text:
Frequent Links
Homology (biology)
In the context of biology, homology is the existence of shared ancestry between a pair of structures, or genes, in different species.[1] A common example of homologous structures in evolutionary biology are the wings of bats and the arms of primates.[1] Evolutionary theory explains the existence of homologous structures adapted to different purposes as the result of descent with modification from a common ancestor.
In the context of sexual differentiation—the process of development of the differences between males and females from an undifferentiated fertilized egg—the male and female organs are homologous if they develop from the same embryonic tissue.[2] A typical example is the ovaries of female humans and the testicles of male humans.[2]
- 1 Etymology
- 2 Definition
- 3 Anatomical homology
- 4 Sequence homology
- 5 Homology between sexes and forms
- 6 Homologies across phyla
- 7 See also
- 8 Notes
- 9 References
- 10 Further reading
- 11 External links
The word homology, coined in about 1656, derives from the Greek ὁμόλογος homologos from ὁμός homos "same" and λόγος logos "relation." In biology, two things are homologous if they bear the same relationship to one another, such as a certain bone in various forms of the "hand".
Ray Lankester defined the terms "homogeny", meaning homology due to inheritance from a common ancestor, and "homoplasy", meaning homology due to other factors.[3][4]
Homology is a relationship defined between structures or DNA derived from a common ancestor. Homologous[Etymology 1] traits of organisms are therefore explained by descent from a common ancestor. The opposite of homologous organs are analogous organs which do similar jobs in two taxa that were not present in the last common ancestor but rather evolved separately. An example of an analogous trait would be the wings of bats and birds, which evolved independently in each lineage separately after diverging from ancestors with forelimbs not used as wings (terrestrial mammals and theropod dinosaurs, respectively).
It is important to distinguish between different hierarchical levels of homology in order to make informative biological comparisons. In the above example, the bird and bat wings are analogous as wings, but homologous as forelimbs because the organ served as a forearm (not a wing) in the last common ancestor of tetrapods.[5] Homology can also be described at the level of the gene. In genetics homology can refer to both the gene (DNA) and the corresponding protein product. It has been hypothesized that some behaviors might be homologous, based on either shared behavior across related taxa or common origins of the behavior in an individual's development, though this remains controversial.
Anatomical homology
Evolutionary ancestry means that structures evolved from some structure in a common ancestor; for example, the wings of bats and the arms of primates are homologous in this sense. Developmental ancestry means that structures arose from the same tissue in embryonal development; the ovaries of female humans and the testicles of male humans are homologous in this sense.
Homology is different from analogy, which describes the relation between characters that are apparently similar yet phylogenetically independent. The wings of a maple seed and the wings of an albatross are analogous but not homologous (they both allow the organism to travel on the wind, but they didn't both develop from the same structure). Analogy is commonly also referred to as homoplasy, which is further distinguished into parallelism, reversal, and convergence.[6]
From the point of view of evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo) where evolution is seen as the evolution of the development of organisms, Rolf Sattler emphasized that homology can also be partial. New structures can evolve through the combination of developmental pathways or parts of them. As a result, hybrid or mosaic structures can evolve that exhibit partial homologies. For example, certain compound leaves of flowering plants are partially homologous both to leaves and shoots because they combine some traits of leaves and shoots.[7][8]
Determining homology
Systematists identify two forms of homology: primary homology is that initially conjectured by a researcher based on similar structure or anatomical connections, who states a hypothesis that two characters share an ancestry; secondary homology is implied by parsimony analysis, where a character that only occurs once on a tree is taken to be homologous.[9] As implied in this definition, many cladists consider homology to be synonymous with synapomorphy.
Homologous structures in other phyla
Introductory discussions of homology commonly limit themselves to the limbs of tetrapod vertebrates, occasionally touching on other structures, such as modified teeth as in whales and elephants. However, homologies provide the fundamental basis for all aspects of biological classification, although some of them may be highly counterintuitive. For example, within the arthropods, Brusca and Brusca [10] provide the following homologies for the first 10 somites (embryonic segments) in several groups of arthropods, but add that "...the subject of head appendage homology among the arthropods is quite unsettled and highly controversial..."
| Spider
| Centipede
| Insect
| Shrimp
|chelicerae (jaws and fangs)
|1st antennae
|1st legs
|2nd antennae
|2nd legs
|1st legs
|mandibles (jaws)
|3rd legs
|2nd legs
|1st maxillae
|1st maxillae
|1st maxillae
|4th legs
|3rd legs
|2nd maxillae
|2nd maxillae
|2nd maxillae
|5th legs
|4th legs
|collum (no legs)
|1st legs
|1st legs
|6th legs
|1st legs
|2nd legs
|2nd legs
|7th legs
|2nd legs
|3rd legs
|3rd legs
|8th legs
|3rd legs
|4th legs
|9th legs
|4th legs
|5th legs
Modifications of primary leaves, stems, and roots occur in many higher plants.
|Primary organs
|Defensive structures
|Storage structures
|swollen leaves as in succulents
|tubers such as the potato, rhizomes such as ginger, and the fleshy stems of cacti.
|carrot, and root tubers such as sweet potatoes
Sequence homology
As with anatomical structures, homology between protein or DNA sequences is defined in terms of shared ancestry. Two segments of DNA can have shared ancestry because of either a speciation event (orthologs) or a duplication event (paralogs).[12]
Homology among proteins or DNA is often incorrectly concluded on the basis of sequence similarity. The terms "percent homology" and "sequence similarity" are often used interchangeably. As with anatomical structures, high sequence similarity might occur because of convergent evolution, or, as with shorter sequences, because of chance. Such sequences are similar but not homologous. Sequence regions that are homologous are also called conserved. This is not to be confused with conservation in amino acid sequences in which the amino acid at a specific position has been substituted with a different one with functionally equivalent physicochemical properties. One can, however, refer to partial homology where a fraction of the sequences compared (are presumed to) share descent, while the rest does not. For example, partial homology may result from a gene fusion event.
Homologous sequences are orthologous if they are inferred to be descended from the same ancestral sequence separated by a speciation event: when a species diverges into two separate species, the copies of a single gene in the two resulting species are said to be orthologous. Orthologs, or orthologous genes, are genes in different species that originated by vertical descent from a single gene of the last common ancestor. The term "ortholog" was coined in 1970 by Walter Fitch.[13]
For instance, the plant Flu regulatory protein is present both in Arabidopsis (multicellular higher plant) and Chlamydomonas (single cell green algae). The Chlamydomonas version is more complex: it crosses the membrane twice rather than once, contains additional domains and undergoes alternative splicing. However it can fully substitute the much simpler Arabidopsis protein, if transferred from algae to plant genome by means of gene engineering. Significant sequence similarity and shared functional domains indicate that these two genes are orthologous genes,[14] inherited from the shared ancestor.
Orthology is strictly defined in terms of ancestry. Given that the exact ancestry of genes in different organisms is difficult to ascertain due to gene duplication and genome rearrangement events, the strongest evidence that two similar genes are orthologous is usually found by carrying out phylogenetic analysis of the gene lineage. Orthologs often, but not always, have the same function.[15]
Orthologous sequences provide useful information in taxonomic classification and phylogenetic studies of organisms. The pattern of genetic divergence can be used to trace the relatedness of organisms. Two organisms that are very closely related are likely to display very similar DNA sequences between two orthologs. Conversely, an organism that is further removed evolutionarily from another organism is likely to display a greater divergence in the sequence of the orthologs being studied.
Databases of orthologous genes
Given their tremendous importance for biology and bioinformatics, orthologous genes have been organized in several specialized databases that provide tools to identify and analyze orthologous gene sequences. These resources employ approaches that can be generally classified into those that are based on all pairwise sequence comparisons (heuristic) and those that use phylogenetic methods. Sequence comparison methods were first pioneered by COGs,[16] now extended and automatically enhanced by the following databases:
- eggNOG[17]
- InParanoid[18] focuses on pairwise ortholog relationships
- OrthoDB[19] appreciates that the orthology concept is relative to different speciation points by providing a hierarchy of orthologs along the species tree.
- OrthoMCL[20]
- Roundup[21]
- OrthoMaM[22] for mammals
- OrthologID[23]
- GreenPhylDB[24] for plants
Tree-based phylogenetic approaches aim to distinguish speciation from gene duplication events by comparing gene trees with species trees, as implemented in resources such as
A third category of hybrid approaches uses both heuristic and phylogenetic methods to construct clusters and determine trees, for example
Homologous sequences are paralogous if they were created by a duplication event within the genome. If this was a gene duplication event: if a gene in an organism is duplicated to occupy two different positions in the same genome, then the two copies are paralogous.
Paralogous genes often belong to the same species, but this is not necessary: for example, the hemoglobin gene of humans and the myoglobin gene of chimpanzees are paralogs. Paralogs can be split into in-paralogs (paralogous pairs that arose after a speciation event) and out-paralogs (paralogous pairs that arose before a speciation event). Between-species out-paralogs are pairs of paralogs that exist between two organisms due to duplication before speciation, whereas within-species out-paralogs are pairs of paralogs that exist in the same organism, but whose duplication event happened before speciation. Paralogs typically have the same or similar function, but sometimes do not: due to lack of the original selective pressure upon one copy of the duplicated gene, this copy is free to mutate and acquire new functions.
