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G6751, New May 2000
Calibrating sprayers and spreaders is one of the most important steps in proper application of pesticides for turf pest control. Without knowing how much spray or granular product is being applied by a sprayer or spreader, an applicator cannot confidently control a pest with maximum efficacy. The desired level of control will not be achieved if too little spray solution is applied, and this results in the need for a second application and additional cost in time and money. Applying too much spray solution may cause turf injury or present certain environmental hazards.
This guide will discuss the calibration of hand-held pump-up or knapsack sprayers, large self-propelled or pull-behind sprayers, drop spreaders and rotary-type spreaders.
The two basic components of calibration, for both sprayers or spreaders, are speed and flow rate. By knowing both of these components and calculating the proper amount of pesticide needed, the applicator will consistently get the desired results of good pest control.
Speed is simply determined by keeping track of the time it takes to travel a measured distance. It is best to measure speed in an area that is similar to the area being treated (e.g., turfgrass with low mowing vs. high mowing). This is particularly important when the applicator's pace determines the speed with a hand-held pump-up sprayer, knapsack pump sprayer or spreader. The applicator should wear the knapsack sprayer half-filled with water or carry a half-filled hand-held sprayer when calculating speed. The applicator can measure 50 or 100 feet and record the time it takes to walk the distance at a normal pace. Applicators who use the large-volume handgun sprayers typical of lawn care firms, need to know their speed also. Use the following formula for calculating speed:
The speed of an applicator pushing a spreader is not as critical to determine because the speed is automatically taken into account when setting the flow rate. However, because different applicators walk at different speeds, applicators should calibrate their own spreaders. Some products list spreader settings on the label. Many of these products require that the applicator walk at a specified speed (e.g., Product M in Brand X spreader at Setting H applied at 3 mph). In that case, you will need to get some idea of your normal walking pace in miles per hour. With a spreader (in the closed position) half filled with granular material, measure the time required to walk a measured distance as described above.
On self-propelled or pull-behind sprayers, speed is critical for accurate spraying. Speedometer gauges or electronic LED devices on sprayers and tractors can give inaccurate readings because of wheel slippage, worn tires or improper tire pressures. Measure and mark a distance of 100 to 200 feet in level turf (avoid hills) similar to that being sprayed, and check the time required to travel the distance. Most accurate measurements will be made with the sprayer half full of water. Be sure the sprayer is moving at the desired speed when measuring the time it takes to travel the distance between the starting and ending markers. The operator can select a gear and throttle setting that are safe and proper (maintaining minimum boom bounce) and determine what that speed is. The other option is to select a speed and through trial and error determine the gear and throttle setting required to achieve that specific speed. Keep in mind the throttle should be set to full on some equipment for proper operation of power takeoff equipment. Make several runs and measurements to determine your speed as accurately as possible.
Flow rate is the amount of solution sprayed through a spray tip in one minute. The amount of solution, usually measured in gallons per minute (GPM), is determined by the pressure and the type of spray tip selected. Pesticide labels will usually recommend spray volumes as gallons per acre (GPA) or gallons per 1,000 square feet. Flow rates can be calculated by using one of the following formulas:
Selecting spray tipsHand-held and knapsack sprayers most often have a factory-installed nozzle. The applicator is then required to calibrate the sprayer with the factory tip. Some knapsack sprayers have interchangeable standard tips.
Spray tips come in numerous types, angles and materials. Flat fan spray, full or hollow cone and flood tips are the more common spray tips used in turfgrass spraying. A flat fan is the most widely used tip and under varying ranges of pressure is a good selection for many contact and systemic pesticides. Flat fans (specifically designed for low pressures) offer good spray drift control when operated at low pressures.
Spray tip material determines the life of the tip, depending on the solutions sprayed. Brass, nylon, stainless steel, hardened stainless steel and ceramic offer a selection of spray tip materials with performance ratings that range from poor to superior, respectively. Keep in mind that superior wear tolerance usually implies a higher initial price.
Spray angles of 65, 80 and 110 degrees are commonly used in turfgrasses. Depending on the nozzle type and size, the operating pressure can have a significant effect on spray angle and quality of spray distribution. Proper nozzle spacing and height of the boom help achieve optimum spray angles. See your manufacturer's recommendations for nozzle spacing and boom height.
When selecting a spray tip, find one that will deliver the desired spray volume and will be the most effective for the type of pesticide application you are making. Check pesticide labels for recommended spray volumes. Make sure that all spray tips in the spray boom are of the same pattern, angle and size. A damaged tip can cause irregular patterns in the spray and should be replaced. Damaged or worn tips will usually be located when checking the flow rate. If several tips are damaged or worn, replace all tips with new ones.
PressureThe applicator is in control of pressure when using hand-held or knapsack sprayers. The applicator is required to pump the sprayer with air to maintain adequate spray pressures. The spray pressure on larger spray units is controlled by pump speed, throttling valve or pressure regulator. Pressures can be regulated up or down to get the desired flow rate. Higher pressure increases the flow rate through the nozzle, decreases spray particle size (higher potential for drift), and increases the rate of tip wear. Therefore, follow the manufacturer's pressure recommendations for tips selected.
When spray volume and tip selection are determined, the applicator is ready to start the sprayer and adjust the flow rate.
Hand-held and knapsack sprayersIt is important to maintain a constant walking speed and spray height when using a hand-held or knapsack sprayer. Use a left-to-right sweeping motion with little overlap of the spray for single nozzle wands. Apply just enough solution to wet the leaf tissue.
NoteDo not saturate leaf tissue or make dripping wet. This is the biggest mistake made when using hand-held or knapsack sprayers. Turfgrass injury can result.
To calibrate a hand-held or knapsack sprayer for applying pesticides, first fill your sprayer with a known amount of water. Spray an area of known size (e.g., 20 feet x 50 feet = 1,000 square feet). Be sure you keep your spray pressure up by regularly pumping your sprayer (perhaps a single pump of the handle per step). After spraying the area, measure the amount of water remaining in the sprayer. Subtracting the remaining amount of water from the initial amount of water in the sprayer equals the spray volume per 1,000 square feet (usually measured in gallons). Then calculate the amount of pesticide required per 1,000 square feet (many labels give rates in ounces of product per 1,000 square feet) and add that amount of pesticide to the calibrated amount of water to cover 1,000 square feet. If spray area is less than 1,000 square feet, adjust spray mixture accordingly.
Self-propelled or pull-behind sprayersCheck your spray boom to make sure all strainers are clean and of the same type. Make sure all tips are the same type, angle and size. Most tips are now color coded to make this task a little easier. Make sure the tank filter is clean and free of any blockages.
Fill your spray tank with an adequate amount (half tank) of water to check flow rate and set pressure. First, turn on your sprayer and check for leaks. Now is the time to make sure your spray system is working properly and make repairs as needed. If everything is operating properly, you are now ready to measure the flow rate.
We will put together an example problem to simplify this procedure.
Use Worksheet 1 for calibrating your sprayer's flow rate.
ExampleIf the pesticide label recommends 1 gallon of spray solution per 1,000 square feet or 44 GPA, you can calculate the flow rate in GPM required from each tip, assuming a speed of 4 mph and a nozzle spacing of 20 inches.
Looking at a table for flat fan tips (Spraying Systems, Inc.), you will find an 8008 tip that delivers 0.57 GPM at 20 pounds per square inch (psi) and 0.69 GPM at 30 psi. The first two digits of the number code on this tip tell you the angle of the tip is 80 degrees; the last two digits, "08," signify that 0.80 GPM is delivered at a standard pressure of 40 psi.
Turn your spray boom on and adjust the pressure to 20 psi. You can see the pressure needs to be higher than 20 psi and significantly lower than 30 psi to achieve the desired flow rate. Keep in mind that the flow rate will increase as pressure increases, and vice versa. Collect spray from one tip for one minute in a graduated cup marked in fluid ounces. We can calculate fluid ounces per minute by multiplying 0.59 GPM by 128 fluid ounces per gallon to equal 75.5 fluid ounces per minute. Adjust the pressure of the sprayer and continue checking the flow rate until you achieve the desired rate of 75.5 fluid ounces per minute.
By determining the speed of your sprayer and setting the proper flow rate, your sprayer is now calibrated to deliver the proper amount of spray solution per acre. If you are spraying 1 acre of turfgrass, add about half of the required water to your spray tank. Calculate the correct amount of pesticide required for 1 acre and add this to the spray tank. Now bring the volume of your spray tank to 44 gallons and agitate for several minutes.
Driving your spray vehicle at 4 mph will deliver the proper amount of pesticide at the rate of 44 GPA.
When calibrating spreaders, it is recommended to calibrate the spreader for half the rate desired. Applications of fertilizers or pesticides will be more evenly distributed if applied in two directions (x or + pattern). This also helps in preventing the striping patterns evident in poor application techniques where proper overlap was ignored. Therefore, calibrating for half the rate allows for applications in two directions giving a full rate of fertilizer or pesticide.
Calibrating drop spreaders can be completed two different ways. Some drop spreaders have collection pans for catching dropped material, usually attaching to the bottom of your spreader. If your drop spreader does not have a collection pan, it is easy to make one and attach it with bungee cords. The collection pan should be oversized to collect all material dropped, but not very deep. This allows the pan to hang between the bottom of the spreader and the ground.
Method #1First, determine from the product label the amount of granular pesticide, granular fertilizer, or a combination product you require per 1,000 square feet. Measure the width of your spreader in feet. Divide 100 by the width of your spreader and measure this distance with markers. (Example: 100 divided by 1.5 feet [18" wide] = 66.67 feet). The area measured represents 100 square feet, or one-tenth of the 1,000 square feet for one swath. Fill your spreader with the material you wish to calibrate. Set your spreader to the manufacturer's recommended setting or a midsize opening. Push the spreader at a normal pace in an area similar to that being treated, turning the spreader on and off for the distance marked. Weigh the material collected, which should equal one-tenth of the material required for 1,000 square feet. Adjust spreader and make several runs until the desired amount is collected.
Method #2The second method requires the applicator to push the spreader over a collection pan or box (1 foot by the width of the spreader) on a smooth surface. A spreader that drops an 18-inch swath will require a collection box 1 foot x 1.5 foot (1.5 square feet). The applicator needs to know the amount of material required for one square foot. Set your spreader to the manufacturer's recommended setting or a midsize opening. You can make several passes over the collection box, in the same direction, to collect enough material to weigh. Check the distribution of material in the collection box to make sure an even amount of material is dropping across the entire width of the spreader. If material is falling unevenly, make sure there are no blockages in the bottom of your spreader. Divide the weight of the collected material by the number of passes, then divide by the number of square feet in the collection box. The result should be the amount of material required for one square foot. Adjust spreader and make several runs until the desired amount is collected. Be sure to clean-up all materials that fall outside of the collection box.
Some cyclone spreaders have collection pans that can be attached around the spreader to collect all material thrown. Follow the first procedure for drop spreaders, if you have a collection unit. However, this does not allow you to determine the effective swath and overlap required. The following procedure calibrates the spreader for the material being used and determines how much overlap is needed.
Calibrating a cyclone spreader without a collection unit will require you to construct a series of collection pans or boxes 1 foot x 1 foot x 3 inches high (usually 11 to 13 boxes). This method also requires that the calibration be done on a smooth surface, because the actual material (granular pesticide or fertilizer) must be used. This allows you to cleanup any material that is thrown outside of the collection boxes.
Set the collection boxes in a row, side by side, allowing room in the middle for the spreader to pass over one box and leaving space for the tires to pass by (Figure 1).
Figure 1Determine how much material the spreader deposits in each of 11 1-foot-square boxes. Calculate the distribution of material and adjust overlap of successive passes to achieve even coverage. The distribution shown here requires an overlap of 2 feet.
Determine how much material is required per 1,000 square feet from the product label. Divide this amount by 1,000 to calculate the amount of material required for one square foot.
Set the spreader to the manufacturer's recommended setting or a midsize opening. Make several passes over the collection boxes, in the same direction, to collect enough material in each box for weighing. Divide the weight of the material collected in each box by the number of passes to equal the average amount of material thrown per square foot in each pass. Adjust the spreader and make several runs until the desired amount is collected.
Record the amounts of material from each box to see if you have an even distribution across the swath. Typically, there should be less material in the outer boxes. This determines how much overlap is required. For example, if the boxes contain the percentages of required material shown in Figure 1, then overlap should be 2 feet.
If your spreader throws more material to one side than the other, then the pattern plate at the bottom of your hopper should be adjusted. You may need to adjust your overlap if your spreader does not have a pattern adjustment and make all applications in the same direction. As always, be sure to cleanup all materials that fall outside of the collection boxes.
Again, an additional recommendation we make for spreader calibration, is to calibrate materials for half the amount required per one square foot. Then apply material in two directions (x or + pattern) for better distribution and elimination of striping.
Any applicator who becomes familiar with these calibrating procedures can make proper pesticide and fertilizer applications to achieve the best in pest control and plant growth.
NoteThe mention of any spray tip type, spreader type or brand name does not constitute an endorsement of that type or brand. MU does not recommend one brand of spreader, spray equipment or parts over another.
Gallons desired ________ per acre; ________ per 1,000 square
mph:________ Nozzle spacing:________ inches
Look to manufacturer's guide for tip selection:Spray tip selected
Check flow rate:Starting pressure________
Amount of product required ________ ounces; ________ pounds per 1,000 square feet
Amount of product required ________ per square feet
Adjust opening.
Trial 4
Adjust opening. Continue until the desired amount of product is collected.
Amount of product required ________per square feet
Material collected — ounces, grams, etc.
Divide amount collected by the number of passes and record.
Adjust spreader and run again.
Continue until the desired amount of product is collected.
Order publications online at http://extension.missouri.edu/explore/shop/ or call toll-free 800-292-0969.


