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From Parameters, Summer 1996, pp. 109-118.
Throughout the history of armed conflict, government and military leaders have had to reckon with the effects of casualties on strategy and warfighting. The logic behind King Pyrrhus's famous reply to those offering him congratulations after gaining a costly victory: "If we win one more such victory over the Romans, we shall be ruined," remains relevant in our times.[1]
Statesmen and generals consider battle losses from different perspectives. The former must weigh the repercussions of excessive casualties on the level of civilian morale necessary to successfully prosecute a war, and ultimately (at least in a representative form of government) on their own political futures. The latter, on the other hand, must balance potential losses against a wide variety of military factors including probable strategic or tactical gains, possible damage to the effectiveness of the forces employed and their ability to cope with enemy countermoves, and the difficulty of reinforcing or reconstituting the force. Military commanders, when planning and conducting operations, must also respond to their civilian leaders' guidance (if any) concerning the number of casualties deemed politically acceptable.
While battle losses, then, are unquestionably a matter of vital concern both to heads of state and to those who command their armed forces, it is not at all clear to what extent it is constructive for a military to explicitly include the goal of casualty limitation as a cornerstone of its doctrine. I will argue that, at least from an American perspective, there may be subtle, but nevertheless real, long-term risks in doing so. Before such speculation, however, it is useful to first discuss why all states and their militaries seek to reduce casualties, and then to elaborate on the reasons why US political and military leaders have been particularly and increasingly averse to high numbers of fatalities in combat actions. It is only by understanding the nature of this undercurrent, which seems to be leading America irresistibly to place ever higher premiums on the avoidance of any deaths in combat, that we can reflect on the possible consequences in an informed manner.
Why States and Their Armed Forces Seek to Minimize Casualties
Political leaders who consider committing their nations to war, or sustaining their country's ongoing participation in an armed conflict, must consider how many lives they are willing to see expended in order to accomplish the objective.[2] They must concern themselves both with the public's attitude to personnel losses, and to the expected reaction of the political opposition. While there are numerous variables influencing these attitudes and reactions (for instance, the openness of the political system, the role of the media, and the economic costs of a war), a central factor in all cases is the degree to which involvement in a conflict is regarded as a legitimate defense of a nation's vital interests. The two global wars of this century were characterized by the efforts of most parties to subjugate and destroy their opponents, leading to conditions enabling heads of state to weather unprecedented levels of casualties. Such carnage and human sacrifice stand in sharp contrast with the results of the countless limited wars since World War II in which the stakes (at least for the major powers when they have involved themselves) were not as high. Clausewitz anticipated as much when he wrote:
On the other hand, the less intense the motives [for war], the less will the military element's natural tendency to violence coincide with political directives. As a result, war will be driven further from its natural course, the political object will be more and more at variance with the aim of ideal war, and the conflict will seem increasingly political in character.[3]
It is patently impossible for a statesman to openly discuss in quantifiable terms what he deems a tolerable level of casualties--an announcement such as "I believe this conflict to be worth the expenditure of 50 casualties" would hardly inspire a people or an army, but it might inspire an enemy to inflict 51 casualties. Yet the need to balance losses and gains is an element in any political leader's strategic calculations, and his conclusions will almost always be communicated implicitly, or even explicitly, to his military commanders.
The leaders of a nation's armed forces must at some point in their development of military strategy look upon manpower as a finite resource. Measure must be taken of the size and quality of the standing force, the reserves, and the potential replacement pool. Furthermore, the probability of mobilization being directed by civilian leaders (historically, an often difficult political decision) must be considered. Commonly, a state that finds itself severely disadvantaged in terms of manpower against a likely threat will attempt to develop a doctrine that offsets such a handicap. Germany, for instance, believing itself outnumbered and surrounded by potential enemies prior to World Wars I and II, adopted preemptive offensive strategies. Similarly, Israel, convinced it would quickly lose a war of attrition against an Arab coalition, has relied on a blitzkrieg doctrine that aims at delivering rapid knockout punches.
The past, of course, greatly influences and shapes military doctrine. Organizational inertia, and a proclivity for preparing to fight the last war, make any efforts by armed forces to adjust to "new paradigms" difficult at best. Armies (referring to all services) that have experienced huge losses, or somehow have been traumatized by casualties in a recent war, will likely sum up their experiences and work to avoid repeating them. The French General Staff after World War I determined it must avoid the slaughter that had resulted from the revolution in firepower in the early 1900s, and thus embraced a defensive mentality which took form in the Maginot Line.[4] The German High Command, on the other hand, drew very different lessons from its own ordeals during the First World War. Yet the effect of casualties on a military's psyche will not depend merely on the absolute losses suffered, but instead on how those losses were perceived by the body politic, which is, in turn, a function of the level of popular support for the war. More on this later, when we turn to the American experience.
Casualty reduction has yet another meaning in the operational and tactical context. A commander may elect to emphasize the conservation of his manpower for many different reasons. The uncertain nature of war, and the fog that surrounds it, lead to indecisiveness as leaders suspend activity while they hope for the arrival of more precise information.[5] Commanders are loathe to commit forces and risk their destruction when there is not a high probability of success. Furthermore, an army may avoid decisive engagement as part of an overall strategy designed to exhaust an enemy (Fabius versus Hannibal), or to bide time while building up one's strength (the Allies against the Axis in the early years of World War II ).
Finally, commanders are reluctant to chance the annihilation of a unit they have trained and for which they are responsible. Compassion, the burden of responsibility for ordering men to their possible deaths, and the feeling of abhorrence at presiding over the disintegration of one's forces, all militate against boldly sending soldiers into harm's way. Attitudes also differ within militaries, reaching down to the lowest levels of command, and over time and conflicts, regarding the acceptability of casualties. These find their origins in the opinions of the public and political leaders, and may be manifested in terms of how commanders and their staffs develop and analyze particular courses of action. To the extent a war is waged, as it usually is, in a "half-hearted manner" (Clausewitz's "wars of limited aims"),[6] officers and soldiers will be less inclined to find inspiration in Frederick's maxim that "war is decided only by battles, and is not finished except by them."[7] If commanders learn through experience that force preservation is valued more by the organization than is boldness, with its attendant dangers, an entire army's approach to war will reflect as much.
The American Experience
American society is open and pluralistic, and has historically been served by an independent, skeptical press. Accordingly, US political leaders have been particularly sensitive to the relationship between the cost of war and public support. Even during the United States' first experience with unlimited war, President Lincoln remained concerned in the run-up to the 1864 election that the continuing huge losses of Union troops, in the absence of any clear gains on the battlefield, might lead a weary electorate to abandon him and the cause.[8] Certainly, the relatively smaller sacrifice asked of the people of the North, with a much larger population base and higher standard of living than enjoyed by the Confederacy, helped them to persevere against an enemy that was initially strongly committed to gaining independence.[9]
It isn't, however, until after the Second World War that America's statesmen found themselves almost without respite facing the difficult task of objectifying the value of a foreign policy goal in terms of potential losses. There are several reasons for the emergence of this phenomenon. First, the United States was the leader of the Free World and the only power capable of countering the Soviets. International responsibilities rapidly multiplied, and America increasingly found itself engaged militarily around the globe. Second, potential battlefields were often remote and isolated. In the absence of the loss of the fleet at Pearl Harbor, or the sinking of US merchant vessels in the Atlantic, politicians found it exacting to muster and sustain public backing for campaigns abroad. Third, the advent of the nuclear era reduced the utility of total war. Limited war begets limited objectives, which beget more urgent political concerns over casualties. Fourth, the conscription of the armed forces, reinstituted just prior to America's entry into World War II, was continued until the end of the Vietnam War. Up to a point, a democratic people and their representatives are probably more solicitous about the fate of a draft than a volunteer army. Fifth, and last, America's unrivaled technological prowess offered its leaders at least the hope of achieving victory through science, innovation, and wonder weapons. In the language of an economist, America had a comparative advantage in capital, and was at a comparative disadvantage in labor. With equipment and technology relatively cheap and manpower dear, both economically and politically, it followed that personnel losses would come to be considered as increasingly expensive.
America's political leaders variously captured and lost the prize
because of their policies during the Korean and Vietnam wars.
As casualties mounted in both contests, the electorate increasingly
asked what vital interests were at stake to justify the human
and economic sacrifice. Both wars led to the defeat of incumbent
political parties. The lesson learned for all was that it was
politically risky, if not suicidal, to preside over any limited
conflict that could not be won quickly, with relatively few casualties.
