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I find my way to the border crossing constantly feeling lost. No clear signs like I am used to. The existence of the neighbour country Kosovo is ignored.
During the 25 kilometers up the hills through the woods I only meet 3 other cars and I dont ask. Some ruins and left buildings along the way amplify the abnormality. Suddenly the border out of Montenegro appeaers and I cross without a problem. The landscape changes dramatically right after the next bend. Open mountains and fields, cows and horses for another five kilometers. Suddenly the Kosovo border appears. Just me, some buildings, police officers and also two horses walk around. My insurance is not valid in Kosovo, the officer says. I was hoping to get around an extra insurance, but in one of the buildings I can buy one for just 15 euro. The man in the box speaks fluently German to me like many people I will meet in Kosovo. It seems like half of the population was in Germany or has at least relatives there which they visit sometimes.
Returning to my bike I wave the insurance to the relaxed officer while the two horses are interested in my food bag on the bike. Before i can get close to my camera they are shying and disappear.
I am in Kosovo!
The next city Pec is again much bigger as the Croatian map indicates. It is huge and the atmospheres radically different. The movements on the streets and the colours are islamic, if one can say so. Even the cars drive different from one moment to the other. Way too slow for me in the town, but with reason, because pedestrians cross often and small tractors and horse carts are making me the exotic one with my big bike, panniers and luggage, the protective suit with a yellow vest over it. The helmet, which noone else wears on any two-wheeler round up the picture and let me probably appear like an astronaut. But noone takes too much notice of me. And that is even nurishing my sensation to enter another world. For half an hour I ride around looking for the right way and adjust a little bit to the athmosphere.
Again there are no signs in the streets, my instinct almost was guiding me the right way, but I end up in the center of the city in a dead end road where an Italian KAFOR soldier is guarding the place where an official building and a closed tourist information stands. He doesnt know the town I am looking for, and I dont want to bother him too much.
Again something is irritating me. Everywhere in the city are the red flags of Kosovo. Already on the way to the city I noticed the flags, sometimes just waving around, but also on gravestones and memorial places with pictures of dead ones. Is it a national day which needs all the KAFOR soldiers around? Fortunately noone else seems irritated. And when I ask in a gas station my immediate new friend Labi draws a sketch how to get through the city to the right exit of the city. And not only that, he offers me a drink, I choose a Fanta, and I even can smoke my cigarette IN the house of the gas station. Islamic hospitallity! It comes from the heart. We make photos in the place and exchange the addresses after he told me everything about his working situation and the politics in Kosovo he is able to tell in his broken English within ten minutes. "Listen to me" and "Look to me" are his introductions of each new chapter. Most of it I understand and agree. It is about the unbalanced wealth, tolerance and political ignorance.
When receiving or giving something, the heart is touched with one hand. Even when someone lights your cigarette. I got used to it since a long time after I instinctivly did that gesture in Libanon in an unpleasent situation.
... An art festival in collaboration with the local Gioethe Institute invited me with a piece to Beirut. We heard that it would be possible to go into the Hisbollah area of the city. Wondering around through the mostly empty area, which was decorated with the green posters of a free Libanon, not knowing how to behave or what I even wanted there, a photocamera around my neck, I looked through the wide open doors of a house while passing by, where some people seemed to gather. Just walking ten meters further a scream directed to me made me stopping immediately. A sweating strong and big man, full beard, one and a half head taller then me stood in front of me when I turned around, his right hand on the pistol in his open holster. "What do you do here? Did you make photos?!!!" -"Äh ... ." - "Did you make photos?!!!" - "Äh, no." - "What did you do with the camera?!!!" "Äh, nothing. I can give you the film." He still has the hand on the gun, not pulled but he was nervous, sweating and oviously he was not the man to discuss with.
And there it came to me, I only can convince him of my innocence with a big gesture:
My left hand on my chest: "My Brother, with all respect, from the bottom of my heart, I did not take any pictures, I never would lie to you, please forgive me, I dont know about your country much, and I never will walk again through here with an open camera."
I did not only say it, it was true. The glands around my heart must have released so much honest energy that it could have filled a whole temple for a day. Rarely in my live I felt such a strong immediate reaction jumping over from my body to someone else. Immediately he calmed down. Not appologising, but telling me that this is no good place for tourists, I should go into the center of the city, and gave me the order to leave, which I followed right away, confirming my mistake and that he can trust me that I never will cause trouble again.
How naiv I was. But slowly I understood in which stress the people of Libanaon still were at this time, probably they are still today. That man was probably an active member of Hisbollah, fearing a spy who sends an air attack or something else. He probably experienced these things, maybe was in combat during the open war.
Everybody seemed traumatised from the war and most people were scared of a new outbrake, they were scared of the Syrian secret service and the Israely airplanes. Constantly I felt to be observed. While picking up my phone at the airport, where I supidly left it in the airplane atfer landing, during the whole ride there and back with a taxidriver who was specially send for me after three ! days they had to check the phone through, while stopping at the beach and being talked to by some guys which were probably agents, and also to mention my attempt to make a photo from fighter-jet in the sky out of that taxi, when the driver pushed down my camera and told me what I would think I am doing there, coming from the airport where tey checked my phone, above the Israelis in jets.
Even in the first meeting for my show with the producers of the festival, technicians, Goethe Institute representatives and a few people more which I didnt know about, I was told in response to my open questions about the festival, the politics, the audience, that not everybody around the table would be working FOR the festival, and the same people would be the reason, why I dont get answers to certain questions.
But the most engraving episode was the film presentation during the festival.
Everybody was nervously standing on the sqare in front of the cinema and slightly paranoid eyes were trying to spot anything uncommon around before the film started. Finally we are let in and one could smell the sweat of people though it wasnt too hot. I started to sense what was going on. Nevertheless I sit right in the center of the packed cinema, if once I am here, lets fulfill my function one hundred percent.
Light turns off, someone screams from the balcony something I dont understand, but obviously it is some political outcry. The hall applauses. The starting film seems to be a documentation about an old man, that much I can figure out, not much more. Inbetween the film stopps again and some more words are shouted into the dark, again applause from the audience. The film continues and finnally ends, before the light comes up again everybody applauses in the dark with some more shouts and comments. Then the light is on and everybody leaves releaved to the outside. Not comleatly understanding everything, specially not the film, I get informed by my friends who dont forget to watch around while they explain:
The man in the film is a prisoner in Syria, the film is made while he was in between free, he talkes about his survival strategies in prison and his political motivation. And they tell me that everybody was releived after the film, because NOTHING HAPPENED! "Thats why you putted us international artists in the cinema, so that nothing will happen, right?" "Right."
My own show was going very well in the festival. In the discussion afterwards some audience asked me, if I made the piece specially for them, since parts of the themes are about the lost miners which are surviving through the believe in each other. "No, I did it for all people." They suffered so much in the war and afterwards that they can not believe that there are also others who suffer. During the show I saw some people dropping some tears, like it happened in most of the countries in the worls where I shgowed the piece.
After one intensed week in Beirut we leave with the plane to Germany. Sitting far in front of the plane I spotted a man who behaved differently then everybody else. My guess that he is a security person with a gun he seem to understand and smiles at me.
While changing the plane in Vienna we see all the people being fixed to the TV sets. Tired and not giving too much attention we start slowly to understand the images which hypnotised everybody: airplanes crashing in big buildings over and over again. It was the 11.9.2001, and our plane was the last to leave Libanon that day.
My new friend Labi from the gas station in Pec wishes me with that same gesture, hand to the heart, a good travel.
Still I dont have my camera ready when I need to have it, like in these pictoresc cities I cross in Kosovo. Also the landscapes are hard to catch if you want to make some kilometers as well and not stop each time for a shot.
Exhausted from the drinking with the gangsters the night before and having no breakfast I stop in the afternoon at a cafe where two young brothers, Korabi and Alulaj, if I remember right, take care of the customers. I am the only one there and tell my story of the travel to the bright youngsters which speak some english and german. A friend is called to come as well and the little crowd is happy to make lots of photos with me and the bike. New friends. I could stay there for a day or two if I would want to. Also food is offerd. But I am late already and I appologise.
Of cause they dont let me pay for the coffee. I cannot give anything back, except my friendship and the promise to send these pictures, because the next day I have to be in Sofia to work with the next group of people. That date is fixed, in fact my arrival is already delayed for one day. When can I finally stop where I get in touch with people unexpected, where my instinct is guiding me?
I put all the photos here, because it will make my friends very proud to be on this website!
While looking for the right road in in the last city Prizren, a car stopped next to me and in fluend german another friend asked me if he can help. Yes please! He drives in front of me through the vivid center of town and points me to the street I should take. He lives in Gemany and is only here for his summer vaccation. Is he treated with the same friendlyness in Germany?
Now I write these words in a brand new hotel on the road to Sofia, still in Kosovo, and the same procedere is happening. I am the only guest and they do everything to make my stay happening. The bike is save, because day and night someone is out at the gas station next to it, which is also owned by the same family.
To ALL motorcyclists who read this! Take the road from Prizren through the national park and stop a couple of hundred meters east of Recan at the brand new hotel on your right side next to the gas station, way before you get into the serpentines. Look at the back of the building to convince yourself.
Of cause you have to take more care on the roads like in Germany or elsewhere. The driving and the road conditions are rougher here, so is the nature and both is convincing.
This here, it is a real hotel, I will pay my bill. The friendlyness is the same as when being invited and it is honest.
In the very early morning the owner and me have some coffe and the unavoidable cigarettes. He worked in Germany for some years and on my question if he was treated well by the Germans he replies with a yes, but underneeth I sense that it wasnt happening always. He is a baker as well and opened the hotel just the very same week. Thats why they dont have guests jet, I was the sixth. I give him the hint to put up a sign, that bikers are welcome. In my own experience and hearing from others it is always a little issue, if you are welcome and the bike is save over night. Since both is happening in his place he is happy about the hint and assures me that the next time I come, I will see the sign.
"When do you come back here?" is a question I hear often and I never know if I will return at all to all the places and meet my new friends again. The tour should be done twice, just for the reason to tell them about all the other encounters I will have had after circuling around the world. Well - lets see how far I get.
Oh, and by the way: "Falaminderi" is the word to say for "Thank you". You dont need much else.