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South Carolina split a doubleheader against Liberty on Sunday, while Clemson rolled past William & Mary. Both are 2-1 after the opening weekend.
South Carolina's baseball team split a doubleheader against Liberty on Sunday at Carolina Stadium.
The Gamecocks (2-1) won the opener 8-7, while the Flames took the nightcap, 3-2.
In the first game, USC stormed back from seven runs down in the final two innings. Max Schrock drove in two runs, while Graham Saiko and Tanner English each scored twice.
South Carolina left-hander Adam Westmoreland earned the win after 2 1/3 innings of relief.
In the second game, Liberty (1-2) scored twice in the top of the fourth inning and held off the Gamecocks. Saiko and Joey Pankake each had two hits.
USC starter Nolan Belcher suffered the loss, going 5 2/3 innings and allowing three runs on four hits with one walk and nine strikeouts.
USC is off until Friday when it begins a three-game home set against Albany.
Clemson 12, William & Mary 2: Clemson (2-1) scored 12 runs on 14 hits in its last three innings at the plate to defeat William & Mary at Doug Kingsmore Stadium.
Thomas Brittle, Steve Wilkerson, and Garrett Boulware led Clemson's 15-hit attack with two hits apiece. Wilkerson added a double and a career-high four RBIs, while Boulware went 2-for-3 with a double, two RBIs and two runs scored.
Scott Firth (1-0) earned the win in his first start since 2011. In a career-long seven innings pitched, he allowed just two hits, one run, and one walk with five strikeouts.
The Tigers return to action on Friday, beginning a three-game series against Wright State at home.
Wofford postponed: Because of Saturday's snow, the Terriers' game against UNC Asheville was postponed on Sunday. A make-up date has not been set. Wofford will host Niagara at 1:30 p.m. Monday to make up Saturday's postponed game.
Upstate schedule altered: USC Upstate's game against Georgetown on Sunday was canceled in the wake of Saturday's winter weather. The Spartans will host Kentucky at 1 p.m. Monday at Harley Park to make up Saturday's postponed game.

