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Chris Mooney | August 22, 2011
By Chris Mooney • Monday, August 22, 2011 - 09:10
As author of the 2005 book The Republican War on Science, I've watched recent developments in the presidential race with fascination.
It is not exactly news that many candidates on the GOP side take "war on science" positions, e.g., denying that global warming is human caused, or that human evolution explains who and what we are. Climate and evolution have long been the "big two" issues in the "war," but I would expect that many of the GOP candidates reject modern scientific knowledge on a variety of other subjects as well. (Just ask them about, say, reproductive health and contraception.)
The standard "war on science" saga has droned on—usually in the background–for years and years. But somehow, it all exploded into political consciousness last week with Texas governor Rick Perry's attacks on the integrity of climate researchers, and his claim that his own state teaches creationism–which if true would violate a Supreme Court ruling. (Actually, this is not state policy, though I suspect much creationism is being taught in many schools in Texas, in defiance of the law of the land.)
At that point, former Utah governor and outsider GOP candidate Jon Huntsman Tweeted some simple words, which ended up nevertheless serving as a shot heard round the political world:
"To be clear, I believe in evolution and trust scientists on global warming. Call me crazy."
Huntsman then followed up on ABC News:
I think there's a serious problem. The minute that the Republican Party becomes the party – the anti-science party, we have a huge problem. We lose a whole lot of people who would otherwise allow us to win the election in 2012. When we take a position that isn't willing to embrace evolution, when we take a position that basically runs counter to what 98 of 100 climate scientists have said, what the National Academy of Science – Sciences has said about what is causing climate change and man's contribution to it, I think we find ourselves on the wrong side of science, and, therefore, in a losing position.
I agree, as do moderate Republicans like David Frum and Kenneth Silber. But presumably most of the GOP (or at least its most influential elements) does not, or else this problem would not exist. Which probably means that Huntsman is simultaneously destined to be a media darling, and also an unsuccessful candidate.
He's correct, though: We do have evidence that the GOP's anti-science behavior is pushing former followers away, like atmospheric scientist Kerry Emanuel, whose political deconversion away from the GOP ranks I described here. But the attacks on science may also be drawing in others, and certainly it appeals to the base—particularly the authoritarian Tea Party.
So what follows? Well, a lot.
It's now six years since the "Republican War on Science" thesis was published, and while much has stayed the same during that time, much has also changed. I want to highlight three main developments, or differences, in particular:
1. Bottom Up v. Top Down Anti-Science Attacks. Clearly, the U.S. Republican right has remained at "war" with science—at least on the most hot button issues. Were this not the case, Huntsman's claim would not resonate, as it so obviously does.
If anything, however, I believe matters have gotten worse. Why? Largely because we've swapped the relatively genteel "war on science" of the George W. Bush administration (which was prosecuted in top-down fashion from the White House and administration, largely in service of what various staff believed that the president wanted, or what should or shouldn't be on the public agenda or in the media) for a more populist and bottom-up strain associated with the rise of the Tea Party. This is partly a function of the fact that the GOP is in the opposition right now, rather than running the country; and partly a function of the right moving further to, uh, the right; and partly also, I think, a function of the increasing influence of the blogosphere.
Either way, there are lots of consequences. For instance, the attacks on science are now nastier, aimed at individual scientists and presenting direct assaults on their integrity and their work. This goes far beyond Bush vaguely mumbling that scientists don't have a consensus on climate change, or that it might be natural; or some aide at NOAA or NASA blocking a scientist's media interview.
2. It's Not Just About Science, It's About Reality. Whatever you may have thought of Bush, I don't think he approached the full construction of an alternate reality that we see in the Tea Party (although Bush went quite a way towards constructing an alternate reality around the Iraq war). And this leads to the second really important thing that is different now: Even as everybody revives the "war on science" meme, we now realize that the war isn't really on science at all, but on reality. People who can say that the government banned incandescent light bulbs when it didn't, who can claim that the U.S. can fail to raise the debt ceiling and it won't be any problem, or who assert that the 2009 health care bill created government "death panels" are in denial about a lot more than science.
3. We Need Psychology To Explain This. The major new development, to my mind, has been the application of psychological and neuroscientific approaches to try to understand how people can actually behave and think like this. In particular, more and more attention focuses on motivated reasoning, a subconscious and often automatic emotional process in which people rationalize pre-existing views that are important to their identities, including in the face of direct factual refutation. So we are beginning to be able to understand the Republican denial of science as part of a motivated process in which certain scientific claims are seen as so threatening to self-identity and group affiliations that they must be rejected in order to preserve a sense of self.
What does all this mean? It means that even as the war on science has gotten broader and worse, we are at least beginning to understand how this could happen.
Unfortunately, though, we are not very far along on the road of actually figuring out–and agreeing on–a way to address this problem. Based on what we know about motivated reasoning, though, we know that if science is seen as an attack on people's identities, it will be rejected. So any solution is going to have to make facts themselves seem a whole lot less threatening.
Tall order.
6 degrees replied on Permalink
Halloween or Astrology?
JFK in the early 60s invited the 'Viga' of science- and what it would do for this country.
The GOP of today? Witch craft, Sorcery, and the earth was magically formed 5,000 years ago. Do they also believe in black cats?
anonymous2 replied on Permalink
I see more and more
I see more and more commentary from the left asking about the message, and or the messenger/implementer (Obama), while ignoring the validity of the ideas/beliefs.
Snarky comments about a war on science do not add any value. Nor does calling everyone willing to question those beliefs/views "deniers."
The war is not on the science as that is readily understood and primarily accepted. What the questions center on are the extreme/catastrophic results asserted by a handful of scientists and the willing believers. "Ice deah spirals", ice free yadda yadda, polar bears, Kilimanjaro, Ocean heat content, lost heat, hide the decline, reliance on proxies and really really poor math, denial of contradictory studies, and over reliance on questionable models results. Doe not make a war, but do make for an open discussion.
Keith M replied on Permalink
Readily understood
"The war is not on the science as that is readily understood and primarily accepted."
In what sense is evolution not readily understood and primarily accepted?
Snarky comments about "the extreme/catastrophic results asserted by a handful of scientists and the willing believers" are completely at odds with the evidence, unless your idea of evidence is the opinions posted on WUWT. It is ridiculous that you treat scientific evidence as a left/right divide. No wonder you chose the usual astroturfer's option of hiding behind anonymity.
anonymous2 replied on Permalink
Evolution!? Who brought that up...Oh never mind.
Keith M is anonymous as I. As is Debbi J, or Peter S, or even Phil M (pronounced FilluhM). Another false point.
Evolution has what to doe with this article? Another false point.
…unless your idea of evidence is the opinions posted on WUWT. Another false point.
It is ridiculous that you treat scientific evidence as a left/right divide. Another false point.
I clearly made the point that: "What the questions center on are the extreme/catastrophic results asserted by a handful of scientists and the willing believers." Show us the many successful predictions/projections. Should be easy.
Don't go over that ole list of climate change indicators, because we agree that the climate changes. I'm looking for those successful projections of dire or not so dire results from that change.
"Keith M is anonymous as I.
"Keith M is anonymous as I. As is Debbi J, or Peter S, or even Phil M "
Errr, the difference is, we actually use names. Names you can track. You use an anonymous name, to hide you lies & to prevent others from tracking your history of lies.
"(pronounced FilluhM)"
That is your unique paraphrasing again. Your opinions are well established as shite.
Hank122s replied on Permalink
You guys just go back and forth with the name calling, etc, wtf!
Anon2 asked made a statement about the unsubstantiated claims from some CAGW scientists and their followers and asked a simple question regarding the extreme/catastrophic claims that are made. Can you (Phil or others) reconcile any of that with the truth of our current situation? In other words, what has an hasn't come true in all those over the top predictions. H
A red herring
If, as you claim, you agree that the climate changes, then the dire or not so dire results from that change are as well documented as the change itself.
What hides behind the red herring is whether *WE* are responsible; whether this particular climate change is human-driven. In which case the answer is yes, and the science to support that answer is widely available for your perusal should you be bothered to read it with an open mind.
The dire consequences specifically of AGW lie in climate change at a pace that nature cannot equal. What might happen naturally over thousands, tens of thousands, or hundreds of thousands of years, is happening within the span of industrial civilization, decades and bare centuries.
In a natural climate change, when nature has time to balance, vast swathes of life are wiped out. In AGW, when nature has no time to balance… the outlook isn't pretty.
Bern replied on Permalink
You want predictions?
How about these predictions by climate scientists?
Wally Broecker, in 1975:
James Hansen, in 1981:
James Hansen, in 1988:
Of course, you could go back further all the way to Svante Arrhenius, in 1896, who predicted that burning of fossil fuels would cause an enhanced greenhouse effect and global warming. I dont think he quantified his predictions, though the Wikipedia article suggests he was fairly accurate with his estimate of climate sensitivity (about 2.1ºC per doubling of CO2, compared to a range of 2-5ºC from IPCC AR4).
Actual predictions (as opposed to general hand-waving) by climate sceptics are few & far between - they dont seem to like to put their money where their mouth is.
But here are a couple:
John McLean
Richard Lindzen:
Don Easterbrook:
Loehle and Scafetta:
The message is simple. Where predictions have been made, those that accept CO2-driven climate change are surprisingly accurate over 30-40 year time periods (especially given the limited state of climate science 30-40 years ago!), whereas those that do not diverge from reality quite sharply, usually within just a couple of years.
anonymous2 replied on Permalink
Bern, what I asked for was:
Bern, what I asked for was: ""What the questions center on are the extreme/catastrophic results asserted by a handful of scientists and the willing believers." Show us the many successful predictions/projections. Should be easy."
Note I was emphasizing the extreme/catastrophic results. Your examples failed to answer, what I said: Should be easy. We've already agree that it is warming, but the impacts of that warming are at issue.
cRR kampen replied on Permalink
"Evolution has what to doe with this article?" - First, a number of climate populists are creationists who have to, e.g., deny ice ages. Among them Roy Spencer. Apparently those who deny AGW will believe any nonsense…
Second, evolution theory has a number of verification problems much akin to those of AGW, in particular: there's only one earth at any time to 'experiment' with.
Mike Mangan replied on Permalink
Conversely, it is said that a
Conversely, it is said that a man who does not believe in God will believe in anything, which is why so many atheists believe in the AGW myth. Its your own fundamentalist religion, you eco-jihadi. You people are as offensive as the Westboro Baptist Church, as unbending as Al Qaeda.
rr.kampen replied on Permalink
Is that said?
Well, sing a song. The fact I don't believe in nonsense does not imply I don't believe in reality or truths about reality. But oh well, such logic is not for those who believe in nonsense up to a point they will give their (or rather someone else's) life for it. Sing a song then.
"The war is not on the
"The war is not on the science as that is readily understood and primarily accepted."
