternative of previous ones cost somewhere from $2-$4 per square foot whereas flashing around the chimney prices about $300-$500.
Carter Can focuses on owners who suppose their projects are too costly or time consuming or require extra ability than they possess. With so many residence enchancment TELEVISION exhibits on cable, it's simple to find whole channels dedicated to the art of making residence repairs or enhancements your self.

subset: commoncrawl


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Designer News
Where the design community meets.
Designer Joined about 5 years ago
This is gold.
The Futur (more entrepreneurial stuffs for designers) https://www.youtube.com/user/TheSkoolRocks
The Futur Academy (more actual design content) https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCqHuGF2axS8Yf89r1tUVS_A/featured
Satori Graphics https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCoeJKtPJLoIBqWq4o8TDLpA/featured
Bont (by Adrián Somoza) https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCrSd3NeTWwz1cPgzp8BAqYg/featured
Designer News
Where the design community meets.
Designer News is a large, global community of people working or interested in design and technology.
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Feast your eyes…
As we celebrate family and fellowship on today's Turkey Day holiday, we'd also like to give thanks for the blessings of beards during "No-Shave November" a.k.a. "Movember."
The tradition which is meant to grow awareness of men's health by embracing hair, which many cancer patients lose, is in full swing and there's a bevy of beautiful beards tumbling down timelines.
Luckily for you, we've compiled a list of panty melters whose fantastic facial follicles are eliciting heart-eyes and look more mouth-watering than when your Aunt with the good mac and cheese finally shows up to dinner.
Pick up a plate and get a taste of some Thanksgiving bearded blessings on the flip.
Skyh Alvester
"Sistas" star Skyh Alvester Black is fine and beautifully bearded.
He's also talented and racking up acting gigs including not only "Sistas" but the Tyler Perry Studios/BET+ series "All The Queen's Men" where he plays Amp "Addiction" Anthony, a sexy dancer with a hidden past.
In real life, he's a multi-hyphenate who previously danced background for Beyoncé and attended actress Tasha Smith's L.A. acting school.
"I went into an acting class, which was Tasha Smith's acting class here in LA…I started there and what it was for me, it was therapy," he told ESSENCE. "I went to class and I just became so enthralled and submerged myself in everything that was my craft for a couple of years. I just learned by listening to stories or researching, and every Monday for three hours I would just be in my class. It just developed into this thing because anything you want you're going to find out information of how to get it done. So that is where I would say it was therapy for me."
The actor is currently dating his "Sistas" costar KJ Smith—that lucky girl.
See more bearded blessings like Skyh Avlester Black below.
Godwin Asamoah recently turned heads by walking in Rihanna's Savage x Fenty Fashion show.
The Ghanaian drawls destroyer has been garnering attention on social media where he boasts over 43,000 followers. Along with modeling for Rih's lingerie line, he's also modeled for Estee Lauder.
Happy No-Shave November, indeed.
See more bearded blessings like Godwin Asamoah below.
Can we really talk about bearded blessings without discussing Tyler Lepley? No, no we can't.
The very fine "P-Valley" star has been racking up heart-eyes for years with stints on "Tales" and Tyler Perry's "The Haves and The Have Nots" but recently social media can't stop salivating over the panty melter.
Tyler previously told XONecole that despite being a pure panty melter now, he wasn't always this smooth. In fact, he said he was bullied about his looks. Eventually, he developed the self-confidence to ignore detractors and fully embrace himself.
"I grew up being teased because I was the only black kid in an all-white school," said Lepley. "I had to overcome always seeking outside validation because when you don't get it, you feel like crap on the inside. I'm mixed so growing up, I didn't know how to do my hair. I was trying to put pomade and hairspray in it and it wasn't working. Everyone around me said I wasn't cool but one day I looked in the mirror and I said I liked how I looked. It's about loving yourself without having to go through someone else to tell you you're good enough."
Tyler is of course dating model Miracle Watts and he was recently spotted on baecation in Mexico with the stunner.
See more bearded blessings like Tyler Lepley below.
A happy No-Shave November goes out to skivvies sizzler Broderick Hunter.
Broderick is a model and actor hailing from California who previously appeared on "Insecure." He nabbed a role on the second season of Issa's show after a chance DM between him and the series creator led to an audition.
"The first season, Issa was getting a lot of buzz with ['Insecure'] and I had written a comment saying, 'Hey this is an awesome show, keep up the good work.' She liked the comment and then she followed me back," Broderick told WWD. "A few months passed and I wrote her a DM and said, 'Hey, really love the show, keep up the good work, you're inspiring us as a people.' She didn't even know I DM'd her. We're skipping ahead to a year-and-a-half later, when season two starts taping, and she reaches back out to me and is like, 'I didn't even see this message, I'm a huge fan of you, too, I want to bring you on the show.' I was like, oh snap. So I auditioned and ended up on 'Insecure.'"
Broderick is also dating fellow model Mariama Diallo.
See more bearded blessings like Broderick Hunter below.
Actor Lawrence H. Robinson is another beautifully bearded standout.
The West Philadelphia native who's starring in the BET+ holiday film "The Business of Christmas 2" and BET's "Sistas", routinely steals hearts on Instagram with his chocolatey skin and adorable dimples.
He recently told The Undefeated that he has plans to get into directing.
"Acting is my ultimate goal, but I just got the directing bug," said Robinson." It happened on the set of "The Business of Christmas." Maybe because I'm one of the leads. When you're doing a film, you collaborate with a director. Like … 'What do you see yourself doing? How do you feel about this?' I'm not directing, of course. But my opinion matters. So, I'd like to be on the other side and tell the actor, 'I see Noah Franklin doing this.' It just felt good to have a voice on set.
"When the director calls action, everyone has to be quiet. There's a lot of power in that," he added.
See more bearded blessings for your Thanksgiving viewing pleasure like Lawrence H. Robinson below.
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Blowout Blessings: Michelle Obama's Hairstylist Reveals 'Secret' To Forever FLOTUS' Flourishing Curls
#SavorTheCulture Char & Deveen Dive Into Plantain Destination, BunNan BK
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text: Track Title: Remember (Walking In The Sand) Album Title: 60's Top Of The Pop Hits, vol. 1, disc 6 Prime Artist: The Shangri-Las Written by: George Morton (shadow) Lyrics: REMEMBER, WALKIN IN THE SAND The Shangri-Las written by George "Shadow" Morton - #5 hit for The Shangri-Las in 1964 Seems like the other day My baby went away He went away 'cross the sea It's been two years or so Since I saw my baby go And then this letter came for me It said that we were through He found somebody new Oh, let me think, let me think, what can I do? Oh no, oh no, oh no no no no no CHORUS: (remember) walkin' in the sand (remember) walkin' hand in hand (remember) the night was so exciting (remember) smile was so inviting (remember) then he touched my cheek (remember) with his fingertips Softly, softly we'd meet with our lips Whatever happened to The boy that I once knew? The boy who said he'd be true Oh, what will happen to The life I gave to you? What will I do with it now? CHORUS TO FADE


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China's Cyberspace Affairs Commission (CAC) has released the second batch of approved blockchain projects, 309 in total by companies in the financial services, healthcare, auto manufacturing, e-commerce, and logistics sectors.
Why it matters: The expanded list of approved projects reflects a growing acceptance from China's internet authorities toward applications for blockchain technology including financial and public services.
- The move comes as the People's Bank of China (PBOC) presses ahead with its planned digital currency project, which could make it the first central bank to issue virtual money at a large scale.
- Digital asset management and blockchain-based financial services feature heavily in the second batch of approved projects.
Details: Traditional sectors such as finance are embracing and implementing blockchain technology in various aspects of their operations.
- More than 50 registered blockchain services from the new list are for digital asset management, wallet services, and other financial services including projects from major financial institutions such as the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, Ping An Bank, and China UnionPay.
- Projects by Chinese tech giants also made it on the list, including blockchain-as-a-service (BaaS) platforms by JD.com, Alibaba Cloud, Baidu, and Huawei Cloud.
- The list includes government entities as well. For example, the State Administration of Foreign Exchange's blockchain-based platform for cross-border payments, Hangzhou Internet Notary Office's blockchain-powered repository service, and the Tax Bureau of the State Administration of Taxation's blockchain electronic invoice system are included in the most recent batch.
New proposed rules could rock China's blockchain industry. Here's what they mean
Context: While the trading of cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin is outlawed in the country, blockchain technology is used across different industries in China, such as financial services, public services, healthcare, logistics, and manufacturing.
- The CAC released draft regulations for blockchain-based services in October 2018, aiming to promote "orderly development" of the emerging technology in the country. The draft rules, which came into effect on February 15, require companies to implement real-name registration, maintain correspondence with authorities, and provide relevant information as requested.
- On March 30, the CAC released the list of blockchain information services that have successfully registered with the filing management system. The first list included 197 registered blockchain projects.


