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Pavel Podvig, "Revolution in Military Affairs: Challenges to Russia's Security", Presentation at the VTT Energy STYX Seminar, Helsinki, Finland, 4 September 2001
Pavel Podvig
Presentation at the VTT Energy STYX Seminar, Helsinki, Finland, 4 September 2001
The revolution in military affairs is a term that can be used to describe different concepts and ideas. However, as the term implies, all these concepts have one thing in common-they all predict revolutionary transformation in warfare that would change wars are fought and, as a result, change the way the society thinks about war.
In fact, the idea of a revolution in military affairs would not be so popular and appealing if revolutionary changes were not happening already. The end of the cold war has altered the international security environment so profoundly that we are still struggling to reconcile our understanding of security, still largely shaped by the cold-war confrontation, with the new situation.
Technological progress adds to the confusion by producing technologies that promise to provide total dominance at a battlefield or to intercept ballistic missiles in space, thus expanding the limits of the possible. At the same time, new possibilities tend to come with new vulnerabilities, sometimes creating the impression that the technological advances make the world less, instead of more, secure. Besides, the huge disparities in technological capabilities and available resources between the West and the rest of the world might create incentives for some countries to obtain weapons of mass destruction and means of their delivery, which creates new uncertainty and instability.
The place that belongs to Russia in the processes that is associated with the transition from the cold war and the technological revolution is rather unique. Russia inherited the nuclear status of the Soviet Union, most of its military and industrial infrastructure, and, with them, the history of mistrust and confrontation with the West. At the same time, Russia's economy does not correspond to the status of a major power that the Soviet Union once had. As a result, the current changes in security environment come at the time when Russia is undergoing a thorough and painful transformation and trying to find its place in the emerging security network.
Although Russia could hardly contribute to the technological revolution directly, it certainly will be affected by it. Besides, Russia would be able to influence it to some extent. As discussed in this paper, Russia seems to have serious concerns about the impact that the revolution in military affairs might have on its security. The paper also attempts to describe a possible course of action that Russia might take to protect its interests, trying to capitalize on the potential of its military industry. In the end, we argue that Russia's interests, as well as those of the West, would be better served by finding ways to address its most serious concerns and integrate Russia into the emerging security mechanisms.
The promises and challenges of the RMA
The revolutionary changes in military technology and the effect that they may have on the nature of warfare present a formidable challenge to Russia as it struggles to define the threats to its security in the post-cold war world and transform the military and the military industry that it inherited from the Soviet Union. So far, the legacy of the cold war proved strong enough to ensure that the security debate is dominated by the ideas of confrontation with the United States and NATO. Although in recent years we have seen attempts to reexamine threats to Russia's security in a way that would pay more attention to potential instabilities at Russia's southern border, a conflict with NATO remains firmly in the list of scenarios that the Russian military consider plausible.
The growing gap between the capabilities of the western militaries and those of the Russian armed forces only reinforces the concerns that the Russian leadership and military has always had about the developments like the expansion of NATO or continuing work on missile defense. Russia seems to believe it is the only possible target that would justify these developments and feels uneasy about the new military capabilities getting closer to its western border.
The first and the most obvious reason for Russia's concern is that the advances in military technology, revolutionary or not, do make the military forces more capable and could potentially provide the kind of a battlefield dominance that Russia could not counter. The fact that Russia in effect lacks adequate conventional armed forces and those that it has could be easily overwhelmed, only adds to the concern. However, the problem would not be as serious if the numerical disparity was the only issue. After all, it has been the reality ever since the disintegration of Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact. The technological gap could add a new dimension to the current misbalance; the one that Russia is afraid could potentially undermine its role as a major power.
The revolutionary nature of the changes brought by new technologies is not limited to the transformation of the warfare. A much bigger promise of today's technologies is that they could change the way the society look at military conflicts and the limits of use of military power. The truly revolutionary transformation that we are witnessing is that war increasingly seems a relatively bloodless affair. The greatest promise of battlefield dominance, informational or otherwise, of stealthy and stand-off weapons that can strike targets picked by remote sensors with very high accuracy, is that they could reduce casualties in a conflict to a very low and therefore acceptable level.
The pursuit of technologies that could reduce casualties comes as a direct response to the shift in public attitudes toward war that was apparent in virtually all post-cold war conflicts. As the stakes in conflicts grow increasingly smaller, the society is willing to tolerate fewer and fewer casualties on either side. It is not surprise, therefore, that the revolution in military affairs concentrates exactly on the technologies that help avoid loss of troops and could significantly reduce collateral damage.
One of the consequences of this is that if the promises held by the revolution in military affairs materialize, even incompletely, they may significantly lower the threshold of military intervention. And this is exactly the outcome that Russia is worried about, for it believes that the new capabilities might open a way to a more aggressive interventionist policy of the United States and NATO, which may well challenge Russia's interests in various regions and especially in areas close to the Russian borders.
An example of a technology that could potentially make military intervention easier and which has so far caused the strongest negative reaction from Russia is missile defense. Although it is not normally considered part of the revolution in military affairs, missile defense has all characteristics that could make it essential for future conflicts. The reason for this is that ballistic missiles are among those weapons against which there is virtually no protection (note that they are not alone in this category), whether the task is protection of troops or of civilian population. This makes ballistic missiles an ideal deterrent weapon in a variety of conflicts and explains the attention that is given to countering the threat of their use. The ability of ballistic missiles to target civilian population and the U.S. territory and carry weapons of mass destruction only reinforces their deterrent effect and gives missile defenses even higher priority.
Whether missile defenses could live up to the expectations and provide an adequate means of countering a ballistic missile threat is still an open question. What is important is that it gives a perfect example of a technology that offers means of reducing losses in a conflict to a manageable level and therefore provides greater flexibility in use of military force.
Russia's vulnerabilities
As we discussed earlier, Russia considers this flexibility alone as a threatening development. In addition to that, Russia tends to see itself as the primary target of the systems based on new technologies. For example, Russian officials have repeatedly stated that they believe that the Unites States is building its missile defense system to counter Russia's strategic forces. Although this belief is certainly erroneous, it became a powerful argument in the Russian debate.
The concern about the weakening capability of the Russian conventional armed forces vis-à-vis their western counterpart may seem misguided, for the Russian military doctrine openly declares reliance on use of nuclear weapons, that is supposed to compensate for the weakness of the conventional force. However, the ability of nuclear weapons to play a significant role in future military conflicts should not be overestimated. While the nuclear weapons will still be able to prevent a direct confrontation between nuclear states, they may prove to be too powerful an instrument in conflicts of lesser value. In any event, the utility of nuclear weapons as an instrument of political influence or as a tool of solving real security problems seems to be rapidly eroding.
This erosion is illustrated by virtually every military conflict of the last decade-from the Gulf War to the war that Russia fights in Chechnya and to the NATO operation against Yugoslavia in 1999. Although it can be argued that nuclear weapons played their role in the Gulf War, deterring Iraq from using weapons of mass destruction, without conventional forces the outcome of that war would have been quite different. As Russia discovered in 1999, its nuclear weapons did not guarantee that its objections against NATO's bombing of Yugoslavia would be taken into account. This point was advanced further when Russia was effectively denied a role in the settlement that followed the operation (although it probably could not have provided an adequate force even if it was not). The operation in Yugoslavia showed that without a strong conventional military, Russia's participation in the new security mechanisms in the world would be symbolic at best.
