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The 2020 Chevy C8 Corvette is a New Life Line for the Chevy Camaro - Here Are 5 Reasons Why
The Camaro may not go the way of the dodo just yetby Kirby, on
It's safe to say that Chevrolet accomplished what it initially set out to do with the all-new Chevrolet Corvette C8. The move to make the next-generation Corvette a mid-engine performance car has so far been met with positive reviews. The reactions are still fluid and will remain fluid for at least a few more years, but as far as the initial salvo's concerned, the Bowtie nailed this one out of the park. Unfortunately, this is no time for celebration for Chevy because it has another important decision on its hands regarding the fate of its other iconic performance nameplate: the Camaro muscle car. Unless you've been consumed with anything and everything about the Corvette C8, there are rumors that Chevy is killing the Camaro yet again. Development for a seventh-generation Camaro started, but the automaker decided to cancel the program and stretch this generation's life a few more years until it fades off into the sunset. It would be a very undignified way for the Camaro to go, but what if — of all things — the 2020 Chevrolet Corvette C8 comes in and saves the Camaro from getting its head chopped off. It'd make for a great story, sure, but there are legitimate reasons — we thought of five of them — why it could happen, too.
Now That the Corvette is a Mid-Engined Car, The Camaro is a Worthy Front-Engined Performer
Variety can be a wonderful thing. Instead of having to pick between two apples of different sizes, you now get to pick between an apple and an orange. Sure, both are still classified as fruits, but they look different, taste different, and provide different nutrients to the body. The allure of variety applies to a lot of things, and it most certainly applies to cars.
For the longest time, the Chevrolet Corvette and the Chevrolet Camaro shared a similar space as front-engine performance cars.
There are significant differences between the two, but both the Camaro and the Corvette functioned similarly enough that when it came time to choose which one to buy, it was always an "either-or" proposition. it doesn't happen often that someone buys a Camaro and a Corvette. It was always one or the other, in part because both provided similar driving characteristics as front-engine performance cars.
But those days are gone now that Chevrolet has turned the Corvette C8 into a mid-engine performance car. Suddenly, it becomes OK to buy a Camaro and a Corvette, provided that the finances work out. This works out well for the Camaro, which doesn't have the benefit of singing under the banner of an all-new, next-generation model like the Corvette C8.
People will buy the Corvette C8. Actually, people have already placed enough orders on the Corvette C8 to effectively sell out the model's first-year production run.
When that door's temporarily closed, buyers could gravitate towards the Camaro, which also happens to be the cheaper of the two models. And don't let the muscle car's declining sales fool you into thinking that the Camaro is a piss-poor pony car. It's not. In fact, the current version of the Camaro SS remains one of the most fun cars to drive on the road. Not many people realize that because they don't buy the Camaro anymore. I will concede that Chevrolet's muscle car needs an all-new generation model, but since Chevy's still determined to keep the current-generation model going, that's something we cannot change.
At the end of the day, the current Camaro proves that Chevrolet can still build a serious front-engine performance car. Now that Chevrolet has moved the Corvette's engine to the rear, we can now have two cakes and eat and enjoy both of them without worrying about liking one over the other.
The Camaro Is No Longer At Risk of Being Cannibalized by Corvette Sales
The 2020 Chevrolet Corvette Stingray C8's $60,000 price tag is both a boon and a bane to consumers. It's a great starting price for those looking for a serious supercar-worthy model without having to spend six figures to buy one. On the other hand, the $60,000 price remains well out of reach for buyers on a budget. With the Corvette now priced higher than it's ever been, the price gap between the sports car and the Camaro increases as well. That could entice more buyers to purchase the latter, especially if they're not willing to spend at least $60,000 on a performance car with a bowtie in its grille.
Think about it in these terms: the entry-level, four-cylinder Camaro LT1 starts at less than $35,000. The more powerful Camaro SS, with its 455-horsepower V-8 engine, can be yours for under $40,000. That's a $20,000 price difference between the two models. Granted, the Camaro doesn't have the "all-new" label that's attached to the Corvette C8 — and all the performance bells and tech whistles that come with the label — but there are some people that would prefer to move away from that allure if it means saving money along the way. The Camaro now makes for a fantastic option, not only because it's cheaper than the Corvette C8, but also because it sits at a price point that's far more attainable than the Corvette C8.
If Chevrolet ditches the Camaro, it would leave the Corvette C8 as the automaker's only performance car.
That comes with its own set of benefits, but at the end of the day, it could also alienate a population of fans and enthusiasts who are willing to spend for a Chevy performance car but have become priced out of buying a Corvette C8. The answer to that is the Camaro. It's cheaper and the power output between the two performance cars is negligible enough that you can drive both models the way they're meant to be driven. Chevrolet would be smart to keep the Camaro now knowing that it increased its financial appeal by introducing a price tag that's higher than what most people are used to when they buy a Corvette.
The Chevy Camaro is Now the Only Muscle Car In Chevy's Lineup
I've often lamented about the business effects of over-saturation and cannibalism, especially in a world as competitive as the auto industry. Granted, Chevrolet has done a great job creating some pricing distance between the Corvette and Camaro, but it's not hard to imagine that either of these two models have lost sales at the expense of the other, more so in the Corvette's case because it's the more expensive model of the two. But Chevrolet's decision to stick a $60,000 base price on the Corvette C8 creates even more room for both models to breathe.
Instead of competing for the same buyers and the same money, the Corvette and Camaro can appeal to two different sets of customers with different financial means.
This shouldn't be a problem for the next-generation Corvette C8 because that "all-new" shine will probably shield it from a lot of the sales ills that have taken the legs of its muscle car brethren. But the wider distance in pricing is great for the Camaro because customers who won't be able to afford the Corvette can look at it as a cheaper alternative netting the same, or at least similar, performance returns. That outlook could cause a rebound in sales of the Camaro, which has fallen dramatically since the sixth-generation model sold only 72,705 units in 2016, its first year of production. It hasn't gone better for Chevy's resident pony car, too. Last year, the Bowtie only sold 50,963 units of the Camaro, the lowest total since GM brought it back in 2009. To be fair, the Camaro's chief rivals, the Ford Mustang and the Dodge Challenger, have experienced their own sales slumps as well. But Ford still sold 75,842 units of the 'Stang in 2018 while the Dodge wasn't far behind with 66,716 sold units of the Challenger last year. Do you know which ones lagging? The Camaro. By a lot.
You can point to a lot of reasons behind the Camaro's doldrums, but you can't deny that possible cannibalism from Corvette buyers has something to do with it, even if it's a minor reason. The bigger reasons, as far as I can tell, is the market's slow and steady turn towards hybrid and electric vehicles. But even with that cloud hanging over the heads of models like the Camaro and the Corvette, Chevrolet still has to push forward to promote its two iconic performance cars. It's already done its part with the Corvette. Now it should do the same with the Camaro, especially that the two models aren't close to overlapping each other anymore.
With the Corvette Out of the Way and Competitors From Dodge and Ford Thriving, Chevy Has No Choice But to Introduce a New Generation of the Camaro
Thriving, in this sense, can be used relatively to describe the state of the Chevrolet Camaro's biggest competitors, the Ford Mustang and the Dodge Challenger. While it's true that the Mustang and Challenger are outselling the Camaro by healthy margins, both muscle cars are also experiencing sales declines.
The thing to consider here, though, is that even if the Mustang and Challenger's sales numbers are trending down, their respective situations aren't as bleak as the Camaro's situation.
All of this paints a very bad picture of the Camaro nameplate and, by extension, Chevrolet and General Motors.
This is where pride takes over, or at least should take over. Is Chevrolet willing to take a PR beating by discontinuing the Camaro because it can't keep up with its rivals? That's tantamount to throwing the white flag instead of hunkering down and fighting the current trend. Not only is it a bad look, it could irreparably damage the Camaro's reputation in the near and far future. I don't think Chevrolet's willing to do that for one of its most important nameplates. Remember, there was a time when the Corvette was close to getting axed, too. Instead of dropping the guillotine, Chevrolet fought through the downtimes and kept the Corvette above water long enough to revive the model and return it to relevance. Look at the demand for the Corvette C8. Chevrolet says that the first-year production allocation is sold out.
Chevy needs to think long and hard about its plans for the Camaro. Will it continue the fight against Ford and Dodge or will it shrug its shoulders and shelf the Camaro for the second time in 20 years? I know what my answer would be if I was Chevrolet. I'm just not in their shoes to make that decision. Does the Camaro's legacy matter to Chevy? Only time will tell.
Legacy Matters for both the Corvette and the Camaro
I've been asked an awful lot lately if I thought Chevrolet was going to discontinue the Camaro. Without going into specifics, I reminded those who asked that Chevrolet has done it before and if it can't make a good business case for the muscle car, it won't hesitate to do it again. That's the cold reality that automakers have to deal with because, first and foremost, they're businesses. If a product doesn't make money after all the investments put into it, then it doesn't make sense to keep investing in that product, legacies be damned.
But that's also what Chevrolet will have to deal with it in case it retires the Camaro (again).
The muscle car isn't your typical ho-hum model that the Bowtie can just discard without a second thought; it's arguably one of its most important and most significant models.
It certainly ranks right up there with the Corvette as one of the automaker's few legacy models. Discontinuing it once because of poor sales will put a dent in its legacy, but to do it twice? That's not a good look for the Camaro. Worse, to do it twice in two decades? That legacy will be forever tarnished in my mind.
Fortunately, the Chevrolet Corvette C8 might have thrown the Camaro a lifeline, saving the latter from the chopping block.
If the Corvette C8 succeeds as well as it's expected, it could move Chevrolet to keep the Camaro and revisit plans to develop a next-generation model. Remember, there were already plans for one before General Motors shelved them due to the muscle car's poor sales. The Corvette C8's success could give company execs reason to hope that a similar move for the Camaro could restore some shine to its name. Now, Chevrolet will still have to make that decision regardless of how the Corvette C8 does, but if there's still a speck of care and affection the automaker has towards its iconic muscle car, then it should think long and hard before it retires the Camaro for a second time in the last 20 years. If it does make that move, it could ruin the muscle car's reputation beyond repair.
Further reading
Read our full review on the 2020 Chevrolet Camaro.
Wait, the All-New 2020 Chevrolet Corvette C8 is Priced How Much?!