Yes it is. It's quite clear. Vested interests vs science.
RickJames replied on Permalink
Vested Interests - The
Vested Interests - The western developed world likes living in luxury and the rest of the world wants to join us. Vested interests play a definite role in this discussion. When it comes right down to it, people really really dont want poverty.
If we limit "vested interests" to a few fat cat oil men, we are missing something bigger.
Mike Mangan replied on Permalink
Oh, but the politicians and
Oh, but the politicians and bureaucrats around the world who lust after the trillions in carbon taxes arent special interests. They are pure as the driven snow. There will be no rent-seekers out there, making billions off of some phony carbon trading scam ala Enron. Only angels trying to save the world will participate.
Such childish fantasies you people engage in.
"Oh, but the politicians and
"Oh, but the politicians and bureaucrats around the world who lust after the trillions in carbon taxes arent special interests."
Got an example? How did they arrive at that decision?
"When it comes right down to
"When it comes right down to it, people really really dont want poverty."
Rick, you are right about that. It's a real problem & the answers are not easy.
shindig1 replied on Permalink
this poll made me hopeful
"On everything but the size of government, Tea Party supporters are increasingly out of step with most Americans, even many Republicans. Indeed, at the opposite end of the ideological spectrum, today's Tea Party parallels the anti-Vietnam War movement which rallied behind George S. McGovern in 1972. The McGovernite activists brought energy, but also stridency, to the Democratic Party — repelling moderate voters and damaging the Democratic brand for a generation. By embracing the Tea Party, Republicans risk repeating history."
anonymous2 replied on Permalink
And by not embracing the Tea
And by not embracing the Tea Party they risk starting a third party mostly of their supporters.
This is already occurring.
This is already occurring. The GOP is splintering; solid Republicans are "coming out" and resisting the downward slide of the party openly.
Mike Mangan replied on Permalink
Not that you could provide
Not that you could provide proof of that. Like most Alarmist beliefs this one is made up of whole cloth. Obama is currently tied in the polls with " a syphilitic camel." There, I like mine better.
Keith M replied on Permalink
Still working to your astroturfer's crib sheet
Changing the subject must be right up there, along with throwing in pseudo science, as a means of disarming a blog by swamping it in white noise.
Agarikon replied on Permalink
You have a god complex
The moment we accept current scientific understanding as dogma we are following a religion.
re·li·gion [ri-lij-uhn] Show IPA
1. a set of beliefs concerning the cause, nature, and purpose of the universe, especially when considered as the creation of a superhuman agency or agencies, usually involving devotional and ritual observances, and often containing a moral code governing the conduct of human affairs.
2. a specific fundamental set of beliefs and practices generally agreed upon by a number of persons or sects: the Christian religion; the Buddhist religion.
3. the body of persons adhering to a particular set of beliefs and practices: a world council of religions.
4. the life or state of a monk, nun, etc.: to enter religion.
5. the practice of religious beliefs; ritual observance of faith.
(from Dictionary.com)
Chances are there's a lot of science around you, on you, and within you at any given moment that you could not sufficiently explain, but accept anyway.
I regularly worship the forces of gravity, magnetism, and electricity myself, amongst hundreds of other scientific principles.
There is a difference between acceptance of an idea on faith alone, versus acceptance of an idea that, with time and effort, you could assemble facts, perform experiments, and draw theories. Religion is faith. Science is fact.
Keith M replied on Permalink
Another distraction from the astroturfer's cookbook
"So what experiment has, or can be, performed which scientifically proves that human beings have caused the Earth's climate to change?"
I suppose you'd prefer to wait for irrefutable evidence, rather than the 95% probability that AGW is happening, to give the carbon industries the time to maximise their profits before they're rumbled. Reminds me of the tobacco industry and cancer, but with much higher stakes.
anonymous2 replied on Permalink
Appeals to historical authority
KeithM (anonymousX), says: "Reminds me of the (add your long list of events/crusades here), but with much higher stakes."
But much higher stakes?????? And this is the crux of the argument. Few deny that man impacts the planet and that those impacts can change local climates. Done!!!!! But that is and has been true since (our inception, dinosaurs, fishes, plants, multi-celled forms, single cell life, etc (see how that long list process works?) also have impacted the planet and just as surely the climate.
What climate did you expect and which do you wish to repeat?
"…much higher stakes????" PSHAW!!!
And you do not think it is religion? Double PSHAW!!!
Keith M replied on Permalink
@anonymous2: "add your long
@anonymous2: "add your long list of events/crusades here"
No actually, the list is very short. In fact it has only one entry: the tobacco industry's ruthless campaign of spreading uncertainty and doubt about the evidence linking tobacco smoking to cancer, so that they could go on profiting from the sale of cigarettes. As I said, just like the carbon industries and AGW.
That's quite the opposite of religion as I understand it, unless I missed the bit about immorality being good for the soul.
"What's that you say? None?
"What's that you say? None? In other words, the proposition of AGW is unfalsifiable, and therefore does not meet the minimum standard required in order to be a valid scientific theory."
What's that? Putting words in my mouth? Must be out of hope or desperate belief that repeating yourself enough will make you right.
Data. Hypothesis. Prediction. Experiment. All peer-reviewed, scrutinized, kicked back if fault is found. It's all out there for the finding. It took me a few seconds typing in Google to find experiments that have been or are being performed. I suppose it takes less effort to deny than to actually look things up.
The experiments prove or disprove the predictions. Observations are made, data is kicked back in, and it all goes through again.
As I stated to begin with, however, even you could go to school, learn the relevant topics, follow the scientific method *and come up with the same conclusions*. There's no need to take anything on faith.
anonymous replied on Permalink
"Data. Hypothesis.
"Data. Hypothesis. Prediction. Experiment."
Um,except they keep forgetting the "experiment" part.
What "experiment", exactly, conclusively proves human activity has, or is capable of, changing the climate of Earth?
Oh, and the "data" part has turned out to be pretty dubious, as well.
The way they've been practicing climate science goes more like this:
1. Conclusion
2. Collusion
3. Data
4. "Fix" Data
5. "Lose" Original Data
6. Accuse Critics of Being Paid by Exxon
7. Nobel Peace Prize
Sound about right?
(Note: d'Smogblog is frantically sifting through all the comments and painstakingly deleting ones like the above, and futilely banning IP addresses. Personally, I find this rather amusing, and it gives you an idea of how much they want to hide criticism. Oh, well. It takes me 2 seconds to repost. PR company FAIL!)
cRR kampen replied on Permalink
"Sound about right?"
Sure. Just keep on being totally ignorant about Fourier, Tyndall, Arrhenius :)
anonymous2 replied on Permalink
cRR K, yeah that's it.
cRR K, yeah that's it. Listen to me because I'm about to appeal to authority. Let me list: (add you list of names here) to make no point what so ever.
cRR kampen replied on Permalink
What names?
Mine was a list of science. I know you have to ignore that, facts being taboo for you postmodernist inquisitioners, but there are dissidents :)
Keith M replied on Permalink
You seem very desperate to get your message across
"Note: d'Smogblog is frantically sifting through all the comments and painstakingly deleting ones like the above, and futilely banning IP addresses. Personally, I find this rather amusing, and it gives you an idea of how much they want to hide criticism. Oh, well. It takes me 2 seconds to repost. PR company FAIL!"
I suppose you well resourced astroturfers have no shortage of IP addresses you can draw on. Of course, by posting anonymously, us readers can't keep track of which of you is posting what - which no doubt suits your purpose.
Chris Mooney has obviously hit a sore spot, for you to be so persistent.
anonymous2 replied on Permalink
KeithM is just as anonymous
KeithM is just as anonymous as PhilM, Phil M, anonymous and anonymous2. But you just keep beating that dead horse.
Keith M replied on Permalink
Pot meet kettle ...
As has been repeatedly pointed out, you can see all the posts that I have made, whereas there is no way to tell if anonymous posts are by the same or different people. I suppose it doesn't matter to you, as the intention of you astroturfers is simply to fill blogs with white noise, in the hope that it buries the message the blogger was making.
A2, you simply don't get it
A2, you simply don't get it do you? It's beyond your level of comprehension.
Please point me to a blog outside of desmog blog that I can search for a post of yours under the name "anonymous2".
I, in turn will give you a link from other sites that I frequent , where I use the same name "Phil M", where you can search the history of my posts.Actually, I used to have both Phil M & PhilM before your name impersonating mate "anonymous" that you endorse, registered PhilM for the purposes of slander & smear. So for this site at least, I have to distinguish myself as "Phil M".
We both know you can't provide proof of your pseudonym "anonymous2" outside of this blog . Because you want to hide the history of your lies.
A denier & liar for hire.
Please prove me wrong with a link.
Sean McCorkle replied on Permalink
"So what experiment has, or
"So what experiment has, or can be, performed which scientifically proves that human beings have caused the Earth's climate to change?"
well, we could stop all fossil CO2 emissions for a few decades to check whether or not that has the opposite effect.
"What's that you say? None? In other words, the proposition of AGW is unfalsifiable, and therefore does not meet the minimum standard required in order to be a valid scientific theory."
There are a number of observational sciences in which actual experiments are either not always possible or are impractical: astronomy, geology, oceanography, etc. Doesn't mean they're not sciences.
"And since no proof of the claim of AGW exists, or is currently possible, then your belief in AGW is based on nothing more than faith."
BS. Evidence for anthropogenic global warming starts with the historic record of fossil fuel consumption and the measurement record of atmospheric CO2 concentration, mass conservation arguments, about 100 years worth of physics and molecular spectroscopy, and temperature records. No religion.
Agarikon replied on Permalink
Not exactly
You are using words as if they exist as an object. Science is not a fact. It is a process which can lead to a greater understanding of how certain aspects of the world works. And even then we are interpreting this understanding through our words which are not infallible and through our limited minds.
I like the definition of religion as scrupulous conformity. And many people who read layman's articles of popular science articles based on our current understanding and then blast other people who call these into question, which includes top scientist, are simply do just that.
cRR kampen replied on Permalink
Finally CO2 concentration is at 20.000 ppm, global temp is 15° C but it would all just be faith like it was three billion years ago :)
"So what experiment has, or can be, performed which scientifically proves that human beings have caused the Earth's climate to change?" - Look around. The experiment is in progress.
anonymous replied on Permalink
(The following reply was
(The following reply was deleted by d'Smogblog, and is re-posted. What are they trying to hide?)
"There is a difference between acceptance of an idea on faith alone, versus acceptance of an idea that, with time and effort, you could assemble facts, perform experiments, and draw theories. Religion is faith. Science is fact."
So what experiment has, or can be, performed which scientifically proves that human beings have caused the Earth's climate to change?
What's that you say? None? In other words, the proposition of AGW is unfalsifiable, and therefore does not meet the minimum standard required in order to be a valid scientific theory.
And since no proof of the claim of AGW exists, or is currently possible, then your belief in AGW is based on nothing more than faith.
Ergo, climate alarism is no different from any other faith-based religion. Let's call it "The Church of Climate Scientology".
Skyler Zaleski replied on Permalink
Fact? not really, its all on Theory
Science is based on theory, Solitha, sorry to pop that bubble. Take a high level Calculus, Physics, Chemistry, or Engineering class. when it comes right down to it, all of it is based on theory. Yes there are times when we cross something off as being a theory and put it into the realm of fact. You talked about magnetism, gravity, and electricity, these are all based on theories, which we do not understand fully. Yes, we understand basic principles, but that is all. You then worship these on faith, that is religion. Look at numbers 1 & 2 for confirmation on your faith being a religion.