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Microwave Research & Applications, Inc.
190 Easy Street Unit A
Carol Stream, Illinois 60188
Phone 630-480-7456 Fax 630-480-7458
The BP-310 laboratory microwave from Microwave Research and Applications, Inc. is a time and power level process based microwave that incorporates our exclusive True-To-Power™ power control system that controls the microwave power level with an infinite number of power levels. This power adjustment system does not adjust the power level by pulsing the microwave power, but actually changes the instantaneous microwave power level much like a light dimmer switch changes light levels. This level of power control allows almost an infinite control of the microwave power for precise processing for even the most sensitive or small samples. With this level of power control, the BP-310 is ideal for critical processes or small samples that may become damaged by microwaves using on and off pulsing as a means of power control.
The BP-310 is compact and has the corrosion resistance of the electronics, door with its important microwave choke and other sensitive components to make this microwave a good choice for your digestion, extraction, ashing or other heating applications of corrosive or harsh materials. The microwave cavity and housing are stainless steel and there is a high volume fan that pulls fresh air into the microwave cavity, and then sweeps the fumes into a ducted exhaust plenum that can be connected directly into your fume hood system or house air handling system, preventing the build-up of fumes in the cavity. While it is impossible to eliminate the corrosion that occurs during chemical processing, our corrosion resistant treatment significantly extends the life of the microwave.
This microwave is a great choice for many analytical chemical or general laboratory uses! Add a high temperature muffle and this microwave can be used for ashing.
BP-310 laboratory microwave
The BP-310 uses our exclusive True-To-Power™ power control system that allows you to set virtually any power setting from just a few watts to full power without the ON-OFF power cycling or potential damage to small or sensitive samples. It works much like a dining room light dimmer switch, and it changes the microwave power level without ON-OFF pulsing. This allows for a very controllable power level and processing of even extremely small or sensitive samples. The addition of an optional temperature probe allows you to monitor sample temperature during processing.
BP-310 control panel with power adjustment knob
Nominal values
|Output power
|1000 microwave watts
|Required input power
|120 volt, 60 Hz., Dedicated 15-amp line
|Output power
|1,000 watts maximum variable by duty cycling, 5 levels
|Outer 20.5" w x 16" d x 12.125" h nominal (W/O handle)
Cavity 13.875" w x 14.625" d x 8.125" h nominal
|Weight/Shipping weight
|40/45 pounds
|Operating frequency
|2.45 GHz (an internationally regulated ISM frequency)
|Cavity exhaust
Powered, 15 cfm. Includes 8 feet of chemical resistant flexible duct to connect to exhaust system. Includes 2 stainless steel clamps for ease of mounting
|Cavity and housing material
|Corrosion resistant stainless steel
|Electronics cooling
|High volume for long life
Fully safety tested for microwave leakage, electrical safety and operation.


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Your World Seamlessly Monitored
Your World Seamlessly Monitored
Battery-Powered Self-Contained Process Signal Monitoring Solution
- OleumTech® field-proven technology running on the
global Sigfox Low-Power Wide Area (LPWA) network
- 1 analog input: 4-20 mA or 0-10 Vdc
- 1 discrete/digital input
- 9-30 Vdc external power or optional battery
- Battery life up to 8 years1
- IP66, -40 °C to 80 °C (-40 °F to 176 °F)
- Industrially-hardened self-contained design
- A global solution – Zones RCZ1/2/4
- Remote antenna-ready option available
Easiest Way to Get Data in the Cloud
The OleumTech® Sigfox Ready SFX-AD81 Wireless Analog/Discrete Transmitter is designed for deployment anywhere in the world that Sigfox has network coverage. By leveraging the Sigfox Low Power Wide Area (LPWA) network, you can take advantage of the world's leading Internet of Things (IoT) connectivity service, offering a software-based communications solution where all the network and computing complexity is managed in the Sigfox CLOUD™.
Inherently Secure
The Sigfox Ready Transmitters take advantage of the built-in firewall since they are not directly connected to the internet and do not use Internet Protocol. Layered on top of this secure foundation, OleumTech provisions each device with a unique symmetrical authentication key. Each message sent by the transmitter contains a cryptographic token that is computed based on this authentication key and verified by each Sigfox Base Station.
Deploy Anywhere
The SFX-AD81 is equipped with a 24-bit high resolution analog input (AI). The input can be configured for 4-20mA or 0-10 Vdc mode. The SFX-AD81 is also equipped with a discrete/digital input (DI) for alarms and exception reporting when critical state changes occur. The SFX-AD81 is designed for general purpose use in non-hazardous locations.
Extremely Reliable
The Sigfox architecture is based on multiple base stations receiving each broadcasted and repeated message building redundancy into the solution. Data Integrity, availability and confidentiality are at the core of the offering.
|Sigfox Radio Zones/Regions Supported
|∙ RCZ1: Europe, Oman, South Africa | Certificate ID: P_009D_53CD_01
|∙ RCZ2: USA, Canada, Mexico, Brazil | Certificate ID: P_009D_D78E_01
|∙ RCZ4: Australia, New Zealand, Colombia, Peru, Singapore | Certificate ID: P_009D_C7B7_01
|Wirelessly Connects To
|∙ Sigfox Base Stations
|Data Reporting Modes
|∙ Analog Input: On Interval or DIN State Change / Discrete Input: On Interval or DIN State Change
|Device Functionality
|∙ General Purpose IoT Wireless Transmitter with Analog and Discrete Inputs
|Embedded Controller
|∙ Ultra-Low Power RISC Microcontroller with Internal FLASH (Field Upgradeable)
|∙ OleumTech Sigfox Configuration Tool via RS232 (Mini-USB Port)
|Analog Input
|∙ 1 Analog Input (4-20 mA/0-10 Vdc - Jumper Selectable), 24-bit ADC
|Discrete Input
|∙ 1 Discrete/Digital Input
|Input: 0-30 Vdc, Dry Contact, Open-drain Output/NPN devices, Debounce Filter 0 - 2000 ms
|Input as an Event Counter: Up to 50 Hz, 32-bit Value, Count High/Low/All, RAM Only (Volatile Data)
|Device Diagnostics
|∙ Health Tag: Supply Voltage
|∙ 5" (W) x 12.8" (H) x 4.25" (D) / 127 mm (W) x 325 mm (H) x 108 mm (D)
|Package Dimensions
|∙ 10.25" (W) x 14" (H) x 6.5" (D) / 260 mm (W) x 356 mm (H) x 165 mm (D)
|∙ Net: 3.0 lbs / 1.4 kg ; Gross: 4.0 lbs / 1.8 kg
|Connection Fittings
|∙ (3) 3/4" NPT Female (2 Plugged)
|Enclosure Casing Material
|∙ Aluminum, NEMA 4X, IP66
|Mounting Holes
|∙ (4) M5 Female Threads; Horizontal Spacing: 2.76" (70 mm); Vertical Spacing: 3.70" (94 mm)
|Power Source
|∙ Internal 3.6 Vdc Lithium Battery and, or External 9-30 Vdc Power (Auto-Switching)
|Output Power Using Battery
|∙ Supplies 12 V, 20 mA Max Total to Analog Sensors (Use External Power Source If Not Using Battery)
|Sensor Power Up Delay
|∙ When Using Battery: 500 ms default (0-30 sec range) / When Using External Power: 100 ms
|Internal Battery Life
|∙ Up to 8 Years, Based on User Defined Reporting Intervals
|Power Consumption @ 9 Vdc
|∙ Idle: ~7.05 mA / Transmit: ~137.14 mA
|Power Consumption @ 30 Vdc
|∙ Idle: ~10.67 mA / Transmit: ~51.76 mA
|∙ FCC Part 15 (USA), IC ICES-003 (Canada), ACMA (Australia)
|∙ CAN/CSA-C22.2 No. 61010-1-2012
|∙ UL Std. No. 61010-1-2012
|∙ Device is not intended for use in hazardous locations
|Operating Conditions
|∙ Ambient Temperature (Non-Hazardous Applications): -40 °C to 80 °C (-40 °F to 176 °F)
|∙ Humidity: 0 to 99 %, Non-Condensing
|∙ 2-Year Parts and Labor
|Country of Origin
|Model Number(s)
|∙ RCZ1: SFX-RCZ1-AD81 / Remote Antenna-Ready Option, N Connector: SFX-RCZ1-AD81-P
|∙ RCZ2: SFX-RCZ2-AD81 / Remote Antenna-Ready Option, N Connector: SFX-RCZ1-AD81-P
|∙ RCZ4: SFX-RCZ4-AD81 / Remote Antenna-Ready Option, N Connector: SFX-RCZ1-AD81-P
|Battery Model Number
|∙ Use Only SX1000-BP2, 3.6 V Lithium Battery Pack
|Configuration Cable
|∙ WX-1001-CA2, 15-ft USB to Mini-USB Cable or SX1000-CC2, 20-ft All-in-One Configuration Cable
- OleumTech field-proven technology running on the global Sigfox Low-Power Wide Area (LPWA) network
- 1x analog input + 1x discrete/pulse counter input
- User configurable analog input: 4-20 mA or 0-10 Vdc
- Discrete input supports 0-30 Vdc, dry contact, open-drain output/NPN devices, and pulse counter (up to 2 KHz)
- Supports 9-30 Vdc line-power or optional internal battery
- Battery life up to 8 years
- NEMA 4X / IP66 / -40 °C to 80 °C
- Designed for non-hazardous locations
- A global solution: supports RCZ 1/2/4
- Remote antenna-ready option available


