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Attributed programming model overview (MEF)
In the Managed Extensibility Framework (MEF), a programming model is a particular method of defining the set of conceptual objects on which MEF operates. These conceptual objects include parts, imports, and exports. MEF uses these objects, but does not specify how they should be represented. Therefore, a wide variety of programming models are possible, including customized programming models.
The default programming model used in MEF is the attributed programming model. In the attributed programming model parts, imports, exports, and other objects are defined with attributes that decorate ordinary .NET Framework classes. This topic explains how to use the attributes provided by the attributed programming model to create a MEF application.
Import and Export Basics
An export is a value that a part provides to other parts in the container, and an import is a requirement that a part expresses to the container, to be filled from the available exports. In the attributed programming model, imports and exports are declared by decorating classes or members with the
Import and
Export attributes. The
Export attribute can decorate a class, field, property, or method, while the
Import attribute can decorate a field, property, or constructor parameter.
In order for an import to be matched with an export, the import and export must have the same contract. The contract consists of a string, called the contract name, and the type of the exported or imported object, called the contract type. Only if both the contract name and contract type match is an export considered to fulfill a particular import.
Either or both of the contract parameters can be implicit or explicit. The following code shows a class that declares a basic import.
Public Class MyClass1
Public Property MyAddin As IMyAddin
End Class
public class MyClass
public IMyAddin MyAddin { get; set; }
In this import, the
Import attribute has neither a contract type nor a contract name parameter attached. Therefore, both will be inferred from the decorated property. In this case, the contract type will be
IMyAddin, and the contract name will be a unique string created from the contract type. (In other words, the contract name will match only exports whose names are also inferred from the type
The following shows an export that matches the previous import.
Public Class MyLogger
Implements IMyAddin
End Class
public class MyLogger : IMyAddin { }
In this export, the contract type is
IMyAddin because it is specified as a parameter of the
Export attribute. The exported type must be either the same as the contract type, derive from the contract type, or implement the contract type if it is an interface. In this export, the actual type
MyLogger implements the interface
IMyAddin. The contract name is inferred from the contract type, which means that this export will match the previous import.
Exports and imports should usually be declared on public classes or members. Other declarations are supported, but exporting or importing a private, protected, or internal member breaks the isolation model for the part and is therefore not recommended.
The contract type must match exactly for the export and import to be considered a match. Consider the following export.
<Export()> 'WILL NOT match the previous import!
Public Class MyLogger
Implements IMyAddin
End Class
[Export] //WILL NOT match the previous import!
public class MyLogger : IMyAddin { }
In this export, the contract type is
MyLogger instead of
IMyAddin. Even though
MyLogger implements
IMyAddin, and therefore could be cast to an
IMyAddin object, this export will not match the previous import because the contract types are not the same.
In general, it is not necessary to specify the contract name, and most contracts should be defined in terms of the contract type and metadata. However, under certain circumstances, it is important to specify the contract name directly. The most common case is when a class exports several values that share a common type, such as primitives. The contract name can be specified as the first parameter of the
Import or
Export attribute. The following code shows an import and an export with a specified contract name of
Public Class MyExportClass
'This one will match
Public ReadOnly Property MajorRevision As Integer
Return 4
End Get
End Property
Public ReadOnly Property MinorRevision As Integer
Return 16
End Get
End Property
End Class
public class MyClass
public int MajorRevision { get; set; }
public class MyExportClass
[Export("MajorRevision")] //This one will match.
public int MajorRevision = 4;
public int MinorRevision = 16;
If the contract type is not specified, it will still be inferred from the type of the import or export. However, even if the contract name is specified explicitly, the contract type must also match exactly for the import and export to be considered a match. For example, if the
MajorRevision field was a string, the inferred contract types would not match and the export would not match the import, despite having the same contract name.
Importing and Exporting a Method
Export attribute can also decorate a method, in the same way as a class, property, or function. Method exports must specify a contract type or contract name, as the type cannot be inferred. The specified type can be either a custom delegate or a generic type, such as
Func. The following class exports a method named
Public Class MyAddin
'Explicitly specifying a generic type
<Export(GetType(Func(Of Integer, String)))>
Public Function DoSomething(ByVal TheParam As Integer) As String
Return Nothing 'Function body goes here
End Function
End Class
public class MyAddin
//Explicitly specifying a generic type.
[Export(typeof(Func<int, string>))]
public string DoSomething(int TheParam);
In this class, the
DoSomething method takes a single
int parameter and returns a
string. To match this export, the importing part must declare an appropriate member. The following class imports the
DoSomething method.
Public Class MyClass1
'Contract name must match!
Public Property MajorRevision As Func(Of Integer, String)
End Class
public class MyClass
[Import] //Contract name must match!
public Func<int, string> DoSomething { get; set; }
For more information about how to use of the
Func<T, T> object, see Func<T,TResult>.
Types of Imports
MEF support several import types, including dynamic, lazy, prerequisite, and optional.
Dynamic Imports
In some cases, the importing class may want to match exports of any type that have a particular contract name. In this scenario, the class can declare a dynamic import. The following import matches any export with contract name "TheString".
Public Class MyClass1
Public Property MyAddin
End Class
public class MyClass
public dynamic MyAddin { get; set; }
When the contract type is inferred from the
dynamic keyword, it will match any contract type. In this case, an import should always specify a contract name to match on. (If no contract name is specified, the import will be considered to match no exports.) Both of the following exports would match the previous import.
<Export("TheString", GetType(IMyAddin))>
Public Class MyLogger
Implements IMyAddin
End Class
Public Class MyToolbar
End Class
[Export("TheString", typeof(IMyAddin))]
public class MyLogger : IMyAddin { }
public class MyToolbar { }
Obviously, the importing class must be prepared to deal with an object of arbitrary type.
Lazy Imports
In some cases, the importing class may require an indirect reference to the imported object, so that the object is not instantiated immediately. In this scenario, the class can declare a lazy import by using a contract type of
Lazy<T>. The following importing property declares a lazy import.
Public Class MyClass1
Public Property MyAddin As Lazy(Of IMyAddin)
End Class
public class MyClass
public Lazy<IMyAddin> MyAddin { get; set; }
From the point of view of the composition engine, a contract type of
Lazy<T> is considered identical to contract type of
T. Therefore, the previous import would match the following export.
Public Class MyLogger
Implements IMyAddin
End Class
public class MyLogger : IMyAddin { }
The contract name and contract type can be specified in the
Import attribute for a lazy import, as described earlier in the "Basic Imports and Exports" section.
Prerequisite Imports
Exported MEF parts are typically created by the composition engine, in response to a direct request or the need to fill a matched import. By default, when creating a part, the composition engine uses the parameter-less constructor. To make the engine use a different constructor, you can mark it with the
ImportingConstructor attribute.
Each part may have only one constructor for use by the composition engine. Providing no parameterless constructor and no
ImportingConstructor attribute, or providing more than one
ImportingConstructor attribute, will produce an error.
To fill the parameters of a constructor marked with the
ImportingConstructor attribute, all of those parameters are automatically declared as imports. This is a convenient way to declare imports that are used during part initialization. The following class uses
ImportingConstructor to declare an import.
Public Class MyClass1
Private _theAddin As IMyAddin
'Parameterless constructor will NOT be used
'because the ImportingConstructor
'attribute is present.
Public Sub New()
End Sub
'This constructor will be used.
'An import with contract type IMyAddin
'is declared automatically.
Public Sub New(ByVal MyAddin As IMyAddin)
_theAddin = MyAddin
End Sub
End Class
public class MyClass
private IMyAddin _theAddin;
//Parameterless constructor will NOT be
//used because the ImportingConstructor
//attribute is present.
public MyClass() { }
//This constructor will be used.
//An import with contract type IMyAddin is
//declared automatically.
public MyClass(IMyAddin MyAddin)
_theAddin = MyAddin;
By default, the
ImportingConstructor attribute uses inferred contract types and contract names for all of the parameter imports. It is possible to override this by decorating the parameters with
Import attributes, which can then define the contract type and contract name explicitly. The following code demonstrates a constructor that uses this syntax to import a derived class instead of a parent class.
Public Sub New(<Import(GetType(IMySubAddin))> ByVal MyAddin As IMyAddin)
End Sub
public MyClass([Import(typeof(IMySubAddin))]IMyAddin MyAddin)
_theAddin = MyAddin;
In particular, you should be careful with collection parameters. For example, if you specify
ImportingConstructor on a constructor with a parameter of type
IEnumerable<int>, the import will match a single export of type
IEnumerable<int>, instead of a set of exports of type
int. To match a set of exports of type
int, you have to decorate the parameter with the
ImportMany attribute.
Parameters declared as imports by the
ImportingConstructor attribute are also marked as prerequisite imports. MEF normally allows exports and imports to form a cycle. For example, a cycle is where object A imports object B, which in turn imports object A. Under ordinary circumstances, a cycle is not a problem, and the composition container constructs both objects normally.
When an imported value is required by the constructor of a part, that object cannot participate in a cycle. If object A requires that object B be constructed before it can be constructed itself, and object B imports object A, then the cycle will be unable to resolve and a composition error will occur. Imports declared on constructor parameters are therefore prerequisite imports, which must all be filled before any of the exports from the object that requires them can be used.
Optional Imports
Import attribute specifies a requirement for the part to function. If an import cannot be fulfilled, the composition of that part will fail and the part will not be available.
You can specify that an import is optional by using the
AllowDefault property. In this case, the composition will succeed even if the import does not match any available exports, and the importing property will be set to the default for its property type (
null for object properties,
false for Booleans, or zero for numeric properties.) The following class uses an optional import.
Public Class MyClass1
Public Property thePlugin As Plugin
'If no matching export is available,
'thePlugin will be set to null.
End Class
public class MyClass
[Import(AllowDefault = true)]
public Plugin thePlugin { get; set; }
//If no matching export is available,
//thePlugin will be set to null.
Importing Multiple Objects
Import attribute will only be successfully composed when it matches one and only one export. Other cases will produce a composition error. To import more than one export that matches the same contract, use the
ImportMany attribute. Imports marked with this attribute are always optional. For example, composition will not fail if no matching exports are present. The following class imports any number of exports of type
Public Class MyClass1
Public Property MyAddin As IEnumerable(Of IMyAddin)
End Class
public class MyClass
public IEnumerable<IMyAddin> MyAddin { get; set; }
The imported array can be accessed by using ordinary
IEnumerable<T> syntax and methods. It is also possible to use an ordinary array (
IMyAddin[]) instead.
This pattern can be very important when you use it in combination with the
Lazy<T> syntax. For example, by using
IEnumerable<T>, and
Lazy<T>, you can import indirect references to any number of objects and only instantiate the ones that become necessary. The following class shows this pattern.
Public Class MyClass1
Public Property MyAddin As IEnumerable(Of Lazy(Of IMyAddin))
End Class
public class MyClass
public IEnumerable<Lazy<IMyAddin>> MyAddin { get; set; }
Avoiding Discovery
In some cases, you may want to prevent a part from being discovered as part of a catalog. For example, the part may be a base class intended to be inherited from, but not used. There are two ways to accomplish this. First, you can use the
abstract keyword on the part class. Abstract classes never provide exports, although they can provide inherited exports to classes that derive from them.
If the class cannot be made abstract, you can decorate it with the
PartNotDiscoverable attribute. A part decorated with this attribute will not be included in any catalogs. The following example demonstrates these patterns.
DataOne will be discovered by the catalog. Since
DataTwo is abstract, it will not be discovered. Since
DataThree used the
PartNotDiscoverable attribute, it will not be discovered.
Public Class DataOne
'This part will be discovered
'as normal by the catalog.
End Class
Public MustInherit Class DataTwo
'This part will not be discovered
'by the catalog.
End Class
Public Class DataThree
'This part will also not be discovered
'by the catalog.
End Class
public class DataOne
//This part will be discovered
//as normal by the catalog.
public abstract class DataTwo
//This part will not be discovered
//by the catalog.
public class DataThree
//This part will also not be discovered
//by the catalog.
Metadata and Metadata Views
Exports can provide additional information about themselves known as metadata. Metadata can be used to convey properties of the exported object to the importing part. The importing part can use this data to decide which exports to use, or to gather information about an export without having to construct it. For this reason, an import must be lazy to use metadata.
To use metadata, you typically declare an interface known as a metadata view, which declares what metadata will be available. The metadata view interface must have only properties, and those properties must have
get accessors. The following interface is an example metadata view.
Public Interface IPluginMetadata
ReadOnly Property Name As String
ReadOnly Property Version As Integer
End Interface
public interface IPluginMetadata
string Name { get; }
int Version { get; }
It is also possible to use a generic collection,
IDictionary<string, object>, as a metadata view, but this forfeits the benefits of type checking and should be avoided.
Ordinarily, all of the properties named in the metadata view are required, and any exports that do not provide them will not be considered a match. The
DefaultValue attribute specifies that a property is optional. If the property is not included, it will be assigned the default value specified as a parameter of
DefaultValue. The following are two different classes decorated with metadata. Both of these classes would match the previous metadata view.
<ExportMetadata("Name", "Logger")>
<ExportMetadata("Version", 4)>
Public Class MyLogger
Implements IPlugin
End Class
'Version is not required because of the DefaultValue
<ExportMetadata("Name", "Disk Writer")>
Public Class DWriter
Implements IPlugin
End Class
ExportMetadata("Name", "Logger"),
ExportMetadata("Version", 4)]
public class Logger : IPlugin
ExportMetadata("Name", "Disk Writer")]
//Version is not required because of the DefaultValue
public class DWriter : IPlugin
Metadata is expressed after the
Export attribute by using the
ExportMetadata attribute. Each piece of metadata is composed of a name/value pair. The name portion of the metadata must match the name of the appropriate property in the metadata view, and the value will be assigned to that property.
It is the importer that specifies what metadata view, if any, will be in use. An import with metadata is declared as a lazy import, with the metadata interface as the second type parameter to
Lazy<T,T>. The following class imports the previous part with metadata.
Public Class Addin
Public Property plugin As Lazy(Of IPlugin, IPluginMetadata)
End Class
public class Addin
public Lazy<IPlugin, IPluginMetadata> plugin;
In many cases, you will want to combine metadata with the
ImportMany attribute, in order to parse through the available imports and choose and instantiate only one, or filter a collection to match a certain condition. The following class instantiates only
IPlugin objects that have the
Name value "Logger".
Public Class User
Public Property plugins As IEnumerable(Of Lazy(Of IPlugin, IPluginMetadata))
Public Function InstantiateLogger() As IPlugin
Dim logger As IPlugin
logger = Nothing
For Each Plugin As Lazy(Of IPlugin, IPluginMetadata) In plugins
If Plugin.Metadata.Name = "Logger" Then
logger = Plugin.Value
End If
Return logger
End Function
End Class
public class User
public IEnumerable<Lazy<IPlugin, IPluginMetadata>> plugins;
public IPlugin InstantiateLogger()
IPlugin logger = null;
foreach (Lazy<IPlugin, IPluginMetadata> plugin in plugins)
if (plugin.Metadata.Name == "Logger")
logger = plugin.Value;
return logger;
Import and Export Inheritance
If a class inherits from a part, that class may also become a part. Imports are always inherited by subclasses. Therefore, a subclass of a part will always be a part, with the same imports as its parent class.
Exports declared by using the
Export attribute are not inherited by subclasses. However, a part can export itself by using the
InheritedExport attribute. Subclasses of the part will inherit and provide the same export, including contract name and contract type. Unlike an
Export attribute,
InheritedExport can be applied only at the class level, and not at the member level. Therefore, member-level exports can never be inherited.
The following four classes demonstrate the principles of import and export inheritance.
NumTwo inherits from
NumOne, so
NumTwo will import
IMyData. Ordinary exports are not inherited, so
NumTwo will not export anything.
NumFour inherits from
NumThree. Because
NumThree used
NumFour has one export with contract type
NumThree. Member-level exports are never inherited, so
IMyData is not exported.
Public Class NumOne
Public Property MyData As IMyData
End Class
Public Class NumTwo
Inherits NumOne
'Imports are always inherited, so NumTwo will
'Import IMyData
'Ordinary exports are not inherited, so
'NumTwo will NOT export anything. As a result it
'will not be discovered by the catalog!
End Class
Public Class NumThree
Public Property MyData As IMyData
'This part provides two exports, one of
'contract type NumThree, and one of
'contract type IMyData.
End Class
Public Class NumFour
Inherits NumThree
'Because NumThree used InheritedExport,
'this part has one export with contract
'type NumThree.
'Member-level exports are never inherited,
'so IMyData is not exported.
End Class
public class NumOne
public IMyData MyData { get; set; }
public class NumTwo : NumOne
//Imports are always inherited, so NumTwo will
//import IMyData.
//Ordinary exports are not inherited, so
//NumTwo will NOT export anything. As a result it
//will not be discovered by the catalog!
public class NumThree
Public IMyData MyData { get; set; }
//This part provides two exports, one of
//contract type NumThree, and one of
//contract type IMyData.
public class NumFour : NumThree
//Because NumThree used InheritedExport,
//this part has one export with contract
//type NumThree.
//Member-level exports are never inherited,
//so IMyData is not exported.
If there is metadata associated with an
InheritedExport attribute, that metadata will also be inherited. (For more information, see the earlier "Metadata and Metadata Views" section.) Inherited metadata cannot be modified by the subclass. However, by re-declaring the
InheritedExport attribute with the same contract name and contract type, but with new metadata, the subclass can replace the inherited metadata with new metadata. The following class demonstrates this principle. The
MegaLogger part inherits from
Logger and includes the
InheritedExport attribute. Since
MegaLogger re-declares new metadata named Status, it does not inherit the Name and Version metadata from
<ExportMetadata("Name", "Logger")>
<ExportMetadata("Version", 4)>
Public Class Logger
Implements IPlugin
'Exports with contract type IPlugin
'and metadata "Name" and "Version".
End Class
Public Class SuperLogger
Inherits Logger
'Exports with contract type IPlugin and
'metadata "Name" and "Version", exactly the same
'as the Logger class.
End Class
<ExportMetadata("Status", "Green")>
Public Class MegaLogger
Inherits Logger
'Exports with contract type IPlugin and
'metadata "Status" only. Re-declaring
'the attribute replaces all metadata.
End Class
ExportMetadata("Name", "Logger"),
ExportMetadata("Version", 4)]
public class Logger : IPlugin
//Exports with contract type IPlugin and
//metadata "Name" and "Version".
public class SuperLogger : Logger
//Exports with contract type IPlugin and
//metadata "Name" and "Version", exactly the same
//as the Logger class.
ExportMetadata("Status", "Green")]
public class MegaLogger : Logger {
//Exports with contract type IPlugin and
//metadata "Status" only. Re-declaring
//the attribute replaces all metadata.
When re-declaring the
InheritedExport attribute to override metadata, make sure that the contract types are the same. (In the previous example,
IPlugin is the contract type.) If they differ, instead of overriding, the second attribute will create a second, independent export from the part. Generally, this means that you will have to explicitly specify the contract type when you override an
InheritedExport attribute, as shown in the previous example.
Since interfaces cannot be instantiated directly, they generally cannot be decorated with
Export or
Import attributes. However, an interface can be decorated with an
InheritedExport attribute at the interface level, and that export along with any associated metadata will be inherited by any implementing classes. The interface itself will not be available as a part, however.
Custom Export Attributes
The basic export attributes,
Export and
InheritedExport, can be extended to include metadata as attribute properties. This technique is useful for applying similar metadata to many parts, or creating an inheritance tree of metadata attributes.
A custom attribute can specify the contract type, the contract name, or any other metadata. In order to define a custom attribute, a class inheriting from
ExportAttribute (or
InheritedExportAttribute) must be decorated with the
MetadataAttribute attribute. The following class defines a custom attribute.
<AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.Class, AllowMultiple:=false)>
Public Class MyAttribute
Inherits ExportAttribute
Public Property MyMetadata As String
Public Sub New(ByVal myMetadata As String)
myMetadata = myMetadata
End Sub
End Class
[AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.Class, AllowMultiple=false)]
public class MyAttribute : ExportAttribute
public MyAttribute(string myMetadata)
: base(typeof(IMyAddin))
MyMetadata = myMetadata;
public string MyMetadata { get; private set; }
This class defines a custom attribute named
MyAttribute with contract type
IMyAddin and some metadata named
MyMetadata. All properties in a class marked with the
MetadataAttribute attribute are considered to be metadata defined in the custom attribute. The following two declarations are equivalent.
<ExportMetadata("MyMetadata", "theData")>
Public Property myAddin As MyAddin
Public Property myAddin As MyAddin
ExportMetadata("MyMetadata", "theData")]
public MyAddin myAddin { get; set; }
public MyAddin myAddin { get; set; }
In the first declaration, the contract type and metadata are explicitly defined. In the second declaration, the contract type and metadata are implicit in the customized attribute. Particularly in cases where a large amount of identical metadata must be applied to many parts (for example, author or copyright information), using a custom attribute can save a lot of time and duplication. Further, inheritance trees of custom attributes can be created to allow for variations.
To create optional metadata in a custom attribute, you can use the
DefaultValue attribute. When this attribute is applied to a property in a custom attribute class, it specifies that the decorated property is optional and does not have to be supplied by an exporter. If a value for the property is not supplied, it will be assigned the default value for its property type (usually
false, or 0.)
Creation Policies
When a part specifies an import and composition is performed, the composition container attempts to find a matching export. If it matches the import with an export successfully, the importing member is set to an instance of the exported object. Where this instance comes from is controlled by the exporting part's creation policy.
The two possible creation policies are shared and non-shared. A part with a creation policy of shared will be shared between every import in the container for a part with that contract. When the composition engine finds a match and has to set an importing property, it will instantiate a new copy of the part only if one does not already exist; otherwise, it will supply the existing copy. This means that many objects may have references to the same part. Such parts should not rely on internal state that might be changed from many places. This policy is appropriate for static parts, parts that provide services, and parts that consume a lot of memory or other resources.
A part with the creation policy of non-shared will be created every time a matching import for one of its exports is found. A new copy will therefore be instantiated for every import in the container that matches one of the part's exported contracts. The internal state of these copies will not be shared. This policy is appropriate for parts where each import requires its own internal state.
Both the import and the export can specify the creation policy of a part, from among the values
NonShared, or
Any. The default is
Any for both imports and exports. An export that specifies
Shared or
NonShared will only match an import that specifies the same, or that specifies
Any. Similarly, an import that specifies
Shared or
NonShared will only match an export that specifies the same, or that specifies
Any. Imports and exports with incompatible creation policies are not considered a match, in the same way as an import and export whose contract name or contract type are not a match. If both import and export specify
Any, or do not specify a creation policy and default to
Any, the creation policy will default to shared.
The following example shows both imports and exports specifying creation policies.
PartOne does not specify a creation policy, so the default is
PartTwo does not specify a creation policy, so the default is
Any. Since both import and export default to
PartOne will be shared.
PartThree specifies a
Shared creation policy, so
PartTwo and
PartThree will share the same copy of
PartFour specifies a
NonShared creation policy, so
PartFour will be non-shared in
PartSix specifies a
NonShared creation policy.
PartFive and
PartSix will each receive separate copies of
PartSeven specifies a
Shared creation policy. Because there is no exported
PartFour with a creation policy of
Shared, the
PartSeven import does not match anything and will not be filled.
Public Class PartOne
'The default creation policy for an export is Any.
End Class
Public Class PartTwo
Public Property partOne As PartOne
'The default creation policy for an import is Any.
'If both policies are Any, the part will be shared.
End Class
Public Class PartThree
Public Property partOne As PartOne
'The Shared creation policy is explicitly specified.
'PartTwo and PartThree will receive references to the
'SAME copy of PartOne.
End Class
Public Class PartFour
'The NonShared creation policy is explicitly specified.
End Class
Public Class PartFive
Public Property partFour As PartFour
'The default creation policy for an import is Any.
'Since the export's creation policy was explicitly
'defined, the creation policy for this property will
'be non-shared.
End Class
Public Class PartSix
Public Property partFour As PartFour
'Both import and export specify matching creation
'policies. PartFive and PartSix will each receive
'SEPARATE copies of PartFour, each with its own
'internal state.
End Class
Public Class PartSeven
Public Property partFour As PartFour
'A creation policy mismatch. Because there is no
'exported PartFour with a creation policy of Shared,
'this import does not match anything and will not be
End Class
public class PartOne
//The default creation policy for an export is Any.
public class PartTwo
public PartOne partOne { get; set; }
//The default creation policy for an import is Any.
//If both policies are Any, the part will be shared.
public class PartThree
[Import(RequiredCreationPolicy = CreationPolicy.Shared)]
public PartOne partOne { get; set; }
//The Shared creation policy is explicitly specified.
//PartTwo and PartThree will receive references to the
//SAME copy of PartOne.
public class PartFour
//The NonShared creation policy is explicitly specified.
public class PartFive
public PartFour partFour { get; set; }
//The default creation policy for an import is Any.
//Since the export's creation policy was explicitly
//defined, the creation policy for this property will
//be non-shared.
public class PartSix
[Import(RequiredCreationPolicy = CreationPolicy.NonShared)]
public PartFour partFour { get; set; }
//Both import and export specify matching creation
//policies. PartFive and PartSix will each receive
//SEPARATE copies of PartFour, each with its own
//internal state.
public class PartSeven
[Import(RequiredCreationPolicy = CreationPolicy.Shared)]
public PartFour partFour { get; set; }
//A creation policy mismatch. Because there is no
//exported PartFour with a creation policy of Shared,
//this import does not match anything and will not be
Life Cycle and Disposing
Because parts are hosted in the composition container, their life cycle can be more complex than ordinary objects. Parts can implement two important life cycle-related interfaces:
IDisposable and
Parts that require work to be performed at shut down or that need to release resources should implement
IDisposable, as usual for .NET Framework objects. However, since the container creates and maintains references to parts, only the container that owns a part should call the
Dispose method on it. The container itself implements
IDisposable, and as portion of its cleanup in
Dispose it will call
Dispose on all the parts that it owns. For this reason, you should always dispose the composition container when it and any parts it owns are no longer needed.
For long-lived composition containers, memory consumption by parts with a creation policy of non-shared can become a problem. These non-shared parts can be created multiple times and will not be disposed until the container itself is disposed. To deal with this, the container provides the
ReleaseExport method. Calling this method on a non-shared export removes that export from the composition container and disposes it. Parts that are used only by the removed export, and so on down the tree, are also removed and disposed. In this way, resources can be reclaimed without disposing the composition container itself.
IPartImportsSatisfiedNotification contains one method named
OnImportsSatisfied. This method is called by the composition container on any parts that implement the interface when composition has been completed and the part's imports are ready for use. Parts are created by the composition engine to fill the imports of other parts. Before the imports of a part have been set, you cannot perform any initialization that relies on or manipulates imported values in the part constructor unless those values have been specified as prerequisites by using the
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text:
Up to date ski and snowboard models and a wide range of equipment for a simple and compfortable begin to your skiing fun. Choose from our range for beginners, advanced and performance skiiers – we will gladly advise you.
In our shops you will also find a wide range of funtional clothing, stylish ski fashion and a great life-style collection. We look forward to seeing you.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
A Weekend In Geelong at The Australian International Tea Expo
The sky was a pure blue, the day was a pleasant 26 degrees Celsius, and the waves gently lapped at the shore line as I made my way to the pier at Geelong, Victoria. It was Saturday 17th October, and I was looking forward to two days of all things tea at the Australian International Tea Expo. Geelong's promenade and pier, made me feel quite at home as I strolled along, with its very English feel of a British seaside town. The only thing's missing, were the donkey rides, deckchair's and "Kiss Me Quick" hats. Oh well, somethings you just have to reminisce about!
This the first tea expo and masterminded by Sharyn Johnston, founder and director of Australian Tea Masters. The expo was running over three days, Friday, Saturday and Sunday, with a varied selection of tea retailers, producers and tea affiliated companies. During the three days individual classes were being presented at various times of the day, everything from opening your own tea business, blending your own chai to pairing various foods with teas. The expo was open to the public and trade alike, with a $25 general entrance fee. Most of the individual classes were around the $35 price with the "Black Tea Dinner" on the Saturday evening at $170.
As I wondered around the expo over the two days, it was great to catch up with friends and colleagues of the Australian tea trade. I also had the opportunity over the weekend to meet and talk tea with a whole new group of people. Learn about their teas, how they operate their businesses, and of course taste their wonderful brews.
As at any expo, certain products you see and taste, or people you meet, stand out and make an impression on you. For me it was a great pleasure to see Impala and Peacocks, new tea packaging on display. After being with owner Sarah in China, and visiting the factory where the packaging is being produced. Having the chance again to talk with Coco from Yunnan Village, a new tea company in Canberra. Seeing her dream having come to fruition, and now being able to taste her amazing Yunnan wild black teas and cake Puerh. Spicing things up and talking masala chai with Apoorv and Gauri of Original Chai Co. Learning more about Australian teas from the growers, Davide & Erin Angelini from Alpine Tea Co. and Jane from Tassie-T who grows the most southerly grown tea in the world. I so enjoyed the story of Canadian based company Andrews-George and their product Domatcha, told to me by Anna Harrison, Domatcha's International Manager. It made the hairs on the back of my neck stand up, as she told it to me. And it was certainly a pleasure being introduced to and tasting, the Indonesian teas of BukitSari tea plantation.
So as I jump in my car, and took my leave of the Australian International Tea Expo and Geelong. Making my way back to Canberra. I had more than enough time to reflect, over my two days of tea on the pier. I think that Sharyn and her team from Australian Tea Masters should be congratulated for the time, effort and expense of putting on this event. I hope as they have time to reflect on the event, they feel pleasantly pleased with what they achieved. It would have been nice to see more of the trade there supporting the expo but as many said to me before the event Geelong seemed an odd choice for such an event. I would also like to draw your attention and my thanks to the stallholders at the event, for their time and effort. Standing, smiling and trying to answer every type of question being thrown at you, is certainly not easy. For many this would be their first experience of expo life and I do hope that they and their businesses, see the benefits of the event.
The Australian speciality tea market is opening people's eyes to the possibilities of what tea can be. Events like this and the Sydney Tea Festival are beacons of inspiration, and the organisers should be congratulated on their initiative and pure determination. The Australian tea industry is filled with imaginative, entrepreneurial, passionate and hardworking people. I believe with more collaboration and communication, speciality tea is on the path to boom in suburbs and cities around Australia.