The lesson of the Chechnya war is even more serious, since it clearly demonstrated that Russia lacks adequate means of dealing with Chechnya-type conflicts, which, by many estimates, represent the most serious and realistic threat to Russia's security.
Another source of concern for Russia is its inability to maintain parity with the United States in the area of strategic nuclear weapons. When Russia and the United States fulfill their START I Treaty obligations by the end of this year, Russia will have about 5000 deployed strategic nuclear weapons. However, Russia will have to continue to reduce its strategic forces, as most of the current weapon systems will be reaching end of their operational lives. As a result, Russia will cut its strategic nuclear arsenal to the level of about 1000-1200 warheads by 2008-2010. In fact, Russia will have some difficulties with maintaining its strategic arsenal even at this relatively low level, so it might have to reduce the number of weapons even further. The United States, on the other hand, would be able to maintain its arsenal at the current level of about 5000 warheads, even though it will not deploy as many warheads on a regular basis.
Although the decline of the Russian strategic nuclear arsenal creates its own problems regardless of other developments, the rapidly progressing capabilities of precision weapons add to these problems by raising concerns about vulnerability of the strategic forces to a conventional attack. Studies done in Russia show that some of the currently deployed precision-guided munitions and smart weapons already have the capability to destroy such targets as hardened missile silos. With development of advanced sensors and discrimination technologies, land-mobile missiles could also become vulnerable to an attack. The same can be said about submarines, which spend most of the time in port, and bombers. The trend in this area clearly works against Russia's nuclear forces, since smart accurate weapons will be getting cheaper and more reliable and, therefore, more common, while the number of nuclear platforms is unlikely to grow.
Taken together with the development of a missile defense, the growth in precision weapons arsenal does appear to the Russian military to be a concerted effort aimed at undermining the capability of Russian strategic forces. The military seem to believe that at some point a coordinated non-nuclear strike could knock off a significant portion of the Russian strategic force, leaving the defense with the task of dealing with the rest.
As we can see, the promises of the revolution in military affairs, as they are seen by Russian military, are mostly threatening developments that may have an adverse effect on Russia's security. And though it is far from clear whether the promises of the new technologies, as well as Russian fears and concerns about them, would ever materialize, it is impossible to ignore the fact that they have significant impact on the way Russia thinks about its security and to a large extent will shape Russia's military policy in the coming years.
Competing choices
It is the understanding that it cannot afford to ignore the advances in the technology of warfare and the changes in the nature of military conflicts that are associated with them that will drive Russia's response to the revolution in military affairs. This understanding is to a large degree is shared throughout the political and military establishment. However, the issue of how exactly Russia should adapt to these changes has not been settled yet. The reason for the uncertainty is caused primarily by the lack of consensus about the nature of threats that Russia will face in the future.
Among the various threat scenarios discussed in Russia, the one of confrontation with the West still dominates the security debate. However, the views on the possibility of a conflict of this kind, as well as the strategies for dealing with it, are very different. This reflects the changes in the relationships with the West in the last decade as well as the evolution of the views on the nature of a conflict should it ever take place.
According to the view that almost all Russian military and security analysts share, the only possible way of dealing with a threat of a confrontation with the United States is to resort to nuclear weapons. The Russian military doctrine, adopted in April 2000, specifically reserves the right to use nuclear weapons in response to a full-scale non-nuclear aggression with the apparent goal of deterring it. The text of the doctrine does not say, perhaps intentionally, what kind of nuclear capabilities Russia might need to deter a conventional aggression, but the common understanding of the doctrinal language is that it means reliance on tactical nuclear weapons. To support the doctrinal statements, the military usually refer to the concept of extended deterrence that once was the foundation of the NATO policy aimed at preventing a conventional Soviet aggression in Europe.
Although the analogy with the NATO doctrine is probably wrong, it is so deeply entrenched in the military thinking that we will probably have to accept inevitable reliance on tactical nuclear weapons that results from the belief that Russia needs tactical weapons to deter NATO. Although Russia seems to adhere to the policy of keeping its tactical nuclear weapons at centralized storage sites, the military and political leadership gives rather high priority to questions of maintaining the tactical nuclear arsenal.
In dealing with issues of nuclear response, however, Russia seems to be careful not to plan for nuclear escalation of any possible conflicts. A number of military exercises conducted in the recent years showed that the military are considering non-nuclear responses, as well as scenarios that would demonstrate the willingness to use nuclear weapons, but would stop short of an actual use. The attention given to these scenarios seems to indicate that military planners realize the limited utility of nuclear weapons and are trying to emphasize the importance of being able to counter a possible aggression with non-nuclear means.
Although this thinking seems to be in line with the recent trend in the Russian military, which tends to pay more attention to conventional forces, it is clear that Russia lacks adequate conventional weapons to be involved in a major non-nuclear confrontation with the United States or NATO. The question is then whether Russia should aim at acquiring such a capability and whether it has means to do so.
An ability to withstand a confrontation with a technologically superior adversary does not necessarily require matching its technological prowess. In most cases, countermeasures that can defeat sophisticated technology or complicate its task prove to be easier and less expensive than the technology itself. A competition of this kind would still require considerable effort, especially as the technology advances further, but Russia seems to be able to sustain this competition if it is able to find the necessary resources. The question of resources, though, is the key one in this issue, for Russia may need them for other developments that may be far more important for Russia's security.
Despite the attention that Russia is paying to the threat of military confrontation with the United States and NATO, it could be argued that such a confrontation is probably the least plausible threat, especially if compared with the threat that may be posed by the instability along Russia's southern borders. Whether or not we believe that the terms "international terrorism" or " islamic radicalism" adequately describe this threat, as the Russian leadership does, we cannot ignore the fact that the combination of poverty, corruption, and political repressions in Central Asia has created a potentially very unstable region. The continuing war in Chechnya shows that the consequences of any Central Asian conflicts spilling over to the Russian territory might be very serious.
Although a use of military force is the least adequate way of dealing with these threats, Russia would probably need an army that is able to contain possible conflicts at its southern borders. In fact, the current Russian leadership is trying to steer the military reform in the direction that aims at providing this kind of capability. And this is exactly where the requirements for two different types of armed forces-one that is capable of countering the United States and NATO and the other, oriented toward containing insurgency-type conflicts-became virtually incompatible, for they are competing for the scarce resources in the military budget.
Financing and managing the military
In the past three years, the budgetary situation in Russia has significantly improved. This was partly due to the ruble devaluation in 1998, but primarily it was the result of raising oil prices. Growing tax revenues and improved fiscal discipline allowed the government to pay some debts to the military and military industry and generally improved the situation with funding. Nevertheless, in real terms the level of military spending has remained inadequate to the armed forces that Russia has to sustain.
In 2001, the national defense part of the budget is 215 bln rubles, which amounts to 18% of all government spending and about 2.8% of the GDP. This year the government asks the parliament to approve national defense spending of about 280 bln rubles, which represent a slightly smaller share of the total budgetary spending-17.4%.
The main problem that has been plaguing the Russian government ever since the breakup of the Soviet Union is that the armed forces are very inefficient. The expenses associated with personnel and maintenance are disproportionately large and take up about 70% of the military budget, while according to the Russian ministry of defense's own estimates, these expenses should not exceed half of it.