text: This section includes advice for high school students planning on attending college as well as college underclassmen. Preparing for College is specifically for high school students, even freshmen, who are planning to get a college degree. Information found in Choosing a College provides new perspectives on selecting a college, even if one is unsure of their intended major. Succeeding in College is for high school students as well as college underclassmen to help them transition to an education environment that is markedly different from what they experienced in high school.


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When NASA's Apollo 13 mission to the moon in 1970 was aborted after launch, the ground crew's objective was to bring the crew back alive. But with the lunar module 330,000 km above Earth, how could they figure out what to do next?
NASA had a model of the spacecraft on Earth, and engineers were able to use that to test and plan the rescue mission. The modern-day version of these systems is called digital twins, where engineers can test different scenarios in a virtual environment, before, during and after they build any physical parts.
"The ultimate vision for the digital twin is to create, test and build our equipment in a virtual environment," according to John Vickers, a founder of the concept and a leading manufacturing expert at NASA. The agency turned to these because it's much cheaper than the cost of failed missions.
We take a look at how digital twins are now being used to design, build and operate everything from cars to cities.
Dynamic replicas
The emerging autonomous and electric vehicles industries are examples of how digital twins are being used. Tesla has a digital twin of every car it builds, with data constantly exchanged between the car and factory. It uses these to constantly tweak and test performance and push out new software to the cars.
DXC's Robotic Drive platform offers R&D teams digital twins of future autonomous vehicles. This allows them to run advanced analytics on exabytes of global sensor data, cut research cycles and reduce the time and cost to market in the race to develop fully autonomous cars.
Digital twins can be created of the driver and his/her actions, the car and how it behaves, other cars on the road and the road itself. The digital twin captures a remarkable amount of data, which, through deep analysis, helps explain complex behaviours.
Twinning cities
Cities are also applying similar technologies to enhance planning, design and sustainability.
A cornerstone of digital twins for cities is building information modelling (BIM). This discipline has been applied by architects and developers for decades to plan and design buildings, bridges and other public infrastructure. BIM is now an internationally recognised standard used by governments, planners, regulators and builders across the world.
Technology is critical to the successful adoption of BIM standards, disciplines and processes. Digital twins take models of buildings and combine them with deep analytics tools and emerging engineering technologies to create dynamic replicas. They simulate the entire life of a physical structure — ranging in scale from individual buildings to entire cities — across design, construction, operation and maintenance.
Digital twins for smart cities are based on delivering three core capabilities: a federated environment, an accurate digital representation and rich insights.
Let's look at these three in turn. Collaboration is essential, since designing, building and maintaining key city infrastructure involve many stakeholders. The digital twin must be accessible to all stakeholders engaged in the life cycle of the asset. A single source of truth with the right security, naming conventions, data standards and access permissions is critical to the integrity of the twin.
Second, as in any digital system, maintaining data accuracy is crucial. As assets are built, maintained or replaced, every detail must be updated or the digital twin fails to accurately represent reality. With sensors embedded in infrastructure, it's possible for the twin to always stay updated.
Finally, accurate digital twins allow users to simulate scenarios that the physical asset is exposed to, including economic, efficiency and environmental impacts. Immersive experiences such as augmented reality, 3D visualisation and reality modelling provide users with operational insights.
What does it look like?
Countries around the world are building models of public infrastructure and indeed, entire cities, as Singapore has done, noted Gordon Heap, general manager of Singapore Public Sector at DXC Technology.
Singapore has built a S$73 million live, digital replica of the entire city on which civil servants can run virtual experiments and test scenarios before policies are actually implemented. While this was created as a central platform for civil servants, the city's Building and Construction Authority (BCA) has developed an Integrated Digital Delivery (IDD) plan to boost the construction and engineering sector's use of technology.
IDD builds on BIM and Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) technologies, BCA has said. "With IDD, project stakeholders can collaborate better to achieve a higher level of integration than ever before through the use of ICT and data," said Hugh Lim, the agency's chief executive officer (CEO).
This approach was announced as part of the national strategy to transform the construction industry with technology and is backed by funding and schemes to train government agencies and the construction sector on how to use it. BCA also issued a S$4 million joint call with the Infocomm Media Development Authority to develop digital platforms for the sector.
Singapore's vision is for digital tech to be used across all stages of construction. In the design stage, digital twins can help coordinate with clients and meet regulatory requirements. "Architects consider these elements during design but have been constrained by siloed models and A0 blueprints, whereas the digital twin allows dynamic recalibration when interdependent elements of the design are modified," Heap said.
The design specifications can then be digitally sent to the fabrication centre, ensuring they get the most accurate details and their timeline for delivery is tracked. Any new elements added to the structure can be verified against a 3D model. "With mixed reality, construction site managers can visualise both the work-in-progress physical asset and the virtual design. This helps avoid or resolve disputes and keeps the project on schedule," Heap explained.
At the construction site, managers and workers will be able to see the exact location where parts should be hoisted and how they should be assembled. And finally, the eventual operation and maintenance of the infrastructure can be recorded in the digital twin. "Preventative actions can be predicted; the maintenance, repair and overhaul process augmented; and actions recorded for long-term sustainability," Heap said.
Who else has done it?
A number of governments around the world are taking national strategic views on digital twins, and it's clear that underlying disciplines such as BIM are an important piece. Dubai has mandated the use of BIM for large-scale projects. The United Kingdom has been an international leader on BIM and is looking to build on that with a proposed national digital twin for public infrastructure. The European Union's Horizon 2020 programme has provided €20 million to fund digital twins over the next 3 years.
In Singapore, the government has selected 12 construction projects to serve as pilot sites for digital tech. Among them is a logistics hub, where digital simulation and modelling has allowed it to detect defects early, track safety in real-time, and ensure greater precision during construction. It has applied BIM and digital tools as "enablers to forge partnerships to bring automation, robotics and sustainable technologies to the building life cycle", developer JTC Corp.'s assistant CEO of Engineering and Operations, Heah Soon Poh said.
We anticipate that more cities will adopt digital twin technology based on BIM standards and processes to drive liveability and sustainability.
This article was originally published on govinsider.asia and is reproduced with permission from GovInsider.
About the author
As director of customer engagement at DXC Technology, Gordon Heap is determined to deliver value to stakeholders. He is a successful IT leader who thrives on problem solving, fostering a multiplier environment, setting aspirational goals and marshaling forces to achieve remarkable results. His international experience is gained from living and operating in nine different countries, and his industry expertise comes from working in travel & transportation, logistics, high technology, manufacturing and the public sector.