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Postdoctoral Scholar Directory
Postdoctoral Scholar Resources
Academic Resources
Community Resources
- Student Affairs | Find your community within the many cultural, identity, and support centers on campus.
Mental Health, Physical Health, and Advocacy Resources
- Academic and Staff Assistance Program (ASAP)
- Aggie Compass | Their mission is to help mitigate the effects of food and housing insecurity on students, while working to change policy, systems and environment that will affect long term change.
- FindHelp.org | Financial assistance, food pantries, medical care, and other free or reduced-cost help.
- Office of Student Support and Judicial Affairs (OSSJA) | Supports the University's educational mission by upholding standards of academic honesty and responsible behavior, promoting student development, and assisting students in need.
- Center for Advocacy, Resources, and Education (CARE) (confidential resource) | Dedicated to reducing the incidence and impact of sexual harassment and sexual violence.
- Harassment & Discrimination Assistance and Prevention Program (HDAPP) | Supports the University's commitment to a harassment and discrimination-free work and learning environment for all members of the UC Davis, UC Davis Health, and University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources (ANR) campuses.
- Report Hate and Bias
- Sexual Violence Prevention and Response
- UC Davis Police
- Campus Recreation | Enhances well-being and the educational experience in the UC Davis community through personal development and involvement in our dynamic programs, services and facilities.
Diversity, Equity, and inclusion Resources
- Diversity Resources for Postdoctoral Scholars
- Office of Diversity, Equity and Inclusion
- Resources for Racial Trauma
- Tips for managing Socio-Political Stress
Financial Resources
Career Resources
- Professional Development for Postdoctoral Scholars | The Office of Graduate Studies provides services and resources to support training and development opportunities to postdoctoral scholars.
- Internship and Career Center (ICC) Advising for Postdoctoral Scholars | Explore your interests, skills, and values that lead to your career through advising, workshops, career fairs, and more.


