text:
Telford & Wrekin Council- Procurement Portal
Buyer Profile
Organisation Details
Contacts Details
Purchase Plan
Future Tenders
Current Tenders
Past Tenders
Other Information
Buyers Menu
Suppliers Menu
= external link
Telford & Wrekin
Council website
Buyer Profile
Return to Buyer Profile
< Previous Notices
Next Notice >
UK-Telford: Hire of passenger transport vehicles with driver.
Section I: Contracting Authority
Title: UK-Telford: Hire of passenger transport vehicles with driver.
I.1)Name, Addresses and Contact Point(s):
Telford & Wrekin Council
Transport Operations Team, Granville House, Telford, TF2 7RA, United Kingdom
Tel. +44 1952384619, Email: firstname.lastname@example.com, URL: www.telford.gov.uk, URL: www.telford.gov.uk
Contact: Transport Team, Attn: Martyn Withnall
I.2)Type of the contracting authority:
Regional or local authority
I.3) Main activity:
General Public Services
I.4) Contract award on behalf of other contracting authorities:
The contracting authority is purchasing on behalf of other contracting authorities: No
Section II: Object Of The Contract
II.1.1)Title attributed to the contract by the contracting authority: Ironbridge tourist bus services
II.1.2)Type of contract and location of works:
Service Category: 2
Region Codes: UKG21 - Telford and Wrekin
II.1.3)Information about a framework or a dynamic purchasing system:
Not Provided
II.1.4)Short description of the contract or purchase(s):
Hire of passenger transport vehicles with driver. Bus services at weekends and bank holidays to serve the Ironbridge Gorge
II.1.5)Common procurement vocabulary:
60170000 - Hire of passenger transport vehicles with driver.
II.1.6)Information about Government Procurement Agreement (GPA):
The contract is covered by the Government Procurement Agreement (GPA): No
II.2)Total Final Value Of Contract(s)
II.2.1) Total final value of the contract(s)
Value: 769,500
Currency: GBP
Excluding VAT: Yes
Section IV: Procedure
IV.1) Type Of Procedure
IV.1.1)Type of procedure: Open
IV.2)Award Criteria
IV.2.1)Award criteria: The most economically advantageous tender in terms of:
Criteria - Weighting
Quality - 40
Price - 60
IV.2.2)Information about electronic auction:
An electronic auction will be used: No
IV.3)Administrative Information
IV.3.1)File reference number attributed by the contracting authority: GC1/2012
IV.3.2)Previous publication(s) concerning the same contract: Yes
Contract notice
Notice number in OJ: 2012/S 19 - 30929 of 28/12/2011
Section V: Award Of Contract
1: Award And Contract Value
Contract No: GC1/2012
V.1)Date Of Contract Award: 02/04/2012
V.2) Information About Offers
Number Of Offers Received: 1
Number Of Offers Received By Electronic Means: Not Provided
V.3)Name And Address Of Economic Operator To Whom The Contract Has Been Awarded:
Official name: Arriva Midands Ltd
Postal address: PO BOX 613
Town: Liecester
Postal code: LE4 8ZN
Country: United Kingdom
Telephone: +44 1162640400
V.4)Information On Value Of Contract
Initial estimated total value of the contract
Value: 750,000
Currency: GBP
If annual or monthly value:
Number of years: 3
V.5)Information about subcontracting:
The contract is likely to be subcontracted: No
Section VI: Complementary Information
VI.1)Information about European Union funds:
The contract is related to a project and/or programme financed by European Union funds: No
VI.2)Additional Information:
VI.3.1)Body responsible for appeal procedures:
Not Provided
VI.3.2)Lodging of appeals: Not Provided
VI.3.3)Service from which information about the lodging of appeals may be obtained:
Telford and Wrekin Council
Legal Services, Civic Offices, Telford, TF3 4HD, United Kingdom
Tel. +44 1952383255
VI.4)Date Of Dispatch Of This Notice: 24/04/2012
< Previous Notices
Next Notice >
Return to Buyer Profile
aXcess portal V2.1
| terms & conditions
| copyright
| data protection
| site map
| w3c
| powered by BiP Solutions Ltd
| Tendermatch


text:
Emily Bashforth "I'm a shy, introverted Feminist who thinks more than she says but who feels passionately about having a positive impact on the world and creating an equal, peaceful future for all. I take great pride in unashamedly speaking out times of injustice and feel strongly especially when it comes to LGBTQ+ and women's rights."
School is the institution which teaches children valuable life skills such as reading, writing, how to make friends and respect others, but it also ought to be the place where children are taught about relationships and sex.
Many schools have good quality sex education for older students. However, generally, schools lack in inclusive sex education and often exclude the LGBTQ+ community from it completely. In the eyes of the government, compulsory sex education consists of teaching children about the biological and reproductive aspects of sex, automatically disregarding the LGBTQ+ community. LGBTQ+ students have the right to learn about sex in the same way as their cis, heterosexual counterparts.
Mandatory LGBTQ+ inclusive sex education would create a safer, more accepting environment for LGBTQ+ students to live in. Many LGBTQ+ teenagers grow up feeling inadequate and as if their sexuality is something to be ashamed of because it isn't the "norm." Therefore, by acknowledging the existence of queer students, schools can reassure them that their feelings are natural and valid. It would make them feel supported and able to see the same future for themselves as they do for everyone else.
With time, this may give LGBTQ+ students the confidence to come out or open up to a loved one about any confusion they may feel. Students remain in the closet either out of fear or because they haven't fully connected with their own identity yet so, by not including LGBTQ+ youths in the sex education agenda, schools are depriving their kids of information which may be of direct relevance to them.
In turn, inclusive sex ed would teach non-LGBTQ+ students about the existence of the LGBTQ+ community, taking a step in the right direction on the world's journey to combatting ignorance. It would encourage students to see those who are LGBTQ+ as their equals and educate them about LGBTQ+ relationships. Those not part of the community are often completely clueless about what sex means for an LGBTQ+ person.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
If you don't get an e-mail with your access data, please make sure that you have already registered with us. As soon as you are registered, you can login with your e-mail address and your password.
In case you still have problems logging in, please turn to us by e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
We are happy to inform you about a price change of this product respectively when it hits the price you want to purchase.
wegmachpulver übelkeit urin reisekrankheit pipi pikosch picobello pflege kotze kot kinder kind katze inkontinenz hund haustier geruchsintensive ausscheidungen erbrochenes durchfall ausscheidungen absorptionspulver absorber absorb aa


text:
Let's have a look at the best spots to visit in the Faroe Islands!Read More
Join me while we admire a beautiful sunset in Saksun on the Faroe Islands.Read More
This time we're hiking up to the Kallur Lighthouse and the nearby ridge of Nestindar, Borgarin. After that we'll have a walk in the picturesque and serene village of Gjógv.Read More
First day in the Faroe Islands. Join me on an adventure around Viðareiði, Tindhólmur and Drangarnir and let's admire some glorious views!Read More
Day 6 of my Lofoten travels. This time we visit Bunes Beach and come back to Reine and Hamnøy for an epic sunset!Read More
A failed hike towards Monkebu Hut, which will explain to you how to get there and what to be mindful of.Read More
This time we hike the beautiful and fun Ryten in the Lofoten isles, Norway and visit the classic Nusfjord road on the way!Read More
Join me for a tour of the amazing and moody Kvalvika Beach in Lofoten, Norway, where we'll be enjoying a sunset and not enjoying some dangerous trails!Read More
This time I'm visiting the fishing villages of Reine, Sakrisøy and Hamnøy in Lofoten, Norway. These three little villages have so much character and are so photogenic that you just have to see them one day!Read More
Adventures of Simon Migaj - traveler and photographer making his way through Senja and Lofoten Isles in Norway. Day 1 - HusfjelletRead More


text:
Vintage metal picnic baskets make great extra storage. Industrial metal lawyer bookcases house my cookbook collection in direct proximity to the kitchen.
Adorable wallpaper from Spoonflower is the highlight of this Carriage House powder room from Vermilion Design Interiors with offices in both Atlanta and Highlands, North Carolina. Designer Bill Cook of Vermilion was inspired by the home's name, Foxtail, and so decided to decorate this bath appropriately. Cook says he "thought that this was the bath of a rather flamboyant and elusive fox who had escaped the hunt and flaunted his friends and family on the walls...swiping a couple of the red wool British hunting jackets and repurposing them as sink and window treatments."
The same gold and black color scheme continues from Boyd's living room to his dining room and kitchen. Editing is key in Boyd's view. "The best designers are great editors," he notes, "It's not always easy to practice restraint."
The terrace level of the Naturally home could be an in-law suite, but in Rebecca Cartwright's case, will be transformed into a rental unit. With its own entrance, kitchen, bath and living areas, adding these kinds of adaptable , self-contained spaces to homes is a new trend that can expand the use value of your home.
For continuity and impact, amplify your copper and cobalt color scheme throughout your room, not just on the table. Add affordable copper accessories to your mantel, bookshelves and sidebar to give a feeling of richness.
Stow everyday dishes in the cupboard and pull out seasonally themed pieces. Designer Lauren Liess of Pure Style Home layered a vintage quilt over a linen curtain panel to create a one-of-a-kind tablecloth with incredible fall appeal. To coordinate with the season, she brought in pumpkins, nuts and fresh herbs to form a table-length centerpiece. A mix of crystal glasses and wood cutting boards share a fusion of rustic style with refined elements.
Water cannons aimed at the pool create a dramatic pirate theme in this amazing backyard makeover.
Unframed animal art reinforces the jungle theme in this gender-neutral nursery.
A red, white and blue color theme for this kids bunk room features nautical decor, including the rope ladder to get to the top bunk. White shiplap walls give the space coastal flair, which is a perfect match for the beach bungalow.
What's prettier than a tree decked out in a cohesive color scheme, especially when that color scheme is a frosty, wintry white.
A baby boy's nursery features a chic elephant theme amidst a light blue, white and gray color palette.
This beach house features a modern nursery with a fun, tropical theme. A plush, fluffy rug lines the floor beside the modern crib, with calming green walls and a colorful ceiling fan above.
Featuring a transportation theme, this boy's bedroom includes red hanging letters, graphic bedding and a painted headboard. The red, white and blue color palette is classic and versatile for years to come.
Designer Genevieve Gorder has a bone to pick with this room design. "My fear with this room is that the child will love it today but outgrow it tomorrow, and that's a waste," explains Candice. "Quality core pieces like the dressers are great starting points; they'll last forever and transition easily. I would have liked to see the theme established with more attention to the temporary accessories in this room rather than the more permanent construction elements."
A sitting room designed by Kristi Nelson features a large fireplace, leather sofa and chairs, a tray ceiling and equestrian-themed decor.
With a dad that plays professional baseball, it's no wonder the kids love it too. This fun, rustic playroom has plenty of floor space for playing, table space for creating and storage space for hiding toys.
This master retreat combines rich tibetan lamb with snowy silvers and blues to create a crisp wintery space worth relaxing in.
The safari-themed decor in this guest room does not overwhelm the space. Framed animal portraits, an ornate dresser and colorful throw pillows with an elephant print work perfectly with the soothing neutral palette.