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About Us
Women, Gender, Sexuality Studies at UMass Amherst is one of the oldest departments of its kind.
We are committed to an interdisciplinary and intersectional analysis, drawing from different disciplines, in which the study of women and gender is multi-faceted, diverse, and embedded in a network of power relations including race, class, sexuality, and nation. Women, Gender, Sexuality Studies scholarship, teaching, and activism develop new theoretical approaches and engage and transform the analytical tools of many fields of study.
Transgender Studies and WGSS at UMass Amherst
Given the persistence of legacies of trans-exclusionary radical feminism, including its presence in the history of Women's Studies at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, and in response to requests for clarification on this issue from trans communities at UMass and in the Pioneer Valley, we would like to take this opportunity to affirm the vital presence of trans students, faculty, TAs, and graduate students in our department. We categorically reject transphobia in our department, on our campus, and in our discipline. We are therefore committed politically and intellectually to furthering greater understanding, awareness and acceptance of trans perspectives and communities.


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Highlight: "If you can't stand the heat, get out of the kitchen." Though often said in unrelated and figurative contexts, the reality of that statement here at Serendipity Farmhouse must be taken quite literally.
The Labor Day weekend was hot and sticky. There were several heat and health advisories issued for the area. Nevertheless, when it's time for canning – it's time for canning. So it is, and so it was meant to be.
Despite the heat and despite the advisories, beautiful, sweet Wife, Mr. Monte, and I spent hours in the soon to be world famous SFH test kitchen. The processing pot was filled, boiling, and steaming. The lid sterilizing pot was filled, boiling, and steaming. The salsa pot and the pickle brine pots were filled, boiling, and steaming. Outside, it was 91º. Inside, it was much hotter. But we are living as granny did, and doing many of same things in the same ways that granny did. The vegetables are ripe and the canning must be done. So, we did it.
The rewards for our efforts for the 3rd and 4th of September include:
- G&G's Pasta Sauce – 5 pints
- Peter's Pickled Hot Peppers (jalapenos & serranos) – 3 pints
- Mr. Monte's Finest Dehydrated Habaneros – 1 pint (dry canned)
- Mr. Monte's Finest Dehydrated Serranos – 1 pint (dry canned)
Weather: Perhaps it will be the last heat wave of the season. We don't know. We do know that the canning results took our minds off the heat – at least for a little while.
2018-09-03: High – 91º, precipitation 0.00 (Details – click here.)
2018-09-04: High – 91º, precipitation 0.00 (Details – click here.)
2018-09-05: High – 89º, precipitation 0.00 (Details – click here.)
Plantings: Nothing to report
Harvest: The harvest has slowed somewhat.
2018-09-03: 4 cherry tomatoes
2018-09-04: Nothing to report
2018-09-05: 11 okra pods


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Ho Chi Minh City - ongoing dynamic & enchanting
Here, new buildings, there, persons in a hurry… It is the picture of a busting, dynamic but beautiful and friendly city – Ho Chi Minh City, the Chief Southern Centre of Vietnam!
A great evidence and memorial site of southern Vietnam's heroic and heart-breaking war against foreign invaders is found in Cu Chi Tunnel, northwest of Saigon (Hochiminh city)
Hochiminh city's prominent Museums
What could not be missed when you are in Hochiminh city is some of the significant museums that tell the whole vivid story of a heroic and historical Saigon..
Saigon Notre-Dame Cathedral
Situated right in the heart of Hochiminh City is the most famous landmark as well as core Cathedral of the city, Saigon Notre-Dame Cathedral (translated as "Nhà thờ Đức Bà Sài Gòn).
Notre-Dame Cathedral, or Notre-Dame Basilica to be exact, is a famous age-long cathedral in Southern Vietnam. It is a magnificient building located at the paris Square in Hochiminh City downtown, attracting not only Catholics but also most tourists for its neo-Romanesque style architecture and a sacred atmosphere.
Chợ Lớn (Big Market)
Whoever staying in Ho Chi Minh City in Vietnam often pays a visit to Chợ Lớn (or Sai Gon's China Town), a super vast market town, to be attached to a crowded space of Sai Gon life
Shopping in Hochiminh City (HCMC)
Regardless of any age you are at, you will soon find yourself satisfied when shopping in Sai Gon (or Hochiminh City), the most dynamic city of Vietnam
Dam Sen Park
"Oh my kids did have a wonderful time at Dam Sen Park, and keep asking me to bring them back some day!", smiled a young mother when asked about Dam Sen park in Hochiminh City.
Hanoi – the antique & dynamic capital of Vietnam
If ever being heard of Vietnam, with the popular S-shape or the dragon-shape, you may have known its significant land/capital – the "dragon-eye" site: Hanoi.
Ho Chi Minh complex, the heart of Vietnamese people.
Vietnam takes pride on the very first President – Ho Chi Minh (or Uncle Ho), the National Liberation Hero, who founded the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, expressed in the construction of Ho Chi Minh Complex in Hanoi.
Hanoi's Old Quarter
Read more...
There's an old Vietnamese saying, "Hanoi has thirty-six streets and guilds – Jam Street, Sugar Street, Salt Street…". Inside a modern and dynamic city, there appears an antique quarter, the Hanoi's Old Quarter – the represented eternal soul of the city. These days, most Vietnamese and Westerners are familiar with the phrase "Hà Nội - Ba mươi sáu phố phường" (translated as "Ha Noi - 36 districts" or "Hanoi – 36 Old Streets"), or "Phố cổ Hà Nội" (translated as "Hanoi's Old Quarter"), the top special historical vestige and sight-seeing of the capital, luring international visitors thanks to their mostly original state.


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Profile Sent in by Thurman:
About Me:
Just on here looking for a normal guy. Normal guys? Hello? You on here? Anyone normal on here? Hellooooo? Normal guys? Where are you? Echo... echo... echo.......... cho........ cho..............
Why isn't anyone answering me? Could it be because all normal guys are gone? Or maybe they never existed? Like the dinosaurs? Who really knows one way or the other? Maybe I'll have to learn to be content with it. But really I just think that there aren't any for whatever reason. Since I started writing this I havent received a single message from anyone much less a normal guy. Must be something wrong with the site. Or with guys. You know the fact that there just aren't any normal ones left. Hello? Hello? Anyone there? Echo.... echo....... cho...... cho..... Cho-Chang---
They're All Under Invisibility Cloaks
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A Bad Case of the Dates is not responsible for user comments. We also reserve the right to delete any comments at any time and for any reason. We're hoping to not have to, though.
Aching to reach us? abadcaseofthedates at gmail dot com.


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10% Discount on kayaking
All HSBC Debit and Credit Cardholders
Expires 31 December 2023
Lebanon Island, World Islands, Jumeirah Fishing Harbour, Jumeirah Road, Jumeirah 2, Dubai
Terms and conditions
- the discount is valid on kayaking, snorkelling and jet ski (electric).
- island access includes transfer by speed boat, Island sport activities such as volleyball, access to beach & swimming pool and drinking water.
- online bookings can be made 24 hours in advance via email - firstname.lastname@example.com or via Call - 050 6176507.
- the offer is not valid in conjunction with any other offers and promotions.


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During the run-up to the EU referendum, Nick Timothy wrote a fortnightly column for this site. This was widely interpreted as channelling the views of his former boss, Theresa May – then Home Secretary, ambiguously positioned on Brexit, and a future Conservative leadership contender. But it swiftly became clear that the articles set out a worldview in their own right, focused as they were on the interests and sensibility of what later became known as the JAMs – just-about managing voters.
The phrase came into circulation after May became Conservative leader and Prime Minister, by which time Timothy had become her joint Chief of Staff. His pieces for this site were being googled down and pored over word by word, like some crackling manuscript unearthed from a Qumran cave, by business, interest groups, lobbyists, and governments abroad about the thinking of the new Government. We almost regretted not operating behind a paywall…
Now comes the news that Timothy is to write a fortnightly column for the Daily Telegraph and a monthly one for the Sun. Both papers will want him to spill the beans on his Downing Street experience, and the Westminster Village will expect him to exact revenge on his various detractors, both within the Conservative Party and without. He was extensively briefed against during the election campaign and didn't bite back, which he will now have the opportunity to do.
It is more likely, however, that he will carry on where he left off – that's to say, expounding a serious, solid, security-focused policy programme, which favours industrial intervention, Brexit and lower immigration. The manifesto over which he co-presided in June exploded the Prime Minister's re-election campaign (the social care policy was designed only to "blow the bloody doors off") and was largely responsible for her return to Downing Street with no majority rather than a substantially increased one.
None the less, his core take is right. As James Frayne has demonstrated recently on ConservativeHome, the key people in general elections are who Timothy has always said they are: lower middle-class, provincial, home-owning voters. There is a danger of them being forgotten amidst the justified anxiety about the Party's rotten showing in London and amongst the youngest voters. Timothy will provide a counterbalance and for that reason, plus others, this site wishes him well in his new venture.