subset: commoncrawl


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February 25, 2009 | Since August 2008, when the economic crisis started making headlines and companies began asking lawmakers for some financial help in the form of billions of dollars, CRP has been taking a look at the political influence of companies and industries looking for a government lifeline. This archive contains what we've produced as we follow the money behind the Wall Street shakeout and the government's attempts to jump-start the economy.
Washington Lobbying Grew to $3.2 Billion Last Year, Despite Economy
January 29, 2009 | While companies across the board were losing record amounts of money and laying off employees last year, at least one industry seemed to weather the recession: lobbying. Special interests paid Washington lobbyists $3.2 billion in 2008, more than any other year on record and a 13.7 percent increase from 2007, CRP has found. Corporations in the finance, insurance and real estate sector and automotive industry actually slowed or decreased their lobbying spending overall last year, relying instead on trade associations to represent them.
Senators Supporting Auto Bailout Had Union Money on Their Side
December 12, 2008 | Although the senators who voted in favor of the auto bailout didn't receive more money on average from automakers and dealers than those who opposed it, money from the United Auto Workers correlated significantly with votes to help out Detroit. Senators who supported the UAW-backed legislation received nearly 14 times more, on average, from the union in the last 20 years than those who voted against it.
House Members Who Approved Auto Bailout Got More Campaign Fuel From the Industry
December 11, 2008 | House Democrats voting to bail out Detroit's Big Three have collected 44 percent more money, on average, from auto manufacturers, dealers and unions than Democratic opponents of the bill. Republican supporters have collected 62 percent more than opponents in their party.
Struggling Companies and Industries Still Found Funds to Sponsor Political Conventions
December 10, 2008 | Weeks before they turned to the federal government for rescue, companies such as AIG, Ford, Citigroup and Freddie Mac were among the biggest sponsors of the summertime political conventions that nominated Barack Obama and John McCain for president, according to a new analysis by the nonpartisan Center for Responsive Politics, in collaboration with the Campaign Finance Institute.
Auto Industry Gives Sparingly to a Skeptical Congress
November 20, 2008 | Why, when Wall Street took the fast lane to grab its share of $700 billion in federal bailout funds, does the auto industry seem stuck in neutral? The carmakers' campaign contributions to Congress suggest one reason: Most lawmakers, especially those on the finance committees that heard this week from pleading GM, Ford and Chrysler executives, don't owe much payback to Detroit.
Automakers Lobby for a Jump Start
November 13, 2008 | Detroit's Big Three automakers are trying to re-start their engines and they're looking to the federal government for some fuel. Ford, General Motors and DaimlerChrysler have been joined by the United Auto Workers (UAW) union in asking the government to carve out $25 billion of the $700 billion financial rescue program to pay for their day-to-day operations.
Power Struggle: The Transformation of Transportation
July 24, 2008 | The long and winding road to work has become more costly than ever before, but it's also forcing drivers to explore other ways of getting around. From bikes to buses, Americans are starting to spend more time using other modes of transportation instead of in their gas-guzzling cars. These alternative industries, which may have been largely ignored in the past, are getting a greater deal of attention from consumers at home, as well as from lawmakers on Capitol Hill.
Power Struggle: Energizing the Presidential Race
July 17, 2008 | Like a gas tank hungry for cheap fuel, Americans are yearning for an energy policy from their next president. But various industries and interests, from oil companies to agriculture and environmental groups, also have a serious stake in the next president's energy policy, and are showing it with campaign contributions and lobbying efforts.
Power Struggle: Energy Industries Open Up the Pipeline to Democrats
July 17, 2008 | President Bush's decision this week to lift the federal moratorium on offshore drilling defied the Democratic Party's long-held opposition to oil exploration along the U.S. coastline. But recently more Democrats are indicating that they might change their minds, leaving environmentalists wondering whether the lawmakers will stick to their ideological guns or be swayed by high gas prices and campaign contributions from big industries.
Climate Change: A Hot Issue on K Street
May 27, 2008 | Climatologists aren't the only source of data on global warming. It turns out that disclosure reports filed with Congress show that lobbying on climate change has been heating up sharply in recent years.
The Democrats' Lobbyist Lobs
December 6, 2007 | Lobbyists do represent ordinary Americans, as Hillary Clinton claims, but those contributing to her campaign mostly represent big industries, the Center for Responsive Politics finds. Obama and Edwards eschew lobbyists' money, but their biggest contributors still lobby in Washington.
Outsourcing the Income
December 6, 2007 | As individuals are pushed to replace soft money, professional fundraisers profit.
Biggest Donors Are Digging Deeper for '08
November 15, 2007 | Top industries and interest groups have increased their giving over 2004 by 46 percent, Center finds. As money shifts to Democrats, giving from Republican strongholds is mostly flat.
Power Play Series: Energy & Oil and Gas
June 21, 2007 | Now that Democrats are in charge, oil companies have "targets on their backs," but the industry remains a lobbying machine.
Power Play Series: Energy & Environmental Groups
June 21, 2007 | Largely ignored when Republicans controlled Congress, environmentalists have come out of the wilderness.
Power Play Series: Energy & Electric Utilities
June 21, 2007 | Generators of electricity say they can't meet demand without still relying on fossil fuels.
Power Play Series: Energy & Coal Mining
June 21, 2007 | The industry tries to convince policymakers that coal can be clean.
Power Play Series: Energy & Auto Manufacturers
June 21, 2007 | U.S. carmakers worry that mandates for better fuel efficiency will harm their already struggling industry.
Power Play Series: Energy & Alternatives
June 21, 2007 | The "anything but oil" mantra has put industries offering alternatives in their best position in decades.
Power Play Series: Energy & Agriculture
June 21, 2007 | Farmers whose crops have potential as fuel see a way to bolster their struggling industry, while others worry that greater demand for biofuels will raise food prices.
Power Play
June 21, 2007 | A look at where energy interests are putting their energy during the Senate debate.
Under the Radar
April 12, 2007 | Loopholes in disclosure rules have allowed at least $223 million in "stealth" lobbying to remain a mystery, Center finds.
Price of Emission
March 15, 2007 | Fuel-efficiency standards for vehicles haven't changed since the 1980s, but the climate on Earth, and on Capitol Hill, has. By Lindsay Renick Mayer March 15, 2007 | After nearly two decades of static fuel-efficiency requirements, executives from leading auto manufacturers defended the current standards Wednesday and told Congress their companies are addressing global warming, rising…
Heating Up
March 8, 2007 | Now that Democrats control Congress, the political dynamic of climate change has shifted. Many industries and interests have a stake. By Lindsay Renick Mayer March 08, 2007 | The earth is warming at an unnatural pace, but this isn't the only climate change that has multiple industries re-assessing their political strategy. As the debate over…
Feel free to distribute or cite this material, but please credit the Center for Responsive Politics. For permission to reprint for commercial uses, such as textbooks, contact the Center: email@example.com