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The Happy Camper RV Resort is located in the beautiful town of Rockport, Texas and is a great spot for a fun and relaxing vacation. Campers can look forward to a number of great attractions just beyond the campground including the beautiful Rockport Beach, Texas Maritime Museum, Rockport Center for the Arts and the Copano Bay State Fishing Pier. There's also Goose Island Park, the popular Aransas Pass, Aquarium at Rockport Harbor, Fulton Mansion State Historic Site, Winery on the Bay and plenty of opportunities for fishing, scenic viewing, kayaking, paddle boarding, boating and sightseeing tours. And of course, travelers can look forward to the excellent local bars, entertainment centers and eateries in the area. It's a great spot for exploring one of Texas' best coastal cities. Amenities at the park include: water, sewerage, WIFI and 30/50 amp sites. Hope to see you soon!
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subset: commoncrawl


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St John's Choir is a group of 35 singers who are dedicated to creating Christian community through music. We rehearse every Thursday evening from Labour day to the end of May. We sing every Sunday morning at the 10:15 service, as well as for special services, and we present two concerts with orchestra every year. Many members of the choir are also active in other areas of parish life.
During the Covid-19 pandemic, the choir pursued a different way of performing, creating a collaborative performance of Gabriel Fauré's Cantique de Jean Racine.
For inquiries regarding the choir, please contact the choirmaster Gordon Johnston.


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29C is flying!
29C has been up in the air! She (I'm not sure why planes are female) has already made four ministry flights, taking pastors to share God's Word. A few "bugs," as Paul calls them, showed up needing to be worked out. After 25 more hours of flight Paul will clear her for Mexico! The last week in February, 29C was used to take our guys to TX for team meetings.
Have you ever found a cure for something that totally surprised you? Raw cabbage was my "cure" for my foot issues! I was actually shocked, but it worked!
It was unexpected . . . but effective. Recently we had an unexpected "cure" for our weariness. A visit from family this past week has been a refreshment to us. Maybe you don't know it, but time with family is a luxury for many missionaries. We are honored for God to use us where He chooses. That doesn't make it easy to be away from loved ones. It was a special treat to have family come visit!
It was unexpected . . . we had such a full schedule that even the thought of taking time to visit was overwhelming! It was effective . . . a break was sure needed and greatly enjoyed! I just love it when God showers those extra special blessings on us! We hope you also see God's hand of blessing in your life!
Paul passed his Inspector's Authorization test with a 98%. Thanks for giving and praying! Above, Paul is pointing at his chart used to keep track of all the planes and their maintenance needs.
Bethany received a clear bill of health for her arm!


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Israeli-Palestinian violence spikes a week after Trump plan
February 6, 2020
JERUSALEM (AP) — Israeli forces killed two Palestinians in clashes in the occupied West Bank on Thursday and a third in Jerusalem after he opened fire at a police officer, hours after a car-ramming attack elsewhere in the city wounded 12 Israeli soldiers.
Tensions have soared following last week's release of President Donald Trump's Mideast initiative, which greatly favors Israel and was rejected by the Palestinians. The violence put the plan on even shakier ground and raised fears of another extended round of fighting in the decades-old conflict.
The plan would allow Israel to annex all of its settlements and large parts of the occupied West Bank — sparking calls from Israeli nationalists to do so immediately. In return it would grant Palestinians limited autonomy in scattered enclaves surrounded by Israel, but only if they met nearly impossible conditions.
The Trump plan "created this environment of tension and escalation," Nabil Abu Rdeneh, a spokesman for Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas, told the official Palestinian news agency, WAFA.
The violence began early Wednesday, when a Palestinian motorist slammed his car into a group of Israeli soldiers, wounding 12 before fleeing the scene, the Israeli military said. In the West Bank, two Palestinians were killed in clashes with Israeli troops, Palestinian hospital officials said.
Later, Israeli police said they shot and killed an Arab citizen of Israel who opened fire at forces in Jerusalem's Old City, lightly wounding an officer.
Israeli military spokesman Lt. Col. Jonathan Conricus said one of the 12 injured soldiers in Jerusalem was seriously hurt and the others were lightly injured. Israeli police spokesman Micky Rosenfeld said the incident was being treated as a "terror attack," and said Israeli forces were searching for the assailant.
Palestinian hospital officials said a 19-year-old was killed in clashes in the West Bank city of Jenin. Six others were wounded in the confrontation. In a separate incident in Jenin, a member of the Palestinian security forces was shot and killed by Israeli troops.
On Wednesday, Israeli forces shot and killed a 17-year-old Palestinian during clashes with demonstrators elsewhere in the West Bank.
Conricus, the military spokesman, said Israeli forces are "not trying to escalate the situation while understanding the complexity and sensitivity of the situation." He stopped short of linking the violence to Trump's Mideast proposal.
In the first Jerusalem incident, the troops were out on a late-night "educational heritage tour," walking near a popular entertainment district in Jerusalem when the motorist rammed his car into them and fled.
While it did not claim responsibility for the attack, the Islamic Jihad militant group praised the car ramming as "the beginning of a new confrontation over Trump's plan."
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu vowed to have the assailant apprehended. "It's just a matter of time — and not much time," he said in a statement.
Such acts of violence were common in Jerusalem during a low-level wave of near-daily attacks a few years back, but they tapered off and car rammings have become infrequent.
Conricus said troops were carrying out the demolition of a home in the West Bank belonging to a militant allegedly involved in a deadly attack. He said there was a "sizable riot" at the scene by Palestinians who threw firebombs and that a sniper also fired at troops. Conricus said forces responded to the violence with their own sniper fire, killing a Palestinian shooter.
Jenin governor Akram Rajoub said the 19-year-old casualty was a student at an academy that trains budding police officers, and was throwing stones at the troops.
Meanwhile, there have been a steady stream of rockets and mortar rounds fired out of the Gaza Strip, which is ruled by the Islamic Hamas movement, since the plan was released. Israel has responded with waves of airstrikes. The near-daily exchanges of fire have not caused casualties.
On Thursday, Israel struck Hamas positions in Gaza after three mortar shells were fired at Israel. There was no immediate report of injuries on either side.
Unveiled last week at the White House with much fanfare, Trump's plan sides with Israel on the most contentious issues that have bedeviled past peace efforts, including borders and the status of Jerusalem and Jewish West Bank settlements. It attaches nearly impossible conditions for granting the Palestinians their hoped-for state, including the full disarming of Hamas.
The plan was greeted ecstatically in Israel, with Netanyahu vowing to speed ahead with annexing parts of the West Bank. But under pressure from the U.S. administration, he appears to be scaling back on that promise, at least until after March elections.
The Palestinians dismissed the plan as "nonsense" and have promised to resist it.
The Palestinians, as well as much of the international community, view the settlements in the West Bank and annexed east Jerusalem — territories seized by Israel in the 1967 war — as illegal and a major obstacle to peace.
Associated Press writer Mohammed Daraghmeh in Ramallah, West Bank, contributed to this report.


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Parithala Sunitha is an Indian minister in Chandra Babu Naidu's cabinet. She is from Telugu Desam Party (TDP). Currently, she is holding the Civil Supplies Portfolio in Chandrababu Naidu's Cabinet. She has two siblings whose names are Murali and Balaji. She won from Raptadu Assembly Constituency in the year 2009 and 2014 Assembly elections in Andhra Pradesh. She was the wife of Paritala Ravindra. Paritalaravi was also a strong TDP leader in Rayalaseema and was shot dead after a planned assassination due to a faction rivalry in the year 2005. Sunitha entered politics after the death of her husband. Here we are sharing the personal contact details like contact number, contact email id of Paritala Sunitha if available.
When she took the charge as minister of Civil Supplies she was allotted the same office in Room No. 704 in the J-block of secretariat which was previously used by her husband Paritala Ravindra when he was minister during TDP regime to keep his memories alive. According to her, it was her luck to get a ministry which will allow her to feed the poor and the needy in the state. She made her first signature on extending the ration coupons by 6 more months. She became quite emotional when she got a chance to serve for her state. She feels that god has given her an opportunity as well as the responsibility to do something for her region and people and complete her husband's work and dream. People loved her husband Paritala Ravindra and also wholeheartedly accepted Sunitha as minister of Civil Supplies. When Sunitha took the oath, for full five minutes crowd clapped and cheered for her.
She has three children (two sons and one daughter) and their names are Paritala Sriram, Paritala Siddharth, and Paritala Snehalatha. Paritala Sriram wishes to contest the next general elections. Parithala Siddharth obtained Management degree from the prestigious Michigan University in the USA. Even Sunitha's daughter Snehalatha is very determined to complete her MBBS. Sunitha has completed her educational qualification till 9th standard. Paritala Sunitha is a loyal TDP leader from Anantapur district of Andhra Pradesh. She is very thankful and grateful to Chandra Babu Naidu for standing beside her family during the tough times.
Paritala Sunitha Contact Details
Paritala Sunitha Residence Address: D No 9-96, Venkatapuram village, Ranagiri Mandal, Anantapuram District, Andhra Pradesh – 515001 , India.
Paritala Sunitha Phone Number: 9704479333
Paritala Sunitha Email Id: firstname.lastname@example.com
Paritala Sunitha Fax Number: N/A
Paritala Sunitha Official Website: N/A
Social Profiles
YouTube Channel: N/A
Facebook Fan Page: facebook.com/paritalasunithama
Twitter Handle: twitter.com/paritalasunitha
Google Plus Profile: N/A
LinkedIn Profile: N/A
Pinterest Profile: N/A
Instagram Profile: N/A


