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In six weeks during April and May 1915, as World War I escalated, Germany forever altered the way war would be fought. On April 22, at Ypres, German canisters spewed poison gas at French and Canadian soldiers in their trenches; on May 7, the German submarine U-20, without warning, torpedoed the passenger liner Lusitania, killing 1,198 civilians; and on May 31, a German Zeppelin began the first aerial bombardment of London and its inhabitants. Each of these actions violated rules of war carefully agreed at the Hague Conventions of 1898 and 1907. Though Germany's attempts to quickly win the war failed, the psychological damage caused by these attacks far outweighed the casualties. The era of weapons of mass destruction had dawned.
While each of these momentous events has been chronicled in histories of the war, celebrated historian Diana Preston links them for the first time, revealing the dramatic stories behind each through the eyes of those who were there, whether making the decisions or experiencing their effect. She places the attacks in the context of the centuries-old debate over what constitutes "just war," and shows how, in their aftermath, the other combatants felt the necessity to develop extreme weapons of their own. In our current time of terror, when weapons of mass destruction-imagined or real-are once again vilified, the story of their birth is of great relevance.
British Military Area
German Submarine War Zone
Europe on the Eve of World War I
The Courses of the Lusitania and the U-20
Spring 1915—The Legacy
A Flash of Lightning from the North
Humanising War
The Law of Facts
A Scrap of Paper
The Worst of Contrabands
England Will Burn
A Most Effective Weapon
Something That Makes People Permanently Incapable of Fighting
Operation Disinfection
This Filthy Loathsome Pestilence
Solomon's Temple
They Got Us This Time, All Right
Wilful and Wholesale Murder
Too Proud to Fight
The Very Earth Shook
Order, Counter-Order, Disorder!
A Gift of Love
Do You Know Anything About Gas?
Zepp and a Portion of Clouds
20 "Remember the Lusitania"
Each One Must Fight On to the End
Weapons of Mass Destruction
Appendix The Lusitania Controversies
Notes and Sources
About the Author
By the Same Author
During peacetime a scientist belongs to the world but during wartime he belongs to his country.
—The words of Fritz Haber, the Nobel Prize–winning German chemist who developed poison gas as a weapon and personally supervised the world's first use of it on April 22, 1915, in a chlorine gas attack by the German army against French and Canadian troops at Ypres. Haber is later said to have commented:
In no future war will the military be able to ignore poison gas. It is a higher form of killing.
Lusitania. Missing a baby girl, fifteen months old. Very fair curly hair and rosy complexion. In white woollen jersey and white woollen leggings. Tries to walk and talk. Please send any information to Miss Browne, Queens House, Queenstown.
—Notice in a shop window in Queenstown (Cobh), Ireland, seeking information about a child lost in the torpedoing without warning on May 7, 1915, by the German submarine U-20 of the British Cunard liner Lusitania with the loss of 1,198 people including 128 citizens of the then-neutral United States.
The principal objective is extremely simple and thoroughly German. They wish to kill as many people and to destroy as much property as they possibly can.
—Editorial in the Times, June 2, 1915, commenting on the first aerial bombing raid on London on May 31, 1915, by a German zeppelin.
These quotations encapsulate three milestone events that occurred in a single six-week period during the initial year of the First World War and forever changed the nature of warfare. Each of the three was important in its own right. By the end of the war nearly 30 percent of German artillery shells contained poison gas, and gas was a major component of all belligerents' armories and strategies arousing particular fear and aversion as it still does today. The sinking of the Lusitania highlighted the potency of the submerged submarine as a commerce raider capable of destroying large tonnages of merchant shipping. This would be demonstrated both later in the First World War and in the Battle of the Atlantic in the Second World War when U-boats came close to cutting off imports of food and war matériel to Britain. In geopolitical tems the Lusitania was described as failing to bring two hundred U.S. civilians to Liverpool in 1915 but in 1917 bringing two million U.S. soldiers to France. This was because it provoked a long-running dispute between the United States and Germany about the latter's submarine tactics that led to the U.S. declaration of war in April 1917, and consequently and inexorably to Germany's defeat. The bombing raids on London's civilians were the precursor to the Second World War German blitz on London and the Allied destruction by area bombing of Hamburg, Dresden, and Tokyo.
