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Servo IO terminal for motor control
Beckhoff Automation released the EL7201 servo terminal for the EtherCAT Terminal system. The EL7201 terminal integrates a complete servo drive for motors up to 200 W into a 12 mm I/O terminal housing. Integration into the EtherCAT I/O system considerably simplifies cabling and commissioning while reducing cabinet size requirements and costs.
The EL7201 servo terminal made its formal North American debut at the Pack Expo 2011 trade show. The EL7201 servo terminal with resolver interface features a compact design. The integrated fast EtherCAT control technology, with field-oriented current and PI speed control, supports highly dynamic positioning tasks. Apart from the direct connection of a motor and resolver, the connection of a motor holding brake is also possible.
Permanent magnet synchronous motors with a rated current of up to 4 A can be connected as loads. The monitoring of numerous parameters, such as overvoltage and undervoltage, overcurrent, terminal temperature or motor load, offers maximum operational reliability. Modern power semiconductors guarantee minimum power loss and enable feedback into the DC-Link when braking.
The servo terminal is fully integrated into TwinCAT automation software from Beckhoff, enabling parameterization. In the case of third-party masters, parameterization takes place via the CAN over EtherCAT profile (CoE).


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During his Asian trip last November, President Obama expressed support for installing India as a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), the power center of the international body. It was an intelligent proposal for enlarging a critical UN institution whose membership (the United States, Russia, China, Britain, and France) has remained unchanged for decades. But it is not a question of adding one worthy nation. It must come as part of a major rearrangement.
This will not be easy or quick. It will require deft diplomacy from the US, which must seek support for new Security Council members favorable to its global interests. However, the US cannot be seen to be imposing its will upon a membership of more than 190 nations with diverse agendas. Africa and Latin America, unrepresented in the permanent five, will demand seats. Europe (with Britain, France, and Russia) will be declared over-represented.
7 most controversial UN speeches, from Ahmadinejad to Khrushchev
Though the five original members might agree to enlarging the permanent membership to more realistically represent today's world, they are unlikely to extend to newcomers the rite of veto bestowed on them at the time of the UN's creation. When all the politicking and jousting is over, enlargement of the Security Council would have to be approved unanimously by the five original members, and by two-thirds of the UN membership, let alone the US Senate.
Origins of the Security Council
The UN was born in 1945, a creation of Britain, France, the US, China, and the Soviet Union, who saw themselves as guardians of the post-World War II peace, with dominance of the new international entity. Beyond the Security Council's five permanent, veto-bearing nations, there are 10 elected, nonpermanent members with two-year terms.
The Security Council has remained the UN's largely controlling body, for example authorizing peacekeeping operations in dozens of countries. The secretary-general, usually chosen in rotation from various regions of the world, has some influence depending on his personality, but he is basically the Security Council's executive officer, implementing its major decisions.
A recent Council on Foreign Relations report argues that the original members of the Security Council were chosen for their ability to guarantee world peace, not their regional representation. "The same should be true, presumably, of any additional permanent seats," says the report written by Kara McDonald and Stewart Patrick.
Pros and cons for potential additions
President Obama's vote for India, then, should be a reasonable choice. It is a vibrant Asian democracy and a major contributor of troops to UN peace operations. It is also an economic counterweight to China and looked to by a number of smaller nations in Southeast Asia as offering a potential military balance to China's fast-growing naval power.
But what about another Asian power center, Japan? This is a democratic counterweight to undemocratic China, and the second-largest contributor (after the US) to the UN's budget. But Japan has modest military forces and an aversion to military confrontation.
African diplomats raise Nigeria and South Africa as potential UNSC permanent members, but Nigeria's democracy is fragile, despite it being a major contributor to UN peacekeeping operations. South Africa, post-Mandela, has troubling aspects of its government, and slender military forces.
In Latin America, Mexico contributes much more to the UN budget than Brazil, but Brazil is a booming would-be superpower that considers itself worthy of permanent UNSC membership. Meanwhile, Germany and Italy are substantial donors to the UN. Both argue that they have as much claim to UNSC permanent seats as Britain or France.
Ideas for a better world in 2011
The UN complex on the banks of New York's East River is a sanctuary where problems are supposed to get solved by diplomatic discussion. Expanding the permanent membership of the Security Council will be a challenge. But it is overdue.
John Hughes, a former editor of the Monitor, served in 1995 as assistant secretary-general of the UN and as its director of communications.

subset: commoncrawl


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ST. PAUL, Minn. (csssaints.com)- The St. Scholastica football team came back from a 14-0 deficit with 25 unanswered points to defeat Northwestern 25-14.
The Saints didn't start the game out well, as Tyler Harper was intercepted at the Saints' own 20 yard line. Six plays later, Northwestern would score to take an early 7-0 lead. The Saints' next possession was much the same as their first as the Saints turned the ball over again in their own territory. The Eagles took advantage again scoring a touchdown just three plays later to extend their lead to 14-0.
The Saints would only total -1 yards in the first quarter as they struggled to get any production offensively.
The start of the second quarter wouldn't fare much better as CSS would lose another fumble inside their own 20, but the defense stood their ground and forced a fumble by the Eagles that was recovered by Chico Ortiz . The Saints would not be able to capatilize on the turnover tho.
After a three and out by the Eagles around the 11 minute mark, Harper would connect with Cory Gebhard on a 70 yard touchdown. After a Mike Theismann extra point, the lead would be cut to 14-7. There would be no more scoring in the second half as the score remained the same at 14-7.
The Saints offense came out of halftime running on all cylinders as they controlled the ball for the first seven and a half minutes of the third quarter by running 19 plays that amassed 65 yards. The drive ended on another Harper-Gebhard connection, this time from 6 yards out to tie up the game. The third quarter would contain three and outs by both offenses on their next couple possessions.
The CSS defense would come up with a big play as they turned in a safety to bring the score to 16-14. The Saints would then use their next drive to extend their lead to 22-14 on another Harper touchdown pass, this own going to Josh Simmons from 15 yards out.
The final score of the game would come on a 20 yard Theismann field goal to make the score 25-14. A Mike LeValley interception on the Eagles next possession would seal the win for the Saints.
The passing game was working very well for the Saints offense as Harper finished with 254 yards and three touchdowns on 20 of 32 passing, with two interceptions as well. Gebhard was on the other end of most of those passes as he finished with 7 catches for 145 yards and two touchdowns. Jake Jensen would lead the ground attack with 81 yards on 32 carries. The Eagles would be led by Jacob Fletcher, who had 95 passing yards and two touchdown passes.
Blake Cedarleaf would lead the defense with 9 tackles along with half a sack. Jake Turkowski would finish with 6 tackles and a sack with Joe Gieselman and Keaton Rush also getting sacks. Alec French would join LeValley in getting the other interception for the Saints. The Eagles were led by Valentine Awasom and Cameron Cox who each had 10 tackles.
The Saints will be back in Duluth next Saturday as they take on Martin Luther at PSS. The action is scheduled to start at 1 p.m. and can be seen live on Saints Sports Net.
Saints Come Back to Defeat Eagles
|St. Scholastica (5-1)
|Northwestern (Minn.) (3-3)
ST. PAUL, Minn. (csssaints.com)- The St. Scholastica football team came back from a 14-0 deficit with 25 unanswered points to defeat Northwestern 25-14.


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The death of beautiful 6-year-old beauty queen JonBenet Ramsey was a tragedy that spread throughout the nation rather quickly. It's easy to see why. The little girl was precious, well-kept, and seemingly adored by her upper middle class family in Colorado. The case quickly became a national story.
In fact, it was always a private tragedy. Two parents -- John and Patsy Ramsey -- lost their beautiful baby girl. That would have been horrific and tragic enough on its own to last a lifetime. But then came the speculation.
John and Patsy weren't "acting" the way grieving parents should act. They weren't sad enough or cooperative enough or whatever enough. So much so that most people and the media began to suspect them, dragging their names through the mud in the process. Now, nearly two decades after that cold morning when JonBenet's body was found, it was revealed that a grand jury wanted to indict the Ramseys. But the DA said no.
According to the DA, there wasn't enough evidence. Because guess what? You actually need EVIDENCE to convict people.
The culture of convicting in the public arena isn't new. But it's highly disturbing. My heart breaks for the Ramseys who spent their lives (Patsy has since died) trying to stop people from thinking they murdered their own child.
Whether you think they did or didn't commit a crime isn't really the point. YOU are not the judge or jury. Just because you think you know something doesn't mean you do. Smart people know this. But most people aren't smart. And so they go with the mob mentality to hate and persecute and assume.
My heart goes out the Ramseys because they lost their daughter. No one should ever have to live through that. But then the lynch mob started in on them. The amount of hate and vitriol and judgement hurled their way over the years is sickening.
They weren't indicted for a reason. So let's try to remember that. Losing their child was a tragedy no parent should endure and, unless it has happened to you, you have no right to judge how someone SHOULD react. Let's have some respect for the law and assume that if there had been enough evidence, they would have been convicted. The end.
Do you think John and Patsy knew something more?
Image via Robotclaw666/Flickr


