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PM Ralph Karsten (atmasphere).
He will set you straight. His products are truly balanced according to the specifications.
He will set you straight. His products are truly balanced according to the specifications.
What are "true" balanced connectors
By comparison, a true balanced situation is when the (+) and (-) and ground are separate, and the (-) carries the opposite of the (+) signal.
By reading both the (+) and (-) and summing them electronically you can cancel out noise picked up along the way.
This is not the same as having a truly balanced preamp or amplifier, that's a whole other story. :)
Balanced inputs are not defined by whether two channels of a stereo amplifier are bridged or not. The concept of balanced inputs is that the input is a differential receiver, where the signals on each wire are equal and opposite polarity. Thr differential receiver subtracts these two signals to reproduce the original signal. The benefit over single ended signalling is noise rejection. If the cable is exposed to a source of electrical noise, that noise will be induced with the same polarity and amplitude on both signal bearing conductors, and since the differential receiver subtracts the signal on both conductors, it cancels out the noise, which is common on both sides of the differential pair. This is how the term "common mode noise rejection" was coined.
sleepwalker is correct.
A "true balanced input" means the + and minus of the input are differential, and not referenced to ground.
A "true balanced" amp means that both outputs are driven. Most amps only drive the red output.
The Parasound A21 as well as several of the Yamaha P2x00 amps from way back are examples of amps with XLR inputs, but they are not balanced.
Thank you Erik!
YOU gave me exactly the specific answer I needed
Thank you Sleepwalker.
You gave me an answer to the broader question regarding what a balanced connection is. That your explanation may not correlate 100% with Erik's is irrelevant to me (beyond my pay grade!) ;-)
No Bob, you did not give me anything close to the "right answer" - Read my question(s) - then read your original reply - then tell me if you still think you gave me the "right answer." I do not have conflicting answers. I now know EXACTLY what I needed to know about the Odyssey amp I was considering to buy...
I wish members would not use this very useful resource as a platform for "sales pitches"...
Balanced means that the + and - amplitudes of the signal are referenced equally to ground.
Not a requirement when using transformers which are not center tapped, as was the case for many decades. In the old days, you'd use a single amplifier output, to drive one side of a transformer, and the resulting output had no reference to ground, only to each other.
It is only in modern times that we can use multiple op amp stages as the sender and receiver. And still, the receiver does not rely on any ground reference.
You don't have a clue as to what the 'balanced' spec is. This is evident in your original post.
I just pointed you to a person who has experience with Balanced Topology.
That you find that unacceptable is your problem.
And, if you wanted to know if the amp was truly balanced, why not contact the manufacturer directly, instead of soliciting guesses from those that don't even own the unit?
Balanced signals used to be transmitted by transformer outputs and inputs which were galvanically isolated.
Galvanic isolation isn't a requirement for a balanced circuit. The transformer output, unless it is center tapped, is only differential, which is where the value is anyways as far as common mode noise rejection is concerned.
Galvanic isolation isn't a requirement for a balanced circuit.
The transformer output, unless it is center tapped, is only differential, which is where the value is anyways as far as common mode noise rejection is concerned.
Yes, but it proves my point: The + and - are not necessarily referenced to ground. This is something which has just come about because we now use inverting op amps to drive the (-).


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Trip Planner: Caribbean / Turks and Caicos / Middle Caicos
Middle Caicos, also Grand Caicos, is the largest island in the Turks and Caicos Islands. To the west, it is separated from North Caicos by Juniper Hole, and to the east, from East Caicos by Lorimer Creek, both narrow passages that can accommodate only small boats. The island is known for its extensive system of caves and its significant Lucayan Indian archeological sites. The island is connected to North Caicos via a causeway.GeographyThe island has an area of within the high water mark, and of within the shoreline. The difference between the two values is not accounted for as land area. It is part of the North Caicos and Middle Caicos District.Notable natural areas are the scenic Mudjin Harbour, located on the northern shore, and Conch Bar Caves. On the eastern part of the islands are the ruins of Haulover Plantation. There are at least 38 Lucayan sites on Middle Caicos. Recent excavation has revealed that Middle Caicos was likely the principal settlement of Lucayan people in the sub tropics. Evidence of Lucayan settlements date back to 750 AD and archeologists believe that as many as 4,000 Indians once lived on the island.PopulationThe resident population of Middle Caicos is estimated to be 275.Middle Caicos SettlementsLorimersLocated at the northeastern middle end the Island, this inland village is situated along lagoon inlet. It is the smallest of three villages on Middle Caicos with a population of only 36.BambarraLocated east of Conch Bar about half a mile inland, this village is the second largest settlement on Middle Caicos. It is notable as the only town in the Turks and Caicos Archipelago that has a name of African derivation. The village was reputedly first settled by survivors of the Spanish slave ship Trouvadore that sank off Middle Caicos in 1842.Put Middle Caicos into our Turks and Caicos online travel planner and find out what's close by, where to stay, and where to head next.
Create an itinerary including Middle Caicos
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Middle Caicos Reviews
We spend a week on Provo but took one day to take the ferry to North Caicos, rented a small SUV from the ferry operator (same price I found) and spent all day exploring both North and Middle. Have lun... more »
I will be more specific in my reviews for Mudjin and Bambara but let me just say - this was a highlight of our trip which was mostly spent on Provo at an AI. To complain there is "nothing to see or do... more »
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Infrastructure needs a bit of help and I'll suggest taking a guided tour. Overall it was an ok trip... don't be late for your ferry ride back..
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Practical Information
Schedule - How to get to the Camp Nou - Services - Disabled People
- Open every day of the year, except for 1 January and 25 December.
- Duration of the visit: Approximately 1.5 hour
- Due to the sporting and corporate activities of the Club, the Tour and the opening hours may be affected for training or an event without prior notice.
Getting to the Camp Nou Museum
C/Arístides Mallol 12 (main Access 15) and Av. De Joan XVIII ( Boulevard Access 9), 08028 Barcelona.
Accommodation available close to Camp Nou
Find all available accommodation and choose the one that is best suited to your needs to make sure your stay in Barcelona is truly memorable.


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Three police officers are in hospital after their vehicle crashed while following a car in Sydney's west.
The officers tried to pull over a Mitsubishi Lancer at Rhodes about 4am (AEST) when the car sped off, police say.
The officers followed the car and were about to give pursuit when the truck they were in hit a power pole on Rider Boulevard.
The three male officers were taken to hospital as a precaution.
The 21-year-old Lancer driver is being questioned.


text:
Item Information
Title: Portrait of Ellis Wilson
Date: ca. 1950
Physical Details: 1 photographic print : b&w ; 26 x 21 cm.
Creator: Albert, John, photographer
Forms part of: Ellis Wilson papers, 1922-1959, bulk 1940s
Rights Statement: Current copyright status is undetermined
Citation: Portrait of Ellis Wilson, ca. 1950 / John Albert, photographer. Ellis Wilson papers, 1922-1959, bulk 1940s. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.
Digital ID: 3793