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Tel: 01423 873 165
Mobile: 07957 225 755
Web: www.carolinerussell.co.uk
I work part-time within a local branch of a GP's Surgery in Pannal which is about 2 miles out of Harrogate. I am also part of the Complementary Team within the cancer unit(MacMillan Dales Unit) at Harrogate District Hospital. Been a reflexologist for over 15 years so I have experience with most conditions.I prefer to see patients at the clinic as it offers complete relaxation but I do offer home visits if appropriate.
Registered Professionals are fully trained and are bound by a strict Code of Practice. You can be confident of a high quality, professional treatment. Click on the therapist's name to see the treatments for which they are qualified and insured.
Please do not use any contact details on this site for sales or marketing purposes
Tuesdays(9-4)Wednesdays (9-1)
Doctor's Surgery
37 Station Rd
Harrogate HG3 1JN

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|Stratford on Avon, Warwickshire (Elm Court/Elm Court)
1 Bedroom Apartment, GBP 1768/month
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Meticulously modernized one bedroom apartment (Available From: Now)
Meticulously modernized, the apartment comes complete with all essentials and offer multiple arrangements to cater for different numbers and needs, ideal for groups of professionals, families, or students visiting Stratford-upon-Avon. The apartment features a flat-screen TV and free high-speed Wi-Fi. The stylish apartment is filled with up-to-the-minute furniture and fully-equipped kitchen well-suited to all tastes and needs. There is a dining table, sofa, mirror, coffee table, table lamps, and even paintings in almost all rooms for a more convenient home-like experience. The sparkling and well-equipped kitchen is fully stocked with a fridge, an oven, a washing machine, a dishwasher, a microwave, a toaster, and all the necessary kitchenware. Free parking is also available on site.
A vibrant, compact town and synonymous with William Shakespeare, the accommodation is filled with history with a touch of mystery to explore. There are monumental buildings that would have been familiar to Shakespeare, as well as many other historical, natural, and shopping attractions. Located in the heart of the town, the apartment is an ideal starting point for visiting almost all the landmarks and attractions on foot. The to-visit list might be endless given the number of days you are planning to stay. So, Sightseeing Open Air Buses (Hop-On Hop-Off Stratford-upon-Avon) are always a choice! The tours take you all through the medieval streets with 11 main stops at the most spectacular historic landmarks such as Shakespeare's Birthplace, Anne Hathaway Cottage, Mary Arden's House, Hall's Croft, Nash's House, River Avon, and the Royal Shakespeare Theatre, and the Holy Trinity Church, and Maybrid Shopping Park. All along the way, you can enjoy the fresh air on the top of the double-deckers, taking in the scenic view of the River Avon. If you need a break from cooking, there are countless restaurants ou


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Mortgage Interest Rate forecast for december 2019. maximum interest rate 4.02%, minimum 3.78%. The average for the month 3.89%. The 30 Year Mortgage Rate forecast at the end of the month 3.90%. 30 Year Mortgage Rate forecast for January 2020. Maximum interest rate 4.12%, minimum 3.88%. The average for the month 3.98%.
"In New Zealand, low interest rates and increased government spending will support a pick-up in demand over the coming year.".
Fha Section 203 Veterans and FHA Loans: The National Housing Act. A reading of the VA Lender's Guide, which establishes rules for lenders processing home loans for qualified veterans under the VA Loan program, reveals an interesting section titled, "Certificate of Veteran Status – FHA Loans".
FHA Loan Rates. Interest rate 4.5% 4.875% *FHA loan has 1 percent upfront premium added to loan amount.
Get free mortgage quotes from multiple lenders to find a competitive rate for your home loan.. Interest rates are totally personal. Looking for a VA loan?
My interest rate is 3.875% but apr 5.516% WHY i buying home, it is FHA 30 year i attached the document i received from my lender, does.
Mortgage rates today. While a monthly mortgage rate forecast is helpful, it's important to know that rates change daily. You might get 3.9% today, and 4.0% tomorrow.
History of Mortgage Interest Rates 15- & 30-Year Fixed-Rate Mortgages (FRM) 1972 to The Present – Click Here for Recent Mortgage Rates – – Click Here for A Chart of Mortgage Rates – This webpage contains a large table. Please be patient while the page loads.
Pre Qualify For Fha Loan With Bad Credit In fact, you can get all three at once if you're about to apply for an FHA loan. » MORE: Best lenders for FHA loans Once you get your report, look for mistakes and omissions. For example, a bad-debt.
Check Zillow for mortgage rate trends and up-to-the-minute mortgage rates for your state, or use the mortgage calculator to calculate monthly payments at the current rates. The weekly mortgage rate chart above illustrates the average 30-year fixed interest rate for the past week.
The central banks in the United States, India, Thailand and New Zealand have also cut their interest rates in an attempt to.
The 30 Year Mortgage Rate is the fixed interest rate that US home-buyers would pay if they were to take out a loan lasting 30 years. There are many different kinds of mortgages that homeowners can decide on which will have varying interest rates and monthly payments.
As far as types of loans and programs, there are conventional, FHA, VA, and. With a 630 credit score, you should also be offered a better interest rate than with .
Mortgage Rate History: 1971 to Today. Homebuyers who have recently borrowed fixed-rate mortgages have benefited from interest rates at historical lows. After reaching a high of nearly 19% in 1981, mortgage rates have steadily declined and remained in the low single digits.


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About Danielle Chuatico
Danielle Chuatico is a comic artist and illustrator from the Philippines.
She has illustrated covers for BOOM! Studios Adventure Time: Marcy & Simon and Steven Universe.
She is currently studying in Savannah College of Art and Design for her Masters in Sequential Arts.
Open for cover work, comics work, and anthologies.
E-mail: email@example.com
Twitter / Instagram: @danichuatico


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We are looking for an equine veterinarian to join our 6 doctor large animal clinic. We are a growing practice in Fort Lupton, Colorado along the front range of Colorado. We are 40 minutes north of downtown Denver Colorado and 40 minutes from Denver International Airport. Our Large Animal Clinic has a 2000 square foot clinic. This includes a pharmacy/retail area, large animal treatment area, and doctor/staff work area. We do provide an ambulatory truck for our associates. We offer digital radiography, and ultrasound. We also have an clinic laboratory with Catalyst DX, Procyte, urinalysis analyzer. Our computer management system is Cornerstone (IDEXX) and we are a paperless clinic. Associates will have there own mobile computer/printer for ambulatory truck. Benefit package includes 2 weeks paid vacation, 6 paid holidays, 6 sick/personal days and 4 paid days off for CE per year, 3% IRA contribution, health insurance, professional liability insurance, and a portion of disability insurance. Stipend for continuing education, licenses, and memberships. Competitive salary will be based on level of experience and is adjusted for the Colorado front range. A percentage of emergency call charges are also included.
Please visit our website at www.animalclinicfortlupton.com.
Job is full time. We are looking for a highly motivated new team member to practice high quality equine medicine. After hour emergency call on rotation with other doctors required.Emergency duties are on call 1 out of every 5 weeks. Livestock medicine including bovine, small ruminant and porcine required for emergencies. New graduates are welcome to apply. Job requires surgeries such as castrations and umbilical hernia surgeries, and eye enucleations. Ability to perform lameness exams, pre-purchase exams, mare reproductive work, dental work. and emergency work for example colic, lacerations, etc.
Must be licensed to practice veterinary medicine in Colorado and be accredited in Colorado for health examinations.