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Maple Leaf Cookies
And more cookies! We're going to need some rehabilitating, healthy themes come January. Look out: Salad Week! Lentils Week! I Ate Too Many Cookies Week! But that's January, for now we eat cookies! I love these maple leaf classics and not just because I've got a thing for retro Canadiana right now (although they do look great in my imaginary, snow-covered, rustic-chic lodge, don't they?). They're simple, buttery and you really do get a hit of maple because of the last little flourish that's brushed on at the end. These are from Martha Stewart and were easy peasy to make. They're not the ne plus ultra of Christmas cookies the way, say, glitzed up sugar cookies are (see today's other post) but don't you think Santa would be pleased to find a little plate of these waiting for him on Christmas eve?
photos by Maya Visnyei
- Makes approximately 4 dozen depending on the size of your cookie cutter
- 3 cups all purpose flour
- 1/2 teaspoon salt
- 2 sticks (1 cup) unsalted butter, softened
- 1/2 cup sugar
- 1/2 cup brown sugar
- 1 egg yolk
- 3/4 cup maple syrup (plus a bit for brushing)
- 1/3 cup decorative sugar (sanding sugar or large grained brown like turbinado look great but brown would do in a pinch)
In a large bowl, mix flour and salt together well. Set aside.
In another large bowl, beat butter and regular and brown sugars together until the mixture is light and fluffy, at least 3 or 4 minutes.
Now add your egg yolk and combine.
Add the maple syrup and give it another good mix.
Turn your mixer down a bit and shake in the flour mixture.
Just mix it until it comes together as a dough.
Split the dough in half and make two disc shapes, wrap it up in cling film and pop it in the fridge.
Chill it for at least 2 hours or overnight if that's more convenient
When you're ready to make cookies, get the oven heated to 325 degrees.
Take one of the discs out of the fridge and unwrap it.
Roll the dough out on a lightly floured surface until it's about 1/4 inch thick.
Cut your leaves out (or whatever shape you're rocking) and place each leaf on a parchment lined cookie sheet about an inch apart.
Gather up the excess dough that's left over and roll it out again and keep cutting.
Place the tray in the freezer for 15 minutes to firm them up
Bake for 14 to 16 minutes.
Watch them closely, you don't want them getting dark and it will happen quickly!
Don't forget that second disc of dough - you've got a lot of cookies to make here
Carefully pick up your parchment and move the cookies to a rack to cool.
Brush each cookie with a bit of syrup and sprinkle with the sugar of your choice.
If you're going with straight up brown sugar, be sure to let your cookies cool completely so it doesn't just melt into a sugary puddle. Not that that sounds so bad....
* Two things – Martha's recipe includes another trip to the freezer than I'm including. She says, roll out your dough, chill for 15 minutes. Take it out, cut the cookies then chill again. I just wasn't into it. And my shapes were nice and clean as you can see. The other thing is I used to not see the point of parchment paper and now I am completely sold on it. So much less clean up and few destroyed baked good because you're not prying them off a hot, metallic surface.
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7 Comments
I love maple syrup (only the real stuff will do), and I can see these cookies being useful for Canada Day, fall, trips to the Sugar Bush …
I love this recipe and I'm going to try it out this weekend. However I don't have maple syrup as it's not so easy to get where I live. Can I use butterscotch syrup instead? I know it's called maple leaf cookie, so I'm probably sounding really stupid right now.
Thanks and happy Holidays 🙂
Hi Claire! Hmmm… I think butterscotch syrup might be too thick (but would probably be really yummy!). And I'm guessing if you can't get ahold of maple syrup then you can't get agave, right? I think honey would be your best bet. Let me know if you give them a whirl! Thanks for reading!!
I love maple cookies! These look delicious…and I like how you used the large grain sugar…it looks like a perfect match to the cookies.
Thanks, Jenn! Let me know if you try them – they're my faves. And how cute is your site? I'm definitely going back for a cupcake icing tutorial!
Love the simple shape of your maple leaf….can you tell where you purchased it? Love to make them for my mom who was raised in Alberta.. Thanks
Hi Debbie,
Thanks for your note. I think I bought them at a grocery store in Toronto called Metro. But I don't recall the brand of the cookie cutter – so sorry! I haven't looked but I wonder if Williams-Sonoma might have something similar? Good luck – and I hope you get to make your Mom these cookies!


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Theacrine is a compound that's chemically similar to caffeine and is known for its potent ability to act as a stimulant.
It's an alkaloid molecule – which simply means that it's a naturally occurring substance derived from plant extracts. In its natural form, Theacrine is typically found in a traditional Chinese tea known as Camilla assamica, or as it's more commonly known, Kucha.[1]
However, its Theacrine's other unique performance enhancing properties that have some hailing it as the next breakout star of the supplement industry, and it has been added to a few new pre workout supplements and fat burners in 2014.
We expect to see Teacrine (and trademarked compounds such as TeaCor and TeaCrine) a lot more in 2015, so we did some research.
The simple gist is that this compound is extremely promising for its ability to feel good, last long, and keep working, but there is very little human research on it. The bulk of the currently available studies are based on rats, so take it for what it's worth: it seems safe for all but the most conservative of individuals, but the bulk of its use has been in tea, not as a supplement.
Theacrine Benefits
Stimulant- and tea-lovers are likely going to enjoy this ingredient quite a bit:
Energy with No Tolerance Build Up
As many coffee, tea, preworkout, and stimulant users can attest, caffeine begins to lose its kick over time. In fact, previous studies have indicated that our bodies can begin to develop a caffeine tolerance in as little as four days![2]
However, a recent study published in the journal Pharmalogical Reports found that after seven days of Theacrine supplementation subjects showed no signs desensitization.[3] Simply put, Theacrine users can expect the same level of high potency with nearly every dose, without experiencing a decrease in effectiveness over time.
Mood Enhancing Effects
In our brains, we have a series of chemicals known as neurotransmitters that allow us to transfer signals from one neuron to another. Dopamine is one of the primary neurotransmitters in the brain, and is responsible for controlling pleasure centers in the brain, such as those that make us feel at ease after an intense bout of heavy training.
Studies indicate that a single dose of Theacrine has the ability to elevate levels of dopamine in the brain.[4] Additionally, further analysis showed that after seven days of Theacrine supplementation, the damaging effects of chronic stress and anxiety on the body are significantly reduced.[1]
Improved Liver Function and Detoxification Mechanisms
After seven days of Theacrine supplementation subjects showed no signs desensitization[2]
Oxidation is a naturally occurring process in the body, but too much oxidative stress has been linked to a number of degenerative health conditions such as heart disease, cancer, and Alzheimer's. However, in order to combat the potential hazards of excessive oxidation, our bodies are equipped with a number of potent antioxidant defense mechanisms, including the body's most powerful antioxidant and detoxification agent – glutathione. Glutathione, along with several other antioxidant enzymes, is produced in the liver.
Studies indicate that following seven days of Theacrine supplementation subjects showed elevated levels of glutathione inside cells, which suggest that the liver receives a secondary benefit from supplementation.[1]
Reduced Inflammation
In addition to being considered a calling card for disease in the body, chronic inflammation can cause permanent degenerative damage to joints and connective tissues as well.
According to a study published in the journal Fitoterapia , Theacrine supplementation appears to have the ability to produce an acute decrease in inflammation.[5]
Not only does reducing inflammation help the body recover more quickly following intense training sessions, but it also helps to keep post workout cortisol levels at bay, allowing you to get back into the gym faster.
Products that contain Theacrine
The following section contains any blog post we've written mentioning Theacrine/Teacor/TeaCrine, and will stay up to date indefinitely:
- Morphogen Nutrition COGNIGEN Nootropic: The Perfect Focus Add-On Posted on: September 18, 2023
- Nutrex Research Outlift AMPED: New High-Stim Formula Arrives Posted on: August 2, 2023
- Black Magic Supply Dusk to Dawn: A Sleep Aid Like Never Before Posted on: May 15, 2023
- Klout KAIO: Klout's Final Destination Pre-Workout at GNC Posted on: March 29, 2023
- Mamba vs. Karma: Which Klout Pre-Workout is For You? Posted on: March 22, 2023
- Myprotein THE Thermo-X: 100mg Caffeine Fat Burner High in Theacrine, Theobromine Posted on: November 8, 2022
- Cellucor C4 Ultimate Shred Upgraded with CaloriBurn GP for Extra Shred Posted on: October 13, 2022
- Black Magic BZRK VOODOO: Fall Limited Edition Flavor in GRIM AETHER Posted on: October 10, 2022
- Primeval Labs Ape Sh*t MAX: Maximum Ape-Like Pre-Workout Energy Posted on: June 17, 2022
- Animal PRIMAL Pre-Workout: Unleash Your Inner Primal Posted on: April 13, 2022
- Animal Cuts Non-Stim: Daily Driver Weight Loss Support Comes Caffeine-Free Posted on: March 15, 2022
- THE Eddie Hall Pre-Workout: A Carb-Enhanced Collab with Myprotein Posted on: December 13, 2021
- Upgrade Your Mentality with 5% Nutrition's Mentality Nootropic Posted on: December 3, 2021
- Mission Critical Meal Replacement Plus: An MRP for Special Operators Posted on: September 29, 2021
- VMI Sports White Heat: High Caffeine High Heat Fat Burner Posted on: June 24, 2021
- 5% Nutrition Core Line Goes Beyond Single-Ingredient Supplements Posted on: April 22, 2021
- Myprotein The Preworkout THERMO: Fat Burning Pre that Doesn't Break the Bank Posted on: April 12, 2021
- Shawn Wells Talks Energy-Boosting Supplements on Ben Greenfield's Show Posted on: February 28, 2021
- Primeval Labs Ape Sh*t UNTAMED Pre Workout RTD: No Bubbles, All Gains Posted on: February 26, 2021
- Rule 1 PLAYER1 Boosts Gaming Performance and Rules the Roost Posted on: December 8, 2020
- Myprotein THE Pre-Workout: A Boost When You Need it Most! Posted on: July 28, 2020
- Granite Supplements GX Pre-Workout: Explosive Energy, Maximum Performance Posted on: July 20, 2020
- Axe & Sledge Ignition Switch Kick Starts Your Training Sessions Posted on: July 10, 2020
- Axe & Sledge Seventh Gear Pre Workout Kicks Training Into Overdrive Posted on: April 3, 2020
- Bodybuilding.com's Scream Pre Workout Returns with Innovative Ingredients Posted on: March 24, 2020
- SteelFit's Steel Slim: A Fat Burner Geared Towards Females Posted on: February 11, 2020
- Darkside Supps Fires Up the Scene with ULTRA STIM Burner! Posted on: September 4, 2019
- Dynamine Achieves GRAS Status With Several New Safety Studies! Posted on: July 5, 2019
- SteelFit Shredded Steel: The Intense Fat Burner That Wires You IN Posted on: January 16, 2019
- Dedicated Nutrition Brings an UNSTOPPABLE Gym Experience Posted on: April 20, 2018
- Beast Mode Black Brings Strong Stims, Yohimbe Dose Disclosed! Posted on: April 12, 2018
- Dynamine: A Neuroactivating "Stimulant" by Compound Solutions Posted on: February 5, 2018
- The Pitbull Labs Pre Workout: Energy and Focus with Bite Posted on: January 22, 2018
- RAW Synergies Thermo Pre: 2-in-1 Fat Burning Pre Workout Posted on: December 21, 2017
- Genius Burn: Smart and Trusted Caffeine-Free Fat Loss Posted on: December 1, 2017
- iSatori Morph Xtreme Brings Energy & PUMPS to iSatori Pre Workouts! Posted on: September 28, 2017
- Sparta Hydra8 BCAA (Discontinued, Hurry and Get It!) Posted on: August 21, 2017
- AZOTH: A Fully Loaded Caffeine-Free Nootropic Posted on: August 18, 2017
- MAN Sports Brain Bridge: Powdered Brain Power! Posted on: July 14, 2017
- Dymatize Pre W.O. -- A Mainstream Pre Workout that DELIVERS! Posted on: June 28, 2017
- Metabolic Nutrition's ThermoKal Caffeine-Free Fat Burner Posted on: May 25, 2017
- MTS Clash Pre Workout (Minus Two Ingredients) by Marc Lobliner Posted on: April 21, 2017
- Performax Labs NootropiMax - Free Your Mind Posted on: March 6, 2017
- StimuKal: Metabolic Nutrition's Next Major Fat Burner Posted on: February 14, 2017
- MTS Drop Factor New Formula: Now Longer-Lasting! Posted on: December 14, 2016
- C4 Ultimate: Cellucor's Pinnacle Pre Workout! Posted on: December 13, 2016
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- Theacrine: Caffeine's Long-Lasting Counterpart Posted on: December 15, 2014
- The Cellucor C4 2014 Formula (G4 4th Generation) Posted on: December 11, 2014
There may be other products out there that we haven't written about. You could also search Google for site:priceplow.com theacrine to see what comes up on both the main PricePlow and the blog.
Unconfirmed sources state that Theacrine tastes absolutely awful, so it might initially come out in mostly pill-based products. Cellucor's TeaCor, however, is possibly a slightly different form (encapsulated or bonded) that enables it to be in a pre workout and maintain Cellucor's high taste standards.
Stay updated with PricePlow
To stay up to date with new products and deals, you can click "Get Price Drops" on our pre workout supplements and fat burners pages. If it's ever released as a standalone product, it will end up in the stimulants section, so you can get alerts there as well.
The TeaCrine Patent
Compound Solutions, the company behind the popular CarnoSyn beta alanine, has a globally exclusive license to distribute TeaCrine. They claim it is "the world's first IP-protected, branded, and 'nature-identical' source of theacrine."[6]
Theacrine Dosage?
As we write this, you can't get Theacrine standalone – Compound Solutions only seems to be selling it to other supplement manufacturers for inclusion in other supplements.
Theacrine has the ability to elevate levels of dopamine in the brain.[4]
The Kucha tea leaves contain anywhere from 1.3-3.4% theacrine. If it behaves anything like tea, a standard 2g tea bag would have about 20-50mg theacrine.
Judging from the label of Cellucor's new C4, there is a maximum of 35.5mg per scoop. Purus Labs' Theatrim's label makes it impossible to postulate – it could be anywhere from 1mg to an unlikely 139mg.
With all of this in mind, it seems that ~25mg would be a very safe and conservative starting point, but this is purely conjecture. Definitely stick with the ingredient labels until we know more.
What were the Rat study dosages?
Compared to the numbers we're seeing above, the rat studies used relatively high human equivalent doses – 320mg and higher – which we are not seeing in the supplements so far, and seems like a very high dosage — 10x higher than what we'd recommend for now.
Any known side effects?
Although no official "side effects" were reported, toxicity seems to be similar to caffeine.[7] We postulate that at too high of a dose, side effects would be similar to caffeine — nervousness, anxiety, jitters, etc, but can't be certain just yet.
Meanwhile, the rat studies showed a very high LD50 (median lethal dose), which was about 810mg per kg body weight.[5]
We don't suggest basing any dosage information off of LD50 data, nor do we recommend converting it to human equivalent. We're merely pointing out that it seems safe up to a high threshold – just like caffeine.
Theacrine is a unique supplement with valuable performance-enhancing properties that extend well beyond that caffeine. Its ability to reduce factors that inhibit recovery coupled with the fact that continuous use will not result in desensitization or a resulting decrease in performance make it a superior option for hard training athletes looking for supplement that'll allow them to optimize performance.
Stay tuned to this page, leave a comment, and chat with us on Facebook with any more information!