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The Leaking Bucket of Talent
The Leaking Bucket of Talent
A talent shortage within the residential property sector is becoming increasingly noticeable.
It is fair to say that more and more employers are now looking at retail, telesales and other sectors to reach fresh talent. Over the past 13 years that I have been in property recruitment, there have always been more jobs than candidates, with each candidate receiving on average up to three job offers.
So what's the solution?
Employers need to be smart in their recruitment approach and look at similar service industries such as the retail sector to identify energetic, ambitious and dynamic individuals who have the potential to become exceptional agents. However, this approach comes with both positives and negatives.
The positives are that it would slowly clean up the 'white-socked brigade' – journeymen agents (male and female) who jump ship every 12 months from company to company for an earnings guarantee. I also believe that in some parts of retail, individuals are more customer-focused and when it comes to driving up quality of customer service and overall standards in the industry, this can only be a good thing.
The negatives are that while many skills are transferable, only a select few from outside the industry will have what it takes to sell or let properties. Even those that have the aptitude to be successful would need comprehensive training on the intricacies of the job, as well as what they need to do to be compliant. Larger organisations tend to be better equipped to accommodate this approach and can offer formal development plans and dedicated training in-house to staff who are new to the industry. Independents, on the other hand, may find it more difficult to provide the same level of support without using an external training partner.
One of our clients has indicated that staff retention is up by 75% through recruiting and training individuals "out of sector". In doing so, the firm has not only met an immediate recruitment need but also created a new pool of future managers for their business.
A note of caution here: Training up inexperienced recruits is not a quick fix and it is likely to take 12-18 months or more for agents to see the rewards.
With the average retail worker commanding an £18,000 to £20,000 basic and, in some circumstances, additional commission, salaries can also be an issue. Agents need to take this into consideration as the national average for a negotiator still stands at a basic salary of £15,000 and OTE of £20,000. One possible way to resolve the difference in salary is to offer an initial pipeline builder or earnings guarantee to ensure you attract the most promising individuals and retain them. This also has the benefit of instilling a focus on the individual's long-term career within the property industry.


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Travel + Leisure just gave Canada one helluva belated 150th birthday gift, naming the country their 2017 "Destination of the Year."
The prestigious publication hails Canada as "a source of stability and hope in a time when the news is mostly dominated by crisis and political rhetoric" and gives us a major shout out for being a welcoming haven for immigrants and refugees.
Oh, and Canada is pretty epic when it comes to things for visitors from around the globe to see, do, and experience.
In particular, T+L lauds the many Canada 150 events held coast to coast in 2017, the free National Parks admission program, and, for Americans, the oh-so-favourable exchange rate which made the True North strong and free a very affordable destination this year.
Naturally, Vancouver and B.C. can take much pride in being part of the honour, thanks to our stunning scenery, exciting urban offerings, outdoor adventures, access to water and mountains, and top-notch shopping and dining.
T+L's "explainer" video includes some pretty stunning Canadian eye candy, from mounds of Montreal bagels to actual mountains.


text:
Are you looking for an apartment or a house to buy? Are you struggling to choose between several options? When I was working for a property management company in Laguna Beach CA I put together this quick guide to help you out.
Here are the tips for you guys:
When choosing a home, deciding what type of house that you want is the number one issue to consider. Some people tend to be more introverted and keep things to themselves, so by owning their own house, they have the freedom to do as the please in their own personal space. If you are a type of person, who enjoys spending time alone in a quiet place and hates unfriendly roommates, buying your own house can be the best option.
On the other hand, some people like to live in apartments because maintenance is lower and you don't have to mow the lawn, or deal with the headache that comes with owning a house, so whichever option that works for you.
Some people go overboard and spend money they know that they can not pay back. You don't want to fall into the trap of owning a house too big for your or one that is too expensive. As long as it meets your expectations has the necessary requirements, it should be enough.
When buying your home, stop to think and consider what kind of lifestyle you have. For example, if you like to play music or if you happen to be an entrepreneur look for options that combine the aspects of your life into the home. You would probably be better off buying a bigger house that has an extra room for work/recording, and other rooms for team and group meetings.
Instead of leasing an office space for extra money and getting stuck in traffic jams just to get to and back from work, you could save all the headache by combining your lifestyle, hobbies, and interests with your home.
And, lastly what is important to you? Is it location, environment, the neighborhood or other things? Make sure to consider the neighborhood safety, how far of a commute it is to work, etc.
People fall into the trap of buying a house that other people would feel jealous of, or a house that others like instead of choosing a home that they themselves would like.
At the end of the day, you are making a big investment and decision for yourself, so it should be about you and your family. Make a list of what is important to you and your family. If one particular house has everything you need, but just a little more expensive compared to another house that is a bit cheaper (but doesn't meet all your needs), maybe it is better to spend just a little more so that you are happy with your decision. You don't want buyers remorse at the end.


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Podcast: Play in new window | Download (Duration: 34:02 — 26.1MB)
Subscribe: Apple Podcasts | Android | Email | Google Podcasts | Stitcher | TuneIn | Spotify | RSS | More
A Big Week, A Bad Week – On this episode (#138) of ACC Nation Podcast, Will, Xayveon and Jim share observations on this week's football games – Be sure you subscribe (free) to the podcast. Available for download – Apple Podcasts, Android, Email, Google Podcasts, Stitcher, TuneIn, Blubrry and Spotify.
This Week's Podcast Football Review
- Georgia Tech destroys Louisville
- The Yellow Jackets have NO passing offense but sure do have a ground game
- Is Georgia Tech hitting their stride?
- A theory on why Louisville got spanked by Paul Johnson
- Two hots – One should be Petrino's seat (find out why it isn't) and what the Cardinals will be next year
- Louisville needs to take a close look at how they structure their coaches contracts
- The Letdown Factor
- Syracuse suffers after last week's adrenaline rush
- It was what it was
- Hiccups and Bitters
- Wolfpack establish a running game
- Ball control issues
- What is the problem with Boston College's defense?
- A 180 by the Clemson offense – Now you look like a Top 5 team
- No remedy in sight for Wake Forest's defense
- Taken to the woodshed
- "Fansanity" – Miami fans don't know if they are coming or going
- That turnover backpack needs to go….no, seriously, we're laughing at you not with you
- Miami shows moxie
- Hokies had a better showing than expected
- The Irish need to be taken seriously
- It's all about execution
- Virginia Tech is some sort of serious next year team
- Xayveon chokies on his admission
- Jim rings Will's door bell….and salutes the Tech kicker
Who Leads The Divisions?
- In the Atlantic it's – Clemson, NC State and Boston College
- In the Coastal it's – Miami, Virginia Tech and Pitt
- Clemson has a 6-0 record while NC State is 5-0
- Why is Miami popping up all over the ACC stats?
What About Next Week?
- Quick thoughts on upcoming games
- Bounce back time for Boston College
- An intriguing matchup between Duke and Georgia Tech
- Could there be an upset in the making with Pitt and Notre Dame?
- No more second guessing that Virginia is a trap game for Miami
Check out all the sports news on the main page
Be sure to read ACC Nation Daily for complete conference coverage
More football, basketball and guests in upcoming episodes of ACC Nation Podcast
Connect with us on social media
@accnation at Twitter, Instagram, LinkedIn and YouTube
Like and follow us on Facebook at ACC Nation Sports
Where to find the guys on Twitter – @WillsWorldMN @Xayveon @ACCTheQ


