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The Ouija (/ˈwiːdʒə/ WEE-jə, /-dʒi/ -jee), also known as a spirit board, talking board, or witch board is a flat board marked with the letters of the Latin alphabet, the numbers 0–9, the words "yes", "no", occasionally "hello" and "goodbye", along with various symbols and graphics. It uses a planchette (small heart-shaped piece of wood or plastic) as a movable indicator to spell out messages during a séance. Participants place their fingers on the planchette, and it is moved about the board to spell out words. "Ouija" is a trademark of Hasbro (inherited from Parker Brothers),[1] but is often used generically to refer to any talking board.
Spiritualists in the United States believed that the dead were able to contact the living and reportedly used a talking board very similar to a modern Ouija board at their camps in the U.S. state of Ohio in 1886 to ostensibly enable faster communication with spirits.[2] Following its commercial patent by businessman Elijah Bond on 1 July 1890,[1] the Ouija board was regarded as an innocent parlor game unrelated to the occult until American spiritualist and professional Chessmaster Pearl Curran popularized its use as a divining tool during World War I.[3]
Paranormal and supernatural beliefs associated with Ouija have been criticized by the scientific community and are characterized as pseudoscience. The action of the board can be most easily explained by unconscious movements of those controlling the pointer, a psychophysiological phenomenon known as the ideomotor effect.[4][5][6][7]
Mainstream Christian denominations, including Catholicism, have warned against the use of Ouija boards, considering their use Satanic practice, while other religious groups hold that they can lead to demonic possession.[8][9] Occultists, on the other hand, are divided on the issue, with some claiming it can be a tool for positive transformation, while others reiterate the warnings of many Christians and caution "inexperienced users" against it.[8]
The popular belief that the word Ouija comes from the French and German words for yes is a misconception. In fact, the name was given from a word spelled out on the board when medium Helen Peters Nosworthy asked the board to name itself. When asked what the word meant, it responded "Good Luck." [10]
One of the first mentions of the automatic writing method used in the Ouija board is found in China around 1100 AD, in historical documents of the Song dynasty. The method was known as fuji "planchette writing". The use of planchette writing as an ostensible means of necromancy and communion with the spirit-world continued, and, albeit under special rituals and supervisions, was a central practice of the Quanzhen School, until it was forbidden by the Qing dynasty.[11]
Talking boards[edit]
As a part of the spiritualist movement, mediums began to employ various means for communication with the dead. Following the American Civil War in the United States, mediums did significant business in allegedly allowing survivors to contact lost relatives. Use of talking boards was so common by 1886 that news reported the phenomenon taking over the spiritualists' camps in Ohio.[12]The Ouija itself was created and named in 1890 in Baltimore, Maryland in 1890 by medium and spiritualist Helen Peters Nosworthy. [13]
Commercial parlor game[edit]
Charles Kennard, the founder of Kennard Novelty Company, claims to have invented the board with his business partner, Elijah Bond, who patented it with help from his sister-in-law, spiritualist and medium Helen Peters Nosworthy. [14] The local patent office at first refused a patent. Bond and Nosworthy then traveled to Washington, D.C. where they were also denied a patent until the chief patent officer asked the board to spell out his name, which it did. [15] In 1901, an employee of Bond, William Fuld, took over the talking board production under the name "Ouija".[16]
Scientific investigation[edit]
The Ouija phenomenon is considered by the scientific community to be the result of the ideomotor response.[4][18][19][20] Michael Faraday first described this effect in 1853, while investigating table-turning.[21][22]
Various studies have been conducted, recreating the effects of the Ouija board in the lab and showing that, under laboratory conditions, the subjects were moving the planchette involuntarily.[18][23] A 2012 study found that when answering yes or no questions, Ouija use was significantly more accurate than guesswork, suggesting that it might draw on the unconscious mind.[19] Skeptics have described Ouija board users as "operators".[24] Some critics have noted that the messages ostensibly spelled out by spirits were similar to whatever was going through the minds of the subjects.[25] According to professor of neurology Terence Hines in his book Pseudoscience and the Paranormal (2003):[26]
The planchette is guided by unconscious muscular exertions like those responsible for table movement. Nonetheless, in both cases, the illusion that the object (table or planchette) is moving under its own control is often extremely powerful and sufficient to convince many people that spirits are truly at work ... The unconscious muscle movements responsible for the moving tables and Ouija board phenomena seen at seances are examples of a class of phenomena due to what psychologists call a dissociative state. A dissociative state is one in which consciousness is somehow divided or cut off from some aspects of the individual's normal cognitive, motor, or sensory functions.
Some involuntary movements are known as "Automatism".[27]
This correlates with the ideomotor phenomenon because both rely on unconscious movement. The difference is that the ideomotor phenomenon is based on the idea that just the idea that something can happen tricks the brain into doing it. For example, thinking about not moving the planchette leads to the possibility of the planchette moving, which then makes someone unconsciously move the planchette.[27]
Ouija boards were already criticized by scholars early on, being described in a 1927 journal as "'vestigial remains' of primitive belief-systems" and a con to part fools from their money.[28] Another 1921 journal described reports of Ouija board findings as 'half truths' and suggested that their inclusion in national newspapers at the time lowered the national discourse overall.[29]
In the 1970s Ouija board users were also described as "cult members" by sociologists, though this was severely scrutinised in the field.[30]
Religious responses[edit]
Since early in the Ouija board's history, it has been criticized by several Christian denominations.[8] The Catholic Church in the Catechism of the Catholic Church explicitly forbids any practice of divination which includes the usage of Ouija boards.[31] Catholic Answers, a Roman Catholic Christian apologetics organization, claims that "The Ouija board is far from harmless, as it is a form of divination (seeking information from supernatural sources)."[32]
In 2005, Catholic bishops in the Chuuk State of the Federated States of Micronesia called for the boards to be banned and warned congregations that they were talking to demons when using Ouija boards.[33] In a 1995 pastoral letter, The Dutch Reformed Churches encouraged its communicants to avoid Ouija boards, as it is a practice "related to the occult".[34] The Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod forbids its faithful from using Ouija boards as a violation of the Ten Commandments.[35]
In 2001, Ouija boards were burned in Alamogordo, New Mexico, by fundamentalist groups as "symbols of witchcraft".[36][37][38] Religious criticism has expressed beliefs that the Ouija board reveals information which should only be in God's hands, and thus it is a tool of Satan.[39] A spokesperson for Human Life International described the boards as a portal to talk to spirits and called for Hasbro to be prohibited from marketing them.[40]
These religious objections to use of the Ouija board have given rise to ostension type folklore in the communities where they circulate. Cautionary tales that the board opens a door to evil spirits turn the game into the subject of a supernatural dare, especially for young people.[41]
Notable users[edit]
This section contains embedded lists that may be poorly defined, unverified or indiscriminate. (October 2020)
Ouija boards have been the source of inspiration for literary works, used as guidance in writing or as a form of channeling literary works. As a result of Ouija boards' becoming popular in the early 20th century, by the 1920s many "psychic" books were written of varying quality often initiated by Ouija board use.[42]
- Emily Grant Hutchings claimed that her novel Jap Herron: A Novel Written from the Ouija Board (1917) was dictated by Mark Twain's spirit through the use of a Ouija board after his death[43]
- Pearl Lenore Curran (1883–1937), alleged that for over 20 years she was in contact with a spirit named Patience Worth. This symbiotic relationship produced several novels, and works of poetry and prose, which Pearl Curran claimed were delivered to her through channelling Worth's spirit during sessions with a Ouija board, and which works Curran then transcribed
- Much of William Butler Yeats's later poetry was inspired, among other facets of occultism, by the Ouija board[citation needed]
- In late 1963, Jane Roberts and her husband Robert Butts started experimenting with a Ouija board as part of Roberts' research for a book on extra-sensory perception.[44] According to Roberts and Butts, on 2 December 1963, they began to receive coherent messages from a male personality (an "energy personality essence no longer focused in the physical world") who eventually identified himself as "Seth", culminating in a series of books dictated by "Seth"
- In 1982, poet James Merrill released an apocalyptic 560-page epic poem titled The Changing Light at Sandover, which documented two decades of messages dictated from the Ouija board during séances hosted by Merrill and his partner David Noyes Jackson. Sandover, which received the National Book Critics Circle Award in 1983,[45] was published in three volumes beginning in 1976. The first contained a poem for each of the letters A through Z, and was called The Book of Ephraim. It appeared in the collection Divine Comedies, which won the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry in 1977.[46] According to Merrill, the spirits ordered him to write and publish the next two installments, Mirabell: Books of Number in 1978 (which won the National Book Award for Poetry)[47] and Scripts for the Pageant in 1980.
Aleister Crowley[edit]
Aleister Crowley had great admiration for the use of the ouija board and it played a passing role in his magical workings.[48][49] Jane Wolfe, who lived with Crowley at Abbey of Thelema, also used the Ouija board. She credits some of her greatest spiritual communications to use of this implement. Crowley also discussed the Ouija board with another of his students, and the most ardent of them, Frater Achad (Charles Stansfeld Jones): it is frequently mentioned in their unpublished letters. In 1917 Achad experimented with the board as a means of summoning Angels, as opposed to Elementals. In one letter Crowley told Jones:
Your Ouija board experiment is rather fun. You see how very satisfactory it is, but I believe things improve greatly with practice. I think you should keep to one angel, and make the magical preparations more elaborate.
Over the years, both became so fascinated by the board that they discussed marketing their own design. Their discourse culminated in a letter, dated 21 February 1919, in which Crowley tells Jones,
Re: Ouija Board. I offer you the basis of ten percent of my net profit. You are, if you accept this, responsible for the legal protection of the ideas, and the marketing of the copyright designs. I trust that this may be satisfactory to you. I hope to let you have the material in the course of a week.
In March, Crowley wrote to Achad to inform him, "I'll think up another name for Ouija." But their business venture never came to fruition and Crowley's new design, along with his name for the board, has not survived. Crowley has stated, of the Ouija Board that,[48]
There is, however, a good way of using this instrument to get what you want, and that is to perform the whole operation in a consecrated circle, so that undesirable aliens cannot interfere with it. You should then employ the proper magical invocation in order to get into your circle just the one spirit you want. It is comparatively easy to do this. A few simple instructions are all that is necessary, and I shall be pleased to give these, free of charge, to any one who cares to apply.
- Roland Doe used a Ouija board, which the Catholic Church stated led to his possession by a demon[50]
- Dick Brooks, of the Houdini Museum in Scranton, Pennsylvania, uses a Ouija board as part of a paranormal and seance presentation[51]
- G. K. Chesterton used a Ouija board in his teenage years
- Around 1893, he had gone through a crisis of scepticism and depression, and during this period Chesterton experimented with the Ouija board and grew fascinated with the occult[52]
- Bill Wilson, the co-founder of Alcoholics Anonymous, used a Ouija board and conducted seances in attempts to contact the dead[53]
- Early press releases stated that Vincent Furnier's stage and band name "Alice Cooper" was agreed upon after a session with a Ouija board, during which it was revealed that Furnier was the reincarnation of a 17th-century witch with that name. Alice Cooper later revealed that he just thought of the first name that came to his head while discussing a new band name with his band[54]
- Former Italian Prime Minister Romano Prodi claimed under oath that, in a séance held in 1978 with other professors at the University of Bologna, the "ghost" of Giorgio La Pira used a Ouija to spell the name of the street where Aldo Moro was being held by the Red Brigades
- According to Peter Popham of The Independent: "Everybody here has long believed that Prodi's Ouija board tale was no more than an ill-advised and bizarre way to conceal the identity of his true source, probably a person from Bologna's seething far-left underground whom he was pledged to protect"[55]
- The Mars Volta wrote their album Bedlam in Goliath (2008) based on their alleged experiences with a Ouija board
- According to their story (written for them by a fiction author, Jeremy Robert Johnson), Omar Rodriguez Lopez purchased one while traveling in Jerusalem. At first the board provided a story which became the theme for the album. Strange events allegedly related to this activity occurred during the recording of the album: the studio flooded, one of the album's main engineers had a nervous breakdown, equipment began to malfunction, and Cedric Bixler-Zavala's foot was injured. Following these bad experiences the band buried the Ouija board[56]
- In the murder trial of Joshua Tucker, his mother insisted that he had carried out the murders while possessed by the Devil, who found him when he was using a Ouija board[57][58]
- In London in 1994, convicted murderer Stephen Young was granted a retrial after it was learned that four of the jurors had conducted a Ouija board séance and had "contacted" the murdered man, who had named Young as his killer.[59] Young was convicted for a second time at his retrial and jailed for life[60][61][62]