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Stampede Playoff Tickets On Sale
SIOUX FALLS, SD -- Tickets for the Sioux Falls Stampede's first round USHL playoff series will go on sale Monday at 10 AM at the Sioux Falls Arena box office or any Ticketmaster location.
Game 1 will take place on Tuesday, April 16th at 7:05 PM and Game 2 will be played on Wednesday, April 17th at 7:05 PM. Should there be a Game 5, that game would take place on Tuesday, April 23rd at 7:05 PM. Tickets for Game 5 will only go on sale if necessary.
The Herd will face Waterloo or Lincoln in the first round. If the playoffs started today, the Herd would host fourth place Lincoln next Tuesday. Waterloo enters the final two games of the regular season with a one point lead over Lincoln for third place in the West. The Black Hawks travel to Indiana for games Saturday and Sunday while Lincoln plays a home-and-home weekend series with Tri-City.
Tickets prices for the first two games of the playoffs are $9, $15 and $17, depending on location. Season ticket holders and E-Z ticket book buyers can still take advantage of a special savings by contacting the Stampede office at 336-6060.
The Stampede close out the regular season with two home games this weekend. On Friday, the Herd host the Des Moines Buccaneers while on Saturday, Sioux Falls entertains Omaha. Game times are 7:05 PM and tickets are available through the Sioux Falls Arena box office or visit www.sfstampede.com for more information. Saturday night is Sioux Falls Ford "Take My Jersey Night." Fans can purchase raffle tickets for a chance to win a Stampede game worn jersey after the game. Proceeds from the raffle will benefit the South Dakota Make-A-Wish Foundation.
GAME 1: Tues., Apr. 16 @7:05 PM (Sioux Falls Arena)
GAME 2: Wed., Apr. 17 @7:05 PM (Sioux Falls Arena)
GAME 3: Fri., Apr. 19 or Sat., Apr. 20 @TBA (TBD)
GAME 4: Sat., Apr. 20 or Sun., Apr. 21 @TBA (TBD)
GAME 5: Tues., Apr. 23 @7:05 PM (Sioux Falls Arena)
Courtesy: Sioux Falls Stampede


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Scola Earns All-Star Game Awardby Brent Harris • January 22, 2014 Share:
Wabash senior Nate Scola received the London Fletcher Award as the Outstanding NCAA Division III linebacker participating in the 2014 USA Football Bowl. Scola was named team co-captain and starting middle linebacker for the winning Admirals all-star team.
Scola participated in the annual event, held this year in Hoover Metropolitan Stadium in Hoover, Alabama. He joined 87 other players from NCAA Divisions I, II, and III along with stars from the NAIA. Scola and his Admirals teammates won 37-13 Monday afternoon over the Generals.
The London Fletcher Award is named for the former John Carroll University star who went on to play 16 seasons in the NFL. He originally signed as a free agent with the St. Louis Rams and also played for the Buffalo Bills and the Washington Redskins. Fletcher retired at the end of the 2013 season. He recorded a school-record 202 tackles in his senior season at John Carroll.
Scola and the rest of the all-star players reported to Hoover Saturday for practice. A banquet was held for the players Sunday evening. Several players remained through Tuesday to participate in a combine-type workout for the NFL, CFL, and various indoor football league scouts in attendance.
Scola made the most of his opportunity to compete against some of the top players from around the nation, including a larger and quicker group of athletes from NCAA Division I teams.
"The Generals' offensive line was easily the biggest I've played against in my career," Scola said after returning to campus. "The speed of the game was also a little quicker than what I normally see each week. However, after the first series I was able to adjust. I felt I played a good game."
Good enough that the Admirals held a shutout until late into the contest, taking a 30-0 lead at one point. Scola recorded a sack against quarterback Jonathan Perry, who completed his career at the University of Alabama at Birmingham this fall.
Scola was named a 2013 D3football.com All-American and earned the Hank Critchfield Award as the North Coast Athletic Conference Defensive Player of the Year. He finished his career in sixth place for all-time tackles for loss in Wabash history with 41.5 total and tied for 18th in quarterback sacks with 12. He also recorded a total of 222 tackles, including 107 solo stops despite playing in only five games as a sophomore after suffering a knee injury. In addition to receiving the Critchfield Award, Scola was selected to the All-NCAC First Team for the second consecutive season.
This season Scola recorded 23.5 tackles for losses totaling 103 yards and 8-1/2 sacks for 63 yards. He also recovered two fumbles, including one at Wooster he returned 69 yards for his second career touchdown. Scola recorded a career-best three sacks at Wooster and made five tackles for losses against Hiram — the second-most in a single game by a Little Giant player.