The successes of our military in combat actions in the 1980s and
1990s were no doubt a reaction to Korea and Vietnam, as civilian
leaders resolved to use armed force only when we could achieve
victory with little loss of life. Yet the extraordinary results
(see table below) may have created strong, and quite possibly
unrealistic, expectations among the general public and civilian
leaders that armed conflict, properly managed, can usually be
waged with little loss of life.
US Personnel Killed in Action[10] Conflict Total KIA World War II 291,557 Korea 33,651 Vietnam 47,364 Grenada 16 Panama 24 Persian Gulf 293
By the 1990s, acutely aware of domestic political constraints and seeking to capitalize on America's overwhelming advantages in military technology, firepower, and strategic mobility, the Bush Administration articulated a defense strategy for regional conflicts that posited the following:
In regional conflicts, [America's] stake may seem less apparent [to the people]. We should provide forces with capabilities that minimize the need to trade American lives with tyrants and aggressors who do not care about their own people. Thus, our response to regional crises must be decisive, requiring the high-quality personnel and technological edge to win quickly and with minimum casualties.[11]
The apparent advent of an era of peace operations has posed vexing new problems for government leaders. Such missions do not allow for the use of overwhelming force to attain quick, decisive victories. For a people whose standard for judging the wisdom of military intervention is based upon the results of Urgent Fury, Just Cause, and Desert Storm, peacekeeping operations are viewed with considerable skepticism. To a significant degree, current debates in Washington over foreign involvements--in Bosnia, for example--make central the question, "How many lives is it worth?" This seems to be a continuation of a trend that reaches back to the start of the Cold War.
Understandably, the American military has been influenced by this trend and responded accordingly. During the wars in Korea and Vietnam, commanders were constrained by political realities that precluded the prosecution of total war. Moreover, these wars were unlike World War II, when the armed forces had an unlimited supply of manpower to draw upon--at least up to the point the industrial base remained unimpaired, a threshold reached in 1944. Instead, military planners knew they could not hope for anything beyond a very circumscribed mobilization. This, at a time when the primary threat remained the Soviet Union, war with whom would immediately transform the ongoing conflicts into mere sideshows. The luxury of drawing upon formations in Germany, key to the Desert Storm campaign, did not avail itself to American military strategists while the Warsaw Pact remained a credible foe. Hence, pressure emanated from the White House and the Pentagon, down to the lowest levels of command, to minimize combat losses, or at least to ensure that those friendly casualties suffered could always be justified in terms of commensurately greater injury suffered by the enemy. And as political-military stalemate came to define both conflicts, such justification became more and more difficult. A heavy reliance on air power, precision firepower, and mobility, and increasingly stringent standards for acceptable friendly-to-enemy casualty ratios, came to distinguish the American way of war.
After the withdrawal from Vietnam, the US armed forces were restructured and reoriented. Conscription was ended and the military became an all-volunteer organization. A highly professional standing army, trained to fight across a wide spectrum of potential conventional conflicts, would henceforth be America's deterrent and weapon of choice. At the same time, surprised by the results of the 1973 Arab-Israeli War, the US military began to develop a doctrine of fighting outnumbered and winning. The unprecedented losses that had been so quickly suffered by the Middle East adversaries led American military leaders to focus on "winning the first battle of the next war." Advanced equipment and innovative doctrine would offset Soviet numerical superiority. Budget constraints contributed to the process. As Paul Herbert noted in his excellent study of the development of American military doctrine in the 1970s:
The rising costs associated with the volunteer Army [and] the drastically increased cost of fuel . . . combined to make the Army of the early 1970s cost conscious to a fault. . . . The Army's need to preserve its investment in new weapons in an era of strict fiscal controls thus prompted the search for an overarching concept, or doctrine, and insured that the doctrine would have a strong weapons emphasis. A doctrine that maximized the potential of every weapon on the battlefield also appeared to maximize the return on every dollar spent on those weapons.[12]
As the US military recovered from the depths of the mid-1970s, it was able to develop a more offensively oriented way of war, AirLand Battle doctrine, outlined in the 1986 version of the Army's "warfighting bible," FM 100-5, Operations. Many of the doctrine's so-called tenets and imperatives, such as "conserve strength for decisive action," "use terrain, weather, deception and operational security," and "move fast, strike hard, and finish rapidly," logically followed from the perceived need to avoid protracted wars and battles of attrition.[13] Sensitivity to friendly losses was also reflected in training doctrine. For instance, in the Army publication Mission Training Plan for the Infantry Battalion, performance standards were set for various tactical operations conducted in controlled training environments. These standards include the maximum number of allowable friendly casualties for particular missions--for example: "defend," 30 percent; "withdraw under enemy pressure," 30 percent; and so on. Those standards, incidentally, would have prompted harsh critiques of Colonel Joshua Chamberlain at Gettysburg and Field Marshal Erwin Rommel as a division commander in France. Moreover, the problem of fratricide--friendly casualties incurred through the misapplication of one's own firepower--has been common throughout the history of warfare. When it was made more accessible to study by the sophistication of the Army's Combat Training Centers, it was placed in the limelight, and volumes of literature followed. As an example, the Mission Training Plan cited above stipulates the standard "the battalion sustains no casualties from friendly fire" for all combat operations. That standard leads to the peculiar case wherein an infantry battalion, being evaluated on its ability to defend, could totally annihilate a huge attacking force, suffer no casualties except one fratricide, and still be assessed as having failed to perform up to standard.
War with the Soviet Union did not come to pass. But AirLand Battle doctrine was specifically designed to serve the military in mid- and low-intensity conflicts as well. The sledgehammer approach that proved so effective in Grenada was refined in Panama and the Persian Gulf, leading to a vindication in the eyes of most of the doctrine of "overwhelming force," and the conclusion that the choices in future conflicts would be clear-cut: either repeat the Vietnam experience, or go directly and ruthlessly for the jugular. The 1993 version of FM 100-5 reflects as much, stating that the Army "produces forces of the highest quality, able to deploy rapidly to fight, to sustain themselves, and to win quickly with minimum casualties. That is decisive victory." Moreover, it notes, "the American people expect decisive victories and abhor unnecessary casualties."[14] The question remains, what are the consequences, if any, of allowing such expectations and abhorrence to help shape military doctrine?
Casualty Limitation and Doctrine
The larger political issues involved in attempting to find a balance between casualties and policy objectives are beyond the scope of this article. The problem is an intractable one and will always be particularly acute in liberal democracies. However, it should be pointed out that one of the most difficult dilemmas facing our statesmen today is how to respond effectively to domestic concerns about losses in conflicts abroad, while still showing the tangible signs of commitment necessary to maintain a claim to coalition and world leadership. With increasing US participation in multinational military operations likely in the years ahead, the subject will probably become more contentious. The sometimes sharp disagreements among the United States and its NATO allies over the proper military course of action in Bosnia, and more specifically, over the willingness to put soldiers at risk, may foretell a growing interdependence between domestic and international "burden-sharing" debates.
In the military realm, we may speculate on the effects of explicitly embedding the goal of casualty limitation in doctrine by looking at three areas: research and development (R&D) and force structuring; doctrinal content; and leadership and morale. Each is addressed in turn.
R&D and Force Structuring. Might an overemphasis on casualty limitation have adverse consequences in the areas of R&D and force structuring? One can make a strong argument that it could. The history of warfare provides overwhelming evidence that high-tech "smart" weapons are but one dimension of combat power. For instance, Serbian militia can counter the most sophisticated gadgetry the United States can throw against them simply by positioning their mortars next to mosques. The American military must always plan for tough foes like the North Vietnamese, resilient against the most modern arsenal available, and count the incompetent armies of Noriega and Saddam Hussein as windfalls. War is still a complex political act, not a computer simulation, and combat is still an art, not a science. Hills remain to be taken by soldiers fighting their way up to the summit. Too enamored of the technical solution, the United States may produce the wrong mix of equipment and structure its forces inappropriately. The Great Wall, throughout the eons, appeared to the barbarians more a manifestation of the Chinese Empire's unwillingness to raise armies to guard the frontiers than it ever served as a credible "high-tech" deterrent or defensive barrier. There is perhaps an analogy to be drawn.
Doctrinal Content. Can the doctrinal elevation of casualty limitation to an operational goal have any ill effects on an army's ability to wage war? If we assume that America's future wars will all have the characteristics of the campaigns of the past 12 years, the response is probably no. Certainly, if the US military has the time to bring overwhelming force to bear on a second- or third-rate power, Americans can, and should, expect few casualties. It is doubtful, however, that the United States can hope for such good fortune indefinitely. There will arise, probably in the not-so-distant future, a threat to a vital interest, whose defense cannot be assured by a 100-hour campaign. A military that on its own volition discards courses of action because they are too costly may lose its spirit of creativity and innovation. The Germans suffered over 150,000 casualties in their lightning attack against France in 1940.[15] During the course of planning the operation, had their General Staff immediately discarded any options somehow deemed too painful to consider, they might still today be marshaling their forces.