Paralogous sequences provide useful and dramatic insight into some of the way genomes evolve. The genes encoding myoglobin and hemoglobin are considered to be ancient paralogs. Similarly, the four known classes of hemoglobins (hemoglobin A, hemoglobin A2, hemoglobin B, and hemoglobin F) are paralogs of each other. While each of these proteins serves the same basic function of oxygen transport, they have already diverged slightly in function: fetal hemoglobin (hemoglobin F) has a higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin. Function is not always conserved, however. Human angiogenin diverged from ribonuclease, for example, and while the two paralogs remain similar in tertiary structure, their functions within the cell are now quite different.
It is often asserted that orthologs are more functionally similar than paralogs of similar divergence, but several papers have challenged this notion.[30][31][32]
Ohnologous genes are paralogous genes that have originated by a process of whole-genome duplication (WGD). The name was first given in honour of Susumu Ohno by Ken Wolfe.[33] Ohnologs/Ohnologues are interesting for evolutionary analysis because they all have been diverging for the same length of time since their common origin.
Homologs resulting from horizontal gene transfer between two organisms are termed xenologs. Xenologs can have different functions, if the new environment is vastly different for the horizontally moving gene. In general, though, xenologs typically have similar function in both organisms. The term was coined by Walter Fitch.[13]
Gametology denotes the relationship between homologous genes on nonrecombining, opposite sex chromosomes. Gametologs result from the origination of genetic sex determination and barriers to recombination between sex chromosomes. Examples of gametologs include CHDW and CHDZ in birds.
Homology between sexes and forms
The term homology is sometimes applied to reproductive structures that share a common embryonic origin, but become spectacularly different between the two sexes in the adult. Those listed below are some of the more commonly cited examples.
|Male structure
|Female structure
|skene's gland
|homologous to eggshell-depositing organs in reptiles and birds
|bulbourethral gland
|Bartholin's gland
Among insects, the stinger used by infertile female worker bees is a modified ovipositor.
Homologies across phyla
See also
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Homology". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 2013-08-30.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Hyde, Janet Shibley; DeLamater, John D. (June 2010), "Chapter 5" (PDF), Understanding Human Sexuality (11th ed.), New York: McGraw-Hill, p. 103, ISBN 978-0073382821
- ↑ Bower, Frederick Orpen (1906). "Plant Morphology". Congress of Arts and Science: Universal Exposition, St. Louis, 1904. Houghton, Mifflin. p. 64.
- ↑ Williams, David Malcolm; Forey, Peter L. (2004). Milestones in Systematics. CRC Press. p. 198. ISBN 0-415-28032-X.
- ↑ Scotland, R. W. (2010). "Deep homology: A view from systematics". BioEssays 32 (5): 438–449. PMID 20394064. doi:10.1002/bies.200900175.
- ↑ Cf. Butler, A. B.: Homology and Homoplasty. In: Squire, Larry R. (Ed.): Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, Academic Press, 2009, pp. 1195–1199.
- ↑ Sattler R (1984). "Homology — a continuing challenge". Systematic Botany 9 (4): 382–94. JSTOR 2418787. doi:10.2307/2418787.
- ↑ Sattler, R. (1994). "Homology, homeosis, and process morphology in plants". In Hall, Brian Keith. Homology: the hierarchical basis of comparative biology. Academic Press. pp. 423–75. ISBN 0-12-319583-7.
- ↑ Pinna, M. C. C. (1991). "Concepts and Tests of Homology in the Cladistic Paradigm". Cladistics 7 (4): 367–394. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1991.tb00045.x.
- ↑ Brusca, R.C. & Brusca, G.J. 1990. Invertebrates. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland.: [i]-xviii, 1-922., P. 669
- ↑ "Clustal FAQ #Symbols". Clustal. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
- ↑ Koonin EV (2005). "Orthologs, paralogs, and evolutionary genomics". Annual Review of Genetics 39: 309–38. PMID 16285863. doi:10.1146/annurev.genet.39.073003.114725.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Fitch WM (June 1970). "Distinguishing homologous from analogous proteins". Systematic Zoology 19 (2): 99–113. PMID 5449325. doi:10.2307/2412448.
- ↑ Falciatore A, Merendino L, Barneche F et al. (January 2005). "The FLP proteins act as regulators of chlorophyll synthesis in response to light and plastid signals in Chlamydomonas". Genes & Development 19 (1): 176–87. PMC 540235. PMID 15630026. doi:10.1101/gad.321305.
- ↑ Fang G, Bhardwaj N, Robilotto R, Gerstein MB (March 2010). "Getting started in gene orthology and functional analysis". PLoS Computational Biology 6 (3): e1000703. PMC 2845645. PMID 20361041. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000703.
- ↑ COGs: Clusters of Orthologous Groups of proteins
Tatusov RL, Koonin EV, Lipman DJ (October 1997). "A genomic perspective on protein families". Science 278 (5338): 631–7. PMID 9381173. doi:10.1126/science.278.5338.631.
- ↑ eggNOG: evolutionary genealogy of genes: Non-supervised Orthologous Groups
Muller J, Szklarczyk D, Julien P et al. (January 2010). "eggNOG v2.0: extending the evolutionary genealogy of genes with enhanced non-supervised orthologous groups, species and functional annotations". Nucleic Acids Research 38 (Database issue): D190–5. PMC 2808932. PMID 19900971. doi:10.1093/nar/gkp951.
- ↑ Inparanoid: Eukaryotic Ortholog Groups
Ostlund G, Schmitt T, Forslund K et al. (January 2010). "InParanoid 7: new algorithms and tools for eukaryotic orthology analysis". Nucleic Acids Research 38 (Database issue): D196–203. PMC 2808972. PMID 19892828. doi:10.1093/nar/gkp931.
- ↑ OrthoDB: The Hierarchical Catalog of Eukaryotic Orthologs
Waterhouse RM, Zdobnov EM, Tegenfeldt F, Li J, Kriventseva EV (January 2011). "OrthoDB: the hierarchical catalog of eukaryotic orthologs in 2011". Nucleic Acids Research 39 (Database issue): D283–8. PMC 3013786. PMID 20972218. doi:10.1093/nar/gkq930.
- ↑ OrthoMCL: Identification of Ortholog Groups for Eukaryotic Genomes
Chen F, Mackey AJ, Stoeckert CJ, Roos DS (January 2006). "OrthoMCL-DB: querying a comprehensive multi-species collection of ortholog groups". Nucleic Acids Research 34 (Database issue): D363–8. PMC 1347485. PMID 16381887. doi:10.1093/nar/gkj123.
- ↑ Roundup
Deluca TF, Wu IH, Pu J et al. (August 2006). "Roundup: a multi-genome repository of orthologs and evolutionary distances". Bioinformatics (Oxford, England) 22 (16): 2044–6. PMID 16777906. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btl286.
- ↑ OrthoMaM
Ranwez V, Delsuc F, Ranwez S, Belkhir K, Tilak MK, Douzery EJ (2007). "OrthoMaM: a database of orthologous genomic markers for placental mammal phylogenetics". BMC Evolutionary Biology 7: 241. PMC 2249597. PMID 18053139. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-241.
- ↑ OrthologID
Chiu JC, Lee EK, Egan MG, Sarkar IN, Coruzzi GM, DeSalle R (March 2006). "OrthologID: automation of genome-scale ortholog identification within a parsimony framework". Bioinformatics 22 (6): 699–707. PMID 16410324. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btk040.
- ↑ GreenPhylDB
Conte MG, Gaillard S, Lanau N, Rouard M, Périn C (January 2008). "GreenPhylDB: a database for plant comparative genomics". Nucleic Acids Research 36 (Database issue): D991–8. PMC 2238940. PMID 17986457. doi:10.1093/nar/gkm934.
- ↑ TreeFam: Tree families database
Ruan J, Li H, Chen Z et al. (January 2008). "TreeFam: 2008 Update". Nucleic Acids Research 36 (Database issue): D735–40. PMC 2238856. PMID 18056084. doi:10.1093/nar/gkm1005.
- ↑ TreeFam: Tree families database
van der Heijden RT, Snel B, van Noort V, Huynen MA (2007). "Orthology prediction at scalable resolution by phylogenetic tree analysis". BMC Bioinformatics 8: 83. PMC 1838432. PMID 17346331. doi:10.1186/1471-2105-8-83.
- ↑ Fulton DL, Li YY, Laird MR, Horsman BG, Roche FM, Brinkman FS (2006). "Improving the specificity of high-throughput ortholog prediction". BMC Bioinformatics 7: 270. PMC 1524997. PMID 16729895. doi:10.1186/1471-2105-7-270.
- ↑ Vilella AJ, Severin J, Ureta-Vidal A, Heng L, Durbin R, Birney E (February 2009). "EnsemblCompara GeneTrees: Complete, duplication-aware phylogenetic trees in vertebrates". Genome Research 19 (2): 327–35. PMC 2652215. PMID 19029536. doi:10.1101/gr.073585.107.
- ↑ Sayers EW, Barrett T, Benson DA et al. (January 2011). "Database resources of the National Center for Biotechnology Information". Nucleic Acids Research 39 (Database issue): D38–51. PMC 3013733. PMID 21097890. doi:10.1093/nar/gkq1172.
- ↑ Studer RA, Robinson-Rechavi M (May 2009). "How confident can we be that orthologs are similar, but paralogs differ?". Trends in Genetics 25 (5): 210–6. PMID 19368988. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2009.03.004.
- ↑ Nehrt NL, Clark WT, Radivojac P, Hahn MW (June 2011). "Testing the ortholog conjecture with comparative functional genomic data from mammals". PLoS Computational Biology 7 (6): e1002073. PMC 3111532. PMID 21695233. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002073.
- ↑ Eisen, Jonathan. "Special Guest Post & Discussion Invitation from Matthew Hahn on Ortholog Conjecture Paper".
- ↑ Wolfe K (May 2000). "Robustness--it's not where you think it is". Nature Genetics 25 (1): 3–4. PMID 10802639. doi:10.1038/75560.
Further reading
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Homology.
- Carroll, Sean B. (2006). Endless Forms Most Beautiful. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 0-297-85094-6.
- Carroll, Sean B. (2006). The making of the fittest: DNA and the ultimate forensic record of evolution. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 0-393-06163-9.
- DePinna MC (1991). "Concepts and tests of homology in the cladistic paradigm". Cladistics 7 (4): 367–94. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1991.tb00045.x.
- Dewey CN, Pachter L (April 2006). "Evolution at the nucleotide level: the problem of multiple whole-genome alignment". Human Molecular Genetics 15 (Spec No 1): R51–6. PMID 16651369. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddl056.
- Fitch WM (May 2000). "Homology a personal view on some of the problems". Trends in Genetics 16 (5): 227–31. PMID 10782117. doi:10.1016/S0168-9525(00)02005-9.
- Gegenbaur, G. (1898). Vergleichende Anatomie der Wirbelthiere... Leipzig.
- Haeckel, Е. (1866). Generelle Morphologie der Organismen. Bd 1-2. Вerlin.
- Owen, R. (1847). On the archetype and homologies of the vertebrate skeleton. London.
- Mindell DP, Meyer A (2001). "Homology evolving" (PDF). Trends in Ecology and Evolution 16 (8): 434–40. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(01)02206-6.
- Kuzniar A, van Ham RC, Pongor S, Leunissen JA (November 2008). "The quest for orthologs: finding the corresponding gene across genomes". Trends Genet. 24 (11): 539–51. PMID 18819722. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2008.08.009.
External links
- Brigandt, Ingo (2011) "Essay: Homology." In: The Embryo Project Encyclopedia. ISSN: 1940-5030. http://embryo.asu.edu/handle/10776/1754