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Weight & Nutrition
BLOOMS Garcinia Cambogia Plus Green Coffee Bean 120 Vege Capsules
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BLOOMS Svelte GCB 45 30 Capsules
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CARUSO'S Natural Health Super Garcinia Cambogia 500ml
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CARUSO'S Super Garcinia Cambogia 60 Tablets
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NATUROPATHICA FatBlaster Weight Loss Shake Double Choc Mocha With Green Tea Extract 430g
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Weight management and good nutrition can play a vital part in keeping yourself fit, healthy and feeling great.
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Pharmadeal online discount pharmacy offers a wide array of products both online and in store. Our aim is to cater to our customer's needs and to provide them with a thoroughly fulfilling experience when they shop with us and all this at heavily discounted prices. We stock a multitude of products and offer plenty of bargains and discounts along with excellent customer service and prompt delivery. We stock multiple brands of Baby-Care, Vitamins, Toiletries, Make-up items, Fragrances, Hair and Skincare products, Health Supplements and so on, so you can shop to your heart's desire. Our range is extensive, and our prices are competitive.
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Rent To Own Homes, Rent To Own, Rent To Buy, Lease To Own – Rent to own is a concept that represents more than just a creative real estate structure. Rent to own is about improving your financial profile, taking proactive strides towards becoming a homeowner. A lease to purchase agreement is not a great fit for all aspiring homeowners.
Rent To Own Contract – Sample Contracts – Create your own printable contract – FREE! Download Printable Contract (.DOC format). Rent to Own Contract. Whereas, _____ (hereafter Renter) desires to possess and have the use of certain property owned by _____ (hereafter Owner) and described in Attachment A, and. rent, rent to own.
Best Place To Get A Mortgage Pre Approval Fixed Second Mortgage Rates How Mortgage Interest Rates Move – vantage mortgage group – Why Mortgage Rates Move. Unlike most other interest rates, those for mortgages (except ones for existing adjustable-rate mortgages) are largely determined by the supply of money into the market from investors and the demand for such loans from consumers.If your credit score is between 500 and 579, you need to make a down payment of at least 10 percent to get an FHA mortgage. But first you would have to find a lender that would approve the loan.
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So in this example, not having a rent-to-own option might mean your rent is $1,200. You should always have an attorney look at a rent-to-own contract or lease, because there is no industry standard template for writing rent-to-own contracts or rent-to-own leases.
Find the Most Rent to Own Properties on Housing List – HousingList provides buyers with a full database of rent-to-own, HUD Homes, and Foreclosure real estate in their area. Visit our library to learn more about what a rent-to-own home is, how to rent-to-own, and other common questions buyers have asked over the years.
Credit Score To Buy A Mobile Home 11 Best "Manufactured Home" Loans for bad credit financing (2019) – Best "Conventional" Loans for mobile homes. options for: home purchase, refinance, home equity, and reverse mortgage. Because of the lower risk, FHA loans generally have much lower credit score, income, and down.
Rent 2 Buy Nationwide | Rent To Buy Homes | Rent To Own – NZ's leading Rent To Own and Rent To Buy property specialists.
Georgia Rent To Own Homes | Rent To Own Homes in Georgia – Georgia Rent-to-own is a popular option among prospective homebuyers because it is essentially a neighborhood "test drive." Under the terms of a Georgia rent-to-own option, you can live in the area you think is the best long-term fit for your situation without getting immediately locked into a 15- or 30-year mortgage commitment.
Appliances – Rent To Own Washers, Dryers, Ranges & More – The advertised transaction is a rental-purchase agreement (rent-to-own agreement, consumer rental-purchase agreement or a lease/lease-purchase agreement, depending on your state).
In this article we will cover the pros and cons of rent to own homes and tips to avoid a. You also need to check if the property itself in free and clear of any tax .


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The Energy and Efficiency Industrial Partnership brings together 67 employers with a goal of filling the training and skills void in the power, gas, water, renewable and waste management industries by delivering around 70,000 new learning opportunities including apprenticeships and traineeships.
South West Water Chief Executive Chris Loughlin said: "Harnessing the energy and developing the talents of young people today is crucial for business success tomorrow. We fully support this new national partnership which will help to plug the skills gap and provide a steady supply of trained talent for employers.
"At South West Water, our workforce and supply chain partners are critical to providing essential water and sewerage services for our customers. Just as we plan our infrastructure requirements many years ahead, we also work closely with skills and education providers, and with our industry partners, to design our people requirements and create exciting career opportunities for future recruits.
"We believe in sharing our experience across the industry for the benefit of our customers and another way we are doing this is by supporting the development of South Devon's new University Technical College, which will specialise in engineering, water and the environment for 14-18 year olds."
The partnership, the biggest Government scheme of its type, is supported by Energy and Utility Skills (EU Skills), the National Skills Academy for Power and other employers including National Grid, British Gas and E.ON UK. The employers will match the Government's £33million investment into the partnership, which will fund increased training to ensure the industry has the right quantity, quality and diversity of new recruits.
South West Water will soon recruit its 50th apprentice as it completes the search for eight new trainees. The new intake will exceed this milestone and bring the number of apprentices recruited by the company since 2011 to 54.
The first two female operational apprentices in their field at South West Water were recruited last year and eight apprentices are now permanent employees after completing their training.
Finance Support Analyst Josh Naden, who started as an apprentice in 2012, said: "It's good to see how South West Water is promoting the benefits apprentices can provide to an organisation, as well as the development opportunities which go hand-in-hand with the apprenticeships. It is also good to see how the hard work and commitment displayed by apprentices is being recognised and rewarded in the form of permanent positions within the company."
Member since: 10th July 2012
Hi, I am Dave, I run thebestof Exeter along with my colleagues. If you want to promote your business or event, get in touch with us on 01392 349 130.