- E. H. Jones and C. W. Hill, whilst prisoners of the Turks during the First World War, used a Ouija board to convince their captors that they were mediums as part of an escape plan[63]
In popular culture[edit]
Ouija boards have figured prominently in horror tales in various media as devices enabling malevolent spirits to spook their users.
In the 1960 supernatural horror film 13 Ghosts the family Zorba plays the game "Ouija, the mystifying oracle."
Episodes of Lost in Space ("Ghost in Space" (1966)) and The Waltons ("The Ghost Story" (1974)) have spirit boards as part of their plots.
A Ouija board is an early part of the plot of the 1973 horror film The Exorcist. Using a Ouija board the young girl Regan makes what first appears to be harmless contact with an entity named "Captain Howdy". She later becomes possessed by a demon.
Based on Ouija Board, a song and album of the name, Ojah Awake, by Osibisa, was released in 1976.
The 1986 film Witchboard and its sequels center on the use of Ouija. The 1991 film And You Thought Your Parents Were Weird features use of a Ouija board in an important early scene. What Lies Beneath (2000) includes a séance scene with a board. Paranormal Activity (2007) involves a violent entity haunting a couple that becomes more powerful when the Ouija board is used.
Aparichithan (The Stranger) is a 2004 Indian Malayalam-language horror film. The plot centers around a Ouija board and spiritualism.
Another 2007 film, Ouija, depicted a group of adolescents whose use of the board causes a murderous spirit to follow them. In 2011, The Ouija Experiment portrayed a group of friends whose use of the board opens, and fails to close, a portal between the worlds of the living and the dead.[64] The 2012 film I Am Zozo follows a group of people that run afoul of a demon, based on Pazuzu, after using a Ouija board.[65] The 2014 film Ouija features a group of friends whose use of the board prompts a series of deaths.[66] A 2016 prequel, Ouija: Origin of Evil, also features the device.
Romancham (Goosebumps) is a 2023 Malayalam-language horror-comedy film. The plot involves several bachelors from Bangalore who improvise a Ouija board from a Carrom game.
The British singer Morrissey released a controversial single titled "Ouija Board, Ouija Board" in 1989. The lyrics and the video of the song mockingly play with the idea of supernaturally contacting dead persons.
Jeremy Gans' nonfiction book, The Ouija Board Jurors: Mystery, Mischief and Misery in the Jury System, based on an article he wrote for the University of Melbourne,[67] recounts an incident in which four jurors sought the help of a Ouija board during a double murder trial, both for guidance and to relieve the stress precipitated by the brutal images of evidence.[67]
The National Geographic show Brain Games Season 5 episode "Paranormal" clearly showed the board did not work when all participants were blindfolded.[68]
The sitcom Steptoe and Son in Series 8 Episode 6, includes a scene with a Ouija board where Harold briefly fools Albert into believing that they are in contact with the ghost of Adolf Hitler.
See also[edit]
- Alien hand syndrome
- Automatic writing
- Bicameral mentality
- Charlie Charlie challenge
- Divided consciousness
- Dowsing
- Dual consciousness
- Fuji (planchette writing)
- Gope boards
- Kokkuri
- Left brain interpreter
- List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
- Bunshinsaba
- Omikuji
- Tengenjutsu (fortune telling)
- ^ a b "US Trademark Registration Number 0519636 under First Use In Commerce". tsdr.uspto.gov.
- ^ "The Strange and Mysterious History of the Ouija Board".
- ^ Brunvand, Jan Harold (1998). American folklore: an encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-8153-3350-0.
- ^ a b Heap, Michael (2002). Ideomotor Effect (the Ouija Board Effect). In Michael Shermer. The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience. ABC-CLIO. pp. 127–129. ISBN 1-57607-654-7
- ^ Adams, Cecil; Ed Zotti (3 July 2000). "How does a Ouija board work?". The Straight Dope. Retrieved 6 July 2010.
- ^ Carroll, Robert T. (31 October 2009). "Ouija board". Skeptic's Dictionary. Retrieved 6 July 2010.
- ^ French, Chris. (2013). "The unseen force that drives Ouija boards and fake bomb detectors" Archived 24 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine. The Guardian. Retrieved 2014-10-11.
- ^ a b c Raising the devil: Satanism, new religions, and the media. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0813126827. Retrieved 31 December 2007.
Practically since its invention a century ago, mainstream Christian religions, including Catholicism, have warned against the use of Oujia boards, claiming that they are a means of dabbling with Satanism (Hunt 1985:93–95). Occultists, interestingly, are divided on the Oujia board's value. Jane Roberts (1966) and Gina Covina (1979) express confidence that it is a device for positive transformation and they provide detailed instructions on how to use it to contact spirits and map the other world. But some occultists have echoed Christian warnings, cautioning inexperienced persons away from it.
- ^ Carlisle, Rodney P. (2009). Encyclopedia of Play in Today's Society. Sage Publications. p. 434. ISBN 978-1412966702.
In particular, Ouija boards and automatic writing are kin in that they can be practiced and explained both by parties who see them as instruments of psychological discovery; and both are abhorred by some religious groups as gateways to demonic possession, as the abandonment of will and invitation to external forces represents for them an act much like presenting an open wound to a germ-filled environment.
- ^ McRobbie, Linda Rodriguez. "The Strange and Mysterious History of the Ouija Board". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
- ^ Silvers, Brock. The Taoist Manual (Honolulu: Sacred Mountain Press, 2005), pp. 129–132.
- ^ https://amp.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/oct/30/ouija-board-mystery-history.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty
- ^ McRobbie, Linda Rodriguez. "The Strange and Mysterious History of the Ouija Board". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
- ^ Cornelius, J. E. Aleister Crowley and the Ouija Board, pp. 20–21. Feral House, 2005. Archived 31 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ https://tbhs.org/helen-peters-nosworthy/
- ^ Orlando, Eugene. "Ancient Ouija Boards: Fact or Fiction?". Museum of Talking Boards. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
- ^ Andersen, Marc; Nielbo, Kristoffer L.; Schjoedt, Uffe; Pfeiffer, Thies; Roepstorff, Andreas; Sørensen, Jesper (17 July 2018). "Predictive minds in Ouija board sessions" (PDF). Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences. 18 (3): 577–588. doi:10.1007/s11097-018-9585-8. ISSN 1572-8676. S2CID 150336658.
- ^ a b Burgess, Cheryl A; Irving Kirsch; Howard Shane; Kristen L. Niederauer; Steven M. Graham; Alyson Bacon (1998). "Facilitated Communication as an Ideomotor Response". Psychological Science. Blackwell Publishing. 9 (1): 71. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00013. JSTOR 40063250. S2CID 145631775.
- ^ a b Gauchou HL; Rensink RA; Fels S. (2012). Expression of nonconscious knowledge via ideomotor actions. Conscious Cogn. 21(2): 976–982.
- ^ Shenefelt PD. (2011). Ideomotor signaling: from divining spiritual messages to discerning subconscious answers during hypnosis and hypnoanalysis, a historical perspective. Am J Clin Hypn. 53(3): 157–167.
- ^ Faraday, Michael (1853). "Experimental investigation of table-moving". Journal of the Franklin Institute. 56 (5): 328–333. doi:10.1016/S0016-0032(38)92173-8.
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Garrow, Hattie Brown (1 December 2008). "Suffolk's Lakeland High teens find their own answers". The Virginian-Pilot. Archived from the original on 29 October 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2014.
- ^ Dickerson, Brian (6 February 2008). "Crying rape through a Ouija board". Detroit Free Press. McClatchy – Tribune Business News.
- ^ Tucker, Milo Asem (April 1897). "Comparative Observations on the Involuntary Movements of Adults and Children". The American Journal of Psychology. University of Illinois Press. 8 (3): 402. doi:10.2307/1411486. JSTOR 1411486.
- ^ Hines, Terence. (2003). Pseudoscience and the Paranormal. Prometheus Books. p. 47. ISBN 1-57392-979-4
- ^ a b Wegner, Daniel (2018). "An Analysis of Automatism." The Illusion of Conscious Will. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. pp. 99–144.
- ^ Howerth, I. W. (August 1927). "Science and Religion". The Scientific Monthly. Vol. 25, no. 2. American Association for the Advancement of Science. p. 151. JSTOR 7828.
- ^ Lloyd, Alfred H. (September 1921). "Newspaper Conscience--A Study in Half-Truths". The American Journal of Sociology. The University of Chicago Press. 27 (2): 198–205. doi:10.1086/213304. JSTOR 2764824.
- ^ Robbins, Thomas; Dick Anthony (1979). "The Sociology of Contemporary Religious Movements". Annual Review of Sociology. Annual Reviews. 5: 81–87. doi:10.1146/annurev.so.05.080179.000451. JSTOR 2945948.
- ^ Kosloski, Philip (28 October 2020). "The spiritual dangers of playing with a Ouija board". Aleteia. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
- ^ "Are Ouija boards harmless?". Catholic Answers. 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2018.
- ^ Dernbach, Katherine Boris (Spring 2005). "Spirits of the Hereafter: Death, Funerary Possession, and the Afterlife in Chuuk, Micronesia". Ethnology. Pittsburgh. 44 (2): 99–123. doi:10.2307/3773992. JSTOR 3773992.
- ^ "Pastoral Letter Issued by the Free Reformed Churches of North America Out of concern for all confessing and baptized members". Free Reformed Churches of North America. 1995. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
- ^ Schultz, Scott (2016). "What Does God Tell Us To Do In The Second Commandment?" (PDF). Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. p. 3. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
A final way we misuse God's name is when we use any type of witchcraft such as crystal balls, Ouija boards, tarot cards, etc. Using these things are sinful because we are asking the devil to help us instead of God. In the Second Commandment God not only commands us not to do these things, but he also commands us to do certain things.
- ^ Ishizuka, Kathy (1 February 2002). "Harry Potter book burning draws fire". School Library Journal. Vol. 48, no. 2. New York. p. 27.
- ^ "Book banning spans the globe". Houston Chronicle. 3 October 2002.
- ^ LaRocca, Lauren (13 July 2007). "The Potter phenomenon". The Frederick News-Post.
- ^ Zyromski, Page McKean (October 2006). "Facts for Teaching about Halloween". Catechist MAgazine.
- ^ Smith, Hortense (7 February 2010). "Pink Ouija Board Declared "A Dangerous Spiritual Game," Possibly Destroying Our Children [The Craft]". Jezebel.
- ^ Brunvand, Jan Harold (2006). American Folklore: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. pp. Entry "Ouija". ISBN 978-1135578770.
- ^ White, Stewart Edward (March 1943). The Betty Book. US: E. P. Dutton & CO., Inc. pp. 14–15. ISBN 0-89804-151-1.
- ^ "Book Review – Jap Herron". Twainquotes.com. Retrieved 11 June 2012.
- ^ ESP Power, by Jane Roberts (2000) (introductory essay by Lynda Dahl). ISBN 0-88391-016-0
- ^ "All Past National Book Critics Circle Awards Winners and Finalists". National Book Critics Circle. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
- ^ "Past winners & finalists by category". The Pulitzer Prizes. Pulitzer.org. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
- ^ "National Book Awards – 1979". National Book Foundation. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
- ^ a b Cornelious, J. Edward Aleister Crowley and the Ouija Board 2005 ISBN 978-1-932595-10-9
- ^ Mini site Archived 2006-10-24 at the Wayback Machine J. Edward's book, Aleister Crowley and the Ouija Board
- ^ Fee, Christopher R.; Webb, Jeffrey B. (29 August 2016). American Myths, Legends, and Tall Tales: An Encyclopedia of American Folklore. ABC-CLIO. p. 305. ISBN 9781610695688.
- ^ "Psych Theater". psychictheater.com.
- ^ Chesterton, G.K. (2006). Autobiography. Ignatius Press. pp. 77ff. ISBN 1586170716.
- ^ Raphael, Matthew J. (2002). Bill W. and Mr. Wilson: The Legend and Life of A. A.'s Cofounder. Univ of Massachusetts Press. p. 159. ISBN 978-1-55849-360-5. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
- ^ "Alice Cooper Biography". The Rock Radio.
- ^ Popham, Peter (2 December 2005). "The seance that came back to haunt Romano Prodi". The Independent. Archived from the original on 6 January 2008. Retrieved 3 April 2010.
- ^ "The Bedlam in Goliath Offers Weird Ouija Tale of The Mars Volta". Alarm Magazine. 2007.
- ^ Horton, Paula (15 March 2008). "Teen gets 41 years in Benton City slayings". McClatchy – Tribune Business News.
- ^ Horton, Paula (26 January 2008). "Mom says son influenced by Satan on day of Benton City slayings". McClatchy – Tribune Business News – via Boxden.
- ^ Mills, Heather (25 October 1994). "Retrial order in 'Ouija case'". The Independent. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2012.
- ^ Spencer, J.R. (November 1995). "Seances, and the Secrecy of the Jury–Room". The Cambridge Law Journal. 54 (3): 519–522. doi:10.1017/S0008197300097282. JSTOR 4508123. S2CID 144881338.
- ^ "Jury deliberations may be studied". BBC News. 22 January 2005. Retrieved 11 June 2012.
- ^ "'Ouija board' appeal dismissed". BBC News. 7 December 2004. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
- ^ "Jones, Elias Henry". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- ^ "THE OUIJA EXPERIMENT". PHASE 4 FILMS. Phase 4 Films Inc. n.d. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
- ^ Hallam, Scott. "Teaser Trailer Arrives for Ouija Thriller I Am ZoZo". Dread Central. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
- ^ "The Ouija Experiment (2014)". Rotten Tomatoes.
- ^ a b Melbourne, Professor Jeremy Gans, University of (3 October 2017). "Trial by Ouija Board: When jurors misbehave". Pursuit. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ "National Geographic TV Shows, Specials & Documentaries". Channel.nationalgeographic.com.
- Cain, D. Lynn, "OUIJA – For the Record" 2009 ISBN 978-0-557-15871-3
- Carpenter, W.B., "On the Influence of Suggestion in Modifying and directing Muscular Movement, independently of Volition", Royal Institution of Great Britain, (Proceedings), 1852, (12 March 1852), pp. 147–153.
- Cornelius, J. Edward, Aleister Crowley and the Ouija Board. Feral House, 2005. ISBN 1-932595-10-4
- Gruss, Edmond C., The Ouija Board: A Doorway to the Occult 1994 ISBN 0-87552-247-5
- Hunt, Stoker, Ouija: The Most Dangerous Game. 1992 ISBN 0-06-092350-4
- Hill, Joe, Heart-Shaped Box
- Murch, R., "A Brief History of the Ouija Board", Fortean Times, No.249, (June 2009), pp. 32–33.
- Schneck, R.D., "Ouija Madness", Fortean Times, No.249, (June 2009), pp. 30–37.
External links[edit]
- Information on talking boards
- Skeptics
- The Skeptics' Dictionary: Ouija
- An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural
- How does a Ouija board work? from The Straight Dope
- Do Ouija Boards Work - The Fact and Fiction
- Other