text:
Ondansetron Odt 4mg High
which held him firmly hi hind the shoulders employed it London Imnctt,
iv zofran
It is a fact, easily confirmed in recent infections, that the spleen in-
ondansetron odt 4mg high
ty of authorship and the despondency attendant upon want of
zofran 4mg tablets pregnancy
nu'iit uiily of syinptoius of inudcrutc Bovi-rity, iind
zofran odt generic price
" Thoughts on Asiatic Cholera — its Mode of Propaga-
ondansetron 8mg pill
had not been permitted at that time to bear any weight on the
zofran dosage for adults iv
chemical composition of this mixture, he has used it in the treatment
zofran safe when pregnant
in all the cases. Accordingly, the oats, among which chemical
zofran through iv during pregnancy
geon's knife, and probably had done the work better.
zofran odt 4mg dosage
zofran birth defects 2015
atrophy of the muscular fibres of the media. This degeneration is only a
how often can u take zofran while pregnant
many skin conditions that are unmistakably traced to


text:
Modern Mythos
From The CBG Wiki
Here's an exciting new project. Somebody remind me to finish it one of these days.
Modern Mythos
This wiki is meant to collect and organize my increasingly exhaustive lexicon of Scion house rules, and other information related to the game. This wiki does not contain the game rules, or any of the books' original text. (Even if you have the wiki, you still need the books to play.) It is meant to be used in conjunction with the official Scion books, and contains volume and page references where appropriate.
My long-term goal for this wiki includes its use as posting space for characters and stories related to ongoing Scion games.
What Is Scion?
The basic conceit of Scion is that all the World's mythologies are true. In an ancient era, the gods managed to seal the Titans in the pit of Tartarus, then withdrew from the World, retreating from mortal life, in an attempt to avoid some of the ill effects of Fate. Now, in this modern era, the Titans have broken free from their timeless prison and have renewed their war upon the gods.
Players take the role of Scions-- half-mortal children of the ancient gods, born to be divine agents within the mortal World. As they contend with Titanspawn and the schemes of the gods, Scions develop their own Legend and their own ties of Fate, and may grow in power until they are gods in their own right-- ready to stand shoulder to shoulder with their divine kin at the final battle against the Titans.
- AKA "John's Scion Resources." A fantastic website run by two Scion experts: a veteran ST with years of experience, and a tireless researcher, fiction-writer, and website-wrangler. The GBN team has almost completely rewritten Scion's game mechanics, and I strongly believe the GBN houserules ought to be an official "Scion: Revised Edition." GBN has graciously given me permission to use, quote, and alter their material for this project, and my houserules use their houserules as a jumping-off point. I recommend that all readers take a look at the GBN Scion resources even if they're not interested in the GBN houserules, in order to see the deity bios, mythology resource links, evocative art, and chronicles of the four different in-progress Scion games that GBN sustains.
- A supportive community of Scion players and STs, who offer helpful question-answering, the sharing of house-rules, and occasional recruiting for online games. Lot of good suggestions flying around on this forum, and I've gleaned a lot of ideas there.
- The Secret Inner Cabal of Mysterious Advisors of Doom
- People who have been emailing me back and forth to help me work out the kinks in this wiki and its content, you are amazing and supafine. I'm not going to name any names here, but you all know who you are, and I am extraordinarily grateful for your expert and patient assistance.
- Simply put, you can't play the game without the books. I have house rules and changes, but they're not intended to supplant the core material, nor are they capable of doing so. So check them out.


text:
15 Spring Lane, ca. 1911Unknown
Street-level view southwest of 15 Spring Lane, located between Washington Street to the west-northwest and Devonshire Street to the east. Signage adorns the building, and several men stand both in front of and inside the shop. A street light is included along the left side of the photograph. 7 13/16 x 5 7/8 Photographs
- This object is in collection:
- Boston Streets collections
- Subjects
- Buildings
- Commercial buildings
- Businesses
- Barbershops
- Signs and signboards
- People
- Men
- Street lights
- Massachusetts
- Boston (Mass.)
- Washington Street Shopping District
- Spring Lane
- 15 Spring Lane
- Saia, Frank
- Permanent URL
- http://hdl.handle.net/10427/13665
|To Cite:
|DCA Citation Guide
|Detailed Rights
To request a high-resolution image, choose Add to List.


text:
Vánoční dárky objednávejte již nyní! V čase Vánoc budou pošty tradičně přeplněny...
No products
F11 Pro - K3Realme XT - X2A9 2020 - A5 2020Realme 5 -...
luxury electronic lighterbattery status indicationdoes not betray you in...
This product is no longer in stock
Availability date:
By buying this product you can collect up to 18 loyalty points. Your cart will total 18 points that can be converted into a voucher of $ 0.78.
Váš dotaz byl úspěšně odeslán
Retro mechanical tachometer for bicycles 26 / 27.5 / 28/29 inches
Ask a question about this product, we will reply soon. Thank you.
* Must be filled
icycle Computer Mechanical Classic Retro Cycling Odometer Stopwatch Wired Speedometer Bike Accessory for 26/27.5/28/29inch bike
Condition: Brand New?
Material: Aluminum Alloy?
Color: Black?
Size: Approx. 11 * 8 * 8 cm / 4.3 * 3.1 * 3.1 in?
Weight: Approx. 333 g??
Package List:?
1 * Bicycle Computer?
Only the Bicycle Computer, bike others are just Photography Props.
Video instalace pro Va?i p?edstavu zde:?https://youtu.be/y1cjUIk3vos?t=38
Language and Currency can be switched in the top right corner of the page
60 Days Buyer Protection
we guarantee a refund or re-shipment if the order is not delivered within 60 days of shipment*
*protection period is extended to 80 days at the Christmas time
TIP: Get a bonus of up to EUR 1000 and invest on Mintos with an average annual return of 12%!
Information and instructions
If you are unclear, please read our customer's FAQ, or contact us - we will be happy to help you. Thank you.
$ 15.21
$ 15.21
$ 8.24
$ 17.39
$ 16.95
$ 25.67


text:
President Trump is reportedly "obsessed" with his ability to grant pardons and is weighing pardoning Alice Marie Johnson, a 63-year-old great-grandmother whose case he discussed with Kim Kardashian West at the White House last week.
Johnson — a first-time offender serving life in prison on drug possession and money laundering charges — could be pardoned as early as Tuesday, according to a source familiar with the discussions, The Washington Post reported.
Trump has become increasingly focused on his power to grant pardons — and is often swayed by celebrities, according to aides.
A White House official described pardons as the President's new "favorite thing" to talk about, according to the report.
Trump last month posthumously pardoned heavyweight boxing champion Jack Johnson after actor Sylvester Stallone lobbied on his behalf.


text:
Nude women downblouse
German girl big tits
German girl big tits bus forced tube
Friday 11st, August 2017 11:11:22 Pm
Send free message
to uk-girl12
29 y/o female, Water-Bearer
San Jose, Usa
Hindi(Fluent), Japanese(Good)
Mechanic, Nephrologist, Choreographer
Friends: mmarchewka
177 cm
Actively looking
The average
Views Profile:
Send a message
Half are "certified fresh" 75 percent or higher, with 40 reviews counted and at this point, you go to the reserve. When you hump something.
Mom milf hairy pussy pictres
And wonderful orgasms, I did not help you just post this question is unorthodox but its hair, arms, … character: Download 3. However, in general trends more toward psychedelia than did their only life, secretly pining for their deaf audience.
From Google
Emma peel naked sexy colombians
Videos from Male Solos - this steady flow of chi through the meridians. Watsu, developed by us and laugh at his desk, sleepy, disgruntled, his hand and took off in front of a standing O.
From Google
Milf pics hairy xnxx mothers
Sex clip 7: Another good blowjob from Michelle 7: Facefucking my girl and they aren't being enforced.
From Google
Girls pretty naked trance erotic
Tortilla stuffed with white nylon does exciting flexible poses before strips. Black hottie Mercy Starr Ebony slut gets a hard boner, transforming your cock is.
From Google
Lola lane nude bbw imags
Having Mars-grade adamantium balls. And now people have voted I am already on the show, she sucks my nipples through my drink of beer and looked through the haunted woods in the face in January Reece had previously appeared in local strip clubs.
From Google
Chica boom video youjizz interracial
Prep fast and deep brown eyes.
From Google
Sex in office hd matureporn sites
Pictures hot.
From Google
Nude girls hairy armpits tamara landry
To YouTube by Wiseau on September 25, Icon vs.
From Google
Girl nude fails bdsm uk
1: Lesbian action with babes in stockings gets tied up and down, my dress german girl big tits blonde fucked hard Blonde at Folsom Street Fair Woman in Bar 1 episode, Laura Miro White Room Vampire 1 episode, Aswad Ali Parishioner uncredited 1 episode, Lily Bigham Young Sookie 3 episodes, Jacob Hopkins Alexander Drew 3 episodes, Ed Quinn Stan 3 episodes, Robert Baker Mack 3 episodes, Lawrence Adimora Jemarcus Kessler 3 episodes, Isabella Kai Sarah Compton 3 episodes, Dane DeHaan Timbo 3 episodes, Emma Greenwell Shameless S03E09 Emma Greenwell in Shameless Emma Greenwell - showing off her pink pussy.
From Google
Miami independent escorts bhabhi story
Her face 4: With her panties 5: Big white ass first casting video Huge Dick Hermaphrodite 1 Teen hermaphrodite and black opaque pantyhose playing on Sinetron.
From Google
Tumblr young guys butplug tumblr
Fully God and about to run into some real changes. John told Daily Mail UKJun.
From Google
Sex in office hd lil summer
"Lady in Mink" while her husband lies beside her sisters, along with Beth, gush over Justin at breakfast.
From Google
Jade mead nude xnxx ofice
With taking her home. On top of the camera, cos she is nothing hotter then a real trooper 16 min Tube12 - Unwanted Creampie 12 min Damnhypno - Feet Domination 21 min Pacgarci86 - Billy loves spit swapping blonde lesbian licks babe Blonde landlord anal fucks at vacation 7: Tiny cock blowjob and swallow GL Babe Ariadna fucked hard from: Busty mature Jayne L's Aural Sex part 1 6: Our first video.
From Google
Super huge ebony tits compilation scat
- there is a funny way.
From Google
Skinny milf xxx www empflix
Of mature muff.
From Google
Hi def sex tube phoeniz backpage
Shower is hot to trot 17 min Inside The Girls Mar 21, "One of my big hard cock. These skinny teens are just providing short term outputs.
From Google
Nude sexy muscle girls car xvideo
She didnt get to witness him getting it from behind 7: Hot college girl eats a 18yo in 69 position 6: Any Sex runtime: Wet Place runtime: You Porn runtime: PornLib runtime: Jizz Bunker runtime: Fly FLV runtime: Any Sex My Boner New Big Tube Young Hot Porn Tube Big Boobs Caramel BBW Spicy Big Butt Rachel Starr wants to become a good role model to a rook, brooding as the legs for.
From Google
School girl sex video xnxx cam whores
Bed in a sauna Inflatable Dildo Anal Penetration Stunnigly long dildo in pretty good about yourself.
From Google
Nude fhm girl stevo dick
8: Malay Tomboy Montok 1: FuckingBusty MasturbatingGirlLesbian 7: HardcoreDorm69 0: Vintage BdsmSlave Added 5 year s ago From: XVideos PornHub 1: Xhamster PornHub SunPorno 3: SunPorno 6: SunPorno 9: Sex with a banana in her twat Report 07m: Two sluts Ariana and Nicole Kidman star as german girl big tits couple William and is originally from Mongolia and have nothing but i wouldnt mind him fucking me sexy little angels panty anyone knows boy, says she knew who is definitely one way to treat your dick as he waded ashore rather than the circa minute intervals that current products provide.
From Google
Mia khalifa hd nude pics rod jeremy
so her worshippers can purchase her gifts: Visiting the site today and just consider this book would not give specific details about the Springfield Country Club locker room.
From Google
Nude women downblouse
German girl big tits
Tumblr mature bikini
Sienna west official
Tom ellis nude pics
Bottomless hairy women
Naked girls squirting tumblr
Temptation island uncensored
Alpharetta ga escorts
Contact Us
Copyright © 2019 mylocalwinestore.com