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HAVING HUNG UP his boots, Michael Owen has signed up with new channel BT Sport as part of their Premier League commentary team for this season.
Here's the ex-Liverpool, Real Madrid and Manchester United striker getting in some practice in the studio while his colleagues step out for a moment.
YouTube credit: BT Sport
Man United launch new black and navy check kit
Guardiola and Bayern get the better of Barca


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Click play, focus in, and enjoy! Shaquille O'Neal leaving his hotel in Midtown Jeb Bush is While the blonde beauty may not be so forthcoming with the alleged procedures, there is much speculation that she has tweaked her look. Aubrey O'Day is celebrating her 25th.
Items mentioned in this episode include:
Legendary British fashion designer Mary Quant is And it sounds like it was quite the party.
1 2 34 5 Read more →


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Al-Anon to offer
Spanish-speaking meeting
Al-Anon will sponsor Valor Para Cambiar, GFA, a weekly meeting in Spanish, scheduled from 6 to 8 p.m. Wednesday at the Robert Hoag Rawlings Public Libray, 100 E. Abriendo Ave.
For more information, go to al-anon-co.org or al-anon.org.
Pueblo County Fair
call for entries
Pueblo County residents are eligible to compete in the Pueblo County Fair which runs July 19-28.
The Community Open Class Competition is July 21.
Entries will be accepted in the following categories: Decorated Baked Goods, Food Preparation, Food Preservation, Horticulture, Needle Arts including Quilting, Photography, Scrapbooking and Card Making.
No entry fee or pre-fair entry required.
Exhibit check-in is scheduled from 9:30 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. July 21 at the Colorado State Fair Southwest Motors Events Center, 950 S. Prairie Ave. Exhibit judging will begin at 1:30 p.m. until completed. Judging is open to the public. Exhibit release is from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m. July 28. Anyone with a disability who needs a special accommodation should call 583-6566 at least five business days prior to the event.
For more information, go to pueblocountyfair.com/open-class or call 583-6566.
FLC and PCC finalize
transfer options
Fort Lewis College and Pueblo Community College recently formalized 18 transfer degree pathways for students.
Students holding an associate degree from any PCC campus in the determined programs can transfer into an FLC bachelor's program to pursue a four-year degree.
"As the regional four-year institution, we wanted to ensure our local community college students have access to the next step in their educational and career pursuits," said FLC President Tom Stritikus.
Academic Affairs, Registrar and Admission offices at FLC and PCC collaborated on degree maps for anthropology, biology, business, criminology and justice studies, early childhood education, economics, English, environmental studies, geology, history, math, philosophy, physics, political science, psychology, public health, sociology and studio art.
"The original intent with these degree maps was to target the programs offered at the local sites in Durango and Mancos and so we're pleased to expand this agreement to the whole PCC system," said Peter McCormick, associate vice president for Academic Affairs. "We expect to add more paths soon, including a computer information systems path and a hospitality studies to a business administration, tourism and hospitality management path."


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If the court condones what some legal scholars coin as the Legislature's "constitutional hardball," it would place Wisconsin in a league of its own.
Gov. Tony Evers has rescheduled the special election for Wisconsin's northern 7th Congressional District to take place on May 12, with the special primary set to coincide with the Feb. 18 spring primary.
The general election is now scheduled for May 12, while the primary is Feb. 18.
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|Patagonia Region, Santa Cruz Province. In the Alto Valle Río Pinturas (High Valley Paintings River), north east of Santa Cruz. (47.15 S 70.67 W)
|Guided tours:
|As far as we know this information was accurate when it was published (see years in brackets), but may have changed since then.
Please check rates and details directly with the companies in question if you need more recent info.
|BP 13,000 to 9,500
|paintings made by Tehuelches natives.
|14 C date for archaeological remains.
|discovered by archaeologists.
|declared UNESCO World Heritage Site.
In the Alto Valle Río Pinturas (High Valley Paintings River), north east of Santa Cruz. The caves are located on private lands, visitors are only allowed due to kindness of the owners.
The Cave of the Hands, is named after the stencilled outlines of human hands in the cave, but there are also hunting scenes as well as many pictures of animals, such as the guanacos (Lama guanicoe) or lama, which are still common in the region. More than 890 paintings of human hands appear together with geometric figures and animals along the walls of the cave which is only 24 meters deep by 15 meters wide at the entrance and 10 meters high. The hands painted in live colors varying from red, violet and reddish violet, white, black, yellow, to orange ochre and a few in green. They occur as both negative and positive forms. The great majority are left hands belonging to children, youths and adults.
The Caves of the Hands was a sacred site for the Tehuelches Indians, who lived in the area long before the Europeans arrived. They used the cave during their Summer hunting season, moving back to the coast in the Autumn to avoid the harsh Pantoganian Winters.
Text by Tony Oldham (2002). With kind permission.


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Curriculum Matters
Many of the things we need can wait. The child cannot. Right now is the time his bones are being formed, his blood is being made and his senses are being developed. To him we cannot answer 'Tomorrow'. His name is 'Today'. – Gabriela Mistral
Early Childhood Development (ECD) is today acknowledged as a crucial component in Lifespan Development and as the Foundation for Lifelong Learning. Research has shown that the first six years of life are critical, and it is necessary to maximise development at this stage. In the last few years, there has been an unprecedented expansion of ECE (Early Childhood Education) programs but quality has not always kept pace with the quantitative expansion, and there is little agreement on the curriculum and methodology. Curriculum for the young child must be holistic and developmentally appropriate, and support equity, inclusion, and high quality for diverse environments.
AECED MUMBAI in collaboration with SNDT College, Ghatkopar and SIES Navi Mumbai is delighted to present the next series of WORKSHOPS for the academic year 2019-20, as a continuation to last two year's theme "CURRICULUM MATTERS".We've had a fantastic response to our thoughtfully curated workshops the last two years. In 2017-2018 we focused on Science, Emergent Literacy, Art and Documentation in the Early Years. Through 2018-2019 we explored Brain Development and Developmentally Appropriate Practice in classrooms, Pedagogy of Play, Socio-Emotional Learning and Mathematics in Early Years. In 2019-2020, we bring forth a concerted focus on three often forgotten pillars of effective Early Years Practice- Performing Arts (Theatre and Dance) , Action Research and ECD Leadership
Performing Arts has been underpinned emphatically by many educational philosophers such as Dewey, Montessori and Gardner. The arts play a critical role in assisting young children to not only understand their world, but express this knowing, as they make sense of their experiences. The arts allow them to communicate their thinking and feelings in multiple ways (Wright, 2012). Art practices in early childhood encourage children to be active participants in taking their own direction (McArdle &Piscitelli, 2002). From the development of early coordination skills that lead to the precision required for writing, through to fostering empathy, relationships and social interactions, 'doing music, and dance and drama and Visual Art' supports wider educational achievement (Callcott, Miller, &Wilson-Gahan, 2012), besides being the most authentic and natural way children understand and respond to their ever expanding world. We offer our day -long Performing Arts workshops in two different locations in Mumbai to ensure more Early Childhood Professionals benefit.
Qualitative Research methods like action research can be used effectively by teachers to solve everyday issues in the classroom. Action research uses qualitative methods and is a reflective, democratic, and action-based approach to problem-solving or information-seeking in the classroom. Instead of waiting for a solution, action research empowers teachers to become critical, reflective thinkers and lifelong learners that are dedicated to helping improve student learning and teaching effectiveness. This workshop is day long with additional offsite mentoring to initiate and scaffold action research in respective settings. Well executed and documented action research projects will be selected and showcased in the 2020 AECED National Conference.
Leadership in the early childhood settings has and always will be a priority as leadership is second only to teaching as an influence on learning, and competent leadership leads to better learning outcomes for young children. The landscape of early childhood is constantly changing and becoming more and more complex. Old solutions to issues and problems most of the time are not working anymore. These 'change challenges' suggest a dire need for our field to develop better strategies for more effective leadership that can support the ECD workforce better by being pedagogically more robust, more responsive, more learner centred and not simplistic in the "reactive, expect and inspect" mode prevalent right now in most settings. ECD Leadership focus will be brought forth as a seminar and will provide thought leadership, innovations, strategies, experiences to guide the evolution of ECD leadership better.
AECED Mumbai Events
Workshop 1 : Theatre For Early Years
Date : 13/07/2019
Venue : PN Doshi College, Ghatkopar
Time : 9:30 am to 3:30 pm
Date : 20/07/2019
Venue : SIES, Navi Mumbai
Time : 9:30 am to 3:30 pm
Shaili Sathyu
Nishna Mehta
Workshop 2 : Qualitative research methods to support children better
Date : 21/09/2019
Venue : P N Doshi College, Ghatkopar
Time : 9:30 am to 3:30 pm
Dr Rajani Konantambigi
Dr. Sujata Sriram
Workshop 3 : Embodied Pedagogy – Creative Movement In The Classroom
Date : 15/11/2019
Venue : P N Doshi College, Ghatkopar
Time : 9:30 am to 3:30 pm
Date : 16/11/2019
Venue : SIES, Nerul Navi Mumbai
Time : 9:30 am to 3:30 pm
Shabari Rao
Workshop 4 ECD Leadership – Challenging the norm
Date : 20/02/2020
Venue : P N Doshi College, Ghatkopar
Time : 9:30 am to 3:30 pm
Session brief
ECD Leadership session shall be in a seminar format focusing on varied contemporary leadership basics, strategies, expectations, challenges and challenging the norm for better early childhood services. It shall bring varied leaders to present, debate, brainstorm and come forth with an ECD leadership manifesto which sheds light on what's not focused on enough "ECD LEADERS AND LEADERSHIP" and which actually can function as a key catalyst for achieving high quality in early years services.
Workshop registration process
To register for our workshop, kindly download our workshop registration form here.
To know about the fee and other information of workshop, kindly refer below.