Einstein did not understand electricity, magnetism, or electricity, if you do, please enlighten me. An interesting thought is the String theory, another, is the Bible Creation theory. Although String theory can not explain it all and the Bible Creation theory says that in time you will know and understand, have faith that it works and keep learning to understand. Me I like the latter. :)
Mike Mangan replied on Permalink
War on science?
Is that like the Dems War on Freedom? Or their War on the Economy? Or their War on Job Creators? How about their War on the Constitution? The public does not give a crap about your global warming lunacy. They care about jobs. They care about the $16 trillion in debt that you economic illiterates choose to ignore. They care about an oppressive, unconstitutional health care plan that was shoved down the nations throat without the consent of the majority.
BTW, the majority of economists surveyed by the National Association for Business Economics believe that the federal deficit should be reduced only or primarily through spending cuts. Let me guess, you see know reason to obey the majority of experts on a subject you disagree with. http://www.cnbc.com/id/44226011
War on Inanity
Awful lot of wild shots in the dark there. The one about the War on the Constitution made me nearly LOL… what exactly do you think that horrible left-wing group the ACLU does?
What's even more funny is the apparent point of your rant. So far as I know, Chris doesn't try to say whose economic plan is better - except that nose-thumbing at the threat of default was clearly anti-reality. So you're blasting him for not supporting a particular economic plan…
Wait, what? That's totally straw-man there.
And wow, talk about projection. So far as I know Chris has not stated an opinion in terms of your linked survey of economic experts, yet you blast him for "disagree[ing]" with them. At the same time, you make it clear that you totally disbelieve a worldwide, nearly complete consensus amongst experts in another field (global warming lunacy).
So… "[]let me guess, you see know[sic] reason to obey the majority of experts on a subject you disagree with." Need a bit of salt for that foot?
Mike Mangan replied on Permalink
Sorry youre unable to see the
Sorry youre unable to see the connection between Alarmists demanding that we submit to the judgement of various science bureaucracies and how that isnt applied to other fields. None of you orcs would ever agree to a policy of spending cuts only to combat the debt yet that is the opinion of a majority of economic experts. Dont expect Republicans to be swayed in the least by a group like the NAS or whoever.
As far as the bogus piece of propaganda about bowing to the will of 98 percent of "climate scientists" well, you just made that up. Show me a poll by a polling organization, show me their methodology. 98 out of 100! LOL! Right out of a 1950s advertising manual. Remember, 98 out of 100 voters are going to see that number and automatically think, "Bull****!"
Robert Drake replied on Permalink
Who is this economic consensus?
The National Association of Business Economics? Essentially a colloquium of industry-employed "company economists" (think economist like Larry Kudlow uses the imprimatur whenever his face appears on television) and disgraced neoliberal insiders like Alan Greenspan and Obama's own chief economic adviser Larry Summers. You do realize that NABE gave Summers their Adam Smith Award? And it wasn't in the interests of bipartisanship.
I wouldn't expect the GOP to be swayed by the NAS because their methods are reasonable and their conclusions don't confirm with the GOP's un-reality. You can't make a man believe something when his paycheck depends on him not believing it. The GOP's bread and butter is in industry sycophancy and catering to a small, uninformed, revanchist minority of angry white people who've seen their living standards retreat faster than the Greenland ice sheet. This has happened under Republican domination of the political process for the last 30-years (The GOP has controlled the presidency for 20 of those years, the Senate for 18 of those years, and the House for 12 of those years–conservatives have had de facto control of the House for much longer than that via GOP alliances with Boll Weevil and Blue Dog Democrats.)
But a relentless marketing campaign decrying the "liberal" Clinton and Obama administrations (both Republican administrations far to the right of Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford and much of the Reagan administrations for that matter) have convinced those people that the root of their ills is some nebulous "liberal" conspiracy and not in the amoral economic elites that spend the vast majority of the discretionary budget on defense and intelligence gathering, export their jobs to Indonesia, pump their well water full of poisons, spill oil on their beaches, perpetrate private economic theft (not "economic growth") in the trillions through fraud or redistribution, before flying off to Davos, Switzerland for a Christmas holiday before returning to cut their unemployment benefits and raise their children's tuition, while their houses are foreclosed on, because the rich don't want to pay taxes when they're woefully undertaxed by any historical or international standard.
anonymous replied on Permalink
Ah, calling out the economic illiterates
It was a nice touch to call out the economic illiterates while proving that you are also economically illiterate. Its a bit discomforting to know that a majority of "experts" also agree with the absurd. Lovely.
Robert Drake replied on Permalink
You mean there's a difference between the GOP and Democrats?
I really couldn't tell the last 30-years. It's amusing listening to fools blather on about a War on Job Creators (compare the records of job creation and economic prosperity during the New Deal consensus and the economic record of the post-Reagan era of speculative booms and busts, rising inequality, catastrophic debts, the financialization of the economy, etc, etc ) or a War on the Constitution. The GOP respects the Constitution? Both parties have greased the skids toward a corporate police state, both parties, at least since the late-80's have been overwhelmed by neoliberal economic theories that don't have an iota of evidence to support them.
That's the interesting thing about right-wing science deniers, they occupy all sorts of loony positions in contradiction to the facts on global warming, species extinction, deforestation, the harms of chemicals in nature, from pesticides to fracking fluids; they deny evolution, denied that cigarette smoke or asbestos caused cancer, said mandating safety engineering for cars would be counter-productive, etc, etc and yet they embrace, like a baby embraces a mother's bosom, something as utterly absurd as supply-side economics and neoliberal trade policy.
They rant about the unreliability of modeling climate change and deploy the usual assortment of dog and pony philosophical arguments about the impossibility of proving anything conclusively about evolution or climate change, while at the same time relying upon crap methodologies like cost-benefit analysis or the entire facade of neoclassical dogma in economics, which they brandish as if it were Newtonian mechanics and not some tattered garment ravished even by its own proponents. The difference between global warming and tax cuts as a means of stimulating the economy? The latter has many a Nobel Prize winning detractor who have generally, unlike global warming deniers, been far better in their predictions than the assholes spouting the company line.
Skyler K Zaleski replied on Permalink
where is your evidence
Where is your so called evidence that man developed from apes? Where is your evidence that man is destroying the earth?
There is evidence in Natural Selection, not Evolution.
There is evidence that what man does has a small effect on the environment, but to blame mankind for climate-change is irrational. Look at the history of the earth and you will see that there have been many cycles of climate-change, not man made, and whatever man does we cannot change the cycle. You will stop the Mississippi River from flowing and fast as you will change the fact that there are Climate Cycles that the Earth goes through.
Who is attacking science, those who bring in facts that have been tampered with to show what they want. The entire Al Gore alternate reality is one that you need to also talk about in your psychological and neuroscientific research. Look at the facts.
As for me I believe in God and I believe that he created this world and all others. I believe that both creationism and evolution should be taught in school so that kids can choose which to believe, or do you not believe in the freedom to choose?
Psychology is needed to explain how someone can believe that they are right when they fabricate evidence. Please explain this.
I am guessing that you are a Liberal Democrat and that you voted for Pres, Obama. If that is the case, then please explain your reasoning for voting for a fool who promised change, and never said in what and very rarely voted for anything. I did not trust him when he ran and now I know why I do not trust him now. He has done more fore socializing this country then about any other president. He has also taken this country into the biggest debt that has ever been seen in history. Pres. Obama has bowed subserviently to other dignitaries instead of standing equal to them, he has not only talked with terrorists but is friends with some of them. Then here is a shocking truth, he can not keep a budget let alone make one, it seems the entire Democratic Party do not know how to make a budget. Where is your Psychology now? Why are you not talking about the ball drop made by the Democrats for not making a budget, and for not knowing how economics work.
Your rant and rave over Science, meaning Evolution and Global Climate Change, they mean nothing, because they will not affect the state of the USA. Being in Debt will, not being able to afford a military to protect ourselves will, not able to care for our own people will effect the state of the USA. Why do you not talk about these issues?, instead you rant and rave over frivolous things.
The next time you're down with a cold or the flu, remember what you've said here. After all, if evolution wasn't true, but only natural selection, we should have a cure for all influenza and common cold viruses, like we did for polio and smallpox.
We don't, because they mutate. Living things mutate. This is observed and documented fact.
When you then think that we're too minimal to cause global change… think again about that virus. Compared to you, it's so tiny! And yet it can raise your "global" temperature (fever) and make you violently ill. It can really, you know, throw off your body's whole balance. It can even kill you.
However, your body temperature changes normally! On any given day, it rises and lowers based on what you're doing and where you are. Does that mean that a fever is just part of your normal temperature variation? No, it doesn't. It's a symptom of a system out of balance.
Yes, climate change happens. If you accept this, and the science in the record of our planet, then you must understand that it goes slowly. Like, on the order of thousands, tens of thousands, or hundreds of thousands of years. Never before in Earth's history has the climate changed this much this quickly. And the previous episodes resulted in immense loss of biodiversity, even though life had a lot more time to try to adapt.
You believe in God and Creationism. Yay for you. You believe it should be taught in school; that not doing so is an affront against freedom. What about the freedom of those that don't believe as you do? Is it not an affront against their rights to shove your religion down their throats?
And that's what it is. Purely and simply. Creationism, and God, are based on belief, not facts. Creationism is not a scientific theory. It pre-supposes a Creator who cannot be proven by any scientific method to exist. It does not belong in a science class.
By the way, I doubt you will let your kids *choose* what to believe. You just want to choose for everyone else's kids.
That's not freedom.
As for Obama, I suppose you're another one who conveniently forgets which president vastly overspent the budget while cutting revenue. That would be Bush.
As for what will and will not affect the USA, Mother Nature disagrees. Flora and fauna moving their ranges upwards in altitude, and pole-wards in latitude, disagree. The glaciers in Alaska? Disagree. Farmland turning into dustbowls? They disagree too. Food shortages? Definitely disagree. Extreme weather events? Yeah. Disagree.
Welcome to motivated reasoning. Have a nice day.
RickJames replied on Permalink
"Flora and fauna moving their
"Flora and fauna moving their ranges upwards in altitude, and pole-wards in latitude"
thats a plus
"The glaciers in Alaska?"
might not be bad
"Farmland turning into dustbowls?"
1930s are evidence that such things are cyclcal
"Food shortages?"
thats all distribution and greed - there are more people and more food than ever before
"Extreme weather events?"
Galveston … and a thousand other examples of past weather events show the past was just as bad as the present - if there is a problem it is that too many people have chosen to live in known trouble spots