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The GiFiles,
Files released: 5543061
The Global Intelligence Files
On Monday February 27th, 2012, WikiLeaks began publishing The Global Intelligence Files, over five million e-mails from the Texas headquartered "global intelligence" company Stratfor. The e-mails date between July 2004 and late December 2011. They reveal the inner workings of a company that fronts as an intelligence publisher, but provides confidential intelligence services to large corporations, such as Bhopal's Dow Chemical Co., Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman, Raytheon and government agencies, including the US Department of Homeland Security, the US Marines and the US Defence Intelligence Agency. The emails show Stratfor's web of informers, pay-off structure, payment laundering techniques and psychological methods.
Re: ANALYSIS FOR COMMENT - Brazil's economic challenges beyond the elections
Released on 2013-02-13 00:00 GMT
|2010-09-30 16:48:47
this is going to be broken up/reconfigured. can hold on comments
On Sep 30, 2010, at 9:39 AM, Karen Hooper wrote:
On 9/29/10 4:01 PM, Paulo Gregoire wrote:
Brazilians will go to the polls Oct. 3 to elect a new president to
oversee the country*s continuing rise. While most political analysis
on Brazilis wrapped up in speculation over how the country will operate
in the absence of outgoing president Luiz Inacio da Silva, Brazil is a
striking example of just how little a change in political personalities
is likely to factor into the country*s geopolitical trajectory. Indeed,
the most startling aspect of these elections is how un-startling the
campaign race itself has been between the two leading candidates.
Election frontrunner Dilma Rousseff of Lula*s Workers* Party (PT) and
Sao Paulo governor Jose Serra may disagree to some extent on the level
of state bureaucracy needed to sustain Brazil*s growth, but the two
agree broadly on how to address the internal challenges Brazil will face
the more it extends itself abroad.
Unlike previous elections, Brazil*s global exposure which is what? do
you mean in currency markets? in trade markets? or it's foreign policy
in general? * as opposed to its internal predicaments - has been the
dominant theme in this election race. But the luxury of looking abroad
is also something quite new to Brazil, a reflection of the progress the
country has made in building up its geopolitical security.
Brazil is a massive landmass that covers more territory than Europe and
borders 10 other countries. While Brazil*s long Atlantic coastline
orients the country toward Western markets, its internal geography is a
major impediment to political and economic security at home the two
halves of this sentence don't seem to mesh. The country*s densely
forested Amazonian interior, while a highly
useful physical/military buffer against its neighbors, is not conducive
to the inland and maritime transport needed for development. Instead,
Brazil has had to spend a great deal of time, money and resources in
developing ports to utilize its coast and artificial transportation
systems (rail, road and air) to develop and connect the country*s rural
interior to its cosmopolitan coast. Equally problematic, the country*s
colonial legacy, which entailed the massive importation of slave labor
from Africa to remain economically competitive, resulted in tremendous
socioeconomic distortions that persist to this day.
Brazilian history has thus been marked by violent political and economic
fluctuations. It was only a quarter of a century ago when Brazilmade a
historic transition from military to democratic rule and.....? this
seems like a normative statement (i.e. democracy = good). Amidst this
shaky transition, the Brazilian economy was suffocating under
hyperinflation. Economic plan after economic plan failed, leaving the
population feeling betrayed by its government and fearful of the
economic turmoil that would spill from the next plan. i get it, but
think the language should be toned down It was not until then finance
minister and later president Fernando Henrique Cardoso*s Real Plan that
Brazil was able to impose the necessary austerity measures I would go
ahead and be specific here. the government was operating with a MASSIVE
budget deficit every year, forcing the government to straight up print
money. What Plan Real did, most significantly, was bring spending in
line with income in order to reduce monetary expansion and bring annual
inflation down from 909.7 per cent in 1994 it was 2,489 percent in
1993... even more dramatic :) to 14.8 per cent in 1995 to 9.3 per cent
in 1996, to 4.3 per cent in 1997, and its current rate of below 5 per
Source : World Bank
Source: The World Bank
The country*s rapid success in fighting inflation did not go unnoticed
by foreign investors, and gradually Brazil acquired the resources to
develop the country internally. since you were talking about internal
development earlier in terms of physical infrastructure, i'm not sure
you want to use that here. They had a lot of that physical
infrastructure built over the past century. The stabilization of the
government's economic policies allowed business to actually be reliably
built on this foundation, causing the boom that we've seen in the past
In yet another demonstration of the limited relevance of political
personalities to Brazilian geopolitics, the replacement of Cardoso with
former unionist and perceived anti-capitalist Lula Da Silva in 2002 did
not divert Brazil*s economic path. Sixteen years after its
implementation, Brazil has militantly kept inflation levels and public
spending low despite populist pressures and has maintained a strong set
of orthodox monetary and fiscal policies to sustain its growth.
But Brazil has not forgotten its past, either. The threat of
hyperinflation rests on the minds of Brazilian policymakers who fear
that a decrease in fiscally responsible policies right, and since you
pinpoint fiscal policies here, you shoudl explain the budget thing
above could result in uncontrolled expansion in demand, price increases
and a return to intolerable levels of inflation that would erase much of
what Brazil has accomplished in the past 16 years, from fiscal stability
to energy self-sufficiency. Fiscal responsibility is thus a major driver
in Brazil*s current debate over how to sustain the achievements the
country has made thus far while elevating Brazil on the global stage
through its economic prowess. i know this is the way that Brazil is
talking about the issue, but shouldn't we be talking about issues like
market access international competitivness, strategic sectors, et al?
Though Brazil has undergone a hard lesson in economics, the country has
found the time and attention to address its economic ailments in no
small part due to the relative quietude of its neighborhood. As
mentioned earlier, Brazil shares borders with ten other South American
countries, yet the only borderland where Brazil faces a meaningful
threat is to its south, where the jungle buffer opens up into the
fertile, Pampas region that brings Brazil head to head with Argentina.
Fortunately for Brazil, Argentina*s economic destruction over the past
decade has kept Buenos Aires far too distracted to obstruct Brazilian
expansion. in what way would an economically stable Argentina have
stopped brazilian expansion? and also, Argentina grew pretty strongly
between 2004 and 2009, so i'm not sure if you want to specify the
decade. Might talk about general instability. And more generally, i'm
not sure you need this paragraph.
Having made significant headway in political consolidation and economic
development at home, Brazil has afforded itself the freedom to reach
around?? and beyond the South American continent in search of political
and economic opportunity. At the same time, these transnational linkages
are hitting directly at the foundation of Brazil's economic rise - a
commitment to moving beyond commodity export status under tight fiscal
policies not really sure what you are saying in these two sentences.
Regardless of who takes the Brazilian presidency in the Oct. 3 elections
or in case of a second round on October 26, Brazil's leadership will be
grappling with this broader dilemma in trying to address the following
issues: Brazil's outgrowth of regional trade bloc Mercosur, managing the
country's incoming potential pre-salt oil wealth, maintaining diverse
industry at home in the face of an appreciating currency and balancing
its increasingly competitive trade relationship with China.
Outgrowing Mercosur
The future of Mercosur is an issue that has figured notably into the
2010 presidential campaign. The leading candidate of the opposition,
Jose Serra, has constantly affirmed that Mercosur is hindering Brazil*s
ability to sign free trade agreements with other regions countries?.
Serra*s comments are in regards to the fact that Mercosur the way it is
established does not allow any full member to sign independent?
throughout this section it is not clear to me if you are saying that
mercosur prevents the signing of bilateral FTAs or if it's just a pain
to get Mercosur to partner with countries and trade blocs. just make
sure it's clear that it is both issues at once free trade agreements
without the consent of other full members who have the right to veto an
agreement that they believe it is not in their interest. Mercosur was
created with intention of expanding trade first among its member and
then beyond the region because as a bloc the member countries would gain
more bargaining power at the international level.
When Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay signed the Treaty of
Asuncion in 1991, the four member countries agreed that they shared
similar goals and objectives. The 1990s saw the rise of the economic
and political reforms in Latin America. These reforms were intended to
reduce the size of the state in order to make it more efficient. It was
a period that determined the end of import substitution
polices Links:http://www.stratfor.com/analysis/20081112_latin_america_disparate_goals_and_spate_ftashttp://www.stratfor.com/analysis/20090605_recession_brazil throughout Latin
America and the transition between military rule to democracy in the
southern cone.
The member countries believed that since they were undergoing alike
economic and political reforms, the institution of a common market would
be possible and desirable as a means to face global competition. They
agreed on the expansion of the size of national markets through
integration and set a deadline of 4 years for the creation of a common
market with an external tariff for any non-member country that wants to
establish a trade agreement with any full member of
Mercosur. annnnnnnnnd how did that go for them? Not so well... You need
to explain how the domestic pressures in Brazil and other Mercosur
countries made the creation of a common market impossible, since they
require a zillion ad hoc protectionist policies.
The creation of Mercosur was also perceived by Brazil as an important
institutional mechanism to counter balance U.S. influence in the region
and boost the country*s bargaining power at the international arena did
it accomplish that goal?. The ability of the United States to sign
bilateral agreements with smaller countries is enormous, which in turn
would undermine Brasilia*s aspiration of becoming the regional power.
That was the idea behind the design of an external common tariff and
the provision of veto power to Mercosur*s full members .
Nevertheless, the veto power has tied the trade policies
of Brazil and Argentina that have experienced different economic paths
in the last decade. While Brazil has successfully continued with its
macroeconomic policies that have promoted economic growth under tight
fiscal policies, Argentina declared default in 2001 and since then has
become more inwardly focused as it strives to tackle an increasing
inflation. While inflation in Brazil is supposed to have inflation rate
of 5 per cent for this year, Argentina*s estimate is around 25 per cent.
Brazilian companies have become more active internationally and
therefore more eager for brazil to to establish trade relations with
other countries . However, due to constant disagreements among the
member countries over trade disputes of who would be more negatively
affected should a trade agreement with another country be established,
Mercosur has been ineffective in expanding its trade relations with
other regions countries? trading blocs? can we be specific here? We're
clearly talking about IBSA and the EU among others. WOuld be good to
just get that out there, explicitly.
If the 1990s was a period of economic and political liberalization, the
2000s has witnessed the decline of Argentina and the rise of oil
rich Venezuela. Since the 2001 financial crisis, Argentina has been
struggling economically as well as politically, further leaving a power
vacuum in South America. The balance of power
between Argentina and Brazil has been replaced slowly by Hugo Chavez*
proclaimed Bolivarian revolution that's a little strong. Brazil has
ENORMOUS economic and political weight in Latin America, and though
Venezuela certainly holds some sway with some of the smaller countries,
brazil hasn't been replaced by VZ. Venezuela has been able to set the
political and economic agenda in many countries in the region by
providing financial and rhetorical support to political movements such
as the Movement Towards Socialism in Bolivia that otherwise would easily
fall prey to external pressure. er, really? Morales has been supported
pretty strongly by a large portion of the population. Granted, Venezuela
has definitely lent a hand (and a couple of helicopters + pilots), but
Bolivia has its own thing going on. Not to mention the fact that Brazil
pretty much owns most of Bolivia's key assets. Also, why are we talking
about bolivia....?
The last ten years, countries in the region have embarked on dissimilar
paths. While Brazil and Chile have embraced some of the neo-liberal
economic and political orthodoxy and have attempted to become more
connected with the global economy, Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador,
Venezuela, have decided to undertake the difficult task of moving their
countries in a different political and economic direction. These
countries decided to embark on a wave of nationalizations that has
spawned anti-sentiment against foreign capital and international
financial institutions, which have all contributed to politicize the
bloc and diminish the importance of expanding trade beyond the
region. This contrast in political and economic objectives has caused
serious problems for the advancement of Mercosur*s trade relations not
only with other regions, but also between its members. er, Venezuela has
all but joined Mercosur. Also, what do these countries have to offer
that Brazil or Argentina need? There are ENORMOUS geographic, economic
and historical pressures that push Latin AMerican countries to look
outside the region for international trade. I'm exceedingly
uncomfortable implying that the lack of regional integration is a result
of this more recent bout of leftism. and besides, this paragraph seems
to contradict the next one
Under this political environment, Mercosur went through a process of
expansion. Mercosur has included Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,