However, viewed together, the three attacks acquire even greater significance and resonance. They represent a cataclysmic clash between the laws on the conduct of warfare laid down in the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 under which all three were illegal and the new weapons developed by technology under the impetus of war. In doing so they epitomized the sharper edge science had given to the eternal dilemma as to how far the ends can ever justify the means. They also posed the question how the laws of war could be universally rather than unilaterally enforced, particularly given that in agreeing the Hague Conventions, politicians had felt compelled to ignore the pragmatic reservations of men such as British admiral
Jacky Fisher, American admiral Alfred Mahan, and German admiral Alfred von Tirpitz. Fisher, the father of the Dreadnought battleship and a delegate at the first Hague Conference, summed up such views:
The humanising of war, you might as well talk about humanising hell! The essence of war is violence!
The British and their allies had been forewarned of each attack. German army deserters and Allied agents clearly indicated the imminent probability of a gas attack on the western front near Ypres, providing considerable and—as it turned out—accurate detail. Indeed, the prospect of the use of gas was so widely discussed that the Times reported it thirteen days before it was deployed. The German embassy in Washington placed an advertisement in the American newspapers on the day the Lusitania sailed from New York warning passengers against traveling on British ships. In the New York Times it appeared next to Cunard's announcement of the Lusitania's schedule. The British Admiralty knew separately from decoded German targeting information that the Lusitania was at risk. The British authorities had recognized the potential for zeppelin raids on London from the beginning of the war.
Nevertheless, the authorities took little action to forestall these known threats. In part this was due to the relatively few defensive measures available at this stage in the war (no gas masks, no depth charges, no sonar, no fast-climbing fighters) and in part due to complacency. Even more significantly, those in high positions refused to believe in the face of all the evidence that Germany's political leaders and its military commanders would countenance the unleashing of attacks that in addition to being illegal would shatter long-cherished concepts of honor, decency, and
civilized behavior in warfare.
Thus each attack was condemned roundly not only by the Allies but by most neutral opinion. In the press, banner headlines and editorials accused Germany of barbarism and
frightfulness. The latter—a translation of the German word Schrecklichkeit and often placed in quotation marks—was rapidly becoming shorthand for what were perceived as Germany's brutal methods of waging war. Reporting the gas attack at Ypres, the Observer deplored the use of
a poison-mixture patented by German frightfulness. On the sinking of the Lusitania it commented that
while the Germans think there is the least possibility that superiority in 'frightfulness' may save them, 'frightfulness' will continue to rage with increasing and extending virulence. The Washington Herald ruled that the Germans who were guilty of the "frightfulness against Belgium were the same who sank the Lusitania" while the New York Nation denounced the sinking as Germany's
latest display of frightfulness. In a similar vein, the Guardian called the first air raid on London
a piece of 'frightfulness.'
The motivation for the attacks was the desire by the German government under Kaiser Wilhelm II to break the stalemate in the war and to achieve a quick victory before their enemies could fully mobilize their greater economic and military resources. Part of the attraction of the new weapons to the German authorities was indeed the potential of their
frightfulness to cause mass panic not only among troops but also civilians, thus forcing their opponents to make peace. Although they failed in this aim, the attacks did indeed have an immense psychological effect disproportionate to the initial casualties incurred. Henceforth no one—whether a member of the armed forces or a civilian or even a neutral—could feel or be safe from attack without warning from air, land, or sea, however far they were from the battlefield, whatever they were doing, day or night.
As a consequence of these six weeks in 1915 no technology thereafter would be considered too indiscriminate to deploy in warfare. When Fritz Haber oversaw the release of gas over enemy trenches, science lost any innocence it had retained. Using the childhood argument
They started it! the Allies swiftly followed their enemies in the use of poison gas, pursuing military victory at the price of legitimacy. The age of weapons of mass destruction had dawned when a single attacker or a small group in comparative safety, at a distance and often unseen, could launch at the press of a firing button or the touch of a bomb release a weapon that could kill thousands.
Hitherto-held concepts of morality had clashed with technology and political and military expediency and lost. We still feel the consequences today as the international community struggles to protect civilians in warfare and to regulate the use of weapons such as poison gas still deemed too
frightful or
barbaric to be deployed. A 2013 article in the Wall Street Journal about the civil war in Syria headlined SYRIA'S GAS ATTACK ON CIVILIZATION AFFIRMED that
it takes a barbarian to employ poison gas. It could have been written in 1915 with the simple substitution of
Germany for
A Flash of Lightning from the North
In early times warfare was total, constrained only by limits of weapons technology, transport, and communication. No distinction was made between combatants and civilians. Defeated enemies might be sacrificed to gods or enslaved, women raped and/or forced into marriage. Captured cities were looted and destroyed. Territory was taken by right of conquest. Scorched-earth policies where countryside and dwellings were razed were common, for example, in the long Peloponnesian Wars between Athens and Sparta in the late fifth century B.C.E.