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Weather wins as SpaceX scrubs launch of Falcon 9 with EchoStar 23
KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, Fla. — SpaceX's Falcon 9 rocket remained firmly attached to the launch mount as the weather did not want to cooperate. Liftoff was targeted for the beginning of a 2.5-hour long launch window that opened at 1:34 a.m. EDT (05:34 GMT) March 14.
Throughout most of the countdown, thick and anvil cloud rules were observed "no go." Things began to improve as the clocked ticked down to zero. However, at about 35 minutes before the launch window was to open, SpaceX called off the flight due to high winds.
Standing down due to high winds; working toward next available launch opportunity.
— SpaceX (@SpaceX) March 14, 2017
The Falcon 9 has another opportunity to send the EchoStar 23 satellite to space in the early morning hours of March 16. That 2.5-hour launch window will open at 1:35 a.m. EDT (05:35 GMT). If attempted, weather is expected to improve to a 90 percent chance of favorable conditions with the only concern that morning being strong winds at liftoff.
Aside from weather, it was a smooth countdown. Loading of rocket grade kerosene (RP-1) and liquid oxygen began on time at 70 minutes and 45 minutes respectively before the expected launch time.
When it does launch, it will be the second Falcon 9 to leave Terra firma from historic Launch Complex 39A. Back in February, the CRS-10 mission left for the International Space Station from this location.
This will be one of the last planned expendable versions of the booster. As the SSL-built EchoStar 23 satellite is heavy enough and will be placed into a high-energy geostationary transfer orbit, it will need as much fuel as possible.
Once the spacecraft is in space and separates from the booster, it will begin to circularize itself at an altitude of 22,000 miles (35,000 kilometers) in a geostationary orbit hovering over South America. There it will begin to supply Brazil with television services. The spacecraft is expected to have a nominal lifespan of 15 years.
Derek Richardson
Derek Richardson has a degree in mass media, with an emphasis in contemporary journalism, from Washburn University in Topeka, Kansas. While at Washburn, he was the managing editor of the student run newspaper, the Washburn Review. He also has a website about human spaceflight called Orbital Velocity. You can find him on twitter @TheSpaceWriter.


text: Man, I was a mess of tears this weekend watching both episodes 13 and 14 of Hotel Del Luna. It's all Chung Myung related because I just feel sooooooo awful for Lee Do Hyun's character and his 1300 years of flitting around that tree as a firefly keeping watch over IU's Man Wol. And if she had just called his name she would have realized he never left and maybe they could have talked out their misunderstanding. But probably not, the universe needed Chan Sung to give Man Wol a fresh start in love and (after) life, but goodness is my poor baby Chung Myung just the most tragic character in the love triangle. Even Yeon Woo moved on and now gets his modern day princess happy ending. All Chung Myung gets is to hold out his hand forever and watch Man Wol turn around to go back to Chan Sung. Sigh, there was a scene where modern day Man Wol talked to herself from a thousand years ago and I just want both Man Wols to exist so Chan Sung and Chung Myung could each get one.


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Photoshoot Ideas You Can Suggest to Your Miami Beach Wedding Photographer
Once you have found your Miami beach wedding photographer, it is time to start talking to him or her about what ideas you have for your wedding photoshoot. Do you already have some thoughts about how you want your pictures to come out? If not, we'll share with you some of the best ideas for beach wedding photos. You can take inspiration from these so that you and your photographer will have an easier time producing stunning wedding photos that will last forever.
Have a Panoramic Shot
With beach weddings, it is usual to have photoshoots on the sand or in the water. But you can have a different one by going to the higher parts of the cliff. Of course, you have to consider first if you can do this with your wedding dress on. If it is possible, then being on that spot will allow the photographer to take panoramic photos of you and your partner with the fantastic view in the backdrop.
Gather for a Group Photo
When it comes to beach wedding photos, it has always been just the couple in the picture. But you can shake things up a bit and gather your groomsmen and best girls. This will create a series of fun photos with the group. Of course, it would be great to have couple photos but don't forget to have this kind of shoot as well. You'll enjoy looking at how happy everyone is for your special day.
You Don't Have to Get Soaked
Even if it's a beach wedding, remember that you're not required to have photoshoots in the water with your dress. Some may want that though, and that's totally fine. But if you're the type who want to keep things dry and your makeup fully intact, then there is a way to do that. Look for piers and boats where you can have your photos taken. This will capture the ocean really well. Also, do it during sunrise or sunset for added effects.
Indoor Beach-Themed Location
The weather is never in our control. So, if your wedding day turns out to be rainy, you should always be ready for an alternative plan. Talk with your event manager about this so that he or she can arrange for an indoor location that will still give that beach wedding feel. Tell your photographer about this alternative plan as well so that he or she can prepare the right equipment such as additional lighting and other things. You may feel disappointed that the weather is not cooperating on your special day but better to prepare than to let circumstance ruin the moment completely.
So, what do you think of these ideas that you can suggest to your Miami beach wedding photographer? It's not very complicated. All you need is a lot of preparation and your imagination. Start looking for great locations where you can have your shoot. And then on the wedding day, let the photographer do the magic. As for you, just enjoy the moment.


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The concept of minimum wage has been an age long economic debate that has broadened economists' horizon into examining both its costs and benefits. The whole concept behind minimum wage basically deals with how the welfare of workers in a country, state or geographical region can best be improved upon. Since the premiere of the industrial revolution which dates back to the early 19th century in England, minimum wage has become an increasingly open and popular debate. However, this definition has faced stiff opposition from activist who clamor for a minimum wage bracket. From a broader perspective, some critics of the minimum wage concept has proposed that instead of increasing the wages that workers receive, the employers should be more concerned about improving their welfare. This has been narrowed down to include their place of abode, their feeding, health insurance and other benefits that are not included as part of employees' income. The proponents of employees' welfare have a strong belief that it would help the workers as it basically deals with economic development and in addition to this, would prevent the occurrence of wage inflation.
However, there is a definition of minimum wage which is universally acceptable. According to the Wikipedia encyclopedia, it is simply defined as the least number in hours in terms of payment that an employer may legally pay to employees'. In examining this definition, it simply tells us that it is based on a set of rules guiding employees' compensation for services rendered.
The cost of minimum wage can be represented algebraically via the national income model. Hence, the cost is based on a macro-economic analysis given as: GDP= C+I+G+X-M. Where they are stated as follows;
GDP= Gross domestic product, C= Consumption, I= Investment, G= Government expenditure, X= Export, M= Import. In analyzing each of the following components, the following are observations based solely on the cost of minimum wage.
- CONSUMPTION: With regards to the consumption of goods and services, opponents to an increase in minimum wage believes that it would lead to a drastic reduction in the consumption of manufactured goods as well as services as the cost of production is transferred to the consumers. This would lead to an increase in supply and a reduction in demand owing to cost.
- INVESTMENT: Conservatives are of the opinion that an increase in minimum wage would lead to a slowdown in investment. Employers would be unwilling to expand their business because of the heavy cost that would be paid to labor. This is because an increase in minimum wage would drive up the cost of labor which is very essential to production. Hence businesses would be reluctant to expand thereby leading to a reduction in investment in the long-run.
- GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE: Conservatives are of the belief that an increase in minimum wage would drive up government expenditure. To buttress their point, it should be noted that an increase in minimum wage would drive up the cost of production which would lead to job cuts. Job cuts would prompt the government to act quickly by providing social security programs that would discourage people from engaging in social vices and illegal activities. This increases the government expenditure.
- EXPORTS: An increase in the minimum wage would result in a drastic reduction in exports of the subject nation. This occurs as a result of the fact that when there is an increase in the minimum wage, it leads to an increase in the cost of production and eventually an increase in the prices of goods to be exported. This would eventually lead to a reduction in the units of exported goods.
- IMPORTS: Increasing the minimum wage would lead to a sharp increase in the importation of goods. The foreign nation would want to make its own good cheaper in the subject nation where the increase has occurred. This may eventually lead to illegal trading activities such as dumping of goods or manufacturing of substandard goods. Hence foreign products would flock the domestic markets killing the domestic industry which would eventually lead to unemployment and a reduction in government revenue.
y axis
$7.25x axis
(Minimum wage) 13.2units 20 units
Units of goods produced
The graph above represents the effect of an increase in minimum wage on the cost of production. From the above graph, the y axis represents an increase in the minimum wage of workers from $7.25 to $11.00. This led to the following observations.
- At initial minimum wage of $7.25, the number of units produced was 20units, hence cost of production is $7.25 * 20 = $145.working by assumption
- At new minimum wage of $11.00, producers are trying to maximize output by reducing input. Hence new cost of production is $11.00 * 13.2 = $145.2 which is equivalent to $145. Hence the old cost of production is equal to the new cost of production (Ceteris paribus)
As a result of this action initial quantity supplied by producers (QSo) is reduced from 20units to approximately 13units. This is represented by a left word movement of the arrow from QSo to QS1, which signifies a reduction. In addition to this, the x-axis is also represented by a left word movement of the arrow from initial units produced (20units) to new units produced (13.2units equivalent to 13units)
For a better representation of the benefits of minimum wage, the most appropriate model to be employed would be the national income model. This model was also used in the cost of minimum wage. It is stated as:
Proponents of minimum wage increase are of strong opinion that it increases the level of consumption among the citizens. This is based on one of the factors affecting demand which states that quantity demanded increase with respect to an increase in the income of individuals. In other words when the minimum wage is increased people would be able to purchase more goods and services compared to the original amount.
Since the proponents of an increase in the minimum wage believes it would eliminate low paying jobs and lead to higher paying jobs, hence as it pertains to investment, an increase in the minimum wage would lead to greater investment in high skilled industries which would be beneficial to gross domestic product. This type of investments would in most cases be long term and is very crucial in moving a country from developing to developed.
Increasing the minimum wage would reduce the expenditure from government. This is according to proponents who believe that workers would earn more as a result of the increase and thereby depend less on the government for welfare benefits. This would eventually reduce expenditure on the part of the government and lead to more revenue on the part of the citizens. This would be very helpful to the economy as it would create a balanced budget.
Exports would be of great benefit to an increase minimum wage. The reason for this is that it would be very helpful in producing goods that meet international standards and can yield maximum utility. This would make the domestic country's goods competitive in the international market thereby leading to a trade surplus in the long run. The basic reason for this is that with an increased minimum wage, employers demand more from employees. Hence their skills and competences are put to test.
As regards import, an increase in the minimum wage would not be helpful to imputed goods. This is based on assumption of the proponents of minimum wage increase. It is strongly believed that because the imported goods are cheap, they would most likely be substandard compared to those goods produced in the home country. Hence consumers would boycott these products and promote their domestic product instead. This would eventually increase the gross domestic product (GDP)
In summary, an increase in minimum wage (Ceteris paribus) would be favorable to the economy given the following factors are synergized.
Y axis
X axis
(Minimum wage) 1kg 3kg
Apples in kg
The diagram above represents the effect of an increase in minimum wage on consumption. A simplified analysis of the graph is stated thus:
- In the above diagram, the vertical axis represents minimum wage. It also shows how the minimum wage has increased from its initial amount of $7.25to $11.00
- The horizontal axis shows the amount in kg of apples that consumers can purchase given their income.
- Ceteris paribus, at $7.25 minimum wage, consumers are able to purchase 1kg of apples. When the minimum wage is increased to $11.00, there is a great increase by 2kg bringing the new consumption of apples to 3kg. This signifies that an increase in minimum wage has a positive effect on consumption.