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They did it again. The Cardiac Orange pulled another rabbit out of the hat, this time on a last-second buzzer beater by Tyus Battle that took a two-point loss on the road and turned it into a one-point win over Clemson. Syracuse has now pulled the trick so many times in the last two weeks, it's time to start asking if this team actually has the guts and talent to make a deep run in March. Who could've imagined saying that two weeks ago?
The ugly losses to UConn, Georgetown and St. John's stained the early part of the season, and had us all wondering if this squad would be NIT-bound, perhaps the biggest disaster in Jim Boeheim's storied tenure. The losses to South Carolina and Wisconsin seemed to simply underscore the fact, this team was simply not good enough to beat any decent teams – especially come tourney time.
But starting with the win over Wake Forest, the Orange has seemed to find itself. The offense is clicking, the shooters are shooting (well), and the zone is doing enough. The most amazing part is Boeheim's preseason suggestion that this could be one of his most talented teams, which was a subject of ridicule and mockery, now appears to be true.
John Gillon's 43 points in the wild OT game against NC State. Andrew White's 24 points against #6 FSU. Tyus Battle and White stepping up against #9 UVA. And now the arcing prayer that was answered from Battle to knock off Clemson and stunning the Tigers crowd. It was the perfect set up last night: White bringing it up, Tyler Lydon driving and then providing the perfect kick out, Battle not hesitating on pulling the trigger.
SU has now knocked off 5 straight foes to jump right back into the projected Field of 68 conversation, and has chances against Duke and Louisville (twice) to add big to that resume. On top of it, one of the deepest ACC fields ever will await them in Brooklyn for the tourney. And an East Regional at MSG?
Four of Boeheim's previous Final Fours ('87, '96, '03, '13) all had signs of greatness coming into the season or early on, and while last year's run to the final weekend was probably the most unexpected, did we ever feel as down on them as we did this year's squad as of late January? If SU somehow turns this pile of steaming doggie doo that was 11-9 (3-4 in the ACC) after lethargic losses to UNC and ND, and makes it into the Sweet 16 or Elite 8, it may just be the most shocking turnaround in program history. It went from nightmare to daydream in two weeks. Do we ever have to wake up?