text:
Eliminating difficulties
So, you have your goals and your action plan. The next step is to anticipate problems or things that will prevent you from reaching your goals, so that you can do something about them.
There is an English proverb that says "If you need something to be done, ask a busy person". It means that busy people can always fit in one extra thing, because they manage their time really well, better than people who wander around aimlessly, not achieveing very much. Sometimes this is true, but sometimes it is really hard to fit in another task when you are already busy.
If free time is a problem that could affect your language learning, there are two things that you can do:
1. Think about yourself and how you work best. We can't always work at the optimum times for learning, because we have other responsibilities, but out of the free time that you have, when will you be motivated to learn English? For example, I hate mornings. I can get up really early if I have to catch a flight, but getting up early to do language practice would not work for me at all. I'm a night owl!
2. See whether you have opportunities to build language learning into your existing routine and do it while you are doing other things. I used to have a 2.5 hour commute to work each day, and you can read in this article how I used that time for language learning. There are plenty of listening activities that you can do whilst you're in the car, on the bus, cleaning the house or in the gym! There are also quick activities, such as browsing a social network in English or learning some vocabulary, that can be squeezed into the five minutes that you're waiting for the bus or for an appointment with someone.
If your financial situation means that you can't afford lessons, look for some less expensive alternatives. You can borrow books from the library instead of buying them, find a tandem partner with whom you can practise, look for free materials online, or join a group of other learners on Facebook. Some places have free language meet-ups as well.
As I said in an article at the beginning of the year, many language learning activities are geared to extraverts, but you can achieve the same results by doing things in a slightly different way, if big groups of language learners are not your thing. If you hate the activity, you won't feel motivated to do it, so find language learning activities that suit your personality and needs.
It's a fact – on some days you'll feel full of energy to learn, and on other days you'll think of excuses not to. That's life. It's a good idea to work out what makes you feel good about learning and what motivates you. It doesn't mean you should only do these things, but they definitely help to give yourself a reward and a motivation boost.Maybe it's an English-speaking meet-up with a friend. Maybe it's a night in with a good book or film. Whatever it is, make time to do the things that you enjoy, so that they will motivate you to do the less enjoyable tasks.
If you have a busy house with no peace and quiet, it may be harder for you to learn. Is there somewhere that you could go for some time alone? Could you go for a walk at lunchtime and learn in a local park (in the summer of course!)? Could you put headphones on and listen to something while you're on the train/cooking dinner? Could you find a place where you won't be disturbed for a while?
Anything else
Can you think of any other factors that will make it harder for you to achieve your goals?
Your challenge today is to make a list of potential problems and what you can do to solve them.
More from English with Kirsty
After 3rd February 2016, the whole challenge will be available as a PDF. Sign up here for your copy:

subset: commoncrawl


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NewsWhistle is pleased to feature Gary Jenneke's "This Day In History" column.
You can read the original at Gary's THIS DAY IN HISTORY blog — or scroll down to enjoy Gary's unique look at life's comings and goings.
Anzac Day.
For the countries of Australia and New Zealand, Anzac Day is a commemorative holiday, the same as Memorial Day in America. Anzac stands for Australian and New Zealand Army Corps. As part of the British Commonwealth, the two countries eagerly joined England at the start of the First World War. Their first major engagement was on April 25th, 1915, when they landed at Gallipoli to wrest control of the Dardanelles Straits away from the Ottoman Empire. Over 10,000 Anzac soldiers were killed in this months-long military disaster. April 25th immediately became a day for remembering those who gave their lives for their countries. It officially became a national holiday in the 1920s.
In 1983 I took a trip to Australia and New Zealand. Very early on the morning of April 25th, after almost a month in Australia, I was on my way to board a plane to New Zealand. I checked out of my Bondi Beach hotel in Sydney and got on the subway to go to the airport. Unaware that it was a national holiday, I still knew something different was happening. It was a weekday, a Monday, and the subway wasn't packed with commuters. Men, all roughly the same age, about two or three decades older than me, began to get on the train. There was a similarity in attitude, attire and presentation in all of them. They sat alone, each in his own thoughts, as they stared stoically straight ahead. Interaction was seldom more than a nod. Every one of them was dressed in a suit, old out of style suits, the suit coats adorned with chestfuls of medals. They wore their suits proudly but awkwardly, as if not accustomed to them.
At this point, even though still unaware of Anzac Day, I knew they had to be veterans and were on their way to some ceremony. More and more men, mostly men, got onto the train. Dignified, proud, silent. It had the feeling of a ritual and each knew his role. There was no show of camaraderie, it was as if each was in his own mental cocoon. Then, at one stop, every one of them stood and got off the train. I wanted to get off also, to see, be part of whatever was happening. But I had a plane ticket and couldn't miss my flight so I rode the now near-empty train to the airport. There, I asked somebody, and learned that it was Anzac Day.
My next stop was Christchurch, New Zealand. The airports at that time in that part of the world had a neat feature, a bank of telephones connected to a different hotels in the city. Based on a brief description above each phone, including rates, you could pick up a receiver, reserve a room and a van would pick you up. I was taken to a hotel that could have doubled as a set for an old western movie. A saloon on the main floor and an open staircase, complete with a banister, leading up to rooms on the second. Anzac Day in New Zealand also, the bar was crowded, but subdued for the number of people in it.
I checked in, went to my room, took a quick shower, and then went down to get a beer. The bar had emptied out considerably in that short period. The remaining patrons were mostly older men, the same kind of men I had seen on the subway in Sydney. Only now they were pathetically drunk. Beyond coherent, barely conscious drunk. The same old suits, the same rows of medals across their chests, although one now had some vomit degrading his medals. Yet, as drunk as they were, they maintained the same stoic dignity I had seen on the subway. I love stories, I would have liked to try talk to one of the men, but they were past the point of talk. I guess seeing the beginning of Anzac Day, and the end, was a story in itself. The glory of war.
One of the best anti-war songs ever is "And The Band Played Waltzing Matilda" by Eric Bogle. Whenever I hear that song I think about the time I witnessed Anzac Day.
1908 – Edward R. Murrow.
Broadcast journalist. Murrow was a pioneer of the form in the early days of broadcast journalism. He became a household name in America when he broadcast live from London during the Blitz. While Hitler's Luftwaffe bombed London and explosions and air raid sires in the background, Murrow described what he was seeing. With a team of young newsmen, Murrow's Boys, he helped set standards or broadcast journalism that endured for decades. He began each broadcast with "This is London," and ended it with "Goodnight and good luck."
Murrow spent his entire career with CBS and after the war went into television and was eventually made a vice president at CBS. During the era of McCarthy's Red Scare, Murrow was a frequent critic of the Senator. He continued to have great influence in the world of journalism until illness cut his career short. A chain smoker, three packs of Camels a day, Murrow died of lung cancer at age 57. One of Murrow's quotes: "We can not defend freedom abroad by deserting it at home."
Hear, hear!
1912 – Gladys Presley.
Mother of Elvis. She was 21 when she got married; her husband, Vernon, was 17. They both lied about their ages to obtain a marriage certificate. Elvis was a twin but his brother was stillborn. Gladys was overly protective and close to Elvis, perhaps due to the circumstances of his birth. She was never able to have any more children. She worried his fame might tear them apart and had a difficult time knowing they'd be separated when he was drafted into the army. Just four months later, on August 14th, 1958, she died of a heart attack.
Would Elvis have followed his own destructive path if she had lived? Despite his fame and fortune, their story is such a tragic one.
At various junctures of his life, Gary has been an indifferent grade school student, poor high school student, good Navy radioman, one-time hippie, passable college student, inveterate traveler, dedicated writer, miscast accountant (except for one interesting stint at a Communist café), part-time screenwriting teacher, semi-proud veteran, unsuccessful retiree and new blogger.
You can reach him at firstname.lastname@example.com.
The above information was sourced from the following sites and newspapers:
We'd also like to thank the following photographers and videographers for the use of their images:
* Lead-In Image – CoolR / Shutterstock.com – "CANBERRA – DECEMBER 10: The Australian War Memorial view on December 10, 2011 in Canberra, Australia. It is Australia's national memorial to Australians who have died or participated in the wars."
* The Band Played Waltzing Matilda (video) – Roderick C Wahr / YouTube.com
* Edward R. Murrow (video) – NewsActive3/ YouTube.com
* Gladys Presley (video) – Graceland / YouTube.com
* Outro (Man-In-Museum Cartoon) – SkyPics Studio / Shutterstock.com


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Main menu
Frequently Asked Questions
What is DentalGrind.com?
DentalGrind is the most comprehensive website available to bring together employees looking for a great job and employers looking for the best employee. We recognized over the years there are many features of existing job sites that are less than intuitive and are difficult to use.
DentalGrind was developed by a dentist and a host of Dental Hygienists, Dental Assistants, Office Managers and Front Desk employees to identify and correct the insufficiencies we have personally experienced with the other sites.
How Do I Become a Registered Member of DentalGrind?
As you navigate the site you will find many areas that ask you to become a registered user of DentalGrind. Make sure to register either as an employee or employer so you will be directed to the appropriate part of the site.
How Does DentalGrind Work for a Job Seeker?
Job seekers are able to obtain leads for jobs two ways. After becoming a registered user, you can browse through the many ads posted in your area for the position you are looking for using filters including the radius from your home, your desired salary, full time or part time status, etc. Alternatively, you can post your resume for public view by Dental Offices searching for qualified staff.
How Does DentalGrind Work for an Employer?
As an employer there are multiple ways to find the perfect employee for an open position in your office. You can post an Ad that will be viewed by hundreds of prospective employees in your area. Be specific with what you are looking for to limit the number of nonqualified persons who apply for the position. You can also browse through the numerous resumes posted by qualified employees as well.
How do I Upload My Resume to DentalGrind?
It is necessary for you to include a resume with your profile on DentalGrind so that employers will have a good idea of your aspirations, experience and expectations. This is what will get your foot in the door more than anything so make sure to sell yourself. Offices like to see a picture of the applicant and unique features that set you apart from other potential employees.
Once you fill out your Profile you will see there are three ways to add your resume:
- Browse your hard drive and upload the file directly to your Profile. Once it becomes a part of your Profile, you can use it over and over again for each job you apply for.
- Open a window where you can view the file containing your resume then drag and drop on to the indicated area on your Profile page.
- If you don't already have a customized resume and want a simple process to walk you through the steps of constructing one, click on the links to be directed to one of our resume building partners.
How Can I Keep Track of the Employers I Sent my Resume to?
The Employee Dashboard is the place to go to view and edit jobs you have "favorited" to view at a later time, jobs that DentalGrind recommends for you based on your preferences, and to keep track of your applications. You can also access your DentalGrind mailbox from here or any page on DentalGrind once logged in.
How Can I Keep Track of my Posted Ads or Candidates that have Responded to an Ad?
The Employer Dashboard is the place to go to view a history of all jobs you have posted on DentalGrind, view a list of candidates who have responded to a particular job posting, and to view messages from potential candidates. Prior job postings are kept in a log on your Dashboard so you can reuse the same ad or edit it for future use.
I am Concerned my Current Employer will see I am Looking for Another Job.
DentalGrind was designed by people in the dental industry, for people in the dental industry. Because of this, we are well aware you may compromise your current job if you post your resume and it is seen by others. To prevent any problems, we developed the ability to use a "handle" with anonymous contact information so people won't know it's you who posted your resume.
I am Interested in Replacing an Existing Employee and don't Want Them to Know.
Just as a potential employee can compromise their position by openly posting their resume, as an employer you do not want to create issues within the office if word gets out you are looking to replace someone. Employers have the ability to create a "handle" with anonymous contact information so those looking at an ad will not know the associated office unless you choose to disclose it.
How Do I Manage How Often I Receive Emails From DentalGrind?
On the Employee Account page you can edit your preferences including Privacy Settings and Email Preferences. You can choose to never receive email notifications, get an immediate email when a job matching your profile is posted by a potential employer, or receive emails daily or weekly.
What if I Find it Tedious or I Don't Have Time to Continually Search for a Job?
DentalGrind is committed to match employers and employees so we developed a notification system that is absolutely unique to our site. As an employee or employer, once you set up your Profile and Preferences you will be AUTOMATICALLY NOTIFIED when a job is posted that matches the criteria you set for your job search or when a resume is posted that matches your criteria for a job opening.
Job Seekers
Find Your Dream Job, Fast
Build Your Profile
- Fill out a simple questionnaire highlighting your skills
- You can register anonymously so your employer doesn't know you're searching
- Your custom Dashboard will manage your activity on DentalGrind
Search Jobs
- Filter your search of hundreds of offices that are looking for staff in your area
- Get email notifications when a new job is posted matching your profile
- Registering for FREE gives you full access to the site. You are in control!
Get Hired
- Contact as many employers that are looking for someone with your skills
- Our partners will help you prepare a great resume if necessary
- Sell yourself during the interview, and ask questions to land the perfect job!
Find Qualifying Candidates, Fast
Post Jobs
- Describe in detail the staff member you are looking for
- Once someone expresses interest review their bio and resume
- Make contact with the applicants you are interested in
Search Resumes
- Thousands of resumes are available in your area for you to review
- Reach out to potential staff you are interested in
- Filter your search to find staff based on experience, location, etc.
Hire Pros
- You will be notified by email when someone views your ad
- Make contact with those you wish to meet
- Schedule a working interview and hire great staff!
Find Your Dream Applicant, Fast
How to post your job
Dental Grind was developed to provide a platform for Dental Offices and Staff Members to find one another, and this is a good opportunity to explain how the process works. Other sites have several levels Membership making it a lot more complicated than necessary. We have put great effort in to making the search for new staff simple.
There are two options to choose from when posting an add for a position in your office:
Option A
A Basic Job Posting allows you to place an ad detailing the specifics of a job opening in your office. You can include as much or as little information as you'd like and potential staff members will find your ad when they perform a search of available jobs in their area. The ad will run for 30 days at a cost of $75.
Option B
A Job Posting with Resume Review will allow you to place an ad detailing the specifics of an open position AND gives you an opportunity to review resumes uploaded by Dental Grind members who are looking for a job in your area. The ad will run and you can review resumes for 30 days at a cost of $125.
Option B is by far our most popular option and gives the most value. Many potential staff members will register on Dental Grind and upload their resume, but may not see your ad when they perform a search for a new job. Option B allows you to search through our ENTIRE member database with any criteria you choose to find the best candidates for a job opening in your office. This exposes you to many more potential staff members.
If you every have any questions do not hesitate to contact the Dental Grind team at email@example.com My Job Post