The money that is left for procurement and R&D are hardly adequate to support a genuine renovation of the military. Taken at the current exchange rate, the total procurement and R&D budget of 70 bln rubles is a mere $2.4 bln. Even if we assume that the ruble purchasing power in military industry is higher, Russia is spending no more than $7.5-10 bln a year on research and procurement. Historically, R&D takes about a quarter of this amount, which would be $1.8-2.5 bln in 2001 (estimated at purchasing power parity). For comparison, the United States has been spending on military R&D about $40 bln annually in the last decade.
In order to increase the share of military budget that goes to research and development, the Russian leadership initiated a reform that aims at significant reductions of military personnel. One of the goals of the reform is to increase the share of R&D and procurement to 50% from the current 30%. In addition to that, the ministry of defense plans to postpone all major procurement programs until at least 2005 in order to increase the share of research and development.
Another potential source of revenues for the military industry is arms export. In fact, the arms export supported many military enterprises in the last decade when the government orders all but dried up. The new Russian leadership apparently considers arms export an important part of the strategy aimed at supporting the military industry and lends its political support to various arms sales deals. As a result, in 1999-2000 the revenues from arms sales abroad have reached $3.6-3.7 bln a year and according to the defense industry analysts could grow to about $4.5 bln in the next few years. The profits of the industry are somewhat higher to estimate, but apparently, they are big enough to allow the enterprises to reinvest them and finance various R&D programs independently from the government.
The problems of the armed forces and military industry are not limited to inadequate financing. The lack of competent management on almost every level and the lack of transparency in decision-making that would provide at least some degree of control over the policies, very often lead to serious setbacks. A number of programs that would be vital for maintaining an effective military are struggling for survival.
One of the examples of a gross mismanagement is the history of the Glonass satellite navigation system that was build in the Soviet Union to provide positioning capabilities similar to those provided by the U.S. GPS system. Accepted for service in 1993, the Glonass system has never reached full capacity. A series of reorganizations of the military space forces resulted in almost complete collapse of the system, which now includes only six working satellites instead of 24, required for successful operation. The efforts of the Russian government to save the program by commercializing it were thwarted by the rivalry between various agencies that were responsible for maintaining the program.
In an attempt to improve the efficiency of the military industry and boost arms sales, the Russian government initiated a reform that would consolidate military enterprises and provide clearer lines of authority in the industry. Right now, it is difficult to say whether the reform will be successful and whether it will bring the desired results, for the final concept of the reform is still somewhat vague. Nevertheless, the government seems determined to carry it out.
Countering the revolution in military affairs
All these developments-the emphasis on research as opposed to procurement, and growing governmental support of the military industry and arms sales-clearly indicate that Russia is trying to protect the competitiveness of its military industry and seems to be giving to this task much higher priority than to the immediate procurement needs of the armed forces.
Although in some areas the Russian military enterprises can be at par with the most advanced developments of the western industry, the general technological level of Russian industry does not allow it to compete with that of the United States or Europe directly. This is especially true in the case of information technologies that are supposed to provide the foundation for the revolution in military affairs.
Instead, Russia could concentrate its effort on providing technologies that would be aimed directly at defeating the "revolutionary" ones. These technologies may range from simple jammers aimed at disrupting operation of precision munitions to air defenses that would defeat stealth technology and from decoys and other penetration aids that would directly defeat missile defenses to cruise missiles that would circumvent them. There is no doubt that Russia will be able to find a market for this kind of technologies and that this market will grow as the gap between the military capabilities of the United States and its allies and the rest of the world continues to grow. So far, the Russian leadership seems to be content with a possibility of Russia's playing this role and this possibility has enjoyed general support from the military and military industry.
A closer look at the policy that would promote Russia's role as a leader of a "counterrevolution in military affairs" shows that Russia stands to gain very little from such a role. Its security and its role in international affairs would be much better served by reforming its armed forces in order to provide a professional, well-equipped, and well-trained army, capable of acting in close coordination with armed forces of other countries. Without such an army, Russia will very soon find itself isolated and excluded from most of the international security arrangements.
The concerns that Russia has about the impact that the new military technologies, such as missile defenses, could have on the capability of its strategic forces are largely misguided. By taking relatively simple and asymmetric steps, Russia could easily neutralize any missile defense deployment. For example, the political capital and efforts that Russia has spent fighting off the U.S. missile defense program should have been spent solving more urgent problems of Russia's security, for it is absolutely clear that in the unlikely event the United States deploys a missile defense system, Russia could easily defeat it with simple countermeasures.
At the same time, it should be noted that the drift toward a rather confrontational stance vis-à-vis the United States and its allies is not entirely driven by a conscious choice of the Russian leadership or the military. In large part, it is a result of the cold-war inertia in the Russian and western security policy. A number of steps undertaken by the United States and NATO, such as expansion of NATO and its intervention in Yugoslavia or missile defense development, have also contributed to this trend. As far as the support for the military industry and the more aggressive arms sales policy are concerned, these are motivated more by the need to help the industry to survive difficult times than by anything else. All this suggests that the confrontational trend that appeared in the relationship between Russia and the United States and its allies in the recent years could and should be reversed.
Engaging Russia
This analysis suggests that although Russia has a number of serious concerns about the impact that the technological progress in military affairs may have on its security, most of these concerns could not and should not be dealt with by pursuing policies that lead to a confrontation with the United States and its allies. The best way to address these concerns is to work toward integration of Russia into the post-cold war security mechanisms and ensuring that Russia has a voice in international affairs in general and in those that may directly affect its security in particular.
Pursuing this policy, however, would present a very big challenge for Russia as well as for the West. The degree of mistrust inherited from the cold war is still very high. Besides, a number of political decisions made in the last decade, complicated the situation even further. Still, the Russian leadership has made it clear that it wants Russia to be part of Europe and this aspiration reflects the views that dominate Russian public opinion.
There are still major obstacles on the way toward Russia's integration into the European economic and security mechanisms. Russia certainly has the most work to do, since it cannot count on the integration if it fails to build a truly democratic society with transparent mechanisms of societal control over the government. Although now the Russian society seems to be moving into a different direction, there is hope that eventually it will realize the importance of creating genuine democratic mechanisms. Europe and the United States have very important stakes in this process, since a failure to engage Russia and make it a fully democratic society would seriously undermine the efforts aimed at building a more secure world.


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June 7, 2018 06:52 am
DHADING, June 7: Khomaya Tamang's home in Gangajamuna Rural Municipality of Dhading district was destroyed by the 2015 earthquake. Along with the damage to her house, she also had her right arm fractured. She lay injured in a field for four days until a rescue helicopter arrived and carried her to the District Hospital in Dhandingbesi.

subset: commoncrawl


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Alone/Together (for gallery)
SYNOPSIS: Liang's wife has locked herself up in the bathroom for over two years. Tired and frustrated Liang hatches a plan to lure his wife out of the bathroom once and for all by inviting his neighbor over for a romantic dinner.
CAST: Michael Chua, Debra Teng, Karen Bee Lin Tan.
Singapore, 14 minutes, Canon 5DMII.