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Static IPv6 LAN IP instead of using Track Interface not working after reboot
My ISP (internode) assigns a IPv6 /56 prefix, 2001:44b8:3132::
- IPv4 PPPoE
- IPv6 DHCP6
- Check "Request a IPv6 prefix/information through IPv4"
- IPV6, Track Interface
- IPv6 Interface: WAN
- IPv6 Prefix ID: 0
With this configuration, everything works fine.
I have a CentOS 7 machine which I have defined with the static IP of:
It's default gateway is the IP that the LAN interface receives using track interface.
With this config, I can ping6 the ISP's dns server 2001:44b8:1::1
I then go and change my IPv6 configuration to Static IPv6 and define the LAN IP as:
I apply.
From the pfSense Diagnostics > Ping
Hostname: 2001:44b8:1::1
IP Protocol: IPv6
Source address: LAN
The ping test works.
I go back to my CentOS 7 machine
I can now ping the new LAN IP
I can no longer ping the old LAN IP
I change my default gateway to the new LAN IP
I can ping6 the ISP's dns server 2001:44b8:1::1
Great everything seems good
I reboot the pfSense firewall at this point.
From the pfSense Diagnostics > Ping
Hostname: 2001:44b8:1::1
IP Protocol: IPv6
Source address: LAN
The ping test now fails, 100% packet loss (ping test from CentOS 7 machine also fails).
If I change the source address to WAN the ping test works (so IPv6 > internet is still working).
I then go and change my IPv6 configuration back to Track Interface.
I disconnect/reconnect my PPPoE session via Status > Interfaces.
I now have the IPv6 auto assigned address again.
The pfSense Diagnostics > Ping works again.
Here are my questions:
After changing from "Track Interface" to "Static" everything works UNTIL I reboot the pfSense firewall. Why?
Am I configuring the IPv6 static IP wrong? Is there a setting somewhere I am missing?
Sounds like you're losing your PD subnet's route on the ISP side by doing that. They probably end up dropping it after you DHCPv6 renew without having a track6 interface defined.
Thanks for the response, I'll follow up with my ISP.
Do you know of any good documentation on how "track " works ?
If you're not using track interface on the lan, the prefix delegation won't be configured by the router, and subsequently your ISP won't delegate you a prefix. So, you need to setup the prefix delegation in the advanced section on the WAN page:
send options: ia-pd 0
request options: domain-name-servers, request domain-name
prefix delegation: checked
id-assoc pd ID: 0
Prefix ipv6-prefix: ::/48 (probably, could also be ::/56
pltime: infinity
then set the LAN interface statically. This should give you a PD even after a reboot.
This has to be ISP specific. I have the exact same setup as Box293 and i have no problem whatsoever setting a static configuration on the lan side. Everything works as expected after reboot.
Thanks very much dev/null & Inq for your input. I've been busy and haven't had a chance to revisit this but I plan to soon.
I'll report back after some testing and hopefully a resolution.
Thanks to /dev/null for pointing me in the right direction, based on his notes I was able to get it working.
This thread had the solution:
I had to setup the prefix delegation in the advanced section on the WAN page
send options: ia-pd 0
prefix delegation: checked
That was all that was required. I originally tried the options /dev/null provided but it didn't work. Once I cleared the fields so it was like the screenshot c0re had in the other post it worked straight away. Even after rebooting the pfSense box in continued to work OK.
Frustrating how it all works though.


text:
Its time to test your concentration and observational skills. In this picture there are many triangles. Can you tell how many triangles do you see in this picture?
|How many triangles do you see?
Answer of this Triangles Counting Picture Puzzle can be viewed by clicking on button. Please do give your best try before looking at the answer.
The Answer to this puzzle is on hold. Do write your answer in the comments section of this post.
Check Out How many squares puzzle with answer


text:
Massachusetts is joining California in suing Uber and Lyft for their misclassification of workers. Could this be the end of the road for the gig economy?
The Massachusetts Attorney General's office announced this week that they are suing Uber (NYSE: UBER) and Lyft (NASDAQ: LYFT) for the misclassification of workers as independent contractors instead of employees. The declaration was made on Twitter (NYSE: TWTR) with a bizarre video that looked more like a negative ad in a presidential race rather than the initiation of legal proceedings.
ANNOUNCING: We are suing @Uber and @Lyft for misclassifying their drivers.
Billion-dollar businesses don't get to pick and choose which laws they follow. Tune in for our live press conference at 11AM here: https://t.co/ONVUH6HNBr pic.twitter.com/Xlm7tv82Yn
— Maura Healey (@MassAGO) July 14, 2020
Sombre backing track and fade to black and white aside, the news is a welcome sign that there is some semblance of reckoning for an industry built on the back of exploitation of its workers. The news comes after California's Attorney General filed a similar lawsuit back in May against the ride-hailing giants. If successful, we could see a drastic change in ride-hailing as we know it. The costs involved in traditional benefits ceded to full-time employees of minimum-wage, health insurance, workers' comp, and unemployment insurance to name but a few could have devastating effects on Uber and Lyft's respective paths to profitability. These same costs will most likely be passed on to the consumer, who may be in for a shock when they realize the actual price of a personal chauffeur.
Just look at our returns versus that of the S&P 500! Click here to find out how we continue to beat the market and view the list of stocks we think will turn out to be the next Amazon, Tesla, or Netflix!
I recently wrote a piece about Uber's acquisition of Postmates where I broke down the inefficiencies of the delivery market. The TL: DR version is that essentially no one comes out the better for it: workers are treated poorly, restaurants suffer, customers pay over the odds, and after all that, the delivery companies are still unprofitable. However, convenience reigns supreme and the industry keeps on trucking with two multi-billion dollar mergers in the past month. Ride-hailing isn't as ludicrous as the food delivery space, but it's not far off. Uber's quest to disrupt personal transportation was successful in many ways if you ignore the fact that it was solely dependent on sidestepping all labour laws.
Employees usually pull the short straw
The truth of the matter is that while Uber and Lyft's employee-relations pickle is well documented due to the potential ramifications it can have on their bottom line, the mistreatment of workers is rife across Wall Street, gig economy or not. We saw protests from Amazon's (NASDAQ: AMZN) warehouse workers back in April due to inadequate safety protections while working in the midst of a global pandemic. Similarly, there is this harrowing report from Electrek on the exposure of Tesla (NASDAQ: TSLA) employees to COVID-19 after restarting production in its Fremont plant. The news would be less damning were it not for Elon Musk's ignorant and insensitive tweets about the virus a few months ago.
Other instances of gross mistreatment of employees from some of Wall Street's darlings include Facebook's (NASDAQ: FB) content moderation scandal which saw the death of one of its workers at his desk at a site run by Cognizant (NASDAQ: CTSH). Apple (NASDAQ: AAPL) has had a long history of criticism over the conditions of its supply chain, and while it is working hard to rectify this, it found itself in hot water recently over an investigation into the breaking of Chinese labor laws at one of its factories. Walmart (NYSE: WMT), the largest private employer in the United States, has a long and checkered past when it comes to labour rights, while Delta (NYSE: DAL) and United (NASDAQ: UAL) are staring down the barrel of significant job cuts once the deadline dictated by their government bailouts is up. Be aware that this is far from an exhaustive list, I'm just looking at the businesses at the top of mind right now.
While the case against Uber and Lyft is a promising sign for the progression of labour rights, there is endless work to be done when it comes to how employees are treated on Wall Street. At a time when ESG investing is becoming more and more prevalent, accountability for all stakeholders will hopefully be demanded from these companies investors hold so dear.
MyWallSt operates a full disclosure policy. MyWallSt staff currently hold long positions in companies mentioned above. Read our full disclosure policy here.