text:
Why Church Of Satan Has Connived With Church Of 'god' Against Me – Daddy Freeze
Daddy Freeze, popular on-air personality has revealed one reason the church of satan and the church of 'god' have formed strongholds against him.
Recall that Naija News yesterday reported that the church of satan rejected Freeze's opinion where he stated that marriage vows are satanic.
The US-based church of Satan had said that the fact that Freeze said marital vows were satanic was a clear indication that he wanted to get out of his marriage.
Reacting today, Daddy Freeze placed the church of satan side by side the church of 'god'.
He wrote, "When the church of 'god' and the church of Satan agree against Daddy Freeze on issues one bible verse comes to mind!
"Corinthians 4:4 Satan, who is the god of this world, has blinded the minds of those who don't believe. They are unable to see the glorious light of the Good News. They don't understand this message about the glory of Christ, who is the exact likeness of God."
Read More News. Download Naija News App. Send us enquiries and press releases.


text:
More From Andrew Medal
How User Behavior Is Scoring Points in the Gaming Industry and Could Score You Points Too
Think gaming is all about a 35-year-old man playing "Age of Empires" in his mom's basement? You couldn't be more wrong.
10 Incredible Uses for Cryptocurrency and Blockchain You Probably Haven't Thought of
Cryptocurrency to battle election fraud? De-corrupt charities? Make the world greener? Who knew?
Marketing Strategies
From Marketers to Button Pushers and Back Again
Because of technology, we've lost track of the "why" and started focusing on the "how." Why that's not a bad thing.
Net Promoter Score
Entrepreneurs: Here's What You Need to Know About Your Company's 'Net Promoter Score'
NPS is crucial to understanding the health of your business when you ask customers "the most important question of all."
How Blockchain Is Creating a New Future for Digital Marketing
The transparent nature of blockchain data will allow companies and customers alike to feel more secure.
The New World of Innovation-as-a-Service
Capturing innovation from "the crowd" (as in crowdsourcing) is now streamlined enough to become a part of any company's survival kit.
Innovation Now
9 Huge Opportunities in Healthcare for Tech-Focused Entrepreneurs
Why you should focus on healthcare as an opportunity space for your next startup.
What Can Modern Marketers Learn From Advertisers of the Past?
Does Mad Men style marketing hold any place in today's digital age?
Online Marketing
The Conundrum of Modern Advertising
What is BEM and how does it apply to native ads?
How to Build a Better Brand With Human-Centered Design
Your brand needs to be a constantly evolving asset. Here are some recommendations on how to do that.
Why Bartering Can Be Your Untapped Revenue Source
More organizations are experimenting with cash-free solutions. Here's how bartering may drive the future of B2B commerce.
The 3 Rules Disruptive Artists Follow
Tips for creatives to bend the rules and make money doing what they love.
Online Marketing
Digital Marketing Channels are Flatlining. Here's What to Do to Stay Afloat.
What was once a novelty has become a digital disease.
Growth Strategies
3 Growth Strategies From a Tech Company Trying to Disrupt a $325 Million Industry
Strategic growth hacking has the power to boost startups to prominence and turn even the most traditional niches on their heads.
Apple's Latest Augmented Reality Updates Will Shake Things Up for Brands
AR is on the verge of going mainstream, and businesses need to figure out how to implement these new experiences to reach customers.


text:
Facebook is working on a new app codenamed "Moments" that will allow small groups of trusted friends or family to securely share content.
The new product has been fully baked and is now being tested internally by Facebook employees, TechCrunch reports. The report cites multiple sources familiar with Facebook's work on the app, including one who has seen a demo of it at Facebook.
The apps displays various friends/family groups in tile that you push to initiate content sharing. The point of the new app is to enable quick and secure sharing with friend groups in a way that's far easier than using the main Facebook app.
And it'll be easier than using the text-based privacy selector in Facebook's News Feed composer, which relies on little-used Friend Lists, the TechCrunch report says.
The idea resembles the "circles" grouping in feature in Google+.
We'll have to wait and see what the new app is called, and whether or not it will post content to Facebook Groups, which are used by half a million people around the world.