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Prof. MATSUDA Yudai (松田侑大)
- Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry
Dr. Yudai Matsuda received his B.Sc. in 2010 and M.Sc. in 2012 from The University of Tokyo under the direction of Professor Ikuro Abe. After a short period of experience in industry, he moved back to The University of Tokyo as a Project Researcher (2012-2013) and was then appointed as an Assistant Professor at the same university (2013-2015). Meanwhile, he obtained his Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences in 2015 from The University of Tokyo. After obtaining his Ph.D. degree, he moved to the Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine at Technical University of Denmark to work with Professor Thomas O. Larsen as a Postdoc (2015-2017) and subsequently again worked as a Project Researcher at The University of Tokyo (2017-2018). He joined the City University of Hong Kong as an Assistant Professor in April 2018, where he is working on biosynthesis and biosynthetic engineering of natural products.
Research Interest:
Natural products exhibit a wide range of biological activities and have been an attractive and rich source of compounds for drug discovery, providing many important pharmaceuticals. Recent advances in genome sequencing technologies and development of various molecular biological tools have allowed the access to many microbial genomes and provided opportunities to "bioengineer" natural products. By utilizing these state-of-the-art technologies, the Matsuda lab aims to further expand the diversity of natural products and seek to design metabolic pathways to afford useful compounds, which could potentially serve as future drug leads. The group's current research topics include:
1. Elucidation of the biosynthesis of complex/bioactive natural products
2. Genomics-driven discovery and derivatization of natural products
3. Generation and evolution of "unnatural" natural product pathways