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Project MIX: Behavioral Intervention to Reduce Risk Among Substance-Using MSM
|The safety and scientific validity of this study is the responsibility of the study sponsor and investigators. Listing a study does not mean it has been evaluated by the U.S. Federal Government. Read our disclaimer for details.
|ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00153361
Recruitment Status : Completed
First Posted : September 12, 2005
Last Update Posted : January 7, 2010
- Study Details
- Tabular View
- No Results Posted
- Disclaimer
- How to Read a Study Record
|Condition or disease
|HIV Infections
|Behavioral: Discussion Group Behavioral: Video Discussion Group
|Not Applicable
Men who have sex with men (MSM) continue to be the largest risk category for incident and prevalent cases of HIV and AIDS in the U.S. Studies of MSM have established an association between alcohol and other drug (AOD) use and risky sexual behaviors. Although studies have assessed and confirmed the association of AOD use and unsafe sex, few have focused specifically on reducing sexual risk of SUMSM.
Sexual risk reduction interventions for MSM identified in the published scientific literature have demonstrated that they are generally effective at reducing sexual risk behaviors among MSM. However, none of these interventions specifically targeted non-injecting SUMSM. Thus, a gap exists in prevention efforts to reduce HIV transmission among SUMSM.
The primary aim of the Project Mix overall is to develop and evaluate a practical intervention strategy that is specifically tailored to the needs of non-injecting SUMSM. The intent of the intervention is to decrease the number of unprotected anal sex partners (and acts) while under the influence of AOD and in general.
|Study Type :
|Interventional (Clinical Trial)
|Estimated Enrollment :
|1750 participants
|Intervention Model:
|Parallel Assignment
|Single (Outcomes Assessor)
|Primary Purpose:
|Official Title:
|Project Mix: Behavioral Intervention to Reduce Sexual Risk Behavior of Substance-Using (Non-Injection) Men Who Have Sex With Men
|Study Start Date :
|October 2002
|Actual Primary Completion Date :
|September 2008
|Actual Study Completion Date :
|September 2008
- Decrease in the number of unprotected anal sex partners (and acts) while under the influence of AOD as reported at 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up assessments compared to baseline assessments. [ Time Frame: 3 months ]
- Decrease in the number of unprotected anal sex partners (and acts) as reported at 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up assessments compared to baseline assessments. [ Time Frame: 3 months ]
Choosing to participate in a study is an important personal decision. Talk with your doctor and family members or friends about deciding to join a study. To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the contacts provided below. For general information, Learn About Clinical Studies.
|Ages Eligible for Study:
|18 Years and older (Adult, Older Adult)
|Sexes Eligible for Study:
|Accepts Healthy Volunteers:
Inclusion Criteria:
- be 18 years of age or older;
- self-identify as male;
- understand and read English;
- live within the metropolitan area;
- report being drunk or "buzzed" on alcohol 2 or more times or high on non-injection drugs at least once during (or two hours before) anal sex in the past six months;
- have had at least one unprotected anal sex episode in the past six months with a male partner of unknown or different HIV-status than their own (i.e., DUA)
Exclusion Criteria:
- report only marijuana, only Viagra or only marijuana and Viagra use during anal sex (current research shows that marijuana use is not associated with sexual risk behavior);
- report injecting drugs (eligible if only methamphetamine, steroids, hormones and/or prescribed medications) in the past six months;
- have known their HIV-positive status for less than six months (this is done to allow for psychological and behavioral adjustment following an initial HIV diagnosis and this time frame coincides with our screening window); these men (if they so desire) will be put on a wait list and contacted after 6 months have passed since their first HIV-positive test result;
- are currently involved in another HIV behavioral intervention study for MSM [local study site identifies a list of such studies in their community at the time of the trial];
- have a specific plan to move from the metropolitan area within the next 15 months;
- participated in the pilot phase of the project;
- other reasons that the investigators deem would make participation either detrimental to the participant or to the study.
To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the contact information provided by the sponsor.
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier (NCT number): NCT00153361
|United States, California
|Health Research Association
|Hollywood, California, United States, 90038
|San Francisco Department of Public Health
|San Francisco, California, United States, 94102
|United States, Illinois
|The University of Illinois at Chicago
|Chicago, Illinois, United States, 60607
|Howard Brown Health Center
|Chicago, Illinois, United States, 60613
|United States, New York
|New York Blood Center
|New York, New York, United States, 10021
|Project Achieve
|New York, New York, United States, 10024
|Principal Investigator:
|Gordon Mansergh, PhD
|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Publications automatically indexed to this study by ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier (NCT Number):
|Responsible Party:
|Gordon Mansergh/Senior Behavioral Scientist, CDC
|ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
|NCT00153361 History of Changes
|Other Study ID Numbers:
|First Posted:
|September 12, 2005 Key Record Dates
|Last Update Posted:
|January 7, 2010
|Last Verified:
|January 2010
Keywords provided by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention:
HIV Seronegativity
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
HIV Infections
Lentivirus Infections
Retroviridae Infections
RNA Virus Infections
Virus Diseases
Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes
Immune System Diseases


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Tears in Heaven
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Tears in Heaven by Eric Clapton. Piano Vocal. 6 pages. Published by Hal Leonard (HL.356098).
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Welcome to Three Sisters Farms
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|Essex, Connecticut, USA
Raw and Natural Connecticut products! Quality pure beeswax candles, a selection of soaps with essential oils, and more. We offer handcrafted goats milk natural cold process soap, a nativity candle set, beeswax candles, and other quality items. Looking for premium natural skin care with Shea butter, pure lip balm, Tea Tree Skin Therapy, Natural Bug spray, or delicious raw wildflower honey? Our DON'T BUG ME! natural insect spray repellent with no DEET works on people, dogs, even horses.
Have you tried our infused LAVENDER HONEY? Delicious! Our honey routinely takes the taste award from discriminating buyers--why not try some for yourself?
Gardener's Hand Cream Read the reviews!
|A Family Business since 1999: Premier honey produced using organic hive management, handcrafted soap, hand cream, lip balm, and beeswax candles by Glenn, Stasia, and the Three Sisters - Anastasia, Nadia, and Kyra.
RAW HONEY CROP -- tastes naturally good
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LOCAL and small businesses depend on you.
OPEN HOUSE SALE this Saturday, 10AM-4PM
Stock up on Summer and Fall HONEYS
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-When purchasing you will be taken to threesistersfarmsnaturals.com
|Beeswax Candles
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|"There is something very special that puts your products several tiers above Burt's (Bees) products, as I have tried all of them."
-- Harold Bissonet, Conroe, TX


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Used 2006 Toyota Tundra Double Cab Review
Edmunds expert review
If you have to drive a truck everyday and heavy-duty towing isn't a concern, the 2006 Toyota Tundra should be in your driveway.
What's new for 2006
Vehicle overview
The Tundra, Toyota's full-size truck, has been on sale since 2000. The Tundra competes against the Chevrolet Silverado/GMC Sierra twins, the Dodge Ram, the Ford F-150 and the Nissan Titan. The Tundra has been a successful vehicle for Toyota. Early on, Toyota figured out that a V8 engine was vital to any full-size truck's sales success in this country. They also discovered that many pickup trucks are actually used for serious work and play, meaning that payload and towing capacities had to be increased. Lastly, Toyota realized that consumers expect certain things when they buy a Toyota truck: excellent build quality, class-leading reliability and well-designed interiors.
The 2006 Toyota Tundra largely meets those requirements, especially when ordered in the Double Cab version. At the end of the day, the Tundra still isn't as big and strong as the domestic trucks or the Titan, nor does it have the usual mind-numbing array of features and options. But for many people, those extras could be superfluous. Toyota's first full-size truck is a very good one, especially for the general consumer rather than the contractor or construction worker. However, the company is well aware that there are plenty of people who would buy a bigger, more powerful Tundra, and you can expect the second-generation Toyota truck, due for 2007, to be a true full-size in dimensions and strength.
Trim levels & features
The 2006 Toyota Tundra is available in regular, extended- (Access Cab) and crew-cab (Double Cab) versions. Regular cabs come only as long beds, while Access and Double Cabs come only as short beds. Access Cabs have reverse-opening rear doors for easier rear-seat access, while Double Cabs feature four full-size doors and, thanks to their longer wheelbase, equal bed length. There are three trim levels: base, SR5 and Limited. Available only on regular cabs, the base trim's amenities are limited to antilock brakes, 16-inch steel wheels, a cloth bench seat and a CD player. The SR5 adds body-color bumpers, a chrome grille and air conditioning; V8-equipped models also get cruise control. Available with a V8 only, the Limited offers alloy wheels, an in-dash CD changer and power windows, mirrors and locks; many of these features are optional on the SR5. On the options list, there's a towing package, a cold-weather package, an off-road package and a sport suspension package. On Limited trucks, there are optional leather captain's chairs with a power driver seat. A DVD entertainment system is available for Double Cab models.
Performance & mpg
Two dual-overhead-cam engines are available on the Toyota Tundra: a 4.0-liter V6 and a 4.7-liter V8. The V6 makes 236 horsepower and 266 pound-feet of torque, while the V8 musters 271 hp and 313 lb-ft of torque. The V6 comes with either a six-speed manual or five-speed automatic transmission. The V8 is offered with the five-speed automatic only. Either engine can be had with four-wheel drive. Maximum towing capacity is 7,100 pounds.
ABS is standard. Side-impact airbags for front occupants and full-length side curtain airbags with a rollover sensor are optional on Double Cabs. In government frontal-impact crash tests, the 2006 Toyota Tundra received a four-star rating (out of five) for driver protection and five stars for front-passenger protection. The Toyota truck earned a perfect five stars for front-occupant protection in side impacts. The IIHS gave the truck a "Good" rating (its best) for frontal-offset crashes.
The V6 has adequate power for light-duty use, while the V8 can certainly handle everyday driving and basic towing and hauling jobs. However, when asked to pull heavier loads, the V8 tires more quickly than the larger engines in the Tundra's competitors. Smaller than other full-size trucks, the 2006 Toyota Tundra is more maneuverable in crowded areas. The standard suspension is softly tuned. It makes the Tundra more comfortable for commuting than most peers, but less suitable for serious hauling.
Although bland in appearance, the aging interior remains functional thanks to its simple control layout. Materials quality is solid but unimpressive for a Toyota. The Access Cab's rear-seat area is smaller than the quarters in other full-size extended cabs. The Double Cab's 60/40-split rear seat boasts legroom on par with its domestic competitors. Unfortunately, the narrow cab makes for tight shoulder room.
Edmunds expert review process
This review was written by a member of Edmunds' editorial team of expert car reviewers. Our team drives every car you can buy. We put the vehicles through rigorous testing, evaluating how they drive and comparing them in detail to their competitors.
We're also regular people like you, so we pay attention to all the different ways people use their cars every day. We want to know if there's enough room for our families and our weekend gear and whether or not our favorite drink fits in the cupholder. Our editors want to help you make the best decision on a car that fits your life.