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WoldGirls is a company engaged in clothing trading.Strict quality system and perfect management system,high-quality products after-sales service is the foothold in this field.WoldGirls has the fashion designer and the creator of the clothing label,it provides customers with quality and quantity of various types of products.WoldGirls always upholds the"quality,integrity and pragmatic,motivated,service-oriented"business philosophy.Believe WoldGirls will give you an excellent shopping experience.
✿82%Nylon + 18%Spandex
✿Spaghetti straps, removable sponge paddings, power mesh insert.
✿Made of soft stretch fabric, good color fastness and waterproof
✿Perfect for swimwear,beach seaside,swimming pool in Summer, Autumn and Spring.
✿Package Contents: One Swim Pant and One Tankini Tops
✿Wash it by hand in 30-degree water, hang to dry in shade, prohibit bleaching
✿Material -- 82% Nylon + 18% Spandex. plus size sport swimwear has removable sponge paddings, power mesh insert, provides great bust support.
✿Nice Style -- Plus size swimsuit has spaghetti straps top, pair this with the matching swim shorts for a fun day at the beach.
✿Sexy Curves -- Plus size bathing suit's bottom is carefully design in capris style that¡¯s also great for all kinds of active sports
✿Size -- Please take our size chart as reference rather than Amazon size chart before you order this fashion tankini. (as left picture and products description shows)
Size Reference:S(US SIZE 2-4) / M(US SIZE 6-8) / L(US SIZE 10-12) / XL(US SIZE 14-16) / 2XL(US SIZE 18-20) / 3XL(US SIZE 22-24)
Start off the season with this 2-piece tankini swimsuit for modern women. This tankini is very figure flattering and provides great bust support. Spaghetti straps, removable sponge paddings, power mesh insert... Pair this with the matching swim shorts for a fun day at the beach. The swim bottom is carefully design in capris style that's also great for all kinds of active sports!
Size Chart(inch)
Feature: Spaghetti Straps, Capris Bottom, Two Piece, Plus Size.
S: Front Width 28.35-31.50, Under Bust Girth 27.56-30.71, Waist 27.56-30.71, Bottoms 10.63-12.20, Outseam 9.84.
M: Front Width 29.92-33.07, Under Bust Girth 29.13-32.28, Waist 29.13-32.28, Bottoms 11.42-12.99, Outseam 10.24.
L: Front Width 33.07-36.22, Under Bust Girth 32.28-35.43, Waist 32.28-35.43, Bottoms 12.60-14.17, Outseam 11.02.
XL: Front Width 35.43-38.58, Under Bust Girth 34.65-37.80, Waist 34.65-37.80, Bottoms 13.78-15.35, Outseam 11.42.
XXL: Front Width 37.80-40.94, Under Bust Girth 37.01-40.16, Waist 37.01-40.16, Bottoms 14.57-16.14, Outseam 12.20.
XXXL: Front Width 40.94-44.09, Under Bust Girth 40.16-43.31, Waist 40.16-43.31, Bottoms 15.75-17.32, Outseam 12.99.
Fashion Style: Must have to own this plus size swimsuit if you consider yourself a vogue fearless beauty.
Occasion: Summer, Beach, Holiday. This beautiful swimsuit will make your beach holiday with fun and happiness.
Package: Each Bathing Suit In One Pp Bag.
Washing Method: Wash it by hand in 30-degree water, hang to dry in shade, prohibit bleaching.
Notes: Please allow 1 inch differences due to manual measurement.
#48 in Clothing, Shoes & Jewelry > Women > Clothing > Swimsuits & Cover Ups > Swimwear > Two-Piece Suits
#9 in Clothing, Shoes & Jewelry > Women > Shops > Plus-Size > Swim > Tankinis
#52 in Clothing, Shoes & Jewelry > Women > Clothing > Swimsuits & Cover Ups > Tankinis
Brand -- "WoldGirls" Owns Trademarks,We focus on Plus size Clothing and Bandage Dresses,Plus Size Swimsuits in our store.
ATTENTION PLEASE: WoldGirls own its Shop, to ensure quality and size, please ensure you buy from Amazon or seller "WoldGirls".
Welcome to our website. We appreciate your time no matter you are purchasing or just looking. We are happy to introduce ourselves as a famous professional manufacturer and supplier of wholesale professional and manufacturer of wholesale fashion women dress,bandage dress,bodycon dress,party dress,club dress,mini dress and sexy dress with well-equipped testing facilities and strong technical force since 2004. More than 10000 pieces are produced each month and sold to all over the world. Our factory are committed to supply the best quality dress and always offer Wholesale, OEM&ODM(custom), Label and Dropshipping excellent service.so our online shop is worth your trust.
History of WoldGirls
- January 2004, Our company was founded at quanzhou city fujian pro;
- May 2004, New machines and skilled workers were convoked, and they had great confidence in producing any kind of Plus size Clothing and Bandage Dresses.
- June 2007, we increase our staff strength to 100 workers;
- December 2011, our wholesale members reach the milestone of 2,000 and staff shrength 150 workers;
- 2012-2016 , With the international business form was changing, we start to do business with foreign customers not just trade company, chain store, but also shop, online website and so on. Gradually, Wholesale, OEM/ODM, Label, Drop shipping service becomes to be our mainly business form.
- 2017,we increase our products for Yoga Clothing,And from now on, we will plan to extend our business to more products and areas. .
- Workers
Now we have more than 150 skilled workers in workshop, half of them have worked in our factory for more than four years with rich experience in Plus size Clothing and bandage dress.
Main Products
Our products are Plus size Clothing,Bandage Dresses,Yoga Clothing. There are more than 1000 styles we have made. As long as you send the pictures of design you want, we can make a sample.
Large Stock
To wholesale, we have a warehouse more than 500 square meters and most of the products are in stock to sell to customers from different countries and areas. And our exclusive styles would also make our customers business be more competitive.
We are known for providing our customers with the followings:
- Excellent after-sales service.
- Prompt deliveries;
- Good quality products at competitive pricing;
- Warm and prompt customer service who answers queries within 24 hours
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Customer Reviews
- One of the best bathing suits purchased Review by Amber Westcott(Posted on 12/31/2018)
I love this bathing ! Great material and well made.
- Fits slightly large - good quality Review by James T.(Posted on 12/7/2018)
Usually wear a size 16 but the extra large was slightly too big. Kept it anyway. Good quality for the price. Wore it diving under my wet suit on a scuba holiday. Thinking of ordering another one in a large for our next trip.
- Great purchase Review by L. Wilson(Posted on 11/21/2018)
Fits well
- Such a great swimsuit! Review by Amazon Customer(Posted on 10/15/2018)
This is a GREAT swim suite. I usually wear a XL Size 16. I ordered XXL and it fit perfect! It's a nice length. Good material and stitching. The top straps have adjustments just like bra straps. Very flattering. The bottoms are like yoga pants just a silky swim fabric. Mid height waist. I won't be wearing the bottoms with the top in the pool but I live them both!
- Five Stars Review by dinesh thill(Posted on 8/21/2018)
Very nice
- Five Stars Review by Mohatota(Posted on 8/6/2018)
I Love it
- Very Happy! Review by Jane Proctor(Posted on 7/29/2018)
Fits great and the capris dry faster than the top. I do have to stop and rearrange the cups after each wash as they are floating free in a sealed pocket of fabric and do tend to twist and fold over when washed. But everything else was perfect; so I'm still very happy with the overall product given the price I paid.
- Four Stars Review by J. Tanaka(Posted on 7/26/2018)
I liked the product but it did not suit me. Might try one with a different pattern.
- Super cute, but runs small Review by elorabird(Posted on 4/10/2018)
I bought this suit in black for an upcoming vacation and it is gorgeous. I feel amazing in it. I'm 5' 10" and usually wear a 12 or 14. I ordered an XL and it fits well enough, but is a bit tight in spots. It's not so off that I feel like I need to return it though. If I was to order again, I'd probably get an XXL. But for the price, the quality is good and the look is darling.