Teaser ALONE / TOGETHER


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956 Main St, Jasper County, Hardeeville
705 shirley st, is a single family home that contains 1536sqft of heated space. This ranch style beautiful home features 4br/2ba, with a huge deck an workshop in the back yard also a six foot privacy fence. Centrally located in the heart of fast growing Hardeeville SC, right off of Interstate 95,20 minutes away from Savannah Ga,25 minutes away from Beautifule Beaufort & 20 minutes away from the Beautiful Beaches of Hilton Head Island. Near by World Class Shopping and Golfing.
Deck, Fence-Privacy, Back Porch, Front Porch
We do not attempt to independently verify the currency, completeness, accuracy or authenticity of the data contained herein. It may be subject to transcription and transmission errors. Accordingly, the data is provided on an "as is," "as available" basis only and may not reflect all real estate activity in the market. © 2019 Multiple Listing Service of Hilton Head Island, Inc. All rights reserved. Certain information contained herein is derived from information which is the licensed property of, and copyrighted by, Multiple Listing Service of Hilton Head Island, Inc.


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Question about Sony DAV-DZ100 System
Posted by RECALDO on
I have a Sony DAV-DZ100 system and immediately after swching on the system, the display shows a message "protect/unplug" alternatively.I tried some suggetsons like making sure good ventilation and unplugging all the speakers connected to the system. But no reliefe
We got the same message today. Everything was working fine then my husband tried to do something to the speaker and didn't even get the 2 wires (had 1 connected) connected when it made a noise so he quickly unplugged wires then this message came on the dvd player. Nothing we do seems to help. He even unplugged the speakers completely and is still getting the message.
I have the exact same problem as recaldo can anyone help fix this?
I too have the same problem
in sony hcd-dz100,when dvd loaded the display shows reading for 2minutes then can not play?
This is a common problem with sony it means unplug me or i will explode, it is a protection of the heat sync and usually means that a cooling fan has shorted out. If under gurentee return to Sony for repair if not under guranebntee as is generally the case check on the net for a replacement fan motor - as far as i know sony were sourcing thier fanns from Sunon there is a German based headquarters - just google sunon europe
Posted on Aug 12, 2007
Hi there,
Save hours of searching online or wasting money on unnecessary repairs by talking to a 6YA Expert who can help you resolve this issue over the phone in a minute or two.
Best thing about this new service is that you are never placed on hold and get to talk to real repairmen in the US.
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Posted on Jan 02, 2017
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What Happens During the Procedure?
As its name suggests, the CoolSculpting® procedure will feel a little chilly. In general, the first five to 10 minutes will produce a pretty intense cold as the treated area becomes numb. But that will subside within another five or so minutes — don't worry, we'll provide blankets.
As the applicator uses a vacuum to draw fatty tissue in, you may feel some tugging, pulling and/or mild pinching. The entire treatment lasts only 30-40 minutes, depending on the treated area, and we even suggest you multitask during your CoolSculpting® treatment! Read, check emails, take a nap. After the procedure, the registered nurse will perform a light massage on the treated area, which has been proven to increase treatment efficacy by 68 percent.
Is there downtime or pain post-procedure?
After your treatment, you are free to resume all regular activity, including work. Although side effects might include temporary redness/skin sensitivity, swelling, bruising, tenderness or itching, all of these are temporary and should resolve within days or weeks.
When it comes to results though, those will be visible within one to three months. With CoolSculpting®, most patients see results after a series of two or more treatments on a specific area, and we suggest spacing these procedures out by several weeks so progress can be assessed.
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Everyone (and body!) is different! Which means your CoolSculpting® plan will be personalized entirely based on your needs and targeted areas. You'll schedule an initial consultation with Dr. Majewski, who will ask about your overall health, goals and expectations, as well as which problem areas you'd like tackle. Dr Majewski will determine if you are a good candidate and will create a customized treatment plan for you that begins with the area of greatest concern. This is a time for you to ask questions too!
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Millstone Café to Host Chef's Table Dinner This Friday
Chef Mike Kline will prepare a four-course meal at the Brandywine River Museum of Art.
Photo from Adobe Stock, By Eric Limon
Celebrate the flavors of spring this Friday at the Brandywine River Museum of Art's Millstone Café, where chef Mike Kline will prepare a delightful four-course meal. The event doubles as a celebration of chef Klein's first anniversary.
Museum galleries will be open from 6–7 p.m., offering tours of "American Beauty: Highlights from the Richard M. Scaife Bequest" and "Phyllis Mills Wyeth: A Celebration" prior to the seated dinner at 7 p.m. Tickets are $100 for members and $110 for nonmembers. For tickets and more information visit the event's page.
More information:
Chef's Table dinner at the Brandywine River Museum of Art's Millstone Café
Friday, April 5 from 6-9 p.m.
1 Hoffman's Mill Road, Chadds Ford, Pa • (610) 388-2700


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More information:
Seely, M.K. 1979. Irregular fog as a water source for desert dune beetles. Oecologia, 42(2): 213-227
Irregular fog as a water source for desert dune beetles.
Summary / Notes:
Three methods of fog-water uptake have been observed in three tribes of Namib desert dune tenebrionid beetles, Adesmiini, Eurychorini and Zophosini. The methods used correlate with distribution and gross morphology of each species but cut across phylogenetic affinities. Of the three methods described, none involve obvious fine anatomical or physical adaptations of the beetles for fog-water uptake. Rather, the beetles have evolved specific behavioural patterns for drinking water condensed on vegetation, their own dorsum or sand.
Year: 1979
Type: Journal Article
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|Re: publisher interface study
|Nicole Harris <n.harris@xxxxxxxxxx>
|Mon, 21 Sep 2009 10:06:48 +0100
Thanks Bob
I don't think we are trying to replace the 'Athens' brand as like you I'm not a huge fan of branded buttons. I think that this gets down to a much simpler problem - what exact words should be used to explain to a user where to click to start the federated access chain. In the UK we have tended to promote 'institutional login' and we can continue to do so - but then when another federation wants to add their infrastructure to the mix they may have a different opinion etc. etc. If we can have an agreed term to go on the front page of a publisher website just to start the process then we are already moving forward. As 'real' words like institution, academic etc cause lots of problems, we really need something that is just a term with some kind of meaning, but one that works across education in different countries.
The idea of a brand would be more so that we can have a supporting website behind the term with all of the relevant information on about guidance for publishers and which federations support this process etc. etc. I think TERENA have already said that they would be happy to host this.
The 'we' is definitely REFEDS. We won't take any work forward if the group is not happy with it. However as JISC, we find ourselves in a difficult position as we are typically going live with publishers first and what we do with them tends to impact other countries.
So I don't think the problem is us trying to replace the Athens brand. The problem is us trying to make the right recommendations to publishers that won't have a negative impact on other countries so we are looking to all of you to tell us what you would prefer us to say. To date, the preference seems to be 'say eduID'.
So I think the question I have is what can we put in place now that does not negate future work like the Kantara initiative but solves the very real problem that those of us actively using publisher infrastructure have and does not create future problems by current bad practise?