text:
Nature Babies at The Parkridge Centre
Mon, 13/11/2017 - 10:00am - 12:00pm
Event details
Mon, 13/11/2017 - 10:00am - 12:00pm
Fun Nature Based Messy Play. A drop-in messy play session with a twist, free-flow choice for 0-2's, with messy indoor play or muddy outdoor play. Our classroom is set up with lots of toys, sensory play and messy corner. In our connected safe outdoor courtyard make the most of the mud kitchen and natural surroundings. This supervised free play session is ever changing with a new Wildlife Theme every week.
Nature Babies runs weekly during term time on Monday mornings 10am till 12pm at our Parkridge Centre site in Solihull. The session is aimed at children aged between 0 and 2 years. It's also a good chance for parents and guardians to grab a cup of tea and have a chat.
If you have any problems booking online please call: 0121 704 0768 For other enquiries about this event contact: firstname.lastname@example.com
For more information about our Education team and its activities please call: 024 7630 8999
Venue location
The Parkridge Centre, please note the centre is a short walk from the Brueton Park car park,
The Parkridge Centre,
West Midlands,
Grid reference

subset: commoncrawl


text:
ices is the primary source client for icecast 2.x.
You WILL need to edit the config file you choose to use before running
this application. Example config files are in the docs folder.
This requires libshout.
Maintained by: Rodney Cobb
Keywords: streaming,icecast
ChangeLog: ices
Download SlackBuild:
ices.tar.gz.asc (FAQ)
(the SlackBuild does not include the source)
|Individual Files:
| doinst.sh
| ices.SlackBuild
| ices.info
| slack-desc
© 2006-2018 SlackBuilds.org Project. All rights reserved.
Slackware® is a registered trademark of Patrick Volkerding
Linux® is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds
Web Design by WebSight Designs | Managed Hosting by OnyxLight Communications


text:
FLORALA, Ala. � While other Laurel Hill School sixth-graders spend summer fishing, playing softball or going on family vacations, Bryce Wooten has a restaurant to run.
FLORALA, Ala. � While other Laurel Hill School sixth-graders spend summer fishing, playing softball or going on family vacations, Bryce Wooten has a restaurant to run.
Bryce's Family Restaurant opened last month in a Florala log cabin that was once a home.
"And I'm the supervisor," Bryce, 11, said.
"He's our supervisor on taste," said his mother, Karen Wooten, an Okaloosa County School District educator.
Technically, Bryce's dad, Chris Wooten, and Chris' mother, Glenda Lanasse, run the establishment, with Chris as pit master and Miss Glenda supervising in the kitchen. Bryce pitches in with a variety of tasks, from spreading gravel in the parking lot to taste-testing the establishment's burgers and battered fries.
Bryce and his dad perfected the rub that goes on the restaurant's generously proportioned ribs, Boston butts and steaks. Bryce also helped create the menu.
Three generations at work
The family takes pride in their home cooking.
Chris Wooten and his son will attend Jack's Old South Cooking School � taught by celebrity barbecue chef Myron Mixon in Unadilla, Ga. � in October, and the pair expect to bring back ideas for their menu.
"We want to try new meat," Bryce said. "We want to try brisket. We're going to cook some other new stuff and if it's good, we'll serve it on the menu."
As she stirred butter and sour cream into her mashed potatoes, Lanasse said, "I like to taste everything, and if it doesn't taste good to me, it's not going to taste good to anybody else."
Karen Wooten said they named the restaurant after their son because, "basically, he's our world. He's our one child and we just wanted to do it for him."
The first idea was to use Bryce's initials, she said.
"It was going to be B.M.W., but we didn't think the car maker would like it," she said. "It's already been taken, so we had to come up with something else.
"Bryce said, 'Why don't you call it Bryce's Family Restaurant?'"
"There definitely aren't any other 11-year-olds at Laurel Hill School with their own restaurant," Bryce said.
Want to go?
Bryce's Family Restaurant is open 11 am. to 2 p.m. Wednesdays and Thursdays, and 11 a.m. to 8 p.m. Fridays and Saturdays at 23763 Third Ave., Florala, Ala., just north of Laurel Hill.
Contact News Bulletin Staff Writer Brian Hughes at 850-682-6524 or email@example.com. Follow him on Twitter @cnbBrian.


text:
Review: Older case that still beats newcomers
Fractal Design is a company well known for quality designed and manufactured cases. We've had a chance to try out Fractal Design cases on two occasions, Core 3000 and Define R3, and they've left some good impressions, so let's see whether Arc Midi Tower is capable of doing the same. Arc Midi Tower launched in 2011, but since it's one excellent case, it's never to late to review it.
Product Code: FD-CA-ARC-BL
Color: Black
Dimensions: ( W ) 230 x ( H ) 460 x ( D ) 515 mm
Net Weight: 10 KG
5.25" Drive Bay: 2 x 5,25 inch bays, with 1x 5,25>3,5 inch converter included
3.5" Drive Bay: 8x 3,5 inch HDD trays, compatible with SSD / HDD
2.5" Drive Bay: 8x 3,5 inch HDD trays, compatible with 2.5" SSD/HDD
Fan controller: Fan controller for 3 fans included
Expansion Slots: 7+1 expansion slots with sleek white painted brackets
I/O Panel: On top of front panel: 2x USB 2.0, 1x USB 3.0 and Audio I/O
Motherboard Type: Mini ITX, Micro-ATX, ATX
Power Supply Type: Standard ATX PS2 / EPS 12V, No PSU included (removable filter below PSU)
Maximum Compatibility: CPU cooler height: 180 mm,
GPU card length: 290 mm (when removable HDD-Bay is in place)
Cooling System:
Front: 140 mm fan x1 (1000 RPM), 140mm fan x1 (optional)
Top: 140 mm fan x1 (1000 RPM), 120/140 mm fan x2 (optional)
Rear: 140 mm fan x1 (1000 RPM)
Bottom: 120/140 mm fan (optional)
Side: 140/180 mm fan (optional)
The case comes with a fan controller capable of handling three fans.
At a glance, Arc Midi Tower seems shorter than it is, most likely because the front panel only shows two 5.25'' bays and a mesh. That the mesh isn't small is clear from the fact it hides two 14cm fan slots. One fan comes mounted while the second one is optional. Arc Midi Tower is 460mm tall and 230mm wide.
The front panel is made of quality plastics, but is made to look aluminum-like, which the company did pretty well. For whatever reason, the finishing texture also reminded us of wood.
Other than the fact we'd rather have 5.25'' covers that are removable without taking the front panel off, we can't complain about the finishing touches and functionality. Taking off the panel is a breeze - a tug at the bottom will do. Fractal Design logo is engraved in the panel but it's nice and subtle so it makes the front panel look much better.
The control panel is on the top of the case and holds a single USB 3.0 connector, two USB 2.0 connectors, audio In\Out, power and reset keys. Fractal Design used similar mesh with wider holes for the front and top panels.
The fan is easy to take off since it's only fixed with latches. The second fan, if you choose to throw it in, uses the same method.
The control panel on the top of the front panel doesn't take up 5.25''' bays nor does it take up precious room on the top panel. We have seen many cases using the same placement but we can easily say Fractal Design is one of the pioneers of this design.
The front and top panels have foam filters that aren't intended to be taken off.
Most dust usually comes off the floor, so it's a good thing that the company used a classic mesh filter than can be easily taken out for cleaning, without having to open the case.
The feet come with antivibration pads.
As far as side panels go, the design is classic. The left panel can take a 140mm or 180mm intake fan, while the right panel has no holes. Both panels are fixed with thumb screws and taking them off is as easy as putting them back on. The panels are made of steel and are very tough.
The top panel is made entirely of mesh. Users tend to keep random things on a case and it's possible in this case as well since the panel is flat and the mesh is tough enough. Of course, that won't help much if you spill something.
The top panel houses a 140mm fan, but there is extra room for two additional 120\140mm fans. The top panel can be removed after unscrewing two screws at the end of the panel that keep it in place.
The top panel will take a dual 120mm radiator (up to 60mm thick). Top of the rear panel houses two holes for external watercooling.
With width of 230mm, Arc Midi is one of the widest mid tower cases around. That of course is a good thing since it will take pretty much any large CPU cooler. Maximum allowed CPU cooler height is 180mm.
The rear panel is characteristic for the white expansion slots. Fractal Design's cases are usually recognizable for black-white contrasts, which is the case with interior as well. Namely, the case uses white fans and fan brackets. Apart from seven horizontal expansion slots, Arc Midi has another vertical one, which can be used for the bundled fan controller.
The PSU goes in the bottom of the case and the dust filter can easily be removed.
The interior is well designed and packs plenty of room. Fractal Design painted parts of the case white, which we really like.
The case will take just any graphics card from the current generations without having to take the HDD cage out. Only the cards such as GTX 690 and a few other ones longer than 290mm will require you to take the HDD cage out. By taking it out, users will get up to 440mm of room. The bottom HDD cage is fixed and cannot be removed.
The cable management holes are wide and more cables can be routed through the same hole. Fractal Design made sure to make the hole closest to the PSU the widest one, which is good since most cabling comes from there. The grommets are tough and won't fall out easily. The company left two holes near the top of the motherboard tray, which are intended for CPU power and cooling power cables. There are two cable management holes because CPU power isn't always at the end of the board.
If the company included a few more anchors, cable management in the back would've been easier. There is about 21mm of space for cabling below the rear panel.
All the cables coming from the I\O panel are sleeved. The blue cable is the USB 3.0 one, and we're talking about a cable with an internal USB 3.0 that's most commonly found on boards.
The CPU backplate cutout was compatible with all the boards we've tried.
The front panel will take two fans. One of them comes with the case and, as you can see from the picture, is positioned to cool the top HDD cage. If you throw in the other fan, it will help with cooling of the bottom HDD cage.
If you need to mount a 3.5'' device in one of the 5.25'', you can use the included converter. We found it mounted in the first 5.25'' slot, fixed with two screws on each side, see pictures below and above.
The HDD cage can be removed by unscrewing two screws. Note that all the screws in the Arc Midi Tower are thumb screws. This usually means you don't have to use tools, but some of them were screwed in so tight that we had to use tools. Note however that this is barely a problem, since we had to do a similar thing with pretty much any case we tested.
We're no strangers to Fractal Design's brackets - the Arc Midi uses a tried and true design that is tough and uses anti-vibration pads. Each of the 3.5'' drives will take 2.5'' drives as well. These brackets require specially designed screws, which are also included.
The screws on expansion slots are also thumb screws, so no need for tools.
All of the three mounted fans have 3-pin connectors and can be controlled via the controller bundled with the Arc Midi. The eight, vertical slot is a great place for the fan controller. The fans aren't loud when running at their maximum of 1000RPM, but you can use the controller to make them even quieter.
The Arc Midi will take another five fans, on top of the three fans that come with the case. The bottom panel will take a 120\140mm fan. The holes on the bottom panel have dust filters.
We're not particularly fond of such miniature PSU stands. Still, at least the rubber pads stayed in their case. The foam around the PSU hole is a nice touch as well.
Quality keeps the price up and the Arc Midi Tower proves that. You can find the Arc Midi priced between 75 and 80 euro. The Arc Midi Tower has everything new-generation cases should have, but the looks and quality finishing are what we liked the most about this case.
First of all, the price isn't exaggerated and the quality and design definitely make it worth it. In fact, the Arc Midi definitely stands out in this price range.
Arc Midi comes with three silent 14cm fans. The fans can be controller with the included fan controller, which can run three fans simultaneously. The case will take another five fans and if you want water cooling, you can use a dual 120mm radiator on the top panel. Note that the radiator thickness is limited to 60mm.
The Arc Midi Tower will take CPU coolers up to 18cm in length and any currently available graphics card. It's possible to use eight internal 3.25''\2.25 drivers, but there are only two 5.25'' slots.
So, Fractal Design has once again proved that it makes quality cases. The Arch Midi Tower is obviously no exception and you definitely won't go wrong if you opt for it.