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Are you thinking about adding mirrors to your bathroom? Well simply read this review for some great insights. We will offer insignts on what they can do, how to use them and where you can buy them especially online.
So whether you are looking for basic ones, vanity, contemporary, bathroom mirrors with lights this information will be quite useful to you. Mirrors can completely transform the look and feel of your bathroom and if you know how to correctly place the mirrors, the results can be magical.
For example, Other than viewing your reflection, bathroom mirrors add natural and artificial light and a sense of space to your bathroom. aLSO, If you place bathroom mirrors opposite each other, you can create an illusion of space especially when combined with ample light.
You can choose to create a traditional look or a contemporary look. Below we go over various aspects of this accessory to help you make the right choice.
Bathroom Mirror types
The best bathroom mirror can come in different forms and have different sizes. These variations are meant to suit each particular bathroom no matter the size, color or shape.
They come in round shapes like the Malibu Mahogany one, rectangular shapes like the Radiance Rectangular make, oval shapes , or without frames like the Eleanor Frameless one. There are also framed, glass, frosted, adjustable, stainless, handicraft, cosmetic and wood bathroom mirrors.
In addition to size and forms, the purchase decision also depends on the choice of manufacturer. The best manufacturers include Whitehaus, Alno, Afina, Empire, Smedbo, Blomus, Steel Worx, Hewi, Campagna, Allied Brass, Bath20, Aurora Collection II, DeRose, Warmly Yours, Wood Crafts and Echelon Home.
This is not a comprehensive list but it is enough o help you find the best bathroom mirror.
Some examples of a bathroom miror include, the Shaker Wall mirror from Wood Crafts, The Aurora Sunburst Decorative wall mirror by Aurora .
To enjoy the fullness of your best bathroom mirror, you should consider a fog-free one. This way you can still enjoy the reflection even when the bathroom is filled with fog.
You may want a clear reflection of yourself immediately you are done with your bath or shower. You can buy a fog-less bathroom mirror accessory to help maintain a clear reflection in your bathroom no matter the "humidity". The fog free accessory transmits warmth across the surface of the mirror to keep it steam-free and prevents condensation.
How choose
Choosing the right bathroom mirror is determined by you i.e. your taste, the bathroom features like color, style, type of mirror and size of the bathroom vanity.
One thing is certain, a unique and stylish touch can be given to your room by using decorative mirrors. So when you buy one, make sure that it goes well with your other colors especially those of the walls or tiles.
It is always advisable that it matches the vanity otherwise it will create a " not so great unbalanced look" and in order to give a consistent look to the bathroom, a matching mirror frame can be used.
Lastly, consider placing bathroom wall mirrors so that they provide a 360 degree viewing. To create an illusion of space, place them opposite each other. The latter could even create an illusion of an extra window if placed at the correct angle.


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Photography is fun! But being in the field (versus in the studio) and capturing perfect images is not always possible, especially when wonderful moments seem to fly by. Luckily, we have access to great post-production technology that can drastically improve the quality of those unfortunate photos that didn't turn out as perfect as we'd hoped.…
Tree in the Sky found in a tree in the sky. How meta! Enjoy these photos taken by Neeti herself.
John Valenti
Magnus Champlin
Seth Faergolzia
Kat Brady
Daniel J. Kushner
"Neeti is such an easy-going person to work with! When she's behind the camera her smiles and sparkling personality make it easy and comfy to be in front."
Payton Marovich of PAXTOR
Durga KR
Stanley Main
© 2015 Tree in the Sky


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Gay Degani
The Wax Menagerie
I slid off the torn seat of my father's truck, juggling books, two paper bags, grabbing for them, my glasses slipping, failing as everything smacked onto the sidewalk. Standing at the school gate, Serena sneered. I hated Serena.
I bumped into class late, bags crackling, books thumping to the floor. Slid into my seat.
Mrs. Bedrosian frowned at me. "Zoe, why don't you show our museum guest what you brought for our exhibit?"
My cheeks burned as I set the brown bag that wasn't my lunch on my desk.
I brought out the tiny red elephant first. Its head was squashed against its body, its ears flattened. Serena sneered, her crossed leg swinging.
"What is that?" asked Mrs. B.
The kids stretched in their chairs to see, others stood; some were sniggering.
I brought out the giraffe. Put him next to the elephant. Its neck was folded and stretched down to its knees. It was red too. Everyone crept closer, even the lady from the museum.
I set the two swans on my fingers. They still faced each other, but now they were kissing.
Serena leaned over to poke at the swans.
"Where'd you get those?"
I lifted my chin so we were looking eye to eye. I pushed my glasses up on my nose. "My dad made them."
"With what?"
"The wax from Babybels," I said.
Serena's face crinkled and there was a titter of laughter.
I stared at the animals. How could they not see the magic of this menagerie?
I picked up the elephant, warmed it in cupped hands, reshaped it. I did the same with the giraffe.
"Don't fix the swans. I like them kissing." The museum lady beamed. "Class, many works of art come to us damaged and it's our job to put them back the way they were. It's called 'restoration.' "
Mrs. B clapped and the rest of the class did too. I grinned and as the museum lady placed my dad's animals on top of the bookshelf, Serena glared at me. For once, I didn't care.
Author's Statement on Beauty
A slow blush of early morning sky. Dewy light reflected across a meadow. Morning heat against one's shoulders, the feel of grit beneath one's nails, the scent of soil. The translucent sheen between clouds lacing a late afternoon's pale blue. Tangerine melting into verdant land stretching into sea. The soft touch of air on cheeks, napes of necks. A star-pricked night. Jasmine. Fingers brushing hand, slow steps, bodies turning toward each other's warmth, his breath, her lips, their tongues. These things.
Gay Degani, a resident of Los Angeles, has had four flash stories nominated for Pushcart consideration, published a full-length collection, Rattle of Want (Pure Slush Press, 2015), and a suspense novel, What Came Before (Truth Serum Press, 2016). She blogs at Words in Place.