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Dear visitor, welcome to SPRINKLER TALK FORUM - You Got Questions, We've Got Answers. If this is your first visit here, please read the Help. It explains how this page works. You must be registered before you can use all the page's features. Please use the registration form, to register here or read more information about the registration process. If you are already registered, please login here.
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Emily and Ruth have been the subjects of heated debate over the past two and a half years about whether their exhibit — and the zoo as a whole — should be expanded.
NEW BEDFORD — If you've spent any time on the SouthCoast over the past five decades, chances are you have some fond memories of Emily, one of the Buttonwood Park Zoo's two elephants.
Emily, 48, has lived at the zoo for about 45 years, enthralling multiple generations of New Bedford schoolchildren (and not a few adults).
She was joined in the late 1980s by Ruth, 54, and together, the elephants are two of the zoo's three longest residing inhabitants.
(Yellow, a harbor seal who turned 30 this month, arrived at the zoo in Oct. 1983, three years ahead of Ruth.)
Despite the beloved positions the elephants inhabit in the community, they have been the subjects of a heated debate over the past two and a half years about whether their exhibit — and the zoo as a whole — should be expanded.
New Bedford and the Buttonwood Park Zoo are not alone in this debate. As the recent investigation by The Seattle Times showed, there are many unanswered questions about the practice of keeping and breeding elephants in captivity that zoos across the country are grappling with as they consider the future of their elephant exhibits.
Part of the difficulty in answering these questions is that the issue is not black and white, but is rather influenced by many factors: the nature and style of a particular facility, the financial situation of a zoo or the municipality that supports that zoo, and the evolving understanding of animals and their needs, among other things.
Emily and Ruth are both geriatric elephants who have lived past the average life expectancy for elephants of about 45 years. So the controversy over the zoo's proposed expansion has prompted another question: Does the zoo — and the city — want to have an elephant exhibit that lives beyond Emily and Ruth?
"It's our desire to keep the current elephants in there," said Mayor Jon Mitchell. "But we have to take a sober look at whether having elephants, having an elephant exhibit, is something we can afford in the long run. I hope we can, but we need to make sure that we're spending taxpayer dollars as efficiently as possible."
The zoo is accredited through March 2014 by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA), a nonprofit membership organization that serves as an accreditation body for zoos and aquariums.
"There's no requirement that the zoo has to have elephants" in order to keep its accreditation, said Keith Lovett, the new director of the Buttonwood Park Zoo. Lovett started in December, replacing former zoo director Dr. Bill Langbauer, who announced his resignation in July 2012.
Langbauer is a well-known elephant expert who has conducted research in Africa and who helped prove that elephants can communicate over several miles through using low-frequency sounds.
But, Lovett continued, if the zoo wants to keep its elephants — and its accreditation — it has to meet the evolving standards set down by the AZA, which include changing the elephant management system from "free contact," in which keepers share the same space as the elephants, to "protected" contact, in which there is always some type of barrier between keepers and elephants.
"The difficulty at the Buttonwood Park Zoo is the current elephant facilities make it very challenging, if not impossible without modification, to provide protected contact," said Lovett.
Under AZA guidelines, zoos must be capable of holding three elephants, something it would be extremely difficult for the city's zoo to do in the exhibit's current space, according to Lovett.
"We're going to do what's best for Ruth and Emily," said Lovett. "As far as the plan for a major elephant exhibit at Buttonwood Park (Zoo) in the future, that's a lot more challenging."
While the zoo does not need to have finished any upgrades to its exhibit by the time its re-accreditation takes place, it does need to develop a plan that shows how it plans to renovate the exhibit to meet AZA's updated standards, said Lovett.
The deadline for completing those updates is in the fall of 2014, although the deadline can be extended to 2016 if the zoo can demonstrate it is making good progress toward the standards, according to Lovett.
The Buttonwood Park Zoo, which opened in 1894, is the 12th oldest zoo in the country. It sits on about 10.5 acres of land in the southwest corner of Buttonwood Park.
The zoo went through a major improvement project in the late 1960s and early 1970s, but by 1993, conditions had degraded to the point, due in part to budget constraints and other municipal priorities, where the zoo was cited in a federal report for numerous violations of the federal Animal Welfare Act.
The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals urged a boycott of the zoo, and the following year CNN named Buttonwood Park Zoo as one of the nation's worst in a special report.
Also in 1994, a federal complaint was issued that threatened to close the zoo and to fine the city $100,000.
The negative attention spurred the city to kick off a multimillion-dollar, multi-year renovation of the zoo during which the zoo was closed to the public and all of its animals, except Emily and Ruth, were sent to other facilities.
The new zoo was designed around a regional theme, titled "From the Berkshires to the Sea," that focused on New England wildlife.
Despite the regional focus, David Raboy, who served as zoo director from the mid-1990s until his retirement in Nov. 2004, said there was no thought given to abandoning the elephant exhibit during the zoo redesign in the late 1990s.
"Elephants are among my favorite animals," he said. "No one was suggesting, even in joking, that they leave."
Raboy said the redesign did bring the elephant exhibit up to the standards of the day, and included updates such as a larger yard, a 105,000-gallon pool, and rubber matting in the elephant barn to mitigate the negative effects of standing on a concrete floor.
"They were as comfortable physically as, you know, any elephants held in a captive setting," said Raboy. "A captive setting always imposes limitations."
While shutting down the elephant exhibit at the time of the renovation was never on the table, the long-term plan was always to send Emily and Ruth to some type of elephant sanctuary when they were older, said Raboy.
"They were going to live out the oldest years in one of the several really fine elephant sanctuaries in the country," he said.
When questioned on the timing of that proposed retirement, Raboy said it likely wouldn't have happened until one of the two elephants died: keeping an elephant alone is like putting a human being in solitary confinement, he said.
A 2010 version of the zoo's elephant management policy contained a similar approach, titled its "Elephant Phase-Out Plan."
According to the zoo's 2010 plan, if either of the elephants were to die, the zoo would inform its contact with the AZA's "Species Survival Plan Program," or SSP, and then work with that group to place the remaining elephant at another suitable institution. The plan did not specify any specific institutions it would consider.
(The zoo's plan noted that Emily might be more difficult to place because she is not well-socialized with other elephants and said the Buttonwood Park Zoo would convey to the SSP its willingness to keep Emily if another placement can't be made.)
The phase-out plan also stated that the zoo's potential to keep elephants long-term would be evaluated during the master planning process.
An initial version of that master plan document was released in 2010 and called for a significant expansion of the zoo's footprint, which would allow the zoo to increase the size of the elephant enclosure by about three times, according to The Standard-Times' archives.
The plan caused a huge outcry in the community, with groups such as The Friends of Buttonwood Park, a nonprofit organization, protesting the zoo's encroachment onto the park's lands.
Dr. Langbauer, the zoo director at the time the master plan was developed, argued strongly that without the expansion, the zoo would ultimately lose its elephant exhibit — and that keeping elephants for the long-term was good for the zoo.
In 2010, Langbauer — and Jon Mitchell, who at the time was the chairman of the Buttonwood Park Zoological Society's master plan committee — argued that the zoo needed "charismatic" animals, like elephants, to help drive attendance. Without those types of exhibits, the zoo's attendance would suffer, they argued.
The zoo's attendance in 2012 was almost 161,000, slightly up from 2011's attendance figure of 158,253. Attendance in both 2011 and 2012 declined from 2010, when 194,908 people visited the zoo, although some of that decrease can be explained through a change in how attendance at special zoo events, like "Boo at the Zoo," was calculated, according to zoo officials.
Lovett, the new zoo director, said attendance will not be the most important factor in decisions about Emily and Ruth's future: "A potential attendance drop-off (associated with) Ruth and Emily not being there is not as important as the well-being of Ruth and Emily," he said.
Buttonwood Park Zoo, as a municipally owned zoo, looks at attendance a little differently than might some private, for-profit zoos, said Lovett.
The city's zoo was built to be affordable for the entire community — entrance fees are $6 for adults and $3 for children — and as such swings in attendance don't affect the organization's revenues as dramatically as they might at a more expensive, private zoo, according to Lovett.
While there's still a need to draw people to the zoo, to ensure it is meeting its mission of connecting people to the natural world, and building new exhibits might be part of that effort, it is not the only thing taken into consideration when making decisions about the zoo's future course, said Lovett.
Not everyone in the community agreed with Langbauer about the need to expand either the elephant exhibit or the zoo as a whole.
There were many people who made impassioned arguments, both at public meetings and in letters to this newspaper, that keeping Emily and Ruth at the zoo was cruel to the elephants and that the best thing for the duo would be to retire them to a sanctuary.
"That zoo never should have had elephants, and at the right time shouldn't have elephants," said Raboy. "Not with the resources that elephants cost that could otherwise be spent on a couple of dozen exhibits."
According to Lovett, the elephant exhibit costs about $150,000 a year to maintain.
In fiscal 2012, which ran from July 1, 2011, through June 30, 2012, the zoo's expected expenditures, based on the fiscal 2013 budget book presented to the City Council, were about $1.14 million. The zoo's proposed fiscal 2013 budget was about $1.23 million, according to the budget book.
According to the budget book, the zoo was expected to generate about $405,000 in revenues, down from the $415,000 that was budgeted in fiscal 2012. (Actual revenue numbers were not available.)
Raboy said he didn't support the expansion plan, although he did not want to speak out publicly about his opposition while Langbauer was still with the zoo.
"The zoo isn't big enough for a serious elephant program. It's the wrong zoo for elephants," said Raboy.
Steve Smith, who worked as a curator at Buttonwood Park Zoo from the late 1990s through 2002 and more recently was the director of elephant husbandry at The Elephant Sanctuary in Hohenwald, Tenn., said he did believe that elephants belonged in zoos.
"The zoos need to do a better job with elephants housing and husbandry," he said.
But, Smith continued, "If they're presented right, they help people understand the magnificence of those animals, the uniqueness of those animals — if it's done right."
Smith said the one thing that elephant sanctuaries have over every other elephant-holding institution in the U.S. is the amount of space they can devote to create a habitat for their elephants.
"There are very few zoos that, I think, have addressed the space needs for elephants, especially their outdoor habitats," said Smith.
At the Buttonwood Park Zoo, right now the focus is on improving the zoo within its existing footprint, said Lovett, the zoo director.
While there are components of the master plan that could be used to inform those improvements, the plan has a whole has been tabled, according to Lovett.
As for the future of the elephants, there are a number of things to take into consideration, said Lovett: Emily and Ruth are both elderly elephants who have spent decades at the Buttonwood Park Zoo, and Emily has struggled to socialize with other elephants.
"We would be thrilled if we could provide a great home for them here," said Lovett.
But, he continued, the zoo is exploring every option.
"I don't think the idea (is) that, 'Oh, a sanctuary would be a perfect solution.' There's a lot to be weighed," he said.