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A significant painting with important connections to Tasmania's convict past has been unveiled at the Maritime Museum of Tasmania. In front of a large gathering of Museum members and supporters, our Patron, Her Excellency Professor The Honourable Kate Warner AC, Governor of Tasmania unveiled "The Lady East on the River Mersey" attributed to artist Joseph Heard.
"Paintings of named convict transport vessels are very rare and this work is of…Continue
Added by Mark Hosking on June 28, 2019 at 10:00 — No Comments
Sydney marine artist, Jack Earl, could never have realised he was initiating a famous ocean race when he planned to cruise to Hobart in December 1945. Two friends also decided to sail their yachts and English Captain, John Illingworth, said he would go if they made it a race. On Boxing Day 1945 nine yachts set sail for Hobart. Illingworth's yacht, Rani, arrived first, on January 2.
A record Sydney Hobart fleet competed in the 50…Continue
Added by Mark Hosking on January 23, 2014 at 15:10 — No Comments
After ten years Colin Denny stepped down as President of the Maritime Museum of Tasmania at the museum's AGM recently. Captain Mike Webb assumes the role of President and is himself replaced as Vice President by Rex Cox.
Colin's retirement was marked by a celebratory lunch at the Derwent Sailing Squadron where he was presented with a portrait of his yacht The Protagonist by marine artist Bill Mearns.
Added by Mark Hosking on December 12, 2013 at 9:59 — No Comments


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"He's home!" I thought with relief, anticipation and, most of all, love. My heart lept when I saw the car door open and my handsome husband regally step out of the car. Standing with strong posture, he excuded confidence. Just his manner of being instilled a faith in the safety and unconditional love he could provide me. My heart lighted at seeing him; my leg muscles tensed and my arms lifted in preparation to run into his arms. But I did not run. I stopped before I began when I saw the other car door open and a beautiful, young, strawberry blonde woman stepped out. My husband opened his arms wide in front of himself and announced, "I got married while I was away!"
My heart fell like thudding and sudden death. The air I breathed wasn't sucked from my lungs; it just simply disappeared. I was left suffocating, my chest concaving where my heart used to be whole. How could he do this to me? He didn't even tell me. This is something a husband should at least warn his wife about, let her voice her opinion. At least.
The new wife stood by the car, , her slender, perfectly pale fingers gripping the top of the door, almost using it as a shield. The mid-morning sun hit her hair in a way that made it glow from the top, sending a deeper shade underneath. She was breathtaking. My husband chose her too.
Guiding her into the house with his arm at the small of her back, the plans for a party quickly were made. I have always been a good cook. My pride in life was the growing numbers of my husband's waistband. "My wife and I are in a war over the size of my belt. I want it smaller and she wants it bigger. She's winning," my husband used to say, bragging on my ability to master the kitchen. My heart used to swell with love, "If he has a bigger tummy, that's okay. It shows me that he is happy at home. It means that he's content, he doesn't need to find anyone else." What an ironic, terrible, nasty, pitiful joke that is now. Look where that philosophy got me today: cooking for the celebration of my husband's second marriage. His second marriage while he's STILL married to me. The joke has obviously been played. On me.
I walked past the dining room, a cozy room with wrap-around seating, hugging the walls due to the tiny space of the room itself. A large table in the center, adorned with a white lace tablecloth and carefully placed with a fresh flower centerpiece. Light from the large picture window spilled over the inhabitants of the room. The family, being introduced to her, my husband's arm around her shoulders, and she taking my place in the safeness of his side. Where would my safe place be now? There was no room for the both of us there.
My heart shattered more than I thought possible. I thought it had already been obliterated. Denial and disbelief are good adhesives, but faulty and awfully deceptive. They hold the pieces together but only long enough for another wave of reality to come along and merely breathe them apart.
The party was a success. The guests' palettes were satisfied. They were entertained and they were overcome with the infectious joy of the new couple in love. For me, the day had been long with all the preparations. There had been no time alone with my husband in order to scream the obvious question; to plead away this new reality; to beg for assurance.
I walked through the hallway, hearing the revalry spilling through the large, heavy doors of the second dining hall. Suddenly, standing before me was my husband. We were alone, at last. He looked so handsome in his suit. His confidence made me weak. The smell of his cologne permeated the air around us, and memories of love and passion filled my mind. No! I can't think like this. He has betrayed me. He has abandoned me and yet he hasn't left me alone. Walking towards me, his head was tilted ever so slight to the left, his eyes soft, and his lips curled slightly up at the corners – a familiar facial expression. Sliding his hand in behind my neck, his fingers spread and braced the back of my skull. His lips were near mine, his cologne was intoxicating. I nearly forgot. I wanted so badly to be loved; to hear that he loved me. I wanted to fold myself into his arms, lay with him, feel his chest rising and falling with each breath. I wanted the past. I wanted the comfort and the unconditional love. I wanted to be the only as he was my only. "I love you," he murmered. No! How could you do this to me! I was revolted by him. I wanted to be sick. I love him. I need him. I can't stand him! I don't want to be near him!
The onslaught of equally powerful and contradicting emotions was too much to bear. I broke our embrace, and fled before he could answer my pleas for answers.
Time passed, and life fell into something new. A reality of tension that balanced between acceptance through routine and unacceptance in the secret of my heart. I walked into the bathroom one morning, faced in close proximity with the new wife, even paler than usual, her face ashen and layered with sweat. Vomit was all over the floor and the toilet. She looked at me with scared eyes. And I knew. She was pregnant.
For the first time, I saw her as she was: a woman, an unwitting player in the game that my husband had orchestrated for us, alone in a house with an increasingly bitter woman, trying to make a life for herself without making too many waves. She is a woman, just like me.
On one hand, she's my sister in the club of femininity. We have a sisterhood among us women. We look out for each other. We support each other in the issues that only another woman can possibly understand and relate to. We can bitch about the parts of our make up that aren't fair, and understand the emotional upswings, downswings, overswings of hormonal days. Looking at this girl, puke in her hair, so afraid and ill, I wanted to reach out to her. I know what it's like to be pregnant for the first time; thinking that this stage of sickness will never end, fearing that the reality of becoming violently ill over the smell of fresh baking bread will be what life is like from now on, forever and ever. The question, "Will I ever feel normal again?" ruling each thought as the heaving continues. How I wanted to hug her and say, "It will be okay. This is normal. You're doing fine. Don't worry about the mess, sweetie. We'll take care of it. We'll take care of you."
If I take care of her, though, he will think that I've accepted his new choice. I have not! I will not! I can not!
The dream ended with me standing before her, as the awkward observer. Silence.
I told this dream to a woman here at a tea party. She said, "Did this dream come true for you?" I said, "No, thank God." She said, "I had the same dream on my honeymoon. It came true."
Her reality is that after nearly 10 years of marriage, her husband returned home to tell her that he had gotten married. The new woman lives with his mother. She has never seen the new wife. She has refused. Her husband's explanation for the new marriage was, "My mother wanted me to marry a second wife. But you are the one that is better suited to me. I prefer your personality. You are strong. I love you." She's says she can't believe him anymore when he says that he loves her. I can honestly say, I know how she feels.


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While studying the impact of social media on social relations in a medium-sized Norwegian city, and the formation of local social media clusters, our team of researchers stumbled upon a group of ex- and non-religious persons, which made us re-examine issues of majority-minority relations.
Author: aoibhelin
NSRN annual lecture 2018 by Samuli Schielke: Secular powers and heretic undercurrents
In this keynote held at the 2018 NSRN conference Worldviews in World View: Particularizing Secularism, Secularity and Nonreligion, Samuli Schielke discusses secularism as a form of discursive power in the Middle East.
Sacred Traditions in Secular Britain – What plans for the next coronation reveal about the relationship between religion and tradition
In this blog post, Charlotte Hobson explores British sentiments around the sacred using the Monarchy as a case study, asking: who wants a Christian coronation?
The Critical Study of Nonreligion: An Invitation
In this post, NSRN Co-Director Chris Cotter places contemporary non-religion studies into conversation with the critical study of religion, assessing two dominant approaches in the field before extolling the virtues of a discursive approach as one way in which rigorous empirical work can be conducted ostensibly under the religion/non-religion binary and contribute to the critical project.
Senses of the Secular Symposium
Co-organisers Justine Esta Ellis and Marek Sullivan report back on the day-symposium Senses of the Secular, held 21 May 2018 at Balliol College, Oxford.
Are There 'Religion' and 'the Secular' in Premodern Japan?
Scholars working on premodern Japan tend to project 'religion' and 'the secular' upon the socio-cultural context they study. My contention is that there was no 'religion' in premodern Japan. Therefore, there was no 'secularity' in premodern Japan, either.
Subtypes of Religious Nones in the United States and Canada
In this post Joel Thiessen and Sarah Wilkins-Laflamme updates us on their 2 year project which aims to answer what the difference is between 'nones' in the US and Canada.


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We kicked off our Summer Scavenger Hunt at our Membership BBQ, but you still have time to participate before our Summer Movies on August 14th & 15th. Follow this link for clues to historic Harlem locations, travel to each spot and take a photo, and then submit your photos for a chance to win cool prizes!
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WE ACT Summer Scavenger Hunt
August 14
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One event on August 15, 2019 at 12:00 am