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'US and N. Korea should move from reaction to relationship'
Caught in a circle of militarism, we have not tried anything new that would show there is creativity and engagement between the US and North Korea, author and human rights attorney Eric Sirotkin says.
North Korea conducted another missile test on Friday. However, the assessments being made about the missile have contradicted each other so far, with the Pentagon and South Korean military claiming it to be an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) while the Russian Defense Ministry said that it was an intermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM).
Military officials from the US claimed the weapon traveled for about 1,000km (621 miles) before splashing down into the Sea of Japan. The South Korean military said it reached an altitude of about 3,700km (2,300 miles).
Pyongyang claimed to have tested its first intercontinental ballistic missile earlier this month. This latest weapons test is the 14th Pyongyang has carried out this year, in violation of a UN ban.
The United States recently approved additional sanctions against North Korea in a bill that also targeted Iran and Russia.
RT: Despite attempts by the US and the UN to put pressure on North Korea, it conducted yet another missile test. What can be done to curb Pyongyang's weapons program?
Eric Sirotkin: This is something that seems perplexing to the administration or sometimes to people around the world, but really, we have not tried anything new yet. We have been caught in this entire circle of militarism, of one threat versus another and bolstering up. What I have tried to lay out for the last few years, and it has been pushed in my recent book 'Witness: A Lawyer's Journey from Litigation to Liberation,' is a 12-step model for peace. And the idea is that the parties need to get creative; they need to move from reaction to relationship. They need to listen deeply to themselves; they need to change their language, set up conversion strategies for the DMZ [Demilitarized Zone]. But in addition to that, we're at a unique time right now because what we need to do is listen to the will of the Korean people as led by South Korean President Moon, who is speaking out about engagement and relationship. What the US does not seem to get on an ongoing basis is the failure to engage, talk. It took hundreds of meetings to end the Vietnam War. It takes sitting and talking and a lot of effort to build relationships and rebuild this tattered trust.
RT: Will we now see a stronger reaction from the international community?
ES: I think the kind of international reaction needed is to enforce other UN regulations, which is the 1984 people's right to peace passed by every nation, that countries have to eliminate the threats to peace but they have to sit down and negotiate as well. They need to put pressure on supporting the Sunshine Policies of the South Korean government, they need to step forward and tell the US that there is no military solution. We know that nearly a million people are estimated to die in the breakout of a war in Seoul. This is nothing new. We are arguing about the size of the missile and will it go this far or this far. When in reality, we've really missed out the opportunity to engage and have some dialogue with some creativity.
RT: So far, the assessments about the missile differ. But does it really matter what range it is? It still poses a threat...
ES: It could pose a threat to the more than almost 30,000 US troops in South Korea right now, small, medium, or large. It could pose a threat to Japan and other places that are in the vicinity. This idea of militarism and this sort of bolstering… these types of situations have not led to anything more creative other than the rhetoric on both sides. I am a big supporter of non-proliferation of nuclear weapons, of peace, and otherwise we've just set up lawyers for disarmament and peace… We talk about disarmament on all sides to calm the waters. But what has to happen here is the will to engage, to do what one of the steps that I am advocating is, in a tug of war, the courage to let go of the rope. Because then, from that point in time there is not that battle, you can apply your creativity differently. Martin Luther King said "returning hate for hate only multiplies hate." And in reality, the same applies to militarism…
The statements, views and opinions expressed in this column are solely those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of RT.


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Defend Colorado Now 2006 Initiative Language
A proposed Amendment to Article V of the Colorado Constitution
More information:
This is the actual amendment that would have become law when voters approved the initiative in November, 2006.
Be it Enacted by the People of the State of Colorado:
SECTION 1. Article V of the Colorado constitution is amended BY THE ADDITION OF A NEW SECTION to read:
SECTION 51. Restrictions on Non-Emergency Services
(1) Except as mandated by federal law, the provision of non-emergency services by the state of Colorado, or any county, city, or other political subdivision thereof, is restricted to citizens of and aliens lawfully present in the United States of America.
(2) Any person lawfully residing in the state of Colorado shall have standing to sue the state of Colorado, or any county, city, or other political subdivision of the state of Colorado, to enforce this section.
(a) Courts of record of the state of Colorado shall have jurisdiction to hear cases brought to enforce this section.
(b) The general assembly may provide reasonable and appropriate limits on the time and manner of suits brought under this section.
(3) The general assembly shall have the authority to implement this section by definitions and other appropriate legislation.
SECTION 2. Effective date - applicability. This section shall take effect thirty days from the date of adjournment of the regular session of the general assembly following the proclamation of the vote by the governor, and shall apply to causes of action accruing on or after said date.
Ballot Title of the Defend Colorado Now initiative
The ballot title is the general description of the amendment, but the title is not the wording that will become law. The ballot title is printed on the petitions and will appear on the ballot in November, 2006.
The Defend Colorado Now Ballot Title was designated and fixed by the Colorado Title Setting Board (March 3, 2004 and January 4 and January 18, 2006). Ballot titles sometimes can be confusing because they must be worded such that a "yes" vote must affirm the ballot issue. The initiative ballot title follows. We want people to vote yes on this amendment:
[Shall there be] an amendment to the Colorado constitution concerning the restriction of non-emergency government services to certain persons who are lawfully present in the United States, and, in connection therewith, restricting the provision of non-emergency services by the State and local governments to United States citizens and aliens lawfully present in the United States, except as mandated by federal law; and providing for the implementation and enforcement of this restriction?
What the title means
The ballot title wording may seem a little confusing. Here is how to interpret the wording: it is worded not to directly deny services to illegal aliens, but rather to restrict services only to go those lawfully in Colorado. In other words, non-emergency services are to be restricted to those who are lawfully in Colorado and will be given only to those who are lawfully in Colorado. Thus, persons unlawfully in Colorado would not receive such services.