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Local kid Freese wins World Series MVP
David Freese, the hometown boy made good, is the MVP of the World Series.
Down to their final strike in Game 6, the Cardinals' reluctant hero delivered a tying two-run triple in the ninth inning Thursday night. Freese then did one better: a leadoff homer in the 11th that gave St. Louis a dramatic win over the Texas Rangers and forced the first World Series Game 7 since 2002.
Freese, also the NL Championship Series MVP, capped his memorable October by hitting a two-run double in the first inning Friday night to tie the Texas Rangers at 2-2. He also drew a pair of walks that helped lead to runs, and the Cardinals held on for a 6-2 win and their 11th championship.
"This means everything," Freese said.
When the final out was made, Freese threw his arms in the air and dashed for the mound, where he joined a happy scrum as confetti floated down from the upper reaches of Busch Stadium.
"This is why you keep battling," Freese said. "Sometimes things don't work out, you get injured, you do stupid stuff, but you try to stay on path. You surround yourself with guys like we have on this team. I'm so glad to be part of this."
Freese batted .348 in the World Series, with seven RBI, three doubles and one big homer. He's the fourth Cardinals player to win the MVP award, joining Hall of Fame pitcher Bob Gibson in 1964 and '67, catcher Darrell Porter in 1982 and David Eckstein in their 2006 victory over Detroit.
"You learn from all these veterans about how to go about this game," Freese said, "and I wouldn't be here without them."
Freese could just as well be the MVP of the entire postseason.
The kid who grew up in a St. Louis suburb hit a three-run homer in Game 6 of the NLCS against Milwaukee, the first act in his coming out party. His performance in Act 2 against the Rangers made him the sixth player to be MVP of a championship series and the World Series.
Often lost in a high-scoring lineup that includes Albert Pujols, Matt Holliday and Lance Berkman, Freese left his impression on baseball's grandest stage out of necessity.
Holliday struggled most of the series before spraining his right wrist during Game 6, taking him off the roster Friday. Pujols was intentionally walked whenever he was a threat.
That left the offense to Freese, who had given up on baseball after high school, spurning a scholarship offer from Missouri to simply be a college student. He even rebuffed the Tigers' coaches when they called midway through his first semester to find out whether he'd changed his mind.
It wasn't until about a year out of high school that the itch to play finally returned.
Freese gave in and enrolled at St. Louis Community College-Meremec, and his play there caught the attention of the coaching staff at South Alabama. Freese blossomed into the Padres' ninth-round draft pick in 2006, and a trade to the Cardinals eventually brought him home.
"If you wrote a story like that — a guy gets traded, comes back to his hometown, he's a hero — if you sent that in the script, it would get thrown back in your face," Commissioner Bud Selig said.
This wasn't a perfect fairy tale, though. That would be too easy.
Freese needed season-ending surgery to repair a torn tendon in his right ankle last year, and he broke his left hand when he was hit by a pitch earlier this season. He was hit by another pitch in August and sustained a concussion.
Each time, he came back better than before.
He was at his best against Texas.
In the World Series opener, with the game tied in the sixth inning, Freese delivered a timely double. He alertly moved to third base on a wild pitch, allowing him to score easily for the eventual winning run on Allen Craig's single to right field.
Freese scored the Cardinals' only run in a 2-1 loss in Game 2, and then drove in a pair of runs in a 16-7 victory in Game 3 — a performance that will be forever overshadowed by Pujols' three homers.
Nobody could overshadow Freese in Game 6.
After committing a critical error when an easy popup bounced out of his glove, Freese more than made up for it with his bat. Down to his final strike, his two-run triple in the ninth forced extra innings. In the 11th, he joined Bill Mazeroski, Carlton Fisk, Kirby Puckett and Joe Carter as the only players to hit a game-winning homer in Game 6 or later of a Fall Classic.
That's pretty select company.
Much like the company he'll enjoy as MVP of the World Series.
"I've had plenty of days in my life where I'd thought, you know, I wouldn't even be close to being a big leaguer," Freese said. "I'm here because of everyone around me. They put so much trust in me to accomplish, not just baseball, but stuff in life. To do this, I'm just full of joy."