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Shannen Doherty cancer has spread, report
(AP) - Actress Shannen Doherty says her breast cancer has spread in an interview with Entertainment Tonight.
"I had breast cancer that spread to the lymph nodes, and from one of my surgeries we discovered that some of the cancer cells might have actually gone out of the lymph nodes," Doherty tells ET's Jennifer Peros. "So for that reason, we are doing chemo, and then after chemo, I'll do radiation."
Doherty also told the entertainment show that she had a single mastectomy in May.
Last month, Doherty posted several pictures on Instagram showing her in various stages of cutting off her hair.
She preceded the series of photos with one showing hair clippers, a cupcake pan and a box of chocolates. In the caption she added, "#cancersucks."
Doherty's cancer was publicly revealed in a lawsuit filed against her former business managers last year. She claimed they mismanaged her money and allowed her health insurance to lapse. She said she didn't go to the doctor until she had insurance and there was a delay in diagnosing the cancer.
The 45-year-old Doherty is best known for her role as Brenda Walsh on "Beverly Hills, 90210."


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Walker defends 'reasonable' budget bill
Wisconsin Gov. Scott Walker is defending his "budget repair bill" – passed Wednesday night in a procedural move by the Republicans in the state Senate – as an effort to protect workers, precisely the opposite of what opponents say the bill will do.
In an op-ed published Wednesday night, the Republican governor asserts that he is standing up for workers' rights by supporting legislation that restricts collective bargaining for most public employees' unions. "Passing our budget-repair bill will help put similar reforms into place in Wisconsin. This will be good for the Badger State's hard-working taxpayers," he says in the Wall Street Journal in a piece written before the Senate passed the bill. "It will also be good for state and local government employees who overwhelmingly want to do their jobs well."
Using the example of Megan Sampson, a woman who got an award for being a top first-year teacher and then a week later got a layoff notice, Walker argues that collective bargaining on issues other than salary and benefits has been detrimental to hard-working members of the middle class. Sampson lost her job, Walker says, "[b]ecause her collective-bargaining contract requires staffing decisions to be made based on seniority."
But the bill just passed by the state Senate, which will return to the Republican-majority state Assembly on Thursday for final approval, "reforms this union-controlled hiring and firing process by allowing school districts to assign staff based on merit and performance," he writes. The bill also raises the amount public workers must pay for their health insurance premiums to 12.6 percent and for their pensions to 5.8 percent.
As he and other Republicans have long stressed, Walker says he is "reforming the way government works, as well as balancing our budget." The entirety of his budget repair bill – and not just the pieces passed on Wednesday night – will save local governments close to $1.5 billion, he says, and give "state and local governments the tools to balance the budget through reasonable benefit contributions."
Democrats argue that the bill is not a fiscal measure, something they say the Republicans themselves acknowledged on Wednesday night by voting on legislation without a quorum, something they can only do when a bill does not involve money. "To pass this the way they did — without 20 senators — is to say that it has no fiscal effect," Democratic Sen. Timothy Cullen said. "It's admitting that this is simply to destroy public unions." Democrats vowed Wednesday to challenge the bill in court.
Walker's column doesn't address what Democrats are now arguing is an apparent conflict between what Republicans say the bill will do and the manner in which they passed it.
"Local governments can't pass budgets on a hope and a prayer," he writes. "Beyond balancing budgets, our reforms give schools—as well as state and local governments—the tools to reward productive workers and improve their operations. Most crucially, our reforms confront the barriers of collective bargaining that currently block innovation and reform."
Ending collective bargaining worked in Indiana, Walker says, where Gov. Mitch Daniels's efforts have "helped government become more efficient and responsive" and have raised the average pay for state workers as "high-performing employees are rewarded with pay increases or bonuses when they do something exceptional." Teachers like Sampson, he says, need to be rewarded and not laid off.
"Taking on the status quo is no easy task," he concludes. "Each day, there are protesters in and around our state Capitol. They have every right to be heard. But their voices cannot drown out the voices of the countless taxpayers who want us to balance our budgets and, more importantly, to make government work for each of them."


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Running the engine on a test bed
Before installing the engine, with its auxiliary systems mounted, in the car I wanted to check that:
- everything works as it should,
- there are no leaks
- re-tighten all screws after the engine has been run warm (including the cylinder head's), and of course
- do the first tuning of fuel and ignition system and set the valves. It takes time to prepare for this and do the provisional assembly but it was definitely worth it. This way I had full access to all sides of the engine for necessary repairs, adjustments and fine-tuning, especially if I had find any major parts that had to be removed and redone.
Above all, I don't risk scratching the paint on the car etc (which is accentuated by the small size of my garage) during this work.
Running my Mercedes-Benz 219 engine M 180 II on a home made test bed
First phase
The first phase included:
- Build the test bed, in my case consisting of a wooden pallet to bare the engine and a wooden rack for mounting ignition coil, the combi instrument etc.
- Mount and fasten the engine to the test bed
- Connect electricity, and water temperature and oil pressure gauges in the combi instrument
- Run the starter to see to that it, and the ignition, worked and that I got oil pressure
Since I have no idea how electricity works, even less on a car it took me some time to figure out how to set the ignition up. I spent many hours on the 219's electric scheme in the workshop manual and practicing on my new cable harness to see how it looked like in reality. In order to understand a crucial part of the ignition system, the ignition switch, I also needed to consult articles on the Ponton pages, Mercedes-Benz Ponton Ignition Switch Repairs and Mercedes-Benz Ponton Rotary Light Switch. If you're interested you can find some more pictures of the ignition switch below. I needed those to understand it better.
Finally, I came up with this scheme and it worked flawlessly (the fuse is not necessary, actually wrong, but I have it installed and it doesn't hurt). The notations regarding cables, branches etc comes from the electric scheme in workshop manual and is there as a reference for you.
Electric scheme for test of ignition
Building the test bed itself was only to measure engine and radiator and saw and screw accordingly. The engine was lifted in place and attached with a piece of rubber and screws in the front and a strap in the rear. Electricity, (newly restored) combi instrument were attached and water temperature and oil pressure gauges as well.
With everything in place, I run the starter to check that it, and the ignition, worked as it should and that I got a good oil pressure.
YouTube video showing the first test, running the engine on the starter
Second phase
The second phase consisted of assembling the exhaust system with mufflers (both to have a "as-real-as-possible" test environment and show some respect to my neighbors) and an improvised fuel system (rubber hose before the fuel filter and a canister). Triple checked that everything was in order including the base settings of the carburetor and pumped up fuel with the fuel pump lever. Then I hooked the ignition analyzer (?) and the timing light up, turned the ignition on, pressed the switch and held my breath. It took a couple tries but then it run and actually quite well! I had to open the idle screws from the base setting (1 turn) up to 2/2,5 turns and slightly alter the distributor advance. Run it warm and checked temperature and pressure, tightened _all_ screws on the engine but sighed over a leaking, restored water pump.
YouTube video showing the second test, running the engine on fuel
After this I made a first tightening of the cylinder head, adjusted the valves. The plugs were a bit too black but all looked the same.
Third phase
This phase was to test everything more thoroughly and over longer periods. With a warm engine, I checked the ignition advance on 800, 1500, 3000 and 4500rpm (without the vacuum advance hose). The values were perfect and stable which was an amazing experience. Before the engine restoration this was more or less impossible to achieve.
YouTube video showing the third test, verifying the engine on idle, 800rpm
During these tests, some more leaks appeared but was easily fixed by tightening related screws. The water pump was removed and gone through again (see the article Engine cooling and the section "Water pump" – "And again…"). At the time of writing this the water pump unfortunately still leaks. I had hoped that it would disappear after some time but even after 2-3h on different rpm's it hasn't. We'll see what I do.
I also have a small oil leak from the distributors oiler but that may have been caused by me, not closing it well enough. We'll see what happens with that as well. The third thing is that the heating flap, situated under the carburetor, doesn't close even though the exhaust manifold has been hot, the flap moves freely and the thermo spiral is new and seems to be working (extends) when I test it with a hot air blower. I'll go for that problem later as well.
YouTube video showing the forth test, verifying the engine on 3000rpm
After having gone through the ignition advance on all rpm's the last thing was to set the fuel level in the carburetor float bowl (13-15mm in my Solex 32 PAATI). Suddenly the engine started to run very bad and stopped after some time. I thought that was strange, how could the fuel level lead to that. Went through the construction of the carburetor and how it functioned – again. Couldn't see the relationship to this and the engine's behavior. Realized I could pump fuel to the carburetor with lever just after the engine had run. In some way the engine didn't get fuel enough so I took the pump of and checked everything. The rest of that story you can find in the article Fuel pump and air filter and the section "Fuel pump" – "And once again…".
During this troubleshooting, I also tested the amount of fuel the pump gave. That you can find in the same article as above but in the section "Measuring that the fuel pump delivers enough fuel".
Thereafter +1h of engine tests commenced. Since the plugs after the last test looked slightly "wet" I had the idling screws out 2 turns instead of 2,5. The engine run more or less perfect, from 800rpm up to 4500rpm. Never stalled or run bad (except that it maybe took 5-10 sec to stabilize after having run 4500) All ignition values stable and within limits. Cylinder head was tightened again and valves adjusted (always a couple to loose…). This time plugs 4-6 had a perfect even, dark gray color but plugs 1-3, especially the first, looked "less used"! To lean on fuel? Maybe the idling screws was a bit wrongly set by me. We'll see…
YouTube video showing the fifth test, verifying the engine on 4500rpm
Fourth issue; during and after running the engine on 3000 and 4500rpm I have a rather high ticking sound from within the engine (some of it can be heard in the 3000rpm-video, around 45-50sec into it). It didn't sound like the valves, maybe the fuel pump tappet?!
Fourth phase
This phase was half a days work a couple of days later. I had the engine "verified" by an experienced friend, Jan L. This included checking the valves (where he strived for a much more "tight feeling" with the feeler gauge than I have done so far), checking the ignition and fine tuning the carburetor incl CO-value. The result was absolutely an improvement, the engine is definitely more silent now, runs even smoother and the spark plugs have a perfect, even, dark gray color.
We identified, with the help of a small piece of garden hose as stethoscope, two sounds that I was wondering about now when the engine was so silent. The first one was simple, the sound of the fuel pump. The second one, a chirping sound coming from the area around the carburetor, was however a bit more tricky. We located it to below the carburetor, from within the intake pipe/manifold. Turned out to be the heating flap, probably from small movements when the exhausts hit it and probably also from the exhausts circulating around it.
The water pump seemed to have settled down and didn't leak any more, so did the distributor. I assumed new parts etc had worn in. We'll see if I do something about the "screws", on the front of the engine ,that hold the chain guides, still smalllll leaks there.
After having spent nine month on getting the engine and gearbox into a shape, things I thought were already OK, I now turn to some hopefully less complex and more "productive" tasks.