text:
Select Search
World Factbook
Roget's Int'l Thesaurus
Bartlett's Quotations
Respectfully Quoted
Fowler's King's English
Strunk's Style
Mencken's Language
Cambridge History
The King James Bible
Oxford Shakespeare
Gray's Anatomy
Farmer's Cookbook
Post's Etiquette
Brewer's Phrase & Fable
Bulfinch's Mythology
Frazer's Golden Bough
All Verse
Dickinson, E.
Eliot, T.S.
Frost, R.
Hopkins, G.M.
Keats, J.
Lawrence, D.H.
Masters, E.L.
Sandburg, C.
Sassoon, S.
Whitman, W.
Wordsworth, W.
Yeats, W.B.
All Nonfiction
Harvard Classics
American Essays
Einstein's Relativity
Grant, U.S.
Roosevelt, T.
Wells's History
Presidential Inaugurals
All Fiction
Shelf of Fiction
Ghost Stories
Short Stories
Shaw, G.B.
Stein, G.
Stevenson, R.L.
Wells, H.G.
Harvard Classics
Scientific Papers
Scientific Papers.
The Harvard Classics.
The Forces of Matter, Delivered before a Juvenile Auditory at the Royal Institution of Great Britain during the Christmas Holidays of 185960
Lecture III.CohesionChemical Affinity
Michael Faraday
will first return for a few minutes to one of the experiments made yesterday. You remember what we put together on that occasionpowdered alum and warm water. Here is one of the basins then used. Nothing has been done to it since; but you will find, on examining it, that it no longer contains any powder, but a number of beautiful crystals. Here also are the pieces of coke which I put into the other basin; they have a fine mass of crystals about them. That other basin I will leave as it is. I will not pour the water from it, because it will show you that the particles of alum have done something more than merely crystallize together. They have pushed the dirty matter from them, laying it around the outside or outer edge of the lower crystalssqueezed out, as it were, by the strong attraction which the particles of alum have for each other.
And now for another experiment. We have already gained a knowledge of the manner in which the particles of bodiesof solid bodiesattract each other, and we have learned that it makes calcareous spar, and so forth, crystallize in these regular forms. Now let me gradually lead your minds to a knowledge of the means we possess of making this attraction alter a little in its force; either of increasing, or diminishing, or, apparently, of destroying it altogether. I will take this piece of iron [a rod of iron about two feet long and a quarter of an inch in diameter]. It has at present a great deal of strength, due to its attraction of cohesion; but if Mr. Anderson will make part of this red-hot in the fire, we shall then find that it will become soft, just as sealing-wax will when heated, and we shall also find that the more it is heated the softer it becomes. Ah! but what does
mean? Why, that the attraction between the particles is so weakened that it is no longer sufficient to resist the power we bring to bear upon it. [Mr. Anderson handed to the lecturer the iron rod, with one end red-hot, which he showed could be easily twisted about with a pair of pliers.] You see I now find no difficulty in bending this end about as I like, whereas I can not bend the cold part at all. And you know how the smith takes a piece of iron and heats it in order to render it soft for his purpose: he acts upon our principle of lessening the adhesion of the particles, although he is not exactly acquainted with the terms by which we express it.
And now we have another point to examine, and this water is again a very good substance to take as an illustration (as philosophers we call it all water, even though it be in the form of ice or steam). Why is this water hard? [pointing to a block of ice]; because the attraction of the particles to each other is sufficient to make them retain their places in opposition to force applied to it. But what happens when we make the ice warm? Why, in that case we diminish to such a large extent the power of attraction that the solid substance is destroyed altogether. Let me illustrate this: I will take a redhot ball of iron [Mr. Anderson, by means of a pair of tongs, handed to the lecturer a red-hot ball of iron, about two inches in diameter], because it will serve as a convenient source of heat [placing the red-hot iron in the centre of the block of ice]. You see I am now melting the ice where the iron touches it. You see the iron sinking into it; and while part of the solid water is becoming liquid, the heat of the ball is rapidly going off. A certain part of the water is actually rising in steam, the attraction of some of the particles is so much diminished that they can not even hold together in the liquid form, but escape as vapor. At the same time, you see I can not melt all this ice by the heat contained in this ball. In the course of a very short time I shall find it will have become quite cold.
Here is the water which we have produced by destroying some of the attraction which existed between the particles of the ice, for below a certain temperature the particles of water increase in their mutual attraction and become ice; and above a certain temperature the attraction decreases and the water becomes steam. And exactly the same thing happens with platinum, and nearly every substance in nature; if the temperature is increased to a certain point it becomes liquid and a farther increase converts it into a gas. Is it not a glorious thing for us to look at the sea, the rivers, and so forth, and to know that this same body in the northern regions is all solid ice and icebergs, while here, in a warmer climate, it has its attraction of cohesion so much diminished as to be liquid water? Well, in diminishing this force of attraction between the particles of ice, we made use of another force, namely, that of
and I want you now to understand that this force of heat is always concerned when water passes from the solid to the liquid state. If I melt ice in
ways I can not do without heat (for we have the means of making ice liquid without heatthat is to say, without using heat as a
cause). Suppose, for illustration, I make a vessel out of this piece of tinfoil [bending the foil up into the shape of a dish]. I am making it metallic, because I want the heat which I am about to deal with to pass readily through it; and I am going to pour a little water on this board, and then place the tin vessel on it. Now if I put some of this ice into the metal dish, and then proceed to make it liquid by any of the various means we have at our command, it still must take the necessary quantity of heat from something, and in this case it will take the heat from the tray, and from the water underneath, and from the other things round about. Well, a little salt added to the ice has the power of causing it to melt, and we shall very shortly see the mixture become quite fluid, and you will then find that the water beneath will be frozenfrozen because it has been forced to give up hat heat which is necessary to keep it in the liquid state to the ice on becoming liquid. I remember once, when I was a boy, hearing of a trick in a country ale-house: the point was how to melt ice in a quart pot by the fire and freeze it to the stool. Well, the way they did it was this: they put some pounded ice in a pewter pot, and added some salt to it, and the consequence was that when the salt was mixed with it, the ice in the pot melted (they did not tell me any thing about the salt and they set the pot by the fire, just to make the result more mysterious), and in a short time the pot and the stool were frozen together, as we shall very shortly find it to be the case here, and all because salt has the power of lessening the attraction between the particles of ice. Here you see the tin dish is frozen to the board; I can even lift the little stool up by it.
This experiment can not, I think, fail to impress upon your minds the fact that whenever a solid body loses some of that force of attraction by means of which it remains solid, heat is absorbed; and if, on the other hand, we convert a liquid into a solid,
e. g.,
water into ice, a corresponding amount of heat is given out. I have an experiment showing this to be the case. Here (F
21) is a bulb, A, filled with air, the tube from which dips into some colored liquid in the vessel B. And I dare say you know that if I put my hand on the bulb A, and warm it, the colored liquid which is now standing in the tube at C will travel forward. Now we have discovered a means, by great care and research into the properties of various bodies, of preparing a solution of a salt (
) which, if shaken or disturbed, will at once become a solid; and as I explained to you just now (for what is true of water is true of every other liquid), by reason of its becoming solid heat is evolved, and I can make this evident to you by pouring it over this bulb; there! it is becoming solid; and look at the colored liquid, how it is being driven down the tube, and how it is bubbling out through the water at the end; and so we learn this beautiful law of our philosophy, that whenever we diminish the attraction of cohesion we absorb heat, and whenever we increase that attraction heat is evolved. This, then, is a great step in advance, for you have learned a great deal in addition to the mere circumstance that particles attract each other. But you must not now suppose that because they are liquid they have lost their attraction of cohesion; for here is the fluid mercury, and if I pour it from one vessel into another, I find that it will form a stream from the bottle down to the glassa continuous rod of fluid mercury, the particles of which have attraction sufficient to make them hold together all the way through the air down to the glass itself; and if I pour water quietly from a jug, I can cause it to run in a continuous stream in the same manner. Again: let me put a little water on this piece of plate glass, and then take another plate of glass and put it on the water; there! the upper plate is quite free to move, gliding about on the lower one from side to side; and yet, if I take hold of the upper plate and lift it up straight, the cohesion is so great that the lower one is held up by it. See how it runs about as I move the upper one, and this is all owing to the strong attraction of the particles of the water. Let me show you another experiment. If I take a little soap and waternot that the soap makes the particles of the water more adhesive one for the other, but it certainly has the power of continuing in a better manner the attraction of the particles (and let me advise you, when about to experiment with soap bubbles, to take care to have every thing lean and soapy). I will now blow a bubble, and that I may be able to talk and blow a bubble too, I will take a plate with a little of the soapsuds in it, and will just soap the edges of the pipe and blow a bubble on to the plate. Now there is our bubble. Why does it hold together in this manner? Why, because the water of which it is composed has an attraction of particle for particleso great, indeed, that it gives to this bubble the very power of an India-rubber ball; for you see; if I introduce one end of this glass tube into the bubble, that it has the power of contracting so powerfully as to force enough air through the tube to blow out a light (F
22); the light is blown out. And look! see how the bubble is disappearingsee how it is getting smaller and smaller.
Fig. 21
There are twenty other experiments I might show you to illustrate this power of cohesion of the particles of liquids. For instance, what would you propose to me if, having lost the stopper out of this alcohol bottle, I should want to close it speedily with something near at hand. Well, a bit of paper would not do, but a piece of linen cloth would, or some of this cotton wool which I have here. I will put a tuft of it into the neck of the alcohol bottle, and you see, when I turn it upside down, that it is perfectly well stoppered so far as the alcohol is concerned; the air can pass through, but the alcohol can not. And it I were to take an oil vessel this plan would do equally well, for in former times they used to send us oil from Italy in flasks stoppered only with cotton wool (at the present time the cotton is put in after the oil has arrived here, but formerly it used to be sent so stoppered). Now if it were not for the particles of liquid cohering together, this alcohol would run out; and if I had time I could have shown you a vessel with the top, bottom, and sides altogether formed like a sieve, and yet it would hold water, owing to the cohesion.
Fig. 22 & 23
You have now seen that the solid water can become fluid by the addition of heat, owing to this lessening the attractive force between its particles, and yet you see that there is a good deal of attractive force remaining behind. I want now to take you another step beyond. We saw that if we continued applying heat to the water (as indeed happened with our piece of ice here), that we did at last break up that attraction which holds the liquid together, and I am about to take some other (any other liquid would do, but ether makes a better experiment for my purpose) in order to illustrate what will happen when this cohesion is broken up. Now this liquid ether, if exposed to a very low temperature, will become a solid; but if we apply heat to it, it becomes vapor; and I want to show you the enormous bulk of the substance in this new form: when we make ice into water, we lessen its bulk; but when we convert water into steam, we increase it to an enormous extent. You see it is very clear that as I apply heat to the liquid diminish its attraction of cohesion; it is now boiling, and I will set fire to the vapor, so that you may be enabled to judge of the space occupied by the ether in this form by the size of its flame; and you now see what an enormously bulky flame I get from that small volume of ether below. The heat from the spirit lamp is now being consumed, not in making the ether any warmer, but in converting it into vapor; and if I desired to catch this vapor and condense it (as I could without much difficulty), I should have to do the same as If I wished to convert steam into water and water into ice: in either case it would be necessary to increase the attraction of the particles by cold or otherwise. So largely is the bulk occupied by the particles increased by giving them this diminished attraction, that if I were to take a portion of water a cubic inch in bulk (A, F