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Both traditional and alternative certifications exist in the WTAMU education program. The traditional path is for those seeking to earn a bachelor's degree along with a teacher certification. The alternative path is for students that already have at least a bachelor's degree wishing to obtain a teacher certification.
|Traditional Program
|Alternative Programs
|Texas Teacher Certification (at program completion)

subset: commoncrawl


text:
When the captain and coach got it all wrong
Isn't a record of four wins out of five matches impressive? Not really, when two of those wins were a shaky performance against Afghanistan and an inconsequential league game against England. Sanjjeev K Samyal reports. Blunders? | The heat's on Captain coolindia Updated: Oct 04, 2012 11:19 IST
Isn't a record of four wins out of five matches impressive? Not really, when two of those wins were a shaky performance against Afghanistan and an inconsequential league game against England. Not being able to finish in the top two in a four-team group will be counted as India's failure.
The inability to qualify for the World Twenty20 semifinals has put a question mark on the effectiveness of MS Dhoni and Duncan Fletcher. Since the two got together, success away from home has eluded the team. Their only claim to fame can be the West Indies Test series win in 2011.
Since then, India were routed in England and Australia, failed to make the finals of the one-day Tri-series in Australia and the Asia Cup in Dhaka. The debacle here has added insult to injury. The two are regarded among the shrewdest brains in cricket but have failed to click.Leadership slump
Dhoni is a pale shadow of what he was during his partnership with Gary Kirsten, and the T20 event in Sri Lanka is the latest example. In a format where one mistake can cost you the game, India failed to find a settled combination right till their exit.
For all the experiments by Dhoni and Fletcher, they could not get the team balance right. They remained in a dilemma over whether to pick a six batsmen-five bowler combination or play seven batsmen and four bowlers, and whether to play three pacers or an extra spinner.
Once the England batsmen floundered against spin, India fielded the same combination of five bowlers against Australia. It didn't reflect well on the tactical acumen of the captain and the coach. The strategy seemed to be based more on the hope that 'what worked against England will work against Australia'.One wondered if they took into account the fact that Shane Watson, David Warner and Mike Hussey were adept at playing spin on slow wickets due to their Indian Premier League stints.
There are bowling units for whom the opponents and conditions may not matter, but rating the Indian attack among them is wishful thinking, and thus the key lies in selecting horses for courses.
Dropping Virender Sehwag for Piyush Chawla was loaded with risk and it was the Australia game in the final analysis that sounded the death knell for India. They came back to win their next two Super Eights games but could not recover the ground conceded against Watson and Warner. The only time India looked to have got the combination right was against Pakistan and it reflected in the result.
No change
If one thought wiser sense had finally prevailed, against South Africa the captain went in with an unchanged line-up. The three-pacer theory has often worked against Pakistan but it was surprising to see Dhoni use the combination against the Proteas.
And that too on a wicket where, minutes earlier, Pakistan had strangled Australia with spinners, not bowling their pacer till the 18th over.
Shoddy showing
In the end, despite the four wins, it was a shoddy performance, the prime example being the win over Afghanistan.
It was a torturous batting show with the batsmen edgy and nervous. They were only made to look good because of the poor catching by the inexperienced Afghans.Dhoni at least has the cushion of his previous record, but for Fletcher, the signs are not good. The duo needs to get its, and the team's, act together, and fast.
First Published: Oct 03, 2012 23:59 IST


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Herman Miller's Weaving Community Desktop Wallpapers
I was just thinking how it was about time to refresh my folder of desktop wallpapers. During winter through spring, I had gone through a dark spell of moody wallpapers. But with June gloom melting away, now seems an opportune time to replace the monitor with one of the 11 free joyfully bright and colorful designs from Herman Miller to welcome summer...
In celebration of the start of the 2012 NeoCon design exposition and conference, we've been taking a Community Pulse -- a series of thought-provoking questions on work, life, and all the spaces in-between.
As our thank-you for taking part, we're offering 11 free wallpaper downloads for your desktop, iPhone, and iPad, all inspired by the different ways Herman Miller defines "community." Explore several that shape our NeoCon 2012 experience by downloading your favorite wallpaper now.
Republished in partnership with Herman Miller Lifework.
(Top image: Gregory Han)