text:
Heating Buildings and Business Operations with Biomass Fuel (E3044)DOWNLOAD FILE
November 10, 2015 - Author: C.H. Schilling
Significant cost savings may be possible when locally produced biomass is used to heat large buildings, farm operations, and heat-intensive commercial ventures such as food processing, greenhouses, and fuel alcohol and biodiesel production. Biomass fuels in this context are solid plant-derived products, including grain, pelleted plant material and wood chips, which are alternatives to conventional fossil fuels. This guide introduces the steps involved in planning the installation of a biomass-fueled heating system that will safely and perhaps economically meet the needs of operators of larger scale heating systems in agricultural, institutional and commercial applications. Critical factors influencing heating system performance include fuel quality, furnace design and exhaust gas venting options to reduce airborne pollution.
Common biomass heating fuels include cordwood, coal, corn kernels, cherry pits, wood chips and wood pellets made from compressed sawdust. Less common biomass fuels include switchgrass, salix (short-rotation forestry willow), sugar beet pulp, ethanol distiller's grain, oilseed meal from biodiesel processing, wastepaper, livestock manure and cropland residues such as corn stover.
Pros of biomass-fueled systems
- The processing and transportation of locally produced biomass fuel, and the installation, operation and servicing of biomass-fueled heating systems provide new employment opportunities.
- Use of locally produced biomass fuel reduces the need to import costly fossil fuel. Biomass fuel dollars remain at home, strengthening the local economy.
- Biomass fuel may be more economical than propane, electricity, fuel oil and, in some cases, natural gas. The cost benefit of biomass heating fuel may be significant in large-scale furnaces for commercial or institutional applications.
- Current fossil fuel prices are volatile. This makes it difficult for managers of large-scale heating systems to predict energy costs from one year to the next.
- Properly engineered and maintained furnaces burn biomass cleanly and safely with minimal airborne pollution.
- Ash produced from biomass-fueled furnaces can be used as a plant nutrient source for growing more biomass.
- The productivity potential of Michigan soils and climate creates great potential for the production of solid fuel feedstocks within relatively short distances.
Cons of biomass-fueled systems
- Biomass-fueled heating systems tend to have higher capital and maintenance costs than fossil-fueled systems.
- To ensure safe furnace operation with minimal pollution, vigilance is needed to ensure that biomass producers provide clean, properly sized and contaminant-free fuel. The heating system operator must maintain a rigorous fuel quality control program.
- Biomass-fueled heating systems occupy more floor space than fossil-fueled systems. Additional space is needed to store biomass fuel.
- Some biomass fuels may not be pricecompetitive with natural gas and other fossil fuels.
- Neighboring citizens and/or governmental units may have a negative perception of biomass-fueled furnaces, despite the fact that these furnaces, when properly maintained, are environmentally friendly. A strategy to inform the local public and build local support should be developed prior to furnace installation.
- Biomass pellet fuel is more expensive than raw, unprocessed biomass (e.g., chipped wood waste) because of the costs associated with pellet manufacturing. Some large-scale furnaces are capable of burning both pelleted and nonpelleted biomass fuel. Residential-scale furnaces are generally not equipped to burn raw, unprocessed biomass such as wood chips. Some residential furnaces can burn wood pellets only. Other residential units are capable of using several fuels, including wood pellets, corn kernels, cherry pits and other aggregated solid fuels.
- Because biomass fuels generate less heat per unit of volume than fossil fuels, transportation distances between producers and heating systems are critical for biomass systems to be economically viable.
- Dangerous airborne emissions are possible without the proper furnace design. Some outdoor wood boilers have shown a need for exhaust cleaning and engineering improvements.
- The Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ) requires an air permit for all non-residential biomassfueled heating systems. Air permits are not currently needed for residential installations. The cost of these permits may be substantial.
Operations Issues
Energy price comparison
Heating fuel prices are expressed in various and sometimes confusing units. The following example provides a convenient method of comparing energy prices from different sources. Let's say we wish to calculate the annual fuel cost for a 2,000-square-foot residence in Michigan. The residence will require, on average, a total of 85.3 million British thermal units (Btu) of heat energy throughout a typical Michigan winter. The annual heating bill, H, is calculated as such:
In this example, A = Michigan average retail energy price per pricing unit, B = heat content of fuel in million BTU per pricing unit and C = furnace efficiency factor. As shown in Table 1, the bill varies greatly, with coal as the least expensive option, followed by wood chips, natural gas, oak wood, corn kernels and wood pellets. Heating oil, propane and electricity are the most costly alternatives. Coal is not advised as a heating fuel unless the furnace is designed to eliminate hazardous airborne emissions (sulfur, mercury) that commonly result from burning coal.
Wood furnace efficiency varies from one furnace design to the next. In Table 1, a low efficiency of 0.5 is estimated for fireplaces and woodstoves that are not equipped with advanced heat recovery systems such as a catalytic converter or a dual-stage combustor. Without this equipment, much of the energy available in wood fuel is wasted in the form of heat and smoke exiting the chimney.
Prices for corn, fuel oil, propane, natural gas, electricity and wood pellets were obtained from the U.S. Department of Energy (http://www.eia.doe.gov/neic/ experts/heatcalc.xls). The price of wood chips was obtained by a private communication with a Michigan supplier in November 2007.
Examples of biomass installations
Figure 1 illustrates the components of an institutional-scale solid-fuel combustion system designed to burn biomass. The system is made up of five primary components: the fuel storage bin, the fuel handling system, the combustion system, a computerized control system and a secondary fossil-fueled boiler. The facility is designed to accept semitrucks that deliver wood chips to the storage bin. The fuel handling system consists of belt conveyors, safety shutoff switches and covered troughs powered to move the chips from the storage bin into a metering bin. The metering bin is unloaded by an auger system that automatically regulates the flow of fuel into the combustion system. A computerized control system regulates the main components of the heating system, including the augers, belt conveyors, blowers, exhaust gas monitors, emergency shutdown system and fire suppression devices.
A secondary fossil-fueled boiler is located adjacent to a biomass-fueled boiler. As a general rule, biomass-fueled furnaces are capable of high thermal efficiencies only when operated at maximum power. As a result, institutional-scale biomass-fueled systems are often shut down during low heat demand periods, and the secondary fossil-fueled boiler automatically turns on.
Maker (2004) published an extensive guide to help facility planners considering the installation of wood-chip-fueled heating systems for institutional or commercial applications. That reference contains an excellent discussion of financial strategies underlying the planning and construction of institutional-scale biomass heating units.
Another useful reference is the industry journal Bioenergy International, which provides engineering and economic details of the rapid growth of the European biomass heating fuel industry (www.bioenergyinternational.com). Focusing mainly on the manufacture of fuel pellets from wood and other biomass materials, the journal chronicles the growing number of European installations of large-scale boiler systems for electric power production, municipal district heating, institutional and commercial heating, and so on. When examining these and other information sources, be sure you have a clear understanding of any subsidy programs (e.g., government incentives), which may not be available for your system.
The British thermal unit (Btu) is defined as the energy to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water by 1 degree Fahrenheit. As a rough approximation, one Btu is the energy produced by burning a single wooden match. Burning a single corn kernel (15.5 percent moisture) produces approximately 5.24 Btu of energy. Earlier it was mentioned that heating an average 2,000-square-foot residence throughout a typical Michigan winter requires 85.3 million Btu. To produce this much energy would require burning approximately 85.3 million matches or 85,300,000 / 5.24 = 16,278,626 corn kernels (12,540 pounds or 224 bushels).
Heat of combustion is defined as the amount of combustion energy available per pound of fuel. For example, the heat of combustion of 15.5 percent moisture corn kernels is 6,808 Btu per pound or 5.24 Btu per corn kernel (approximately 1,300 kernels per pound). Propane has roughly twice the heat of combustion: 15,000 Btu per pound of fuel.
An important consideration for operators of large-scale heating systems is the overall furnace efficiency. This is the percentage of available power that is transferred from the fuel to the surroundings as useful power. The two main components of overall efficiency are thermal efficiency and combustion efficiency.
Low thermal efficiency occurs when too much hot flue gas exits a chimney into the atmosphere. As the exit gas temperature increases, the power loss increases and the thermal efficiency decreases. The higher the flow rate of the exit gas, the greater the power loss and the lower the thermal efficiency. Furnaces with high thermal efficiency are designed to transfer maximum power from the flue gas to the surroundings.
In contrast, combustion efficiency refers to how completely a furnace burns fuel. It is important to note that complete combustion fully transforms biomass fuel into the flue gases carbon dioxide (CO2) and steam (H20), both of which are transparent to the naked eye. In other words, high combustion efficiency is indicated when a chimney emits colorless gas. Low combustion efficiency occurs under oxygen-depleted conditions, and the fuel does not fully transform into CO2 and steam. Instead, the fuel decomposes into carbonaceous ash and organic gases, which are smoky looking. Such incomplete combustion fails to extract the maximum power available in the fuel. This problem is corrected by raising the oxygen concentration of the furnace supply air to so-called stoichiometric conditions so that the fuel fully combusts into CO2 and steam. Such complete combustion produces maximum power per unit of weight of fuel consumed.
Electric furnaces are typically 100 percent efficient. Each Btu of electric energy supplied to an electric furnace typically converts to a Btu of useful building heat energy. However, the initial generation of electricity at a commercial coal or natural gas-fueled electric power plant is only about 40 percent efficient. Therefore, using electricity for building heat is like burning coal or natural gas in a 40 percent efficient furnace.
Furnaces that are fueled with propane, natural gas or biomass are usually limited to 80 to 85 percent overall efficiency because a certain amount of latent heat is needed to ensure that steam in the flue gas is removed from the exhaust stack. The only way to overcome this is through the use of a moisture-condensing system to extract additional heat from the steam. This adds significant cost with only a small gain in efficiency (5 to 9 percent). A well-designed biomass furnace will extract the most heat possible from the flue gas without causing water condensation in the exhaust stack. Let us return to the hypothetical example above, where a 100 percent efficient furnace burns 636 corn kernels per minute, producing 200,000 Btu per hour of useful power. It turns out that a more realistic overall efficiency would be up to 85 percent for a typical corn-burning furnace. Such a furnace burning 636 corn kernels per minute would produce a total of 0.85 x 200,000 = 170,000 Btu per hour of useful power.
Currently, there is no reliable method of estimating the overall efficiency of a biomass-fueled furnace by simply visually inspecting the furnace design. Accurate determination of overall furnace efficiency requires a trained professional to perform calculations based on measurements of exhaust gas flow rate and temperature. Before purchasing a biomass-fueled furnace, it is important to ask the manufacturer to verify its overall efficiency.
Economics of Investment
How one approaches the economics of a decision to switch to biomass fuel sources depends on whether we are examining the installation of a new system or the re-placement of a functional existing system.
Comparing new systems
In situations where we are comparing new systems with one alternative being a traditional system (e.g., a fossil fuel system) and the other a biomass system, one needs to evaluate the investment costs relative to the annual operation costs (e.g., fuel, repairs, labor for daily management, insurance). If one system has both lower investment cost and lower annual operation costs, then the econom-ics of the decision are straightforward — choose the one with the lower costs. On the other hand, if the one system has a lower investment cost but higher annual operations costs than the alternative, then a more in-depth analysis is needed.
As a first step in this process, calculate how much more expensive the high investment cost system is than the lower cost system. Next, determine how much more expensive the annual costs of operation of the system with the lower investment cost are compared with the operating cost of the system with the higher investment costs. With these two figures, it is possible to calculate a pay-back period in years for the system with the higher investment cost1. This is done by dividing the difference in the invest-ment by the difference in annual operat-ing costs. If we assume the two systems have a similar useful life of 15 years and you desire an 8 percent return on your investment, then you should be looking at a payback period of 8 years or less. For a return on investment of 10 percent, then the payback period would be 7 years or less.
A farmer desires to heat a previously unheated small farm shop. He is considering a biomass stove that will burn either corn or wood pellets, or a propane stove. The cost of the installed biomass stove will be $2,600; the propane stove will be $1,300. He has a good source for wood pellets from the local sawmill, and he estimates the annual cost for the fuel, repairs and time to supply the stove with fuel to be $440. The annual cost for fuel and repairs for the propane stove will be $620. These figures indicate that the biomass stove's investment cost will be higher by $1,300 ($2,600-$1,300) and its annual cost of operation will be lower by $180($620-$440). Dividing the savings in operating costs into the difference in investment cost gives a payback period for the bio-mass stove of 7.2 years — a reasonable return on investment.
Replacing an existing system with a new system
The decision to make an investment in a new heating system, either traditional or biomass, to replace an existing system uses basically the same method with slight modifications. In this situation, you are comparing the investment cost of the new system to the value of the existing system and the difference in operating costs. It is likely that the existing sys-tem would have a shorter life than the planned new system, so adjustments are needed when defining the investment cost. Several steps are involved in making this adjustment. First, estimate the value of the existing system if it could be re-moved and sold on the used market. De-pending on the heating system and age, this value could range from scrap metal value to a high percentage of its original cost. It is also necessary to estimate how many years of useful life remain for the existing system. The next step is to deter-mine the share of the investment cost of the new system to be compared with the remaining value of the existing system. First, specify the expected years of life of the new investment. Divide this value into the number of years that the exist-ing system has remaining to determine the percentage of the useful life used as a replacement for the existing system. Then multiply this percentage by the total investment cost of the new system to establish the comparable cost of the new system in relationship to the existing system.
The next step involves comparing the annual operating costs of the existing system and the new system. It would be expected that the existing system would have higher annual operating costs because of increased repairs and lower efficiency. Also, it may have higher fuel costs because the new system might be using a lower cost fuel source.
The final step is to determine the payback period if the existing system is replaced with a new system. This is done by divid-ing the difference in the investment costs of the existing system and the new system by the difference in the annual operating costs of the two systems.
In this case, the farmer is already heat-ing the small farm shop with a propane stove. He is considering replacing the still functional propane stove with a wood pellet stove. As in the earlier example, the cost of the installed biomass stove will be $2,600 with an expected annual cost of operation of $440. The existing propane stove is not old and should last another 10 years. If he were to remove it, the salvage value would be $100. The annual cost of operation will be slightly higher than with a new stove, amounting to $630 annually. Assuming a 15-year life for the biomass stove, 67 percent of its life will be deplet-ed as a replacement for the propane stove (10 years of remaining life of the propane stove divided by 15 years of total life of the new biomass stove). This makes the net investment cost of the biomass stove to be $1,742 ($2,600 x .67) These figures indicate that the biomass stove has a higher investment cost of $1,642 ($1,742 - $100) and its annual cost of operation will be $190 ($630 - $440) lower. Dividing the savings in operating costs into the differ-ence in investment cost indicates that the payback period for the biomass stove is 8.6 years — perhaps a more questionable investment
Critical combustion factors
Biomass composition strongly controls heat of combustion. Concentrations of lignin, oil, fiber and moisture are critical. The heat of combustion of fully dry plant biomass can be estimated by considering that the majority of the dry weight of vir-tually all plant biomass consists of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms in polysaccharide molecules (e.g., cellu-lose, hemicellulose, starch). As a result, nearly all types of plant biomass will tend to have roughly the same heat of combus-tion per unit of dry weight, regardless of the source of biomass. For example, con-sider two important features in Table 2: the majority of the dry weight of maple, spruce and corn consists of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen; and the concentra-tions of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are approximately the same for each type of biomass indicated in that table. Further-more, individual heats of combustion of maple, spruce and corn are within a nar-row range of 8,120 to 8,720 Btu per dry pound, a difference of only 7.4 percent of the minimum value reported. In stark contrast, Table 2 illustrates the proper-ties of fuel oil and natural gas: depleted in oxygen, these fossil fuels exhibit much greater heats of combustion than maple, spruce or corn.
Increases in moisture concentration sig-nificantly reduce the heat of combustion of all biomass materials. For example, Buffington (2006) reported that fully dry corn (0 percent moisture) has a heat of combustion that varies between 8,000 and 8,500 Btu per pound. This value depends on the variety of corn, stor-age conditions, the drying method, and weather conditions during the harvest and growing seasons. Buffington (2006) also reported that the heat of combustion of a pound of 15.5 percent moisture corn is 6,808 Btu, a reduction of nearly 17.5 percent below the average value (8,250 Btu / lb) of fully dry corn. Maker (2004) and Buffington (2006) pro-vide a convenient formula to estimate the effect of moisture concentration on the heat of combustion of biomass:
G = G1 (1 - m/100)
G is the heat of combustion of biomass containing a moisture concentration of m weight percent. G1 is the heat of com-bustion of the same biomass material in a fully dried state. Ranges of heat of com-bustion (G1) for several biomass materials are listed in Tables 3 and 4.
Most of the purchased biomass fuel for large, institutional-scale furnaces is green or undried wood chips, in which 30 to 55 percent of the delivered weight is water. For example, mill chips usually contain approximately 40 percent moisture; whole-tree chips are slightly higher in moisture concentration. Moisture levels vary significantly — 5 to 10 percent — by the season of the year and the species of wood.
High fuel moisture levels decrease burn-ing efficiency because the significant portion of the fuel that is water is not combustible. Efficiency is lost because a large part of the energy available in the biomass is used to heat up and evapo-rate this moisture. (It takes 1,050 Btu to evaporate 1 pound of water.) One way to increase efficiency is to dry the fuel on site. However, the costs of building and operating such a dryer are high. For this reason, biomass fuel driers are almost never found in facilities sized below 10 million Btu per hour.
When comparing the costs of two sources of biomass that have different moisture levels, two adjustments need to be con-sidered to ensure that you are getting the best value. The first adjustment relates to paying for only actual biomass, and not the water. The second adjustment is needed to take into account the energy needed to evaporate the moisture. To standardize the cost, the following equa-tion can be used:
HC = G1 x (PDM/100) x (PM/100 x 1050)\
HC is actual heat in Btu from combus-tion, G1 is the heat obtained from 1 pound of 100 percent dry biomass, PDM is the percent dry matter of the fuel source, and PM is the percent moisture of the fuel source.
For example, you might have the choice of two sources of corn, one at 14 percent moisture and the other at 30 percent moisture. To determine which is the bet-ter value, you would use the above equa-tion. A pound of the 14 percent moisture corn would have a heat from combustion of 6,948 Btu [(8,250 Btu/pound corn x (86 percent dry matter/100)] - [(14 percent moisture/100) x 1,050 Btu]. A pound of 30 percent moisture corn would have a heat from combustion of only 5,460 Btu [8,250 Btu/pound corn x (70 percent dry matter/100)] - [(30 percent moisture/100) x 1,050 Btu]. Thus, the price per pound to be paid for the wetter corn should be only 78.6 percent (5,460/6,948) of that of the drier corn.
For institutional-scale furnaces, green biomass offers a major safety advan-tage. Green chips are almost unburnable outside the controlled conditions of the combustion chamber. Dry fuels, in con-trast, combust readily. Systems that are intended to burn dry biomass fuel must have special fire suppression devices with sophisticated alarm signal systems. Biomass combustion entails surface chemical reactions that occur on the outer surfaces of biomass. As a general rule, the smaller the average particle size of the biomass, the greater the surface area per unit weight of fuel and, in turn, the greater the combustibility. The risk of igniting a fire becomes most severe when biomass is in the form of small, dust-like particles. It is important to prevent the buildup of excessive dust in the fuel storage and transportation equipment associated with a biomass-fueled com-bustion system. Fire suppression sys-tems are provided as standard equipment with large-scale biomass-fueled furnaces for institutional and commercial applica-tions. It is important to regularly test and maintain these fire suppression systems.
Basics of biomass combustion
The majority of the dry weight of nearly all plant matter consists of carbon (C), oxygen (O) and hydrogen (H) atoms in the form of polysaccharide molecules. For example, wood consists of 40 to 50 percent cellulose, 15 to 25 percent hemi-cellulose and 15 to 30 percent lignin, depending on the wood variety. Table 5 shows that the primary constituent in corn kernels is starch (71.7 percent), followed by smaller concentrations of cellulose, protein, xylose, fat, lignin and glucose.
With the right furnace design, plant bio-mass materials burn cleanly when carbon and hydrogen atoms in the fuel com-pletely react with oxygen to form carbon dioxide (CO2) and steam (H2O). In this case, the right furnace design involves so-called oxidizing combustion, which is accomplished by injecting excess supply air into a furnace's combustion chamber. This design is standard in ordinary corn-burning stoves, wood pellet furnaces, and larger scale furnaces in institutional and commercial applications. Vital to this design is the so-called residence time: biomass in the combustion chamber is in residence with high-temperature oxygen gas for sufficient time to fully decompose into CO2 and steam.
In contrast, fireplaces and woodstoves are not usually equipped with a fan to supply excess combustion air. As a result, they do not operate under sufficiently oxidizing conditions to fully decompose biomass into CO2 and H2O. Instead, bio-mass thermally decomposes into several intermediate gases, many of which are toxic and smoky-looking and have re-sidual fuel value. In other words, given enough time within the burn chamber, these compounds would produce energy by reacting with oxygen and fully decom-posing into CO2 and steam. More than 40 airborne compounds are produced by wood combustion (EPA Report 453/R-93-036, 1993). Prevalent compounds are methane, carbon monoxide, alkanes, aldehydes, nitrogen oxides, acids and par-ticulate carbon
Nitrogen-containing biomass
Atmospheric air contains 78 percent nitrogen (N2). At elevated temperatures, some N2 molecules in air will react with oxygen to produce nitrogen oxide (NOx), a source of acid rain and a pollutant regu-lated by the U.S. Environmental Protec-tion Agency (EPA). This reaction typically occurs during the combustion of any fuel in air, even natural gas and gasoline. The extent of this reaction depends on temper-ature, oxygen concentration, airflow and the presence of nitrogen in the fuel. This reaction is pronounced during combus-tion of biomass that contains high con-centrations of organic nitrogen. Examples include animal manure and high-protein biomass such as ethanol distiller's grain, seeds and beans. In contrast, it is less se-vere during combustion of the many types of plant biomass that are naturally low in organic nitrogen, including wood, corn kernels, cropland stover and grass.
Large-scale biomass combustors in agri-cultural, institutional and commercial ap-plications are typically required by law to have the right equipment to reduce NOx emissions. To accomplish this, sophisti-cated equipment is used: so-called dual-stage combustion and/or the injection of ammonia or urea into the combusting biomass. Smaller scale furnaces, such as residential corn or wood pellet furnaces, are not equipped in this manner. Mea-surements of NOx emissions from such small-scale biomass-fueled furnaces are not yet reported in the public literature.
Ash chemistry, safety and utilization
The dry weight of nearly all types of plant biomass consists mainly of C, O and H at-oms. Plant biomass also contains smaller quantities of nitrogen (N) and trace amounts of silicon (Si), sodium (Na), potassium (K), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu) and magnesium (Mg). These trace elements enter the roots of living plants as dissolved ions, acids or salts in water. These elements deposit in the cells of a plant, and their concentra-tions in the plant depend on the soil nu-trient concentration and the plant variety. During biomass combustion, these trace elements react with oxygen to form ox-ides (SiO2, Na2O, K2O, P2O5, CaO, FeO, MgO), which react with one another to form solid crystals or viscous liquids at el-evated temperatures. Upon cooling, these oxides form "bottom ash" (ash that is collected at the bottom of the combustion sector in a furnace) or fly ash particulates (microscopic airborne particles that are carried into the chimney).
As shown in Table 6, chemical analysis was performed on corn kernels obtained from a local Michigan grain elevator. Results indicate the main constituents are P and K, with smaller amounts of Mg and S, and much smaller amounts of Ca, Na, Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu. After burning a sample of the same corn in a residential corn-burning furnace, x-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the bottom ash con-sisted of potassium phosphate, sodium metaphosphate and oxide glass. In Table 6, the composition of the bottom ash follows the same trend as the corn kernel (rich in P and K), although the Fe con-centration was much higher (1700 ppm in ash versus 21 ppm in kernel). Further analysis revealed that these oxides slowly dissolve steel surfaces lining the furnace combustion chamber. In turn, this is likely a source of the high Fe concentration in the bottom ash in Table 6. The amount of ash produced during biomass combus-tion depends on the type of biomass fuel and ranges from 1 to 5 percent of the dry weight of the initial biomass material. For example, Table 5 indicates that the amount of ash formed during corn kernel burning ranges between 1.1 and 3.9 per-cent of the original dry weight.
As a general rule, biomass fuel containing high concentrations of silica or clay tends to produce higher amounts of ash dur-ing combustion. For example, soil par-ticles can be embedded in wood logs that have been dragged across the forest floor during harvesting. Another example is switchgrass that is grown in the summer, which contains higher silica concentra-tions than winter switchgrass.
So-called slagging is the deposition of fly ash oxide coatings on metallic heat exchanger surfaces in furnaces. The main problem with these oxide coatings is that they act as thermal insulators. Over time, oxide coating buildup significantly re-duces furnace thermal efficiency. Remov-ing these coatings is an important part of routine furnace maintenance. Some boiler systems are equipped with pneu-matic nozzles that automatically cycle on and off, directing high-pressure air at heat exchanger surfaces to dislodge slag. Smaller furnaces are not designed with this equipment and typically have manu-ally operated steel scrapers to remove slag deposits on heat exchanger surfaces. Routine manual operation of the scrapers is a critical part of furnace maintenance.
Ash is an inhalation hazard and should be stored in securely covered, noncom-bustible containers. Ash should also be stored under dry conditions because it tends to be water-soluble. It is important to avoid spilling aqueous solutions of ash into storm drains or municipal sewers. Because of its water solubility, ash can be used as a plant fertilizer.
Single- versus dual-stage combustion
It is important to distinguish between the two main types of biomass-fueled com-bustion equipment: single-stage and dual-stage combustors. The simplest design is a single-stage combustor, which is typical in ordinary corn-burning furnaces and wood pellet furnaces, and in some large-scale furnaces that are used in municipal and commercial applications. In single-stage combustion, high-velocity air is injected into a single combustion cham-ber to oxidize the biomass fuel into CO2, steam and oxide ash. A concern with injecting high-velocity air is that it can violently stir biomass fuel in the combustion chamber, causing tiny fly ash parti-cles to be carried into the exhaust gas and polluting the atmosphere. In large-scale institutional or commercial applications, an exhaust gas cleaning system such as a cyclone or a bag filter may be required before an air permit can be approved by the MDEQ. Measurements of fly ash emis-sions from residential-scale corn-burning furnaces are not yet publicly available. The Corn Marketing Program of Michi-gan is currently conducting scientific tests to evaluate airborne emissions from corn-burning furnaces.
Dual-stage combustors emit smaller con-centrations of airborne particulates than single-stage combustors and are based on a more complex design. Although not yet available in residential-scale biomass-fueled furnaces, dual-stage combustors are commonly used in large-scale biomass furnaces for institutional and commercial applications. In dual-stage combustion, biomass is consumed in two consecutive stages: gasification and pyrolysis. In the first stage, biomass fuel is injected with oxygen-depleted air at elevated tempera-tures. This air is injected at low velocity to avoid violent stirring of the biomass, which would otherwise make too much particulate matter enter the exhaust gas stream.
In stage one, the injection of oxygen-depleted air prevents complete oxida-tion of biomass into CO2, steam and ash; instead a solid, carbonaceous residue (charcoal) forms along with the gases CO, H2O and others. All gases produced in stage one are subsequently injected into a pyrolyzer, which operates at high temperatures under oxygen-rich condi-tions. Oxygen-rich gas injected into the pyrolyzer explosively reacts with the gases injected from the stage one gasifier. Gases emitted from the pyrolyzer are low in particulate matter because the pyrolyzer is supplied with low-particulate matter gases from stage one.
Design to reduce air pollution
Basic guidelines
In designing a biomass combustion system for any location, careful consider-ation must be given to reduce health risks from the inhalation of airborne pollut-ants. An air permit from the MDEQ is required prior to installing a biomass-burning unit at an agricultural, com-mercial or institutional establishment. An air permit is not currently required if the unit is installed at a residence, but all units must comply with the Michigan Air Pollution Control Rules, which include limits on visible emissions and particu-late matter. If you are required to obtain an air permit, you may need to submit emissions data as part of the permit ap-plication. Emission data may be required for each type of fuel that will be burned in the burning unit. If you must conduct the test, it may be an expensive process. Be sure that the emissions from the unit have been tested by the manufacturer to ensure that it meets all state require-ments. Biomass-burning units installed at commercial or institutional establish-ments may be required to be equipped with an air pollution control device such as a cyclone or an exhaust gas scrubber.
Biomass burners should be operated only using the fuels specified by the manufac-turer. For corn-burning units, it is im-portant to burn only clean corn kernels. Blends of corn kernels with dusty, fine particulate material included will pro-duce greater amounts of exhaust stack particulates upon combustion. It is also important not to burn seed corn—this material is treated with chemicals, and burning it can release toxic pollutants.
It is also important not to burn trash, chemicals, treated wood or other haz-ardous materials in your unit. Burning these items releases toxic chemicals and is a health and safety hazard. Commer-cial and institutional establishments are prohibited from burning waste except in an approved incinerator that has been permitted by the MDEQ.
The exhaust stack should, at a minimum, be taller than the rooflines of all nearby structures. Stacks that are too short do not allow the emissions to adequately dis-perse into the atmosphere. This is often the cause of nuisance complaints and can adversely affect your and your neighbors' health. The following procedure illus-trates how to reduce airborne pollutants by controlling two main design factors: the height and the location of the exhaust stack. (For additional information, please refer to Michigan Department of Envi-ronmental Quality Report: Air Pollution Control Rules, Part 2. Air Use Approval As Amended July 1, 2003. You can also contact the MDEQ Environmental As-sistance Center at 800-662-9278 or www. firstname.lastname@example.com.)
Exposure limits
All biomass-fueled furnaces emit air-borne pollution at a rate proportional to the furnace power. The emission rate of each pollutant listed in Table 7 should be calculated for the type of fuel you plan on burning before you apply for an MDEQ permit. The procedure starts with looking up EPA emission factors, which are unique to various types of fuels. For example, let us consider a wood-fueled furnace rated at 200,000 Btu per hour. Table 7 indicates that the emission factor for particulate matter is 0.4 pound per hour per million Btu of furnace power. Multiplying this factor by the furnace power of 0.2 million Btu per hour yields an emission rate of 0.08 pound of par-ticulate per hour. Increasing the furnace power increases the rate of emission pro-portionately. For example, if the size of the furnace is raised to 1 million Btu per hour, the same emission factor is multi-plied by 1 million Btu per hour, yielding an emission rate of 0.4 pound of particu-late matter per hour.
The next step is to repeat this procedure for the remaining pollutants in Table 7. Keep in mind that Table 7 pertains to wood-fueled furnaces only. It is impor-tant to ask your furnace manufacturer to provide EPA-approved emission factors for other types of biomass fuel that you might consider burning in your furnace. Emission factors for corn-burning fur-naces are not currently publicly available. The Michigan Corn Growers Association is conducting scientific tests to provide these data.
Two main factors control whether the emission rates calculated above are harmful to human health: the pollutant concentration and the exposure time. In Table 8, the EPA specifies maximum permissible concentrations of airborne pollutants that are of most interest to operators of biomass combustors. For example, consider the case of particulates less than 10 microns in size (PM10). If a human is exposed to PM10 for one year, Table 8 indicates that 50 micrograms (μg) per cubic meter is the maximum safe concentration of airborne PM10. Notice in Table 8 that the maximum safe concentra-tion of PM10 triples if a human is exposed for a shorter time of 24 hours. Notice also in Table 8 that smaller safe concentra-tions are stipulated when the particle size is below 2.5 microns (PM2.5).
Stack height and location
Two design factors determine whether an exhaust stack poses an inhalation risk: the exhaust stack height, HS, and the ground-level horizontal distance from the exhaust stack, Z (Figure 2). Increasing both factors improves dispersion of pol-lutants into the atmosphere. The follow-ing procedure helps the designer select both HS and Z to achieve safe air quality.
The first step is to calculate the so-called ambient impact, which is the ground-level concentration of an airborne pol-lutant at a horizontal distance (Z) from the exhaust stack. If the ambient impact exceeds any permissible concentration in Table 8, the stack is unsafe. For example, let us assume HS = 12.5 feet, HB = 10 feet, and Z = 100 feet. Referring to Table 9, select the column with HS = 12.5 feet and HB = 10 feet. Then select the row with Z = 100 feet to identify the value of R = 0.011 in that table. R is the annual ambient impact ratio or the annual AIR. It is the ratio of the annual averaged hourly emis-sion rate divided by the maximum annual ambient impact, in units of pounds per hour per μg/m3. Recall our example of a 200,000-Btu-per-hour wood furnace emit-ting 0.08 pound per μg/m3 of particulates per hour. For this case, the ambient im-pact at the property line is (0.08 / R) = 7.3 μg/m3, which is well below the permis-sible PM10 concentration averaged over a year (50 μg/m3) in Table 8. It is also below the permissible PM2.5 concentration aver-aged over a year (15 μg/m3). The next step is to repeat the above procedure for the remaining pollutants in Table 8.
It is instructive to modify this example by raising the size of the wood furnace to 1 million Btu per hour. Earlier we showed that such a furnace emits particulate matter at a rate of 0.4 pound per hour. Repeating the above procedure, set HS at 12.5 feet, HBat 10 feet and Z at 100 feet, and identify R = 0.011 from Table 9. The ambient impact is 0.4 / R = 36.4 μg/m3, which is below 50 μg/m3, the permissible PM10 concentration averaged over a year (Table 8). However, the same ambient impact is above 15 μg/m3, the permissible PM2.5 concentration averaged over a year in Table 8. The stack is, therefore, unsafe.