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Enjoy the beautiful, natural light of this charming Arvada home with unlimited possibilities! The unique floor plan includes 2 levels each equipped with living areas, kitchen essentials, bedrooms, bathrooms, and separate entrances- ideal for a mother-in-law suite or rental possibilities. Multiple features such as a wood-burning fireplace, new stainless steel appliances and electrical upgrades. Entertain and garden in your large, fully fenced backyard with mature trees, equipped with a convenient utility shed. Ideally located near Olde Town Arvada, the Arvada Center, the Standley Lake area, public tennis courts, and a walking path that connects to a playground and park.
Status: Sold
Keller Williams DTC.
Cable Available, Eating Space / Kitchen, Entrance-Outside, Heated, Entrance-Inside, Kitchen Island, Window Coverings, Internet Access (Wired)
Cook Top, Dishwasher, Disposal, Dryer, Microwave Oven, Range Hood, Refrigerator (Kitchen), Refrigerator (Other), Self-Cleaning Oven, Smoke Alarm, Stove/Range/Oven, Washer
Covered Deck, Deck, Exterior Basement Entrance, Fence, Front Porch, Gutters, Solar, Utility Shed, Yard
Keller Williams DTC.
Terms and Conditions: The content relating to real estate for sale in this Web site comes in part from the Internet Data eXchange ("IDX") program of METROLIST, INC., DBA RECOLORADO® Real estate listings held by brokers other than Colorado Homes IQ are marked with the IDX Logo. This information is being provided for the consumers personal, non-commercial use and may not be used for any other purpose. All information subject to change and should be independently verified.
Copyright 2019 METROLIST, INC., DBA RECOLORADO® -- All Rights Reserved 6455 S. Yosemite St., Suite 500 Greenwood Village, CO 80111 USA
Listing information last updated on October 20th, 2019 at 1:19pm MDT.


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It's one step forward, two steps back for some states' attempts to set up state-run retirement plans.
While AARP launched a website, SecureChoiceCA.aarp.org, Tuesday to inform the public about the California Secure Choice Retirement Savings Act, the House finance committee in Colorado postponed indefinitely a vote on the state's Secure Savings Plan.
The Investment Company Institute had complained to the Colorado House Finance Committee in a letter that while "proponents of state retirement programs for private-sector employees — like the Colorado plan — claim that such programs do not expose taxpayers to significant startup and ongoing administrative costs, these claims often are based on data that exaggerate the financial feasibility of the programs."
ICI said that it was concerned that "Colorado plan participants or Colorado taxpayers — or most likely both — will find themselves bearing unanticipated costs as a result of the Colorado plan."
The plan, ICI said, "appears to be based on a similar program being considered by the California legislature, the California Secure Choice Retirement Savings Plan.
ICI also voiced complaints to California's treasurer about the state's Secure Choice plan, which would require employers that have elected not to offer their own retirement plans to automatically enroll workers in payroll-deduction IRAs.
But the California Secure Choice Retirement Savings Investment Board met on March 28 and voted to move forward on the state-run plan.
AARP said that it "strongly supports" the bill, which, if passed by the legislature and signed by Gov. Jerry Brown, would create an auto-enrolling, supplemental retirement savings program for more than 7 million private-sector workers in California who do not have access to a retirement savings plan through their job.
SecureChoiceCa.aarp.org will provide up-to-date information and news about the bill, S.B. 1234, AARP said, and will allow supporters to join a diverse coalition of other proponents of the plan, such as The Small Business Majority, National Council of La Raza, the Service Employees International Union, and many other organizations.
Twenty states are "actively working" on state-run retirement programs for private-sector workers.
— Check out ICI Tells California to Halt State-Run Retirement Plan on ThinkAdvisor.


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Maserati Levante Trofeo – Some Lesser-Known Facts
How does one define luxury? It is a bespoke experience that defies the ordinary, breaks new ground and raises the bar of exclusivity much higher! Maserati is all that and so much more! It stands for opulence, elegance and speed. The Levante, one of their newest, is an SUV built for those who seek a little more practicality with all the other qualities of what makes a Maserati.
A Levante customer, specifically, looks for luxurious elements blended with grand touring capabilities. But then there are those who always want a little more. So two years after the official launch of the Levante SUV, Maserati presents its new top of the range version – the Levante Trofeo. Here are some of the most interesting and lesser-known facts about the "Trofeo" of the Maserati SUV:
The 'Trofeo' lineage
The Trofeo name on a Maserati has a clear racing heritage and, as part of Maserati sports car ethos, it was reserved only for the most extreme versions of their production cars. The Trofeo Maserati was a one-make racing series which started in 2003 with the first Maserati racing car called the Trofeo. It was actually a racing version of the Maserati 4200. The Trofeo Maserati racing series focused on offering customers racing opportunities with Maserati-built race cars.
The story of the "Mule" prototype
The development of a V8 Levante started as a skunkworks project by the Maserati technical centre in Modena, well before the official launch of the SUV model in 2016. Without informing the headquarters in Viale Ciro Menotti 322, the engineers built a V8 prototype intended to test the performance limits of the Levante platform. That unbranded V8 "mule" prototype was an inspiration for the top management to proceed with the development of a super Levante built around a Twin Turbo V8 engine.
The Grind
Maserati engineers and testers were sent around the world to test the first V8 "mule" prototypes in diverse road and extreme weather conditions, ranging from the proving grounds of Balocco, Nardò and Barcelona to the twisty, desert or icy roads of Sierra Nevada, South Africa, Arizona and Lapland. The long-term testing activities covered extreme environments and climates ranging from -35°C to well over 40°C.
What Trofeo's soul is made of
The Levante Trofeo is equipped with one of the most powerful engines ever fitted in a Maserati. In the 104-year history of the Trident, only the race-bred, limited series MC12 boasted a higher output engine, an aspirated 630hp V12. Bear in mind, Maserati did not have an SUV at all before the Levante. Maserati built its empire developing sports cars and luxury limousines.


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Al Colombo, ESC Social Media Director
Phone: 614-585-2091
Contact ESC:
Contact ESC:
Although this original website will continue to do a great job, this new one provides us with even more tools and capabilities with which to serve your needs.
One way that we can serve you better is to offer you an email option as a means of letting you know when we make changes, like adding a new micro-blog article, like this one. To subscribe all you have to do is place your email in the subscription form and submit. From this day forward you'll know when there are changes.
To Visit the New ESC Website: Click Here
We have every intention of keeping this previous website up and running simply because of all the great information that's on it. If you have any problems finding what you're looking for, or if you have a comment, suggestion, or question, click here to send an email. Or, feel free to call me at 614-754-1393.
I value your thoughts, ideas, as well as your safety and security. Please continue to think of ESC when it comes time to secure or fire proof your facility. Remember, ESC has your back!
John Larkin, Senior Partner
Contact ESC:
John Larkin at Grove City Central Crossing High School (click to enlarge)
|"I spent the day at Grove City Central Crossing HS as the featured guess speaker to the entrepreneur class for Ms. Stacey Camp. We talked about how I started the business and things I wish I knew then that I know now," says ESC's Larkin. "We talked about the true state of networking and how it's absolutely imperative that the students protect their personal credit rating as a business owner."
John adds that he and members of the class talked about what they intended to do in business after graduating.
John Larkin is available for speaking engagements as well as educational sessions, such as the one above. To contact John, send an email to email@example.com
Contact ESC:
"Without a doubt, Wayne won the 'ugly sweater' contest--hands down. Wayne has beenEach year ESC features a main theme in which those who attend have an opportunity to participate. This year's holiday celebration was held in the Columbus area at BrewDog in Canal Winchester, Ohio.
The following are photos from the party.
John Larkin, ESC
Senior Partner
Angie Moore
Office Manager
Scott Camps-Lead Fire Suppression Tech
Greg Davis-Sr. System Sales Rep
Wayne Clay - Technician
Ivra Bassett -
Business Accounts Manager (right)
Tony Bristow -
Technician (far right)
Linda and Allan Colombo -
ESC Social Media Director
Contact ESC:


text:
Custom cabinetry and a decorative panel with a Caesarstone quartz counter-top.
Kitchen Island – "We were very pleased on every front with the work that was done by Trifektah. Elysha came up with a great design that would meet our family's needs and was so easy to work with. She paid great attention to detail and there was no mistakes. We were also pleased with the workers – they were very professional. We would definitely work with this company again and recommend her to others."