Many thanks
RL 'Bob' Morgan wrote:
We are nearing the end the of the consultation period for the publisher interface study and as yet have had no dissenting voices.OK: I dissent. While the study does an excellent job of explaining the situation, identifying the problem and backing it up with real user data, I remain unconvinced that its main recommendation, that of a brand to represent academic federated access, makes sense. At the risk of over-simplifying, it seems to me that the problem facing JISC is: how to replace the "login via Athens" label that has served it so well for many years? I acknowledge that JISC and Athens have led the way for the world in federated access, and I'm glad you have done so; but how-to-replace-Athens is not the problem in the US, nor I think most other places. The answer given is "login via something more inclusive than Athens", where the inclusion extends to "academic federations". But this choice of what to include is arbitrary, as the study itself explains (p 41): 6.1 Access to resources The changing world: • The user base that many publishers sell to today is broadening; • Non academic customers need to supported; • Publishers provide what the market desires in terms of access methods What advice is given to publishers to deal with their non-academic customers? None that I can see. So, publishers will handle those needs in inconsistent, conflicting ways that will continue to create confusion for our users even if the academic brand helps a little (and I wonder how much it will; more below). The point is that any login branding that makes the user have to decide up front "am I one of those?" via selecting a logo just doesn't scale. This is the main point, I think, of the research Google and others did into the login problem: http://sites.google.com/site/oauthgoog/UXFedLogin I'm not sure if refeds folks are familiar with this work or not; I had thought the JISC report mentioned it but looking again I don't see it. In particular the Google folks were reacting to and rejecting the promotion of the OpenID logo as a brand for login. I'm sure we would all agree with that: it is far too narrow and limiting to tie user behavior to a particular protocol (especially one many of us don't like). But, from the point of view of a resource provider with customers in many markets, how could it make sense to tie user behavior to a label for one of those markets? I don't have a strong alternative to propose; I don't think anyone does. I am, however, helping to lead a group just starting to work on the more general problem: http://kantarainitiative.org/confluence/display/ulx/Home The group charter is appended. The group was just approved as a Kantara WG last week, so hasn't done anything yet; there has been some early discussion that led to developing the proposal for the group. The idea grew out of the Google work I reference above, and reaction to proposals from Information Card supporters of a login logo for that protocol, and of course everyone's observations about the login problem. The scope is wildly ambitious, but it is my opinion that the only way we'll be able to get beyond narrow, unsatisfactory solutions is to look at the big picture. I encourage others to participate in this group.This means that we are preparing to move to the next stage - which will be to run an open design competition for a logo to represent federated access.Can you clarify which "we" you mean here? Is JISC proposing to create this material for use by all of REFeds? Or by ... anyone? I don't want to stifle initiative, but it seems to me the practical questions about how such a brand would be used and administered are exactly the ones that make this proposal problematic. Could it be used by any site wanting to provide access to academic federations, or just publishers (and if so what defines a publisher)? As Josh asks, what common infrastructure would support signing on via this brand and what organizations would be eligible to participate in it? I guess the urgency here is to do something to solve the UK's Athens-replacement problem before things get any worse, and I can appreciate that this is important to you, but my concern is that if marketing gets ahead of reality both publishers and users will be turned off. - RL "Bob" --- http://kantarainitiative.org/confluence/display/ulx/Charter (1) WG NAME (and any acronym or abbreviation of the name): The WG name, acronym and abbreviation must not include trademarks not owned by the Organization, or content that is infringing, harmful, or inappropriate. Universal Login User Experience (ULX) Work Group (2) PURPOSE: Please provide a clear statement of purpose and justification why the proposed WG is necessary. The purpose of the Work Group is to uncover, through a structured process (design and testing of prototypes, authoring draft specifications, building reference implementations), an integrated user interface that best guides a person through the login lifecycle of a website. This does not include first time registration, but does include logging in during return visits as well as logging out. Assumed is a range of initial conditions, protocols, and relationships between the application and identity services. The Work Group will facilitate the development of visually consistent, interoperable implementations of these specifications The Work Group is necessary to expedite the process of gathering representatives from disparate communities each of which tends to focus on the user experience for a single protocol or approach. Key to success will be attracting participation from the communities developing formal standards (e.g. SAML, OpenID, and IMI Information Card), communities supporting de facto standards (e.g. Facebook Connect and Google Friend Connect), and communities involved in HTML username/password technology (e.g. browser developers). The output of the Work Group is a set of guidelines and draft specifications that embrace many different login technologies, along with reference applications that can be empirically demonstrated to be easy for people to learn and use. Specifically, this Work Group is responsible for: * Designing a methodology and set of metrics for empirically testing the effectiveness, efficiency, and overall usability of various approaches to implementing the website login lifecycle. * Developing a set of use cases and requirements that are specific enough to guide the specification design work * Developing prototype implementations of the user interface * Applying the testing methodology to these prototypes * Developing a set of modular draft specifications based on the outcome of the design/prototype/testing process that meet the identified use cases and requirements, influenced by contributions as appropriate * Developing and maintaining liaisons as appropriate with external bodies and other Kantara groups * Fostering the creation of multiple interoperable reference implementations, particularly in open source * Promoting progressive harmonization with existing specifications and protocols as appropriate * Developing educational materials in support of the overall Work Group effort * Overseeing the contribution of each resulting draft specification to a standards-setting organization (3) SCOPE: Explain the scope and definition of the planned work. The specifications must meet the following basic functional requirements, in addition to specific use cases and requirements later identified by this Work Group: * Support the notion of an integrated user interface such that one or more protocol-specific implementations can fit within the overall visual interaction framework. * Allows the person to login and to logout. * Allows the person to use a variable number of computers and/or mobile devices * Allows that the specific device being used may or may not have some kind of identity client software integrated into the browser hereafter referred to as a browser add-on * The user experience will be optimized for the case where a browser add-on is present, but will still function although with perhaps a less than ideal experience in the browser-only case. * Supports a wide range of sizes of display surface for the interface. * Accommodates the fact that the Website (or local web-based application) supports one or more of the following interaction methods: username/password, OpenID, Facebook Connect, IMI Information Card, SAML, Google Friend Connect, Kerberos. * Accommodates the fact that the browser add-on, if present, supports one or more of the following login methods (that the person is capable of using): OpenID, Facebook Connect, IMI, SAML, Google Friend Connect, Kerberos. * Accommodates the fact that the person may be visually impaired or have other disabilities The specifications must meet the following basic design principles, in addition to any emergent design principles later identified by this Work Group: * Simple to understand, implement in an interoperable fashion, and deploy on an Internet-wide scale * Modular (e.g. incorporating other existing specifications by reference where appropriate, and breaking down this Work Group's draft specifications into multiple pieces where reuse by different communities is likely) * Generative (able to be combined and extended to support a variety of use cases and emerging application functionality) * Developed rapidly, in an "agile specification" process that can refactor for emerging needs The following design solutions are initially out of scope for the first version of the group's output, though the group should avoid precluding such solutions, if possible, where they are analogous to in-scope solutions: * Other types of networked applications besides Web-based ones * Parties other than natural persons wishing to login * Non-login/lout interactions including but not limited to account registration, password recovery, silent authentication (e.g. of a computer to a network), digital