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Jan 31, 2017
We are talking about how we create our reality. Do you blame others for problems in your life, even if it was years ago when something happened? How does our inner world show itself in our outer world reality? How can you become more aware of what you are manifesting? Let's finish our month as we focus on getting clear this year in 2017.
Guest RJ Hodges joins us.
Certified life coach, author & award-winning professional organizer Julie Coraccio shares steps and tips to support you in creating the life you choose, deserve and desire through decluttering your life, mindfulness and how to organize your life.
About Clearing the Clutter Inside & Out
Clutter is stuck stagnant energy and prevents you from creating the life you choose, desire and deserve. We discuss clutter in all its forms: energetic, spiritual, emotional, mental & physical, relationships, health, finances and more. We share tips and take action steps for clutter free living and how to organize your life. We're thinking outside the box on areas where people might not realize where clutter is blocking them. When we remove clutter from our lives we can discover our passions, lead the extraordinary lives we are all meant to live and share our gifts with the world.


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With the Christmas around the corner, it's time to start baking cakes or pastries for the big family feast. While baking you can unknowingly make some mistakes which will prevent you getting the desired outcome. You may be an amateur or pro in baking, but mistakes can happen anywhere anytime. So, if you want to bake the perfect cake for the Christmas master your baking skills, avoid these common baking mistakes!
- Choosing the wrong pan
One pan is not sufficient when it comes to baking a cake. As crucial as it is to wear required shoes for the sport you're playing, it's just as important to pick the right pan for the cake you want to make. If you have ideas to bake cake regularly, you might want to start collecting useful bakeware to suit your different needs. Give close attention to the type of pan required to make a particular recipe. Because, in most of the cakes, the size and shape of the cake play a major role.
- Forgetting to use parchment paper
Parchment paper is a best baking companion. Suited for use in the oven, it is resistant to moisture and grease. In order to avoid deep and tricky cake removal situations in your kitchen, always line the base of your cake pan with parchment paper. It will allow you to easily remove the cake from the mold without breaking into pieces. Parchment papers are easily available in grocery stores in sheets, rolls or pre-cut shapes.
- Failing to grease and dust the pan
If your cake batter is extra sticky, you'll need to grease (using baking spray or unsalted butter) and dust the pan on top of lining in with some parchment paper. This will help the cake to bake well and not stick to the pan. Once the cake is baked, you can easily release the cake from the pan. The heat from the oven leads it to grow, resulting a fluffy and light texture that you surely want in your cakes.
- Using cold ingredients
Most of the cake recipes call for daily products like eggs, butter, and milk at room temperature. Use these products only after they reach room temperature as cold ingredients leads to unevenly baked cakes. When the dairy products used in your recipe get cooled to room temperature, they emulsify to get air.
- Using expired leavens
The leavens (baking soda or baking powder) are common ingredients of cakes. If you don't bake regularly, you'll find that a container of baking powder or a box of baking soda can last for a long period of time. Even though it last for a long time, that doesn't mean it's suitable to use for your cake. Using expired leavens can stop your cake from rising, producing flat cakes. Always check the expiration date before utilizing the product. You can use the older stuff for cleaning or deodorizing not for baking.
- Not measuring the ingredients in advance
Unlike normal cooking, baking needs a certain level of precision while using the ingredients. Even if you think you can use the items by prediction, it's always better to use measuring spoons and cups to be exact. The smallest mistakes can change the outcome of your cake since baking recipes are curated based on the quantity of ingredients used together. Using too much flour or baking soda, spoils your cake. So always measure.
- Not releasing air bubbles
Cake mix needs air in order to bake up into soft and fluffy treat. Make sure that there is not too much air in the batter because it will cause cracks and holes in the finished product. To prevent air bubbles, tap the pan on the counter a few times after filling it with cake mix. By this way, the bubbles will be brought to the surface and your cake will also be leveled.
- Slicing into a warm cake
By the time the cake bakes, it smells fantastic, it's almost difficult to resist digging in. What to do: Be strong! Cool your cake completely. The cake will continue baking and setting when it's fresh from the oven, so the final volume and texture will be the best only when it's cool. It's ideal to cool cakes on a wire rack, which gives space for circulation, preventing the moisture from building and turning your cake soggy.
Hope this will be helpful to sharpen your baking skills. If you are looking for Christmas recipes, check Awesome Cuisine's official website.


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Incorporation laws in Nevada are designed to stimulate business activity. It isn't by accident the State has become arguably the best venue to form a corporation. Sometimes called "The Delaware of the West" due to its pro-business policies, Nevada is well-known as a popular state for businesses.
Absence of income tax creates an exceedingly attractive business environment. Top that with minimal reporting and limited disclosure requirements for corporations, and you start understanding why so many companies choose to incorporate in Nevada.
Under the Nevada Corporate Code directors, officers and stockholders do not need to reside or hold meetings in Nevada ( See NRS 78.310 ). Shareholders are not public record and Nevada does not impose a corporate income tax or franchise tax.
Unlike most states, in Nevada a corporation can issue shares for a promissory note. No minimum initial capital is required, and stock can be issued "for consideration consisting of any tangible or intangible property or benefit to the corporation" ( See NRS 78.211 ). Corporate directors are empowered to determine the value of these transactions, and their decision is final.
The more you learn about incorporating, the more you appreciate how the Legislature has designed Corporate Rules and Laws to promote incorporation here. Because of the positive impact on its business climate, Nevada competes as the best venue to form a corporation – second only to Delaware.
In fact, the state has become so successful at attracting companies to incorporate in Nevada, other state legislatures look to Nevada's laws as a model, patterning their own corporate codes after Nevada's to be competitive.
According to Inc. Magazine: "Nevada boasts two metros (Reno and Las Vegas) in the Top 15 Best Places for Doing Business in America". Nevada is ranked number two in the nation as the best place to grow a business according to the Small Business Survival Index 2005.
With all the incentives offered to incorporate here, you might think everyone should form their corporation in Nevada. We believe choosing a corporation's site should be done after due consideration. Nevada is not the ideal incorporation site for all circumstances. If your business will have a PHYSICAL OFFICE located in Nevada, or if your corporation will conduct business in more than one state, then Nevada may be the best choice.
The fundamental procedure to incorporate in Nevada involves the precursory steps of deciding on a company name; choosing the principals; and determining what the corporation's objective is.
Assuming the company will be a domestic Nevada corporation transacting business for profit, it's time to start the paper chase. To legally form a corporation, articles of incorporation are filed at the Secretary of State's office.
All Nevada corporations must now use the statutory form required by the See NVSOS . An incorporator can include additional provisions to this instrument by appending the standard form with supplemental pages, but the NVSOS wants the preliminary details in their format.
The standard form deals only with the minimum provisions of NRS 78.035 which prescribes the abstract information necessary to form a corporation. This doesn't mean an incorporator can't or shouldn't introduce more technical matters in the articles of incorporation. They should. But the state wants those matters outlined on supplemental pages to ease processing.
The MINIMUM provisions of Nevada's statutory incorporation form are:
Next, the incorporation forms are submitted to one of the Secretary of State's offices. There are offices in Carson City and a satellite location in Las Vegas. Which office to select depends partially on what level of processing is used. Standard processing is usually acceptable for most people, since the NVSOS moves quickly. To reduce the approval time to 24 hours an extra $125 fee applies. Four-hour processing is available.
The Las Vegas office doesn't accept walk-in filings or non-expedited orders. To file the form in person, you have to do so in Carson City.
When the articles are approved, a certificate is returned to the organizer confirming the incorporation. A Nevada corporation's legal existence begins the date the articles are filed . A certified copy is evidence of existence and incorporation of the corporation pursuant to NRS 78.055.
Now that the company is incorporated, important tasks remain for sustaining compliance with Nevada's corporate code.
First, statute 78-105 provides a corporation "shall keep a copy of the following records" with its registered agent:
Corporations are empowered under Nevada law to adopt bylaws for the management of affairs and property. Either directors or shareholders can make bylaws. Generally, directors may adopt or repeal any bylaw, even if it was passed by shareholders. Articles of incorporation can limit the directors' power to repeal bylaws created by shareholders. Conversely, articles may reserve the authority to adopt bylaws exclusively to the directors.
Usually, a Consent Action of the Board of Directors is utilized to adopt bylaws, appoint corporate officers and open bank accounts.
Also, Nevada requires an "Initial List of Officers" be lodged with the NVSOS on or before the last day of the first month following the incorporation date. The list must be updated annually.
A Nevada State Business License from the Secretary of State is obligatory for corporations with a base of operations in Nevada. If applicable, a sales tax license will need to be secured, also from the NV Department of Taxation.
Most Nevada municipalities have codes requiring permits before doing business in their jurisdictions.
If the corporation will physically conduct business in other states, a Nevada corporation needs to be domesticated to those venues. Otherwise, it loses its limited liability protection in the foreign jurisdictions. Compliance with the foreign state's licensing codes is necessary at the state, county and local levels of government.
The important thing to be aware of is that merely filing incorporation documents with the Nevada Secretary of State does not completely form the corporation. Supplemental filings are needed and the directors should immediately adopt bylaws conforming to the Nevada Corporate Code.
Your corporation needs to secure licenses, permits, DBA (trade name) filings in every jurisdiction where it will transact business – at the state, county and local levels.
When we form Nevada corporations, we secure the legally mandated records for the records book, including conformed copies of the incorporation articles, Nevada bylaws and the organizational consent actions to adopt bylaws and appoint directors.
We do it efficiently and quickly, and at a competitive cost. When you're ready to start, begin incorporating by completing the Nevada Incorporation Form to submit the essential details. We only ask for the information that is necessary to incorporate, and the pages will help you through the procedure with authoritative information. When you're done, you can pay by credit card to get your incorporation underway.
This article is provided as an overview of Nevada incorporation procedure and incentives rather than a comprehensive study. For specifics on forming a Nevada Corporation, you should also see:


text:
Peak Condition Program
If you want something you've never had, then you've got to
do something you've never done!
Peak Condition Program
The PEAK CONDITION PROGRAM is a points based grading system slightly similar to martial arts in which as you become more fit and attain better heath, you will work towards earning your "BLACK BELT" in fitness! As you read on, you will learn all about how to alter your life through healthy eating patterns, progressive alternating exercise patterns, plus simple ways to gain great fitness and maintain healthy weight loss for good.
4 training options:
1: PEAK Resistance Sessions.
2: PEAK Metabolic Workouts.
3: PEAK HR % Cardiovascular Sessions.
4: Personal Training/Group Training & Other Sessions.
Regardless of the training method you choose… With EFFORT + CONSISTENCY you will get the results you are after!
This is the beginning of a NEW YOU!
Connect With Us On Social Media


text: Global occurrence: Antarctic – Antarctica | Eurasia – Asia Extratropical | Eurasia – Europe | Americas – North America (incl Mexico) | Arctic. Substrate: bryophytes – mosses, liverworts | rock, stones, pebbles – unspecified. Life habit: lichenized (mutualistic with algal photobionts). Thallus: foliose (foliaceous), leaf-like; thallus: continuous, diffuse, effuse; [th] upper surface: red(dish) yellow (orange, orange yellow) | yellow(ish) red (orange red); [th upper surface]: epruinose | pruinose; [th upper surface] pruina: scarce, sparse, fine; [th marginal and upper surface] specific structures: present; [th margin] cilia, cilioid structures: absent; [th upper surface] isidia, isidioid structures: absent; [th upper surface] soredia, soralia, soralioid structures: present; [th] morphol substructures (eg areoles, lobes, branches) width [mm]: (low) 1.0 (high) 2.2; [th] morphol substructures (eg areoles, lobes, branches) upper surface: smooth, plane; [th] lower surface: white(ish); [th lower surface] specific structures: present; [th lower surface] rhizines, rhizoid structures: present; [th lower surface] rhizines, rhizinoid structures: unbranched, simple. Ascomata: absent. Conidiomata: absent | present. Conidia: bacilliform, bacillary; [co] length [µm]: (low) 3.0 (high) 4.0. Secondary metabolites: present, emodin | fallacinal | parietin | parietinic acid | teloschistin. Primary photobiont: present, chlorophytaceous – trebouxiaceous, chlorococcoid. Secondary photobionts (eg in cephalodia): absent.


text:
Scrounger: Eight
He realized later he had gotten too close.
His press badge swung around his neck as he climbed over the fence, but got caught. As he tugged it free, he lost balance down the bankment beneath 79, slid down, and stopped himself with his right hand. He winced, looked at his hand and saw an incision in his palm. What had he cut his hand on?
He regained his balance, stood up and watched as blood began to creep out of the wound. It started to trickle, and he wiped it on his jeans. Next to him was more blood. And a shard of glass. What was that in it? Chewed up eraser? It looked coagulated. He followed the path of the blood down to the body.
He spun around as vomit erupted through his esophagus, but not before he grabbed his Pulitzer prize winning shot.


text:
Shaheed Bhai Sukhwinder Singh Sewewala
Shaheed Bhai Sukhwinder Singh Sewewala
Khalistan Liberation Force
Saddi Kaum Diyan Raghaa Vich Shaheeda Da Lahu Chalda
Likhaya Lahu Nal Janda Ithiaas Sadda
Shaheeda Karke Hi Sadi Kaum Jiondi Hai
Shaheediyan Pauna Shounk Hai Khaas Sadda
In the Sikh armed struggle for a separate Sikh homeland Khalistan, many Sikhs faught the oppressing Indian security forces bravely and became martyrs with their names written in gold in the Sikh history. Amongst the thousands of martyrs of the Sikh panth is one shaheed singh by the name of Shaheed Bhai Sukhwinder Singh Sewewala.
Bhai Sukhwinder Singh Sewewala was born on the 6th August 1969, in the house of Sardar Sudagar Singh Sandhu and from the womb of Mata Surjit Kaur, in the village of Sewewala Gumty Khurd, near the Jeto area. Bhai Sahib was the youngest of 5 brothers and older than one sister. Bhai Sahib studied up until 10th class at the local village school and after took admission in the Baljindra College of Faridkot, where Bhai Sahib passed +2. From childhood Bhau Sahib was deeply connected to Sikhi, Bhai Sahib would cut out the pictures of Sikh Gurus from newspapers etc and keep them within his study books. Bhai Sahib never spoke too much with people.
Bhai Sahib may not have met Sant Jarnail Singh Ji Bhindranwale, but the attack on Sri Harimandir Sahib by the Indian army in June 1984 had changed Bhai Sahib forever. Every single word of Sant Jarnail Singh Ji Bhindranwale's speeches was a challenge to the Sikh youth. Bhai Sahib listened to Sant Ji's cassettes on regular basis. Wherever Bhai Sahib saw the Sikhs suffering from slavery, he felt the need to free his nation from the shackles of slavery, even if this meant martyrdom. Upon hearing these words of Sant Jarnail Singh Ji Bhindranwale, Bhai Sahib decided to dedicate his remaining life to the Sikh Freedom Movement and pay of all the debt that India has put upon the heads of the Sikhs:
"Until you Singhs don't get weapons and take responsibility,
we will not be able to come out of this slavery."
Sant Jarnail Singh Ji Bhindranwale
Now Bhai Sahib started to establish links with the local Khadku Singhs and winning their trust. First Bhai Sahib met Bhai Neka Singh Bishnandi and started doing actions but Bhai Sahib had not yet left home. Bhai Sahib managed to do sewa for a long while as he did actions under a different name. The best tactic for a Jhujaru Singh is to never disclose their name and information with anyone in the armed struggle. People who drop their real names and do actions in secrecy last very long and people who want acknowledgement face many dangers and are easy to be hunted. The brave warriors do actions and even the Indian security forces can't recognise those singhs after they escape, such singhs don't arouse suspicion amongst even the normal public.
To be successful in an armed movement, one must know all the battle tactics. Wars are not a game of hide and seek, war means to cause as much damage to the enemy as possible. Singhs that cannot control their anger and emotions tend to fall in the trap of the enemy. In the Sikh Freedom Movement Bhai Sahib also remained calm and lived the life of an average citizen within the society.
During this time, the police of Jeto randomly came to Bhai Sahib's house to question him as Bhai Sahib was a Sikh youth. Fortunately Bhai Sahib was not at home, but the police told Bhai Sahib's family to present Bhai Sahib at the local police station as soon as possible. When Bhai Sahib came home that day, the family told Bhai Sahib what had happened. Upon hearing this, Bhai Sahib straight away went to the Jeto police station and presented himself to the police. After answering all the questions and crushing all the suspicion of the police force, Bhai Sahib was free to go home without being charged.
Two weeks after the Jeto police issue, on 30th July 1990 Bhai Sahib's group including Bhai Neka Singh Bishnandi had a fierce encounter with the Indian security force on the outskirts of the village Godara which is close to Jeto. In this encounter, Bhai Neka Singh Bishnandi attained shaheedi but using his mind, bravery and an empty revolver, Bhai Sahib managed to persuade the CRPF personnel to surrender their weapons, after which Bhai Sahib grabbed a Stengun and made his escape. After this encounter Bhai Sahib went underground as his identity card had come into the hands of the CRPF from the sight of the encounter. Now the Indian security forces knew that Bhai Sahib was involved in actions.
Bhai Sahib now joined the Khalistan Liberation Force under the command of Jathedar Gurjant Singh Budhsinghwala and once again jumped into the battlefield against the Indian security forces. Bhai Sahib had also stopped visiting home secretly, but the family were still awaiting Bhai Sahib's return to a family life. Once Bhai Sahib's family met him and said, "We want to present you to the police, we have spoken to the MLA and he would help us." Bhai Sahib answered, "I am not coming home, nor do I want you to talk to anyone on my behalf."
A mans greed, is his weakness of which the enemy take full advantage of. If a man needs to be caught, we can so through his greed. There are many types of greeds, greed for money, greed for fame, greed for a rank, greed for others sympathy etc. not everybody can control their greed, soon as the greed is exposed to the enemy, the enemy an use it as a weapon against the person. Bhai Sahib was above all these greeds, he was like a pure jewel who wanted to sacrifice himself for the panth entirely because of his love for Sikhi.
For example, once the singhs Khalistan Liberation Force required Bhai Sahib to take the rank of Lieutenant General, but Bhai Sahib denied the rank and instead helped Bhai Pargat Singh Sangatpura get this rank. Then again the chief of Khalistan Liberation Force gave all the singhs 20,000Rs to give to their families, but Bhai Sahib also said no to the money. Bhai Sahib was suspicious that fellow singhs might send the money to his family without telling him, for this reason Bhai Sahib met his family and said, "I am not going to take any money from you, nor am I going to give you any money. If someone comes to give you money, you must not take it." Bhai Sahib was very far away from the greed of fame, that even after doing so big many actions, he never took responsibility in the newspapers. Every time Bhai Sahib did an action, he always planned not to be highlighted by the media. In the thousands of Jhujaru actions done without any responsibility, only god knows how many Bhai Sahib had his hands in.
Finally the day came when Akaalpurakh was going to give Bhai Sahib the rank of Amar Shaheed, a rank that Bhai Sahib had been waiting for. On 30th July 1991 Bhai Sahib was staying at a house near the Bhanmipuri village. All of a sudden the Indian security forces surrounded the house in which Bhai Sahib was staying, due to a lead given to the police by an informant. Bhai Sahib had promised himself that he will not come into the hands of the police alive. When Bhai Sahib saw the Indian security forces surrounding him, he analysed that there was no escape and if he started an encounter the family whose house he was staying at would also be killed. Upon looking at all the options available, Bhai Sahib decided to attain shaheedi by swallowing a capsule of Sy-Nyde and received the rank he had been waiting for, Amar Shaheed.
The status of Amar Shaheed is only given to those Jhujaru Singhs who Akaalpurakh assign the mission of panth's freedom and to maintain the honour of the panth. The martyrdom of such truly brave warriors takes a new life within the Sikh history.
In 1699, when Guru Gobi Singh Ji created the Khalsa panth, he had put out conditions to the people who wanted to be the Khalsa, that king will either be a king or a revolutionary. Guru Gobind Singh Ji also said that dishonest, weak, coward, scared and greedy people have no place in the Khalsa panth. Only a person with the mind-set of freedom can be a king or a revolutionary. Ones who adapt to slavery cannot be a king and rule nor can they be revolutionary and fight.
Khalsa Panth Vich Je Parvesh Karna
Ta Pehla Sabak Eh Parh Lavo
Badshah Ban Ke Ja Raj Karna
Ja Fir Baagi Ban Ke Larh Maro
Khalsa Fatehnama – July 2013