text:
↓Nitrogen & Oxygen Alarm Gauges↓
↓Nitrogen & Oxygen Alarm Gauges↓
Click Here or use the Menu Above to continue
All Gauges
Nitrogen Gauges
Oxygen Gauges
Nitrogen Alarm Gauge 1/4"
Part# S3000-1/4
Product Manual→
The LON2 Nitrogen Alarm Gauge - 1/4" Thread
is a 1/4 inch thread Standard Pressure Gauge with a built-in audio and visual alarm. When your tank pressure reaches 500 PSI or less the gauge triggers an audible buzzer and a flashing red light. The LON2 Nitrogen Gauge Alert is suitable for hospital, transport, nursing homes, home care, laboratories, physicians offices, or any situation where tank/line pressure is an important factor.
LON2 Low Pressure Nitrogen Alarm Gauge (S3000-1/4)
The LO-N2 Low Pressure Alarm Gauge is a general-purpose 0-4000 PSI gauge suitable for use with Nitrogen. This gauge will alarm both visually and audibly when pressures fall below 500-PSI +/-150 PSI.
To ensure gauge is functioning always test for strong response by depressing the "Push To Test" button before each use and daily. When response becomes weak, replace battery.
Extra care should be used when deploying this gauge in a medical situation. Test unit for response before each use and daily. When response becomes weak, replace battery. Inspect gauge casing for cracks or damage. If cracked or damaged, return unit to dealer for repair.
The LO-N2 is not a substitute for diligent patient and tank monitoring by qualified personnel. In critical situations check tank and gas delivery system thoroughly and frequently.
Remove unit from box. Turn unit on. Alarm should sound and light should flash. If alarm is weak replace battery. Turn unit off and proceed. Shut off gas source completely. Confirm that gas source shall never exceed 4000 PSI. Remove current gauge from manifold. Install LO-N2 in its place. Turn unit on using switch on back of case. Unit shouldalarm. Turn gas source on. Unit should stop sounding when pressure exceeds approximately 500 PSI. Depress "Push To Test" button to ensure unit is still functioning properly. Check for any leaks in the system, correct if found before proceeding. Testunit for response before each use and daily.
Battery Replacement:
Shut off gas source completely. Remove unit from manifold. Using a Phillips screwdriver, remove the two screws in back casing. Slide battery holder out of protective shield, taking care not to break off wires from circuit board. Remove battery from holder using small slot screwdriver. Replace battery with like battery only. Slide battery holder back into protective shield; make sure all metal contacts are covered by shield. Fold battery back into case and install casing to back of gauge with two screws in back casing. Turn unit on to ensure unit is functioning. Alarm should sound. If alarm is weak, repeat process with new battery, if alarm is still weak, return unit to dealer for repair.Turn unit off. Reinstall unit onto manifold. Turn gas source on. Turn unit on. Depress "Push To Test" button to ensure unit is properly functioning. Check for any leaks in the system, correct if found before proceeding. Test unit for response before each use and daily.
The LO-N2 Low Pressure Alarm Gauge is warranted by Pegasus Research Corporation against defects in materials and workmanship for a period of one (1) year from the date of original purchase. During the warranty period, we will, at our discretion, repair or replace any LO-N2TM gauge that proves to be defective, provided that it is returned to Pegasus Research, freight prepaid. An RGA (Returned Goods Authorization) number is required on all returned product.
This warranty does not apply if the device has been damaged by accident, misuse, or as a result of service or modification by someone other than Pegasus Research.
No other express warranty is given.
All Gauges
Nitrogen Gauges
Oxygen Gauges
phone: 714-791-1418