23), should produce a volume of steam of that size, B [1,700 cubic inches; nearly a cubic foot], so greatly is the attraction of cohesion diminished by heat; and yet it still remains water. You can easily imagine the consequences which are due to this change in volume by heatthe mighty powers of steam and the tremendous explosions which are sometimes produced by this force of water. I want you now to see another experiment, which will perhaps give you a better illustration of the bulk occupied by a body when in the state of vapor. Here is a substance which we call iodine, and I am about to submit this solid body to the same kind of condition as regards heat that I did the water and the ether [putting a few grains of iodine into a hot glass globe, which immediately became filled with the violet vapor], and you see the same kind of change produced. Moreover, it gives us the opportunity of observing how beautiful is the violetcolored vapor from this black substance, or rather the mixture of the vapor with air (for I would not wish you to understand that this globe is entirely filled with the vapor of iodine).
If I had taken mercury and converted it into vapor (as I could easily do), I should have a perfectly colorless vapor; for you must understand this about vapors, that bodies in what we call the vaporous or the gaseous state are always perfectly transparent, never cloudy or smoky; they are, however, often colored, and we can frequently have colored vapors or gases produced by colorless particles themselves mixing together, as in this case [the lecturer here inverted a glass cylinder full of binoxide of nitrogen (
) over a cylinder of oxygen, when the dark red vapor of hyponitrous acid was produced]. Here also you see a very excellent illustration of the effect of a power of nature which we have not as yet come to, but which stands next on our listC
And thus you see we can have a violet vapor or an orange vapor, and different other kinds of vapor, but they are always perfectly transparent, or else they would cease to be vapors.
I am now going to lead you a step beyond this consideration of the attraction of the particles for each other. You see we have come to understand that, if we take water as an illustration, whether it be ice, or water, or steam, it is always to be considered by us as water. Well, now prepare your minds to go a little deeper into the subject. We have means of searching into the constitution of water beyond any that are afforded us by the action of heat, and among these one of the most important is that force which we call voltaic electricity, which we used at our last meeting for the purpose of obtaining light, and which we carried about the room by means of these wires. This force is produced by the battery behind me, to which, however, I will not now refer more particularly; before we have done we shall know more about this battery, but it must grow up in our knowledge as we proceed. Now here (F
24) is a portion of water in this little vessel, C, and besides the water there are two plates of the metal platinum, which are connected with the wires (A and B) coming outside, and I want to examine that water, and the state and the condition in which its particles are arranged. If I were to apply heat to it you know what we should get; it would assume the state of vapor, but it would nevertheless remain water, and would return to the liquid state as soon as the heat was removed. Now by means of these wires (which are connected with the battery behind me, and come under the floor and up through the table) we shall have a certain amount of this new power at our disposal. Here you see it is [causing the ends of the wires to touch]that is the electric light we used yesterday, and by means of these wires we can cause water to submit itself to this power; for the moment I put them into metallic connection (at A and B), you see the water boiling in that little vessel (C), and you hear the bubbling of the gas that is going through the tube (D). See how I am converting the water into vapor; and if I take a little vessel (E), and fill it with water, and put it into the trough over the end of the tube (D), there goes the vapor ascending into the vessel. And yet that is not steam, for you know that if steam is brought near cold water, it would at once condense, and return back again to water; this, then, can not be steam, for it is bubbling through the cold water in this trough; but it is a vaporous substance, and we must therefore examine it carefully, to see in what way the water has been changed. And now, in order to give you a proof that it is not steam, I am going to show you that it is combustible; for if I take this small vessel to a light, the vapor inside explodes in a manner that steam could never do.
Fig. 24
I will now fill this large bell-jar (F) with water; and I propose letting the gas ascend into it, and I will then show you that we can reproduce the water back again from the vapor or air that is there. Here is a strong glass vessel (G), and into it we will let the gas (from F) pass. We will there fire it by the electric spark, and then, after the explosion, you will find that we have got the water back again; it will not be much, however, for you will recollect that I showed you how small a portion of water produced a very large volume of vapor. Mr. Anderson will now pump all the air out of this vessel (G), and when I have screwed it on to the top of our jar of gas (F), you will see, upon opening the stop-cocks (H H H), the water will jump up, showing that some of the gas has passed into the glass vessel. I will now shut these stop-cocks, and we shall be able to send the electric spark through the gas by means of the wires (I, K) in the upper part of the vessel, and you will see it burn with a most intense flash. [Mr. Anderson here brought a Leyden jar, which he discharged through the confined gas by means of the wires I, K.] You saw the flash, and now that you may see that there is no longer any gas remaining, if I place it over the jar and open the stop-cocks again, up will go the gas, and we can have a second combustion; and so I might go on again and again, and I should continue to accumulate more and more of the water to which the gas has returned. Now is not this curious? In this vessel (C) we can go on making from water a large bulk of
gas, as we call it, and then we can reconvert it into water in this way. [Mr. Anderson brought in another Leyden jar, which, however, from some cause, would not ignite the gas. It was therefore recharged, when the explosion took place in the desired manner.] How beautifully we get our results when we are right in our proceedings! It is not that Nature is wrong when we make a mistake. Now I will lay this vessel (G) down by my right hand, and you can examine it by-and-by; there is not very much water flowing down, but there is quite sufficient for you to see.
Another wonderful thing about this mode of changing the condition of the water is this: that we are able to get the separate parts of which it is composed at a distance the one from the other, and to examine them, and see what they are like, and how many of them there are; and for this purpose I have here some more water in a slightly different apparatus to the former one (F
25), and if I place this in connection with the wires of the battery (at A, B), I shall get a similar decomposition of the water at the two platinum plates. Now I will put this little tube (O) over there, and that will collect the gas together that comes from this side (A), and this tube (H) will collect the gas that comes from the other side (B), and I think we shall soon be able to see a difference. In this apparatus the wires are a good way apart from each other, and it now seems that
of them is capable of drawing off particles from the water and sending them off, and you see that one set of particles (H) is coming off twice as fast as those collected in the other tube (O). Something is coming out of the water
(at H) which burns [setting fire to the gas]; but what comes out of the water
(at O), although it will not burn, will support combustion very vigorously. [The lecturer here placed a match with a glowing tip in the gas, when it immediately rekindled.]
Fig. 25
Here, then, we have two things, neither of them being water alone, but which we get out of the water. Water is therefore composed of two substances different to itself, which appear at separate places when it is made to submit to the force which I have in these wires; and if take an inverted tube of water and collect this gas (H), you will see that it is by no means the same as the one we collected in the former apparatus (F
24). That exploded with a loud noise when it was lighted, but this will burn quite noiselessly: it is called
and the other we call
that gas which so beautifully brightness up all combustion, but does not burn of itself. So now we see that water consists of two kinds of particles attracting each other in a very different manner to the attraction of gravitation or cohesion, and this new attraction we call
chemical affinity,
or the force of chemical action between different bodies; we are now no longer concerned with the attraction of iron for iron, water for water, wood for wood, or like bodies for each other, as we were when dealing with the force of cohesion; we are dealing with another kind of attractionthe attraction between particles of a
nature one to the other. Chemical affinity depends entirely upon the energy with which particles of
kinds attract each other. Oxygen and hydrogen are particles of different kinds, and it is their attraction to each other which makes them chemically combine and produce water.
I must now show you a little more at large what chemical affinity is. I can prepare these gases from other substances as well as from water; and we will now prepare some oxygen: here is another substance which contains oxygenchlorate of potash; I will put some of it into this glass retort, and Mr. Anderson will apply heat to it: we have here different jars filled with water, and when, by the application of heat, the chlorate of potash is decomposed, we will displace the water, and fill the jars with gas.
Now, when water is opened out in this way by means of the battery, which adds nothing to it materially, which takes nothing from it materially (I mean no
I am not speaking of
), which adds no
to the water, it is changed in this waythe gas which you saw burning a little while ago, called
is evolved in large quantity, and the other gas,
is evolved in only half the quantity; so that these two areas represent water, and these are always the proportions between the two gases.
But oxygen is sixteen times the weight of the othereight times as heavy as the particles of hydrogen in the water; and you therefore know that water is composed of nine parts by weightone of hydrogen and eight of oxygen; thus:
46.2 cubic inches
= 1 grain
23.1 " "
= 8 grains
Water (
69.3 " "
= 9 grains
Now Mr. Anderson has prepared some oxygen, and we will proceed to examine what is the character of this gas. First of all, you remember I told you that it does not burn, but that it affects the burning of other bodies. I will just set fire to the point of this little bit of wood, and then plunge it into the jar of oxygen, and you will see what this gas does in increasing the brilliancy of the combustion. It does not burn, it does not take fire as the hydrogen would; but how vividly the combustion of the match goes on! Again, if I were to take this wax taper and light it, and turn it upside down in the air, it would, in all probability, put itself out, owing to the wax running down into the wick. [The lecturer here turned the lighted taper upside down, when in a few seconds it went out.] Now that will not happen in oxygen gas; you will see how differently it acts (F
26). [The taper was again lighted, turned upside down, and then introduced into a jar of oxygen.] Look at that! See how the very wax itself burns, and falls down in a dazzling stream of fire, so powerfully does the oxygen support combustion. Again, here is another experiment which will serve to illustrate the force, if I may so call it, of oxygen. I have here a circular flame of spirit of wine, and with it I am about to show you the way in which iron burns, because it will serve very well as a comparison between the effect produced by air and oxygen. If I take this ring flame, I can shake, by means of a sieve, the fine particles of iron filings through it, and you will see the way in which they burn. [The lecturer here shook through the flame some iron filings, which took fire and fell through with beautiful scintillations.] But if I now hold the flame over a jar of oxygen [the experiment was repeated over a jar of oxygen, when the combustion of the filings as they fell into the oxygen became almost insupportably brilliant], you see how wonderfully different the effect is in the jar, because there we have oxygen instead of common air.
Fig. 26
Note 1.
Solution of a salt.
Acetate of soda. A solution saturated, or nearly so, at the boiling point, is necessary, and it must be allowed to cool, and remain at rest until the experiment is made. [
Note 2.
Binoxide of nitrogen
hyponitrous acid.
Binoxide of nitrogen is formed when nitric acid and a little water are added to some copper turnings. It produces deep red fumes as soon as it comes in contact with the air, by combining with the oxygen of the latter to form hyponitrous acid.
Binoxide of nitrogen
is composed of two parts of oxygen and one part of nitrogen;
hyponitrous acid
is composed of one part of nitrogen and three parts of oxygen. [
· [
Top 150
] ·
World Lit