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IntlUni presented at international conferences
IntlUni Coordinator Karen M. Lauridsen has recently presented IntlUni at three international conferences:
2013.06.14 |
The SoTL Commons. A Conference for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning. Savannah, GA, USA – 27 March 2013. ICLHE 2013 Integrating Content and Language in Higher Education. Maastricht, NL – 12 April 2013. See the presentation here
Most recently, she gave a presentation at ACA's 20th Anniversary Conference in the Hague on 11 June 2013.
International mobility and internationalisation
The event was co-organised by ACA and Nuffic and revisited two of ACA's core themes: International mobility and internationalisation. Where do we stand, where are we heading? In the presentations and workshops, contributors looked back at past trends and illuminated future developments in international higher education.
You find the whole programme here
IntlUni Coordinator Karen M. Lauridsen says that 'the ACA conference was a great opportunity for me to disseminate information about the aims and the first results of IntlUni to a very relevant community of stakeholders – and to renew contacts with colleagues in the internationalization of higher education.
- There is no doubt that our Erasmus Academic Network can make a difference and contribute to Europe 2020 and the Bologna process towards 2020. The IntlUni Network fits right into the current discussions about the quality of internationalisation and about internationalisation at home.
Partners mention IntlUni across Europe
The IntlUni secretariat in Aarhus would like to thank all the IntlUni partners for attending conferences across Europe and for representing and disseminating information about IntlUni on those occassions. This is much appreciated.
Anyone else who is interested in following IntlUni closely, is invited to sign up for our Newsletter and thereby become a member of our Outer Circle here.
The IntlUni project is scheduled to run over the next couple of years ending with a final conference in Brussels in September 2015.


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Aliens: Stronghold
Genres: Action, Adventure, Movies & TV, Sci-Fi
Publisher: Dark Horse Comics
Writer: John Arcudi
Artist: Doug Mahnke
Publication date: May 1994 - September 1994
Status: Completed
Views: 86,852
On an apparently routine supply run, Philip and Joy Strunk deliver a shipment of synthetic photoreceptors to Caspar Nordling, a biotechnologist for Grant Corporation. When the Strunks find out that Nordling's experiments have exceeded Stanislaw Mayakovsky's work (as seen in Aliens: Hive), they realize that there's more to Nordling and the Aliens than meets the eye. No one will want to miss this off-beat, high-action thriller from the writer/artist team that brought you The Mask and The Mask Returns!


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Surface: 141,903 hectares Provinces: Belluno Trento Bolzano Pordenone Udine Spoken languages: Italian German Ladin Friulano
It is clear that the Dolomites have not always been mountains. Millions of years ago, this area was a huge plain which, after centuries, became a tropical sea dotted with several atolls and volcanoes increasing in size over time. Later on, the whole area sank into the ocean until the Pangaea emerged, then Africa and Europe collided and this compression generated imposing and towering mountains: the Dolomites.
Three processes have generated the Dolomites: lithogenesis, the transformation of sediments into rocks; orogenesis, the rising of a mountain range from the sea and morphogenesis, the modeling of rock faces by the action of atmospheric agents. All this is well represented by the Dolomite rock: every rock layer which forms the Dolomites corresponds to a specific geological era.
The geological history of the Dolomites took place about 280 million years ago, during the Permian, when an ancient mountain range, placed on the edges of an oceanic gulf, began to sink: finally, the Dolomite area became a warm vastness of water. Large amounts of sediments began to deposit, then an intense volcanic activity led to the deposition of porphyry. Starting from around 240 million years ago, some organisms, requiring light to live, began to build reefs, atolls and small islands. The existence of this beings is clearly visible on the Dolomites, now representing a fossil archipelago unique in the world.
This era was also characterized by another remarkable event contributing to the uniqueness of the Dolomites UNESCO World Heritage Site: volcanism. For a long time major volcanic eruptions affected this region so that lava and volcanic rocks buried and changed the existing reefs. 236 million years ago, in the Ladinian time, volcanoes stopped their activity, were eroded, their rocks started to settle in the sea and the organisms could restart to build coral reefs: a massive coastal plain was formed.
228 million years ago, in the Norian, the Dolomites' region was once again invaded by the sea and this led to the appearance of carbonate deposits. It was in this time when dinosaurs started to inhabit this plain, as proved by the recent finding of some footprints. About 210- 190 million years ago, between the Triassic and the Lower Jurassic, there was a new phase of sinking which led to the depositing of new shallow-sea limestone. Progressively, between the Upper Jurassic and the Cretaceous (approximately 170 and 65 million years ago), there was a massive depositing of fine limestone and marl sediments (sedimentary rock made of clay and calcium carbonate).
At the end of the Cretaceous, due to the clash between Europe and Africa, this sediments began to emerge so to form a mountain range. During that age, the Earth's tectonic deformation were intense elsewhere but not on the Dolomites and this demonstrates once more how unique and special this mountains are.


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ELEMENTALS TRACE – Fe 250ml concentrated iron
ELEMENTALS TRACEFe is a high purity iron solution used for compensating iron deficiencies in reef aquariums.
33 vorrätig
Product Details
ELEMENTALS TRACE Fe is a high purity stabilized iron solution used for compensating iron deficiencies in reef aquariums.
With ELEMENTALS TRACE element solutions you obtain a cheap and easy possibility of dosing used up elements in your reef-tank
1 ml /100 L (26 US gal) = +4 µg / L
Maximum daily dose: +1 µg/ Liter
Please read the manual very carefully and make sure that the solutions are kept out of reach from pets and children. Check the actually necessary amounts before each use and do not overdose. Although this technique is very gentle, an overdose may kill corals.
Check your water parameters with the Aquacalculator:


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Link To This Page — Contact Us —
The Battle of Cherry Valley (Massacre)
November 10, 1778 at Cherry Valley, New York
"Incident in Cherry Valley - fate of Jane Wells" from the original picture by Alonzo Chappel, engraved by Thomas Phillibrown.
Order of Battle:
- British: 321 Brant's Volunteers and other Iroquois,
150 Butler's Rangers,
50 8th Regiment of Foot
- Americans: 7th Massachusetts Regiment,
250 settlers and milita
The Cherry Valley Massacre was all about revenge; revenge on the part of Tories and Iroquois for the destruction of Oquaga, Unadilla, Tioga, and other settlements, and revenge of another kind by an irascible Tory named Walter N. Butler.
In the summer of 1777, Butler was captured red-handed behind American lines near Fort Dayton. At the home of Hector Shoemaker, who had been in the King's commission of peace, Butler, 10 soldiers and 3 Mohawk warriors were caught in the treasonous act of persuading colonists to fight the rebels and remain loyal to British rule. Butler was livid at being captured, and during his court marshal as a spy Butler was seriously disruptive and uncooperative. His irascible nature likely hastened the death sentence quickly given by the Court. Soon after, because of family connections, Gen. Benedict Arnold granted Butler a reprieve from death, but he was thrown into the notorious Albany jail.
Conditions in the jail were worse than bad. Food, what there was of it, was spoiled and wormy, and treatment by jailers cruel and vindictive. Those supporting the rebel cause had little respect for Tories supporting King George. Also, there was hardly a family in the Albany-Mohawk Valley area that had been spared the death of relatives at the hands of Six Nations Indians, Tories or British troops. Jailed Tories did not have an easy time.
Walter got lucky. Years earlier, he had spent months in Albany, reading for the law. He also had many relatives and friends there, and his family was prominent in the area. After spending the fall and winter of 1777 in rough conditions in jail, Walter got a break. He feigned an illness, and at the request of Butler's family, Gen. ?? Lafayette had Butler's quarters changed to a private house. Only one provincial soldier was assigned to guard the prisoner.
The owners of the house were Tory sympathizers, and they resented the rebels who commandeered their home to make it a private jail. One moonless night, with help from the Butler family and a voluptuous young lady, the guard was plied with strong drink and passed out - drunk. A horse and supplies were waiting for Walter, and he made his cautious west to join his father at Niagara.
Butler had to travel at night to avoid rebel sympathizers and scrounge food and shelter from known Tories along the route. By the time he joined his father, he had made a solemn pledge to extract serious revenge for the harsh treatment he had received during his long months in the Albany Jail.
Butler immediately started laying his plans for revenge. He wrangled command of a detachment of his father's Butler's Rangers plus obtained permission to recruit any Indian he encountered, including any force led by the Mohawk leader, Chief Joseph Brant, if he could be intercepted. While on his way from Niagara to a rendezvous with the Rangers at Tioga, Butler located Brant who was returning to winter-quarters at Niagara. Brant did not like the young Butler. He had little use for the arrogant, evil-tempered Englishman, and was miffed for being given a subordinate position under him. However, they apparently settled their differences and Brant joined his 500 men with Butler's 200 Tories and Indians.
Brant was furious with the colonials for destroying his home and the buildings, crops and food stores at Oquaga. It forced many of his people northward toward Canada. He had planned to winter over at his home and plan raids for the following spring. As it was, he headed toward Fort Niagara with very little food, and many of his men scattered to different villages to join displaced families.
At the Tioga rendezvous, Butler and Brant selected Cherry Valley for their attack. The Seneca name for Cherry Valley was Karightongegh, meaning "Oak Woods". It was a settlement remarkable for it's pious inhabitants and spectacular beauty. Unlike many border settlements, the people of Cherry Valley were intelligent and of good moral character. For example, they wouldn't attend meetings of the Tryon County Committee of Safety on Sundays unless, as they wrote, "circumstances would super-exceed the duties to be performed in attending the public worship of God."
However beautiful, Cherry Valley was in an exposed position. The Marquis de Montcalm ordered a fort built there earlier in that spring of 1778. Command of the fort was given to Colonel Ichabod Alden, an arrogant English officer who led a back-east regiment. He was inexperienced in Indian warfare and most impressed by his own opinion of his abilities. The choice of Ichabod Alden to command "Fort Alden" would prove to be a tragic mistake.
As October wound down, Alden became convinced there would be no concentrated attack on Cherry Valley until possibly the following spring.
On November 8, Alden received a hastily written message from Fort Schuyler, warning that Tories and Indians would attack his post. The message, carried by Capts. James Parr and Michael Burd, was brief.
We were just now informed by an Oneida Indian (Thomas Spencer) that yesterday an Onondaga Indian arrived at their castle from one of the branches of the Susquehanna, called the Tioga. That he was present at a great meeting of Indians and Tories at that place and their result was to attack Cherry Valley, and that young Butler was to head the Tories. I send you this information that you may be on your guard.
I am Sir, yours, &etc.
Robert Cochrane Major, Commanding
Colonel Ichabod Alden
Fort Alden - Cherry Valley
As it was late in the season, settlers who brought their belongings to the fort for protection that summer had already taken them back to their homes. Now, with the warning, when they asked Alden for permission to bring their valuables back to the fort, Alden scoffed at the warning, calling it an "idle Indian rumor" and turned them down. He assured the settlers he would ;"...post vigilant scouts and be at all times prepared to warn them of any approaching danger."
On November 9, Alden sent scouts in various directions. Those who traveled down the Susquehanna unknowingly walked directly into the face of the enemy. On their third night out, one group of 10 men made a serious mistake. Sgt. Adam Hunter also didn't believe there would be an attack this late in the season, and was tired of cold, fireless nights. He told his men to build a large fire and they all slept beside it for warmth. They woke up the next morning as prisoners.
Adam Hunter woke up looking into a ring of Tories and Indian faces. Walter Butler recognized the sergeant. Hunter realized in fear that he was looking into the face of the man he once guarded in an Albany home who had escaped and very nearly caused his demotion.
After grilling Hunter and the prisoners for about an hour they got all the information about the settlement they needed, Butler and Brant moved toward the valley. They camped on top of a thickly evergreened hill about a mile southwest of the village. Snow fell that night, turning to rain by morning. The valley was covered with thick mist and fog. The attackers moved quickly and silently toward the village.
Officers of the garrison were lodged with families near the fort. And, with continued assurances by Colonel Alden that it was too late in the season for an attack, everyone relaxed. Alden and his Lt. Col. ?? Stacy stayed with Robert Wells, a respected judge of the county, who was a close friend of Col. John Butler, (Walter's father). About 20 regular soldiers also stayed at the Wells farm. Knowing where all the officers were staying, the attackers started to infiltrate the village, intending to creep up on the officer's billets. However, on the outskirts of town, an Indian fired at two men, killing one and wounding the other. Although seriously wounded, the survivor rode to the Wells house warning Colonel Alden and sounded the alarm in the village.
Continuing to evidence his arrogance and ignorance, Alden still did not believe it was an attack of force. He insisted it was likely the work of a lone straggler. Before he could call in his scouts or organize a defense, the Indians were upon them.
Unfortunately for the settlers, before entering the village, Butler halted his rangers so they could check their firearms. Their powder was wet. Some reports claim the pause was intentional, allowing the Senecas, the most ferocious of the Six Nations, into the vanguard of the attack. The rangers might have been able to curb some of the Seneca thirst for blood. The evening before Butler had cautioned his men against unwarranted cruelty. Instead, the Senecas immediately surrounded the Wells house, and, with several Tories, slaughtered the entire family. They killed Robert Wells, his wife, his brother and sister, John and Jane, 3 of his sons, Samuel, Robert, and William and his daughter Eleanor. The only survivor of the family was a son John who was at school in Schenectady. Ironically, Robert Wells had taken his entire family to safety in Schenectady some months before, but returned home when the danger of attack appeared over.
Alden attempted to escape from the Wells house He was chased down a road for some distance by an Indian. Brant repeatedly shouted for his surrender. Alden refused, making a fatal mistake by stopping, turning and firing his pistol repeatedly at Brant. His powder was wet, and the pistol misfired each time. Finally, the Mohawk chief hurled his tomahawk hitting Alden in the head, killing him instantly. Brant tore his scalp from him before he hit the ground.
The massacre of the Wells family was particularly barbaric. One story claims one of the Tories boasting he killed the unarmed Mr. Wells as he prayed. A better source states that Butler killed Wells, which is more likely.
As the Indians broke into the house, Wells's sister, Eleanor, tried to hide in a woodpile . She was intercepted by Little Beard who grabbed her, took his tomahawk from his belt, and aimed his tomahawk at her head. A Tory, ranger Peter Smith, once a servant in the Wells house, jumped in front of the Indian to stop him, claiming she was his sister. Eleanor knew some words of the Mohawk language and begged the Indian for mercy. With one hand, the Iroquois pushed the Tory away from the girl and with the other, buried his weapon in her temple.
The garrison was under daylong assault by Tories and Butler's rangers. The Indians avoided the fort, always fearful of cannon shot, especially grapeshot. They preferred killing, plundering and laying waste to the village and outskirts. They had no opposition, since they outnumbered the garrison force more than two to one. Those inside the fort saw the futility in venturing out to try and stop them.
Other Cherry Valley families who suffered the Indians, and equally vicious Tories, included the Rev. Samuel Dunlop and a Mr. Mitchell. Mrs. Dunlop was killed outright, sharing the fate of her sister, Mrs. Wells. Mr. Dunlop and another daughter would have been murdered but for Little Aaron, a chief of the Oghkwaga branch of Mohawks. Little Aaron led the aged, infirm old man to a doorway, where he stood beside him for protection. Indians tried to take his clothes, but the sachem stopped them. Rev. Dunlop never recovered from the event. His nerves were shattered, and he died within a year of the massacre.
Mr. Mitchell's situation was even more tragic. In the field working when he spotted the Indians, he realized he was cut off from the house. He headed into the woods, hiding until the attackers moved on. When he returned, his house was on fire, and he found his wife and 3 of their children inside, murdered. His fourth, a girl of 10 years old, although mangled and left for dead, was still alive. After putting out the small house fire, he carried his girl to the doorway, tending her wounds. He noticed a straggling party of attackers approaching. He just had time to hide, when a Tory sergeant named Newberry ran up to the door, and with a shout, drove his hatchet into the head of the little girl.
Newberry's savagery typified actions of many Tories during this period. Manywho supported english rule were especially fearful of losing lands they had cultivated and improved over the years. In many cases their savagery far outstripped that of the Indians. The following summer, by order of General James Clinton, Newberry was executed for his atrocities on the gallows at Canajoharie.
Several other families were cut off by the Indians, and in all, 32 settlers of Cherry Valley -- mostly women and children -- were killed. In addition, 16 soldiers died. Some of the inhabitants escaped, but many were wounded and/or taken prisoner.
Mrs. Clyde, the wife of Colonel Clyde, who was not in the area at the time, reached the deep woods with all her children except her oldest son, Abigail, who wasn't to be found. Although the Indians prowled the woods around her, she and the children remained hidden until the next day. Abigail had escaped also, but as she was trying to rejoin her mother the next day, she was intercepted and did not survive. Col. Colin Campbell was away from the village when the attack started, but hurried home when he heard the alarm gun from the Fort. He arrived to find his property destroyed, a member of his household killed and his wife and four children carried away as prisoners.
The following listing is from a letter in the Draper Manuscripts written Nov.24, 1778 by M. Richey, who arrived a day after the massacre at Cherry Valley. An excerpt from his letter illustrates the of the massacre
"I was never before a spectator of such a scene of distress and horror. The first object that presented was a woman lying with her four children, two on each side of her, all scalped; the next was the wife of the Rev. Mr. Dunlop, likewise scalped, stripped quite naked, and much of her flesh devoured by the Indian dogs. But it would be tedious to mention all the shocking spectacles that were to be seen. I shall only give you the general account as I took it down:"
This is Richey's tabulation of those killed, captured, returned and not returned.
|From the House of
|No. Killed
Not returned
|Mr. Wells
|Mr. Dunlop
|Mr. Moon
|Mr. Dickson
|Mr. Johnston
|Mr. McLeland
|Mr. Runsey
|Mr. Scot
|Mr. Mitchel
|Mr. Wilson
|Mr. Richey
|Mr. Lighman
|Mr. Maghlan
|Mr. More
|Mr. Henderson
|Mr. Cannon
Colin Campbell
|Mr. Campbel
|Mr. Bacon
|Mr. Shankland
|Mr. Bagnel
After the attack was over, 182 inhabitants of Cherry Valley were homeless, and all foodstuffs had been destroyed or carried away. It was early in November, and winter was already settling in with freezing weather.
The prisoners were marched double-time two miles south of the Fort the evening of the massacre. Large fires were kindled in a circle and the prisoners were herded into the center for the night. Many were half-clothed and they all huddled together shivering on the wet, cold ground. During the night the Indians divided the spoils, and the march was continued in the morning. A party of Indians returned to the village to search the ruins, bUT were driven off by the arrival of militia reinforcements.
The Indians and prisoners hadn't traveled far that second day when Walter Butler stopped the march. All the prisoners were brought together in a group. Butler told them they would all be released to return to Cherry Valley. There were two exceptions: Mrs. Campbell and her four children and Mrs. Moore and her children. Butler decided to keep them prisoners to punish their husbands for their activities against the King during the border wars.
When Walter Butler and his father fled to Canada, his mother and her younger children had been left behind. The Committee of Safety held them, and permission to follow the husband and son to Canada had been repeatedly denied. The returned prisoners were given a letter Butler wrote to Gen. Philip Schuyler, dated November 12, 1778.
I am induced by humanity to permit the persons whose names I send herewith, to return, lest the inclemency of the season, and their naked and helpless situation, might prove fatal to them, and expect that you will release an equal number of our people in your hands, amongst whom I expect you will permit Mrs. Butler and family to come to Canada; but if you insist upon it, I do engage to send you, moreover, an equal number of prisoners of yours, taken either by Rangers or Indians, and leave it to you to name the persons. I have done everything in my power to restrain the fury of the Indians from hurting women and children, or killing the prisoners who fell into our hands, and would have more effectively prevented them, but they were much incensed by the late destruction of their village of Anguaga (Unadilla) by your people. I shall always continue to act in that manner. I look upon it beneath the character of a soldier to wage war with women and children. I am sure you are conscious that Colonel Butler or myself have no desire that your women or children should be hurt. But, be assured, that if you persevere in detaining my father's family with you, that we shall no longer take the same pains to restrain the Indians from prisoners, women and children, that we have heretofore done."
I am your humble servant,
Walter N. Butler
Capt. of the Rangers"
(Butler neglects to mention the fact that women and children made up the majority of those killed at Cherry Valley.)
With most of their prisoners released, Butler, Brant and the Indians continued on down the Susquehanna to its confluence with the Tioga, then headed up that river to Seneca country and on to Niagara. Mrs. Cannon, an aged lady, and mother of Mrs. Campbell, was too old to keep up. On the second day, exhausted, an Indian tomahawked her as she stood beside her daughter. On their return to Niagara, the Indians killed an English family named Braxton, who lived on Butternut Creek, reducing their buildings to ashes.
For generations, Joseph Brant has been accused of ordering the atrocities at Cherry Valley. On the contrary, early documents show he was not in command of the raid, and in fact did his best to save inhabitants from the axe. However, even if he had been in command, it is doubtful he could have produced a more humane result. Walter Butler was in command and made that fact clear to everyone. When Walter's father heard about the murder of the Wells family, he was shocked at his son's conduct. "I would have gone miles on my hands and knees to save that family, and why my son did not do it, God only knows." The senior Butler then accused Brant of secretly ordering the Indians to the bloody massacre to bring shame on his son's name and in retribution for not being given command.
For generations Brant has been accused of being the vicious, bloodthirsty ringleader of the Massacre of Cherry Valley. However, there are too many indications that Walter Butler was carrying out his pledge of vengeance for his treatment in the Albany jail. For example, Butler has been charged that on the night before the battle, some of his rangers wanted to secretly warn their friends in the village of the pending attack, but Butler refused to allow it. He didn't want anyone to escape the attack. Butler also stopped his rangers short of the village, ordering them to replace the powder in their weapons. Butler knew full well the Senecas would take that opportunity to start the massacre. He made no effort to stop them.
Walter N. Butler was shot, wounded and then tomahawked by an Oneida Indian on October 24, 1781, in the last important engagement of the Revolutionary War. After the Battle of Johnstown, Indians pursued Butler as he fled the field. He was shot and killed a few miles above Herkimer as he crossed West Canada Creek.