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Fall 2017
5314 Lawyering Skills and Strategies - C2 - WERNER- 18413
Miriam Werner (DEPARTED)
Credits: 3
Course Areas: 1st Year - Section C
Time: T 2:30p-4:00p TH 10:30a-12:00p Location: 240 TUII
Course Outline: Lawyering Skills and Strategies I will focus on an introduction to the American legal system and the skills and strategic planning lawyers must possess to succeed within it. The curriculum will be problem – based, using fact-pattern simulations to enable students to work through actual practice skills and strategies and ethical issues. Training in essential lawyering skills such as oral communication, legal writing, research and analysis will be embedded within fact pattern simulations involving typical transactional issues which students will work through to develop lawyering skills and problem-solving strategies. Students will be divided into small groups to represent opposing sides of the problem.
Course Syllabus:
Course Notes: A Supplemental Reading Packet will be available at the Lawyering Skills & Strategies Office,Room 15 BLB
First Day Assignments:
Final Exam Schedule:
This course will have:
Satisfies Skills Course Requirement: No
Satisfies Senior Upper Level Writing Requirement: No
Experiential Course Type:
Bar Course: No
Course Materials (8/10/2017 8:12:55 AM)
Book(s) Required
Required Texts:
The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation (Columbia Law Review Ass'n et al. eds., 20th ed. 2015) (the "Bluebook").
A Lawyer Writes: A Practical Guide to Legal Analysis (2d ed. 2013), written by Christine Coughlin, Joan Malmud Rocklin, & Sandy Patrick ["Coughlin"];
Recommended Texts
Texas Law Review Manual on Usage & Style (13th ed. 2015).
Tracy McGaugh Norton, The Interactive Citation Workbook (2017).


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Tuesday, April 02, 2013 - Adam, Robert and Ivan RAW - CZECH UP
Latest Sets at WilliamHiggins.com
Robert Maja came in for a Czech Up with Doctor Ivan Lavrov and Sister Adam Vavra. Ivan and Adam are working in the medical centre as they wait for their patient. Adam goes to the waiting room and brings Robert in. It seems that he has injured his arm, so Ivan examines it carefully and decides to clean it with some spirit. Then he tells Robert that he must undergo a full examination. Robert strips of and puts on a medical gown. He sits on the examination chair and Ivan begins to check him over. Lifting the gown Robert's chest is checked and then Ivan decides he needs to take his temperature. In his own special way he decides that Robert's cock will be used to check. He inserts the thermometer and all seems ok. But a further check is needed, this time from his ass. As the doctor inserts the thermometer again Adam is wanking on Robert's cock, which swells to a very good size. Adam takes advantage of that big hard cock by wrapping his mouth around the head and sucking. As he sucks Ivan kisses over Robert's body. Then he takes a turn sucking on Ivan's rock hard cock. Then both Ivan and Adam takes turns sucking, with a finger slipping into Robert's hot ass as well. Meanwhile Robert gets naked and presents his cock to Robert, which he eagerly takes in his mouth to suck. When Ivan has sucked enough he also gets naked and moves up so that Robert can suck him. Robert now has two cocks which he sucks in turn. Then Adam moves down and slips his massive cock into Robert's ass, fucking him nice and deep. He really works that hole as Robert wanks himself and continues to suck on Ivan's cock. Adam then changes place with Ivan and he fucks Robert as well, his big, fat cock stretching that hole. Robert wants a turn at fucking too and he moves so that Ivan can get on the chair and take his cock. As he is fucked he sucks on Adam's cock. Then when Robert has fucked him for long enough he pulls out and Ivan turns over and wanks himself to a lovely cumshot as a very nice finale.
We got two really great looking guys in for a wrestling match, Ivo Kerk and Adam Rupert. They look so different, but equally stunning as they warm up, helping each other with some stretching. Then the match begins. The first round is very hard fought, with neither wanting to submit, but eventually Adam prevails. Then the guys get rid of their underwear and resume the match. We see those hot, naked asses and flailing cocks as they grapple with each other, writhing on the ground to see who can take control. Adam again wins the round, but Ivo doesn't give up and puts in a supreme effort to recover the deficit. As those muscles stretch with the effort needed to dominate each other we can enjoy these hot guys. Adam takes teh lead again and they take a break to oil each other. They really go to town on the oil, with there hot bodies glistening under the lights. Resuming the match, made more difficult by the slipperyness of their bodies, Adam presses home his advantange despite the best efforts of Ivo. Adam runs out the victor and has his hand lifted aloft by Ivo, who is gracious in defeat.
Jindra Hojer is aged 23 and lives in Karlovy Vary. He is a student who enjoys sports, Thai boxing and fitness. He is a very good looking and well built guy. After a brief interview Jindra begins to feel himself through his jeans with one hand as the other rubs his body. He lifts his tee-shirt somewhat, revealing a very promising abdomen. Opening his jeans and pushing them down some we see that Jindra's cock is getting hard and with a little wanking becomes fully erect. As he wanks he removes his tee-shirt and shows off a magnificent upper body. With that cock nice and hard Jindra continues to wank it as we check out his hot body. When he fully removes the jeans he turns onto one side and shows off a hot ass, using a hand to spread the cheeks so that we can see his beautiful, tight pucker hole. He pushes is cock between his legs as he pulls his ass cheeks apart, so we get some great close-ups of the ass hole. Jindra then stands and begins to pose, flexing his awesome biceps, with his cock standing proud. Turning around and bending over Jindra again shows that ass hole, this time both hands really pulling those cheeks wide apart, stretching the hole. Reclining on the sofa he then takes a vibrator. He licks and sucks it, running it over his face before reaching down and sliding it into his tight hole. Jindra fucks his hot ass with the vibrator for a while before climbing onto his knees and beginning to wank himself. Very soon that cock is rock hard and squirting a very nice cumshot. Then it is off to the shower to clean himself up after a lovely shoot.
Vaclav Jurda is aged 28 and comes from Brno. He is a student who lists whis hobbies as 'lads'. He also likes ice-hockey and handball. What a handsome guy Vaclav is, and with a nice smile too. As he removes his clothes we see that he has a good body, which he clearly enjoys showing off. Dropping his pants Vaclav poses so we can enjoy his flaccid cock, before turning around to show off a lovely ass. With a nice hairy crack it looks very good indeed. Then it is time to make wood and Vaclav gets his cock hard for us, again posing so that we can enjoy it. All in all he looks very good indeed in this lovely shoot.


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bernardo necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 208 diseños de 65 diseñadores freelance.
We need a reworked version of our existing logo http://www.alpinresorts.com/images/site/logo.png
The new version should resemble the old one, but should look more professional and be more flexible.
Alpinresorts (or Alpinresorts.com)
We are a portal that provides a lot of information for winter sports enthusiasts in Europe. People can rent ski and boards, look up information about appartments, ski resorts, ticket prizes etc.
We are unhappy about our current logo, which was designed last fall, in that it can't really be printed black&white and that it doesn't look very professional and sharp. Thus we are searching for a new logo, that should resemble the old one. Try to use the same colors and elements (blue, red, mountains). Our logo is already known to a lot of people, which is why the new one should be easily recognized to those who know the old logo.
Right now we focus on winter sports only (ski, snowboard, ...) but in the future we'll provide information about the summer too (hiking, mountain biking).
The logo will be used to design our new CI and our new website. The logo doesn't have to fit to our current website in terms of colors and style!
Target Audience
Our target audience are mainly young people and families who love sports in the mountains.
The logo should have a fresh and clean spirit. It should provide the feeling of freedom to do anything you want.
Required file format
Any vector-graphics format
$300 guaranteed!
- use of blue and red
- mountains as design element
- flexible usability (letter heads, car paintings, presentation folders, website, stickers on glass doors, ...)
- scalable logo
- a logo completely different to the old one
Descubre cómo funciona un concurso de diseño u obtén más información sobre nuestros servicios de diseño de logo.


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posted by Thom Holwerda on Fri 30th Apr 2010 18:37 UTC, submitted by anonymous
This blog post details how the Gentoo Developers have added a "deblob" USE flag to remove any non-free code within the Linux Kernel. Its goal is to "remove binary blobs from kernel sources to provide libre license compliance". While we're at it, Kernel News has an in-depth look at Gentoo Linux.