text:
Citizens Bank Park
One Citizens Bank Way
Philadelphia, PA 19148
(215) 463-6000
Spectacular and intimate ... breathtaking views ... dazzling amenities ... and a staggering array of special features! Those are just a few things you can find in your experience at the award-winning Citizens Bank Park, the Phillies' spectacular ballpark. Details »
Download the MLB.com Ballpark app
The official MLB ballpark application personalizes your stadium visit with mobile check-in, social media, offers, rewards and exclusive content. Learn More »


text:
Skidmore College Intramurals
All intramural participants will be required to create an account on IMLeagues.com.
To create an IMLeagues account: **Note** IMLeagues offers a live support button in the top right corner of all pages, please use this button if you encounter any difficulties.
How to sign up for an intramural sport:
|***CAPTAIN'S MEETINGS ARE REQUIRED IN ORDER TO PARTICIPATE IN THE SEASON. The meetings will be held in the classroom of the Sports Center.***
Contact Jeremiah Kneeland with any inquires at email@example.com or x8350


text:
Brown v. Board of Education 50th Anniversary Commission
President Bush signed legislation on September 18, 2001, establishing a Commission to encourage and coordinate activities to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the U.S. Supreme Court's landmark 1954 decision in Brown v. Board of Education declaring racially segregated schools unconstitutional. The Commission has been disseminating information about the Brown decision through lectures, town hall meetings, writing contests, and public service announcements. OCR is responsible for organizing and managing the Commission. Among other events, the Commission met in Washington, D.C., in May 2003 where the centerpiece was a panel discussion in which some of the original plaintiffs discussed their experiences during and after the litigation.
|"As we honor this important anniversary, I encourage all Americans to
continue the march to equality and opportunity for all."
George W. Bush


text:
HAMELIN has built a strong corporate culture based on values shared among all its employees:
- Respect and recognition of the professionalism of the company's employees, customers and suppliers.
- Autonomy and sense of responsibility enhancing greater involvement of the personnel.
- Long-term vision regarding the company's interests.
- Sense of economy and practicality.
- Humbleness and discretion.


text:
migrate Xbox gamer tag
Talk about things directly to Maplestory such as training and jobs.
1 post • Page 1 of 1
migrate Xbox gamer tag
I recently just gave away my Xbox 360 to my friend.I am planning on buying a new one and I was wondering if I sign in to Xbox live and when you do that migrate Xboxgamer tag, willI be able to get my Xbox 360 gamer tag back and all the arcade games I bought for it and all that stuff? By the way, my friend doesn't play Xboxlive, sodon't say you can play 2 accounts on Xbox live at the same time.
1 post • Page 1 of 1
Who is online
Users browsing this forum: No registered users and 5 guests


text:
Opinion: Will Bibi Bomb Iran?
Global View columnist Bret Stephens on whether Israel will strike Iran's nuclear facilities if peace talks fail. Photo credit: Associated Press.
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.
... I ... I ... I ... welcome back to Opinion Journal why Mary Kissel ... you're on the economy is improving now that the United States has lifted sanctions ... Brock a bomb I just want to talk ... is anybody going to take action against the nuclear program and will Israel half to ... I've got global view calmness Bret Stephens joining me now ... Brett ... how close is Iran to getting on ... well it depends on how they want the ball ... aam and Litman meet them you can do to you this way ... if the rain decided to sprint ... to nuclear capability ... they could probably have about six five or six or seven bombs worth of uranium is really sort of depends on how you count ... on ... that they could enriched to much higher levels relatively quickly the weeks months years months but ... two three maybe six months we just don't know what how and what the status is of their technology dreams of being able to ... recognize the package ... but certainly within a year they could have they can have palms ... but the question is whether Iran wants to spread to just a small nuclear capacity ... or do they wanted kind of amble in the developed a nuclear infrastructure so that when they do choose to break out as they say ... they can do so on the basis of ten twenty thirty nuclear weapons so that's a strategic choice they have to mail XRT it's clear that the United States doesn't want Zach what does this mean for Israel are your sources telling you love that I know a lot of sources quite ... quite recently in you know this is ... this is been a sort of of ... again it's the it's been played I think for at least six or seven years when we lose we'll strike ... and one and so I do so with a certain ... certain caution ... that being said a couple things have happened ... at a news release were shocked by the way Obama retreated from his red Line in Syria which made his assurances about not allowing rents go nuclear ... a much weaker in in Israeli eyes ... they were shocked ... and dismayed by the deal ... that ... the U S and its partners reached ... with the rent ... they don't believe just listening to reply me saying you know not to the dismantling the enrichment ... facilities ... they don't believe they're getting their ... diplomas sees me you'll the deal ... they can accept their thinking very seriously about the roughest ... violate every serious Israeli planner I'd talk to ... is convinced that Israel can do ... massive significant ... worth while damage to Iran's nuclear capability ... not the damage that the U S could do ... not serious and that serious damage thirty seconds left to speed the have the nerve to to pull the trigger and doing well this is the question that everyone asks and done ... just remember one thing about Israel ... it's not Beattie's decision along this is not a presidential system ... the question is whether the seven or eight people who comprise but because the security cabinet that sanctum Storme ... chief of staff of the army the head of Mossad ... few other key individual whether they collectively decided ... they would rather bomb A Random ran with a ball ... and global view calmness Bret Stephens thank you very much ...