There will always be ways to improve upon any plan of attack if casualty reduction is a key consideration (more firepower, more time to muster forces, less ambitious objectives). But at what point does the desire for overwhelming force imply overwhelming conservatism? Can there be times when a swift counterstroke could result in higher casualties, but would save the treasury billions of dollars, and actually serve as a more effective deterrent in the long run by demonstrating to the world that the nation is willing to commit forces at less than preferred force ratios? Otherwise, does war become such a high-priced venture as to make it an impractical instrument of foreign policy? And finally, might not a doctrine that seeks to preserve, before it seeks to destroy, inevitably run the risk of giving rise to Maginot Lines? These are questions that offer no easy answers; nevertheless, they can be summarily dismissed only by one not interested in developing strategy in a comprehensive way.
Leadership and Morale. Can an overt stress on casualty limitation cause an army's leaders to become too timid, and the soldiers to lose their "warrior spirit"? The ancient Chinese strategist and commander Wu Zi wrote, "In general, on the battlefield, if soldiers are committed to fight to the death they will live, whereas if they seek to stay alive, they will die. . . . Thus it can be said that the greatest harm that can befall the army's employment [stems from] hesitation, while the disasters that strike . . . are born in doubt."[16] Variations of this theme have been discussed by military theorists of all cultures throughout the history of warfare. Would Leonidas have stayed the course with his band of Spartans at Thermopylae had his army's doctrine been grounded deeply in the art of casualty avoidance? The famous military historian Hans Delbrück described the significance of the Spartan defense as such:
Of itself, the defense of Thermopylae was as good as hopeless. [And] as a matter of form, it could also be said that it was a mistake from the physical-military point of view, but it was of morale significance and of inestimable value in its fulfillment, in that the entrance into Greece proper was not to be handed to the barbarians without a fight.[17]
Acts of valor and audaciousness do play an unquantifiable role in battle that can have profound effects on collective morale, resolve, and aggressiveness. To make too much of a virtue of "living to fight another day" might discourage bold acts. If casualty limitation is simply implied in an order, a subordinate commander may still elect to accept considerable losses if he deems it necessary to fulfill his mission; however, if battle losses are explicitly frowned upon at every level, the men and the mission may become blurred. Furthermore, if the dominant culture becomes one in which each and every casualty is researched in great detail to ascertain causes, and not infrequently to assign blame, the forces may be ill-prepared for the inevitable tough fight lurking over the horizon. Considered coldly, soldiers and an army are ultimately a means, not an end. This truth should not be obscured.
The successful waging of war in both the political and purely military dimensions requires hard, realistic calculations of costs and benefits. Serving the people of a vibrant democratic state, US political leaders have traditionally, and rightfully, placed much significance on the loss of lives suffered in America's battles. Moreover, the United States is a scientifically advanced nation that is best served by developing a doctrine that takes advantage of its technological sophistication and conserves manpower. Obviously, the United States would have little influence in today's chaotic world if it were to quickly exhaust our forces in contests of attrition in far-flung regions of the globe. Fighting smartly, in the sense of using the most modern weapons and innovative doctrine, has been the American military's forte in the 20th century, and it will be even more important to the success of our armed forces given the domestic constraints and international challenges in the coming years.
I have not argued in this article that America should beat its precision-guided weapons into bugles and bayonets. Rather, my purpose is to suggest--modestly and speculatively--that casualty limitation, an issue that must often be addressed explicitly by statesmen, is best left unmentioned by the military in its doctrine, and instead considered seriously, but implicitly, as it plans for war.
1. Justin Wintle, ed., The Dictionary of War Quotations (New York: The Free Press, 1989), p. 163.
2. John Mueller, "Political Pressures and Opportunities," Conference on the Policy Implications of Non-Lethal warfare Technologies, Lexington, Mass., 2 June 1993. The subsequent discussion of political leaders' concerns about casualties draws in large part from Dr. Mueller's presentation.
3. Carl von Clausewitz, On War, ed. and trans. Michael Howard and Peter Paret (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press, 1976), pp. 87-88.
4. Barry R. Posen, The Sources of Military Doctrine (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell Univ. Press, 1984), pp. 106-09, 116-20. The reasons France adopted a defensive strategy are far more complex than being simply a response to the horrific casualties of World War I, as Posen makes clear in his superb work. Nevertheless, World War I losses were a most critical part of the calculus used by the French military when conceptualizing their approach to the next war.
5. Clausewitz, p. 217.
6. Ibid., p. 613.
7. Frederick the Great, The Instructions of Frederick the Great for His Generals, trans. T. R. Phillips, in Roots of Strategy (Harrisburg, Pa.: Stackpole Books, 1985), p. 391.
8. Peter J. Parish, The American Civil War (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1981), pp. 463-69; and Margaret Leech, Reveille in Washington 1860-1865 (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1941), p. 346.
9. Archer Jones, Civil War Command and Strategy (New York: The Free Press, 1992), pp. 238-39.
10. Figures from Reference Section inquiry, US Army War College Library, Carlisle Barracks, Pa., 27 September 1993.
11. Dick Cheney, Defense Strategy for the 1990s: The Regional Defense Strategy (Washington: GPO, January 1993), p. 15.
12. Paul H. Herbert, Deciding What Has to Be Done: General William E. DePuy and the 1976 Edition of FM 100-5, Operations (Washington: GPO, 1988), p. 100.
13. FM 100-5, Operations (Washington: GPO, 1986), pp. 14-26.
14. FM 100-5, Operations (Washington: GPO, 1993), ch. 1.
15. Alistair Horne, To Lose a Battle: France 1940 (New York: Penguin Books, 1987), p. 649.
16. Wu Zi, Wu-tzu, trans. Ralph D. Sawyer, in The Seven Military Classics of China (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1993), p. 215.
17. Hans Delbrück, History of the Art of War, Volume 1: Warfare in Antiquity, trans. Walter J. Renfroe, Jr. (Lincoln: Univ. of Nebraska Press, 1990), p. 95.
Colonel Karl W. Eikenberry is assigned to the staff of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs, Office of the Secretary of Defense. He commanded a light infantry battalion in the 10th Mountain Division and served as an assistant attaché in the American Embassy in the People's Republic of China and as a division chief with the Strategy, Plans, and Policy Directorate of the Army Staff. Colonel Eikenberry is a graduate of the US Military Academy, holds a master's degree from Harvard University in East Asian studies, has studied at the British Ministry of Defence Chinese Language School in Hong Kong and at Nanjing University in the PRC. He also was a national security fellow at the JFK School of Government, Harvard University, and he is a Ph.D. candidate at Stanford University. The present article is adapted from an earlier version which appeared in Army, February 1994, under the title "Casualty Limitation and Military Doctrine," © 1994 The Association of the United States Army; material from that article is reprinted by permission.
Reviewed 28 May 1996. Please send comments or corrections to firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Game Thread: Chicago Bulls @ Warriors 2007-02-09
Talk about the upcoming Warriors game here
Moderators: Mr. Crackerz, JREED, Guybrush, 32
Great game! Good way to start this semi-homestand. Im glad we had tom tolbert instead of bill walton. Tolbert knows his stuff. Has antone else noticed that monta always looks pissed on the bench? Looks like hes not having a good time and hes never talking to anyone... Just an observation
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All Star
Thunder wrote:Did anyone see Duhon take FOUR steps in the lane before Jackson blocked his shot? If that made a difference in the game the refs should have been suspended. FOUR steps.
Yeah, I was listening on the radio and I thought Barnett was going to have a heart attack! From what I can see, 1/2 the fouls that happen don't get called, and 1/2 that do are not fouls. It is atrocious, and as for walking, palming, double-dribbling, forget about it, there is a travel on probably 1/4 of the plays in a game. The reffing is a complete farce, but I don't think the refs are corrupt or biased, just utterly incompetent. (Though I do think they have been told to ease up on traveling on Lebron, DWade, Kobe, etc...) They need to hire younger NBDL and ABA players as refs, so they can keep up. The refs are slow and short and old, and the game just goes by too fast for them. No surprise that baseball is the best officiated game and hoops the worst. It's the pace and the sightlines...