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NHL Playoff CapsulesNHL.com @NHLdotcom
PITTSBURGH, Pa. - Derick Brassard scored twice, including New York's first power-play goal in 10 games, and the Rangers avoided elimination with a 5-1 victory over the Pittsburgh Penguins in Game 5 of the Eastern Conference semifinals Friday night.
Brassard ended New York's 0-for-36 slide with the man advantage, beating Marc-Andre Fleury late in the first period. Ryan McDonagh added another power-play goal in the second to help the Rangers force Game 6 in New York on Sunday.
Chris Kreider and Kevin Klein also scored, and Henrik Lundqvist stopped 31 shots.
Evgeni Malkin had his third goal of the series for Pittsburgh. Fleury made 30 saves.
ST. PAUL, Minn. (AP) ? Jason Pominville scored for Minnesota in the second period off the back of Chicago goalie Corey Crawford's skate and the Wild evened the Western Conference semifinals 2-2.
Matt Cooke returned from his seven-game kneeing suspension to give the Wild a jolt, assisting on Justin Fontaine's opening goal. Nino Niederreiter and Jared Spurgeon also scored.
Crawford made 27 saves, but he gave up four goals for the second straight game.
Patrick Sharp and Michal Handzus scored for the defending champion Blackhawks.
The teams will return to Chicago for Game 5 on Sunday night and be back in Minnesota for Game 6 on Tuesday night.


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David Myers' Lamb Bolognese
Try This Spin On Bolognese
David Myers, executive chef at Comme Ça in The Cosmopolitan of Las Vegas, shares his Sin City-worthy favorite recipes. Check out his lamb bolognese recipe here.
Cooking Directions
Sweat your vegetables in olive oil, and then add your meat and brown. Deglaze with red wine. Add chicken stock and veal stock. Reduce by half, add heavy cream, fresh herbs and tomatoes, and cook for about an hour. Add chicken livers, cook for another 20 minutes, and finish with fresh basil and parmesan.
Combine with pasta and serve in a bowl and finish with parmesan.
Click here for David Myers' fresh cavatelli recipe!
Recipe courtesy of Chef David Myers, available at Comme Ca at The Cosmopolitan of Las Vegas.
This recipe was styled by chef Karen Pickus for Good Morning America.
Recipe Summary
Main Ingredients: ground pork, ground lamb, chicken livers, sage, onion, celery, carrots, red wine, toamtoes
Course: Main Course, Pasta, Dinner


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Customer Reviews
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CAMBRIDGE, Mass. – The Harvard men and women's squash teams celebrated their successful seasons with a banquet Friday night. Mike Way, the Gregory Lee '87 and Russell Ball '88 Endowed Coach for Squash at Harvard University, honored eight student-athletes.
Ali Farag, the 2014 Pool Trophy winner, was named the men's team's Most Valuable Player. Farag leaves Harvard as one of the most decorated athletes in program history. The Cairo, Egypt, native amassed a 52-2 career record, two individual national crowns, three Ivy League Player of the Year accolades and was the recipient of the 2014 Skillman Award.
Senior Thomas Mullaney and rookie Bryan Koh shared the Most Improved Player honor. Mullaney went undefeated this season with a perfect 16-0 mark, finishing his career with a 56-15 record. Koh had an impressive first year in Cambridge, compiling a 13-3 overall mark and qualifying for the CSA Individual National championship, where he fell in the first round to Cornell's Nicholas Sachvie.
Senior co-captains Brandon McLaughlin and Gary Power were given the Coaches Award, for their hard work and dedication to the program over their four years. McLaughlin owns a 14-3 record, while Powers went 15-1 during the 2013-14 season. McLaughlin was tabbed All-Ivy, while advancing to the Round of 16 at the CSA Individual Championship.
The men's team claimed its 31st national championship with a 9-0 win over Trinity, its 36th Ancient Eight Crown. The Crimson went 18-0 overall record and 7-0 in the Ivy League.
Freshman Dileas MacGowan was the recipient of the Most Valuable Player for the women's team. The Toronto, Ont., native went unbeaten in her first year in Cambridge, posting a 15-0 mark. MacGowan won a tightly contested battle in the seventh position at the CSA Team Championships to knot the score at four.
Junior Julianne Chu was tabbed Most Improved Player. The New York, N.Y., native went 10-3 during the season.
After going undefeated yet again and winning her third consecutive individual national title, Amanda Sobhy, was the recipient of the Coaches' Award. Sobhy was named the Ivy League Player of the Year after going 17-0 this season, winning each match by a 3-0 margin.
The women's team went 14-1 overall record and captured its 19th Ivy League title with a perfect 7-0 mark in conference play. Harvard fell just short of claiming the Howe Cup for the third straight season when Trinity edged the Crimson, 5-4 in the finals of the CSA Team Championships.


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I would like to give a shout out to security officer Joyce Howard of Newburgh. The reason is you were amazing in your feat at the Middleotwn-Newburgh basketball game.
I would like to give a shout out to security officer Joyce Howard of Newburgh. The reason is you were amazing in your feat at the Middleotwn-Newburgh basketball game.
To watch you go from security to first responder with no hesitation was mind-blowing. As a soldier who has been in a war, I can respect the fact that you showed a "Leave no soldier behind mentality" when "Slinky" went down.
Your reaction to an action was beyond reproach. Your motherly intensity automatically kicked in for that young man. I personally want to thank you for an outstanding job of getting to him and calming him as he was on the floor.
Joyce, your professionalism and call to duty were of the highest standards. Thank you for a job well done. From one soldier to another, I would not go to war without you.
I salute you.
Ron Smith
U.S. Army
New Windsor
Last Wednesday evening, more than 50 volunteers gathered as guests of the Oncology Support Program at the Benedictine Hospital in appreciation of all the time, energy and skills they have freely contributed to cancer patients and their families during the past year. Valentines for the Volunteers is an annual event at the program. This generous gesture of thanks by the hospital and staff was in recognition of the many volunteer efforts.
Laughter Yoga set a joyful beginning to the evening and then we were each invited to share how we volunteered as we sat in a large circle eating delicious healthy food. This encouraged listening with deep respect as each person described her/his contribution to others. The mutual appreciation was amazing. (In the background, a few volunteer massage therapists worked quietly to offer relaxation to fortunate recipients.)
During the sharing, it became crystal clear what an asset the Oncology Support Program is in our Mid-Hudson community. For more than 18 years it has been and still is a crucible for forging and encouraging the birth of many creative projects.
How much joy there is in giving was frequently expressed — from Kingston High School students making soft pillow cases for cancer patients, to long-term cancer survivors supporting newly diagnosed patients through the Nurturing Neighborhood Network, to the Healing Circle improvisational theater group, which has been visiting patients in their homes and in hospital for more than 17 years, to volunteers coordinating fundraising events and giving classes in music, art, creative writing, cooking, and exercise.
All of these programs enhance healing at the welcoming Reuner Cancer Support House on Mary's Avenue, where the program is based.
I'd like to thank my fellow volunteers for such an uplifting, affirming evening. If your readers would like to join us as a volunteer, call the program at 339-2071.
Puja A.J. Thomson
New Paltz
My mother, Eileen Antonelli, passed away at 91 years of age Jan. 25. She was so fortunate to have been able to spend the last three years of her life at Mount Alverno Home in Warwick.
Although she suffered from dementia, she was always treated with respect and love. The care and concern, exhibited by the staff, from dietary, housekeeping, nursing, administration, and activities was superior.
A special "thank you" to Amy, Shannon, Haley, Juana, Eileen, Dr. J. Fiore and Sean. Your kindness will never be forgotten.
Susan Antonelli Sussner


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(UNDATED) - The DNR Division of Fish & Wildlife wants to hear your ideas on fishing, hunting, trapping and other fish and wildlife related regulations in Indiana, including special permits.
Until Feb. 28, the public can use a convenient online form to contribute ideas and provide input on issues the DNR has identified for consideration.
The form is at wildlife.IN.gov, at the "Got INput?" box near the middle of the page.
"Got INput?" allows the public to comment on ideas put forward by the DNR Division of Fish & Wildlife as well as requests for rule changes from citizen petitions.
The program also allows members of the public to propose their own ideas on any fishing, hunting or trapping topic.
"This is an opportunity for people to let us know what changes they would like us to consider," said Gregg McCollam, assistant director of the Division of Fish & Wildlife. "This process also allows us to get much-needed feedback on issues that the division is in interested in moving forward."
Got INput users must register with a username and a password.
Input and ideas can also be mailed to:
DNR Division of Fish & Wildlife
Attn: Got INput
402 W. Washington St., Room W273
Indianapolis, IN 46204
After Feb. 28, the Division of Fish & Wildlife staff will evaluate all comments and determine which proposals to forward to the Natural Resources Commission for consideration.
Have a question or comment about a news story? Send it to firstname.lastname@example.com
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