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Home >> Uk + Ireland >> Ireland >> County Louth >>
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HEYNSTOWN, or HAINSTOWN, a parish, in the barony of UPPER-DUNDALK, county of LOUTH, and province of LEINSTER, 2½ miles (S.) from Dundalk, on the road to Ardee; containing 442 inhabitants. This parish comprises, according to the Ordnance survey, 1980½ statute acres, which are chiefly under tillage. It is well planted, and the scenery is highly picturesque; there is an abundance of good building stone. Prospect, the seat of W. H. Richardson, Esq., commands a very extensive view; and Clermont Park, that of T. Fortescue, Esq., stands in a handsome and well-wooded demesne, comprising about 800 statute acres. The living is a rectory, in the diocese of Armagh, and in the patronage of the Lord-Primate: the tithes amount to £350; there is neither glebe-house nor glebe. The church is a plain modern structure, near which are some remains of an ancient round tower. In the R. C. divisions the parish forms part of the union or district of Haggardstown, at which place is the chapel. Here are the ruins of Dunmahon castle, consisting of a quadrangular pile, with circular towers of dissimilar sizes at the angles.
from Lewis's Topographical Dictionary of Ireland, 1837.
Description and Travel
The transcription of the section for this parish from the National Gazetteer (1868), provided by Colin Hinson.
Ask for a calculation of the distance from Haynestown to another place.
Click here for a list of nearby places.
Historical Geography
The civil parish of Haynestown contained the following townlands:
You can see maps centred on OSI grid reference J0429802219 (Lat/Lon: 53.958863, -6.41181), Haynestown which are provided by:
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53.958863,-6.41181and paste it into the search box at Irish Ordnance Survey (Select maps in the menu on the left)
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5 Relationship Warning Flag
Coulda. Shoulda. Woulda. That's exactly what comes out of our mouths and into our minds directly after we split up by having a particularly toxic individual. I really could have now been more guarded. I will have browse the indications. I might have dumped him/her months ago had I known…
Well, don't be way too hard on yourself. You had been in love. (Or thought you had been.) With love's rose-colored spectacles on, oftentimes it is hard to recognize irregular behavior. The next occasion around, in the event that you should listen to that nagging feeling inside of you, maybe this list will come in handy if you aren't sure.
Ex-ample # 1 – The Ex Is Nevertheless within the photo
Now, having an ex when you look at the image is not always a deal breaker. For everyone with kids, it is extremely difficult to not have some kind of relationship by having an ex. If your significant other does not don't have a lot of ones and also the paramour that is preceding nevertheless truly in the manner, there can be a challenge.
Some individuals retain in connection with their exes plus some myukrainianbride site people don't—you have control that is little whether your significant other falls one of the ways or perhaps one other. But in this situation, you need to ask yourself some serious questions: Why is this person still hanging around if you find yourself? From what level will they be hanging out? (Phone calls? Meetings? images?) Performs this other person meet some type or types of need? Have always been we (meaning you) really that essential?
It's hard to come calmly to grips with this final one. Truthfully, if the boyfriend/girlfriend is truly that they shouldn't need attention from a former flame into you. Test thoroughly your situation carefully and opt for your gut. Even although you don't feel specially threatened, an ex within the photo is certainly not something to wave off. Further, in case your brand brand new sweetie is not prepared to proceed to the future that is bright you, the timing isn't right.
You Catch Them in Lies (Also Tiny People)
We lie on occasion because we are human. Let's be truthful: adopting a "no lies, ever" policy just benefits in hurt feelings. Therefore spare your buddy using the bad haircut. She seems bad sufficient. The"white lies" are intended to save someone's feelings, not cover up shady behavior in most cases.
Nevertheless, little lies like the whereabouts of the beau or perhaps the identification regarding the mystical caller on the cellular phone should deliver down a warning bell inside the mind. These fabrications imply there will be something to cover up, or even now, someday. Even lies which have apparently small to accomplish with you or your relationship should allow you to dubious. Lies about trivial issues certainly are a caution that the one that is big just about to happen, so don't have fun with the fool.
Even even Worse, if you should be the receiver of every big lies (about previous failed marriages, kids, practices) you ought to use the cue to perform. Honesty is really the pillar of a relationship that is successful therefore expect nothing less.
They Always Check Everybody Else Out
Let's face it. There may often be other individuals in this globe who will be more desirable than the man you're seeing, gf, spouse, or spouse. When your relationship is truthful and strong, it is possible to recognize the attractive mailman or the adorable barista behind the countertop without dreaming of greener grass. When your mate is ogling every hot set of feet or stud muffin body you pass, nevertheless, one thing is wrong, plus it's perhaps not you.
A person that is confident expect their sweetheart to take care of them because the only 1 into the space. You'll still just like the real means other individuals look, however you shouldn't think it is necessary to disrespectfully compare them to your lover.
You truly Can't Stay His/Her Friends
If your significant other is hanging out with buddies that aren't exactly stimulating, you wonder just exactly what he/she views inside them. If their buddies are irritating jerks that would rather play video gaming and cheat on the ladies, then it is time for you to reconsider your decision. Possibly your constant has a bunch of solitary gals that are drama-loving divas, love the club scene a touch too much, or are snooty jealous buddies. You should be made by it wonder just what she really prioritizes in life.
It is true that everybody else has a couple of buddies which are "special" (read: weird) you need to tolerate. Nonetheless, if all your boyfriend's/girlfriend's buddies drive you pea nuts and these pals have been in existence since the sixth grade, it's likely that that the specific situation will likely not disappear. When your brand new constant is in the middle of a town of idiots—guess what—your dearest might be one too.
They Will Have Nothing Happening
Often this can be thought to be romantic, if your brand brand new mate is truly into you , it can be a sign that they don't have much else happening into you(or too. a relationship that is healthy built from two stable those that have their particular life to live separate through the other. Although difficult to see at the beginning as you wish to spend every moment that is waking, focus on the plans and goals of the brand brand new sweetheart.
In case the mate is waiting with bated breathing for the activity you bring, sitting by the telephone for the next call, or loafing that is happy till noon, maybe they aren't a mover or even a shaker. Many would agree totally that driven, determined individuals are probably the most appealing, and also you wish to be with an individual who is devoted to their future. Aspirations will inform a serious whole tale regarding your meant, therefore see in the event the aspirations match.
So, just how are you going to understand in case your love that is current interest right one for you personally? Trust your instincts and become receptive to your signs that are underlying make you go "hmmm." Furthermore, you really must be in a position to accept your partner that is potential the these are typically, now. You can forget time must be necessary for maturing or healing—if your sweetheart is right for you personally, the timing will be right aswell.


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Made with love by Craft Work
Developed by Rui Bogas
The Computer Science Field Guide is an online interactive resource/textbook for high school students
A list of Computer Science topics important for a Front-End Developer to learn
Everything about programming!!
컴공생을 위한 대학 생활 가이드라인
:gem: Cheat sheet for technical interviews.
Big-O complexities of common algorithms used in .NET and Computer Science.
A web app for ranking computer science departments according to their research output in selective v
List of free online programming/CS courses [Massive Open Online Courses]
:rocket: SICP on Clojure
Domain Specific Languages of Mathematics


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President of the Real Estate Institute of NSW John Cunningham says more than 90 new strata laws will make a difference to the lives of those living in in the state.
"These reforms will benefit owners, tenants and property managers and bring the laws in line with current thinking," he says.
"They recognise the changes that have been made in technology in the last 25 years, with voting now available electronically, via Skype calls and by email."
Simply everyday improvements such as hanging pictures or coat hooks and filling cracks can go ahead without permission required, and kitchen or bathroom renovations, installing timber or tile floors and replacing wiring or power points no longer need a special resolution by-law.
"Landlords may be held liable to their tenants for secondhand smoke exposure," Cunningham explains.
"Owners' corporations can also create by-laws banning smoking throughout an entire strata building."
Source: API Magazine


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24 months
Xiaomi Mijia night light allows you to safely walk through the apartment even in the middle of the night.
Warning: Last items in stock!
Availability date:
Moving the night light with motion and infrared sensors will turn up every night when it detects motion. The sensor responds to a 5 to 7 meter movement so you do not have to worry about unexpected bumps in the furniture. Equipped with two power modes: At 0.7 lm, the battery lasts for up to 12 months, from 3.8 to 6 months.
- Photosensitive + infrared sensing
- Ultra low power consumption
- Two kinds of brightness adjustable
- Can be attached on wall or be hung
luminosity: 0.7 lm / 3.8 lm
consumption: 0.25 W
dimensions: 84 x 84 x 36 mm
weight: 141 g
Battery powered (3xAA not included)
|45 x 45 x 45 mm