and Peru as associate members, Mexico as an observer, and waits for the
approval of the Paraguayan Congress to embrace Venezuela*s full
The external tariff and veto power by any full member has tied Brazilian
international trade policy to its neighbors who have the power to veto
any trade agreement that might benefit Brazil. getting repetitious
here In 16 years, Mercosur has signed only two free trade agreements and
the one signed with Israel might not be consolidated WC in case the
Paraguayan Congress approves Venezuela*s full membership which is likely
to happen? or not?, mainly because Venezuela does not maintain relations
with Israel anymore. this needs to be moved towards the top of this
The Chilean case is an example that has been used by the Brazilian
business community as a source of emulation because Chile has refused to
be a full member on the basis that it was not in their interest to be
tied to Mercosur*s external tariff. This is partially due to the its
geography, which is surrounded by the Andes on East and the Paficic
ocean on the West, largely shielding the country from its South American
neighbors and open to trade in the Asia-Pacifi region. this geography
piece seems like a bit of a stretch the Chilean case has provided an
argument for those who believe that Brazil does not need be out of
Mercosur, but at the same time should be able to carry out its own
international trade policy more independently, which would allow Brazil
to pursue trade relations outside the region more easily. i would cut
this and if you need to mention chile at all, just say that as a country
apart from mercosur, Chile is an example of a south american state has
been able to sign a large number of FTAs
Brazil shares borders with all South American countries, with the
exception of Ecuador and Chile. Thus, a multilateral institution like
Mercosur is essential for Brazil to coordinate policies with its
neighbors and strengthen its role as the major regional power in South
America I'm not sure how that makes sense... it is a tool, but is it an
essential tool? Not all of Brazil's neighbors are members of Mercosur.
However, as most South American countries are experiencing distinct
political and economic processes what does that mean?, Mercosur as a
common market has limited Brazil*s call for a more outward international
trade policy i still really think you should examine the role of
domestic interest groups in pushing for protectionist policies. I think
a critical question here is what are the mechanisms taking place in the
brazilian economy that make NOW the time to outgrow Mercosur? I think
you've made it clear that mercosur limits free trade expansion, but
what's missing here is why Brazil wants/needs/can handle this expansion
now . Since Brazil*s total exports to Mercosur corresponds to only
10.35 per cent of its total exports and 8 out of 10 top ten trade
partners are outside the block, Brazil*s next president will most likely
push for a more aggressive and outward trade agenda for Mercosur. It is
doubtful, however, that its main trading partner
within Mercosur, Argentina, will hardly
accommodate Brazil*s interests as past evidences can prove the constant
spatshttp://www.stratfor.com/analysis/20100527_argentina_brazil_confusion_and_conflict_brewing_over_food both
countries have come across. For that reason, Brazil does not have many
options other than trying to do away with Mercosurs veto power. and is
that an option? do you mean that Brazil can alter the treaty to exempt
itself from the veto clause? Or do you mean that Brazil will seek to
abandon Mercosur altogether? What about the status of the EU
negotiations? Are they making progress? What I'm trying to push for here
are specifics on the situation that will allow us to put in context the
role that Mercosur plays, and the state of the Brazilian economy. So
far, this is mostly assertion focused on a couple of facts and election
Brazil's trade flows with Mercosur
US$ Share of Brazil's total exports
1990 1.320.244.279 4.20%
2009 15.828.946.773 10.35%
Major Countries for Brazilian Exports 2009
China US$ 20.191
United States US$ 15.740
Argentina US$12.785
Netherlands US$ 8.150
Germany US$ 6.175
Japan US$4.270
United Kingdom US$ 3.727
Venezuela US$3.610
India US$3.415
Belgium US$3.138
Brazil's China Problem
Brazil*s agricultural and mining boom of exports to China, which saw its
rising in the last 10 years, is mainly due to China*s escalating demand
for commodities in the global market. This had initially made trade
between Brazil and China compatible.
China became Brazil*s principal market for its commodities and also its
main foreign direct investor with 20 US$ billion for this year, however,
the investments made by China are mainly related to the agriculture and
energy sectors, thus stifling Brazil's efforts to expand beyond
commodities trade is it stifling efforts or is it just not helping
efforts? also, what efforts? and do you mean its efforts to move beyond
commodity trading with china? Or commodity trading in general?. The
exports of minerals and soybeans, for example, represent 62 percent of
the total export trade from Brazil to China . The Chinese demand for
commodities helped the Brazilian economy maintain continuous trade
surpluses until 2006 when China started increasing its exports of
manufactured goods to Brazil.
Export Import
year US$ Variation % US$ Variation Share%
2002 2,520,978,671 32.54 4.17 1,553,993,640 16.98 3.29
2003 4,533,363,162 79.83 6.19 2,147,801,000 38.21 4.44
2004 5,441,405,712 20.03 5.63 3,710,477,153 72.76 5.91
2005 6,834,996,980 25.61 5.77 5,354,519,361 44.31 7.28
2006 8,402,368,827 22.93 6.1 7,990,448,434 49.23 8.75
2007 10,748,813,792 27.93 6.69 12,621,273,347 57.95 10.46
2008 16,403,038,989 52.6 8.29 20 58.81 11.59
2009 20,190,831,368 23.09 13.2 15,911,145,829 -20.62 12.46
The intensification of trade relations
between Brazil and China made Brasilia believe that it could expand this
trading relationship to a strategic partnership with political
benefits. In 2003 when President da Silva came to power, Brazil sought
to expand this partnership to other areas as well and also gain China*s
support for a permanent seat in the United Nations Security Council. Da
Silva's policy towards China was criticized domestically
because China would hardly support Brazil*s entry into the UNSC due to
fact that it was China*s interest to avoid a possible entry
of Japan into an enlarged UNSC. Brasilia acknowledged China as a market
economy in 2004 and in the same year voted for a non-action motion that
prevented the vote on a resolution that would ask China to cooperate
with the international community on matters related to human rights.
Nevertheless, there has been a lack of shared aims at the political
level as China has positioned itself against new entries into the UNSC.
A relationship that was identified as strategic by Brasilia in 2003 is
turning more inconsistent as both countries become more competitors than
partners http://www.stratfor.com/geopolitical_diary/20090520_geopolitical_diary.
Brazilian industrialists have raised concerns over the increase of the
imports of Chinese manufactured goods. The imports of Chinese
manufactured goods increased at an average of over 50 percent a year
from 2004 to 2008. One of the main reasons for this augment of Chinese
imports has to do with an undervalued Yuan against a rising Real.
While China maintains tight control over its exchange rate and
does not seem to be willing to change its policy, Brasilia has a
floating rate in which the government may intervene when it finds that
the exchange rate fluctuates excessively fast. Pressure from the
Brazilian industries to depreciate Real has intensified and the
government has already responded saying that it will start intervening
in order to avoid an over appreciation of its currency.
The Brazilian industry sector has also been pressuring the government to
apply anti-dumping policies against Chinese products. Chinese imports
represent 12.5 per cent of Brazil*s total imports, however, not all
imports from China are shown in the trade statistics between Brazil and
China because some Chinese companies were using third countries that
were exempt from high tariffs to export to Brazil. Therefore, there were
Chinese goods that entered Brazil as being Malay, Taiwanese, among other
countries. Brazil is not particularly dependent on Chinese imports, in
case trade restrictions are increased, except for equipment and
machineries, which can also be imported from the US and Europe.
Even though Brazil benefits from the Chinese demand for
commodities, Brasilia has a manufacturing sector that creates jobs and
demands protection this is exactly the issue that I had a problem with
in the Mercosur section -- there is enormous protectionist pressure in
Brazil, and i'm don't understand why they would be able to jump into
trade liberalization at this point (doesn't mean they can't, but we
should look into what the dynamics are allowing or preventing that and
whetehr or not the politicians are actually serious about that) from
Chinese competition. In the short term, Brazil does not have many
options to deal with this situation, other than depreciating its
currency and imposing anti-dumping policies when necessary, mainly
because it cannot compete with Chinese labor, its low exchange rate, and
investment in infrastructure that is higher in China than in Brazil.
The Brazilian government is betting on the Chinese need for energy and
minerals like iron and ore to continue to sustain high levels of
economic growth. For that reason, the government believes
that China will invest in Brazil even if Brasilia takes some
anti-dumping measures against Chinese products. It is important to note,
however, that these anti-dumping measures are a long and painful process
that will not solve the problem in the long run, but will along with the
control of Real appreciation definitely accommodate the interests of the
Brazilian industries that have been affected by the Chinese
competition. what's missing here is a comparison to other countries'
trade relationships with Brazil. You should show the huge dip in trade
with Argentina and the US in the wake of the economic crisis, explain
the differentiation in the kinds of products imported/exported ith each
country. We went into that for the brazil recession piece, and I think
it's critical context when discussing trade with
Currency Appreciation and Pre-salt reserves
Another pressing issue that the next President will have to face is how
to manage its massive potential pre-salt wealth which, if it comes, can
be expected to start to flow in significant numbers .... when? Need that
for context in order to diversify its economy and avoid that an
overvaluation of its currency due to the inflow of petrodollars cause a
process of industrialization of its manufacturing sector. The prospect
of an overvalued currency has already caused concern in Brazil due to a
loss of competitiveness for Brazil*s manufacturing sector. Currency
appreciation makes imports cheaper. The demand for imports increases as
they become cheaper in relation to the real and this can severely
damage Brazil*s capability to continue with its process of
industrialization. MORE pressure to protect the domestic industry
through trade controls.... this analysis contradicts your mercosur
The Real has already started appreciating and the reasons for this are
various. It has been partially influenced by the recovery of
the U.S. economy and the decline of dollar in relation to many foreign
currencies, which include the Real. Besides the dollar*s depreciation,
there are issues related to the Brazilian economy that contribute to
real*s appreciation. Brazil According to the Ministry of Development,
Industry and International Trade, Brazilian exporters are no longer
obliged to convert immediately into real the revenues gained in dollars.
Exporters may now wait for a better time to convert it.
Consequently, the government estimates that there are over US$ 17
billion dollars that are still waiting for a better timing to convert
dollar into real. As a result of growing concerns, the government has
already decided to intervene. Brazilian Ministry of Finance allowed the
Brazil Sovereign Fund to purchase foreign currency without limit.
According to the Ministry of Finance there will be a maximum value for
transactions in foreign currency. Thus, the Sovereign Fund may buy the
amount of foreign currency it feels necessary.
The Brazilian government may have to make a lot of efforts to stop Reals
appreciation as the prospect for Brazil*s currency is of more
appreciation. Once pre-salt reserves start being produced and sold
abroad the inflow of dollars into the Brazilian economy will increase,
further putting more pressure on the real.
Nevertheless, Brazil seems to know the pitfalls of an economy that
privileges its natural resources at the expense of its manufacturing
sector. As a result, the government has been be able to pass
legislationshttp://www.stratfor.com/analysis/20100708_brazil_strategic_pre_planning_pre_salt that
will transfer 50 per cent of the oil revenues to a social fund that will
use only the interest generated by it for the improvement and expansion
of education in science and technology.
The government believes that the social fund may function as a
protection against currency appreciation and the dismantling of national
industry. The government*s goal is also to invest part of the returns in
overseas funds as a way to diversify risk. The risk is that a highly
profitable activity * as can be the pre-salt oil * generates an
exaggerated appreciation of local currency, further reducing the
competitiveness of manufacturing exports of the domestic industry.
In the short term, the way Brazil will deal with the rising of its
exchange rate will be by maintaining a floating rate with some
interventions when it finds that the currency is appreciating at a fast
pace. There are no easy or artificial solutions for controlling the
appreciation of real. In the long term, Brazil*s solution to compensate
its loss of competitiveness, due to its strong currency; will be with
investments in infrastructure, science and technology. i agree with
peter that mixing up the discussion of the currency issues with the
discussion of the potential pre-salt revenue doesn't work. You need to
be very explicit that there is an immediate termcurrency value issue
that is related (at least in part) to brazil's relatively solid
performance relative to the international system in the wake of the
financial crisis. This is different from the long term issue of how to
avoid the dutch disease, which deserves plenty of treatment and
analysis, but cannot be conflated with the current currency problem.
Moving beyond a commodity export status
Brazil has made considerable progress in the last 16 years in tackling
inflation, providing economic growth, and looking for opportunities
beyond South America all of which have made this presidential election
less polarized than previous elections in terms of how to
manage Brazil*s internal problems. Nonetheless, as Brazil enters
unchartered territory new transnational challenge arise. More trade
competitiveness and a strong currency will been putting Brazil*s next
president for a test as the country struggles to add value to its chain
of production and move beyond its commodity export status under tight
fiscal policies.