signature presentation, payment and credential presentation. The group will develop materials for workshops and conferences, and the coordinate speakers on ULX topics for such events. (4) DRAFT TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS: List Working Titles of draft Technical Specifications to be produced (if any), projected completion dates, and the Standards Setting Organization(s) to which they will be submitted upon approval by the Membership. It is anticipated that the following technical specifications will be produced, with modular boundaries subject to change; they are anticipated to be submitted to the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) for further work and completion: * Universal Login UX Specification * Login Metadata Discovery – A mechanism whereby a browser with an add-on can discover the supported/preferred login method(s). (5) OTHER DRAFT RECOMMENDATIONS: Other Draft Recommendations and projected completion dates for submission for All Member Ballot. Universal Login UX Best Practices and Walkthrough Documentation At the group's option, some of this material may be considered non-normative (equivalent to white papers). (6) LEADERSHIP: Proposed WG Chair and Editor(s) (if any) subject to confirmation by a vote of the WG Participants. * Co-Chair: RL "Bob" Morgan, Internet2/University of Washington * Co-Chair: Michael Graves, Janrain * Co-Chair: Paul Trevithick, (individual participant affiliated with Azigo) NOTE: For the purpose of formation, Paul Trevithick will act as the convener for the group and the initial primary point of contact. (7) AUDIENCE: Anticipated audience or users of the work. The anticipated audience for the documents produced by this Work Group includes developers, deployers, and designers of online services that act on behalf of individual users. The Work Group also anticipates gathering input from individual users of online services, in order to answer their needs and preferences to the extent possible. (8) DURATION: Objective criteria for determining when the work of the WG has been completed (or a statement that the WG is intended to be a standing WG to address work that is expected to be ongoing). This Work Group will target producing use cases and requirements within 6 months of inception in order to guide its design effort, and will target 18-24 months to develop a V1.0 set of technical specifications and other auxiliary materials, facilitating the development of multiple independent reference implementations as appropriate during this time. This charter may be amended from time to time, with changes approved by the Leadership Council. (9) IPR POLICY: The Organization approved Intellectual Property Rights Policy under which the WG will operate. Kantara IPR Policy – Option Liberty 10) RELATED WORK AND LIAISONS Related work being done in other WGs or other organizations and any proposed liaison with those other WGs or organizations. This Work Group has a number of dependencies on, and shared goals with, the output of other efforts. Following are examples of other Kantara groups and external efforts with which this Work Group intends to liaise informally (absence from this list does not indicate a lack of interest in a liaison relationship): * Kantara Consumer Identity Work Group * Identity Provider Selection Work Group (IdP Selection WG) * Information Card Foundation * OpenID Foundation * DataPortability.org * Eclipse Higgins Project * W3C Rich Web Clients Activities, including the Web Apps WG (11) CONTRIBUTIONS (optional): A list of contributions that the proposers anticipate will be made to the WG. None.
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Electronics: Should electronics be in your hand or hold luggage? Passengers can put them in either, however be assured of a device's safety, be it a laptop or camera, in your own hands. Meanwhile hold luggage goes through lord knows what. If you're putting it in your hand luggage, ensure the device is charged. There may be spot checks in which they ask you to turn them on.
Other Restrictions: It's a good idea to familiarise yourself with what you cannot take in your hand luggage, even if they seem obvious. You actually can take tweezers and nail clippers, but not knives and certain sized scissors. Lighters, however, must be on your person and not in your luggage in a clear bag.
The Best Clothing for the Airport
All passengers have been there, excited to jet off, wanting to look our best. Really, minimal flashy accessories and jewellery will save you having multiple items to take off or risk setting off the scanner. Our clothing tips are:
- Take off your belt and jewellery and deposit into the tray along with the rest of your hand luggage.
- Don't wear boots as they'll definitely be checked. Weigh up whether you really need a pair of boots where you're going anyway.
- Choose shoes to wear to the airport that are easy to slip on and off.
What to Do When Going Through Airport Security Screening
Not only will what you're wearing and being rigorous in what you pack into your hand luggage help speed up the security screening process. There are also a handful of other tips worth taking on board when on your next trip to the airport.
Ensure you have items like liquids and electronics packed in an easily reachable place in your bag. You can then unpack and put into the trays efficiently as you approach security. When depositing possessions, do so across more than just the one tray so that items aren't piled on top of each other. You should keep electronics to their own tray.
It's also a good idea to check if you have anything in your pockets or bag that might cause issue, including car keys. The scanner is bound to be set off and cause an awkward commotion. Simple checks like this means you can slip it into your bag along with the rest of your belongings.
It also doesn't hurt to be kind and considerate, both to the staff and other travellers around you. Everyone finds the airport highly stressful, so be aware as you go through the security process. Ensure that you're ready when an opening comes up and that you're moving swiftly with the queues. Bid a nice day to the people working at the airport – they probably find security checks just as dull as you do.
What to Do After Security Checks
Carry on your consideration for others after your checks have been complete. There always ends up being a cluster of people immediately after scanners, passengers irate as they attempt to quickly gather their things and get out of other people's way. Break the vicious cycle and take your trays away to a calmer area designated for getting yourself together. This will make the whole ordeal easier for everyone and you won't feel frazzled straightening yourself out and putting your shoes back on in record breaking time.
Taking a moment to consider that you're all in the same boat when it comes be airport security. It's always a good place to start. Not getting exasperated when passengers inevitably don't get through in less than three minutes is another. Being positive will keep you mellow, as well as the staff and create as painless an experience as possible. Before you know it, you'll be jetting off, that awkward pat down a distant memory.
Keep reading the Parking at Airports blog for more travel advice to help on your next adventure!
Posted By: Alice Marshall – 15th February 2018


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The meaning of jake!
2y ago
It has a recent history going back only a little over ten years ago. It's origins were from the Corvette Racing Team. Back in 2004, they used a slogan "Take No Prisoners" during their 24 hour endurance race. It simply started on a napkin and the rest was history.
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Our Conference Boy blog, which this week features event tips from Newbury Racecourse, is here.
The MINDchallenge UK heat pictures are here. Details of the Silverstone event space are here.
The week's top stories were:
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Last Updated on
Just What is An Entrepreneurs Mindset?
Here is my favourite definition of an entrepreneur " A person who organises and manages any enterprise, especially a business, usually with considerable initiative and risk".
Who do you think of when someone says "entrepreneur" and what do you think they have that gives them an "entrepreneur's mindset".
Throughout history and continuing in to recent times there are hundreds, if not thousands of people we could look to as entrepreneurs. These people do not necessarily have to be either rich, famous or both.
For me, I look at people like:-
- ✱ Thomas Edison – inventor extraordinaire
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- ✱ Mark Zuckerberg – co-founder of Facebook
What stands out amongst for me is all these people have or had an unwavering belief they would succeed, they never failed, just learnt.
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Have you tried to start and run an online business? Its easy! Live your dream life just buy this and this and thousands a day will be yours, usually in a couple of hours a day at most!
There is another description of an entrepreneur I am very fond of. " An entrepreneur is a person willing to work 80 hours a week so they don't have to go to work 40 hours a week".
I'm sure there are also a lot of people that still do what I did. Work insane hours a week in a job and try and be an "entrepreneur" on the side.
Of course there are a multitude of reasons why people in general do not succeed in developing their online businesses and I do not claim to know them all, however I have realised over the years what we can do to shift the odds in our favour.
Listen to Tony Robbins, no doubt one of the best performance coaches in the world. "If you want to be successful, find someone who has achieved the results you want and copy what they do and you'll achieve the same results."