text:
Patrick J. Maney, Chair of the Department
Gerasimos Augustinos, Ph.D., Indiana University, 1971
Dan T. Carter, Ph.D., University of North Carolina, 1967
Education Foundation Professor of History
Kendrick A. Clements, Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley, 1970
Owen Connelly, Ph.D., University of North Carolina, 1960
Caroline McKissick Dial Professor of History
Walter B. Edgar, Ph.D., University of South Carolina, 1969
George Washington Distinguished Professor of History
Claude Henry Neuffer Professor of Southern Studies
Lacy K. Ford Jr., Ph.D., University of South Carolina, 1983
Robert Edwin Herzstein, Ph.D., New York University, 1964
Carolina Distinguished Professor
Paul E. Johnson, Ph.D., University of California, Los Angeles, 1975
Daniel C. Littlefield, Ph.D., Johns Hopkins University, 1977
Carolina Professor of History
Patrick J. Maney, Ph.D., University of Maryland, 1976
Ralph W. Mathisen, Ph.D., University of Wisconsin, 1979
Louise Fry Scudder Professor
Robert Benjamin Patterson, Ph.D., Johns Hopkins University, 1962
Kenneth J. Perkins, Ph.D., Princeton University, 1973
Constance B. Schulz, Ph.D., University of Cincinnati, 1973
Mark M. Smith, Ph.D., University of South Carolina, 1995
Marcia Graham Synnott, Ph.D., University of Massachusetts, 1974
Robert R. Weyeneth, Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley, 1984
Clyde N. Wilson Jr., Ph.D., University of North Carolina, 1971
Associate Professors
Ronald R. Atkinson, Ph.D., Northwestern University, 1978
Thomas J. Brown, Ph.D., Harvard University, 1995
Kathryn Edwards, University of California, Berkeley, 1993
Lawrence B. Glickman, Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley, 1992
Gary Edward Gregg, Ph.D., University of London, 1972
Carol E. Harrison, D.Phil., Oxford University, 1993
William Dean Kinzley, Ph.D., University of Washington, 1984
Jessica Kross, Ph.D., University of Michigan, 1974
Simon Paul MacKenzie, D.Phil., Oxford University, 1989
Michael C. Scardaville, Ph.D., University of Florida, 1977
Michael Smith, Ph.D., Cornell University, 1972
John Scott Wilson, Ph.D., University of North Carolina, 1966
Assistant Professors
Bobby Donaldson, Ph.D., Emory University, 2002
Lessie Jo Frazier, Ph.D., University of Michigan, 1998
Karl G. Gerth, Ph.D., Harvard University, 2000
Ketherine C. Grier, Ph.D., University of Delaware, 1988
Anna Krylova, Ph.D., Johns Hopkins, 2000
Thomas M. Lekan, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1999
Valinda Littlefield, University of Illinois, Champaign, 2002
The Department of History at the University of South Carolina strives to achieve the highest standards of excellence in both conventional and applied history fields. A traditionally excellent Southern history department is complemented by a strong faculty that provides graduates and undergraduates a wide variety of American, European, and non-Western fields and periods from ancient to modern. The public history program is among the best in the nation and prepares graduate students for the museum, archival, and historic preservation job markets.
Financial assistance is offered by way of a limited number of graduate assistantships each year. Incoming students and continuing students seeking aid for the summer and fall semesters should apply by February 15. Continuing students applying for the spring semester should apply by October 15.
Students are eligible for departmental financial assistance for a total of eight semesters. This limitation does not include summer sessions, nondepartmental funded assistantships, or one-semester research assistantships for students in ABD status.
Provided there is sufficient funding, the department awards several research assistantships to advanced doctoral students. Further, the department makes several postdoctoral appointments (of no more than one year) to new Ph.D.s, to give them experience teaching upper-division undergraduate courses in their major field.
Graduate students receiving assistantships from the department are entitled to reduced fees (including tuition) regardless of residence status. Those who hold assistantships for the spring semester or have letters of notification for the fall semester are entitled to reduced fees during the summer terms.
The history department admits students once a year, in March, although accepted students may begin work in either the fall or spring semester. Completed applications shall be received by The Graduate School no later than January 5 of the year they are to be considered.
For the 2001-2002 academic year, there were 60 applicants for our graduate programs; 34 were admitted and 24 enrolled (eight each in master's programs in history and public history and eight in the Ph.D. program). This class has an average GRE score of 1150 on two of the three components of the exam and an average undergraduate GPA of 3.50.
For admission to the Ph.D. program, students normally shall have the M.A. degree in history. Exceptions will be considered on a case-by-case basis by the Committee on Graduate Studies. Incoming Ph.D. students who hold a master's degree from another university must complete our M.A. requirements or demonstrate that they have completed similar course work. No formal transfer credit is given, but the Graduate Committee normally takes previous graduate work in history into account, which may speed the student's progress toward the doctorate.
A student who intends to take both the M.A. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of South Carolina shall be advised that the M.A. program (including the thesis and comprehensive examination) shall be completed, and the student shall otherwise be qualified as outlined herein, before proceeding to the Ph.D. program.
Degrees offered include the M.A., M.A. in Public History, M.A.T. and I.M.A. in social studies (history option) and Ph.D. In addition, a joint master's program in library and information science and public history is offered.
Normally, no more than six hours of courses in either the M.A. or Ph.D. programs may be taken at the 500 or 600 level. All other courses shall be at the 700 or 800 level. Courses taken at the 800 level may be repeated, but only with the permission of the Committee on Graduate Studies. Thesis or dissertation research and writing courses (799 and 899) may be taken as many times as deemed necessary by the student's advisor and with the approval of the Committee on Graduate Studies.
No courses that counted toward the M.A. may be used in the Ph.D. program, with the exception of historiography. No more than 6 hours of credit for courses offered by television or radio may be counted toward the M.A., M.A. (Public), or Ph.D. degree. No more than 3 hours of such courses may be counted toward the M.A.T. degree.
Master of Arts in History
The M.A. in History is offered in the following fields:
Candidates for the M.A. degree shall file a program of study during their first semester of study and in no case later than 12 months after entering the program.
Candidates for the M.A. in History take a minimum of 30 semester hours, of which not more than 6 hours are for the thesis. Credit hours shall be distributed as follows:
A reading knowledge of one foreign language or competence in an appropriate methodology is required. Choice of the latter must be approved by the Graduate Committee.
The M.A. thesis will be an expanded version of the student's 800-level research seminar paper, revised to the standard of a potentially publishable article-length essay. Normally, students will submit the thesis in the semester after completion of the 800-level research seminar paper, but students who complete their 800-level seminar in their first year may petition the Graduate Committee to submit their thesis during their final semester in the M.A. program. The thesis must be submitted in accordance with the regulations of The Graduate School.
Following successful completion of an 800-level research seminar, students will take an oral comprehensive examination on their thesis. In this examination, the student will be asked to place his/her thesis in historiographic perspective. Normally, students will take the comprehensive examination in the semester after they complete an 800-level seminar. However, students who complete an 800-level seminar in their first year may petition the Graduate Committee to take their M.A. examination during their final semester in the program.
The M.A. in Public History integrates traditional graduate study in history with professional training in the skills used in the public and private sectors. The curriculum offers a choice of three areas of concentration for the major field: historic preservation, museums, and archives. In addition, students complete course work in a minor field within the general graduate history curriculum, usually but not exclusively U.S. to 1877 or U.S. since 1789.
Candidates for the M.A. in Public History choose a major and a minor field, take written comprehensive examinations in both fields, and write a thesis. A minimum of 36 semester hours, of which 21 hours will be in public history courses and 15 hours will be in the history core, are required. Credit hours will be distributed between the major and minor fields as follows:
Major field (21 hours)
Students take 15 hours of course work chosen from one of three concentrations. As appropriate to their courses of study and with the approval of their advisors, students may petition to make substitutions for one or more of the courses listed below.
Historic Preservation: two courses in the preservation core (HIST 792, HIST 692, HIST 789, ARTH 542); two courses chosen from HIST 786, ARTH 790, ANTH 545, ANTH 576, ANTH 742, ANTH 745, or a remaining core course; and one course from any listed for the museums or archives track including cross-listed courses.
Museums: two courses in the museums core (HIST 789, COLA 700, COLA 701); two courses chosen from HIST 692, HIST 786, ARTH 543, ARTH 560, ARTH 561, ARTH 562, COLA 703, COLA 704, or a remaining core course; and one course from any listed for the preservation or archives track including cross-listed courses.
Archives: two courses in the archives core (HIST 790, HIST 791, CLIS 719, CLIS 750); two courses chosen from HIST 786, CLIS 710, CLIS 724, CLIS 734 or a remaining core course; and one course from any listed for the preservation or museums track including cross-listed courses.
Students must also complete 3 hours of internship (HIST 798; CLIS 794 for students in the M.A./M.L.I.S program) and 3 hours of thesis preparation (HIST 799).
Minor Field (15 hours)
For the minor field, students will complete 3 hours of historical research methods (HIST 788); 3 hours of historiography (HIST 796 or HIST 797 as appropriate); and 9 hours in the minor field of study, 3 of which must be an overview of the field (HIST 701-712), and 3 of which must be an 800-level research seminar. With the approval of their advisors, students minoring in United States history may substitute HIST 701, HIST 702, HIST 703, or an appropriate thematic historiographical reading seminar, for HIST 797.
Following successful completion of an 800-level research seminar, an oral comprehensive examination on the student's thesis will be taken. In this examination, the student will be asked to place his/her thesis in historiographic perspective. Normally, students will take the comprehensive examination in the semester after they complete an 800-level seminar. However, students who complete their 800-level seminar in their first year may petition the Graduate Committee to take their M.A. examination during their final semester in the program.
In addition to the thesis, students will compile a portfolio of their public history work in accordance with departmental policy.
Finally, the student will complete a thesis that is submitted according to the regulations of The Graduate School.
Candidates for the M.A. in Public History shall file a Program of Study during their first semester, and in no case later than 12 months after entering the program. A student in the M.A./M.L.I.S. joint program should prepare and file separate forms for each degree but should submit them together to The Graduate School.
All students enrolled in public history may also enter the Museum Certificate Program coordinated by the University's McKissick Museum. Students in the archives track may also enter the M.A./M.L.I.S., offered in conjunction with the School of Library and Information Science.
The M.A.T. is a joint program run by the College of Education and the Department of History. All questions concerning education courses and other requirements shall be directed to the M.A.T. advisor in the College of Education.
Students must take 15 hours of graduate history. Of these, only 6 hours may be at the 500-600 level. Courses numbered 700 are most appropriate for M.A.T. students. One television course may be taken, if offered. Courses shall be chosen to enhance knowledge in fields pertaining to the subject matter taught in schools.
A Program of Study shall be drawn up in consultation with the M.A.T. advisor, College of Education, and filed within 12 months of entry into the program. The M.A.T. advisor is responsible for signing this document.
During their last semester, students shall contact the M.A.T. advisor to make arrangements for the oral comprehensive examination.
Doctor of Philosophy in History
The Ph.D. is offered in the following major fields:
Ph.D. candidates will choose three fields of specialization. The major field in which the dissertation is written shall be one in which the Ph.D. is offered. The second and third fields may include up to two of the following special fields: African-American studies; diplomacy; Latin America; East Asia; sub-Saharan Africa; North Africa; Middle East; public history or one of the component areas of specialization in public history (archives, museum studies, historic preservation); military, legal, or constitutional history; U.S. South; women's history; gender studies; industrialization; labor; rural studies; environmental history; ethnicity; and nationalism, or one cognate field in another discipline may be substituted for one of the minor fields.
The major field shall reflect the student's main interest and shall be chronologically and/or geographically defined.
One of the student's two minor fields also may be defined chronologically and/or geographically, provided that it covers a different area and/or time from the student's major field; or it may be a topical, thematic, or comparative field. Students will be encouraged to select at least one minor field associated with the department's intellectual focus on history of culture, identity, and economic development. The second and third fields cannot be subsets of the student's major field. Normally, students will be expected to complete 9 hours of course work in the second field and 6 hours of course work in the third field.
The student's third field can be in any approved field if the student's second field is a topical, thematic, or comparative field; otherwise, it shall be a topical, thematic, comparative field, or cognate field.
A written qualifying examination in the student's major field (with two examiners) shall be taken within the first year of residence. Under the following conditions, students may exempt the qualifying examinations: the student has an M.A. in history from another accredited institution and has successfully completed 15 hours of Ph.D. course work at the University of South Carolina with at least a B+ average, or the student has passed the M.A. comprehensive examination at the University of South Carolina.
Qualifying exams may be retaken once and must be administered by the same committee.
Ph.D. candidates shall file a program of study immediately after their admission to candidacy, which follows the successful completion of the qualifying examination or comes no later than 24 months after entering the program.
Doctoral students are required to take a minimum of 18 hours of course work beyond the M.A., but additional hours may be specified by their advisor and approved by the Committee on Graduate Studies. Credit hours shall be distributed as follows:
Every Ph.D. student shall prove competency in at least one foreign language or appropriate methodology. Additional languages and/or methodological requirements will be determined by the students program advisory committee when the chosen fields or research interests demand more.
Written comprehensive examinations in three fields are required and are offered in January, May, and August of each year. Minor-field examinations will be administered independently by the faculty in those areas and will consist of one four-hour examination for each field.
The major field will have two examiners, and there will be two four-hour examinations. All requirements for attaining the degree (except for completion of the dissertation) shall be accomplished prior to taking the comprehensive examination in the major field. This includes the satisfactory completion of the language requirement and the removal of any grades of incomplete.
If a student fails, the exam may be retaken one time and must be administered by the same examiner(s).
Oral examinations covering the major and minor fields will be scheduled after the successful completion of written examinations in all fields.
In order to achieve official ABD status, all students shall orally present and defend a written dissertation proposal to their committee and other interested members of the department. The dissertation prospectus defense will take place while the student is enrolled in HIST 815 or, with the approval of the committee, shortly after completion of the course.
Finally, candidates will prepare for submission a dissertation that is expected to represent a substantial contribution to historical knowledge.
Return to College of Liberal Arts