text:
Harbinger of Spring in Seattle – Flowering cherries on Azalea Way!
Most visitors experiencing the beauty of our historic Azalea Way flowering cherries from now through May probably have no idea of how intensive maintaining their health and prolonging their longevity truly is for the UW Botanic Gardens horticulture staff. Just ask our Integrated Pest manager, Ryan Garrison. Ryan with staff support spends many a day throughout the year monitoring and controlling the numerous diseases and insect pests our 175 plus cherries are prone to suffer from. Our rainy climate doesn't help one bit either, especially when dealing with our most notable disease during blossom time; a fungus known as Cherry Blossom Brown Rot. Yucko! The good news is any new cherries we plant need to show a reasonable level of resistance. The not so good news is many of our older earlier bloomers, the ones extremely susceptible to the brown rot fungus, need to be protected with fungicide applications during their bloom period. As with all of our pest issues, we start with cultural and mechanical control efforts before resorting to chemical controls. The following Integrated Pest management (IPM) program discusses our best management practices for the control of blossom brown rot. If you are interested in planting cherries for your home garden, I've included a list of cherries recommended for our PNW climate. All have good to excellent resistance to blossom brown rot.
14 new cherries will be planted along Azalea Way, Spring of 2014! Thanks to the UW being awarded funds from the Nationwide Cherry Blossom Tree Planting Initiative grant co-sponsored by the Consulate-General of Japan in Seattle and other supporting local community organizations.
Cherry Blossom Brown Rot – causal fungal agent known as Monolinia fructicola. The fungus overwinters on infected twigs and dried fruit on the tree or ground. The fungal spores are spread in the spring by wind and rain through the blossoms, causing twig dieback. As part of the UWBG IPM program, moving toward our goal of eliminating the use of all synthetic pesticides is our ultimate goal.
IPM relies on many strategies to manage plant health care.
- Proper ID of the pest and its life cycle
- Regular monitoring of the plants
- The use of physical, mechanical, cultural, and biological controls
- Chemical controls used as a last resort*
- Least toxic chemicals used
* All spray applications are in compliance with WSDA pesticide regulations. Sign postings are located at all entrances and Graham Visitor Center. Spray applications are scheduled based on timing and weather. We do our best to apply when public are not present. For more information, pls contact, David Zuckerman at 206-543-8008 or firstname.lastname@example.com
The cherries are pruned in early fall to remove infected twigs and improve air circulation. Tree rings are given a fresh coat of mulch in the fall to bury any infected plant material that may be on the ground. In our Cherry Replacement program we are only using cultivars that are resistant to Blossom Brown Rot.
Cherries recommended for the PNW:
- Prunus'Berry Cascade Snow'
- Prunus 'Kwanzan' syn. 'Sekiyama'
- Prunus'Pink Flair®'
- Prunus'Royal Burgundy'
- Prunus'Shirofugen'
- Prunus'Shirotae'
- Prunus'Snow Goose'
- Prunus subhirtella var. ascendens
- Prunus x yedoensis 'Shidare Yoshino'