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The Divorce Case Involving
Children with Special Needs
Areas to Consider When Constructing a Matrimonial Settlement Agreement
by Jerry S. D'Aniello and A. Nichole Cipriani
Children with special needs may qualify for and receive much-needed government benefits. As matrimonial attorneys, first we need to determine if the matter involves a child with special needs. This can be achieved in an initial consultation by asking the right question: Do any of the children have special needs? However, that question alone may not suffice, as some parents may not consider their child as disabled or having "special needs." Ask follow-up questions such as:Do any of the children have any learning disabilities or problems in school? Is there an individualized education program (IEP) in place for any child? Do any of the children have physical impairments, hearing or vision problems, psychological issues, autism spectrum disorders, etc.? Asking a variety of questions is better, since some parents may not know or think their child has special needs.
Once it has been determined the matter involves a child with special needs, the issue must be examined thoroughly.This article will discuss and explain some of the prominent government benefits, and will provide a critical analysis of the important issues.The article also will offer practical tips and considerations when dealing with a divorce involving a child with special needs.
The goal of the divorce lawyer handling a case involving a child with special needs should be to effectuate settlement or final resolution without disrupting government benefits that may be available to a child.The problem is that resolving many divorce issues the traditional way may detrimentally affect a child's eligibility to benefit from government programs.For example, resolving support issues the conventional way, by paying outright child support payments to a former spouse, will trigger the disabled child's ineligibility for'means-tested' programs. The reason is that although child support is paid to a custodial parent, it is considered to be an asset of the child for purposes of determining eligibility for meanstested governmental programs. 1
The solution is to have the final settlement agreement direct that funds that would otherwise be considered child support be paid into a special needs trust in order to avoid disqualifying the child from government benefits. This is a solution because child support payments paid directly to a special needs trust are not considered income to the child. 2
The above is one of many considerations that surface when dealing with a divorce affecting a child with special needs.This article will examine special needs trusts and supplemental benefits trusts and explain how their use can aid in settling the divorce case while not disrupting any government benefits available to the child with special needs.
The state and federal governments offer several programs designed to assist special needs individuals, including Supplemental Security Income (SSI) and Medicaid. Special needs children may be eligible for SSI and Medicaid. As SSI and Medicaid are means-tested programs, payment of child support, obtaining private health insurance coverage, or payment of life insurance proceeds to a disabled beneficiary can disqualify the beneficiary from receiving these valuable government benefits.
SSI is a federal welfare program that provides the recipient with a monthly cash benefit to cover basic needs, such as food and shelter. 3 In 2011, the maximum SSI benefit for a New Jersey resident is $705.25 per month.4 To be SSI-eligible, a person must have little or no income,5 and his or her countable resources may not exceed $2,000 (excluding the person's house, car and prepaid funeral contract).6 Parental income and resources are deemed available for children under 18 who reside with the parent.7 In New Jersey, all SSI recipients are automatically eligible for Medicaid.8
The New Jersey Child Support Guidelines presume that every dollar of child support is broken down into 38 percent for fixed costs such as housing, 25 percent for controlled costs such as clothing, and 37 percent for variable costs such as transportation and food.9 Those are the same 'basic needs' covered by SSI. There also is an assumption that the custodial parent always has responsibility for the controlled costs, and that the variable costs move with the child.
Payment of child support the conventional way, directly to a parent, will diminish a child's SSI benefits. This can be illustrated as follows: When determining a child's monthly SSI benefit, program rules under the Social Security Act exclude from countable income one-third of the monthly child support payment. The remaining child support payment is subject to a $20 general income exclusion. The balance reduces the child's monthly SSI benefit dollar for dollar. For example, if a minor child who receives SSI also receives $600 per month in child support, the $600 is reduced by one-third, to arrive at $400. The $400 figure is further reduced by the $20 general income exclusion, resulting in total countable income of $380. In this example, the child's SSI monthly benefit would be reduced by $380 due to receipt of the $600 in monthly child support. However, with proper planning, there is a way to retain all the governmental benefits.
Medicaid covers a broad range of services, including coverage for hospital stays, community-based healthcare and nursing services with no deductibles, co-payments or coverage limits.10 To qualify for Medicaid, an applicant must be determined to be financially eligible via a means test.The means test looks at the applicant's monthly income and available resources. Generally, to qualify for the highest level of benefits, under the Medicaid Only program, an individual's monthly income may not exceed $2,022 (in 2011) and countable resources may not exceed $2,000.11 Under the Medically Needy program, a lower level of benefits is available for individuals who have a monthly income exceeding $2,022 (in 2011) but whose resources do not exceed $4,000.12 Under the Community Care Waiver program, Medicaid can waive the qualification rules if a child has profound medical needs that would require institutionalization if the child did not receive Medicaid.13
An additional government benefits program is Social Security Disability (SSD), which, unlike Medicaid and SSI, is not means-tested. SSD provides a monthly cash benefit to a person who became disabled prior to age 22, and is based on the earnings record of the person's retired or deceased parent.14
New Jersey has a separate program though the Division of Developmental Disabilities (DDD), which provides day and residential services to people with developmental disabilities originating prior to age 22.15 DDD requires contribution of income to an individual's care and maintenance for residential services only; otherwise all other support services are fully subsidized by the state.
One priority of a divorcing parent of a special needs child should be to revise his or her estate plan and to update beneficiary designations on retirement accounts and insurance policies. Any gifts or bequests to a special needs child should be directed to a supplemental benefits trust rather than outright to the child or into an ordinary trust. Properly drafted trusts can hold assets, including child support, insurance proceeds and inheritance, for the disabled child's benefit, while ensuring that such assets will not be counted as available resources that would disqualify the child from means-tested benefits such as Medicaid and SSI.
A supplemental benefits trust (sometimes called a third-party special needs trust) is an excellent vehicle to hold lifetime gifts or inheritance from parents, grandparents and other family members, life insurance benefits and retirement plan benefits. A special needs trust (also called a first-party special needs trust) is needed to hold child support payments and any other assets owned by the child. Because the supplemental benefits trust is created by and funded with the assets of a third party, upon the death of the disabled child, there is no payback provision as there is with a special needs trust.
The special needs and supplemental benefits trusts complement government benefits programs and allow parents to use support traditionally found in the divorce settlement to provide for more quality-oflife expenditures for a special needs child.An estates and trusts attorney with knowledge of special needs planning issues should be retained to draft the special needs and supplemental benefits trusts.These can be drafted as standalone trusts or can be incorporated into matrimonial settlement agreements utilizing a Callahan trust.16
Often, children with special needs require special therapy or extracurricular activities to help them thrive and achieve the most they can despite their disability. These 'extras' can be costly. The assets contributed to these trusts can be spent on extra therapies such as elective surgery, dental care, supplemental medical insurance,transportation,recreation, and other enhancements to the child's life, such as summer camp, airline tickets for travel, sporting events, concerts, electronics/video games, sporting equipment (such as trampolines), sport shoes (such as golf/bowling shoes), bowling balls, basketballs, tennis equipment, swimming or horseback riding lessons, supplies for hobbies and interests, and grooming. Since these extras are not specifically provided for by any government benefits, as they are not 'basic needs,' they may be paid for with trust assets without affecting a child's governmental benefits.
Special Needs Trust
Federal and state law authorize an exception to the Medicaid, SSI and DDD asset availability rules for transfers made to a special needs trust.In order to qualify as a special needs trust,the trust must be established for the benefit of an individual who is disabled and under 65 years of age; it must be established by a court, or the parent, grandparent or legal guardian of the disabled individual;the trust must be funded with assets of the disabled individual; and the trust must be irrevocable.17 In addition, the trust is required to contain a 'payback' provision, which states that upon the death of the beneficiary any governmental agency that has a valid right of recovery may claim the remaining assets in the trust up to an amount equal to the value of the total benefits paid to or on behalf of the beneficiary.18
Because outright child support payments to a former spouse may trigger the disabled child's ineligibility for means-tested programs, the matrimonial settlement agreement should direct that child support payments be made to the special needs trust. As the disabled child will be the sole beneficiary of the trust and the custodial parent will serve as trustee, the support monies will be used for the child without disqualifying him or her from benefits.Also, the matrimonial settlement agreement should memorialize the parties' understanding that the child support paid into the trust might not be used entirely each month and could accumulate, but that such accumulation should not be used by the payer as a basis to seek reduction of child support payments in the future.
The special needs trust generally provides that the trustee has complete discretion to distribute trust income and principal to or for the sole benefit of the child to provide for his or her supplemental care and support.The trustee must give notice to Medicaid when a distribution in excess of $5,000, or representing a significant portion of trust assets, is to be made to the child or for his or her benefit.19 Upon the child's death, the trust will terminate, and any governmental agencies which at that time have a valid right of recovery will be entitled to reimbursement from the trust proceeds for amounts expended on behalf of the child.20 To the extent the trust funds exceed any such reimbursements,or if no reimbursements are required, the trust property may be distributed pursuant to the will of the disabled individual, if he or she has the capacity to make a will. If the individual does not have the capacity to make a will, or does not have one,then any remaining funds would be distributed under the laws of intestacy of the state where the child resides at the time of his or her death.
Supplemental Benefits Trust
A supplemental benefits trust, also sometimes called a third-party special needs trust, is designed to receive lifetime gifts or inheritance, including life insurance proceeds, from a divorcing parent or any other person, such as grandparents or other family members, made for the disabled child's benefit. Gifts or inheritances the child receives outright could trigger his or her ineligibility for government benefits. Instead, gifts or inheritances made to the trust may then be paid or applied in the discretion of the trustee to or for the child's benefit to provide for his or her supplemental care and support without jeopardizing benefits eligibility.