However, as societies developed, they began to think about regulating the conduct of war. Several verses from chapter 20 of the Old Testament Book of Deuteronomy show the beginning of such thinking:
When thou comest nigh unto a city to fight against it, then proclaim peace unto it . . . If it makes thee answer of peace, and open unto thee, then it shall be, that all the people that is found therein shall be tributaries unto thee, and they shall serve thee. And if it will make no peace with thee, but will make war against thee, then thou shalt besiege it. And when the Lord thy God hath delivered it into thine hands, thou shalt smite every male thereof with the edge of the sword. But the women, and the little ones, and the cattle, and all that is in the city, even all the spoil thereof, shalt thou take unto thyself; and thou shalt eat the spoil of thine enemies . . .
When thou shalt besiege a city a long time, in making war against it to take it, thou shalt not destroy the trees thereof by forcing an axe against them: for thou mayest eat of them and thou shalt not cut them down (for the tree of the field is man's life) to employ them in the siege.
The next chapter of Deuteronomy stipulates that a victor may take a
beautiful captive woman if he has
a desire unto her but thereafter
if you have no delight in her, then thou shalt let her go whither she will; but thou shalt not sell her at all for money, thou shalt not make merchandise of her, because thou hast humbled her.
In the sixth century B.C.E., in chapter 2 of his classic book on the art of war, Sun Tzu advises that captive warriors must be kindly treated and kept but suggests that the taking of booty should be permitted to maintain the morale of troops. In the first century B.C.E. the Roman orator, lawyer, and politician Cicero praised the conduct of wars that was
mild and marked with no unnecessary cruelty while again allowing the destruction or seizure of enemy property.
In time, Christian thinkers began to discuss the justification for and conduct of wars at least when they were between Christians. Both Saint Augustine of Hippo (354–430 C.E.) and Saint Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274 C.E.) considered what constituted a
just war. Saint Augustine thought that war was a crime if fought
with a malicious intent to destroy, a desire to dominate, with fierce hatred and furious vengeance. Conversely, it became a moral duty if fought
in a just cause to turn wrong into right. Saint Thomas Aquinas believed war could be justified provided three conditions were satisfied: that there was a just cause, that it was begun on proper authority, and that it was waged with the right intention for
the advancement of good or the avoidance of evil—conditions sufficiently general to leave considerable room for debate.
In the Islamic tradition the first caliph, Abu Bakr, suggested
rules for guidance on the battlefield including:
Do not commit treachery . . . Do not mutilate dead bodies . . . Do not kill women or children or an aged infirm person . . . Do not cut down fruit-bearing trees . . . Do not slaughter [your enemy's] sheep or camels except for food . . . Do not destroy an inhabited place. This guidance amplified the Koran itself which requires that in combat Muslims only strike back in self-defense against those who strike against them and, once the enemy ceases to attack, Muslims also should stop fighting.
Over centuries in Europe a system of uncoded customs and traditions concerning war evolved covering matters such as the status of treaties and ambassadors, and arrangements for the safe conduct of the latter together with heralds and other envoys. However, they did little to mitigate the horrors of warfare for the individual soldier or civilian. These reached a peak in the Thirty Years War starting in 1618 between the Catholics of the Holy Roman Empire and their neighboring Protestant states, with other countries such as Sweden and France also intervening. Armies routinely lived off the land, killing, raping, and looting, even digging up graveyards for the jewels buried with the dead. After the capture of Magdeburg, a center of Lutheranism, by the Catholic general Count Tilly, the city was destroyed and some twenty-five thousand of its thirty thousand inhabitants killed, the majority of the survivors being women who had been taken to the enemy camp to be raped. Even when order was restored the few surviving males were forced to buy back their womenfolk and ransom themselves. Those unable to do so had to march with their captors as forced laborers.