text:
Avila University juvenile delinquency
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The best college for a student isn't necessarily the highest-ranking school in the Forbes or US News listings, but rather the school that offers their students the best legal career opportunities. The US Bureau of Labor Statistics predicts that new job openings within other fields of criminal justice will increase by 15% over the next decade. Ranked as one of the best jobs in America by CNN, job opportunities in the paralegal field are plentiful, due to rising legal fees, and the fact that more clients are demanding the use of paralegals. Court reporting is an alternative career path, involving transcription during court trials, depositions, and other legal proceedings.


text:
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text:
[Amended 11-7-1978]
The fiscal year of the town shall begin on the first day of July and end on the last day of the following June, commencing with the fiscal year beginning July 1, 1979. Notwithstanding the provisions of Sections 8.53 through 8.55 of this Home Rule Charter, the Town Council is authorized, by resolution passed by the affirmative votes of a majority of the members of the Town Council, to finance the cost of operating the Town of Coventry for the period March 1 through June 30, 1979, through either the issuance of bonds, notes, or otherwise. Bonds may be issued, notes sold, or any other action may be taken by the Town Council for the financing of said period without a vote of the electors.
Taxes shall be due and payable on a day fixed by the Town Council. The Town Council shall further provide the installments in which taxes may be paid without penalty, the dates on which penalties for nonpayment shall apply, and the rate of such penalties.
[Amended 11-2-2010]
The general budget shall be composed of two sections:
The capital improvement program and capital budget; and
The operating budget which shall provide a complete financial plan for the budget year. It shall contain three (3) parts:
The operating budget message is prepared by the Town Manager and gives a general summary of the principal sources of anticipated revenue, with amounts to be raised from each source, and a summary of the principal objects of expenditures, with amounts to be expended for each object. The message shall make clear how expenditures are to be kept within anticipated revenue and shall compare the general estimates for the coming year with the corresponding figures for the past year and the year in progress.
Detailed estimates of all anticipated revenues applicable to proposed expenditures together with supporting information. The total of such anticipated revenues shall at least equal the total of such proposed expenditures.
Drafted bills prepared by the Town Manager for appropriating revenues and borrowing if necessary. The bills shall put the details of the operating budget plan into proper legal form ready for action by the Town Council.
The Town Council shall direct:
All agencies, officials, and departments to submit to the Director of Planning and Development all capital programs or projects requests on or before a date fixed by the Town Council.
The Director of Planning and Development shall review all proposals with the agency, department, or official submitting them. The following factors, among others, will be taken into consideration:
The recommended capital improvement programs, including the annual capital budget, shall be forwarded to the Town Manager on or before a date fixed by the Town Council.
The Town Manager shall forward to the Town Council with comments the capital improvement program with the included annual capital budget on or before a date fixed by the Town Council.
The Town Manager shall submit to the Town Council on or before a date fixed by the Town Council the proposed operating budget and an accompanying message from the Town Manager. The Town Council may request the Town Manager to explain the manager's estimates and recommendations.
In parallel columns opposite the several items of anticipated revenues there shall be placed the amount of each such item in the budget of the last completed year, the amounts of such operating items actually received during that year, the amount of each such item in the operating budget of the current fiscal year, the amount actually received to the time of preparing the operating budget, plus receipts for the remainder of the current fiscal year estimated as accurately as may be.
In parallel columns opposite the several items of proposed expenditures, there shall be placed the amount of each such item in the operating budget of the last completed fiscal year, the amounts of such items actually expended during the year, the amount of each such item expended to the time of preparing the operating budget, plus expenditures for the remainder of the current fiscal year estimated as accurately as may be.
The estimates of receipts for all departments shall be detailed by source. The estimates of the expenditures shall be detailed by departments and the principal subdivisions thereof (offices, boards, commissions, and agencies of the town) and shall show for each unit the requested amount broken down by personal service, contractual service, materials and supplies, fixed charges, and capital outlays.
[Amended 11-2-1999]
The Town Council shall publish in one or more newspapers of general circulation in the town the general summary of the operating budget and capital improvement budget and a notice stating:
The times and places where copies of the message and budgets are available for inspection by the public.
The time and place, not less than two weeks after such publication, for one or more public hearings at which time each item of the proposed budgets shall be considered and any person shall be heard and shall be allowed to question in detail not only the Town Council, the Town Manager, but also any department head including a representative of the School Committee who has submitted any item of expenditure in the preceding fiscal year's budget or on the proposed budgets.
After the public hearings the Town Council may amend the operating and capital improvement budgets.
The Town Council shall set aside as part of each annual budget an amount equal to no less than fifty (50%) percent of monies remitted to the town by the Tax Administrator of the State of Rhode Island pursuant to the provisions of R.I.G.L. § 44-25-1 et seq. the "Real Estate Conveyance Tax", so called. Said funds shall be used exclusively by the Coventry Land Trust for acquisition and preservation of open space pursuant to the legislative charter of said land trust. Such funds shall be used for capital expenditures only and no portion thereof shall be used for any administrative expenditures.
[Amended 11-2-1999]
If the Town Council has increased the amount of any item or items, or has added any item or items not included in the budget as submitted by the Town Manager, the Town Clerk shall forthwith deliver to the Town Manager a copy of that portion of the record setting forth such changes. If the Town Manager disapproves of any such change, the manager shall, within forty-eight (48) hours of his receipt of the record of changes, file with the Town Clerk a message expressing the manager's disapproval and giving the reasons thereof. The Town Council by affirmative vote of four (4) members may over-ride the Town Manager's disapproval. If the Town Manager's disapproval is not over-ridden, the change disapproved shall be eliminated.
[Amended 11-2-1976; 11-4-2008, effective 1-1-2009; 11-2-2010; 11-4-2014]
After the public hearing, the Town Council shall present the capital improvement and operating budgets to the financial town meeting for adoption by majority vote with or without amendment.
Date. The Town Council will convene the financial town meeting on the second Tuesday in June. prior to the start of the next fiscal year.
Location. The meeting will be held at the Coventry High School at seven (7) p.m. Eastern Standard local time.
Moderator. The Town Council shall appoint a moderator to preside over the financial town meeting. who shall conduct the meeting as follows:
The Moderator shall preside over the meeting and shall have power to manage and regulate the business of the meeting, in accordance with these rules and in accordance with the provisions of the law as set forth in General Laws of Rhode Island. chapter 45-3 and otherwise.
The Moderator shall be responsible for maintaining good order at the meeting. Any person conducting, himself or herself in a disorderly manner may be ordered to withdraw from the meeting and upon refusal to do so. the town sergeant may be ordered by the Moderator to remove the disorderly person.
The Moderator shall permit all registered voters of Coventry as certified by the Board of Canvassers to attend. The Moderator shall also permit representatives of the news media, the Superintendent of Schools, school principals and legal counsel to attend.
Right to be heard.
Any voters shall have the right heard and no vote shall be taken until all persons who desire to be heard on the subject of the vote have been heard.
All questions and statements shall be directed through the Moderator and no person shall be heard until recognized by the Moderator.
There shall be a main motion and a second on each question presented prior to any discussion or other motions.
One amendment at a time shall be permitted to any main motion. No further amendment shall be entertained until the pending amendment is disposed of.
If an amendment is adopted, then the main motion is amended and further amendments to the motion as amended shall be in order, or, if there are none, then a vote shall be taken on the main motion as amended.
If an amendment is defeated, then further amendments to the main motion shall be in order, or, if there are none, then a vote shall be taken on the main motion.
Prior to calling for a vote on any question the Moderator shall obtain a count from the canvassers on the number of qualified electors of the town present and will then call for the vote.
The vote shall be taken by a standing vote or ballot as determined by the Moderator, provided that the vote must be taken by ballot if a voter shall call for the same and the call is supported by one-fifth of the voters present. The counting of votes shall be conducted by the Boards of Canvassers under the direction of the Moderator, and the outcome shall be reported to the Moderator.
All questions shall be decided by a majority of the voters present.
Amendments. In amending the budgets, the financial town meeting may add or increase programs or amounts and may delete or decrease programs or amounts, except expenditures required by law or for debt service or for estimated cash deficit, provided that no amendment to the operating budget shall increase expenditures to an amount greater than the total of estimate income.
Proposals to amend shall be in writing, and may address the general budget as a whole, or individual sub-sections thereof.
An all-day referendum shall be required on any changes to the capitol improvement and operating budget by a sum of one hundred eighty thousand dollars ($180,000) or more, to be adjusted every year by the change in the Consumer Price Index in January preceding the financial town meeting.
Failure to adopt. If the town financial meeting fails to adopt the operating budget before the last day of the current fiscal year, the amounts appropriated for current operation for the current fiscal year shall be deemed adopted for the ensuing fiscal year on a month-to-month basis, with all items in it prorated accordingly, until such time as the town financial meeting adopts a budget for the ensuing fiscal year.
Filing of adopted budget. A copy of the budget, as finally adopted, shall be filed in the office of the Town Clerk and shall be a public record.
Supplemental appropriations. If during the fiscal year the Town Manager certifies that there is available for appropriation revenues in excess of those estimated in the budget, a special financial town meeting may make supplemental appropriations for the year up to the amount of such excess.
Emergency appropriations. To meet a public emergency affecting life, health, property of [or] the public peace, the Town Council may make emergency appropriations. To the extent that there are no available, unappropriated revenues to meet such appropriations, the Town Council may authorize the issuance of emergency notes, which may be renewed from time-to-time but the emergency notes and renewals in any fiscal year shall be paid not later than the last day of the fiscal year next succeeding that in which the emergency appropriated was made.
Reduction of appropriations. If, at any time during the fiscal year, it appears probable to the Town Manager that the revenues available will be insufficient to meet the amount appropriated, the manager shall report to the Town Council without delay, indicating the estimated amount of the deficit, any remedial action taken by the manager and the manager's recommendations as to any other steps to be taken. The Town Council shall then take such further action as it deems necessary to prevent or minimize any deficit and, for that purpose, it may reduce one or more appropriations.
Transfer of appropriations. At any time during the fiscal year the Town Manager may transfer part or all of any unencumbered appropriation balance among programs within a department, office, or agency; upon written request by the Town Manager, the Town Council may transfer part or all of any unencumbered appropriation balance from one department, office, or agency to another.
Limitations: Effective date. No appropriation for debt service may be reduced or transferred; no appropriation may be reduced below any amount required by law to be appropriated or by more than the amount of the unencumbered balance thereof. The supplemental and emergency appropriations and reduction or transfer of appropriations authorized by this section may be made effective immediately upon adoption.
Limitations: Approval by the Electors. Nothing in this section shall prevent the making of contracts or spending of money for capital improvement projects or other projects, provided that any payments from the Town's general funds or property taxes must be approved annually by the electors at an annual or special financial town meeting. This section shall not apply to projects which have been approved by the electors in accordance with Section 8.55 of this Charter.
[Amended 11-8-2016]
Every appropriation, except an appropriation for a capital expenditure, shall lapse at the close of the fiscal year to the extent that it has not been expended or encumbered. An appropriation for a capital expenditure shall continue in force until the purpose for which it was made has been accomplished or abandoned. The purpose of any such appropriation shall be deemed abandoned if three (3) years pass without any disbursement from or encumbrance of the appropriation.
At such time as the Town Manager shall specify, each department, office, or agency shall submit work programs for the ensuing fiscal year showing the requested allotments of its appropriation by periods within the year. The Town Manager shall review and authorize such allotments with or without revision, as early as possible in the fiscal year. The manager may revise such allotments during the year if the manager deems it desirable and shall revise them to accord with any supplemental, emergency, reduced, or transferred appropriations.
No payment shall be made, or obligation incurred, against any allotment or appropriation except in accordance with appropriations duly made and unless the Town Manager or the manager's designee first certifies that there is a sufficient unencumbered balance in such allotment or appropriation, and that sufficient funds therefrom are or will be available to cover the claim or meet the obligation when it becomes due and payable. Any authorization of payment or incurring of obligation in violation of the provisions of this Charter shall be void and any payments so made illegal. Such action shall be cause for removal of any officer who knowingly authorized or made such payment or incurred such obligation, and the officer shall also be liable to the town for any amount so paid. However, except where prohibited by law, nothing in this Charter shall be construed (1) to prevent the making or authorizing of payments or making of contracts for capital improvements, to be financed wholly or partly by the issuance of bonds, or (2) to prevent the making of any contract or lease providing for payments beyond the end of the fiscal year, provided that such action is made or approved by the Town Council.
When action on the general budget has become final, the town financial meeting shall adopt, and the Town Council shall cause to be delivered to the tax assessor, a resolution levying and ordering the assessment and collection of a tax on ratable real estate and tangible personal property at such rate to be fixed by the tax assessor, as provided by law, as will, together with the assessment and collection of a tax on ratable intangible property belonging to the inhabitants of the town, at rates established in accordance with law, amount in the aggregate to a minimum and a maximum to be set forth in the resolution. The minimum shall be equal to the receipts from taxes on property as estimated in the operating budget as adopted, and the maximum shall be as set by the town financial meeting.
It shall be the duty of the assessor to prepare a roll including all property subject to town taxes and deliver the same to the Town Treasurer on or before a date fixed by the Town Council.
All purchases made and contracts executed on behalf of the town shall be pursuant to a written requisition from the head of the department, office, or agency whose appropriation will be charged. No contract or order shall be issued or payment made to any vendor, unless and until the Director of Finance shall certify that there is to the credit of such department, office or agency a sufficient unencumbered appropriation balance to pay for the supplies, material, equipment, or contractual services for which the contract or order is to be issued.
If necessary, the town financial meeting shall, by resolution, authorize the issuance of any notes which lawfully may be issued by the town in anticipation of taxes to the extent permitted by law.
In any fiscal year, in anticipation of the collection of receipt of revenues other than the property tax of that fiscal year, the town financial meeting may, by resolution, authorize the borrowing of money by the issuance of negotiable notes of the town, each of which shall be designated "special revenue note for the year. . . ." (stating the fiscal year.) Such notes may be renewed, but all such notes, together with the renewals, shall mature and be paid not later than the end of the fiscal year immediately following the fiscal year in which the original notes shall have been issued.
All notes issued pursuant to the foregoing sections may be sold at not less than par and accrued interest, at private sale, without prior advertisement, by the Director of Finance.
The town may borrow money by issuing its negotiable bonds and its negotiable notes in anticipation of bonds, pledging the credit and property of the town to finance any capital project which it may lawfully construct or acquire.
The Town Council may, by resolution passed by the affirmative votes of a majority of the members of the Town Council, appropriate a sum of money for a capital project described in general terms in the resolution and authorize the issuance of bonds to finance such project.
No bonds shall be issued pledging the credit of the town unless submitted to the vote of the electors, at either a general or a special election, and unless approved by a majority of the electors voting upon the question.
The faith and credit of the town is hereby pledged for the payment of the principal and interest on all bonds and notes of the town hereafter issued pursuant to this Charter, whether or not such pledge be stated in the bonds or notes, or in the resolution authorizing their issuance. The town shall levy ad valorem taxes upon all the taxable property within the town for the payment of such bonds and notes, and interest thereon, without limitation of rate or amount, subject to the laws of the state.
In anticipation of the issuance of bonds, the Town Council may, by resolution, authorize the issuance of negotiable notes. Each such note shall be designated "Bond Anticipation Note" and, including renewals, shall mature and be paid within one (1) year after the date of issuance of the original note or such longer period as may be permitted by law. Such bond anticipation notes may be sold by the Director of Finance at private sale, without previous public offering.
Any unexpended and unencumbered balance in a fund created by an issue of bonds, the whole or any part of which bond issue is outstanding and unpaid, shall, when such balance is no longer needed for the purpose for which such fund was created, be employed solely for the payment of said bonds and the interest thereon.
The Town Council, by resolution or by ordinance, may prescribe other and further requirements to be complied with in connection with the borrowing of money and the issuance of bonds, notes, or other evidence of indebtedness.