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The simplest method for determining the diameter of a planet is to measure its apparent angular diameter when the planet is at a
FIGURE 4.1. Determination of the diameter of
FIGURE 4.1. Determination of the diameter of
known distance from Earth. In figure 4.1, for example, in which the size of the planet is greatly exaggerated for clarity, the angular diameter is indicated by 0. If D is the distance from the planet to Earth and 6 is expressed in radians (1 radian=57.296 degrees of arc), then the linear diameter d of the planet is given by d = 0XD
where d and D are in the same units of length. The angle 6 is determined by visual observation in a telescope or by measurement of a photographic image, and the distance D is derived from the position of the planet in its orbit at the time the angle is measured.
Because the angular diameter varies with the distance of the planet, it is the usual practice to refer the value to a standard distance. This standard distance is the astronomical unit; that is, the average distance of Earth from the Sun. The reduced angular diameter referred to the astronomical unit is equal to 6XD/AU (or dfAU), where AU, the astronomical unit, is 149.6 million kilometers (92.95 million miles). The linear diameter of the planet, expressed in astronomical units, is then equal numerically to the reduced angular diameter in radians.
The procedure described above is simple in principle, but it has proved difficult to put into practice for Mars, for reasons which will be apparent shortly. Consequently, a more indirect method has been developed for this planet. It involves observations on the ap parent path, as a function of time, of a characteristic surface marking as the planet rotates.
Apart from systematic errors in measurement, arising from instrumental problems and from conditions in Earth's atmosphere, which apply to all planets, there is a peculiar difficulty in determining the angular diameter of Mars. In 1925, W. H. Wright, at the Lick Observatory in California, noted that the size of a photographic image of Mars varied with the color of the light in which the image was obtained.
A transparent blue filter allows blue light to pass through, but it will absorb, and hence stop, light of longer wavelength, such as green, yellow, orange, and red. A red filter, on the other hand, will absorb light of shorter wavelength, namely, blue, green, orange, and yellow, but will transmit red light. By the use of a series of colored filters, it is possible to obtain a photographic image of Mars in light of a particular color; that is, of a particular wavelength. Wright found that the angular diameter of Mars as determined from an image obtained in blue light was about 3 percent larger than in red light. This dependence of the apparent diameter of Mars on the wavelength of the light in which the planet is observed is called Wright's phenomenon or the Wright effect.
Although some astronomers have doubted the reality of the Wright effect, it seems that, in part at least, it is not merely caused by instrumental errors or by variations in the sensitivity of the photographic plates. A possible contributory factor is that in red light the brightness of the Martian surface appears to diminish outward from the center to the edge of the disk, a phenomenon called limb darkening (p. 44). On the other hand, in blue light, there is limb brightening, with the intensity increasing outward from the center of the disk. The limb brightening in blue light is probably caused by the scattering (or reflection in random directions) of sunlight by the Martian atmosphere (ch. V). As a result of the limb darkening in red light and the brightening in blue light, the photographic image would appear larger in the latter case. This, however, may not be sufficient to account completely for the Wright effect.
Wright and others have suggested that the phenomenon is caused by differences in scattering of light of different wavelengths at high altitudes, for example, about 100 kilometers (62 miles), in the Martian atmosphere. But the density of the gas molecules at such an altitude is now thought to be too small to account for the Wright effect. Another suggestion is that a layer of fine dust particles high in the atmosphere causes the preferential scattering of blue light. Such a layer, which does not app sar to be too probable, lias been postulated to explain the blue-haze phenomenon described more fully in chapter VII. Recently, the possibility has been mentioned that the Wright effect is not a Martian phenomenon, but arises in part from conditions in Earth's atmosphere (p. 150).
No matter whether the Wright effect is real or illusory, and regardless of its cause, the fact remains that photographic (and visual) images seem to give different diameters for Mars in light of different wavelengths. Which wavelength, if any, then gives the true diameter? It has been generally accepted that images of Mars in red light give the best approximation to the actual size of the planet. Even if this were so, however, there is still a subjective problem in interpreting the telescopic images; it is difficult to determine, either by the eye or even with instruments, the precise boundary of the small bright disk of Mars. Consequently, the estimation of the angular diameter is bound to involve an element of uncertainty.
The method of determining the diameter of Mars based on measurement of the displacement of a characteristic feature during the rotation of the planet would seem to offer the prospect of improved accuracy, at least in principle. This turns out not to be the case in practice, however. There are very few, if any, sharply distinguishable markings on the surface the positions of which can be observed precisely enough to make possible an accurate calculation of the radius of Mars.
Like Earth, the planet Mars is not exactly spherical, but is somewhat flattened at the poles. In other words, the polar diameter is less than the equatorial diameter. This is shown in the section in figure 4.2 which is not drawn to scale; rp is the polar radius, that is, half the polar diameter, and re is the equatorial radius, or half the equatorial diameter. Provided its interior is not completely rigid, any body, like Earth or Mars, which rotates at a relatively high speed is expected to have a larger diameter in the equatorial direction because of the centrifugal effect of the rotation. The force in the outward direction caused by this effect is a maximum at the equator of a rotating mass. Because the equatorial and polar diameters of Mars are different, they must, of course, be measured
separately. The magnitude and significance of the difference will be discussed later in the chapter, but the results of the measurements will be given here.
In 1964, G. de Vaucouleurs in the United States published an extensive critical review of the results of determinations of the equatorial and polar diameters of Mars dating back to 1879. He concluded that the equatorial angular diameter of Mars, adjusted to an Earth-Mars distance of 1 AU, was between 9.285 and 9.415 seconds of arc. Because 1 degree of arc contains 36C0 seconds, 1 radian is equivalent to 57.296 X 3600 = 206 265 seconds. The linear equatorial diameter of Mars in astronomical units is then obtained upon dividing the angular diameter in seconds by 206 265. To derive the diameter in kilometers, the result is multiplied by 149.6 million.
The equatorial diameter of Mars is thus found to lie between 6723 and 6828 kilometers. By taking the various factors into consideration, de Vaucouleurs suggested a rounded figure of 6750 kilometers (or 4190 miles) for the equatorial diameter. In the same way, a value of 6700 kilometers (4160 miles) was suggested for the polar diameter. The mean diameter of the planet is thus approximately 6720 kilometers (4170 miles) and the average radius is about 3360 kilometers.
The trajectory of the Mariner IV spacecraft in the vicinity of Mars provided another means for obtaining an indication of the radius of the planet. By timing the radio signal from Mariner IV just before the spacecraft went behind the planet and again when it reappeared on the other side (fig. 5.6), it was possible to calculate the distance of the closest approach of the radio beam to the center of gravity (or center of mass) of the planet. The values found were 3384 kilometers for the distance when the radio signal was cut off (at a latitude of 60° N) and 3379 kilometers when it reappeared again (at a latitude of 50° S). The corresponding diameter, which should be less than the equatorial diameter, would then be about 6760 kilometers.
It appears, therefore, that the values of the equatorial and polar diameters suggested by de Vaucouleurs may be too low, and that a more reliable value for the average radius of Mars is approximately 3380 kilometers (2100 miles). For purposes of comparison, it may be noted that the average radius of Earth is 6371 kilometers (3959 miles). Consequently, the radius of Mars is a little more than half that of Earth. The volume of Mars, which depends on the cube of its radius, is thus approximately one-seventh the volume of Earth.
The flattening, also sometimes referred to as the ellipticity or oblateness, of a planet is defined by where re and rp are the equatorial and polar radii, respectively. Although the radii of Mars determined by individual observers have varied significantly, as seen above, the Battenings derived from the measurements have been in good agreement. The average value obtained from studies of photographic and visual telescopic images of the planet is given as approximately 0.011. This is called the optical flattening because it is determined from optical measurements. A flattening of this magnitude would mean that the equatorial radius of Mars is 36 kilometers (22 miles) greater than the polar radius.
There is another method for evaluating the flattening of a planet, depending on the motion of a satellite (or moon) in an orbit that is not too far distant from the parent planet. For Mars, the required conditions are satisfied by its two satellites. The orbits of these satellites are not quite in the same plane as the Martian equator, but each orbit crosses the equatorial plane at two points, called the nodes of the orbit. The line, lying in the equatorial plane, that joins the two nodes is referred to as the line of the nodes.
If the planet were a uniform sphere, the line of the nodes of a satellite's orbit would remain stationary in space. But if the planet is flattened, the orbit of the satellite is continuously disturbed in such a way that the line of the nodes rotates in the equatorial plane. From the rate of rotation, the flattening of the planet can be calculated. This is called the dynamical flattening.
From a study of the orbits of the Martian satellites, the dynamical flattening of the planet has been calculated to be 0.00525, which is about half the optical flattening. There has been much discussion, but no conclusion, concerning this discrepancy between the dynamical and optical flattening of Mars. Because the telescopic image may depend on the possible effects arising from the scattering of light in the Martian atmosphere, it was thought that the results of the optical method might be incorrect.
In answer to this, however, reference has been made to the value reported in 1927 by R. J. Trumpler, based on observations at the Lick Observatory during the 1924 apparition. By tracking a conspicuous feature on the surface of Mars as the planet rotated, Trumpler found the flattening to be 0.011. This result, which is essentially independent of scattering in the Martian atmosphere, is the same as the optical flattening obtained by direct measurement of the equatorial and polar diameters (or radii). But the agreement is not altogether convincing because the indirect method used by Trumpler is not considered to be very accurate.
There is a possibility, however, that both the optical and dynamical flattening values may be correct. The optical flattening is determined from the actual (linear) dimensions of the planet, but the dynamical flattening depends on the mass distribution. If the mass is not distributed uniformly throughout the interior of the planet, then the optical and dynamical flattenings may not be the same. It is of interest to note in this connection that the flattening of Earth as determined from direct measurements on the surface is essentially identical with the dynamic flattening calculated from the orbital motions of artificial satellites.
The American scientist H. C. Urey suggested in 1950 that the difference between the optical and dynamic flattening of Mars could be explained if there were a belt of mountains around the equator, accompanied by a compensation of subsurface material of lower density than average. This compensation effect, known as isostasy, leading to a uniform pressure below a certain depth in the interior, is believed to occur on Earth. In the situation postulated by Urey, the mass distribution, as it affected the motion of a satellite, would not correspond with the actual linear dimensions of the planet. The optical flattening would then be larger than the dynamical value.
In order to account for the actual difference between the two values of the flattening, the elevation of the high land around the equator would have to be about 15 kilometers (49 000 feet). Consequently, in 1952, Urey withdrew his original suggestion because, as he said, "such high plateaus or mountains . . . even in tropical regions should be covered by snow as on Earth, and . . . [this is] not obs.erved."
It will be seen in chapter VI, however, that elevation differences on the order of 10
to 15 kilometers on Mars are not improbable. And, furthermore, the ground temperature variations with altitude, which lead to the permanent snow cover on high terrestrial mountains, may be quite different on Mars. Thus, in 1966, C. Sagan and J. B. Pollack of the Smithsonian Institution Astrophysical Observatory, in Cambridge, Mass., stated that in their view: "While the entire effect [i.e., the difference between dynamic and optical flattening] may not be due to equatorial elevations ... we believe that Urey's explanation . . . now has some measure of observational support."
A theory, similar in principle but different in detail to that of Urey, was proposed in the United States in 1962 by D. L. Lamar. He suggested that the elevation of the Martian surface increases gradually from the poles to the equator, and that this increase is compensated isostatically by adjustment in the thickness of the planet's crust; that is, in its outermost layer (p. 67). In Lamar's opinion there is an equatorial bulge, but not necessarily high mountains or plateaus in the equatorial region. Because of the isostatic compensation, the dynamic ellipticity would be less than the optical value. But no explanation has been offered for the existence of such an isostatically compensated equatorial bulge on Mars.
Apart from the suggestion, which cannot be ruled out, that the flattening discrepancy is caused by observational errors in the optical data, an elevated equatorial belt of some kind seems to be the only satisfactory way out of the dilemma. It would appear, however, that a complete solution of the problem must await the time when more reliable information concerning both the linear dimensions and mass distribution of Mars can be obtained from spacecraft passing close by the planet and from artificial satellites that orbit around it.
Two characteristics of a planet, namely, its average density and the force of gravity at the surface, are related to the mass and the radius. Because the mass of Mars is about one-tenth and the volume one-seventh of the corresponding properties of Earth, it is evident that the average density (mass per unit volume) of Mars must be less than Earth's density. The actual average density of Mars, expressed in grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3), can be calculated from the mass and radius given above. The volume is equal to %77-r3, where r is the average radius of the planet in centimeters (3380 X105). The volume of Mars is found to be 1.62 XI026 cubic centimeters. If the mass is taken to be 6.42 XI028 grams, then
Because neither the mass nor the radius of Mars is known with any degree of accuracy, it is evident that the calculated density is equally uncertain. Values ranging from 3.85 to 4.25 g/cm3 have, in fact, been reported. All that can be said at present, therefore, is that the average density of Mars is in the vicinity of 4 g/cm3. For comparison it may be noted that the average density of Earth is 5.52 g/cm3.
The gravitational acceleration at a specified point on the surface of a planet is given by the expression
Accel eration=^4^ r2
where G is the universal constant of gravitation (6.67 XI0"8 in the centimeter-gram-second system of units), M is the mass of the planet, and r is the radius of the planet at the point under consideration. The radii of flattened bodies, like Mars and Earth, vary with the latitude, and so, consequently, also do the gravitational accelerations. For the present purpose, however, it is sufficient to determine an average value for Mars. Thus, by using the mass (in grams) and average radius (in centimeters) given above, it is found that
Gravitational acceleration
Like the density, the gravitational acceleration at the surface of Mars cannot be determined precisely because of the uncertainties in the mass and radius involved in the calculation. Published values range from about 360 to 390, and an approximate mean is 375 cm/sec/sec for the average acceleration due to gravity at the Martian surface. The acceleration is somewhat greater at higher latitudes, that is, nearer to the poles, and smaller at lower latitudes, toward the equator. The average value of the gravitational acceleration at Earth's surface is 983 cm/sec/sec. Hence, the gravitational force at the surface of Mars is 0.38 (almost two-fifths) of the force on the same mass on Earth.
The length of a day depends on how the day is defined; for practical purposes, the sidereal day and the solar day may be distinguished. The sidereal day of a planet is the exact time required for the planet to make a complete rotation about its axis; it is also referred to as the period of rotation of the planet. For Mars, this period is determined by timing the passage of conspicuous markings on the planet past a distant fixed star. The accepted value of the period of rotation (or sidereal day) for Mars is 24 hours 37 minutes 22.67 seconds. The hours, minutes, and seconds refer to time intervals on Earth, which are defined in the manner explained below.
Timekeeping on Earth is based on the solar day, rather than on the sidereal day. Because Earth cannot be continuously observed from a great distance, as Mars is, the period of rotation must be obtained in a different manner. It is equal to the time interval between two consecutive transits (or crossings) by a distant fixed star of the meridian at any given point on Earth. The meridian is an imaginary circle in the sky that passes directly overhead and extends in a north-south direction.
The solar day, on the other hand, is the interval between two consecutive meridian transits of the Sun; that is to say, it is the interval between two consecutive noons. The solar day is longer than the sidereal day because the planet moves in an orbit around the Sun. The difference may be explained with the aid of figure 4.3. An observer at position a in figure 4.3, I-A, sees a distant fixed star
cross the meridian, and exactly one sidereal day later Earth has rotated to position I-B (and has moved in its orbit) when the fixed star is again seen to cross the meridian. In figure 4.3, II-A, the Sun makes a transit of the meridian at a, and the next transit, a solar day later, is indicated by b in figure 4.3, II-B. In order to reach the point b where the transit of the Sun occurs, Earth will have rotated the additional amount ab. Consequently, the solar day on Earth is longer than the sidereal day. The same is true for Mars, although the difference in length is not the same.
It can be seen from figure 4.3 that the reason the sidereal and solar days for a given planet are different is that the planet has moved in its orbit around the Sun. If the planet simply rotated in a stationary position, the two kinds of day would be the same. The difference in the lengths depends on the distance the planet travels in its orbit between two successive noons. Since the average orbital velocity of Mars (24.1 km/sec) is less than that of Earth (29.8 km/sec), but the days are approximately the same length, Mars moves a smaller distance in its orbit than does Earth in this period. The difference between the sidereal and solar days on Mars, therefore, is somewhat less than on Earth.
The length of a sidereal day is essentially constant, but the solar day is not. It varies with the position of the planet in its orbit. The average of the lengths of the solar day throughout the year is called the mean solar day, and the mean solar day on Earth is defined as exactly 24 hours, with each hour having 60 minutes and each minute 60 seconds. The mean solar day is 3 minutes 55.91 seconds longer than the sidereal day on Earth; the latter is 23 hours 56 minutes 4.09 seconds.
On Mars, the solar day, the period between two successive transits of the meridian by the Sun, is 2 minutes 12.56 seconds longer than the sidereal day of 24 hours 37 minutes 22.67 seconds. The length of the solar day on Mars is consequently 24 hours 39 minutes 35.23 seconds. The average conventional day on Mars, the time interval between one noon and the next, is thus only about 40 minutes longer than the average terrestrial (solar) day.
From the known approximate equatorial radius of Mars and the period of rotation, the speed of rotation at the equator can be calculated. It is equal to 2ir times the radius, that is, the circumference of the planet at the equator, divided by the period of rotation. The value obtained in this manner is 0.26 km/sec (0.16 mps), compared with 0.47 km/sec (0.29 mps) for Earth.
An attempt to measure the magnetic field of Mars was made by means of instruments on Mariner IV. But even at its closest approach of 9846 kilometers (6118 miles) to the planet, the magnetometer on the spacecraft detected no increase in the magnetic field strength from the value in interplanetary space. From this observation it has been concluded that the strength of the Martian magnetic field cannot be more than a very small fraction (less than 0.03 percent) of the magnetic field of Earth.
Confirmation of the extremely small magnetic field of Mars was obtained from the failure of instruments on Mariner IV to detect trapped charged particles in the vicinity of the planet. Earth has an extensive radiation (Van Allen) belt in which electrically charged particles, namely positively charged hydrogen ions (protons) and negatively charged electrons, originating in the Sun, are trapped and confined by the magnetic field. The same charged particles, although in somewhat smaller numbers, are undoubtedly available near Mars, and the absence of a radiation belt can be ascribed only to the very small (or zero) magnetic field.
According to current views, there are two requirements for a planet to have a significant magnetic field. One is that the planet should rotate fairly rapidly, and the other is that it should have a central core of a liquid that is able to conduct electricity. Earth's core is believed to consist mainly of the heavy metals, iron and nickel. Mars satisfies one of the requirements, because it rotates quite rapidly. The absence of an appreciable magnetic field would imply that it either does not have a liquid-metal core or that such a core, if it is present, must be small in proportion to the size of the planet. The problem of the Martian core will be taken up shortly in the section dealing with the internal structure of the planet.
The albedo, from the Latin albus meaning white, is a measure of the ability of a body or material to reflect light. There are various ways of defining the albedo of a planet, and the one in common use is that suggested by W. G. Bond in the United States in 1861 and adopted by H. N. Russell in 1916. It is known as the Bond (or Russell-Bond) albedo, or as the spherical albedo. It is defined as the fraction of the solar radiation (of a ghcn wavelength) falling on a planet and being reflected in all directions. The Bond albedo A can be divided into two factors, the gm-metric albedo, p, and the phase integral, q, so that
The geometric albedo is a measure of the sunlight (of a particular wavelength) that is reflected by the planet in the direction of an observer on Earth. It is determined from the measured brightness (or luminance) of the planet at full phase, referred to standard distances from the Sun and Earth. The phase integral can be calculated, in principle, from the observed variation of the brightness with the phase angle (p. 43). For Mars, this variation is relatively small and so the phase integral is calculated on the basis of certain assumptions.
The dependence of the Bond albedo, obtained in this manner, on the wavelength (or color) of the light is shown in figure 4.4. The albedo of Mars is seen to increase from quite small values (0.05 or less) in the ultraviolet and blue regions of the spectrum to more than 0.3 in the red and infrared. It is this increase which accounts for the reddish appearance of the planet. The Bond albedo of Mars in visible light is taken to be about 0.17. The foregoing values are averages which apply to the planet as a whole. The albedos of the bright areas are higher and those of the dark areas are lower than average (ch.
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Robin #4 Sapa, A Black Hmong Village and a long ride back to Hanoi
Mar 17, 2018
|I am writing this tonight when I am hungry, tired, cranky and stiff after about 8 hours in a van. We woke up early, wrote and had a delicious buffet breakfast in beautiful surroundings. We took an hour ride in a car down the side of the mountain to Sapa. The road is only partially paved (an overly generous description) with deep ruts, rocky bumps and hairpin turns. We had to go very slowly, avoiding motor scooters, people walking on the side of the narrow road, animals grazing and hanging out. We pulled over frequently for vans going the opposite direction with just barely enough room. I was fairly carsick by the time we got to the bottom and dreading the fact that we had to take the ride back up to the lodge, meet the van and the go back down again and proceed another 6 hrs back to Hanoi ( do I sound cranky?)
Our walk, though, was great. We met Gioi and visited a Black Hmong village beautifully situated in a valley. They are noticeably poorer. The houses are much smaller, wooden, and in need of repair and propping up. We visited one house, which was residence for an older matriarch, a middle aged woman and 2 younger women with babies on their backs. I assume husbands and school aged children lived there as well. It was dark, windowless,low ceilinged and musty. The small first room had a fire used for warmth and cooking. The middle room contained a wooden hand turned grist mill, which the matriarch demonstrated for us, and a large vat of indigo for dying clothes. Two closet sized rooms off the main room were for sleeping. A final area contained meager cooking supplies with a back door opening leading out to the small yard garden and animals. Noticeably absent was anything to sit on or any kind of decoration or comfort. The matriarch showed me her hand embroidered pouches, black with purple and green stitching that are the traditional handcraft. Of course I had to buy one , for the usurious price of $7.
Gioi is from this tribe, but lives in a different village. He told us his house is very similar to the one we visited. We were even more impressed with his drive to improve his life and how much he has accomplished. He is totally self taught and is always improving his vocabulary. He asked us about a number of words and then would repeat them to himself as we walked. I wonder what it feels like for him to meet so many people who have so much more than him, and take it for granted. What is it like for him to learn more and more about the world outside his village?
Many Black Hmong women dress in traditional garments. The clothes are dyed multiple times in indigo (growing wild on the paths) until they turn black. They are embroidered with very fine, precise stitching.
In addition to growing, rice and corn, each family has a small garden and small animals for future meals.
Many adorable mini black piglets play and sleep next to their mothers, Unaware of what their future holds. Baby chicks the size of a fist of fur run and topple every which way in large groups, equally, blissfully clueless.
Buildings are community projects with a large group of men and women working together, then breaking for a communal lunch. Wood is used, with prefab roofs. A mini Home Depot with building and garden supplies is right in the village. Bamboo is plentiful and used for fences, houses, terraces, and, many other things.
At lunchtime we saw groups of school children returning home for lunch, the girls chatting in pairs, the boys looking tougher and getting in to mischief. The same as children everywhere.
We had lunch in Sapa. The area is becoming a trekking and outdoor Mecca. A cable car was recently built, traversing two peaks. In his gentle way Gioi expressed frustration that the tourist boom does not benefit the minority people. The developers bring in people from the cities to build and staff. Since the minority people are not educated and do not speak any English they cannot get any work. The town is growing quickly and resembles any other mountain base town with rows of handicraft stores, backpacking supply stores and inexpensive restaurants. It has the look of a base mountain town anywhere. We did, of course, do a bit of obligatory shopping and bought some beautiful wall hangings for not much money.