text:
A word about the experience
Enjoy a typical Dutch lunch in a cozy apartment overlooking one of the most beautiful Amsterdam canals while host Fusina tells you all about living in The Netherlands.
• Typical 3-course Dutch lunch in a relaxed atmosphere
• Wine and beer are included
• Communal dining for up to 8 people
• Fusina has rave reviews on TripAdvisor!
About your host, Fusina: "I'm a food lover and I love sharing foodie experiences with my family, friends, and new people that I meet. I'm happy to show you the best of my city through market tours or homemade meals. If you like you can join me on my visit to the market."
Dutch herring
we have been eating it for the past 600 years!
Goat cheese quiche
it's not all about cows; we have sheep and goats too
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my personal favorite with a hint of white wine
Main Course
depending on the season & what's available at the local organic Marqt
Dutch pancakes
Dutch apple pancakes are bigger than the american ones and thicker than the french crepes. We'll make, bake and flip them together!
Drinks & Beverages
Red Wine, White Wine, Beer
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Photos & Videos
What to expect
The place & Amenities
The full address will be provided once the booking is confirmed
The full address will be provided once the booking is confirmed
Upcoming dates
Sa, 26 Oct
12:30 - 15:00


text:
Investors come down from cannabis high as legal advice suggests backing drug ventures may break UK law
Europe's largest online trading platform is offloading cannabis stocks after lawyers warned that making profits by dealing in recreational marijuana shares may be a crime.
IG Group is pushing to sell its clients' shares in cannabis stocks and tracker funds before the end of May after seeking legal advice. Stocks impacted by the decision include Aurora Cannabis, a business popular with young investors, Aphria, one of the world's largest cannabis producers, and New Age Beverages, the business behind Bob Marley-branded cannabis drinks.
IG Group told clients that its other marijuana-related activities, including a new cannabis index, and CFD trading and spread betting on marijuana stocks, would not...
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Jan 20, 2017
Let's celebrate Inauguration Day together with some good food, good drink, and good people for good causes.
All proceeds from the event will benefit local veterans in need.
TBA BarEVENT INFO
#MAGA starts by staying loud and proud! Celebrate the freedoms we won this election by joining in the nationwide celebration!
To join the DeploraBall nationwide team email tweet or facebook us and we can begin coordinating with you!
find OR start a local #DEPLORABALL50X event