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Horrible destruction can be terrifyingly beautiful. I have found myself entranced with these haunting clouds of radioactivity. I don't know why, but ever since I was in third-grade and read Sadako and the Thousand Paper Cranes I have been drawn to the awesome power of rapidly splitting atoms. It is amazing that humans can essentially create a mini-sun, a life-giving force, and apply it to war and mass-destruction. Tells you something about the human condition, I think.
Anyway, here is some fashion depicting this crazy weaponry:
The coloration of these tunics is striking. I like how it evokes the graininess of an 1940s photograph.
Get these nail-decals in atomic orange to go with your tunic of atmospheric radioactivity.
These earrings are quite controversial. They are replicas of the bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. They used to sell them at testing site museums, but people got angry claiming that the loss of life should not be commemorated by a fashion accessory. I personally don't see much difference between these bombs and having AK47 or battleship earrings... My morbid self wishes I could find a pair.
If your fashion sense is a little less feminine, here is a t-shirt and belt buckle to satiate your need for a nuclear winter:
Remember to cover your head and stay in your bunker until the radioactivity has dissipated.


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Sports Betting In Charleston
- Online Sports Betting In Charleston Via Offshore & Domestic Sportsbooks
- In-Person Sports Betting Is LEgal In West Virginia
- All Forms Of Sportsbooks Are Available To Charleston, WV Bettors
As the capital city and largest metropolitan area of West Virginia, Charleston has much to offer. The only area the city is lacking in is sports—there are no significant college or professional teams. Still, Charleston sports betting is possible through state-licensed domestic casinos, online betting apps licensed by WV, or licensed offshore sportsbooks.
This guide, designed specifically for Charleston residents, has helpful information on the legalities of sports gambling in West Virginia, which online sportsbooks are best to use, and how these sportsbooks work. Being an informed bettor is being a responsible bettor, so be sure to educate yourself before engaging in any type of online betting.
Is Sports Betting Legal In Charleston, WV?
There are significant US gambling laws enforced by the federal government regarding sports betting in the United States of America. Since there are multiple components of the domestic sports gambling network, it is necessary to have laws addressing each specific part.
The Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act federally banned regulated betting types in 46 states, including West Virginia. PASPA was passed back in 1992 and prevented WV from hosting any brick-and-mortar sportsbook establishments or lottery betting options, such as parlays or sports pools.
The PASPA act was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 2018 giving states the right to enact their own domestic gambling laws. Since PASPA's repeal, West Virginia enacted sports betting laws and now offers domestic sports betting to their casino patrons.
The Federal Wire Act restricts US-based gambling businesses from accepting wagers, betting information, and gaming data across state lines. The Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act handles banks and other financial institutions. It is responsible for mitigating how they process transactions with online gambling sites.
You will not find any mention of licensed offshore sportsbooks in these laws, and since they are offshore, they are already outside of US jurisdiction. The state of West Virginia has not passed any laws making it illegal to place wagers with offshore sportsbooks as long as they are licensed and regulated.
Top-Rated Charleston Sportsbooks
There are certain criteria necessary to classify an online sportsbook as legitimate. Our team of online gambling experts has compiled a list of the best available sportsbooks accepting Charleston residents. Each one of our recommended brands has met our quality standards and has been confirmed to have the aforementioned criteria, which includes:
- Legal licensing
- Regulation
- Betting line selection
- Wagering types
- Strong security profiles
- Reliable customer support
- Generous bonus incentives
- USA-friendly banking options
- Mobile/live betting capabilities
All of the sportsbooks listed in the table are highly regarded by industry insiders and have been in the business for at least 10 years or more. You can tour the sites for yourself by clicking on the links provided in the table. There is no express obligation to officially register for a sportsbook account or make any type of deposit when viewing the site.
|Site Name
|Current Bonus
|Visit Site
|50% Max $1,000
|Visit Site Review
|125% Max $3,125
|Visit Site Review
|50% Max $1,000
|Visit Site Review
|50% Max $500
|Visit Site Review
|50% Max $1,000
|Visit Site Review
|50% Max $1,000
|Visit Site Review
Sports Teams In Charleston, WV
There are no major sports teams in Charleston, WV, professional, or college. However, West Virginia does boast a notable college program in the University of West Virginia in Morgantown. Our suggested sportsbooks do not have any rules against betting on teams outside of your state, so Charleston residents can place bets on the NFL, NBA, NHL, MLB, or the NCAAB and college football odds produced by the West Virginia Hokies.
University of West Virginia (NCAA)
The University of West Virginia Mountaineers are a Big 12 team and are known for their football and men's basketball program.
WVU's basketball team is one of the best in the nation and a regular fixture in the NCAA March Madness tournament. Expect the Mountaineers to do well this season and don't forget to include them in your brackets.
Charleston, West Virginia Sports Betting FAQs
Yes, The Hollywood Casino in Charleston, WV has launched their sportsbook where residents or visitors can come to place bets on sports. The sportsbook has partnered with William Hill and offers the following betting types: point spreads, totals, money lines, parlays, match-ups, futures, props, and more.
In order to sign up for an account, you will need to enter in some personal information like your name, address, email, age, location, etc. This information is used to confirm your bettor eligibility. Offshore sites must adhere to international gambling laws. They only accept bettors of legal age from countries permitting the use of offshore sportsbooks.
Yes. Our recommended sportsbook brands incorporate SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) and data-bit encryption to protect your connection and safeguard your personal and financial information. They also implement advanced firewall protection and anti-fraud prevention.
These are the same types of security protocols used by world-class financial institutions.
Bettors can claim a bonus by entering in the appropriate promo code. Promo codes can be found on the site's Bonus page. There are multiple bonus types available, with deposit match bonuses being the most common.
This type of bonus presents an offer from the sportsbook to match a specific portion of your deposit up to a max amount. For example, you may see something like, "35% of deposit matched up to $1,000." Other bonus types are for live and mobile betting.
There are several options available to US bettors regarding deposits. Credit/debit cards, cryptocurrencies, wire transfers, and prepaid cards are typically the best options for United States bettors. There may be other options available, but these fluctuate from site to site.
There are minimum and maximum deposit amount requirements imposed on each method. Deposited funds should be available within 24 hours.


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- PanoPass
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Download full HD videos and tutorial project files with a PanoPass. You'll also get instant access to everything on the site, including products, and more.
Some of the most basic workflow problems have simple solutions that you simply don't know about, yet.
This quick tip will show you how to easily copy or duplicate layers from one Photoshop document to another.
This method requires that you have both your source and destination documents open at the same time.
In the Layers panel of your source document, select all the layers that you want to duplicate.
Right click the layers in the Layers panel and select Duplicate Layers.
In the Duplicate Layers dialog, select your destination document and hit OK. All of your layers, including layer styles, masks, etc. will be copied over fully intact.
If your source and destination documents are different sizes, you may have to move or resize certain elements.
Pro Tip: Select "New" as your destination document to create a new document with only the layers you are duplicating.
This method also requires that you have both a source and destination document open at the same time.
Zoom out of each image and drag them out from the top to undock them so they are in separate windows.
Select your source document, and in the Layers panel, select all the layers that you want to duplicate.
Click and drag from the canvas of your source document to the canvas of your destination document. All of your layers, including layer styles, masks, etc. will be copied over fully intact.
Pro Tip: Click + Drag, then press and hold Shift before releasing the mouse button to center your duplicated layers in your destination document.
I hope this little workflow tip makes your life easier. What other time saving quick tips do you use every day?
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Additional Resources
Additional Resources Heading link
Thank you for visiting our resource page. This page only contains UIC Campus Resources and our Campus Recreation Associations. While we appreciate the many educational resources available due to the high volume of requests we receive we do not add outside resources to this page.
|National Intramural Recreational Sports Association
|Illinois Recreational Sports Association