text:
Are you curious about the personality traits of people born on February 7? Look no further, as we delve into the fascinating world of astrology to explore the February 7 Zodiac Kos npe.
As Aquarius, those born on February 7th are known for their intellectual curiosity, independence, and compassionate nature.
The article will cover both the good and negative characteristics of this zodiac sign as well as some insights into what makes Aquarians special.
Li ntawd, yog li, if you or someone you know shares this birthday, read on to discover more about the February 7th Zodiac Sign.
Lub Ob Hlis Ntuj 7 Zodiac
|Lub Ob Hlis Ntuj 7 Zodiac kos npe
|Lub Ob Hlis Ntuj 7 Txiav txim ntiaj chaw
|Saturn, Uranus
|Lub Ob Hlis Ntuj 7 Element
|Lub Ob Hlis Ntuj 7 Muaj hmoo hnub
|Saturday, Sunday
|Lub Ob Hlis Ntuj 7 Muaj hmoo
|Purple, Blue
|Lub Ob Hlis Ntuj 7 Muaj hmoo
|7, 9
|Lub Ob Hlis Ntuj 7 yug
|Lub Ob Hlis Ntuj 7 Zodiac Compatibility
|Most Compatible with Gemini and Libra
Ntxiv txog Compatibility
Lub Ob Hlis Ntuj 7 Zodiac Kos npe: Aquarius
Yog koj yug los rau Lub Ob Hlis Ntuj 7, your zodiac sign is Aquarius, which makes you different things to various people.
No matter who you meet, you will then make friends with them. This is feasible since switching who you're speaking with depending on who you're speaking with is fairly simple.
Although your personality may be like a chameleon's it requires some effort for other people to understand the person you are but it's natural to you.
Everything that surrounds you is always exciting, and it's not unusual to see you draw a crowd because you make people happy.
Lub Ob Hlis Ntuj 7 Zodiac Sign Compatibility
Aquarius' love is intellectual. Intellectually bonding is necessary for emotional attraction. Aquarius desires independence after an intellectual bond.
They like partners that let them make new acquaintances and travel. Aquarians will abandon a relationship if they feel stuck.
They aren't emotional. Don't anticipate an Aquarius to demonstrate affection unless you can have an educated conversation.
Dej & earth signs don't get along with Aquarius. Aquarius will seem indifferent and aloof to water signs, who are emotional.
Aquarius seems unsteady around earth signs. They're great friends, companions, and wives if you're on the same page.
Lub Ob Hlis Ntuj 7 Zodiac Horoscope
Cov neeg yug rau cov neeg yug los Lub Ob Hlis Ntuj 7 have the Aquarius zodiac sign. Aquarius is a sign of the air and is ruled by Saturn & Uranus, this same world of technology, innovation, and progress.
This sign shows a person pouring water out of a jug on earth. Aquarius refers to the water bearer, who brings food and the ability to heal to the planet.
Cov neeg yug rau lub ob hlis ntuj 7 are good leaders because they always look for ways to improve.
They always keep coming up with smart, wise, & creative ideas and encourage these team members to tackle the task and accept change. They make effective leaders who can also get along with others.
Aquarius season comes in the middle of the cold season, with a cool burst of energy. Aquarius' opposite sign seems to be Leo. This pair gets along well.
Keep reading to find out more interesting things regarding February 7, Aquarius.
Lub Ob Hlis Ntuj 7 hnub yug Zodiac Kos npe
Lucky people are born all over the world on this day. The day's vibrations strengthen a person's best traits. For example, let's say a person keeps growing and developing his soul and power.
If so, he has a life full with luxury, fortune, and a feeling of grandeur. These people could do well in a lot Of different fields. Whatever they do to earn their living they will earn fame and money.
They also have a unique charm and the ability to persuade people; their intuition helps them choose safe and successful ways to deal with any problem.
These are careful thinkers. The path to prosperity and luxury is righteousness. Evil leads to darkness and sorrow.
7 Lub Ob Hlis Ntuj, babies frequently have vital social interests and accept unfairness. People who disagree with optimists often accuse them of harshness, excessive realism, and cynicism.
They're harsh critics of life yet have no vision. Their desperate attempts to live by the ideas and their fragile hopes that others will follow are often unrealistic.
Lub Ob Hlis Ntuj 7 Birthday Positive traits
These guys are severe seekers of truth and awareness who don't give up easily once they start. Aquarius people are usually fascinating and get along well with people from all walks of life.
They have been social since they were kids. People with this sign have a unique and creative way of life.
Lub Ob Hlis Ntuj 7 Birthday Negative traits
These natives, who are rebellious and busy, seem to follow their internal order, which sometimes leads them to make hasty and illogical decisions.
Sometimes they'll have opinions, but at other times, They'll accept whatever they're told with no thought.
They can be arrogant because they are vain and try too hard to show off what they know.
Lub Ob Hlis Ntuj 7 Birthday Gift
If you're thinking of a perfect present to give someone born on the 7th of February You can imagine something from a trip on a rollercoaster, the chance to visit Disneyland to an incense stick set with their preferred scent.
Even if they don't show their soft side until they're older and realize how strong it is, they'll appreciate a gift that touches their heart, like a significant song they've never heard or a poem that shows how human they are.
Technology will interest them even if they aren't the other Aquarius representative.
tiam sis, if you want to talk to them about gadgets and technical tools, it's best to talk about art or music.
Lub Ob Hlis Ntuj 7 Zodiac Sign Personality
7 February is a lucky day for Aquariuses. Mercury, patron of a second decade in Aquarius, gave generously to those born on this day.
These are well-rounded, capable people. Wealth, fame, glory, and respect await them. They'll have respect and authority.
Not everyone born on this day is ready to do good. Many have different talents. They become violent and ruthless. Good luck to their opponents.
People take their social rank seriously and won't engage with unworthy people. They strive hard to build a lasting image. They're polite and artistic in all they do.
Difficult situations are common. High-ranking. They're proud of their successful military careers.
They cherish family and are teaching the next generation about it. They never ignore their parents.
Lub Ob Hlis Ntuj 7 Zodiac Positive Traits
- Independent
- Intellectual
- Compassionate
- muaj tswv yim
- Adventurous
- Optimistic
- Social
Feb 7 Zodiac Negative Traits
- Stubbornness
- Impatience
- Moody
- Rebellious
- Self-centeredness
- Inflexibility
- Aloofness
Lub Ob Hlis Ntuj 7 Zodiac Moon Kos npe
They make a new moon when the sun and the moon come together. They offer you an opportunity to think about what new chapter you want to start in two weeks (until the next full moon) and six months (when the matching full moon arrives) each month.
This new moon is in Aquarius, which is the sign that rules the eleventh house of friendships and groups. It could prompt you to think about people you have met and the organizations you are a part of.
You could also ask yourself questions about the friendships and group projects you're working on.
You might also be thinking about how Aquarius power asks us to put the good of our community ahead of everything else.
Lub Ob Hlis Ntuj 7 Zodiac Microscopic kos npe
People born under the sign of Aquarius see the world differently. Though ancient, it's true.
Aquarius Rising will go to the right if most people go to the left.
Don't get me wrong, Aquarius Risings love to represent their group, but as a fixed air sign ruled by Saturn, they can be distant and righteous, just like Aquarius Moons (like Aquarius Suns).
Some Aquarius Risings, but not all, could learn to admit when they are wrong (this is coming from a Sagittarius).
Most people don't realize how loving and kind the Aquarius Rising way of thinking is. After all, Aquarius is represented by the water bearer, and Aquarius Risings' everyday life shows this.
They're always there in the background to hear about concerns and concerns of those they care about.
Lub Ob Hlis Ntuj 7 Zodiac Txiv neej
Aquarius is the eleventh sign of the Zodiac. The Water Bearer again represents Aquarius. Aquarians are the best agents for the Age of Aquarius. The planets Saturn and Uranus rule the sign Aquarius.
Aquarius Man is famous, friendly, honest, and has an open mind.
Aquarius Man is a being who is always looking to the future and considers what could be improved.
They believe it is essential to find out the truth. Aquarius Man is also happy when everyone else agrees with them.
Their broad and wise minds will help them get a lot done. Aquarius Man wants to be with many people, preferably family and close friends, when he's having fun. When Aquarius Man wants to have fun, he is lively and even flirtatious.
Lub Ob Hlis Ntuj 7 Zodiac Poj niam
Aquarius women are amiable, but they still have trouble making friends. People who don't have good personalities don't get picked. Aquarius women are not easy to figure out. Vim yog qhov no, the love life is hurt.
Once an Aquarius woman knows someone is worth getting to know or falling in love with, she would be willing to make significant sacrifices and stay loyal.
Aquarians usually have high hopes for the other gender, which makes them feel let down when those hopes aren't met. If someone tricks or lies to an Aquarius, they get furious and are hard to forgive.
Aquarius Women are good at working with other people on projects. They like working as a group and are often willing to take the lead.
Kuj, Check Here: February-11-zodiac-sign
Lub Ob Hlis Ntuj 7 Zodiac Symbol
Sabian Symbol
Your birthday is represented by a forest fire that is being put out. You may be going through a crisis or something terrible in your own life.
It's easy to feel overwhelmed and want to run away, but you need skill and courage to get your crisis under control.
Lub Ob Hlis Ntuj 7 Zodiac Health Tswv Yim
Astrology predictions for people born on February 7 show that you should not ignore your health. You have excellent health, but you could get sick because of stress.
The majority of issues that you face in your health are due to your lifestyle. You do a lot and don't take the time off To take a break and rest.
Aquarius February 7 Zodiac Kos npe horoscope also says that you skip meals, incredibly when busy. You are very likely to get heart disease.
Vim yog qhov no, you should never smoke. If you smoke, you might get heart disease faster than anyone else.
Kuj, you should not take any medications to make you feel better when depressed. You can work out your body to make yourself feel better or less stressed.
Kuj, Check Here: February-10-zodiac-sign
Lub Ob Hlis Ntuj 7 Zodiac Hauj lwm tswv yim
Aquarians want to help people so that they may be drawn to jobs in the religious or mystical fields. Even though you can make a good living, you tend to spend money without much thought.
Recommended careers
Any job that involves helping others or has a spiritual focus is a good choice. Aquarians are good at helping others, changing the world, healing, being doctors, philosophers, and mystics, and doing religious work.
Law, radio, television, and maintenance use them too.
Careers to avoid
If you are quiet and tend toward asceticism, you might not be good at jobs that require a lot of worldly ambition.
For example, entrepreneurs, executives, politicians, actors, or competitive athletes.
Kuj, Check Here: February-8-zodiac-sign
Lub Ob Hlis Ntuj 7 Zodiac: Muaj Hmoo, Muaj hmoo hnub, Muaj hmoo paj & Ntau
Lub Ob Hlis Ntuj 7 Zodiac Lucky Number
Naj npawb 7: This number shows that you have an analytical mind and strive for perfection.
Naj npawb 9: This is a friendly number that helps the community.
Lub Ob Hlis Ntuj 7 Zodiac Lucky Color
Purple: This is a royal number for mysticism, wealth, and good reputation.
Blue: This signifies freedom, reliability, and integrity.
Feb 7 zodiac element
The element associated with the February 7 Zodiac sign is Air.
Lub Ob Hlis Ntuj 7 Zodiac Lucky hnub
Saturday: This is the day of Saturn, which is shown by getting rid of old problems and starting new ones.
Sunday: Relax, meditate, and learn about the world on this sun-ruled day.
Lub Ob Hlis Ntuj 7 Zodiac Lucky paj
The lucky flowers can be an Ivy, Orchid, Lossis Chrysanthemum.
Lub Ob Hlis Ntuj 7 Zodiac Lucky Nroj tsuag
The lucky plants are Valerian Thiab Chamomile.
Lub Ob Hlis Ntuj 7 Zodiac Lucky Animals
The lucky animal is Antelope.
Lub Ob Hlis Ntuj 7 Hlub Compatibility
Cov neeg yug rau cov neeg yug los Lub Ob Hlis Ntuj 7 are creative and good at many things. When they are passionate, they do know how to win someone over.
They not only know how to charm with words but also with body language. They like active people who can keep them guessing and keep up with their energy. For the friendly Aquarius, love comes quickly and leaves just as quickly.
You can win over the heart of an Aquarius if you have an exciting personality, know how to show it off step by step and accept that you are different from most people.
Their love style can be described as quiet and reserved. They can be very set in their ways and expect others to take the lead.
When they are in a relationship, their love proliferates, their attitude changes, and they become devoted and persistent lovers.
Kuj, Check Here: February-6-zodiac-sign
Lub Ob Hlis Ntuj 7 Zodiac FAQs
f your birthday is on February 7th, your Zodiac sign is Aquarius.
Some of the positive characteristics that are associated by this Zodiac sign are the ability to think independently, intelligence and compassion. They also have creativity, compassion and a sense of adventure.
Some of the negative characteristics associated in this Zodiac sign include stubbornness anger, irritability, moodiness self-centeredness, inflexibility and aloofness.
The element that is associated with the 7 February Zodiac Sign is air.
The planet ruling for the 7 February Zodiac Sign is Uranus.
Those born on the 7th of February could be successful in careers that involve science or technology, as well as the arts.
Compatible Zodiac signs for Aquarians include Aries, Gemini, Libra and Sagittarius.
Famous people who were born February 7th are Charles Dickens, Laura Ingalls Wilder, Ashton Kutcher, and Chris Rock.
Person born on the 7th of February can enhance their relationships with other people by being more patient, understanding and open-minded.
The people born on the 7th of February could be more introverted or extrovert, because this is contingent on their individual personality traits.
Lucky number for those born on the 7th of February is 7.
The lucky color for those born on the 7th of February is turquoise.
The gemstone that is lucky for those born on the 7th of February is amethyst.