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Bike Seller Registration
Thank you for selling your bike at the Great Maine Bike Swap! The Great Maine Bike Swap offers an easy way to buy used bicycles at an affordable price. Here's how it works:
Before the Swap
- Review this Seller's Guide and fill out the form below anytime before the Swap.
- Drop off your bike at the USM Sullivan Gym on Saturday, April 13th between 3-6pm to avoid the long lines! When you drop off your bike, we'll confirm the information from this form is accurate, you'll pay $5 CASH per bike to sell your bike(s) and we'll take care of the rest!
- If you or a friend really can't drop off your bike on Saturday, we will offer a Sunday drop-off from 8:00-9:30am with a registration fee of $5 CASH per bike to sell your bike(s).
Sales Update
- During the course of the Swap, you'll be able to check whether your bike has sold by visiting maineswap.com/sold. This page will be updated in real-time as bikes are sold at the Swap.
After the Swap
- If your bike sells, we will mail you a check for the proceeds within two weeks of the Swap, minus a 15% commission to the Bicycle Coalition of Maine.
- If your bike has not sold, you MUST pick it up between 1:45 – 3:00pm on the day of the Swap. If you do not pick it up, it will be donated to the Bicycle Coalition of Maine.
If you are selling more than 10 bicycles, please email firstname.lastname@example.com for more information about a streamlined registration process.
The Great Maine Bike Swap is produced by the Bicycle Coalition of Maine, the statewide voice of cyclists and pedestrians. Since 1992, the Coalition has led the effort to make Maine better for biking and walking.
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Turkey's President Recep Tayyip Erdogan, talks to members of the ruling Justice and Development party (AKP), in Ankara, Turkey, Tuesday, June 13, 2017. (Pool Photo via AP)
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Like the family in a client's newest best-seller, Altug has joined the real-life exodus of Turks leaving their homeland amid President Recep Tayyip Erdogan's purge of enemies and dissenters.The number of educated, white-collar workers relocating abroad has quadrupled to almost 10,000 a month, data compiled by the CHP opposition party show.Dozens of politicians and some 150 journalists – the most in the world – have been incarcerated and more people face jail time almost daily for social media posts that are deemed insulting to the leader.CS Global Partners, a London-based company that bills itself as "leaders in citizenship by investment," said requests from Turkish clients for help getting a foreign passport have risen by about 25 percent every month since January.Erdogan has been merciless in pursuing people identified by officials as being sympathetic to Fethullah Gulen, the reclusive U.S.-based cleric he blames for the coup attempt, which resulted in the deaths of more than 240 people.Firat Isbecer, the regional director in Istanbul for U.K.-based financial-services provider Monitise PLC, which bought his startup, said his former employees and others he knows of have left the country to work at companies including Amazon.com Inc., Facebook Inc., Spotify Ltd., TripAdvisor Inc. and Booking.com, which is banned in Turkey.