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Call or Text(530) 924-4365 | 125 W 3rd St #200, Chico CA 95928LOGIN
Lease Assumption
1099 Columbus Avenue
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House3 Bedroom / 2 Bath : $925/month
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See others: Briefcases | Hugo Boss | Hugo Boss Briefcases
This briefcase by Hugo Boss is just what you need at work. This stylish yet useful black bag fits smoothly to any look and highlights your personality elegantly. This bag is crafted with leather along with fabric lining and spacious interiors with separate compartments for your essentials and card slots. With a single top handle, a shoulder strap and double locks at the front flap, the bag completes its look.
Estimated retail price 935
Gender: Men
Colour: Black
Includes: The Luxury Closet Packaging
Exterior Material: Leather
Interior Material: Fabric
Hardware: Silver-tone
Length: 39 cm
Width: 8 cm
Height: 28 cm
Handle Drop : 6 cm (shoulder strap) 52 cm adjustable
Origin: Italy
Condition: Gently Used ( This item has minor scratches on the lock hardware and stain marks on the handle hardware attachment, stitch snagging on the lining and slight scuffs on the bottom and edges of exterior leather. Overall, it is in good condition. )
Ship to:United States
Ships in:
This item will be shipped in 1 - 4 business days. Order today to receive it between 24 Oct 2019 and 28 Oct 2019
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Clear your Clutter
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text:
|Solar cell having a grooved photosensitive surface
|David et al.
|Grooved solar cell for deployment at set angle
|Borden et al.
|Heat transparent high intensity high efficiency solar cell
|Evans, Jr.
|Radiation hardened solar cell
|Arrays for infrared image detection
|St. John
(a) a thin semiconductor wafer having a front surface and an opposed back surface;
(b) both said front surface and said back surface provided with a plurality of spaced parallel grooves;
(c) the direction of said plurality of spaced parallel grooves provided on said front surface being at an angle with respect to the direction of said plurality of spaced parallel grooves provided on said back surface;
(d) respective contacts provided on the opposed grooved surfaces and having a single continuous p-n junction between said opposed grooved surfaces;
(e) said angle being at least about 10°;
(f) said thin semi-conductor wafer having a thickness from about five to about fifty microns;
(g) said plurality of spaced parallel grooves being formed
with a spacing of from about two to about thirty microns, said spacing being less than said thickness of said wafers;
(h) said plurality of opposed grooved surfaces effecting multiple internal reflections of said incident radiation within said solar cell.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to solar cells and, more particularly, to a solar cell of improved conversion efficiency and formed with a plurality of grooves on its surfaces where the direction of the front grooves is at an angle to the direction of the back grooves.
2. The Prior Art
Solar cells are pn-junction devices which convert incident light energy directly into electrical energy. Solar cells are widely known but not yet widely used. Their use has been restricted by competitive economics, specifically their lack of ability to compete in the marketplace with other known sources of electrical energy. At the heart of this is the relatively low conversion efficiencies of most solar cells, typically in the 10-14% range, with only the best and the most expensive solar cells reaching efficiencies of about 17-18%.
As known, for solar cells with low surface recombination at their back surfaces, the open circuit voltage (Voc), hence efficiency, increases as the wafer thickness decreases. As the solar cell is made thinner, however, the short circuit current (Isc) decreases. This is so because not all of the incident light striking the solar cell is absorbed in the reduced optical path length (L) between the front and the back surfaces. In order to maintain light absorption at optimum level without at the same time increasing the thickness of the cell, it is desirable therefore to increase the optical path length (L) of the light traveling within the solar cell.
The desirability of increasing the optical path length (L) in solar cells has been recognized for some time. In a simple cell, light simply passes through the cell once, hence its optical path length (L) equals the cell's thickness, i.e., L=1. By adding a back surface reflector (BSR) to the back surface of the cell, its optical path length is doubled (the light passing through twice the cell), i.e., L=2. By also texturing the front surface of the cell, together with the BSR, the optical path length is increased to about 2.5 times the thickness of the cell, i.e., L=2.5. On silicon cells, texturization is usually accomplished with an anisotropic etching medium, such as an alkali hydroxide solution, often sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide solution. Rather than texturing the front surface, the back surface may be textured. The angle of back texturization must be greater than θ/2, where θ=arc sin (n2 /n1), and n2 is the index of refraction of the solar cell material and n1 is the index of refraction of the external medium, such as air, where n1 equals about one. For a silicon solar cell, n2 is about 3.7, varying slightly with wavelength. Light entering through the front surface first is reflected back at an angle by the textured back surface toward the front surface. If the angle of incidence of light striking the inside front surface is greater than θ, it will be reflected back again at an angle toward the textured back surface. The textured back surface then reflects the light so that it now exits through the front surface. The light thus makes two passes in each direction, two of those being at an angle, before exiting from the cell. The resultant optical path length is about 4.6, i.e., L=4.6.
Attempts at texturing both the front and the back surfaces, however, tended to shorten rather than lengthen this optical path length. This is due to the fact that light entering through one facet in the front surface most likely will reflect from a facet parallel to the first facet, resulting in only one light pass in each direction. Thus, the optical path length is about the same as that of the front textured cell, i.e., L=2.5.
Some workers in the art have suggested more sophisticated back texturing, namely texturing at very low angles. See D. Redfield, Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 25, No. 11 (1 Dec. 1974), pp. 647-648; and M. B. Spitzer et al., Proceedings 13th IEEE Phtovoltaic Specialists Conference (1980), p. 375. In this case, the optical path length depends on the exact sequence of reflections taken by the incident light, which is a function of the position of the entering light ray. For the most probable sequence of reflections, four passes throught the solar cell are made in each direction, resulting in an optical path length of about 11.4 times the thickness of the cell, i.e., L=11.4. Such an optical path length enhancement, however, requires a flat front surface, which has a higher reflectivity than a textured surface. Furthermore, if the back surface low angle texturing is produced by anisotropic etching, the process requires the employment of an unusual, hence costly, material orientation.
Other workers in the art (see E. Yablonovitch and G. D. Cody, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol. ED-29, No. 2, February 1982, pp. 300-305) have investigated optical path length increase in solar cells by employing arbitarily rough back surfaces. With the use of arbitarily rough back surfaces, the direction of the light rays is assumed to be completely randomized by each reflection. Theoretically at least, such complete randomization results in a maximum achievable total optical path length enhancement of 4(n2 /n1)2, where (n2 /n1)2 represents enhancement due to total internal reflection at the cell's front surface, and times 2 due to total reflection by a BSR and the other times 2 due to the obliqueness of the angles of the light rays traversing the body of the solar cell. However, this theoretical maximum enhancement is achievable only if both cell surfaces are totally random in light reflection and if the randomness on the opposing surfaces are not correlated. The first of these can at best be approximated and the second improved, as for instance, by sandblasting, see U.S. Pat. No. 3,487,223 issued to A. E. St. John. When using sandblasting on the back surfaces of solar cells, damage to the surfaces occasioned by sandblasting can adversely affect cell performance.
It is a principal object of the present invention to overcome the above disadvantages by providing a solar cell of improved conversion efficiency and a process of making it.
More specifically, it is an object of the present invention to provide a solar cell having improved conversion efficiency due to nearly ideal optical path length enhancement comprising a thin semi-conductor wafer having nearly parallel front and back surfaces, wherein both surfaces are provided with a plurality of spaced parallel grooves, and wherein the direction of the front grooves is at an angle to the direction of the back grooves. Preferably, this angle is at least about 30°, and preferably is about 90°. Preferably, the grooves are V-shaped in right cross section. Preferably, the sides of the grooves form an angle to each other which is greater than about 30° but not in excess of l20° and preferably is about 70.5°. Preferably, the thin semiconductor wafer is formed of a single crystal semiconductor, such as single crystal silicon.
Other objects of the present invention will in part be obvious and will in part appear hereinafter.
The invention accordingly comprises the solar cell of the present disclosure, its components, parts and their interrelationships, the scope of which will be indicated in the appended claims.
For a fuller understanding of the nature and objects of the present invention, reference is to be made to the following detailed description, which is to be taken in connection with the accomnpanying drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view, on an enlarged scale, of a representative segment of a solar cell constructed in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a cross section of the solar cell of FIG. 1 along the lines 2--2;
FIG. 3 is a cross section of the solar cell of FIG. 1 along the lines 3--3;
FIG. 4 is a schematic prespective view, also on an enlarged scale, of a representative segment of a second embodiment of a solar cell constructed in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a flow diagram showing the several steps of practicing a process of the invention; and
FIG. 6 is a schematic view illustrating certain principles helpful in understanding the invention.