Writing during this period the Dutch jurist and diplomat Hugo Grotius (1583–1645) published a series of works that make him usually considered
the father of international law. One of his early works, De Mare Liberum, dealt with the freedom of the seas, suggesting they were open to all to conduct their trade—a proposition adopted by the Dutch but opposed by other thinkers and indeed nations, such as the British, who argued that the sea could be annexed by a state just as land could be. Disputes about free trade and freedom of the seas led to two Anglo-Dutch wars in the mid-seventeenth century after the English forbade any goods from entering their country except on an English ship. States reached a compromise in the early eighteenth century that the extent of the sea to which a nation could lay claim was the distance that a cannon shot could travel to protect it, which in turn evolved into the three-mile territorial limit. Nevertheless, the freedom of the seas and the ability of belligerents and others to impose restrictions on it remained a subject of controversy through the Napoleonic Wars and into the First World War, being among other things a prime cause of the Anglo-American War of 1812 and a source of tension between the Union side and Britain in the American Civil War.
Grotius's major work was, however, De jure belli ac pacis (About the law of war and peace) published in 1625, and prompted Grotius said by his belief
that there is a common law among nations which is valid alike for war and in war . . . Throughout the Christian world I observed a lack of restraint in relation to war . . . I observed that men rush to war for slight causes, or no cause at all, and that when arms have once been taken up there is no longer any respect for law divine or human; it is as if in accordance with a general decree, frenzy had openly been let loose by the committing of all crimes. His work was in three volumes; the first two looked at the justification for war, the third at its conduct. Grotius quoted a comment from Cicero that
people are apt to call lawful what they can do with impunity and then argued that what they should think about is not the rigor of the law but what is
becoming to one's character. He maintained that humanity and morality are as crucial to the declaration and conduct of war as to any other sphere of life and he recognized three
just causes for war—self-defense, reparation of injury, and punishment—and argued that once war has begun all parties should act humanely and are bound to do so whether or not their cause is just.
Over the next two centuries debates continued about the legitimacy of the causes and conduct of war, interacting toward the end of that period with the concept of the
civilized nation as opposed to the barbarian one, which had developed in discussions about the United States Constitution as well as in Europe. (The earliest use of the word
civilization in its modern sense dates from the late 1750s.) By the mid-nineteenth century a fairly general consensus had emerged about the justification for wars between civilized nations. Much more latitude was at least tacitly given to the treatment of
barbarian states and individuals.
Few would have dissented from the definition of a just war quoted by an Englishman, Henry Lushington, in opposing his country's first (and disastrous) intervention in Afghanistan in 1838–42:
The received code of international morality is not even in the nineteenth century very strict. One principle, however, seems to be admitted in the theory, if not the practice of civilized men, that an aggressive war—a war undertaken against unoffending parties with a view to our own benefit only—is unjust, and conversely that a war to be just must partake the character of a defensive war. It may be defensive in various ways . . . either preventing an injury which it is attempted to inflict, or of exacting reparation for one inflicted, and taking the necessary security against its future infliction but in one way or other defensive it must be.
Another major step in the codification of laws about war followed what was intended to be a business trip by thirty-one-year-old Henry Dunant, a chubby banker from Geneva, to visit Emperor Napoléon III of France. At the time Napoléon was leading his army with that of his Piedmontese allies against the forces of Austro-Hungary commanded by their emperor Franz Ferdinand. On June 24, 1859, the two armies clashed at Solferino on the north Italian plains in the last major battle in Europe fought under the direct and personal command of reigning monarchs. The French and their allies were the victors but more than thirty-five thousand men from both sides lay dead or wounded when Dunant arrived that evening. At sunrise the next day, Dunant went to the battlefield and was appalled:
Corpses were strewn over roads, ditches, ravines, thickets and fields; the approaches to Solferino were literally thick with dead . . . The wounded . . . were ghostly pale . . . The most badly hurt had a stupefied look . . . Others were shaken by spasmodic trembling . . . Some had gaping wounds already beginning to show infection [and] begged to be put out of their misery . . . Many were disfigured, limbs stiffened, their bodies blotched with ghastly spots, their hands clawing at the ground. (The French had four veterinary surgeons for every one thousand horses but only one doctor for every one thousand men.) Dunant put aside all thoughts of business and began organizing help for the wounded, irrespective of nationality, with the assistance of some local people and four English tourists, a Parisian journalist, a French count, an ex-naval officer, and a chocolate manufacturer called Philippe Suchard.
On his return to Geneva Dunant wrote A Memory of Solferino and paid for the book's publication. In it he proposed societies of volunteers to help the wounded of all sides in war and
some international principles, conventional and sacred, which once agreed and ratified would form the basis for these national societies to help the wounded. His book was widely praised throughout Europe and beyond. Subsequently Dunant and four other prominent citizens of Geneva established an international committee for the relief of the wounded. The committee oversaw the establishment of kindred national organizations and then persuaded the Swiss government to sponsor an international governmental conference to draw up a convention on the treatment of the wounded.