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It's a real good point about the pace of the game being too quick for the refs, Coltraning. Baseball has a bunch of out of shape old fatasses, but they're real good at what they do cause all they have to do is stand there. There isn't nearly as much to look out for in baseball - balls and strikes, fair or foul, out or safe, all of which occur in a very small space that you can judge when standing/crouching in a very still position. Basketball refs just have to see so much so fast, and a lot of the court is obscured, especially things that happen in the lane when it's all clogged up. It's like they're trying to make up for everything they miss by calling a bunch of ***** charge fouls these days. Barnett made a good point last night when Ben Wallace took a charge from Monta and fell over. He got the call, and it was a charge, but Barnett was saying that a Bill Russell or Kareem would never have pulled that ****, letting a guard run into them in the lane and then fall over backwards. Such BS. Quicker, younger refs I think are essential.
baytobrooklyn wrote:It's a real good point about the pace of the game being too quick for the refs, Coltraning. Baseball has a bunch of out of shape old fatasses, but they're real good at what they do cause all they have to do is stand there.
I can't talk about baseball because I don't know anything about that game, but bball is the worst officiating game I've seen (although soccer is really close). It's true that the game may be too fast for the refs... I'm ok with that. It's not easy to always make the right calls.
What bothers me is the change of judgment. What one day is a foul, it may not be the next day. One game there are lots of silly fouls while in other games you barely see a call...
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that was indeed a good game. i was watching it at the bar and i couldnt believe some of the foul calls, but it was great to explode in that 4th quarter, i had flashbacks of sjax nailing that 3 at the buzzer when gordon threw that last shot up there, we got lucky on that one! good win, but we need to keep it up.


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Volume 17 Issue 37 | February 11 - 17, 2005
Downtown Express photo by Josh Argyle
Rabbi Zvi David Romm, 31, of the Lower East Sides Bialystoker Synagogue.
By Marvin Greisman
The landmark Bialystoker Synagogue recently celebrated its 125th anniversary at a gala dinner that marked the installation of the young rabbi Zvi David Romm as the leader of the historic congregation. Rabbi Romm is only the fifth rabbinical leader to hold that position in the 125-year-long history of this famed Lower East Side synagogue, at 7-11 Willett St./Bialystoker Pl. The dinner, which attracted an audience of 500 people and was held at the Grand Ballroom of the Sheraton Towers in Midtown, also honored State Assembly Speaker Sheldon Silver, the shuls vice president, for his contributions to the Jewish community and beyond.
The synagogue was established by Lithuanian Jews who came to the Lower East Side from Bialystok, Poland, in 1878. They purchased the building which they called Chevrah Ansche Chesed of Bialystok on May 19, 1905, for $105,000 in cash. Previously, the congregation had met in various locations in the area, including on Hester, Orchard and Grand Sts.
A designated New York City landmark, the building was constructed in 1826 as the Willet Methodist Church. It was the first house of worship in the United States erected out of fieldstone stone in its natural state made from Manhattan schist quarried just a few blocks away. Another noteworthy feature of the 1826 structure is the opening in the womens gallery that leads to a ladder going up to an attic, lit by two windows. The hidden room was a stop on the Underground Railroad where countless runaway slaves found sanctuary.
Romm, 31, who is an Orthodox rabbi, recalled his initial impression from when he first entered the temple. I was struck by the physical beauty, he said. Its a stunning shul. We really have a treasure, and part of the mandate which I have, is to try to make the spiritual beauty of the shul reflect its physical beauty. Romm succeeded Rabbi Yitzchak Singer, who had led the congregation since 1960 until he died in 2001 at the age of 72.
Romm said that as he travels around the country, he is often asked by people who know of the Lower East Sides rich Jewish history if there is still a Jewish Lower East Side today. The first thing that I tell them, he explained, If you come here at a regular weekday morning, we will have four daily services, one after another, starting at 6 and the last at 8:30. One hundred to 150 people pass through those four morning services every weekday morning. Usually when I tell them that, that ends the discussion and they realize the Jewish Lower East Side is still very much here.
Citing it as a reflection of the vibrancy of the Jewish Lower East Side, the rabbi said Bialystoker on Sabbath mornings has two services, with an early service attracting 40 people and the main service held in the sanctuary attracting 150 people.
While Romm spoke of the Lower East Side as a vibrant Jewish community, he did acknowledge that the neighborhood is in transition and going through, as many communities throughout the city, a gentrification process. Asked if it is helping or hurting, the rabbi said, As the neighborhood continues to gentrify there is a different base of people moving in, but I think that a base of people who have a lot to gain from what we have to offer at the Bialystoker.
Romm praised the leadership of his historic synagogue and recognized that times are indeed changing on the Lower East Side and that it behooves the synagogue to recognize the importance of change that is happening within the community. The rabbi thanked members of his congregation for adopting a very youthful agenda with a vast network of programs geared to the youth and the young adults of the community.
We are a shul that very, very much has its roots in the past, but is also very conscious and is actively looking towards the future, Romm stressed. He insisted that the synagogue, while nostalgic about its rich history, recognizes the importance of a vastly changing community and is now creating programs that are somewhat urbane.
The Orthodox rabbi suggested that the community has many unaffiliated Jews who never before even opened a prayer book or entered a synagogue. Outreach to the unaffiliated is an important function of a rabbi and a synagogue, and the Bialystoker Synagogue is committed to meet that important role, he said. The rabbi stated that along those lines of reaching out to the unaffiliated is the creation of the Downtown School for Judaism, which is a Sunday school for children who are attending public schools or secular private schools. Its essentially an outreach effort to unaffiliated Jewish youngsters. They come in every Sunday and get exposed to the Hebrew language, to Bible study, to Jewish history, to a little bit of the holidays and ritual, Romm explained. Bialystokers Sunday school program is geared to children 5 years old, but the school is planning to add a class each year and eventually offer preparation for bat mitzvah and bar mitzvah students.
The synagogue has also started a five-part series aimed at unaffiliated adults in the community. This initiative included a crash course in Jewish history. Romm said that he hoped to launch other initiatives along those lines to present Judaism to people who dont have a prior affiliation, but nonetheless will benefit from such programs.
Still another feature of Bialystokers outreach efforts has been the beginners service for the high holidays. That service was conducted by Acting State Supreme Court Judge Martin Shulman a former president of the congregation, who emceed the shuls 125th anniversary dinner.
Romm suggested two important concepts govern his tenure at the synagogue a sense of tolerance and a sense of passion. Placing great emphasis on these two concepts, the rabbi maintained, Tolerance implies that we have a tremendous spectrum of different kinds of people attending the shul. We have the young. We have the old. We have people with greater religiosity, people with lesser religiosity. With such a mix, the rabbi stated, It is crucial to create an atmosphere where everybody feels comfortable.
But, turning to the other concept that continues to guide him passion the rabbi readily admits that tolerance without content doesnt really have a meaning. Since arriving, Romm has proven that his striving for the concepts of tolerance and passion has paid off, as seen in the fact that both men and women have been flocking to attend the variety of classes he offers to the community.
In the address to the 125th anniversary dinner, the rabbi admitted he has his work cut out for him. As much as Torah has spread throughout America, the Lower East Side has yet to make substantial inroads beyond Grand St., he noted. In the Lower East Side we have a unique opportunity to promote the Torah of acceptance. Its not just about real estate. Its about an ideal.
The Lower East Side of today is beset by a rapidly changing set of social realities, Romm continued. The challenge that faces us is to adapt the Torah of acceptance to these new circumstances. We must strive to never allow anyone to feel disenfranchised. Our tent must be wide enough to yeshivaleit [parochial school students] and yuppie, rich and poor, young and old.
Romm also praised Speaker Silver for his efforts on behalf of the community. The speakers achievements in public life are vast and impressive. He has constantly championed the cause of human rights and religious freedom throughout his distinguished tenure, he said.
Jacob Goldman, Bialystoker Synagogues president, also noted that the shul rejects the oft-heard proposition that children should be seen, but not heard. At Bialystoker, children are very important, and the rabbi and his wife, Shira, have inaugurated a post-Sabbath program where the children of the congregation are invited to their co-op home. The shuls president stated that the purpose of bringing the children into the home of the rabbi and rebbitzen his wife is to make children understand that the rabbi is not some figure that sits in the front, with no connection to them.
An important feature of the gala 125th anniversary dinner was the presentation of a unique ketubah (marriage)-style contract to Rabbi Romm, signed by the rabbinical leaders of the community attesting to Romms contribution to Jewish life on the Lower East Side. The presentation of the contract was made by Rabbi Yeshaya Siff, senior rabbi of Young Israel of Manhattan, the first synagogue of the Young Israel movement, located a few blocks away from the landmark Bialystoker Synagogue.
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This and the preceding article were written to remind producers of the consequences of misusing pesticides.