text:
Progressive Manufacturing 100 Awards
Progressive Manufacturing 100 Awards
The Progressive Manufacturing 100 awards are sponsored by Managing Automation magazine, honoring 100 companies for incorporating multiple levels of innovation into their operations. Award winners are selected by the editorial team on the basis of success in thinking outside the box and demonstrating one of eight core masteries, including operational excellence, customer service, systems integration and training.
In 2009 Bridge Publications was awarded the Business Model Mastery High Achiever Award. In 2010, Bridge Publications again won the Progressive Manufacturing 100 Award, this time for Operational Excellence Mastery, and was therefore inducted into the Hall of Fame. Additionally, Bridge Publications was distinguished as the highest achiever of all twenty-two companies awarded in the Operational Excellence Mastery category; other winners included such major manufacturers as L'Oreal, Johnson & Johnson and IBM.


text:
'Good Day New York' Welcomes HOW TO BE A NEW YORKER, 2/19
The cast of Off-Broadway's newest hit comedy How To Be a New Yorker is set to appear on Fox 5 TV's "Good Day New York" next Tuesday, February 19th at 9:45 AM. Written and performed by Margaret Copeland and Kevin James Doyle, How To Be a New Yorker opened on October 17, 2012 at Sofia's Downstairs Theater in the heart of Times Square.
Actors, comedians and licensed tour guides Margaret Copeland and Kevin James Doyle play over 60 characters. Under the direction of OBIE Award winner Robert Ross Parker, this "Saturday Night Live" style comedy features a look at NYC's 400 year history.
HOW TO BE A NEW YORKER is produced Off-Broadway by CRC Productions and Marie B Productions. The playing schedule is Fridays at 7:30 PM and Saturdays at 2 PM. Pre-show lunch or dinner is served beginning 30 minutes before each performance at Sofia's Downstairs Theater, 221 West 46 Street (between Broadway & Eighth Ave.) Matinee tickets are $45 (which includes lunch) and evening performances are $55 (including dinner), and are available by calling 212-352-3101 or through www.How2BaNewYorker.com.


text:
Montgomery County's Adopt A Road (AAR) program encourages residents (individuals and families) and businesses in the County to participate in a community activity by keeping our roadsides litter free. Currently there are more than 5,000 volunteers who have adopted over 450 road segments in an effort to Keep Montgomery County Beautiful. You can be a part of this program too!
Your participation will help reduce trash and litter along County roads and maintain a clean and attractive environment. Ultimately it helps protect the Chesapeake Bay. Litter that is washed into storm drains, travels to nearby creeks, streams, major rivers, and eventually can reach the Bay.
With the amount of trash littered on the roadside every day, and budget constraints within the County resulting in less mowing and road cleaning, your involvement has becoming increasingly important. AAR allows residents to demonstrate community pride, make a positive statement for a clean and attractive community, and have a better understanding of storm water pollution. Help make Montgomery County a "Greener" place to live!
AAR Program Application
CLICK HERE to print the application
List of Available Roads to Adopt
Sorted by City/Zip Code
This program requires a volunteer group or individual to pick up litter and recyclables along both sides of an adopted road segment (right-of-way). This program creates a partnership of citizens and local government to promote civic pride and preserve our clean environment by eliminating roadside litter. Help improve the appearance of Montgomery County and decrease the amount of debris/trash that washes into the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries!
AAR members are required to perform clean-up efforts at their adopted road as needed, with a minimum of six major cleanings per year (the equivalent of ever other month) and to report these cleanings to our office. Cleanings are scheduled by each individual group at their convenience. For more information view the program application above. There is no time limit to how long a volunteer can adopt a road and can retire at anytime by notifying our office.
CLICK HERE for program guidelines.
CLICK HERE to download the program guidelines.
The Program promotes civic pride, environmental responsibility, preserves habitats, and improves motorist safety and save money! Road Operations crews spend lots of dollars and many hours cleaning roadside litter and illegal dump sites each year. Without AAR volunteers these numbers would be significantly higher. In addition, it supports the Alice Ferguson Foundation regional anti-litter campaign - Trash Free Potomac Watershed Initiative.
In recognition for this work two (2) signs will be fabricated (at no cost to the volunteer) w/the volunteers name, and installed at each end of the adopted segment. See photo below of an AAR sign and a Rustic Road sign.
We provide safety equipment and litter pick up (if 4 or more bags of trash are collected). Equipment consists of vests, heavy duty gloves, trash bags and pik sticks to assist you in your volunteer work.
Eligible adopters include civic and non-profit organizations, school and scout groups, commercial and private enterprises, families, and individuals.
Once an application is submitted, the approval process will take up to 2 weeks. A letter will be mailed regarding its approval or denial. If you do not receive a confirmation of receipt after you submit your application please email the Community Outreach Office.
CLICK HERE to download the complete program guidelines.
CLICK HERE to download FAQ's
If you have additional questions that are not listed,
please email email@example.com
Rustic roads have been classified as either Rural or Rural Rustic Roads by legislation. These roads are narrow, low volume roads intended primarily for local, agricultural use, as designated by the Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission (M-NCPPC). This classification restricts the type of maintenance that can be performed on these roads so that the rural character can be maintained. Cick Here for a complete list of Rustic Roads. Click Here to see a list of Rustic Roads in Montgomery County.
Or CLICK HERE to download the application, be sure to fill it out completely and submit to Community Outreach by mail, email or fax.
For questions on the program, contact the Community Outreach office at:
Montgomery County Government, Department of Transportation (MCDOT)
Community Outreach Office
101 Monroe Street, 10th Floor
Rockville, Maryland 20850
Phone: 240-777-7155 Fax: 240-777-7178 Email: email@example.com
If you have other questions or concerns email email@example.com or call our hotline at 240-777-7155 (make sure to speak clearly when leaving a message).


text:
Donald F. Blessing (December 26, 1905 – July 4, 2000) was an American coxswain who competed in the 1928 Summer Olympics, held in Amsterdam. Don was born in Holister, California.
In 1928 he was the coxswain of the American boat, which won the gold medal in the eights. Don was the Most Valuable Man as voted by his teammates on the UC/USA crew. The USA eight was composed of men from the University of California and was the first of 3 Olympic eights that would come from Cal and win gold. The University sent gold medal-winning crews in 1932 (Los Angeles) and 1948 (London) as well.
Don Blessing was also one of the original eight owners of the Oakland Raiders Football Club (AFL, now the NFL) and was a lifelong Californian, residing in Piedmont, CA and Belvedere, CA for most of his adult life. He also was a lifelong Bear Backer, a charter member of the San Francisco Grid Club and among the first group of inductees to the University California Hall of Fame.
[Source: Wikipedia]
|SS President Roosevelt Manifest
Sailling from Cherbourg, France on Aug 14th, 1928
Arriving Port of New York on Aug/ 22nd, 1928
Line 8 - Blessing, Donald
[Source: Ancestry]
|Oakland Tribune, California
August 31, 1928, Page 3
[Source: Newspaper Archive]
Hailed as "the greatest ambassadors we have sent to Europe since the signing of the peace treaty," and loaded down with congratulations and gifts of a more substantial nature, the University of California's Olympic championship crew is home. Enthusiasm transcending that of the biggest "big game" ever held rocked the college city yesterday when members of the crew and their coach, Ky Ebright, arrived on the Gold Coast Limited and passed through streets lined with thousands of cheering citizens to the university campus. There the university welcomed them home, and students staged a rally in the Greek theater to mete out their praise and their greeting to these heroes. Last night the city claimed them back again for a mammoth banquet, once more paying tribute to the sturdy boys who pulled the hearts out of the best crews the rest of the world had to offer. Pictures show: Left, DON BLESSING, diminutive coxswain, being greeted by his mother, MRS. IVY BLESSING; lower right, first greetings at the Berkeley station - left to right, JACK BRINCK, MARVIN STALDER, MAYOR M. B. DRIVER, PRESIDENT W. W. CAMPBELL, CARROLL DRESSLER, COXSWAIN DON BLESSING, and AL RYDLANDER; upper right, view of a small section of the crowd gathered at the station. - TRIBUNE photos.