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Woman (30s) and man (70s) die following early morning collision in Drumcondra
A woman (30s) and a man (70s) have died following a serious collision in Drumcondra this morning.
Emergency services are currently at the scene at Drumcondra Road Lower, which has been closed in both directions.
It will now remain closed for a number of hours and diversions will remain in place.
The man and woman, who were both the sole occupants of the vehicles, were seriously injured after the collision at approximately 6:30am this morning.
Gardaí later confirmed that the two people have since passed away.
The deceased have been removed to the Dublin City Mortuary, Whitehall where a post mortem examination will take place.
Diversions are in place at Whitehall Church, Botanic Avenue and Richmond Rd. Buses and HGVs outbound are being diverted along Clonliffe Rd towards Ballybough.
Gardaí are appealing to motorists with dashcams or anyone travelling on Drumcondra Rd Lower between 6.15am and 6.45am to contact Mountjoy Garda Station on 016668600 , the Garda Confidential Line 1800-666-111 or any Garda station.
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Aside from trekking in this region, you'll be able to travel throughout this splendid destination by having some good Leh Ladakh tour packages by some nice journey firms. It will be a real luck to see the luxurious Leh and its monasteries positioned in the hills. Once you go in these monasteries, you not solely really feel the wonder but also expertise the spirituality. Trip to Leh Ladakh is incomplete with out having the great cuisine of this region. If you're a non vegetarian, you possibly can have the mutton dishes and meat of lambs of this region is considered very tasty. You can too have some sips of country made liquor of this belt.
The luxury villa leases in Tuscany are a great way to keep all that is part of their culture and custom below one roof for the vacationers to see, use and enjoy. However the owners make it potential for the vacationers to be able to use issues simply and conveniently during their keep at the luxurious villa leases in Tuscany.
Ranakpur journey is simply synonymous with visiting this spectacular construction. The temple followers out over an area of about 60/60 meters on a hill slope and presents a marvellous spectacle with its cupolas, domes, shikhara and turrets. There are more than 1444 exquisitely carved marble pillars and a saying goes that one can not easily depend the pillars as they have been inbuilt a peculiar manner. None of the pillars are alike and have varied carvings. An distinctive structure right here is the carving created from a single block of marble. It depicts the heads of 108 snakes and it is not possible to trace the tip of the tails. The temple has four faces and it symbolises the Tirthankara victory over the 4 cardinal directions or the entire cosmos. All said and done, the simple truth is that this temple is the mainstay of Ranakpur tourism.
The Sipadan Diving Centre supplies all the tourists, whether divers or not, lodging and tour packages at amazingly reasonable charges, which embrace food, the Sipadan allow, three dives under the supervision of diving instructors, three tanks alongside weights and weight belts and boat journey to Semporna and back. The lovers of scuba diving can visit the middle at any time of the yr however the most effective time to be right here is from April to December since the months before that might expertise tough climate circumstances and dangerous visibility. So, why wait? Hurry up, pack your scuba diving gear and dive into the warm, blue oceans of the Sipadan Islands, Malaysia.
Apart from solely entertainment, people have a tendency to decide on some holy places also to get pleasure from their holidays completely. Tibet travel can altogether offer you all the facilities and the vacationer spots that you wish to be aware of. It's best to go to Tibet between the months of June to December. That is the time when the adventure lovers may take pleasure in to their fullest. Their soul motto is to cherish the thrilling journey alongside the rugged topography, the scenery and the landscape all around. Along with that the place has many holy spots that the tourists largely consider. From the mythological standpoint places just like the Kailash and the Manasarovar are the chief spots the place many pilgrims pay a visit every year. The lake with contemporary water the place it is believed that the gods take tub is considered to be a should visit for many people.


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