American consumers have one of the safest food supplies in the world, and American farmers have world-renowned technologies available to ensure productivity. Pesticides are one of those critical technologies. America's farmers are the first-line of defense for ensuring food safety. Unfortunately, during the 2001 growing season, cases of illegal off-label use of agricultural pesticides came to light. State and federal officials discovered off-label or misuse cases in 10 states that involved five pesticides, implicated nearly 300 people, affected more than 50,000 acres of crops, and resulted in an unprecedented multimillion-dollar buy-back program for wheat.
Fortunately, the response system worked, thanks to the efforts of EPA, other federal and state agencies and one pesticide registrant that agreed to buy back the illegally treated wheat crop. Together we were able to prevent the tainted crops from entering the food supply and no serious human health incidents resulted.
Nobody Wins
Off-label pesticide use is a lose-lose situation for everyone involved. It can be especially risky to public health and the environment. Pesticides are registered for specific crops, with detailed label directions. It's illegal and dangerous to use a pesticide inconsistent with these label directions. Pesticide label directions are based on substantial scientific testing and rigorous evaluation by EPA, the states, and scientific researchers, to ensure that products can be used without harm to workers, consumers and the environment. When a pesticide is used on a crop for which it is not approved or in a manner that is inconsistent with the label, it may pose real health risks to consumers.
Last year's incidents caused serious economic and financial disruption for hundreds of growers, whose crops became suspect, embargoed, and quarantined. In addition, states have issued notices of warnings, suspended applicators' certifications, and assessed fines and penalties totaling hundreds of thousands of dollars.
If the contamination had continued unchecked, these incidents could have jeopardized our farmers' ability to guarantee safe food to domestic and foreign purchasers. It could also have raised public concern and distrust about any use of agriculture chemicals and undermined the credibility of all pesticide and food safety regulatory programs in this country.
EPA's Commitment to Growers
Misuse is not only risky; it's preventable and unnecessary. In several off-label cases, the growers acknowledged the illegal use of chemicals on their crops due to severe pest outbreaks never before seen in their region. In such cases, growers should know that there are alternative resources available to assist them.
For example, EPA works closely with the user community to promote the development and use of reduced-risk pesticides. In fact, now more than half of the new approvals are for reduced-risk pesticides.
Another tool for growers is the emergency exemption. Section 18 of FIFRA authorizes EPA to allow the use of a pesticide for a limited time if EPA determines that emergency conditions exist. In the case of severe pest outbreak, growers can contact their state lead agency (usually the state department of agriculture) and evaluate the need for a Section 18 emergency exemption. EPA acts on these requests very quickly.
The Grower's Role
Given the high stakes involved, growers must follow the pesticide product label to the letter, and only rely on guidance from crop consultants or suppliers that is consistent with label instructions. The overall intent of the label is to provide clear directions for effective product performance while minimizing risks to human health and the environment. It is important to remember that the label is the law.
The Nation's Front Line in Food Security
Ultimately, growers must be wise and informed users of pesticide products and should commit themselves to the longstanding role as environmental stewards. Environmental stewardship is an integral part of pest control. Simply put, it's safeguarding human health and the environment in order to sustain or improve the quality of life for ourselves and future generations.
Whether or not last year's incidents were a coincidence, this is a problem that we can fix together. Through better coordination among federal and state agencies – as well as getting a strong message out to the user community – label compliance is serious business. As we pull together as a nation on so many of our security fronts, farmers are now more than ever important to ensure these valuable tools are used properly. Please read pesticide labels carefully and follow all directions.
Stephen L. Johnson is assistant administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency. To comment on this article, you may contact him at EPA or Forrest Laws, executive editor, Farm Press at email@example.com


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ESPN Wants To Pay For Your Wireless Data Plan
ESPN plans talks with wireless carriers to help subsidize the wireless-data plans of its customers, who often deplete their monthly allotment while watching programming and sporting events. Amol Sharma has exclusive details.
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.
... the the ... we're consuming more content on our smartphones every year that goes fine ... subtly the business of getting the content to S ... AB changing in a Wall Street Journal exclusive ... of all Star reports that ESPN ... has had discussions with at least one wireless carrier to subsidize wireless service for its users ... with the implications for smaller companies that can pay and for consumers ... mall joins me now ... morning good morning great story ... thank you so ... just stare with the basics what has ESPN discussed in the room ... basically what ESPN is is looking at potentially is picking up ... some of the tab for wireless data use ... so right now consumers pay ... for their monthly data ... dull with a wireless carrier in eighteen sixty dollars to ever for the phone for the smartphone if you're an initial plan in a year buying another forty box ... for year two gigs or whatever and data exactly and so that's the key is if you go when the eggs you get hit with an overcharged ... and and that people monitor them they don't wanna do that they don't wanna ... go that women somewhat this to mean is that ... the kids and went through with this ... you can be watching ESPN video from a tablet or phone or are using an app that shows you live TV for example ... I knew this would have to worry about going over that limit the damage it hired outside they would pay to make sure that their content is special but it wouldn't tell ... us yesterday to cap exactly and so ... it why would they do this well they do this because there's a huge potential upside for them ... if say today people are throttling back to his dubious money they are doing well us when heard from at least one carrier that this was happening but mid month people are dropping out of stopping ... his ESPN because of the cat ... some an African woman will even some I am a table member they make money off the ads that the show on mobile sites ... and apps ... so they they said well ... there might be economics here to work if we can pay up front ... to allow those people to use it more and we make about finance and by making those economics work is top that's what has happened in the other companies of what that of the same issue Penney said also owes you mention your story that ... you'll on the other hand the nation should be BP because ... we're actually helping the wireless carriers for encouraging people to consume more data so they should be thanking us for I am it's a question of leverage their argument is as you said what were the poll here where you're signing up subs subscribers because of us ... the wireless carriers say listen this is a ... band with constrained world the rise of online but here's the data through our networks ... yet a helpful some weight here so ... now this place in the face of net neutrality ... with broadband was here with Rick eventually when it comes in your home they think is your conventional Internet connection ... it's the FCC doesn't allow ... carriers to charge said to favor related to charge anyone a toll ... on to deliver content by that line the wireless is different ... right they made a clear distinction FCC when they set out these rules between wireline broadband ... which has that ... I've that rule but you have to trade all Internet traffic equally ... present in wireless from that ... so really when you look at its hard to see how those rules would apply in this situation and kind of deal ESPN is considering but ... some of the people I talk to so there's still concern that the PSP had the SCC left open the possibility of revisiting the topic ... and monitoring market with all that probably monitor something as big as this happened ok and and to what the implications for start-ups because ESPN ... most profitable part of Disney ... huge company is tons of money ... Pandora ... startup you can still lots of detail when you listen to Pandora via your network is opposed to buy a why Fi ... you know when a company like Pandora Media Ted the throttle but users right aam ... the little bit to control their own costs ... helped startups compete ... I think you know that that is one of the main question Sears them is me market competition than can smaller companies that work it out ... but there are other models of doing this decided to buy bandwidth upfront which is one idea that ... he is being considered but a few big ideas display ad revenue ... between carriers and content companies which would mean he had a big Dell upfront if you are the ... content provider ... dynamic deal easier for startups to handle you just be safely make more money out for this summer because the character still implications but maybe not as much as you explore plenty of them a lot more of them in your great story which I should tell viewers is on the one of today's Journal so be sure ... to check that out the the the whole thing


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|System: Wii, PS2, PSP
|Review Rating Legend
|Dev: High Voltage
|1.0 - 1.9 = Avoid
|4.0 - 4.4 = Great
|Pub: Capcom
|2.0 - 2.4 = Poor
|4.5 - 4.9 = Must Buy
|Release: Jan. 8, 2008
|2.5 - 2.9 = Average
|5.0 = The Best
|Players: 1
|3.0 - 3.4 = Fair
|ESRB Rating: Teen
|3.5 - 3.9 = Good
While conversing with characters, you'll have three different choices from the dialogue tree. There is always one straightforward answer, in addition to two smart-ass ones. Of course it's fun to go for the laughs, and it will help to extend the replay value. Sometimes you'll actually be rewarded with bonuses for choosing the more zany conversation from the menu.
The characters are voiced by the same actors that provide the voiceovers for the TV show, with the exception of Stephen Colbert, who probably thinks he's too good for a lowly videogame. At least we get a cameo from Lewis Black, who in my opinion, kicks Colbert's arse. The voices are delivered as professionally as the TV show, displaying the characteristic inflections and the sharp wit of the writers.
Environments such as Harvey's office, the cafeteria, and the local bar are rife with clues and characters that will help you with each case. These cases aren't very difficult. You'll usually find everything that you need simply by asking. A collection of rubber nipples anyone? In addition to revealing the storyline and offering some belly laughs, the characters will also help you prepare your case for the courtroom. When cross-examining characters, they will often blurt out the exact piece of evidence to present in order to win the case. This does make the game too easy. These last few lines should have been offered as a series of special hints for those that are having a difficult time solving the puzzle.