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There are some impressive, heavyweight syndicates vying to buy the Los Angeles Dodgers, with the latest entry the clear frontrunner in my opinion.
I'm thinking slam dunk for Joe Torre.
Mark Cuban, owner of the NBA's Dallas Mavericks, has potentially the most financial clout, but Bud Selig and the owners will likely view him as a loose cannon, much the way NBA commissioner David Stern does.
The Magic Johnson and Steve Garvey groups bring a local flavor, but they don't have the cache of Torre.
As the sale of the Boston Red Sox proved, Selig leans toward his favorites and has long admired Torre. That Torre worked for Selig last season also gives him an insight into the inner workings of Major League Baseball the other groups lack.
Torre is a leader on so many levels, with respect within the baseball community and the Los Angeles business community. This is a man with integrity and clout. If he's truly sincere in this endeavor, I can't see the team being sold to anybody but him.


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Easy Back 2 School Recipes
Two recent studies concluded that "adding hidden pureed vegetables to entrees an reduce the number of calories the meals pack without sacrificing texture or taste." In these studies kids and adults consumed nearly twice as many fruits and vegetables while cutting calories more than ten percent.
The Speedy Sneaky Chef offers over 85 new, faster, healthy recipes, with added fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, that are lower-calorie, highter in nutrients, and can be whipped up in minutes. The Speedy Sneaky Chef is the busy parent's answer to the healthy food challenge. Lapine's techniques have been tested on dozens of kids and adults and nobody detects the hiden healthy ingredients.
Missy Chase Lapine is the creator of the Sneaky Chef series of books, including New York Times bestseller The Sneaky Chef: Quick, Healthy Fixes for Your Family's Favorite Packaged Foods.


text:
London Leather International Bifold Wallet
All orders will be fulfilled by Burberry Limited and shipped from the UK. When you place your order, you accept Burberry's Terms and Conditions and confirm that you have read our Privacy Policy.
Size Guide
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- An international bifold wallet in textured London leather. An enduring style, it is designed for all currencies and slips neatly into suit pockets.
- 11 x 9.6cm/4.3 x 3.8in
- 100% calf leather
- Trim: 100% calf leather
- Lining: 100% polyamide
- Eight card slots
- Two slip pockets
- Note compartment for all currencies with divider
- Embossed Burberry lettering at front
- Hand-painted edges
- Made in Italy
Item 40164901


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Iannis Adamopoulos, a researcher dedicated to studying diseases of the immune and skeletal systems, has received $1 million in grants from Shriners Hospitals for Children to find new treatment targets for juvenile arthritis — the most common cause of orthopaedic disability among children.
Adamopoulos is an assistant professor of rheumatology, allergy and clinical immunology at UC Davis and principal investigator for the Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, a research collaboration of the UC Davis School of Medicine and Shriners Hospitals for Children – Northern California. He will use the funding to define the role of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) in juvenile arthritis.
"We have preliminary evidence that LTB4 is found in inflamed joint tissue and stimulates bone destruction through the activation of specialized bone-destroying cells," said Adamopoulos, who has been investigating inflammatory arthritis for several years. "We think that LTB4 could potentially be a critical factor in juvenile arthritis."
The funding will also support the research of Hong Qiu, an expert in leukotriene biochemistry and researcher in the Adamopoulos lab, who will test the potential of leukotriene inhibitors in treating juvenile arthritis.
"Collectively, our studies will provide a detailed understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms of LTB4 and will foster new therapeutic strategies for juvenile arthritis with improved outcomes," Adamopoulos said.
Juvenile arthritis and related disorders are estimated to affect nearly 300,000 children in the U.S. It causes episodes of joint stiffness and pain that can be accompanied by rashes and fevers at the onset. If experienced long term, the disease can permanently affect a child's mobility, internal organs and eyesight. Current treatments are only partially effective, highlighting the critical need for new therapies that specifically address arthritis in children.
"We are very proud to include Dr. Adamopoulos among our investigators," said David Pleasure, director of research at Shriners Hospitals for Children – Northern California and a UC Davis professor of neurology and pediatrics. "He is a leader in the rapidly evolving field of osteoimmunology, which focuses on the interactions of bone formation, bone destruction and the immune system. His work illuminates the role of immune attack in juvenile arthritis and points the way toward novel therapies for this disorder."
Adamopoulos is known for discovering that the abnormal expression of an immune system cytokine known as interleukin 23 (IL-23) causes severe bone loss in mice. He has since confirmed that finding in human cells and is currently testing the potential of IL-23 inhibitors as a treatment for adult arthritis. His groundbreaking work led to his recognition in 2011 as an Arthritis National Research Foundation Scholar and Sontag Foundation Fellow.
The UC Davis School of Medicine is among the nation's leading medical schools, recognized for its research and primary-care programs. The school offers fully accredited master's degree programs in public health and in informatics, and its combined M.D.-Ph.D. program is training the next generation of physician-scientists to conduct high-impact research and translate discoveries into better clinical care. Along with being a recognized leader in medical research, the school is committed to serving underserved communities and advancing rural health. For more information, visit medschool.ucdavis.edu.
Shriners Hospitals for Children – Northern California is a regional pediatric medical center devoted to transforming the lives of children through treatment, teaching and research. The hospital provides comprehensive and compassionate care to children with orthopaedic conditions, spinal cord injuries, burns, cleft lip and scars from any cause. Admission to the program is based on age and diagnosis. For more information, visit shrinershospitalsforchildren.org.
The Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, a joint initiative of Shriners and UC Davis, conducts basic and translational stem cell research to help children with spinal cord dysfunction, orthopaedic disorders and burns.