text:
Nike ACG joins 2002 Gorge Games
Octagon Marketing out of Connecticut announced last week that Nike All-Conditions Gear (ACG) has signed a three-year sponsorship agreement to help support the Ford Gorge Games, which begin July 13 in and around Hood River. Nike ACG is now the official apparel and footwear partner of the world-class adventure sports competition and festival. Under the agreement, ACG will outfit top Gorge Games competitors as well as NBC and Outdoor Life Network broadcasting event staff. Nike ACG will also sponsor the Trail Run event, which expects some 400 participants on July 14.
HOPE relay race deadline Friday
Registrations for the June 8 HOPE Bike, Paddle and Run for Cover are due Friday. Individuals or teams of two or three in this three-part race, which includes a 10K bike portion, a 5K run, and a 3K kayak course. Registration forms can be picked up at Outdoor Play at 6 Oak Street, Hood River. Call 386-9144 or email firstname.lastname@example.com with questions. Cost is $25 per individual ($15 for 18 and younger) and includes a T-shirt and raffle tickets. All proceeds benefit HOPE's emergency shelter program.
Columbia Gorge Marathon June 2
Registrations are still being accepted for the fifth annual
Columbia Gorge Marathon and Half-Marathon, to be held Sunday, June 2. The marathon will begin at 7 a.m. at The Dalles Fitness and Court Club, and will take competitors along the scenic highway before finishing at Port Marina Park in Hood River. The half marathon begins at 8:30 a.m. at Port Marina Park, and finishes in the same place. More than 500 runners from 28 states and five countries will be participating in the events. A post-event finish-line party, featuring Portland bluegrass band Jackstraw, will be held from 10 a.m.-2 p.m. For more information, visit www.gorgemarathon.com or call 503-497-4080.
Indian Creek Golf Course update
Armanda Mason posted 25 points in a game of "Bingle, Bangle, Bongle" to win Day's Play May 23 at Indian Creek Golf Course. Cynthia Brocklesby shot a 23 and Darlene Roberts a 22 in the game that awards points for first on the green, first in the hole and closest to pin. Rounding out the winners were Jo Smith, Vera Hawk and Sara Starnes, who tied for fourth with a score of 20.
Entry forms for the June 13 Skins Tournament are now in the Pro Shop. The fee of $10 should be paid to Sara Starnes as soon as possible.
Remember the Ladies Night league every Monday at 5:30 p.m. Nine holes of fun, non-competitive golf. Sign up at the Pro Shop or just show up. Call 386-7770 with questions.
Twenty-eight players turned out recently for the second Glowball tournament of the season. Bruce Hukari, Matt Kyriax, Brian Petros and Charlie Capovilla won first place.
Archers pull strings for 3-D shoot
The Appleknocker Bowmen invite archers of all ages to test their shooting skills in a 3-D shoot June 1-2 at Little John Snow Park. The event will take place about 26 miles from Hood River on Highway 35 (follow the signs) and will feature more than 40 life-like animal targets. Range-finders are prohibited on the naturalized course but binocular use is allowed. Registration begins Saturday, June 1 at 8 a.m. and score cards must turned in by 5 p.m. To qualify for a trophy participants must also compete on Sunday. Winning archers will receive trophies during a presentation at 3 p.m.
Cost for one day is $15 for adults (ages 15 and up), $10 for youth (ages 12-14), and $5 for shooters 9-12 years old. A family discount is available for $25 and discounts for two-day participation include $25 per adult, $15 for youth, $8 for children, and $25 per family. For more information about the
Appleknocker Bowmen or the upcoming 3-D shoot call Roy Nellermoe at 354-1007 or Windy River Archery at 386-1142.
Tennis leagues set to begin in June
A men's Tuesday night doubles league is set to begin play June 11 at the City Tennis Courts. League is limited to eight teams and play will continue for eight weeks. Cost is $15. The Thursday night women's doubles league will begin play June 13, while the Wednesday night Mixed Doubles league will begin June 12. Leagues are limited to eight teams and play will continue for eight weeks. Cost is $15.
Got Milk? 3 v. 3 Soccer Shootout
Boys and girls of all ages are encouraged to sign up for the Got Milk? 3-v-3 Soccer Shootout June 15-16 at the Tualatin Hills Recreation Center. Play begins at 9 a.m. both days and continue throughout the day. Teams will compete for a chance to play in the National Finals at Disney World in Orlando, Fla. For more information about the tournament, call Jannie Luong at 972-392-5082 or visit www.3v3soccer.net.
Comments are subject to moderator review and may not appear immediately on the site. A user's first several comments must be manually approved by a moderator.
Please read our commenting policy before posting.
Use the comment form below to begin a discussion about this content.
Information from the News and our advertisers (Want to add your business to this to this feed?)


text:
Kevin Durant sobbed as he spoke of the single mother who once woke him in the middle of the night, forcing him to run hills so that he could chase greatness.
He teared up as he recounted the teammate who wrote the initials "K.D." and "MVP" on a piece of paper and placed it in his locker, girding him from doubt in the midst of a losing streak.
He paused to keep from crying as he spoke of the city that has embraced him unconditionally, cheering him even on the rare occasions his shots aren't falling and his team isn't winning.
On the day the Oklahoma City forward won the NBA's most-valuable-player award for the first time, Durant lost his steely exterior, endearing himself even more to a fan base that had long swaddled him in adoration.
"Why am I crying so much?" Durant asked, interrupting himself midsentence during an emotionally charged acceptance speech Tuesday afternoon inside the Thunder's old practice facility.
Maybe it was because the skinny kid who grew up wanting to be a rec league basketball coach had just soundly defeated four-time MVP LeBron James, collecting 119 of 125 first-place votes. James finished second with six first-place votes and the Clippers' Blake Griffin was third.
Durant won basketball's biggest individual award after a season in which he complemented his high-volume scoring with rugged defense and increased deference to his teammates. He averaged career highs in points (32.0) and assists (5.5), helping the Thunder go 25-11 in games in which star teammate Russell Westbrook was sidelined.
The celebration allowed the Thunder to exhale one day after a 17-point defeat to the Clippers in the opener of the Western Conference semifinals. Game 2 is Wednesday at Chesapeake Energy Arena.
"We'll talk about the Clippers tomorrow," Durant said, triggering cheers from a crowd that included Oklahoma Gov. Mary Fallin and Oklahoma City Mayor Mick Cornett.
Leave it to Durant to provide a sturdy barrier from the swirling winds that could envelop the Thunder as soon as this summer. Anything short of a Finals appearance could prompt the team to consider trading Westbrook because of his repeated struggles to defer to his superstar teammate.
Durant acknowledged the challenges of playing with the alternately brilliant and brutal Westbrook.
"There's days where I just want to tackle you and tell you to snap out of it sometimes and I know there's days you want to do the same thing with me," Durant said, looking directly at his teammate seated behind him. "I love you, man. A lot of people put unfair criticism on you as a player and I'm the first to have your back through it all. Just stay the person you are. Everybody loves you here; I love you."
Durant's speech was a 25-minute love-fest that he said was born of his desire to thank those who made his MVP possible.
He praised Caron Butler for leaving the inspirational note in his locker only a few weeks after joining the team.
He acknowledged Kendrick Perkins for sending him encouraging text messages after defeats.
He joked that Serge Ibaka, a native of the Republic of Congo, was like a brother even though he didn't speak English.
And in an uh-oh for Lakers fans who hope Durant decides to head west in the summer of 2016 when he becomes a free agent, Durant spoke glowingly about Oklahoma City, calling it a "perfect place for me." He even thanked the Oklahoman for its infamous "Mr. Unreliable" headline, saying it didn't bother him.
"I enjoy being a part of something like this, knowing that when you come into the arena they're going to love you no matter what," Durant said. "Losing by 25 in the playoffs or winning Game 7 on your home floor, they're going to always feel the same way about us and we don't want to take that for granted because the grass is not always greener on the other side and you learn to appreciate these wonderful people here."
Durant saved his most effusive praise for his mother, Wanda Pratt, who sat in the front row. As a 21-year-old single mother, Pratt had shuttled Durant and his older brother from apartment to apartment in a suburb of Washington, somehow keeping the family financially afloat.
"We weren't supposed to be here," Durant said as his mother openly wept. "You made us believe, you kept us off the street, put clothes on our backs, food on the table. When you didn't eat, you made sure we ate. You went to sleep hungry, you sacrificed for us.
"You're the real MVP."
By the time he was finished talking about seemingly everyone beside himself, Durant had made a lot of people feel that way.


text:
Welcome Back
Today I'd like to share some pictures of a shawl that I recently finished.
I fell in love with this yarn, which is Wendy Luxury Cotton, when I first saw it. It looked a bit too slippery/shiny for slippers and at the time that was the only project I'd got in mind. Then I found this fab shawl pattern on Ravelry, its called Splendid Triangle shawl and is available free from Lion Brand in America. You need to join their mailing list to have access to the instructions but they have so many beautiful patterns on there, its well worth while doing so.
This is the largest knitting project I've tackled and wasn't sure how I'd get on with it. Other than knit and purl, the only other techniques you need are yarn over (which I hadn't tried before this project) and also knit two together. By the end of the project I'd got the hang of yarn overs and they now don't scare me half as much as they did. There are great tutorials on You Tube to hand hold you through yarn overs if you've never done them before either.
The yarn is beautiful, the slight sheen really catches the light and makes the blue look like it has some white running through it. The cotton felt lovely but was harder work than acrylic as it didn't slip quite so easily across my needles. It was worth all the effort though and I'm thrilled with the results. So far I haven't blocked it, just spread it out a bit on the bed, which has opened the pattern out a bit.I have bought Tesco play mats to eventually block the shawl, when I've saved enough for blocking wires and pins, which will make a neater result still.
The hardest part of this project was the crochet edging, Id had a look round Ravelry and seen others had gone with different options for finishing the shawl. I bought a Surina Silky crochet hook, which is a beautiful wood and by getting the 10″/25cm long hook, it didn't dig into my palm like other crochet hooks do. It still took me three days to cast off, but that's only because of my poor dexterity and that I could only do a few loops a day. Since then I've seen the project finished with a ruffle edging, this looked really nice too, so if you can't/don't want to crochet its another option.
Having managed this shawl and thanks to a knitting friend tipping me off where to get the yarn, I've since got a few balls of Sirdar Connemara yarn in Wayfarer, a lovely heather like colour and have started another one of these shawls. This time I'm hoping to go for the ruffle edging as this yarn has a tweed like effect and I think that edging will suit it better. The crochet edging on the blue shawl works for spring and summer and on the nice cotton yarn.
Do check out Ravelry if you love knitting, its a fantastic place to find patterns, learn new techniques and ask for help. Their search functions make finding alternative yarns for patterns so much easier, you can also search for patterns by yarn type or needle size, so if you have small amount of yarn kicking round, you can find the perfect project. LOVE Ravelry, its good for eating days if you let it, but there's so much to see and do on there its wonderful.
Hopefully now the days are getting longer and fingers crossed the warmer weather will join it, then I can knit more and also have enough light see to paint again. Have missed my paints this winter! More mixed media play coming as soon as I can get back to my stash.
- Ravelry Here is a walk round the main features of Ravelry So if you aren't yet a member, here's what its all about.
- Lion Brand
- Wendy Yarn
- Splendid Triangle shawl To have access to the pattern istructions you need to join Lion Brand mailing list. Its worth it, they have some fantastic patterns.
- Deramores, if you can't find the Wendy Luxury cotton yarn on the high street, check out Deramores. They are a great knitting store with very fast delivery and excellent range of yarn and colours.
Best wishes and thanks for reading ,see you soon
Billie 🙂