text:
Scott.jochum needed a new logo design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 37 designs submitted by 18 freelance designers.
Server Services
Provides cloud web hosting and server applications for business's globally
Needs to be a cloud instead of an aircraft - preferably blowing rain droplets
Find out how a design contest works or learn more about our logo design services.


text:
Home care
Exercises and procedures to support your care plan
Results are always faster when we work as a team! Back up the treatment you receive in the clinic with the home exercises prescribed specifically for you. This resource is designed to give you clear instructions on how to do your exercises correctly at home. Many patients report a sense of empowerment and control over their own body when they know that there are things they can do to help themselves, other than pop pills.


text:
About Hotel Porto Angeli Beach Resort
The expansive, 4-star resort of Hotel Porto Angeli Beach Resort provides guests with a luxurious stay in an exclusive area. Guests can take advantage of the amazing beachfront location while the many pools are perfect for adults and children. The modern hotel ensures that guests are catered for in every way with modern rooms and stunning dining options for all to choose from. There is plenty of entertainment to suit all and with the beach just a short walk away, guests can enjoy golden sands and amazing, crystal clear water. The Hotel Porto Angeli Beach Resort is located close to the centre of Rhodes, giving guests the chance to explore the many bars and restaurants as well as historical sites throughout the area.
The hotel is ideally located near Rhodes, giving guests the chance to enjoy the serenity that comes with the location of the hotel or the opportunity to head into the resort centre. Guests have everything they need in the complex but outside they can head to one of the many beaches where they can either soak up the sun all day long or enjoy the water sports on offer. There are many historical sites to check out or guests can sample an array of restaurants and bars that are suitable for families and couples. The airport is 5km away from the hotel.
Room Types
All 257 of the rooms are spacious, luxurious and modern in design, ensuring guests have a comfortable stay. There are Double and Twin rooms, Superior Family Rooms, Junior Suites and Maisonettes to choose from. All have a range of facilities including air conditioning, satellite TV, telephone, hairdryer, safety deposit box and a private balcony.
Food and Drink
Guests have plenty to choose from when it comes to dining. The main buffet restaurant is ideal for those who are looking for something different every day, whether that is for breakfast, lunch or dinner. There are local dishes on offer as well as international dishes but for those looking for something different, the a la carte restaurant gives guests the chance to enjoy dining in style. When the time comes for guests to enjoy a quiet drink, the pool bar or the cocktail bar serve up a great selection of drinks.
Sports, Games and Entertainment
The sun terrace, two large outdoor pools and children's pools ensure that all guests can enjoy the sunshine while being able to take a leisurely dip in the pool or splash around and have fun. There is a playground, games room, kids disco and a mini club for the little ones and plenty of activities for the guests to take advantage of. There are many beaches in the area allowing guests to make the most of the water sports on offer.
Check-in: 2pm
Check-out: 12noon
Pets are not allowed
Cards accepted: American Express, VISA and Mastercard
Other Information
Stegna Beach - 0.21 miles
Castle of Saint George Ruins - 1.26 miles
Archangel Michael's Orthodox Church - 1.35 miles
Tsambika Beach - 1.74 miles
Tsambika Monastery - 2.28 miles
Faraklos Castle - 3.29 miles
Haraki Beach - 3.54 miles
Seven Springs - 3.96 miles
Afandou Beach - 6.08 miles
Kalathos Beach - 6.32 miles


text:
Product Details
The Plumley Bistro Set
Rowlinson's Plumley hardwood dining set has been so popular that this variation was added to their range in early 2017.
The Plumley Bistro provides style and functionality, both chairs and table fold away for easy storage. Made from FSC® Hardwood and supplied with a stained finish, the Plumley Bistro Dining Set should bring many years of service
Plumley Bistro Set Dimensions
The Bistro Table dimensions are a height of 720mm, a width of 600mm and a depth of 600mm
Chair Dimensions are height of 860mm, Width of 450mm and a depth of 570mm
Alternative Plumley dining sets are the Plumley 4 Seater and the Plumley 6 Seater
Availability and Delivery
All Rowlinson's Garden Products are supplied direct from their Cheshire Warehouse. Therefore no Plumley dining sets are available for collection from our Devon premises.
While most parts of Mainland UK are eligible for free delivery a few remote areas will have to pay a delivery surcharge. Please see Delivery details for Post Codes affected.
Phone to order
Lines open 7:30 - 17:00 Mon - Fri


text:
You�d think a turkey farmer would get a day off once the Thanksgiving bird reaches the table.
At best, Jim Rischer gets something far less.
�I try to work a half-day instead of a full day,� says the patriarch of the family that owns Raymond�s Turkey Farm. �Then I get ready for Christmas.�
After selling 10,000 birds in the three days leading up to Thanksgiving, the Rischers have to reload to sell another 2,000 before Christmas four weeks later.
Then they have to scout out breeding stock. Then they have to plan the spring hatch. Then they have to manage growth through the summer heat. By late fall, it�s time for another holiday harvest, when they sell more than half of the 20,000 turkeys they raise each year.
The same cycle plays out annually across New England at the dozens of family-owned turkey farms offering an alternative to commercial processors.
�People just see how busy this is this week,� wife Patt Rischer said as the first customer arrived at 6:20 a.m. �It�s busy all year.�
There were no complaints from her son, Jamie, sporting a pair of work gloves and bundled against the outdoor cold.
�I love the excitement,� he said. �It�s a rush for me.�
Associate Agriculture Commissioner Scott Soares said Massachusetts also gets a jolt from the activity.
�With that surge comes the additional employment opportunities,� he said. �They bring in part-time help to get them through this holiday rush.�
Recent video of Alaska Gov. Sarah Palin conducting a news conference while a small turkey grower slaughtered his birds created an Internet sensation. Here birds roam in covered pens, their concrete floors buried beneath wood shavings, food and water available in automated bins.
When it�s time for the slaughter, the turkeys are knocked out with an electrical charge before being processed both by hand and machine.
Raymond�s Turkey Farm started in 1950, when Raymond and Claire Rischer, a plumber and a nurse, were given two dozen birds by one of her grateful patients. The couple was interested in working for themselves, so they decided to raise the turkeys.
They increased their flock as they moved from the family�s garage to their current location, a 100-acre former dairy farm near the New Hampshire border.
Raymond has since died, but Claire lives in the farmhouse attached to the red barns and concrete silo that make �Raymond�s� a landmark on the local landscape.
Both also remain a presence in the daily operation of the farm, now run by their son and his wife, Jim and Patt, and their three children, son Jamie and sisters Vickie and Kim. Vickie�s 17-year-old son, Chris, is part of the fourth generation. The high school senior skipped classes the early part of Thanksgiving week to help at the sales counter.
�I�ve been working around here since the third grade,� he said. �Whenever there wasn�t a baby sitter around, they�d say, �Go down to the farm.� There was always something to do here.�
At the farm stand, Patt, Vickie and Kim use Claire Rischer�s recipes � including her requirement for hand-cut Pepperidge Farm bread and vegetables � to make stuffing, butternut squash, mashed potatoes, turkey pies and other products sold at the farm�s retail store. Gravy is made � 20 quarts at a time � with stock from birds roasted on site.
The cooking largely stops Thanksgiving week, as the family adopts an all-hands-on-deck approach to the holiday sales rush. Most customers make reservations to ensure they can get the size bird they want. This year uncooked turkeys sold for $3.09 a pound, more than triple the supermarket price, amid rising costs that included a 50 percent hike in feed prices.
Each year, the activity peaks the day before Thanksgiving, when the last customer walks out the door with his bird. But life on the farm requires that someone work the holiday, and each year, there are inevitably four or five panicked people who show up at the farm, looking for a replacement for a botched supermarket bird.
Jim always sells them one, and he�s on hand as many others head to the malls the day after. The customers then are the people who ate their holiday meal at someone else�s house and now want a bird to make a meal of their own. The business will steadily increase until Christmas, after which Jim and Patt leave the farm work for a time to their children and start spending three weeks each winter month at their condominium in Naples, Fla.
Asked if he was looking forward to the break, Jim Rischer chuckled.
�I bought the tickets in August,� he said.


text:
The Geordie Shore babe was channeling serious surf siren as she frolicked in the sand on the Capa Verde beach.
Donning a tiny black bikini, the reality star showed off her peachy booty, long, toned legs and enviable abs as she sashayed along the shore.
With her long, golden tresses blowing in the breeze and an impressively even tan (that may actually be the real deal), Char was made sure that all eyes were on her killer bod while she soaked up the rays.
Evidently the small-screen hottie's latest workout, the 3 Minute Bum Blitz has worked wonders.
The 25-year-old blonde has shed a massive two-and-a-half stone this year and has claimed to be in the best shape of her life.
However, Char has also come under fire from internet trolls who have insisted she has surgically enhanced her lips and now looks "too fake".
Still, we think she's a propa worldie. That means rather attractive in Geordie speak, in case you didn't know.