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Indian Speed Post Customer Care Numbers Website
Indian speed post is an Indian based courier services. It provides services across India. Lots of other courier company are providing services in India but Indian speed post is largest Currier network in India. The network covers every small village, town, district etc. Indian speed post provides services at low rates which is helpfull for poor people. Speed post is also providing money transfer facility. It is used for those areas which don't have any bank or any other money outlets. I would like to thank you to read this post and I will you help to know about Indian speed post customer care numbers
Bluedart Courier Customer Care Phone Number Of Mumbai
Indian Speed Post Customer Care Numbers Website
Speed post are the services of Indian Govt. Indian speed post is providing currier services Domestic as well as International currier. If you have any related queries to speed post like delivery status, Parcel not received availability etc, then in this post we'll give you all information about speed post customer care numbers website
First Flight Courier Customer Care Phone Number – Toll Free Number
Indian Speed Post Toll Free Number:
1800-11-2011 (For International Mails)
Instant Money Order Helpline Number:
Instant Money Order Customer Care Email-id:
Indian Speed Post Address In India:
|Andhra Pradesh
|Dak Sadan, Abidas, Hyderabad – 500001.
|[email protected] 040-23463636(Tel),
24747282 (Fax)
|4th Floor, Meghdoot Bhawan, Panbazar, Guwahati – 781001.
|[email protected] 9435503177 (Tel), 2544838 (Fax)
|Patna GPO Complex, Patna – 800001.
|[email protected]
Customer care centre/Complaints: 0612-2230082, 2220207 (Tel), 2225011 (Fax)
Postal Life Insurance complaints: Toll free No.18003456107,0612-2236842
|Raipur – 492001.
|[email protected] 0771-2233400 (Tel), 2233194 (Fax)
|Meghdoot Bhawan, Link Road, New Delhi – 110001.
|[email protected] 011-23620144 (Tel), 23627114 (Fax)
|Khanpur, Ahmedabad – 380001.
|[email protected] 079-25505424 (Tel), 25505275 (Fax)
|107, The Mall Road, Ambala Cant. – 133001.
|[email protected] 0171-2603100 (Tel), 2603736 (Fax)
|Himachal Pradesh
|Kaithu, Shimla – 171009.
|[email protected] 0177-2629000 (Tel), 2620351 (Fax)
|Jammu & Kashmir
|GPO Complex, Residency Road, Srinagar – 190001.
|[email protected] Jammu: 0191-2542878 (Tel), 2561746 (Fax) Kashmir: 0194-2452528 (Tel), 2452036 (Fax)
|Doranda HO Complex, Ranchi – 834019.
|[email protected] 0651-2482345 (Tel), 2480153 (Fax)
|Beaulieu, Palace Road, Bengluru – 560001.
|[email protected] 080-22392523 (Tel), 22202607(Fax)
|Kerala (For Kerala and Lakshadeep)
|Thiruvananthapuram – 695033.
|[email protected] 0471-2308300 (Tel), 2306500 (Fax)
|Madhya Pradesh
|Bhopal – 462012.
|[email protected] 0755-2550838 (Tel), 2556547 (Fax)
|Maharashtra (For Goa, Maharshtra and Dadra & Nagar Haveli)
|Mumbai GPO Building, 2nd Floor, Mumbai – 400001.
|[email protected] 022-22620049 (Tel), 22620829 (Fax)
|North East ( All North-Eastern States except Assam and Sikkim)
|Shillong – 793001.
|[email protected] 0364-2223800 (Tel), 2223034 (Fax)
|Bhubaneswar – 751001.
|[email protected] 0674-2392000 (Tel), 2394790 (Fax)
|Punjab (For Punjab and Chandigarh)
|Sandesh Bhawan, Sector – 17/E, Chandigarh – 160017.
|[email protected] 0172-2706700 (Tel), 2721670 (Fax)
|Sardar Patel Marg, Jaipur – 302007.
|[email protected] 0141-2372020 (Tel), 2366151 (Fax)
|Tamil Nadu (For Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry)
|Anna Road, Chennai – 600002.
|[email protected] 044-28520367 (Tel), 285221199 (Fax)
|Uttar Pradesh
|4, Hazratganj, Lucknow – 226001.
|[email protected] 0522-2622000 (Tel), 2616855 (Fax)
|Dehradun – 248001.
|[email protected] 0135-2658396 (Tel), 2650065 (Fax)
|West Bengal (For West Bengal, Sikkim and Andaman & Nicobar Islands)
|Yogayog Bhawan, P-36, C.R. Avenue, Kolkata – 700012.
|[email protected] 033-22120070 (Tel), 22120811 (Fax)
DTDC Customer Care Phone Number India
We hope you like our article. Please share this article on social Media Platforms like Facebook, Google Plus, Twitter, Whatsapp etc.


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Christina F. Bulkley, Pharm.D., BCACP
Asst,Grad Teaching/Grad Col
Pharmacy Clinical & Admin Sci
Phone (405) 271-6484 x47174
Christina Bulkley is a graduate student under Dr. Mike Smith.
Publications & Presentations
Wilson JE, Smith MJ, Lambert TL, George DL, Bulkley C.. A novel use of photovoice methodology in a leadership APPE and pharmacy leadership elective.. Curr Pharm Teach Learn. 2017; 9(6): 1042-1054
Bulkley CF, Miller MJ, Bush CG, Nussbaum BB, Draugalis JR. . Needs assessment for developing a program to help train advanced-practice pharmacists for research. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2017; 74(33): 1986-1995
Armor BL, Bulkley CF, Truong T, Carter SM.. Assessing student pharmacists' ability to identify drug-related problems in patients within a patient-centered medical home.. Am J Pharm Educ. 2014; 12(78): 1-6
Armor BL, Bulkley C.. English as a second languaage is a risk for an adverse drug event.. J Patient Saf. 2014; 10(4): 231-232
Bulkley C.. Academic detailing for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Oklahoma Medicaid.. Presented at Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy Nexus Meeting 10/15/2017; Silver Medal Award Winner
Bulkley C. Oklahoma community pharmacists' interest to participate in a pharmacy practice-based research network.. Presented at American Pharmacists Association annual meeting 03/15/2015;
Publications & Presentations
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Awards and Honors
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Iowa Rejects Request for Lake Protections
02.23.2019 | Dead Zone, News, Nitrogen & Phosphorus Pollution | No Comments
Last week, Iowa's Environmental Protection Commission chose to reject a petition from MRC member group Iowa Environmental Council (IEC) that asked for better water quality protections for Iowa's recreational lakes. Iowa has 160 recreational lakes. In the last 12 years, IDNR has closed the state's beaches nearly 200 times because of harmful algal blooms (HABs) […]Read More »


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Becoming a doctor has always been difficult. In the U.S. it requires four years of college followed by four years of medical school and, depending on the specialty, three or more years of residency training, a period when doctors routinely work up to 80 hours a week.
It may then come as a surprise that becoming a doctor is actually easier than it used to be, at least in terms of time spent on the job. Resident doctors in the 1980s, for example, sometimes worked more than 100 hours a week, with hospital shifts frequently lasting more than 30 hours at a stretch. The reason for these grueling hours: a belief by many in the profession that long hours were a rite of passage necessary for giving doctors the clinical skills to practice independently.
But in 2003, amid mounting concerns about fatigued doctors and patient safety, major reforms were enacted that prohibited resident doctors from working more than 80 hours per week and limited shift lengths to 24 hours. These reforms were arguably the largest natural experiment in the history of modern medical training. But they were hotly contested.
It may be hard to imagine why many in the medical profession would have believed that an additional 10 to 20 hours in the hospital each week would make for a better-trained doctor. But for many doctors the 2003 reforms raised concerns that the quality of medical training would be diminished by a shift-work mentality, an erosion of professionalism, and an inability of doctors-in-training to witness firsthand the hour-by-hour progression of a critical illness, all of which may lead doctors to have less experience on which to base future treatment decisions and insufficiently prepare them for the long hours and patient commitments required in real-life practice.
In 2009 one physician wrote to the editor of the New England Journal of Medicine that, as a result of the 2003 reforms, "We now force [residents] to leave a patient with whose treatment they are intimately involved or to cease the observation of an instructive surgical procedure midstream. It did not take long for this system to produce residents who would either walk away when their time had expired or else lie in order to violate the rules."
Similar concerns were raised in surgery: Reductions in work hours would reduce operative volume of surgeons-in-training. One surgeon noted in a recent article, "When I trained, good or bad, I worked about 120 hours a week. That was just expected. Today the average resident finishes with around 900 operative cases. I finished with twice as many."
While physician sentiment toward long work hours has undoubtedly softened, many doctors, often those who trained in an era without restrictions on work hours, still question whether doctors today are trained as well as they used to be.
In a study published in the BMJ, my colleagues and I analyzed the outcomes of nearly 500,000 hospitalized patients in the U.S. who were treated by newly independent doctors with varying exposure to work-hour restrictions during their residency training. We found that newly independent doctors who trained in a period where their residency work hours routinely reached 90 to 100 hours per week had no better patient outcomes, despite the additional hours spent in training, than doctors whose residency training involved substantially less time in the hospital.
An 80-hour workweek seems sufficient for training a doctor.
Our analysis was straightforward. Because residency work-hour reforms were implemented in 2003, internists who completed residency after 2006 would have been exposed to a cap of 80 hours per week for their entire three-year residency, while internists who completed residency before 2006 would have worked longer hours for one or more years of their training. We compared the patient outcomes of newly independent doctors — first-year internists just out of residency training — before and after 2006. (These outcomes were patient mortality and readmission to the hospital within 30 days of being hospitalized, as well as the costs of care.) We also looked at second-year internists — those who completed residency two years earlier — and found identical results.
To account for the fact that overall hospital care has improved over time, we used as a second control group doctors who completed residency 10 years earlier. We looked at the same three patient outcomes for these doctors, who were never exposed to work-hour restrictions during their residency training. Any trends in their patient outcomes over time should reflect only changes in the quality of hospital care, rather than any impact on care of having worked fewer hours during residency training.
Comparing doctors who completed their training before 2006 with those who completed theirs after it, 30-day mortality rates for hospitalized patients treated by first-year internists fell from 10.7% to 9.9%, a change that could incorrectly be used to argue that working fewer hours in residency led to better-trained doctors. But a similar decline was observed for 10th-year internists, whose patient mortality rates fell from 11.2% to 10.4%. Because mortality fell by a similar amount for both the treatment (doctors who worked 80-hour weeks) and the control group (doctors who worked 100 hours), the decline can't be attributed to hours of training and is more likely due to hospital quality improvements. We similarly found that spending fewer hours in the hospital during training had, on average, no effect on internists' hospital readmission rates or costs of care when they subsequently entered independent practice.
Our findings relate to the current epidemic of burnout among physicians — more than 40% of U.S. physicians reported experiencing burnout in several studies — a phenomenon that often starts during the busy years of residency training. If the intense nature of residency training is a prerequisite for doctors to deliver high-quality care once they enter independent practice, simply because a large number of hours spent treating patients is absolutely necessary for clinical expertise, then it may be difficult to further reduce resident work hours without compromising downstream quality of care. On the other hand, additional training may be at the "flat of the curve," meaning extra hours spent in the hospital offer little marginal benefit in terms of added expertise. This is particularly relevant today, as any small gaps in an individual doctor's expertise can likely be mitigated by the increasingly team-based nature of medical care and the growth in health care technologies, including electronic health records and various safety systems.
At a minimum, the data suggests that the incremental experience gained from working more than 80 hours per week as a resident doctor doesn't generally translate into improved patient outcomes later. And with rates of physician burnout increasing in recent years, it's worth considering whether residency work hours could be reduced further, or restructured to address other causes of fatigue (such as electronic health records and insurance issues), without compromising clinical expertise and quality of care for patients downstream. Although there are no serious proposals to rethink residency training hours, it's an open empirical question worth investigating.