There is no need to reinvent the wheel, as great success can be had by leveraging the time, knowledge and systems of others. The entrepreneurs mindset here is to work smarter not harder.
I spent years learning by trial and error. Lessons that not only cost thousands of dollars, but still didn't reward me with the the results I desired.
I fell foul of one the most common thieves of success. DISTRACTION. This is one the those vicious Catch 22 situations that we can all easily fall victim to and the entrepreneurs mindset really takes a pounding.
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Previously I made my 6 figures a year, but I was time poor. Working 12 – 14 hours a day, on call 7 days a week and weekends. I had no life. There is no price I can put being able to go for a walk every day with my wife and our dog, enjoy our weekends together and no stress!!
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Shame on....Jesus?
Ever felt ashamed of yourself for something you've done? Ever been shamed by someone else or even worse, by a church for something you've done? If that's you, or someone you might know, please watch this.
If you've been told your whole life, "God is good, you are bad, try harder!" then you've been told a lie. True Christianity has nothing to do with being GOOD. It has EVERYTHING to do with being SAVED.
Shame on you? Jesus says…cast your shame on ME, and I'll nail it to a cross. Forever.


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Evolution Sails USA is bringing a breath of fresh air to the American sailing scene. Our sails are made in house by passionate New Zealand Sailors. Evolution Sails are made with the highest quality materials and keen attention to detail. The technology we employ in continually being tested and updated to ensure the sails are at the cutting edge of sailing. Each sail is built custom to the needs and demands of the customer's boat by a team of world class designers. Evolution Sails New Zealand stand behind every sail we make. We know it will be the best sail you have ever had.
Our goals it to make sure our customers meet their goals on the water, no matter what they may be. Evolution Sails USA works with all types of boats for both racing and cruising. Whether the goal is to sail around the harbor or across the bay, our team will work to find the right sails and support. The support continues long after the sails have been delivered.
There are now 4 Evolution Sails Lofts in USA!
- Evolution Sails Chicago – run by Andy Camarda
- Evolutoin Sails North Coast, Cleveland – run by Karl Felger
- Evolution Sails Erie Islands, Sandusky – run by Kyle Ryan
- Evolution Sails South Atlantic – Charleston – run by Bill Wiggins
601 W Montrose Ave
Chicago, IL 60613, USA
North Coast – Cleveland
5401 N Marginal Rd,
Cleveland, OH 44114
Erie Islands - Sandusky
1023 1st St, Sandusky, OH 44870
South Atlantic - Charleston
1371 Ashley River Rd, Charleston, SC 29407
Loft Location - USA
Evolution Sails Chicago
601 W Montrose Ave, Chicago, IL 60613, USA
Andy Camarda
Phone: 847-507-1179
Evolution Sails North Coast – Clevedon
5401 N Marginal Rd, Cleveland, OH 44114
Karl Felger
Call: (216) 361-2594
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Evolution Sails Erie Islands, Sandusky
1023 1st St, Sandusky, OH 44870
Ryan Kyle
Call: (567) 283-5335
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Evolution Sails South Atlantic – Charleston
1371 Ashley River Rd, Charleston, SC 29407
Bill Wiggins
Call: (843) 790-4876
Email: email@example.com


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Beds: 5Baths: 6sqft: 7864
Adroit Real Estate is pleased to offer you:
No Commission | Direct Crystal Lagoon Access | 1BR Apt in District One, MBR City
Apartment Details:
• BUA: 668.00 sq . ft.
• Waterfront Living
• Comfy Bedroom
• Spacious Bathroom
• Crystal Lagoon Access
• Selling Price: AED 1,121,531.00
Limited Time Promotion on selected Units!
• 3 Years Free Service Charge
• 2% DLD Fees Waiver
• Fully Furnished Apartments
For viewing and for further assistance, please feel free to call our customer service on: +971527752399 / +971589997269 / +97144271101
Note: The pictures in this Ad are for illustrative purposes only.
We are working in the corporate sector, so if any enquirers for the multiple numbers of units for Rent or Sale please don't hesitate to contact us.
About Adroit Real Estate:
We are a property consultancy firm based in Dubai, UAE. We deal in residential & commercial properties, aiming to provide best properties catering to the needs and wants of our clients. Our team members are real estate experts who go extra miles to provide best property options to the clients. Adroit Real Estate understands that in the highly-competitive Dubai real estate market it is important to take right investment decisions, which is why we try to work in the best interests of our clients. We welcome you to contact us anytime and share your real estate matters with us.
About District One Residences:
District One is an integral part of Mohammad bin Rashid City, one of Dubai's most sought-after mixed-use developments. Spread over 1,100 acres of land, District One is a stunning residential destination that will feature an exclusive collection of luxury villas, sweeping lush green landscapes, and an impressive 7 km stretch of water known as Crystal Lagoon. Its ideal location makes it a short drive away from the city's famous landmarks such as Burj Khalifa, the world's tallest tower and all the amenities of Downtown Dubai. Promising an unrivaled luxury lifestyle, District One affords residents with a choice of Modern Arabic, Mediterranean, and Contemporary design villas, meticulously crafted to effortlessly suit urbane family living. These magnificent residences are set in prime land plots, surrounded by spectacular natural wonders and a wide range of recreational and lifestyle amenities.
Updated on June 25, 2019 at 6:20 am
Beds: 5Baths: 6sqft: 7864
Beds: 5Baths: 6sqft: 7864
Beds: 6Baths: 7sqft: 12049
Beds: 6Baths: 7sqft: 12049
Beds: 6Baths: 7sqft: 9955
Beds: 6Baths: 7sqft: 9955
Beds: 5Baths: 6sqft: 7823
Beds: 5Baths: 6sqft: 7823
No Commission | Direct Crystal Lagoon Access | 1BR Apt in District One, MBR City - District One - Al Meydan Road - Dubai - United Arab Emirates
No Commission | Direct Crystal Lagoon Access | 1BR Apt in District One, MBR City - District One - Al Meydan Road - Dubai - United Arab Emirates


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8555285378 who calls me from 855-528-5378?
Ja Hid is on Facebook. Join Facebook to connect with Ja Hid and others you may know. Facebook gives people the power to share and makes the world more... Join Facebook to connect with Ja Hid and others you may know.... 2013-03-14�� Lookup area code 855 on the 855 area code map in Washington, DC plus get the timezone and current time. Lookup the name and address of any phone number in area code 855 . Lookup the name and address of any phone number in area code 855 .
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The phone number 855-528-4015 appears to be a toll free number. A toll-free telephone number means that the person or company you are calling pays for any fees arising from the phone call.
- The phone number 855-528-4015 appears to be a toll free number. A toll-free telephone number means that the person or company you are calling pays for any fees arising from the phone call.
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- They were Told I am on disability and trustee to call them as in Trustee stop calling me ever since 3 weeks now calling every 5 min to an hr I have almost 8 numbers blocked from them.