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In the past year, my wireless provider introduced something called HD Voice. Suddenly, the voice I heard on my phone was unbelievably clear and it felt at times like both the caller and I were in the same room. The best aspect of this feature is that it didn't cost the customer any additional fees and it didn't require any changes to the phone. I could say it was free, but I suspect I was already paying for it in my monthly bill anyway. At least it felt free.
The clearer the voice calling you, the easier it is to recognize who it is on the other end of the call. How clearly can you hear the voice of Jesus Christ? In John's Gospel, Jesus speaks of the gatekeeper who opens the gate and calls for his sheep. They respond because they know his voice. Others try to lure the sheep when the gatekeeper is not there, but the sheep find their voices unclear or unfamiliar.
Jesus is our gatekeeper, but unlike receiving something for free from a wireless company, to be able to hear his voice we need to pay attention and practice listening. By developing a stewardship way of life that is mindful and prayerful, we become attuned to his voice and are able to discern when the call is from our Lord and when it is from an imposter. It is great to talk about all the things we can do and all the gifts we can share, but if are not listening for his call to hear where our offerings are needed, we can end up like a lost sheep searching for the gatekeeper.
Tracy Earl Welliver, MTS
© Liturgical Publications Inc


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BoA Reveals Which Songs Of Red Velvet She Is A Fan Of And Would Like To Perform In The Future
The queen BoA recently revealed the songs of Red Velvet that she'd love to cover!
For BoA's 20th anniversary, she did an interview with Allure Korea, where she answered questions sent in by her fellow SM Entertainment labelmates!
Among the questions she got, one of them was,
You performed "Red Flavor" charmingly with your own colors. Is there any other song that you want to sing other than this?
If you have one, please sing us a line.
In 2017, BoA appeared as a guest on an episode of JTBC's Night Goblin, where she performed the choreography for Red Velvet's hit summer song "Red Flavor". Not only did she nail the choreography, but she gave it a twist of her own, and delivered it with her signature cool and sharp moves!
At first, BoA thought the question came from the members of Red Velvet themselves, but she was wrong! The question actually came from Girls' Generation's Sunny, who she fondly called her best friend!
Oh, yes, Sunny can ask a question like this. She is my best friend.
BoA then revealed the Red Velvet songs she likes, and would like to cover one day!
I personally really like Red Velvet's "Psycho", and I really like Irene and Seulgi's "Monster". It's a great song for performance, and I really wanted it.
She then specified "Psycho" as the song she would like to perform, and sang a few lines from the chorus!
On August 25, 2020, BoA celebrated her 20th debut anniversary!
Happy anniversary, BoA!
You can watch the whole video here, and the part where she answered this particular question from 1:35 onwards!
Red Velvet
"Main Dancer" K-Pop Idol Nails RIIZE's Dance Challenge, But A Behind-The-Scenes Video Shows The Chaotic Reality Of Learning The Choreo
Leaders Supporting Leaders — aespa's Karina Seems To Check In On Red Velvet's Irene At SM Concert
Red Velvet's Irene Appears At Jakarta Concert Despite Earlier Plans Of Sitting It Out
Red Velvet To Make Comeback With Third Full- Length Album In November


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Living Away From Home Allowances Scheme
Those applicants who apply using a paper application, between December and February, may experience a delay in processing times. All efforts will be made to process applications within the month of receipt however at this time this is not guaranteed and delays may occur.
You can scan and email a copy of your application to firstname.lastname@example.com. We apologise for this inconvenience.
The Living Away From Home Allowances Scheme (LAFHAS) supports eligible Queensland families whose children need to live away from home to attend a state school or an accredited non-state school.
This may be because the students home is geographically isolated and/or the nearest school is a bypass school (PDF, 293KB).
What support is available?
The scheme provides financial support through 4 allowances:
- Remote Area Tuition Allowance (RATuA)—helps pay tuition fees charged by non-state boarding schools
- Remote Area Travel Allowance (RATrA)—helps pay a student's travel costs between home and boarding school during holidays
- Remote Area Allowance (RAA)—contributes to the cost of boarding at a state high school campus, to complete approved agricultural courses equivalent to and in lieu of Years 11 and 12
- Remote Area Disability Supplement (RADS)—helps with additional boarding costs for students with disability.
Use the 2023 LAFHAS rates list for information on the monetary support available.
LAFHAS frequently asked questions (PDF, 128KB)
For eligibility criteria please refer to the LAFHAS applicant guidelines (PDF, 2.2MB).
With regards to special circumstances, consideration may be given to applicants who do not meet residential distance criteria. Special circumstances include impassable roads (PDF, 163KB), itinerant occupations (PDF, 168KB) and additional special circumstances (PDF, 414KB).
For more information about eligibility criteria:
- phone 1800 248 997 (freecall for rural Queensland only) or 13 QGOV (13 74 68)
- email email@example.com.
Remote Area Disability Supplement (RADS) eligibility
To be eligible for the RADS you also need to:
- ensure your child has been identified through the department's Education Adjustment Program
- prove their travel, tuition and boarding costs are significantly greater than those of students without disability and are in excess of total assistance available from all government agencies.
Bypass schools
A bypass school is a rural or remote Queensland state school that may not deliver the programs a senior student needs to complete their chosen areas of study.
Students applying for the LAFHAS can disregard a bypass school when they complete the application's residential distance criteria.
A list of bypass schools (PDF, 124KB) is featured in the bypass schools procedure.
Payment details
Half of the LAFHAS annual entitlements are paid in Semester 1 and the other half in Semester 2:
- Semester 1: Monthly payments will start after your application is approved and school attendance is confirmed.
- Semester 2: Monthly payments will start once school attendance is confirmed.
Allowances are paid by electronic funds transfer as follows:
- RATuA—paid direct to boarding schools to offset school tuition fee accounts
- RATrA, RAA and RADS—paid direct to applicants' nominated bank accounts.
Use the LAFHAS travel calculator to estimate your total allowance.
2023 LAFHAS rates list
Remote Area Tuition Allowance
Students in Years 1-6
Allowance will cover tuition fees
up to $2,182 per year
Where total tuition costs exceed $2,182 an additional allowance of 50c per $1 over that amount can be claimed
up to a total maximum of $4,360 per year
Example 1
School fees are $2,500 per year.
$2,182 + $159 ($2,500 - $2,182 = $318. 50c per dollar of $318 = $159) = $2,341
Total Remote Area Tuition allowance will be $2,341 per year.
Example 2
School fees are $6,000 per year.
$2,182 + $1,909 ($6,000 - $2,182 = $3,818. 50c per dollar of $3,818 = $1,909) = $4,091
Total Remote Area Tuition allowance will be $4,091 per year.
Students in Years 7-12
Allowance will cover tuition fees
up to $3,144 per year
Where total tuition costs exceed $3,144 an additional allowance of 50c per $1 over that amount can be claimed
up to a total maximum of $6,276 per year
Example 1
School fees are $5,000 per year.
$3,144 + $928 ($5,000 – $3,144 = $1,856. 50c per dollar of $1,856 = $928) = $4,072
Total Remote Area Tuition allowance will be $4,072 per year.
Example 2
School fees are $10,000 per year.
$3,144 + $3,428 ($10,000 - $3,144 = $6,856. 50c per dollar of $6,856 = $3,428) = $6,572
Total Remote Area Tuition allowance will be $6,276 per year.
Remote Area Travel Allowance
Annual entitlement
Minimum allowance
$164 per student
First 500 km
$0.92 per km
Additional kilometres
$1.53 per km
Maximum allowance
Remote Area Allowance
For students attending a campus of a Queensland State High School and undertaking an approved agricultural course in lieu of Years 11 and 12.
$2,740 per student per year
Remote Area Disability Supplement
To compensate additional education costs incurred by students with disabilities to access school*
* The Remote Area Disability Supplement is payable retrospectively, upon lodgement of receipts and where applicants can demonstrate—through documentary evidence—that travel, tuition and boarding accommodation costs are significantly greater than those of students without disabilities and are in excess of total assistance available from all government agencies. Additional tuition fee costs can only be considered if the student is a full-time boarding student at the school.
Up to $8,916
How to apply
The application form must be received by the Department of Education no later than 31 December for the year of application to receive allowances.
You can apply:
- by completing the LAFHAS online form
- by printing and completing a copy of the application form (PDF, 1.2MB)
- by requesting a paper application package by phoning 1800 248 997 (free call for rural Queensland only) or 13 QGOV (13 74 68).
Send your completed application by
- email to firstname.lastname@example.com
- mail to: School Financial Resourcing
Department of Education
PO Box 15033 City East QLD 4002
Contact us
For more information:
- phone 1800 248 997 (free call for rural Queensland only) or 13 QGOV (13 74 68)
- email firstname.lastname@example.com.
Related links
- LAFHAS frequently asked questions (PDF, 128KB)
- LAFHAS applicant guidelines 2023 (PDF, 271KB)
- Living Away From Home Allowance Scheme procedure
- Education (General Provisions) Act 2006 (Qld) section 368
- Bypass school procedure
- Distance education and boarding schools—information about rural and remote schools and support for students.


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( Reuters ) - Walt Disney World will host its own version of the hit TV show "American Idol" starring park visitors at a new attraction set to open later this year, the Walt Disney Co said on Thursday.
Disney licensed rights to reproduce the Fox TV show, which features a singing competition, in one-day contests in which visitors audition in video kiosks and are selected to perform in shows at the Hollywood Studios theme park in Florida.
As in the TV show, the selected singers prepare with vocal coaches and hair and makeup artists before performing before an audience and judges who vote on the best performances.
The winners of each show compete in an end-of-day grand finale show for a spot in a regional audition for the "Idol" TV show, which is owned by 19 Entertainment, a part of CKX Inc, and FremantleMedia.