Not that you need hints, but you'll also have a few crests on hand which you can use as "free turns" when you make a mistake. More crests are awarded for locating specific items or generally doing a fine job on the case. You'll only need them if you offer the wrong piece of evidence during the trial. Each time you get it wrong, it will cost you another of these crests. Once they are gone, you'll have to start over. But trust me, the only way you'll lose is if you've got the sound turned down or you can't understand English. The answers are literally shouted at you. During the trial, you can scroll through the testimony to look for inconsistencies. If only the answers weren't so obvious near the end of the trial, there might be some good puzzle elements to this game. But take it as it is. Once the trial is over and your client has been exonerated, or a bad guy is found guilty, the gang delights in a few lighthearted gags and everything is all forgiven. On to the next case.
Graphically the game looks identical to the TV show, but that's not saying much since Hanna Barbara basically invented the cheap-looking, mass produced look of the low-budget Saturday morning cartoon. The colors are vibrant and primary. No subtleties or nuances of shading here. It's all presented in glorious, flat, two dimensions. The animation is a little jerky in places, but it too is similar to the cartoon, and there's nothing wrong with emulating the show that inspired it. I love the look of the game, and am thankful the developers stayed true to the look of the TV show and didn't attempt to bring the Birdman universe into the third dimension. The sound effects and music have also been borrowed from the show. The result is not unlike taking a part in a cartoon series.
Harvey Birdman: Attorney at Law will teach you as much about law as a cartoon will teach you about the laws of physics. Don't take it too seriously, and you'll have a blast.
Cole Smith
CCC Senior Writer
Game Features:


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Michael Smith to speak at National Black Home Educators Conference! 5/28/2010 HSLDA: Opportunity to Speak Out to Elected Officials 5/25/2010 Oregon-- Lowering Compulsory Attendance Age Senate Committee Topic May 26 5/25/2010 New York--Make Plans to Attend 26th Annual Upstate LEAH Conference! 5/25/2010 Florida--We Hope to See You at the FPEA Homeschool Convention 5/24/2010 Rhode Island--Action Needed to Prevent Compulsory Attendance Age Increase! 5/21/2010 Louisiana: Update--Homeschool Graduate Bill Passes Education Committee 5/21/2010 Texas--HSLDA and Generation Joshua at the 2010 SETHSA Convention! 5/20/2010 Virginia--Caution: Public School at Home Programs to Recruit Homeschoolers 5/20/2010 New York--Update on Rochester City School District 5/19/2010 New Hampshire: HSLDA Challenges Absurd Ruling in State Supreme Court 5/19/2010 Arizona--Register Early for AFHE Home Educators' Convention and Save! 5/18/2010 Illinois--Scott Woodruff, HSLDA Senior Counsel, to Speak at ICHE Convention! 5/14/2010 South Carolina--Calls Needed: Driver's License Bill Passed House 5/13/2010 Rhode Island: Compulsory Age Increase Stopped--For Now 5/13/2010 Louisiana: Update--Homeschool Graduate Bill Passes Education Committee 5/12/2010 Louisiana: Please Call Now in Support of Homeschool Graduate Bill 5/12/2010 Texas: Newspaper Article Causes Confusion 5/12/2010 Tennessee--Visit HSLDA at the SMHEA 2010 Family Resource Fair 5/12/2010 Oregon--Visit HSLDA at the OCEANetwork 2010 Conference 5/12/2010 Ohio--Visit HSLDA at the 26th Annual CHEO Convention 5/12/2010 Kentucky--Visit HSLDA at the CHEK 2010 Conference 5/12/2010 Texas--Visit HSLDA at the 23rd Annual CHEACT Conference 5/11/2010 Nevada--Homeschool Requirements Corrected on Scholarship Form 5/11/2010 Rhode Island--Action Needed to Prevent Compulsory Attendance Age Increase! 5/11/2010 Missouri--Act Immediately to Prevent Expansion of Compulsory School Attendance 5/10/2010 New Hampshire - More Action Needed to Protect Privacy 5/10/2010 Washington--Visit HSLDA at the WHO 2010 Convention 5/10/2010 Pennsylvania--Visit HSLDA at the SEARCH 2010 Convention 5/10/2010 Louisiana: Urgent--Please Act Now to Help Pass Parental Rights Resolution 5/10/2010 South Carolina--Visit HSLDA at the SCHEA 20th Statewide Convention 5/10/2010 Texas--Visit HSLDA at the One Day Academy Resource Fair! 5/10/2010 Iowa--Visit HSLDA at the Network of Iowa Christian Home Educators Conference 5/10/2010 Michigan--Visit HSLDA at the 2010 MCH Conference 5/10/2010 New Jersey--Visit HSLDA at the HEART Convention 5/10/2010 Colorado--Visit HSLDA at the CHEC Annual Conference 5/7/2010 New Hampshire--CHENH Conference Deadline Extended! 5/7/2010 Attend EU "Open House Day" at European Embassies Across Washington DC 5/5/2010 Ohio: Update on HB 371--Bad Bill Slows Down But Still a Threat 5/3/2010 New Hampshire: Take Action to Protect Privacy 5/3/2010 South Carolina--Calls Needed: Driver's License Bill Threatens Families 5/3/2010 Connecticut--Visit HSLDA at TEACH 2010 Convention! 5/3/2010 California--Visit HSLDA at the 22nd Annual SCOPE Conference 5/3/2010 Tennessee--Visit HSLDA at the MHEA Conference and Curriculum Fair 5/3/2010 Virginia--Visit HSLDA at the 27th Annual HEAV Homeschool Convention 5/3/2010 New York--Visit HSLDA at the LEAH 26th Annual Upstate Convention! 5/3/2010 New York: Rochester--Come to Meeting Tonight About Annual Assessments 4/30/2010 HSLDA: Members Save on Graduation Gear! 4/29/2010 New Hampshire: Final Proposal Released! 4/29/2010 Louisiana: Update--Parental Right Resolution Passes! 4/29/2010 Louisiana: Urgent--Act Now to Support Parental Right Resolution 4/28/2010 Kansas--Visit HSLDA at the Teaching Parents Association 2010 Convention! 4/28/2010 Texas--Visit HSLDA at the 2010 SETHSA Convention! 4/28/2010 New England--Visit HSLDA at the Catholic Homeschool Conference! 4/28/2010 Oregon--Visit HSLDA at the 20th Annual L.I.G.H.T Christian Home Education Fair! 4/28/2010 Kansas/Missouri--Visit HSLDA at the KC Conference for Catholic Homeschoolers! 4/28/2010 Illinois--Visit HSLDA at the Illinois Christian Home Educators 2010 Convention! 4/28/2010 Idaho--Visit HSLDA at the 12th Annual CHOIS Convention! 4/28/2010 HSLDA: Generation Joshua Summer Camp Inspires and Equips 4/27/2010 New York--Make Plans to Attend 26th Annual Upstate LEAH Conference! 4/27/2010 Utah--Don't Miss Our Online Seminar with Important Information TODAY! 4/26/2010 Hawaii: Urgent--Please Help Stop Increase in Testing for Homeschoolers 4/21/2010 Virginia--A Powerful Message about Religious Freedom in Warren County 4/21/2010 Michigan: Press Release with Inaccurate Vision and Hearing Screening Information 4/20/2010 Wyoming--HSLDA Coming to the Homeschoolers of Wyoming 2010 Convention! 4/20/2010 Michigan--Attend Homeschool Family Day at the Capitol! 4/16/2010 North Carolina--Visit HSLDA at the NCHE Annual Conference and Book Fair 4/16/2010 Minnesota--Visit HSLDA at the MCHEC Conference and Curriculum Fair 4/16/2010 Florida--Visit HSLDA at the FPEA Homeschool Convention 4/16/2010 New Hampshire--Visit HSLDA at the CHENH 2010 Family Convention 4/15/2010 New Hampshire: Your Efforts Have Made a Difference! 4/15/2010 West Virginia--Effects of the Compulsory Attendance Age Increase 4/14/2010 HSLDA: Men's Purity Seminar 4/14/2010 HSLDA: Help Advance the Parental Rights Amendment in VA's 10th District 4/13/2010 Rhode Island--North Kingstown Corrects "Ambush" Policy 4/13/2010 New Hampshire--Technical Difficulties 4/12/2010 New Hampshire: Your Action Needed to Defend Against Intrusive Regulations! 4/9/2010 Wisconsin--Visit HSLDA at the WICHEA 2010 Conference! 