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MartinLWilliamson wrote:Good opinion piece on the VeloVeritas site:
http://www.veloveritas.co.uk/2012/10/12 ... l-too-far/
Some of his previous articles are pretty good as well. There is something sad about it all... but I think professional sport is a bit this way inclined. When they are mounting GPS on players in rugby league and sitting them inside hyperbaric chambers half the time not to mention the supplments etc etc etc I just think we are past being able to say that it's just training hard. They say that drugs are bad, but there is a reason people are taking all these supplements and sitting in hyperbaric chambers - it is beyond the ability of normal human performance, and cannot be maintained without something artificial to support that performance. Steroids, EPO and the like are just much more effective.


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Tag Archives: The Pretenders
Playlist for Sunday, July 1st, 2012
Written by Gargs Allard, produced by guest host, Glenn Richards. [audio:http://www.rock104.com/powerpop/files/2012/07/PPP_44_070112_Mixdown.mp3|titles=Rock104.com's Power Pop Portal for 7/1/12 (Host: Glenn Richards)] Fountains Of Wayne – The Summer Place The Lovin' Spoonful – Did You Ever Have To Make Up Your Mind? Sloan … Continue reading
Posted in Archive, Power Pop, Special Programming Tagged Aberfeldy, Badfinger, Black Keys, David Bowie, Electric Light Orchestra, ELO, Fountains of Wayne, George Harrison, Lovin' Spoonful, Sloan, The Beatles, The Birdinumnums, The FratellisWar, The Pernice Brothers, The Pretenders, The Who Leave a comment


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RESOLVED, that the proper city officers are authorized to execute an agreement, filed as Public Document No. __________, with the Drift Toppers Snowmobile Club for the grooming and maintenance of the eastern portion of the cross-city snowmobile trail for an amount not to exceed $5,000; payable from Fund 100-500-1920-2560-5441.
STATEMENT OF PURPOSE: The city receives snowmobile trail maintenance grants from the Minnesota DNR for grooming, brushing, and maintaining snowmobile trails in the city. As in past years, the city proposes to contract with the Drift Toppers Snowmobile Club for maintenance of the eastern portion of the cross-city snowmobile trail. Rates of pay for the various maintenance operations are set forth in the DNR's grant-in-aid allowable costs schedule attached to the contract. The DNR grant pays 90 percent of grooming costs and 65 percent of other maintenance and acquisition costs.


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The second cohort of prestigious Dorrance Scholarships has been awarded to 10 Hawaiʻi Island high school students who will begin their studies at the University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo in fall 2013.
The Dorrance Scholarship is an innovative, four-year award designed to benefit local students who are the first in their family to attend college. Each year, up to 10 eligible students are awarded need-based scholarships of $8,000 per year to attend UH Hilo. Awards are renewable for a total of eight semesters of funding, and additional cohorts of scholars will be added in subsequent years.
The 2013 recipients include:
• John Alokoa, Kealakehe High School, Waikoloa
• Rachel Gristock, Kea`au High School, Kurtistown
• Tawanaka (Puki) Kaupu, Kamehameha Schools Hawaiʻi, Ocean View
• Richard Kerr, Hilo High School, Hilo
• Cheyenne Losalio, Konawaena High School, Captain Cook
• Gabriel Lubbess, Kamehameha Schools Hawaiʻi, Kea`au
• Stareynelle (Kaua) Mitchell, Ke Kula`o `Ehunuikaimalino, Holualoa
• Justin Shiigi, Hilo High School, Hilo
• Benjamin Wada, Christian Liberty Academy, Pahoa
• Luana Zablan, Kanu o ka `Aina, Kamuela
Prior to their freshman year, Dorrance Scholars will participate in a custom-designed summer bridge program to help them transition from high school to college. In future summers, scholars will take part in international travel and employment preparation, bringing the estimated total value of each award to over $60,000 for the entire four-year period.
"Higher education is the key to a brighter future," said Chancellor Don Straney. "The Dorrance Scholarship goes to the heart of our mission at UH Hilo, where some 70 percent of our students are the first in their family to attend college and an equal number rely on some form of financial aid.
"The support from the Dorrance family is a very important gift to UH Hilo and we are extremely grateful for their commitment to our Hawaiʻi Island students," he added.
UH Hilo's program is an extension of the highly successful Dorrance Scholarship Programs that have operated in Arizona for the past 13 years. The program is credited with opening the doors of higher education while boosting graduation rates for more than 400 first-generation college students.
Filed under: Announcements, Education, Kids, UH Hilo Tagged: | Dorrance Scholarships, University of Hawaii Hilo