The conference met in Geneva's town hall in August 1864. Within a fortnight the members had agreed to a convention requiring the care of all wounded irrespective of nationality, and neutrality for medical staff, hospitals, and ambulances. To ensure that humanitarian helpers and facilities were recognized, the delegates agreed on the use of a red cross on a white background (the Swiss flag's symbol with its colors reversed) to distinguish them. Quickly thereafter the national and international organizations became known as the Red Cross.
Although Britain and the United States were among the sixteen states represented at the conference, they were not among the first to sign up to the new convention. Florence Nightingale, who had done so much to improve the treatment of the wounded during Britain's war in the Crimea a few years previously, wrote that it would be "quite harmless for our government to sign . . . It amounts to nothing more than a declaration that humanity to the wounded is a good thing. It is like an opera chorus. And if the principal European characters sing,
We never will be cruel more,
I am sure, if England likes to sing too,
I never will be cruel more,
I see no objection.
But it is like vows. People who keep a vow would do the thing without the vow. And if people will not do it without the vow they will not do it with."
Britain signed the convention in 1865. Clara Barton, who had performed a similar role to Florence Nightingale and emerged with equal heroine status from the Union side in the American Civil War, was an avid supporter and her advocacy was a major factor leading to the United States' ratification of the convention though not until March 1882. It is symptomatic either of the slow speed and extent of communication or the chauvinism of the inhabitants of Geneva and quite probably both that in their deliberations the five founding members of the International Committee claimed not to have known the details of either Nightingale's or Barton's work. They professed themselves similarly unaware of the
Sanitary Commission that on the Union side in the U.S. Civil War had much improved the care of the wounded, establishing convalescent homes and a corps of stretcher bearers as well as regular inspection of hospitals.
The Union side also issued guidance to troops on the conduct of warfare, developed by Francis Lieber, a German-born university professor who had emigrated to the United States after being wounded at the Battle of Waterloo. He concluded that the destruction of people and property was acceptable if essential to victory; however, cruelty to prisoners of war, torture, use of poison, and wanton destruction as well as
any act of hostility which makes the return to peace unnecessarily difficult were not.
Men who take up arms against one another in public war do not cease on this account to be moral beings responsible to one another, and to God.
The Civil War established another milestone in the law of war by the conviction and execution of Captain Henry Wirz, the Confederate commandant of the Andersonville, Georgia, prisoner of war camp who was judged responsible for the death of Union soldiers in the camp
in violation of the laws and customs of war. The court set a precedent for future such trials by refusing to accept the validity of the defendant's plea that he was only following orders.
When in June 1866 Austro-Hungary and Prussia went to war, Louis Appia, one of the original five founding members of the International Committee wore the first Red Cross armband in Schleswig. By that time Henry Dunant had left the organization he had done so much to establish. He was never astute in commercial matters and probably distracted by the demands of his humanitarian work on his time and attention. In autumn 1865 one of his businesses—a bank called Credit Genevois—went into liquidation with large debts, and the bankruptcy court declared that Dunant had
knowingly swindled shareholders. Dunant resigned from the Red Cross and departed Geneva forever, pursued by the malice of his creditors and more surprisingly by that of another of the five founding members, Gustave Moynier. Now the president of the organization, he had long felt animosity to Dunant, partly at least due to jealousy of his charisma and celebrity. Moynier did his best to rewrite the history of the Red Cross, expunging Dunant's name and contribution wherever he could and warning any who would listen against further involvement with him.
After the agreement of a humanitarian approach to those involved in war when it broke out, as the nineteenth century drew toward its close, public attention began to turn toward preventing wars or at the very least regulating the methods used in their conduct to comply with the concept of what civilized values permitted. Peace unions sprang up in industrialized countries and international peace congresses were held where individuals and groups such as the Quakers urged alternatives to war such as the use of arbitration to resolve disputes between nations. As early as 1874 a nongovernmental conference of experts held in Brussels produced a draft code of laws on war and in 1894 the campaigning British journalist William Thomas (
W. T.) Stead proposed that the great powers should jointly pledge not to increase their military budgets until the end of the century.