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What to watch at the 2015 Hawaii International Film Festival
With 181 films being screened over the course of 10 days it's almost impossible to watch all of the movies at the 2015 Hawaii International Film Festival (HIFF) in Honolulu.
So we looked for all of the films that was made in Hawaii or had a Hawaiian connection so you can have your #myhiffmoment. You can purchase tickets on the HIFF website and we highly suggest checking out these eight films in the next week.
Dear Thalia
Genre: Documentary
Filmmaker Rex Moribe examines the homeless crisis in Honolulu by documenting the Martin family for five months in Kakaako. This powerful film exposes the viewer to the challenges of a local family's struggle to survive amidst rising costs of living and life on the streets in paradise.
Screening: Tues., Nov. 17, 4 p.m., Regal Dole Cannery Stadium 18 & IMAX, 735 Iwilei Rd., dearthaliamovie.wordpress.com.
Midori in Hawaii
Genre: Feature
This Japanese film was made in Hawaii and is the story of a wedding photographer named Midori. When her sister and brother in-law visit from Japan, Midori's life is turned upside down and tensions mount as the trio travels around Hawaii Island together.
Midori Trailer from John Hill on Vimeo.
Screening: Wed., Nov. 18, 6 p.m., Regal Dole Cannery Stadium 18 & IMAX, 735 Iwilei Rd., midoriinhawaii.com.
Off the Menu
Genre: Documentary
Award-winning filmmaker Grace Lee takes us across the country to find out how food is a reflection of Asian Pacific Americans. From New York's Lower East Side all the way to Oahu, the characters, traditions and stories explores the culinary arts and how it helps define the cultural identities of a nation of immigrants.
Screening: Sunday., Nov. 22, 12:30 p.m., Regal Dole Cannery Stadium 18 & IMAX, 735 Iwilei Rd., caamedia.org/offthemenu/.
Pali Road
Genre: Feature
A mystery movie shot entirely in Hawaii featuring Chinese superstar, Michelle Chen. Chen's character is a doctor that gets into a car accident to wake up married to another man in a life she can't remember. She searches for the truth to her existence, questioning everything and everyone around her.
Screening: Monday., Nov. 16, 7 p.m., Consolidated Ward Stadium 16 w/Titan XC, 1044 Auahi St., Honolulu; Saturday, Nov. 21, 6:15 p.m., Regal Dole Cannery Stadium 18 & IMAX, 735 Iwilei Rd., paliroadfilm.com.
The Roots of Ulu
Genre: Documentary
Director John Antonelli retraces the mythical origins of ulu (breadfruit) to the Polynesian voyaging canoes all the way to the present. Today many native practitioners and farmers believe this staple carbohydrate is playing a critical role in the preservation of indigenous culture as well as a means for Hawaii's food independence.
The Roots of 'Ulu trailer from Mill Valley Film Group on Vimeo.
Screenings: Monday., Nov. 16, 8:15 p.m.; Thursday, Nov. 18, 3:30 p.m., Regal Dole Cannery Stadium 18 & IMAX, 735 Iwilei Rd., Honolulu, www.facebook.com/rootsofulu/.
Sons of Halawa
Genre: Documentary
This documentary, directed by Matt Yamashita, is set on the island of Molokai in the beautiful and lush Halawa Valley. It's a story about passing the torch from one generation to another as Anakala (Uncle) Pilipo Solatorio looks to name a successor to be the cultural practitioner of Halawa Valley.
Screenings: Monday., Nov. 16, 8 p.m.; Thursday, Nov. 18, 3:30 p.m., Regal Dole Cannery Stadium 18 & IMAX, 735 Iwilei Rd., Honolulu.
Tyke Elephant Outlaw
Genre: Documentary
This the true story of a circus elephant, Tyke, running rampant in Honolulu in 1994. The film explorers what caused the elephant to snap, and how this tragic incident sparked an international fight concerning animals being used for entertainment.
Tyke Elephant Outlaw Trailer 2015 from Tyke Elephant Outlaw on Vimeo.
Screenings: Saturday., Nov. 21, 8 p.m.; Sunday, Nov. 22, 12 p.m., Regal Dole Cannery Stadium 18 & IMAX, 735 Iwilei Rd., Honolulu; Sunday, Nov. 22, 5:30 p.m., Consolidated Koko Marina 8, 7192 Kalanianaole Hwy., Honolulu, tykeelephantoutlaw.com.
Voyage: Into the Depths of Kanaloa
Genre: Documentary
Follow 14 students from Halau Holomoana on a history-making voyage to the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. It's a 1500-mile, open-ocean sail that is journey of a lifetime to Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument.
Voyage: Into the Depths of Kanaloa (documentary trailer) from ruben carrillo on Vimeo.
Screenings: Tuesday., Nov. 17, 8 p.m.; Thursday, Nov. 19, 3:45 p.m., Regal Dole Cannery Stadium 18 & IMAX, 735 Iwilei Rd., Honolulu.


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The First Circuit recently affirmed the dismissal of United States ex rel. Wilson v. Bristol-Myers Squibb, Inc. under the False Claims Act's ("FCA") "first-to-file" provision, which prohibits any person "other than the Government" from pursuing a "related action based on the facts underlying the pending action." 31 U.S.C. §3730(b)(5). The court applied the now familiar "essential facts" test, articulated in United States ex rel. Duxbury v. Ortho Biotech Prods., L.P., in rejecting relator's attempt to narrow the scope of this important jurisdictional bar.
Relator Michael Wilson, a former Bristol-Myers Squibb ("BMS") sales representative, originally filed suit in September 2006 and subsequently amended his complaint. As part of a 2007 settlement, relator voluntarily dismissed his FCA claims against BMS except for claims relating to off-label promotion, retaliation, and wrongful termination. Two years later, relator filed a Second Amended Complaint, expanding on the remaining claims against BMS and adding Sanofi-Aventis as a defendant. In 2010, relator moved for permission to amend his complaint once again, but this motion was denied and the defendants moved to dismiss.
In granting the motion to dismiss the FCA counts, the District Court focused on whether Wilson's complaint alleged the same "essential facts" as an FCA complaint that had been filed before Wilson's original complaint by another relator in the District Court for the District of Columbia. After comparing the allegations, the court held that Wilson's FCA claims were barred.1 Relator appealed.
First Circuit's Holding
Like the District Court, the First Circuit applied the "essential facts" or "material elements" test in affirming the first-to-file dismissal of Wilson's complaint.2 Under this test, a later-filed claim is barred if it "states all the essential facts of a previously-filed claim or the same elements of a fraud described in an earlier suit." The complaints need not be identical for the first-to-file bar to apply; once the government has been advised of the essential facts of a fraudulent scheme by the earlier complaint, it has enough information to discover related frauds.
In holding that the D.C. complaint put the government on notice of the scheme alleged in Wilson's complaint, the court noted that the earlier-filed complaint targeted the same defendants and drugs, asserted a nationwide scheme, and alleged similar mechanisms leading to common patterns of submission of purportedly false claims. The difference between the earlier complaint and the Wilson action concerned the particular diseases and symptoms targeted by the allegedly off-label promotion. However, this was not enough for the court to conclude that the D.C. complaint did not assert related claims. The First Circuit rejected the relator's reading of Section 3730(b)(5), observing that relator's position would transform the "essential facts" test into an "identical facts" test, unduly limiting the first-to-file bar.3
Implications of the Court's Decision
The First Circuit's decision importantly reaffirmed that the first-to-file bar does not require that later-filed allegations match facts alleged in a previously filed FCA complaint. By barring later-filed claims even when they allege similar but not the same claims, the essential facts standard preserves a balance between incentivizing would-be relators to notify the government quickly of the essential facts of a fraudulent scheme and preventing successive lawsuits from wasting judicial resources. In Wilson, the First Circuit declined to shift that balance.
We will continue to monitor the Wilson litigation and how it may affect FCA jurisprudence. If you would like further information, please contact one of the attorneys in our FCA practice or the Ropes & Gray attorney who usually advises you.
1 Relator's claims for a third drug were dismissed for failure to plead with the specificity required by Rule 9(b). Relator did not appeal this holding.
2 All circuit courts that have considered Section 3730(b)(5) of the FCA have applied this test to determine whether the jurisdictional bar applies. See, e.g., U.S. ex rel. Duxbury v. Ortho Biotech Prods., L.P., 579 F.3d 13, 32-33 (1st Cir. 2009); U.S. ex rel. LaCorte v. SmithKline Beecham Clinical Labs., Inc., 149 F.3d 227, 232-33 (3d Cir. 1998); U.S. ex rel. Carter v. Halliburton Co., 710 F.3d 171, 181-82 (4th Cir. 2013); U.S. ex rel. Branch Consultants v. Allstate Ins. Co., 560 F.3d 371, 378 (5th Cir. 2009); Walburn v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 431 F.3d 966, 971 (6th Cir. 2005); U.S. ex rel. Chovanec v. Apria Healthcare Grp., Inc., 606 F.3d 361, 363-64 (7th Cir. 2010); U.S. ex rel. Lujan v. Hughes Aircraft Co., 243 F.3d 1181, 1187-88 (9th Cir. 2001); U.S. ex rel. Grynberg v. Koch Gateway Pipeline Co., 390 F.3d 1276, 1279-80 (10th Cir. 2004); U.S. ex rel. Hampton v. Columbia/HCA Healthcare Corp., 318 F.3d 214, 217-18 (D.C. Cir. 2003).
3 The First Circuit also affirmed the district court's denial of leave to amend the Second Amended Complaint and relator's motion for reconsideration thereof.
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The Average Score for this picture is: 5.17
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State: Illinois
Country: United States
Description: 150 gallon Oceanic with cherry cabinet and canopy. I run 3 - 580 gph+ pumps in my sump which contains live rock, mangroves and occasional carbon, in-line UV (sometimes), 2 waterfall style algae filters and an Aquaripure system. No skimmer and a heavy fish load. Lighting is 400 watt 20K actinics.
Advice: Try building an algae filter and stop doing water changes! (Lowers nitrates and phosphates.) Low wattage blue spectrum lighting and algae filter have really kept nuisance algae down in the tank and on the glass. I feed my parrotfish and tangs nori and they are much healthier than they had been on flake foods. I make my own chopped seafood blend mixed with Selcon for predators.
Fish Kept: Parrot fish, speckled grouper, clown trigger, 2 yellow tangs and 1 purple, maroon clown, 2 serpent starfish and whatever snails and hermits manage to survive from week to week.
Corals/Plants: Corals in my other tanks. Mostly dyed coral skeletons and live rock in this tank.
Tank Size: 150 gallons
About Yourself: Run a real estate appraisal business and two tanks sit in my office, 1 reef and 1 fowler.
Betta fish are some of the most colorful and vibrant freshwater aquarium fish around.
Cultivating a thriving saltwater tank can be a challenge but it is also incredibly rewarding.
There are many different species of barbs but some of them are better than others for the larger home aquarium.


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If you're into things like large trucks getting down and dirty off the pavement, our full off-road video review of the 2019 Ram 2500 Power Wagon is out. Reviewer Aaron Bragman claims the Power Wagon is probably one of, if not the most apocalypse-ready factory stock vehicle on the market, and after watching this it's hard to disagree (unless you live near a Unimog dealership, I guess).
Bragman drove the Power Wagon over and through a ton of obstacles at the Badlands Off Road Park in Attica, Ind. — the Midwest's unofficial home of mud, dirt and sendin' it — where the only real limitation to the Power Wagon seemed to be its physical size. Barring an actual apocalypse, owners might be a little wary of how close certain obstacle features and trees seem.
There's no diesel engine option for the Power Wagon, which isn't great news for Cummins fans but, according to Ram, it just wouldn't work for what the truckmaker wanted the Power Wagon to be. The 12,000-pound Warn winch would interfere with the diesel's intercooler; the sheer size of the Cummins would negatively impact the Power Wagon's wheel articulation; and the added weight of the Cummins would counteract the goal of a lighter Power Wagon. But don't worry, because Bragman says the gas Hemi V-8 and new eight-speed automatic are great.
Be sure to check out the full video to see just a small, small taste of what the new Power Wagon is capable of.
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