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It's been 18 years since Brandy came to our CD collections as an ingenue with her first single "I Want To Be Down" – and it's been a long road since then that involves motherhood, separation, car accidents, botched record deals, and a few hit singles here and there. Upon her debut she followed Aaliyah's Age Ain't Nothing But a Number release and some comparisons. Her innocent image reigned through and allowed her follow-up, Never Say Never, to be a contemporary success by intertwining promotion and exposure of her UPN show "Moesha" and made-for-TV movie with Diana Ross "Double Platinum." Her third, fourth, and fifth album didn't make the splash as its predecessors and it took Brandy down a road of actively pursuing a new sound that would inspire her. Let's not forget her brief stint with Timbaland and her rap alter-ego Bra'Nu.
Brandy's latest album Two Eleven lets one consistent beauty shine: her voice. There's also a clear return to the R&B groove that beautifully suits her husky voice, unlike her pop-centered previous album Human. "Slower" produced by Switch and co-written by Chris Brown shows a foot-forward in Brandy's slow-groove vocals with Switch's gritty production. Among some of the best collaborations, there's the Frank Ocean penned track "Scared of Beautiful" – originally supposed to be a duet with Ocean that never came to fruition.
Measuring the album by the choice of singles is the wrong way to go. "Put It Down" however successful (it is Brandy's first Top Ten R&B single in 10 years) doesn't capture any melody Brandy would with her voice. Even the "Put It Down" video conjures up memories of Ashanti's 2004 "Only U" video where she began to attack hard choreography in a post-Beyoncé R&B world, where female R&B artists began to walk ground they weren't equipped to walk. The second single, "Wildest Dreams" while working best as the album's track opener, doesn't really highlight the exciting vocal fortitude shown in "No Such Thing As Too Late," "Without You," and "Wish Your Love Away" – all stellar tracks and possible radio singles.
It's a little difficult to tie a Brandy album to her personal life considering she only wrote on 3 of the 17 tracks (deluxe edition). Still, she wants us to believe that this an incredibly personal album in content. Naming it Two Eleven, after the date of her birth (and the date of Whitney Houston's death), gives us an indication that she's about to bare soul in a way we've never heard before – she doesn't. Two Eleven, while a well-crafted and produced album, falls short by comeback standards and considering it took 3 years to make, fans were definitely rooting for this to be triumphant.


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Adele and Paul Epworth Win Song of the Year Grammy for 'Rolling in the Deep'
Adele and producer Paul Epworth captured the award for Song of the Year for 'Rolling in the Deep' tonight at the 2012 Grammy Awards.
Neil Patrick Harris announced the award, which is presented to the songwriters. Adele took the stage chewing gum — is that part of her new regimen to keep her voice strong? — and credited Epworth in her acceptance speech, saying, "He's the best producer in the world. He's wonderful. He brought me out of my skin to write this record."
Epworth briefly thanked Adele for having such a great voice and making his job easy.
'Rolling in the Deep' beat 'All of the Lights' by Kanye West and Rihanna, 'Grenade' by Bruno Mars, 'The Cave' by Mumford & Sons, and 'Holocene' by Bon Iver. Song of the Year was the fourth award of the day for Adele, who also won Best Short Form Music Video, Best Pop Vocal Album and Best Pop Solo Performance earlier in the evening.
Watch Adele and Paul Epworth Accept the Song of the Year Grammy Award


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FRUIT shippers will benefit from a new port call in Brazil this year, thanks to an additional call announced by MSC Mediterranean Shipping Company.
From beginning of August to end of January 2018, MSC will be enhancing its South America East Coast/North Europe service (NWC-SAEC I) with a last port call at Pecem before sailing to Europe.
The period coincides with the peak fruit season, and will be of particular interest for exporters of melons. Main destinations for this commodity, and other fruits exported on this route are Rotterdam and other ports in North Europe.
Transit times from Pecem with direct calls: Antwerp 10 days / Rotterdam 12 days / Hamburg 14 days / Bremrehaven 16 days / Le Havre 18 days.
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MSC Mediterranean Shipping Company is building on a number of important advances in fruit shipments so far this year
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Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurological disorder. It first presents with problems of movement.
Smooth and coordinated muscle movements of the body are made possible by a substance in the brain called dopamine. Dopamine is produced in a part of the brain called the "substantia nigra." In PD, the cells of the substantia nigra start to die. When this happens, dopamine levels are reduced. When they have dropped 60 to 80 percent, symptoms of PD start to appear.
There's no cure for PD. This disorder is chronic and worsens over time. More than 50,000 new cases are reported in the U.S. each year. The actual incidence may be even higher, since PD is often misdiagnosed. The Center of Disease Control and Prevention's National Center for Health Statistics reports that PD complications are the 14th major cause of death in the United States. (CDC)
The exact cause of PD is unknown. It may have both genetic and environmental components. Some scientists think that viruses can trigger PD as well.
Low levels of dopamine and norepinephrine, a substance that regulates dopamine, have been linked with PD. Abnormal proteins called Lewy bodies have also been found in the brains of people with PD. Scientists do not know what role, if any, Lewy bodies play a role in the development of PD.
Certain groups of people have an increased risk of PD.
Men are one and a half times more likely to get PD than women.
Whites are more likely to get PD than African-Americans or Asians.
PD usually appears between the ages of 50 and 60. It only occurs before the age of 40 in five to 10 percent of cases. People with a family history are more likely to develop this disorder.
Some of the earliest symptoms of PD are decreased ability to smell (anosmia) and constipation. These symptoms can precede motor problems by several years.
The four major motor problems seen in PD are:
Secondary symptoms of PD include:
Other, more extreme, symptoms of PD are:
There is no specific test for PD. Diagnosis is made based on health history and a physical and neurological exam. Tests such as CAT scan or MRI may be used to rule out other conditions.
Adequate rest, exercise, and a balanced diet are important. Speech therapy, occupational therapy, and physical therapy can also help to improve communication and self care.
Surgical interventions are reserved for people who don't respond to medication, therapy, and lifestyle changes. So are procedures such as deep brain stimulation (DBS).
In almost all cases of PD, medication will be required to help control the various physical and mental health symptoms associated with the disease.
A number of different drugs can be used to treat PD.
Levodopa is the most common treatment for PD. It helps to replenish dopamine. About 75 percent of cases respond to levodopa, but not all symptoms are improved. Levodopa is generally given with carbidopa. Carbidopa delays the breakdown of levodopa which in turn increases the availability of levodopa at the blood-brain barrier.
Dopamine agonistscan imitate the action of dopamine in the brain. Dopamine agonists are less effective than levodopa. However, they can be useful as bridge medications when levodopa is less effective. Drugs in this class include bromocriptine, pramipexole, and ropinirole.
Anticholinergics are used to block the parasympathetic nervous system. They can help with rigidity. Side effects may include impaired memory, dry eyes, dry mouth, and constipation. Benztropine (Cogentin) and trihexyphenidyl are anticholinergics used to treat PD.
Amantadine (Symmetrel) can be used along with carbidopa-levodopa. It is a glutamate blocking drug (NMDA). It offers short-term relief for the involuntary movements (dyskinesia) that can be a side effect of levodopa. Side effects of amantadine include hallucinations and patchy skin color.
Catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitorsprolong the effect of levodopa. Entacapone (Comtan) and tolcapone (Tasmar) are examples of COMT inhibitors. Tolcapone can cause liver damage. It is usually saved for patients who don't respond to other therapies. Ectacapone doesn't cause liver damage. Stalevo is a drug that combines ectacapone and carbidopa-levodopa in one pill.
MAO B inhibitorsinhibit the enzyme monoamine oxidase B. This enzyme breaks down dopamine in the brain. Side effects don't occur often, but they can include headache, dizziness, confusion, and hallucinations. Selegiline (Eldepryl) and rasagiline (Azilect) are examples of MAO B inhibitors. Talk with your doctor before taking any other medications with MAO B inhibitors. They can interact with many drugs, including:
Over time, the effectiveness of PD medications can decrease. However, they may still provide adequate control of symptoms.
People with PD have problems with activities of daily living. Doctors at the Mayo Clinic have recommended a number of very simple steps to help patients with PD move around and walk more safely.
To improve walking:
To avoid falling:
When getting dressed:
Written by: Verneda Lights and Elizabeth Boskey, PhD
Medically reviewed on: Jul 25, 2012: Brenda B. Spriggs, MD, MPH, FACP
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