In general, a first illustrated embodiment of a solar cell 10 of improved conversion efficiency and constructed in accordance with the invention is depicted in schematic prespective in FIG. 1. The solar cell 10 is designed to trap incident light within the cell by multiple internal reflections, increasing thereby the absorption of light in the cell 10. These multiple internal reflections allow for either greater light absorption in a cell of a given thickness or a thinner cell of the same absorption, resulting in increased conversion efficiency in either event. It should be noted that, in addition to increased efficiency brought about by thin cells, there are other and further reasons making these solar cells desirable. These further reasons include a reduction in weight of the resultant solar battery in applications where high power-to-weight ratios are important; a reduction in wafer material usage in applications where material costs may be high; and an increase in radiation tolerance of the particular solar cell by shortening the distance to be traversed by the charge carriers within the cell before they are collected. One salient feature of the invention includes the employment of an advantageous unique geometrical configuration for the solar cell 10, as now more fully described.
With particular reference to FIGS. 1-3, the representative segment of the solar cell 10 made according to the invention comprises a thin semi-conductor wafer 12 having a front surface 14 and a back surface 16. For best results and in order to take full advantage of the features of the invention, the thickness of the semi-conductor wafer 12 as measured between its surfaces 14 and 16 is not to exceed fifty microns or be less than five microns, and preferably be in the range of about twenty to forty microns. As clearly evident from the drawings, both the front surface 14 and the back surface 16 of the wafer 12 are provided with a plurality of spaced parallel grooves 18 and 20, respectively. It will be appreciated that in the drawings, the grooves 18 in the front surface 14 lie in a direction as exemplified by a line 22, and the grooves 20 in the back surface 16 lie in a direction as exemplified by a line 24, which is at an angle 26 normal to the direction of the line 22. However, this need not be case. The angle 26 can be as low as about 10° and as high as 120° and, of course, any desired angle therebetween.
Each of the plurality of spaced paralled grooves 18 and 20 is V-shaped in right cross section and is bounded by substantially flat sides 28, 30 and 32, 34, respectively. These flat sides 28, 30 of grooves 18 define an angle 36 therebetween, and the flat sides 32, 34 of the grooves 20 define an angle 37 therebetween. Again, for best results and in order to take full advantage of the features of the invention, these angles 36 and 37 need not be right angles, as illustrated. Rather, the angles 36 and 37 can be anywhere from about 30° to about 120°. For, with the angle 36 under 120°, some of the light rays reflected by the side 28 are going to be collected by the other side 30. And if the angle 36 is less than 90°, all of the light rays reflected by the side 28 are going to fall on the other side 30. For angles 36 under 90°, two or more reflections can occur between adjacent sides 28 and 30 of a particular V-shaped groove. Such multiple reflections occurring between adjacent sides of the plurality of grooves 18 and 20 considerably decrease the reflection loss of the solar cell 10.
The plurality of parallel grooves 18 and 20 are equidistantly spaced one from the other. Spacing between adjacent grooves 18 and 20 can be measured between adjacent peaks or between adjacent valleys, as illustrated in FIG. 2 by an arrow 38. While it is important that this spacing as illustrated by the length of the arrow 38 be less than the particular thickness of the thin semiconductor wafer 12, the spacing can vary anywhere from about two to about thirty microns, with a groove-spacing of from about ten to about twenty-five microns being preferred. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the optimum thickness and spacing for a particular solar cell 10 are a function of the diffusion length and of the surface recombination in the particular material employed for forming the thin semi-conductor wafer 12 of the cell 10. The spacing selected for the front grooves 18 need not be identical to the spacing set for the back grooves 20.
In FIG. 4. there is shown an alternate embodiment of a representative segment of a solar cell 40 constructed in accordance with the present invention. Solar cell 40 also comprises a thin semiconductor wafer 42 having a front surface 44 and a back surface 46. The dimensions of the solar cell 40 are the same as described with reference to the solar cell 10. Further, just as regards the cell 10, the solar cell 40 also is provided with a plurality of front and back spaced parallel grooves 48 and 50. The directions of these parallel grooves 48 and 50 also are at an angle 52 as measured between the lines 54 and 56.
The size of the angle 52 is the same as described with reference to the angle 26 of the cell 10. The grooves 40 and 50 also are V-shaped in right cross section and are bounded by flat sides 58 and 60, defining an angle 62 there between. Again, the angle 62 is just like the angle 36 as regards size. Thus, the only difference between the solar cell 10 and the solar cell 40 is that the apex of the grooves 48 and 50 terminates in flat tops 64. These flat tops 64 occur primarily due to a preferred method of making the solar cell 40, as more fully described with reference to FIG. 5.
It must be pointed out that the principles of the invention are equally applicable to any and all semiconductor materials used to form the thin wafers 12 and 42. As those skilled in the art know full well, one of the best and most commonly used material for the thin wafers 12 and 42 is single crystal silicon material. If the solar cell 40 is to be made from a single crystal silicon material, the same preferably is made according to the process illustrated in FIG. 5. The process begins with the provision of a thin (100) oriented single crystal silicon wafer 70 having two flat opposed parallel surfaces 72 and 74. It is to be understood that the thickness of the silicon wafer 70 as measured between its opposed surfaces 72 and 74 is already selected to be that thickness as desired for the final product. Etch resistant layers 76 and 78 are then formed on the front and back surfaces 72 and 74 of the wafer 70. These layers 76 and 78 preferably are formed of silicon dioxide. A respective photoresist layer 80 and 82 is thereafter applied onto the etch resistant layers 76 and 78, preferably by being coated or sprayed thereon, using preferably an appropriately patterned mask, not shown. The purpose of using a patterned mask is to create a plurality of front and back spaced parallel slots 84 and 86 in the respective photoresist layers 80 and 82. The front slots 84 are at angle with respect to the direction of the back slots 86. More specifically, the front slots 84 are formed in a direction along the (110) crystallographic axes of the (100) orientation thin single crystal silicon wafer 70, and the back slots 86 are formed at an angle normal thereto. The spacing between the slots 84 and 86, which of course determines the spacing between the resultant grooves formed in the wafer 70, must be less than the particular thickness of the wafer 70. The dimensional considerations mentioned above with respect to the wafer 12 and 42 apply equally well here. Next, those portions of the etch resistant layers 76 and 78 immediately underlying the slots 84 and 86 are removed, prferably by hydrofluoric acid, with the remaining portions of the layers 76 and 78 serving as a mask for the next step in the process.
This next step involves the anisotropic etching of the exposed portions of the (100) orientation silicon wafer 70, preferably in an alkali hydroxide solution, such as potassium hydroxide. This anisotropic etching is responsible for producing a plurality of spaced parallel grooves 90 and 92 in the wafer 70. Each of these grooves 90 and 92 is bounded by a pair of the convergent planes 94 and 96. Due to the anisotropic etching of the exposed surfaces 72 and 74 of the (100) orientation single crystal silicon wafer 70, these convergent planes 94 and 96 will be formed along and consequently be bounded by the (111) crystallographic axes of the wafer 70. This results in a groove angle 36, 37 of about 70.5°. Preferably, the wafer 70 is etched until the grooves 90 and 92 are almost triangular at their respective apexes 98, leaving but narrow flat portions 100 on top. The remaining photoresist is then removed Further fabrication of the resultant solar cell 102, including junction formation, front and back metallization, are all effected by conventional techniques well known to those skilled in the art. These further fabrication steps thus form no part of the present invention.
In FIG. 6, there is depicted an enlarged schematic segment 106 of a solar cell constructed in accordance with the invention. This schematic segment 106 features a groove 108, cut at an angle 110, and one typical light ray 112 striking a side 114 and being reflected thereby to the other side 116, as at 118. As stated above, as long as the angle 110 is less than 120°, some of the incident light relected by the side 114 will strike upon and be collected by the other side 116. And whenever the angle 110 is less than or equal to 90°, all of the light reflected by the side 114 will strike upon and be collected by the side 116. It will be appreciated that reflections from one side of the groove 108 captured by the other side decrease the reflection loss of the solar cell 106.
Each of the illustrated and above described solar cells 10, 40, 102, and 106 is so textured by their respective grooves, formed at an angle 26, 52 between the two surfaces, as to achieve a nearly ideal path length (L) enhancement for the incoming light between these two surfaces. Internal reflection of light passing through the solar cells and off their respective back grooves 20 or 50 tends to direct the light obliquely toward the total internal reflection angle as presented by the repective front grooves 18 or 48. Because of the relative orientation of the front and the back grooves 18 and 20, the resultant texturization of these opposed surfaces are fully uncorrelated with respect to internal reflections occuring within the cells.
The combined effect achived by oblique penetration and internal reflection of incident light striking the front surface of the cell 10, 40, 102, made without a metallic back surface relector, will yield an average path length (L) increase of 2(n2 /n1)2, where n2 is the index of refraction of the solar cell material and n1 is the index of refraction of the external medium, such as air. The path length increase (L) is about twice as great as above if the cell 10, 40 or 102 is made with a metallic back surface reflector. It should be noted, however, that in most instances, the front and back metallization of the cell is at least partly absorbing. Consequently, the theoretically maximum achievable path length enhancement, i.e., 4(n2 /n)2, can at best be appoximated and not achieved.
Thus it has been shown and described a cross-grooved solar cell of improved conversion efficency, which solar cell satisfies the objects and advantages set forth above.
Since certain changes may be made in the present disclosure without departing from the scope of the present invention, it is intended that all matter described in the foregoing specification or shown in the accompanying drawings, be interpreted in an illustrative and not in a limiting sense.