Life Insurance is frequently used in a matrimonial settlement agreement to secure the child support obligation of a parent in the event of that parent's untimely death. Naming a disabled child as a beneficiary of the life insurance policy can trigger the termination of means-tested government benefits and claims for reimbursement by the agencies providing services. Accordingly, divorcing parents should have a supplemental benefits trust in place prior to finalizing the matrimonial settlement agreement, which should direct that the insurance proceeds be paid directly to that trust.In this case,the beneficiary designation for life insurance must name the trust as the life insurance beneficiary.
Private healthcare insurance coverage through a parent's benefit package might duplicate the coverage of a child already receiving Medicaid, thereby jeopardizing the special needs child's Medicaid coverage. The matrimonial settlement agreement can provide that if a child is receiving Medicaid, whatever funds were to be spent to obtain private insurance coverage be directed into the child's supplemental benefits trust for extra needs,such as a private room,VCR, vacations, a computer, vitamins, therapeutic treatments or therapies, experimental procedures, private-duty nursing care and private companion services.When drafting the settlement agreement, the practitioner should not indicate that the contribution of funds is in lieu of insurance coverage, but rather, should state, for example, "Homer Simpson shall contribute $10,000 annually no later than December 31st of each year to the then-serving trustee of the Bart Simpson Supplemental Benefits Trust under agreement dated November 1, 2010, to be administered consistent with the terms thereof."
Divorcing parents also should execute new wills directing that any assets passing to the disabled child upon the parent's demise be distributed to the supplemental benefits trust. Each parent should review the beneficiary designations on retirement accounts, such as individual retirement accounts (IRAs) and qualified retirement plans, to be sure the supplemental benefits trust, and not the child, is named as beneficiary of the plan.
Since a supplemental benefits trust is funded with assets owned by third parties and not assets of the child, there is no requirement that the trust pay back any government benefits on the death of the disabled beneficiary. The parent or parents creating the trust can direct that upon the disabled child's death, any trust assets not expended on the child's care during his or her lifetime will be paid upon his death to the child's descendants, if any, or otherwise to the child's siblings, other family members, or even to charities. If the divorcing parents cannot agree on the contingent beneficiaries of the supplemental benefits trust, then separate trusts should be established.
For a child whose disability is likely to preclude him or her from making important decisions upon reaching age 18, the divorcing parents should consider which parent, if not both, will become the child's guardian. Depending on the extent of the disability, the child may require the appointment of a general or limited guardian.21 A general guardian is appointed if the individual is incapacitated, meaning without the ability to govern himself or herself, or manage his or her own affairs.22 A general guardian has the legal responsibility to make decisions regarding healthcare, welfare, finances, living situation and other reasonable areas of concern.A limited guardian is appointed if the individual is incapacitated and lacks the ability to do some,but not all,of the tasks necessary to care for himself or herself, such as manage his or her finances, or make medical decisions.23 A guardian can be a parent of a special needs child, another family member or a third party.
The matrimonial settlement agreement should memorialize who will be responsible for becoming the guardian of the special needs child upon reaching 18 years of age, and who is responsible for paying the legal fees and costs associated to appoint the guardian. For example, the settlement agreement might state the following:"The parties anticipate that their daughter Maggie Simpson will not be a competent adult.The parties agree that prior to Maggie reaching age eighteen, Marge Simpson will commence proceedings in the Superior Court of New Jersey to have Maggie judicially declared incapacitated and to have Marge appointed general guardian of the person and property of Maggie.The parties will split the cost of the attorneys' fees and court costs related to such proceeding, with each party contributing fifty percent of such fees and costs."
The divorcing parents also should nominate guardians of the disabled child in their wills, in the event either or both parents pass away while the child is a minor or an incapacitated adult.
The custodial parent should draft a letter of intent or letter of instruction for a future guardian. The letter holds no legal authority, but in the best interests of the special needs child it should list factual information about the child such as educational and medical history, location of vital records, their aspirations for the child (i.e., goals and living arrangements), and day-to-day information such as bedtime rituals. The letter also should list contact information for the child's doctors, regularly scheduled appointments, medications, results of testing, routines and any other important healthcare or personal information about the child.
Federal law provides that children ages three to 21 with disabilities affecting their learning are entitled to special education services at no cost to parents.24 In New Jersey, local school districts are responsible for special education, with the oversight of the New Jersey Department of Education.25 Federal law provides that each child must receive a program that meets his or her unique needs, and school districts must develop a written individualized education program (IEP) that includes goals and details of services to be provided.26 A copy of the child's IEP will provide information about the child's diagnosis and therapies, and is crucial to the custody case.
In situations of divorce or separation, disputes may arise as to which school district is financially responsible for educating a special needs child. Such disputes can lead to a disruption in educational and busing services for the child,or may cause an issue when one school district seeks reimbursement from another school district for educational costs and services. The resolution of this issue centers on the child's "domicile."27 Parents can agree on the best school district to educate the child. Such an agreement should be memorialized in the matrimonial settlement agreement by use of a provision stating that the residential parent will not move out of the district absent mutual consent.
Traditionally, a child's domicile is that of his or her parents.28 Problems arise when a special needs child resides in two different towns because of divorce or separation. New Jersey courts have provided guidance on the domicile of a special needs child when his or her parents are divorced. A special needs child is domiciled in a school district of his or her parent who has residential custody, regardless of whether the child lives with that parent or in a group home in another district.29 In a joint custody situation, when a special needs child lives with each parent on alternating weeks, the two districts are required to equally contribute to the child's educational costs.30
Family law attorneys need to take into consideration educational services and school district responsibility for those services when negotiating and finalizing custody and parenting time arrangements in matrimonial settlement agreements. A special needs child may need to be in the primary residential care of one parent over the other based on the school district paying for the educational services. Custody evaluators,if any,should be provided with this important information so that it may be considered as a factor in their evaluation. This may also be a factor to consider in allowing one parent to remain in the former marital home and basing support accordingly.
Often in a family with a child that has special needs, one of the parents has more information than the other regarding medical conditions, benefits information, etc. In preparation for settlement negotiations leading to the finalization of a matrimonial settlement agreement, it is important to obtain from the other party detailed information concerning the government benefits and programs for which a special needs child is eligible or is receiving benefits. The discovery process should focus on these areas prior to resolving support. Below is a list of sample discovery questions to include for cases with special needs children.
1. Itemize and identify any and all government programs in which the special needs child is eligible and/or is receiving benefits, including:
• Name of the program;
• Name of government agency administering the program;
• Benefits provided by the program; and
• Eligibility requirements and restrictions of the program.
• Please produce any and all documents related to the programs and benefits.
2. Itemize and identify all education and related services, including but not limited to, schools, day care, after-school care, busing, camps, and any other educational programs in which the special needs child is eligible/and or is receiving benefits, including:
• Name of educational program or service and a copy of the IEP, if applicable;
• School district or agency responsible for or administering the program;
• Benefits provided by the program; and
• Eligibility requirements and restrictions of the program.
• Please produce any and all documents related to the programs and benefits.
3. Itemize and identify any and all prescription and over-thecounter medications of the child, including brands and dosages,medical devices used by the child and other therapies.
4. Itemize and identify any and all sources of income or assets of the special needs child.
As a family law practitioner, it is imperative to ascertain whether a matter involves a child with special needs and to understand government benefits available to a special needs child when negotiating and drafting a matrimonial settlement agreement. It may be wise to seek assistance from a professional who can assist with the estate and disability planning issues that arise. By failing to do so, the special needs child may be rendered ineligible to receive public assistance benefits and his or her educational programs and benefits may be disrupted. If you represent a parent of a special needs child, stop and think about the benefits the child is entitled to (or may be entitled to in the future) and how to preserve those benefits, before the parties enter into a matrimonial settlement agreement. ■
1. POMS SI 01120.200(G)(1)(d); POMS SI 01120.201(C)(2)(b).
2. Ibid.
3. 42 U.S.C. 1381 et seq.
4. 42 U.S.C. 1382f(a); 74 Fed. Reg. 55,614 (Oct. 29, 2009); SSA Publication No. 05-11148.
5. 42 U.S.C. 1382(a)(1); 74 Fed. Reg. 55,614 (Oct. 28, 2009).
6. 42 U.S.C. 1382b(a); 20 C.F.R. 416.1205(c); 20 C.F.R. 416.1210. UGMA accounts and §529 college savings plans in the disabled child's name are considered assets of the child and are countable assets that could disqualify the child from meeting the means-tests of SSI and Medicaid. Be sure to ask your client if his or her special needs child has either type of account.
8. 42 U.S.C. 1396k(a); 42 C.F.R. 435.610. If the child receives $1.00 of SSI, he or she qualifies for Medicaid.
9. New Jersey Court Rules,Appendix IX-A(14)(g)(1),(2011).
10. 42 U.S.C. 1396 et seq.; N.J.S.A. 30:4D-1 to 52.
11. 74 Fed. Reg. 55,614 (Oct. 28, 2009).
12. 42 U.S.C. 1396(a)(10)(C); 42 C.F.R. 435.310(a).
13. 42 U.S.C. 1915(c).
14. 42 U.S.C. 402(d); 20 C.F.R. 404.350.
15. N.J.S.A. 30:6D-1 et seq.
16. 142 N.J. Super. 325, 330 (Ch. Div. 1976).
17. 42 U.S.C. § 1396p(d)(4)(A); N.J.S.A.3B:11-36;N.J.A.C.10:71- 4.11.
18. Ibid.
19. 42 U.S.C. § 1396p(d)(4)(A); N.J.S.A.3B:11-36;N.J.A.C.10:71- 4.11.
20. Ibid.
22. N.J.S.A. 3B:12-24.1(a).
23. N.J.S.A. 3B:12-24.1(b).
24. 20 U.S.C. 1400 et seq.
25. N.J.A.C. 6A:14-1.1 et seq.
26. 20 U.S.C. 1414(d)(1)(A).
28. Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield, 490 U.S. 30, 48, 109 S. Ct. 1597, 1608, 104 L.Ed.2d 29, 46 (1989).
29. Roxbury Bd. of Ed. v.West Milford Bd. of Ed., 283 N.J. Super. 505, 521-22 (App. Div. 1995), cert. denied, 143 N.J. 325 (1996);West Windsor Bd. of Ed. v. Delran Bd. of Ed., 361 N.J. Super. 488, 502, (App. Div. 2003), cert.denied,178 N.J.454 (2004); N.J.S.A 18A:7B-12.
30. Somerville Bd. of Ed. v. Manville Bd. of Ed., 332 N.J. Super. 6, 17 (App. Div. 2000), affirmed, 167 N.J. 55 (2001).
Jerry S. D'Aniello is a Partner of Snyder Sarno D'Aniello Maceri & da Costa LLC. A. Nichole Cipriani is an associate with Norris McLaughlin & Marcus, P.A., focusing her practice on tax, trust and estate law.
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