- 855 is an area code that allows the caller to have the person called pay for the call. I just got one, and it was shown as a sales call. I do not answer 855 calls, you shouldn... I just got one, and it �
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text:
1 New Chevrolet Cruze in the Rio Grande Valley of Texas
Fiesta Chevrolet
- Condition: New
- Model: Cruze
- Trim: LS
- Body style: 4D Sedan
- Exterior: Summit White
- Interior: Black
- Doors: 4
- Stock: F93620
- Model number: 1BR69
- Engine: 1.4L 4-Cylinder Turbo DOHC CVVT
- Transmission: 6-Speed Automatic
- Fuel: Gasoline
- Drivetrain: FWD
- Upholstery: Cloth
Didn't find the right fit?
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*These estimates reflect new EPA methods beginning with 2008 models. Your actual mileage will vary depending on how you drive and maintain your vehicle. Actual mileage will vary with options, driving conditions, driving habits and vehicle's condition. Mileage estimates may be derived from previous year model.


text:
"There's not any blanket waiver or nation waiver the moment it regards an S 400. We've got serious problem with a potential S 400 order [from India] and we are continuing our discussions about which exactly the united states of america or alternative fledgling suppliers can assist India,''" Ms. Wells explained.
"It's true that ten years past we failed to offer you the scope of military supplies into India which people're ready to provide now. We are really far participated in a dialog together with India on how exactly we can expand our personal romance," Ms. Wells explained in answer to some query.
But, GSP or requesting India to quit acquiring oil from Iran is not likely to drive India to the China Circle, '' she said asked concerning any of it by your own lawmaker.
"therefore we are generating substantial strides ahead inside our army romance," she explained.
"I actually don't believe thus. We're India's most significant and most useful current market. Twenty% of India's merchandise occur . There's Indian International Direct Investment at the United States. There is a Enormous curiosity by US companies in India. Since primary Minister Modi commences his next semester. He is obsessed with project development and bringing Foreign Direct investment decision goes to function as an essential portion of this plan.
Signing of COMCASA contract involving your 2 states, she explained, has been a essential measure forwards that lets to that categorized sharing of advice, and it is among those standard foundational arrangements which boost armed forces interoperability.
Senior State Department official (Central and South Eastern Affairs) Alice G Wells advised Household International Affairs Sub Committee to Asia, the Pacific and also Non-proliferation on Thursday the US currently does longer army jobs together with India than Every Other Nation.
Even the S 400 is called Russia's most innovative semi surface to air missile defence procedure. China has been the very primary overseas purchaser to secure an government to government deal using Russia at 2014 for its body.
"We assume continuing advancement and enlarging defence relationship. Nevertheless, it really is still true about 65 roughly 70 percent of India's military components is Russian source," she explained.
The announcement came after the indistinguishable warning by the senior State Department officer who'd said New Delhi's agreement to secure the mortal missile strategy from Moscow would have"significant consequences" about India-US defence ties.
"In either our spiritual, trilateral, quadrilateral formats, now we are functioning collectively in a sense we did picture of ten decades back. So we might prefer all parts of our army romance to grab upto the new venture," Ms. Wells explained.
Reacting to a different query, Wells alleged that India gets got the maximum tariff hurdles of the G 20 nation.
So if Russian President Putin visited India last October, there were no added statements of significant ticket armed forces products which have been potentially into account, '' she explained.
"Underneath the Trump government, we are fairly obvious that people're prepared to assist meet up with India's defence desires plus we're trying to find a exact various type of defence venture construction in the'significant Defence associate' designation which India has acquired out of Congress," Ms. Wells explained.
Only Two or Three weeks Before, India, the USA, both the Philippines and Japan failed a sail in the South China Sea, '' she Explained.
The united states is prepared to aid India's defence requires together with the hottest technology and gear, however New Delhi buying long-lived S 400 missile defence strategy in Russia would confine collaboration, the Trump management has warned.
In a sure position, she contended a tactical choice must be left from India about ventures and also a tactical choice for what weapon platforms and systems it's really is likely to embrace.
On the past ten decades, she mentioned India-US defence commerce has climbed from $18 billion, even since New Delhi has now begun to increase its firearms resources.
"traditionally it was a secure sector. Our failure to negotiate a deal within the duration of the previous year 5 caused your choice to suspend the GSP rewards," she explained.
Mentioning that India features a historic reliance upon Russian weapons, '' claimed what can cause trouble with all the S 400 is it effortlessly may restrict India's capability"to maximize our very own inter-operability".
"precisely ran commerce may be enormous asset to your connection and that is our attention because we start off our involvement with primary Minister Modi in his next semester because do we mend this portion of the romantic relationship," Ms. Wells additional.
She had been responding into the sub-committee about India purchasing S 400 out of Russia and just how exactly to earn India-US ties as powerful as purposeful as you possibly can.
US ready to help India's defence but buying S-400 from Russia would limit cooperation: Trump admin Reviewed by Munna Shaikh on June 13, 2019 Rating:


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Borrowing against your home is called home equity. Home equity is the value of your property after deducting your remaining mortgage balance and is one of the sources of income for homeowners. After ultimately paying off your mortgage, it's possible that the value of your property increases – which also increase your equity amount.
If you live in a neighborhood that improved in quality over time, the value of your home may get appraised at a higher value than the initial cost of purchase. Borrowing against your home means using your home equity as collateral to take out a loan. Using your home equity to lend serves as a guarantee to the lender that you will pay the loan back. If you default in repaying the amount borrowed at the stipulated time, the financial institution may evict you out of your home and put it up for auction. Borrowing against your home is a risky decision to make and one that requires due caution. After paying off your mortgage of about thirty years, it would be regrettable to lose your property to a home equity loan.
There are various reasons why homeowners seek to borrow against their homes - if properly used, it could be a sizeable benefit to the owner. The equity loan debt repayment is usually for five to fifteen years. There are two options for granting equity loans; the large lump sum of cash or the equity line of credit.
Using the large lump sum of cash method allows you to take a considerable amount up front which you repay overtime in fixed monthly installments with a fixed interest rate. The equity line of credit has a more flexible plan, and you might get approved for a maximum amount available. Out of the amount agreed, you can borrow the amount you require and also borrow multiple times from the amount approved. The disadvantage to this option is that lender can freeze your line of credit unexpectedly even before you get the chance to use the money.
The advantages of borrowing against your home include:
Disadvantages of borrowing against your home:
Be careful when deciding to borrow against your property. Be sure you have all the information you need and a solid financial plan.
Strong real estate professional graduated from University of Florida with a Master of Architecture. Skilled in Airport Design and Construction Administration, AutoCAD, Urban Planning, Mixed-use, Renovation, and Revit.
Hello all! I am Vivi Klinar born and raised in Peru. I moved to Miami in 1992. After graduating from the University of Florida with a Masters of Architecture I moved to New York City!
In 2005 I realized that Miami was becoming the NEW MANHATTAN and that my home was here, close to my loved ones!
I specialize in Sellers and Investors from all around the world!
Raised in a family of builders, I developed a passion for enticing design and an exquisite attention to detail. Locally, I've worked with one of the most respected and environmentally conscious architectural teams for over 8 years. The Mayor project I was involved in was the construction of El Nuevo Dorado International Airport in Bogota! Quite a challenge!
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Walk your own path with JOY at every step of the Way! Namaste


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With its unique design and sharp white color the Fujiilm Instax Camera may be just the camera you have been looking for. It has a Fujinon Lens – f=60 sec.
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The Fujiilm Instax Camera is available on Amazon for $76.29.
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