text:
Hello Everyone
Today's blog is about the hierarchy of Instructors and Black Belts in Taekwondo. I had an adult Taekwondo student out of general curiosity and for their own personal knowledge ask me what the hierarchy of the instructors' spot in the class line up, and how it worked. I also realize that most people are wondering the same thing.So here it is.
At our dojang the head instructor of that particular class stands at the front of the class facing the students. The students line up from highest rank to lowest rank in front of the instructor starting at the instructor's left side moving down the ranks to the instructors's right. So for example if there was 10 students in class with 3 red belts, 3 blue belts, 3 yellow belts and 1 white belt the order would go like this. Front Line: Red, Red, Red, Blue, Blue Black Line: Blue, Yellow, Yellow, Yellow, White Now if their was a second instructor helping teach class then that instructor would stand to the left of the front line in the assistant/instructor spot. If there was a third instructor in class helping teach then they would line up behind the second instructor and to the left of the back line. So the line of command for that class would be the main structor is first in command, the second instructor is second in command, and the third instructor is third in command. Also at my school only the black belts are only allowed to stand in these spots.
As far as the ranks goes for Black Belts the highest rank in that school most commonly the owner of the dojang is first command. They are in charge of overseeing all Black Belts and Colour Belts. I am gonna use my dojang for example. I hold a 5th Dan Black Belt but so does Master Joyce. I out rank her because I own the school granted she has been in Taekwondo a few years longer and is of older age than I. If I didn't won Cobourg Tae Kwon Do then she would out rank me. Now we have two 4th Dan Masters here at our dojang too. Master Gayle would out rank Master Richard as she has held 4th Dan longer and is currently training for her 5th Dan grading in May 2012. Next we got some 2nd degree black belts here as well. Sir Jeff would out rank Sir Reilly, Sir Brodie, or Sir Ismael as he is an adult 2nd degree black belt versus a junior second degree black belt. Now for our 1st degreess,Sir Ryan, Sir Luke or Sir Liam would out rank Ma'am Mikaela and Sir Liam because they are older. We also got several black belts and the adults out rank the juniors. We got several more black belts and higher ranks but these are just a few examples. Way too many to list here at this time.
So in a nutshell a 5th degree outranks a 4th degree, a 3rd degree outranks a 2nd degree, a 2nd degree outranks a 1st degree, a 1st degree outranks a black belt, and a black belt outranks a colour belt. Adult black belts will outrank the junior black belts.
Another thing to take in consideration as well as what you call them. Different schools have slightly different ways of doing this. The two I have seen are that you call the Black Belts and Instructors Sir or Ma'am, or Mr. and Ms. I have always be taught to cal the higher ranks Sir or Ma'am. So Jacob for example who is a black belt here would be called Sir or Sir Jacob or Mikaela who is a 1st degree would be called Ma'am or Ma'am Mikaela. Master Joyce or Master Gayle would be called Master or Ma'am with or without their names mentioned after. Master Richard and myself would be referred to Master Richard, Master Jonathan, Master, or Sir.
Some more on what to call the instructors. Master or master of the school is known as Kwan Jan Nim in Korean. An instructor is Sa Buhm Nim in Korean. A more personal name for a instructor in Korean is Soo Buhm Nim. Also as far as competition teams goes the more experience instructors, black belts, and students are higher up the line of command. And Black Belts are called upon in class more to lead exercises and demonstrate new techniques as they are the ones that show be able to do it properly and give an positive example for everyone else to follow.
Okay now this all seems like everyone is just trying to climb the ranks to be the one in charge and have more respect granted to them. This is quite the opposite. Higher ranks just lets everyone else know that that person has more knowledge and can help teach lower ranks. Also regardless of rank at my school everyone is referred to Sir or Ma'am to show mutual respect because at the end of the day we are all still basically human, We all brush our teeth the same. We all have feelings. We all feel love and pain.
I hope this gives everyone a good idea of the whole ranking system and line of command. If you got any questions let me know.
Master Jonthan Field


text:
All You Need to Know About Estimated Tax Payments
For estimated tax purposes, the year is divided into four payment periods. Each period has a specific payment due date. If you don't pay enough tax by the due date of each payment period, you may be charged a penalty even if you're due a refund when you file your income tax return at the end of the year.


text:
The new integration extends ScaleProtect with Cisco UCS to Cisco's HyperFlex hyperconverged products, and validates Commvault's IntelliSnap snapshot technology with them.
Tag Archive for Wenceslao Lada
Backup, Partnerships, Storage
Commvault continues to build out strategic go-to-market relationships with major expansion of NetApp partnership
by Mark Cox •
Commvault's head of Worldwide Partners and Market Development comments on the significance of the new NetApp relationship as part of Commvault's broader strategy, and indicated customers and partners can look for more such relationships.
Featured Post, Networking
Cisco's Catalyst 6500 gets a refresh
by Chris Talbot •
Networking giant boasts 200-plus new features in revised switching platform
Featured Post, Networking
Is your business IPv6 ready?
by Liam Lahey •
June 8th marks World IPv6 Day, an effort to spread awareness and encourage implementation of the new Internet Protocol.


text:
Coumadin® (Warfarin)
This recipe is safe for Coumadin (warfarin) users.
This recipe is safe for those who are lactose intolerant.
This is a low sodium recipe.
GERD / Acid Reflux
No specific GERD triggers.
Gluten Sensitivity
This recipe is safe for those who are sensitive to gluten.
"Love doesn't grow on trees like apples in Eden - it's something you have to make. And you must use your imagination too."
- Joyce Cary, Writer
Apples and pork are made for each other. Pork has a sweeter savory flavor and this compote with its sweet apple and honey flavors combine well with the spiciness of the paprika and cumin. You can make the compote well in advance and reheat it with a little water in the pan.
Servings: 4 | Serving size: 4 ounces pork with compote
Cooking Time: 30 Minutes
This recipe can be multiplied by 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.
Leftovers are good - leftover pork chops make great sandwiches and the compote can be served warm or cold.
Serve with Mashed Yams or Baked Sweet Potato
Serve with Parmesan Squash. or Pan Grilled Broccoli or Pan Grilled Asparagus or Parmesan Zucchini
|2 tsp
|olive oil (divided)
|1 small
|shallot (minced)
|1 medium
|rib celery (small dice)
|apple (peeled and cut into medium dice)
|1/4 cup
|white wine
|1/2 cup
|3/4 tsp
|salt (divided)
|fresh ground black pepper (to taste)
|1 tsp
|1/4 tsp
|ground cumin
|1/8 tsp
|ground cinnamon
|1 tsp
|maple syrup
|4 4 ounce
|boneless center cut pork chops
Place a large saucepan in the oven and heat the oven to 375F.
Place 1 teaspoon olive oil in a medium sauce pan over medium heat. Add the shallot and sauté for about 2 minutes.
Add the celery and continue sautéing for another two minutes, then add the apple and continue sautéing for another two minutes.
Add the water, wine, salt, pepper, paprika, cumin, cinnamon and maple syrup and stir.
Simmer 20 minutes.
While simmering, place 1 teaspoon of olive oil in the pan in the oven. Add the pork chops, sprinkle 1/8 teaspoon salt over the pork chops, and return the pan to the oven.
Cook for 8 minutes, then turn the chops over and cook for another 7 minutes or until the center reaches 140 degrees. Serve topped with the compote.
Nutrition Facts
Serving size: 4 ounces pork with compote
Servings: 4
Amount Per Serving
|Calories 244
|Calories from Fat 88
|% Daily Value
|Total Fat 9g
|Saturated Fat 3g
|Monounsaturated Fat 5g
|Trans Fat 0g
|Cholesterol 62mg
|Sodium 497mg
|Total Carbohydrates 9g
|Dietary Fiber 1g
|Sugars 6g
|Protein 25g
|Vitamin A 9%
|Vitamin C 7%
|Calcium 1%
|Iron 7%
|Vitamin K 4 mcg
|Potassium 601 mg
|Magnesium 31 mg