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What about Martin's right to 'stand his ground'?
Friday, July 12, 2013
Like many people, I've been riveted by the George Zimmerman trial. I call it "the George Zimmerman trial" because that's what it is, but the more I watch, the more I wonder: Should it be renamed "the Trayvon Martin trial?"
I'm not just talking about some of the media's tabloid-like focus on Martin's background, his personal history, his school records and -- outside the courtroom -- the toxicology report. I'm talking about an aspect of the case that never comes up in the media coverage, one that I would argue is key.
This murder trial, in and out of the courtroom, has been boiled down to one question: Was Zimmerman in fear for his life and thus justified in defending himself by shooting and killing Martin?
It has been framed this way -- in terms of Zimmerman's mortal fear -- since the shooting in 2012.
Some people have forgotten that Zimmerman was not even arrested initially. It took more than a month for the special prosecutor to bring the second-degree murder charge. And if not for mass protests across the country, he might not be the defendant in a murder trial at all.
The question that has not surfaced in the courtroom -- the elephant in the room -- is this: Did Martin fear for his life after being followed and confronted by a stranger while going to the store to buy candy and a soft drink? Was he, Martin, justified in standing his ground and defending himself when this stranger, an apparent stalker, approached him in a threatening manner?
Zimmerman didn't identify himself and never said he was part of the neighborhood watch group.
Think about it: We're told over and over that if Zimmerman was afraid of Martin, according to Florida law, he had the right to put a bullet in the chamber of his concealed handgun, get out of his car after being told not to by the 911 dispatcher and follow and confront Martin and shoot him to death.
At the same time, we are told that Martin, who had far greater reason to fear Zimmerman, practically and for reasons of American history, did not have the right to confront his stalker, stand his ground and defend himself, including by using his fists. We are told that this was entirely unjustified and by doing so, Martin justified his own execution.
The phrases "stand your ground" and "self-defense" have been repeated endlessly by anchors, pundits, analysts and experts, but rarely applied to Martin.
How could this be? Why is this other question ignored? Surely it will come up as we approach the trial, I thought. But it hasn't. What's going on here? How can the Florida law apply only to Zimmerman and not to Martin?
I remembered the sharp, sometimes bitter commentary provoked by Spike Lee's 1989 film "Do the Right Thing," particularly in reaction to its climactic scenes, when the police murder a black teenager and Lee's character throws a trash can through the window of the white-owned pizza place.
Years after the movie came out, Lee told an interviewer, "White people still ask me why Mookie threw the can through the window. ...Twenty years later, they're still asking me that."
"No black person ever, in 20 years, no person of color has ever asked me why," he said.
This speak volumes about race and power relations in this country.
Here's what I think: Assuming Martin did engage Zimmerman physically, perhaps if the teen had hit back a little bit harder, perhaps if he had been able to prevent Zimmerman from grabbing his concealed and loaded gun and perhaps if witnesses had come to Martin's aid, then maybe he would be alive today. That's speculation.
One thing I feel sure of is that if Martin, in fear for his life, had used Zimmerman's own gun to shoot and possibly kill his attacker, when the police arrived on the scene, they would not have failed to charge him with murder.
Why hasn't the prosecution team used Florida law to argue strongly for Martin's right of self-defense, his right to stand his ground against a stalker? Why not turn the tables on Zimmerman's exclusive claim to that argument?
It will be interesting to see whether this question even gets posed for the jury at all. It certainly will be front and center as this case is tried by the jury of history. And future generations will likely puzzle over how the term "racial profiling" could have been banned by the judge before the trial even began.
This country's racial history, the list of names, like Sean Bell, Amadou Diallo, Oscar Grant and other victims of "deadly force" by the police—these represent an even bigger Elephant in the Room.
They may have been ruled irrelevant in the courtroom, but they are certainly relevant to those who seek justice in this society.


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Ernest "Ernie" Prang,[1] (fl. 1993-1997) also called Ern by Stanley Shunpike, was the driver of the Knight Bus.
Harry Potter first encountered Prang in 1993, when he was picked up by the Knight Bus after leaving his Aunt and Uncle's house. Stan Shunpike, the conductor of the Knight Bus, sometimes calls Ernie by his nickname: Ern. When Harry was taken to the Leaky Cauldron Ernie followed him in and was forced to leave by Cornelius Fudge, the then-Minister of Magic.[2]
Ernie was also present at Albus Dumbledore's funeral in 1997. Little more is known about Ernie.[3]
Physical appearance
Prang is described as an elderly wizard with very thick glasses giving him an "owlish" appearance. Ernie doesn't talk much (leaving that to Stan Shunpike, preferring to concentrate on his driving). His driving skills leave much to be desired as he frequently drives off the road and objects must jump out of his way (post boxes, lamp posts, trees, etc.).[2]
EtymologyErnie Prang and Stan Shunpike, the driver and conductor of the Knight Bus, were named after J. K. Rowling's grandfathers, Ernest Arthur Rowling and Stanley George Volant, respectively.[1] Ernie's last name is a play on words, as "prang" is English slang meaning "to wreck an automobile".
Behind the scenes
- In the film adaptation of Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, Ernie is played by the late Jimmy Gardner.
- In the 2004 LEGO Harry Potter set 4755 Knight Bus, Prang was replaced by Stanley Shunpike as the driver of the Knight Bus. Despite this, Prang was included later in the 2011 remake set 4866 Knight Bus.
- Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (First appearance)
- Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (film)
- Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (Mentioned only)
- Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
- LEGO Harry Potter: Building the Magical World
- LEGO Harry Potter: Characters of the Magical World
- LEGO Harry Potter: Years 1-4
- LEGO Harry Potter: Years 5-7 (Consoles and Windows versions)
- LEGO Harry Potter
Notes and references
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Pottermore
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, Chapter 5 (The Dementor)
- ↑ Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, Chapter 30 (The White Tomb)


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G1884, Reviewed November 2018
Complaints about livestock odors have increased as growth in the number of large livestock operations, especially swine operations, increases the concentration of animals in small geographical areas. Many of these large operations store manure for long periods under anaerobic conditions in open manure storages or lagoons. Migration of urban residents seeking the perceived benefits of country living, such as quiet solitude and clean air, has increased the population density surrounding many livestock operations. The odor plume moving from a source tends to stay about the same width as the source and to disperse upward. Thus, the combination of large sources of odor and large populations downwind increases the likelihood that odors will affect one or more residences. Surface application of manure can result in a very wide odor plume. Liquid manure, especially, can have high concentrations of odorous compounds. Dry manure tends to emit fewer odors.
Odor complaints are more common when the humidity is high and the air is still or when the prevailing breezes carry odors toward populated areas. When the air is still, odors may flow down slopes much as water does. Surface application of relatively fresh solid manure, or a manure slurry, without immediate incorporation can cause high odor levels. Odors emanating from feedlots, manure storage ponds and undersized lagoons may lead to complaints. For this reason, site selection and control of a large land area surrounding large livestock operations to minimize close proximity of downwind neighbors are of utmost importance. Perception of nuisance odors at a given distance from a confinement facility is less common with poultry operations and most common with swine operations. In the early planning stages for such facilities, operators should check local and state regulations for separation distances required for various sizes of new or expanded confinement facilities.
Figure 1
This hose-fed machine practically eliminates the odor from land application of liquid manure by injecting the manure into the soil.
Table 1 shows the buffer distances (the minimum distance between the nearest confinement building or lagoon and any public building or occupied residence) required by the Missouri Department of Natural Resources (MDNR).
Table 1
Buffer distances required by Missouri Department of Natural Resources for various classes of animal feeding operations.
Most objectionable odors from livestock operations are the result of volatile compounds generated during the decomposition of manure. More than 200 of these odor-generating compounds have been identified. The wide range of odorous compounds from manure adds to the complexity of odor control solutions. Commonly reported odorous compounds associated with manure and waste water are those containing sulfur (e.g., hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans), those containing nitrogen (e.g., ammonia and amines), volatile organic acids, phenols, and alcohols (Table 2). Ammonia and hydrogen sulfide are easily measured but do not necessarily correlate well with odor complaints from neighbors, although hydrogen sulfide levels from feedlots are regulated in Minnesota. Meeting ammonia emission limits might be as difficult for poultry and dairy operators as meeting hydrogen sulfide emission levels is for pork producers. Research indicates that the transport of odors is also associated with dust particles or aerosols. Therefore, controlling dust or aerosol emissions will help control odors.
Table 2
Characteristics of gases produced in decomposing manure.
Many of the odorous compounds are a result of biological reactions occurring primarily in an anaerobic environment. Many odorous compounds commonly found in fresh manure become more concentrated during anaerobic decomposition (Table 3). The increased concentration of odorous compounds in stored manure supports the observation that more objectionable odors are associated with stored manure rather than manure that is spread daily.
Table 3
Concentrations of odorous compounds in fresh and stored pig manure.
Figure 2
Passing the exhaust air from a livestock building through a biofilter (a bed of organic material, such as straw or compost) can greatly reduce odors. Source: University of Minnesota Extension Service.
Figure 3
Liquid manure pumped from a manure storage facility is incorporated into the soil by rotating tines. This method reduces odors associated with surface application of manure.
Agitation of liquid manure storages during pumping is recommended to prevent a buildup of solids and to increase the value of the nutrients applied to the land. However, agitation of pits under buildings occupied by animals or humans can be fatal because of the release of gases that are either toxic or capable of displacing the oxygen in the building. The gases of major concern are hydrogen sulfide (H2S), ammonia (NH3), carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4). Hydrogen sulfide is the most toxic of these gases. Like carbon dioxide, it is heavier than air and can displace the oxygen in the building. Methane is explosive at mixtures between 5 and 15 percent. To prevent loss of life, animals and workers should not be in the building during pit agitation.
Because of the risk of exposure to noxious gases, avoid entering a manure pit if possible. Carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide tend to accumulate above the liquid in the pit and may fill an empty pit. If you must enter the pit, ventilate it with fresh air before entering and wear a harness with a lifeline to outside helpers who can pull you out if you are overcome by the gases.
Order publications online at http://extension.missouri.edu/explore/shop/ or call toll-free 800-292-0969.