4/9/2010 Arkansas: Visit HSLDA at TEA 2010 Home School Convention in Springdale 4/9/2010 Alabama--Visit HSLDA at the 2010 Southeastern Home Educators Convention! 4/9/2010 Ohio--Visit HSLDA at the 6th Annual Dayton Catholic Homeschool Conference! 4/9/2010 West Virginia--Visit HSLDA at the 2010 CHEWV Conference! 4/9/2010 New York: Visit HSLDA at the Buffalo Catholic Home Schooling Conference! 4/9/2010 Colorado: Your Attendance Needed at the 2010 Homeschool Day at the Capitol! 4/9/2010 Illinois--Tax Credit for Homeschools 4/9/2010 New Mexico--Last Chance to Register Online for 2010 CAPE-NM Convention! 4/9/2010 New Mexico--Last Chance to Register Online for 2010 CAPE-NM Convention! 4/8/2010 California: Visit HSLDA at the Central Coast Home Education Conference! 4/7/2010 West Virginia--Online Seminar with Important Information! 4/7/2010 Virginia--Key School Board Meeting Tomorrow Evening 4/7/2010 Louisiana: Urgent--Your Action Needed to Support Bill 4/5/2010 Virginia--Warren County Report Defends Unlawful School Board Policy 4/5/2010 Alabama--Visit HSLDA at the Christian Home Education Fellowship 2010 Convention 4/5/2010 Texas--Visit HSLDA at the 20th Annual FEAST Convention 4/5/2010 Indiana--Visit HSLDA at the 2010 Quo Vadis Catholic Homeschool Conference! 4/5/2010 Michigan--Visit HSLDA at the 27th Annual Michigan Home Education Convention 4/5/2010 Arkansas--Visit HSLDA at TEA 2010 Home School Convention in Searcy 4/5/2010 Tennessee--Visit HSLDA at the MTHEA 2010 Curriculum Fair 4/5/2010 Mississippi--Visit HSLDA at the MHEA 2010 Spring Conference 4/5/2010 Indiana--Visit HSLDA at the FWAHS 26th Annual Resource Expo 4/5/2010 New Jersey--Visit HSLDA at the 20th Annual ENOCH Convention 4/1/2010 Virginia--Warren County & Prince William County Religious Exemption Policy 3/31/2010 HSDLA: Beware National Education Standards 2.0 3/31/2010 HSLDA: Your Calls Needed to Advance Parental Rights Amendment 3/31/2010 Kansas--Scott Woodruff to Speak at the MPE 2010 Conference! 3/30/2010 Virginia--Why the Suspended Policy Is Out Of Bounds 3/29/2010 Virginia--Warren County Suspends Erroneous Policy 3/26/2010 HSLDA Member Benefit: Special Needs Coordinators 3/26/2010 California--Visit HSLDA at the CFS 26th Annual Expo Homeschool Convention 3/26/2010 Pennsylvania--Visit HSLDA at the 24th Annual CHAP Convention 3/26/2010 Wyoming--Visit HSLDA at the Homeschoolers of Wyoming 2010 Convention 3/26/2010 Texas--Visit HSLDA at the 26th Annual Arlington Home School Book Fair 3/25/2010 HSLDA: Meet and Greet Senator Coburn 3/25/2010 Kentucky--Please Continue to Call Now on Bill that Raises Compulsory School Age! 3/25/2010 ParentalRights.org: An Evening of Colonial Elegance 3/24/2010 Rhode Island--Attend North Kingstown Policy Meeting Tomorrow Morning 3/24/2010 Virginia -- Call to Stop Warren County from Abolishing Religious Exemption 3/24/2010 ParentalRights.org: An Evening of Colonial Elegance 3/24/2010 New Mexico--Reminder to Submit Annual Notice of Intent 3/23/2010 Kentucky--Please Call Now on Bill that Raises Compulsory School Age! 3/18/2010 New Hampshire: Listen to Debate on HB 1580, Up for Reconsideration TODAY 3/17/2010 Oklahoma: Visit HSLDA at the OCHEC Eastern Oklahoma (Tulsa) Convention 3/17/2010 Oklahoma--Visit HSLDA at the OCHEC (Oklahoma City) Convention 3/17/2010 New York: Visit HSLDA at the Long Island/NYC Homeschool Convention 3/17/2010 Georgia: Visit HSLDA at the GHEA Conference and Curriculum Fair 3/17/2010 California: Visit HSLDA at the CHEA Bay Area Homeschool Convention 3/16/2010 New Hampshire: Attend Rally to Secure Homeschool Freedom 3/16/2010 South Dakota: Scholarship Equity Bill Passes! 3/15/2010 Virginia--Visit HSLDA and Generation Joshua in Roanoke 3/12/2010 URGENT - Please Take Immediate Action to SECURE Your Homeschool Freedom 3/12/2010 North Carolina: Homeschooling Thru High School Symposium 3/12/2010 Louisiana--Visit HSLDA at the CHEF of La. Homeschool Convention! 3/12/2010 Massachusetts: Visit HSLDA at the 2010 MASSHOPE Convention! 3/12/2010 Washington: Visit HSLDA at the 2010 Christian Heritage Homeschool Conference! 3/12/2010 Missouri--Visit HSLDA at the SHEM Homeschool Convention 3/11/2010 West Virginia: Your Calls Made a Difference--But More Action is Needed! 3/11/2010 Nevada: Special Offer for Homeschool Symposium Attendees 3/10/2010 West Virginia: Call IMMEDIATELY to Stop Compulsory Attendance Age Increase! 3/10/2010 New Hampshire - Your Calls Made a Difference! 3/10/2010 New Mexico--Plan Now to Attend the 2010 CAPE-NM Convention! 3/10/2010 Illinois--Mt. Vernon Undermines Personal Freedom with Daytime Curfew 3/10/2010 South Dakota--Call Your Senator to Support Scholarship Equity Bill 3/9/2010 Maryland--Calls Needed Today to Oppose Discriminatory Attendance Bill 3/9/2010 New Hampshire -Calls Needed Immediately to Defend Against Intrusive Regulations! 3/5/2010 Nebraska--Visit HSLDA at the NCHEA Conference and Curriculum Fair 3/5/2010 Kansas--Visit HSLDA at the Midwest Parent Educators 2010 Conference 3/5/2010 Alaska--Visit HSLDA at the APHEA 2010 Convention! 3/5/2010 Minnesota--Visit HSLDA at the MACHE 2010 Conference! 3/5/2010 Maryland--Visit HSLDA at the MACHE 2010 State Curriculum Fair! 3/5/2010 Missouri--Visit HSLDA at the Greater St. Louis Area Home Educators Expo! 3/5/2010 California--Visit HSLDA at the Central Coast Home Education Conference! 3/5/2010 Alaska--Visit HSLDA at the AHEA 2010 Convention! 3/4/2010 New Hampshire - Correction on Date of Rally at the Capitol! 3/4/2010 New Hampshire--Take Action to Recognize Parents' Educational Freedom! 3/4/2010 South Dakota--Call Your Senator to Support Scholarship Equity Bill 3/4/2010 Mississippi--Threatening Legislation Dead 3/4/2010 Iowa--Stop Calls on HF 2436 3/2/2010 Maryland: Calls Needed to Oppose Compulsory Attendance Bill 3/2/2010 IOWA: Calls Needed Today for Parent-Taught Driver Ed 3/1/2010 Oklahoma: Daytime Curfew Ordinance Being Considered in Oklahoma City 3/1/2010 West Virginia: Calls Needed TODAY to Protect Religious Freedom! 2/26/2010 West Virginia: Immediate Action Needed to Help Protect West Virginia Families! 2/26/2010 HSLDA--Financial Literacy Challenge Opportunity 2/25/2010 Louisiana--Visit HSLDA at the RCHAL 2010 Curriculum Fair! 2/25/2010 New Jersey--Visit HSLDA at the 11th Annual CHAPLET Homeschool Conference! 2/25/2010 HSLDA Member Benefit: Court Report Magazine 2/24/2010 West Virginia: Calls Needed to Protect Religious Freedom! 2/24/2010 Virginia--Protect Loudoun County Library Funding 2/23/2010 South Dakota--Call Your Senator to Support Scholarship Equity Bill 2/22/2010 Maryland--Calls Needed to Oppose Discriminatory Compulsory Attendance Bill 2/22/2010 Third Annual HSLDA High School Symposium 2/22/2010 West Virginia--Calls Needed to Prevent Compulsory Attendance Age Increase! 2/22/2010 Minnesota--Announcing a Parental Rights Seminar Featuring Michael P. 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Limited Time Offer. 2/12/2010 Florida--Visit HSLDA at the 2010 South Florida Homeschool Convention 2/12/2010 Washington--Visit HSLDA at the Inland Northwest Homeschool Conference! 2/12/2010 Illinois--Visit HSLDA at the APACHE 21st Annual Convention! 2/12/2010 HSLDA: Senior Web Developer Needed for 2-3 months 2/12/2010 Utah--Visit HSLDA at the 2010 UTCHA Convention! 2/12/2010 North Dakota--Visit HSLDA at the 2010 NDHSA Convention! 2/12/2010 Maine--Visit HSLDA at the 2010 Homeschoolers of Maine Convention! 2/11/2010 South Dakota: Calls Needed Immediately For College Scholarship Access 2/10/2010 Wyoming: Bill Sponsor pledges to amend language to protect homeschoolers 2/9/2010 West Virginia: Calls Needed to Prevent Compulsory Attendance Age Increase! 