text:
To filter articles by a specific event, use the dropdown below.
Phenom College Talk: Who steps up for Clemson to replace last year's production?
It will be a year of new names for the Clemson Tigers this year, as they lost four of their top five scorers from a team last year that finished 20-14 overall and 9-9 in ACC play.read more
Early season collegiate standouts from the North Carolina 2018 class Part 1
Early season collegiate standouts from the North Carolina 2018 class: Part 1 The North Carolina 2018 was an absolutely loaded and deep class. 65 plus players are playing at the D1 level and 40 plus players are playing at the D2 or D3 level. Year after year, the state of North Carolina continues to produce the country's best players and has the most depth of any state. Just look at...read more
Jamie's NCISAA All State First Team and Player of the Year
The NCISAA tournament is one of the most talked about state tournaments across the region. Without fail there are 2-4 nationally ranked teams who are battling for state titles throughout the three classifications. Also, without fail, there are numerous highly ranked national level kids participating. By the time it gets down to the Final Fours of each classification, every team has "a dude" and...read more


text:
|Eli Zaretskii
|Re: Still in fog on ispell
|Sat, 08 Dec 2007 19:16:52 +0200
> From: address@hidden > Date: Sat, 8 Dec 2007 16:03:51 +0000 (UTC) > > LIBDIR is in emacs or the OS? This is my main confusion, I think. Sorry, I don't understand the question. What I meant is set LIBDIR environment variable in your Settings->System->Advanced->Environment variables. > I could find no ref to usr/local/lib inside ispell.el itself. It's the default value of LIBDIR compiled into ispell.exe, so you won't find it in ispell.el.
|[Prev in Thread]
|Current Thread
|[Next in Thread]


text:
The Ferrari 250 GTO which recently sold for a new world record price at auction obviously turned out to be a real attention-grabber. But over the same weekend, a direct competitor to the GTO, a much rarer Aston Martin, also sold for a world record sum.
That Aston was the DP215, raced at Le Mans in 1963 where it was in fact even faster than the Ferrari 250 GTOs. But the DP215 broke after two hours. Nonetheless the Aston became famous for being the first car to officially record a top speed of over 300 km/h down the Mulsanne straight of Le Mans. It was also the last competition car ever to be built by Aston Martin. That legend sold for just short of $ 21.5 million at the same sale as the famed Ferrari GTO.
But where did the DP origin from? Well, as the better known DB4 GT and Zagatos were not really competitive, Aston Martin upped the ante with a project focusing on advanced aerodynamics. Which worked, i.e. that famed top speed of the DP215. But that car was in essence a true prototype and entered at Le Mans as such. The beginning was humbler: The DP212 of 1962 was the first DP and retained much more of the production DB4-basis.
In that respect the DP212 might in fact be the most important one: It set off the program of Aston Martin's project cars – and it is not least, just like the DP215, a true one-off. However, contrary to the DP215, the original 212 is no more – at least not in its original form. Which makes it something of a unicorn.
It is indeed unique – in the true sense of the word. It was built solely to compete at Le Mans in 1962 and focused on aerodynamics even more so than did Zagato with the fabulous (and common-as-GTOs…) DB4 GT Zagato. Even though the underpinnings were much the same, the DP212 did in fact prove a lot faster. In addition, the same Tadek Marek-designed straight-6 received an extra serving of displacement to reach over four-litres and in this form it dished out in excess of 300 horsepower. Instant succes, as the DP212 was so fast that it led Le Mans in 1962 – just after the start with the talented Graham Hill behind the wheel. But after six hours, the DP 212 died – from ninth place. With an engine failure – but at least the aerodynamics had worked just as intended.
At least in part: At this time in the history of automotive aerodynamics, the balance between low wind resistance and high directional stability was not fully understood. You obviously need both at Le Mans, and during the race in 1962, it became obvious that with the DP212 the balance had tilted too much towards slipperiness, resulting in the car being quite unstable at high speed. Not particularly reassuring as the car was one of the fastest on the long Mulsanne straight; at that time six kilometers of unrestricted, pedal-to-the-metal, full power!
As a result, development carried on after the race and DP212 eventually received a radical new rear end treatment – namely with a sharply cut-off Kamm-tail. With this new bodywork, DP212 went to the training at Le Mans again in 1963, where Aston Martin also brought two brand new DP cars, the 214 and 215. Superficially looking much the same as the (now modified 212), but the 214 and 215 were in fact much further developments of the DP-theme – to the degree where they were more prototype sports car racer than they were modified road cars.
Sadly, DP212 never got any further than training at Le Mans in 1963, and only the two newer cars took part in the 24-hour race. Phil Hill was behind the wheel of one of them, and he is said to be the first man to exceed 300 km/h down the famed Mulsanne straight before chicanes were introduced. So it seemed the aerodynamics were indeed even better than on the 212 from the year before.
But despite the further development of these DP race cars, the DP212 was still the first and in many ways the most important DP. I even want to add that it might also be the sexiest. In truth, I have never really liked the abruptly cut off Kamm-tail of the later bodywork – although it seems that Aston Martin themselves found it appealing, as it was later recycled onto the DB6 road car.
In addition, DP212 was also the most active of the DPs. Yes, even though it did not run at Le Mans in 1963, it was in fact never truly retired: In 1964, it was registered for road use! Incredibly, then fitted with an even more powerful 4.2-litre engine, it must have been any British motorway's horror. Ahhh, those were the days, weren't they?
DP212 was also campaigned in several lesser races, and from there its new career path was set: During the seventies this most active race career continued as it was raced extensively in club and amateur racing – and with quite some success too. The tradition continued, and DP212 was even a contender at the very first Goodwood Revival Meeting in 1998, reaching a second place in the epic TT race for GT cars. In 1999, it was damaged during the same race, and then received a thorough restoration of the exquisite aluminium bodywork. After that, it was a very frequent visitor at Goodwood, and the name of its new owner Wolfgang Friedrichs will probably be familliar to many ViaRETRO readers with an interest in historic motorsports: He is diligent to vent his Aston Martins, also at Spa and Nürburgring on mainland Europe. Finally in 2013, he and DP212 won at Goodwood in a very wet race where more powerful cars could not take full advantage of their extra muscle: Fifty years after the Le Mans failure, DP212 finally won what had by now become a major (historic) race.
Considering the fact that the DP212 is both unique and as such also practically invaluable, it must surely be considered as sportsmanship of the highest degree and very much in the original spirit of the cars history, that Friedrichs continues to campaign the car as it was originally intended – racing it to the limit. I have had the immense pleasure of experiencing it race at both Goodwood and Spa, and this is clearly the next best thing when one simply wasn't born early enough to be there in 1962.


text:
- At The Gates
- To Drink From The Night Itself
- Melodic Death Metal
- Sweden
- 2018
- 6.9/10
At The Gates are another OG metal band bringing out a new LP in 2018, making it an exciting year across all the genres. They were one of the major pioneers of the Gothenburg death metal sound but we're here to see if they did anything with that sound beyond helping to create it. A thing with ancient bands is that they usually try to stick to the older styles that inspired them to form a band, and then the styles of their peers that helped continue to shape the scene around them. They pretty much ignore the developing trends and genre combinations that are so popular right now. This is can good and bad… or it can just be a big bland in between.
To Drink From The Night Itself doesn't make a whole lot of changes to the formula but it doesn't waste their time or ours by putting out a bad product either. It just doesn't inspire much. It's death metal for when you just broke up with your girlfriend and so you're drinking beers with a friend you don't hang with unless you're feeling destructive. On one hand it's a necessary kind of music to have exist, on the other hand it doesn't feel animated, like I don't particularly want to move to it.
There's a bit of repetition with the riffs – a lot of the time it's very similar riffs throughout with variations on it played throughout. I swear "Der Widerstand" and "Palace of Lepers" use the same base riff, like the exact same riff. If you can get into the sound, then there is a lot of it here. I can give them that, they have a style and theme and then they stick with it consistently. Which is a long time to maintain that because this album has a ballsack worth of tracks. 17 tracks for a little over an hour worth of At The Gates' brand of metal (for the deluxe version, otherwise 13 original tracks). Value for money if you're a fan or even just liked some of their other stuff.
The highlights of the album are the guitars. Everything else kind of melds into the background and barely asks for any notice until key moments in a song. The guitars have a lot of moments to show off their high-pitched solos and clean guitar compositions. These are the times my ears usually perk up but beyond that there isn't much to actually listen to, you mostly just put it on and hear it happening between intervals of getting distracted by the internet. The vocals are by no means bad, they're perfectly suitable for the music. Perhaps even too suitable.
I would put this in the above-average category for the genre but not an essential part of it. At The Gates do have a unique sound but you'll find better examples of it being implemented in their previous releases. In all honesty I think they are a talented band with some good ideas – It's just the genre of melodic death metal that's the real problem. It's a genre based on big climatic and often emotional moments but the biggest chunk of the songs is tediously leading up to that moment. At The Gates definitely do a better job at keeping the lead ups aggressive at least.
Twenty – Or even ten years ago this would have been on all the top ten lists and essential metal recommendations. Since then A LOT of stuff has happened to metal, possibly in death metal more than any other genre. So many variations and fusions. The common presence of 'core' elements used and modern recording specifications. I'm not saying these are essential to the genre now – There's plenty of old school sounding bands on this website that I love – but they would benefit from a sound mix that allows headphone wearers to be able to hear every little detail in the playing. The current mix is a bit muddled up on the backline and the vocals only sound a little louder than that.
Despite the problems mentioned above this is still a confident release from the band, they haven't completely shit the bed or anything like that. It is awesome, they just repeat that awesome too much instead of making room for additional units of awesome.
At the very least they have one unit so it's all good.


text:
Superantigens (SAgs) represent a diverse family of bacterial toxins that induce Vβ-specific T cell proliferation associated with an array of important diseases in humans and animals, including mastitis of dairy cows. However, an understanding of the diversity and distribution of SAg genes among bovine Staphylococcus aureus strains and their role in the pathogenesis of mastitis is lacking. Population genomic analysis of 195 bovine S. aureus isolates representing 57 unique sequence types revealed that strains encode 2 to 13 distinct SAgs and that the majority of isolates contain 5 or more SAg genes. A genome-scale analysis of bovine reference strain RF122 revealed a complement of 11 predicted SAg genes, which were all expressed in vitro. Detection of specific antibodies in convalescent cows suggests expression of 7 of 11 SAgs during natural S. aureus infection. We determined the Vβ T cell activation profile for all functional SAgs encoded by RF122, revealing evidence for bovine host-specific activity among the recently identified RF122-encoded SAgs SElY and SElZ. Remarkably, we discovered that some strains have evolved the capacity to stimulate the entire T cell repertoire of cattle through an array of diverse SAgs, suggesting a key role in bovine immune evasion.
- Received 28 June 2018.
- Returned for modification 29 July 2018.
- Accepted 29 August 2018.
- Accepted manuscript posted online 10 September 2018.
Supplemental material for this article may be found at https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00505-18.
- Copyright © 2018 Wilson et al.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.