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Related Post: Logo: Radiant Pessimist Productions.
Just in time for Halloween…
Long story short, not only have I had time to play around in my new sketchbook, but also I finally bought a new version of Photoshop Elements (upgraded from version 3 to version 12, ha ha ha).
Just some fun character designs!
Please visit my store: thepoetandtheflea.storenvy.com!
For more updates, follow me on facebook, tumblr and twitter.
Copyright 2013 by G. E. Gallas


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"Nothing is going to stop deleveraging; the economy has to reset," Ballmer said, as part of a joint interview with EMC CEO Joe Tucci. "At the same time you've got to say where do you get economic growth. The truth is, you only get economic growth from the following things. Population growth, inflation, productivity increases...and financial leverage."
There's no question, Ballmer said, that there will be a decrease in the overall amount of leverage held by businesses and individuals. "We can't really change that," he said. "Population we don't influence and inflation the government is going to take care of. That leaves you with productivity."
"I think if you did a fair analysis of the last 25 years and said what's has been the top source of productivity gain in the U.S. or world economy, it has been information technology," Ballmer said. "I don't know that we fix the negative factor of deleveraging...but whatever great glimpse of hope comes in large measure from information technology."
Tucci said that the tech industry should also benefit in the nearer term from some of the various stimulus efforts being contemplated in the U.S. and around the globe.
"I think there (are) a few things relative to the stimulus package that everyone agrees with,""Tucci said. "A: we need one B: it should help create jobs. C: maybe it's good to address some of the systemic issues we've had in society for a long time."
All of those augur well for information technology, Tucci said.
"When you think about health care, to solve this problem you are not going to solve this without a lot of information technology...When you think about the issues in education and I could go on and on. I think a lot of the programs that are very likely to make our stimulus package or stimulus packages of other governments around the world, right behind them will be a strong component of information technology."
This is the second of several postings coming from CNET's interview with Tucci and Ballmer, which was conducted by Marguerite Reardon, reporting from New York, and Ina Fried, reporting from San Francisco. Click here for the full interview.


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Show 1 sample image
Worship Band Playalong Volume 1: Holy is the Lord - Keyboard Edition
|Electronic Keyboard
Share with your friends
The Worship Band Play-Along series is a flexible tool for worship leaders and bands. Each volume offers five separate, correlated book/CD packs: Guitar, Keyboard, Bass, Drumset, and Vocal.Bands can use the printed music and chord charts to play live together, and members can rehearse at home with the CD tracks. Worship Leaders without a band can play/sing along with the CD for a fuller sound. The eight songs in each volume follow a similar theme for easy set selection, and the straightforward arrangements are perfect for bands of any level.
Song(s) in this release:
- Agnus Dei
- Be unto your name
- God Of Wonders
- Holy Is The Lord
- It is you
- Open the eyes of my heart
- We Fall Down
- You Are Holy (Prince Of Peace)
This sheet music has not received any reviews yet, you can be the first one to write one!
Music Room
Established in 1995, Musicroom.com is part of the Music Sales Group, a long-established international organisation specialising in the publication and distribution of printed music. Shipping to over 300,000 customers in over 100 countries worldwide, Music Room is one of the world's largest online retailer of sheet music, tutor methods, instructional DVDs & videos, music software and instruments & accessories.
This store has not received any reviews yet, you can be the first one to write one!


text:
Recently there was a wrong-drug mistake at the pharmacy I'm employed at as a technician. One of my tech friends (who works at a different pharmacy) asked me if a root cause analysis was done. What is a "root cause analysis"?
Also, I've noticed some troubling things about my pharmacy, which is an independently owned and operated store. Management seems to give the pharmacists a free pass on errors and seems to always blame the techs for errors. Granted, some of the mistakes may have originated with errors in judgement on the part of Pharm Techs, however, pharmacists have a duty to check every prescription. But it gets really old. It's a culture of blaming and shaming, in front of the other techs and pharmacists and other staff. It's all about who the error started with and it's "their fault." It seems like there are other factors that should be looked at, and considered.
Join in and write your own page! It's easy to do. How? Simply click here to return to Ask A Question....
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Dec 04, 18 09:06 PM
What is day supply if I take 1 tablet on Tuesday and Thursday with a quantity of 30 tabs?
Nov 27, 18 11:16 PM
DUR Rejection Codes - Conflict Codes, Professional Service Codes, Result of Service Code, & Level of Effort Field
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This page answers questions about Medicare Part D, the prescription drug benefit offered by Medicare. Topics include: Who is eligible? What are some of the Costs? Factors to Consider when choosing a p…
Jul 29, 18 06:23 PM
It seems like some of the errors that have been recently made by our pharmacy techs are actually really preventable. Does the FDA do anything about
Jul 29, 18 05:24 PM
At 3:00 P.M., a pharmacist received an order to add 30 mEq/L of potassium chloride to the already running intravenous fluid for a patient. After checking
Jul 29, 18 05:12 PM
My pharmacy tells me I can get it 3 days early but then they wont fill it but 2 days early. Is the law on Xanax 2 or 3 days ?
Jul 13, 18 10:36 PM
I am looking for a tutor to help me prepare for the pharmacy technician certification exam. I live in area code 85373. Can anyone recommend a tutor?
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I am to instill 3 drops into both eyes 3 times a day. Received prescription, of 3 bottles/vials, on 16 Mar 18 and need to know how to figure how long
Jul 13, 18 10:17 PM
If the name of the drug is mentioned in order to further assist the patient with getting them the medication, is this a violation of hipaa?
Jul 13, 18 09:56 PM
Recently there was a wrong-drug mistake at the pharmacy I'm employed at as a technician. One of my tech friends (who works at a different pharmacy) asked
Jun 28, 18 11:01 PM
The intern sent the following orders down: Mr. Brown, 50 mg protamine sulfate STAT. You check Mr. Brown's chart, and he received 3,000 units of heparin.
Apr 10, 18 11:13 PM
This page covers what a Prior Authorization is and why it happens.
Apr 10, 18 10:00 PM
I know someone who is a pharmacy tech. My 10yr.olds medication was called into the pharmacy she works at. Her daughter and my daughters have an on-off
Apr 10, 18 09:26 PM
My pharmacy told my mom I didn't pick up my meds. Yes, I do have same last name but I have a different address; for all they know, that wasn't my mom.


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Wapak Schools to reduce staff
Wapakoneta City Schools Board of Education members again are turning to a reduction-in-force (RIF) process in an attempt to save money for the district.
During Tuesday's meeting, board members will vote on the RIF of one employee, an elementary music teacher due to "financial reasons and changes in curriculum" as stated in the resolution.
Originally the RIF was also to include a high school and middle school keyboarding and business teacher position, but that teacher has since found another job and plans to leave before the end of the school year.
Through attrition and the RIF, the district expects to save $1 million, with the RIF alone saving the district $56,000, Wapakoneta City Schools Superintendent Keith Horner said.
"It's very difficult any time you cut someone's position and their livelihood," Horner said. "It's an extremely difficult decision, but one we felt we needed to make to become more fiscally healthy. When you start looking at restructuring, these were two areas we felt we could reduce."
He noted teachers impacted work hard with the children.
In 2009, the district eliminated four positions through a RIF that impacted family and consumer sciences, art, industrial technology and physical education positions.
Christina Riddle's position would be impacted by the RIF. She teaches music at Cridersville Elementary and Wapakoneta Middle schools this year and has been employed by the district
since 2006.
"We will still offer music to every elementary student but we will restructure how we use time throughout the day," Horner said, noting there would be one music position at the elementary level beginning next school year if the RIF is approved.
The change also would impact how much music is offered at the high school with musical theater cut and two choirs combined into one.
The other position scheduled to be eliminated before the teacher found another job was held by Chelsea Junkins. Her position now will not be replaced through attrition. Her resignation is effective at the end of March with a substitute covering her classes through the end of the school year.
Horner said the loss of the position would not change what is offered, but how it is offered.
"We will continue to offer everything we offer, we will just offer it differently," Horner said of business classes.
He said he did not anticipate any additional reductions in staff at this time.
"For this year, I believe we are done," Horner said. "We've gotten our bearings with a lot of people retiring. Many of those won't be replaced so we are losing a lot of positions through attrition."
He estimated as many as 12 teaching positions may not be replaced next year due to attrition, as well as one bus driver and an instructional aide, but nothing has been finalized. District administrators must weigh the needs of the students and how those changes would work based on enrollment.
With the most recent high staff count of 308 during the 2008-09 school year, Horner said Wapakoneta would be at its lowest level of staffing at 266 or 268 in 2012-13 with relatively the same number of students enrolled in the district.
"I think we will be under staffed next year, but I think it is something we have to do," Horner said. "It will change what we do with the kids."
Also on Tuesday's agenda are three-year contracts for district administrators including, Wapakoneta Elementary School Assistant Principal Carrie Knoch, Wapakoneta Middle School Assistant Principal Wes Newland, Wapakoneta High School Principal Aaron Rex, Wapakoneta Athletic Director Brad Rex, and Cridersville Elementary School Principal Dave Tester. Wapakoneta City Schools Treasurer Susan Rinehart's contract was extended through May 31, 2013.
The administrators all are to receive the same rate of pay as they did this year, when both pay and step freezes were implemented.
Teachers in the district received step increases this year but also are now to have their pay frozen.


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I give it about 15 seconds after it being viewed before aven creates this as a new label type of asexuality
My true gender identitiy
For discussion of issues pertaining to sexuality. Warning: Topics within this forum may contain frank discussion of a sexual nature.
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1 post • Page 1 of 1


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EFF Sues The Gov't, Demanding Proof That It Needs To Put Wiretap Backdoors Into All Communications
from the where's-the-proof dept
Part of the justification for the push for such wiretapping mandates is that new technology has made it much more difficult for law enforcement to to intercept necessary information. So the EFF made a simple request: prove it. It filed a Freedom of Information Act request for the evidence that new technologies were actually hindering law enforcement. However, the US government apparently ignored the request, leading the EFF to sue the government over its failure to respond to the request.
"The sweeping changes the government is proposing, to require 'back doors' into all private communications technologies, would have enormous privacy and security ramifications for American Internet users," said EFF Staff Attorney Jennifer Lynch. "Any meaningful debate must be based on the information we're seeking in the FOIA requests, so the government's failure to comply in a timely manner is troubling."