2/9/2010 Ohio: Hearing Cancelled -- Continue to Call 2/9/2010 NY: Threat to Parental Rights 2/9/2010 Maryland--Calls Needed to Oppose Discriminatory Compulsory Attendance Bill 2/8/2010 Ohio--Calls Needed to Prevent Unreasonable Government Interference 2/8/2010 Oklahoma: Action Needed--Home Education Freedom Threatened! 2/8/2010 HSLDA: Hear Elizabeth Smith's Encouraging Message at Mom Heart Conference 2/8/2010 South Dakota--Calls Needed for Homeschool Scholarship Bill 2/8/2010 HSLDA: Join Elizabeth Smith at Apologia Live Homeschool Conference 2/8/2010 HSLDA: Join Elizabeth Smith at Apologia Live Homeschool Conference 2/5/2010 West Virginia--Please Keep Calling to Defeat Increased Government Regulation! 2/5/2010 Virginia--Vaccination Equity Bill Wins 22-0 Committee Vote 2/5/2010 Iowa--"Suspended Homeschool Child" Articles 2/3/2010 Oklahoma: Your Attendance Needed for Home Education Day at the Capitol! 2/2/2010 Mississippi--Calls Needed: Legislation Would Threaten Parental Rights 2/2/2010 Virginia--Hearing on Vaccination Equity Bill 2/2/2010 Missouri--Act Now to Prevent Expansion of Compulsory School Attendance 2/2/2010 West Virginia--Call to Defeat Expansion of State Control Over Homeschoolers 2/1/2010 New Mexico--Plan Now to Attend Home School Day at the Capitol Event! 1/29/2010 West Virginia: Increase in Compulsory Attendance Age Proposed 1/29/2010 Michigan--Visit HSLDA at the Kalamazoo Area Homeschool Association 2010 Expo! 1/29/2010 Indiana--Visit HSLDA at the SWIHE 16th Annual Convention! 1/29/2010 Indiana--Visit HSLDA at the Indiana Homeschool Support 2010 Conference! 1/29/2010 Indiana--Visit HSLDA at the IAHE 25th Annual Convention! 1/29/2010 Colorado--Visit HSLDA at the Home Instruction Ministries' Curriculum Fair! 1/29/2010 Hawaii--Visit HSLDA at the Christian Homeschoolers of Hawaii 2010 Conference 1/29/2010 HSLDA: A Sweet Deal for Your Valentine 1/28/2010 Colorado: Email Address Correction 1/27/2010 HSLDA: Free @home e-vent on Home Instruction in North Carolina 1/27/2010 New Mexico: Positive Outcome to New PED Rule 1/27/2010 Louisiana: High School Athletic Association Vote to Allow Access to Sports 1/27/2010 Colorado: Calls Needed to Ensure Parents are Informed of Immunization Exemptions 1/20/2010 Wyoming--Compulsory School Attendance Bill Dies--Freedom Prevails! 1/20/2010 HSLDA: Parental Rights Update from Michael Farris 1/20/2010 New Hampshire--Submit Comments to New Hampshire Board of Education! 1/19/2010 Oklahoma: Action Needed--Home Education Freedom Threatened! 1/18/2010 Wyoming: Hearing at 8:30 1/18/2010 Wyoming: Action Needed to Defend Freedom in Wyoming 1/18/2010 KANSAS: Capitol Rally for Freedom 1/15/2010 New Hampshire: HB 1580 Recognizes Parents' Fundamental Right! 1/15/2010 Michigan--Visit HSLDA at the Mid-Winter Home Educator's Conference 1/15/2010 Florida--Announcing the 2010 Tampa Bay Homeschool Conference and Expo 1/15/2010 Nebraska--Reminder: Parental Rights in Education Symposium with Michael P. 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In a word or phrase, what does leadership mean to you? Trust.
Why did you join the program? I joined this program to learn leadership skills and make new friends in the process, along with gaining college preparation.
What do you hope to gain from the program? I hope to gain long lasting friendships and social skills.
What is or do you think will be your favorite part of the program? My favorite part of the program will be the college tours and various workshops that are presented to the Leaders in the program.


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Edison Pharmaceuticals & Bambino Gesu Children's Hospital Announce Initiation of EPI-743 Phase 2 Cobalamin C Deficiency Syndrome Clinical Trial
First subject enrolled in double-blind placebo-controlled trial
Feb 19, 2013, 12:01 ET
MOUNTAIN VIEW, Calif., Feb. 19, 2013 /PRNewswire/ -- Edison Pharmaceuticals today announced the initiation of a phase 2 clinical trial entitled, "Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial of EPI-743 in Patients with Cobalamin C Defect."
The trial is a placebo-controlled study lasting 12 months, preceded by a six-month run-in phase for all patients to establish a defined clinical and metabolic baseline. The primary endpoint is improvement in visual function with secondary outcome measurements assessing neurologic and neuromuscular function, glutathione biomarkers, quality of life, as well as safety parameters. More information on study specifics is available at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.
The rationale underlying this investigation is centered on understanding whether EPI-743 – a therapeutic targeting primary defects in electron transport– might hold therapeutic benefit in disorders of intermediary metabolism that also result in redox disturbances.
"Cobalamin C deficiency represents an inherited disorder that induces perturbations in the metabolism of glutathione. Given the central role of glutathione in cellular redox balance and antioxidant defense systems, we are eager to explore whether a therapeutic that increases glutathione such as EPI-743 will provide clinical benefit," stated Professor Carlo Dionisi-Vici, Division of Metabolism, Bambino Gesu Children's Hospital– the trial's principal investigator.
Cobalamin C Deficiency Syndrome
Cobalamin C (Cbl-C) defect belongs to the family of diseases known as methylmalonic acidurias and is the most common inborn error of vitamin B12 metabolism. Cbl-C defect is a syndrome that results in multiorgan system disease most significantly impacting the central nervous system. While the clinical presentation can be heterogeneous, the onset of symptoms typically arises within the first year of life and includes seizures, hypotonia, hydrocephalus, developmental delay, and failure to thrive. Visual impairment results from retinal atrophy and oculomotor defects. Cardiovascular disease, hemolytic uremic syndrome, and gastrointestinal involvement may also occur. A smaller subset of patients may present later in childhood or early adulthood and typically have a milder phenotype with neurological and vascular manifestations.
Cbl-C defect is an autosomal recessive disorder with an estimated incidence of 1:60,000 to 1:100,000. The gene responsible for the Cbl-C defect is known as MMACHC and is located on chromosome 1p. On a biochemical level, the Cbl-C defect prevents the conversion of vitamin B12 into its most important metabolically active forms—methylcobalamin and adenosylcobalamin. This in turn leads to the accumulation of methylmalonic acid and homocysteine as well as to the reduced synthesis of methionine. It is believed that the accumulation of methylmalonic acid and homocysteine, along with reduced synthesis of methionine, results in increased cellular oxidative stress and to perturbation in glutathione metabolism — a critical and endogenous cellular antioxidant.
Despite existing vitamin replacement therapies, biochemical abnormalities never fully normalize and there is an unsatisfactory impact on the neurologic outcome.
EPI-743 is an orally bioavailable small molecule being developed by Edison Pharmaceuticals for the treatment of Friedreich's ataxia and other inherited mitochondrial diseases. EPI-743 is a member of the para-benzoquinone class of drugs. It serves as a cofactor for the novel drug target– NADPH quinone oxidase 1 (NQO1). Through a redox-based mechanism, EPI-743 augments endogenous glutathione biosynthesis– essential for the control of oxidative stress.
Edison Pharmaceuticals
Edison Pharmaceuticals is a specialty pharmaceutical company dedicated to developing treatments for children and adults with orphan mitochondrial diseases.
SOURCE Edison Pharmaceuticals, Inc.