Nevertheless, what the French newspaper Le Temps called
a flash of lightning from the north shocked governments on August 24, 1898, when entirely unexpectedly at his weekly meeting with foreign ambassadors in Saint Petersburg, the Russian foreign secretary Count Mikhail Muraviev handed to them a call on behalf of Czar Nicholas II for the convening of an international conference to consider
the grave problem of the development of
military forces to proportions hitherto unknown. His note stated:
The intellectual and physical strength of the nations, labour and capital are for the major part diverted from their natural application and unproductively consumed. Hundreds of millions are devoted to acquiring terrible engines of destruction, which though today regarded as the last word of science, are destined tomorrow to lose all value in consequence of some fresh discovery in this field. National culture, economic progress and the production of wealth are either paralysed or checked in their development. Moreover, in proportion as the armaments of each power increase, so do they less and less fulfil the object which the government has set before themselves.
Many were surprised that such an initiative should come from autocratic, backward Russia. Some welcomed it as
an omen for the coming new century or, as an American journalist wrote, possibly
the most momentous and beneficent movement in modern history—in all history. W. T. Stead brought out a new weekly, War Against War, launched an international peace crusade, and toured European capitals urging support for the proposal. Most, however, looked cynically for the motive, agreeing with Britain's Prince of Wales that it was
some new dodge of that sly dog M[uraviev] who put it into the Tsar's head. The ailing Russian economy could not in their view finance the latest weapons and therefore Russia had decided on the initiative.
Germany, only united since 1871 following its victory over France in the 1870 Franco-Prussian War in which it had seized from its defeated enemy the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine, had none of Russia's economic worries but great political and imperial ambitions. The thirty-nine-year-old mercurial, sometimes vacillating, sometimes impulsively unreasoning Kaiser Wilhelm II, among whose titles was that of
Supreme War Lord, was stunned that Nicholas had
put a brilliant weapon into the hands of our democrats and opposition. Imagine a monarch dissolving his regiments and handing over his towns to anarchists and democracy. He compared the invitation to the conference to a Spartan proposal during the Peloponnesian War that Athens agree not to rebuild its city walls and asked,
what will Krupp pay his workers with? (Friedrich Alfred Krupp's company was then Europe's biggest business and at the forefront of artillery development.) Inclined as often to see issues between nations as personal ones between their rulers, Wilhelm alleged Nicholas was trying to steal the limelight from his own planned visit to Jerusalem. As a confidant of the kaiser put it,
he [Wilhelm] simply cannot stand someone else coming to the front of the stage.
However, with vibrant peace unions in many countries and with no desire to appear enemies of peace, all invited nations felt compelled to accept the czar's invitation even if many privately sympathized with the kaiser when he said,
I'll go along with the conference comedy but I'll keep my dagger at my side during the waltz.
Humanising War
One hundred and eight delegates from twenty-six countries assembled in May 1899 in a red brick Dutch royal chateau—
the House in the Woods—just outside The Hague, which as the capital of the Netherlands, a neutral country, the nations had chosen as the venue. Thus began the city's association with the laws of war, just as the conference in Geneva began that city's association with the Red Cross. The head of the American delegation, Andrew White, was not alone in thinking that no similar group had ever met
in a spirit of more hopeless scepticism as to any good result.
The agenda had two main components—how to avoid war by the use of arbitration and the limitation of armaments, and how war should be conducted if it did break out. Each delegation had strict guidance from its government on how best to protect its interests. The British, for example, were told prohibiting or restricting innovations in weaponry would
favour the interests of savage nations and be against those of the more highly civilised.
Members of the press, soon to be considerably annoyed by being excluded from the formal sessions of the conference, and what would now be called
lobbyists of all sorts thronged The Hague. The head of the German delegation, Count Munster, complained to his foreign minister,
The conference has brought here the political riffraff of the entire world, journalists of the worst type, baptised Jews like Bloch and female peace fanatics. In Munster's mind journalists
of the worst type would have included W. T. Stead who was in The Hague to chronicle the conference and to campaign for his views. Ivan Bloch was a Russian railway magnate who believed that any future wars would be
suicide and who was author of a newly published peace-promoting treatise in six volumes. Said to have influenced the czar, it prophesied the stalemate of trench warfare leading to a prolonged conflict whose intolerable human and economic costs would exhaust the belligerents or plunge them into social revolution. On the eve of the conference an international women's movement had organized demonstrations for peace in many of the countries involved and some of its members were in The Hague. Among the foremost female peace campaigners was the Czech Bertha von Suttner who considered peace
a condition that the progress of civilisation will bring about by necessity. The hotel in which she stayed for the conference flew a white flag in honor of her and her views.
Even mild-mannered Andrew White complained that
the queer letters and crankish proposals which come in every day are amazing . . . The Quakers are out in full force . . . The number of people with plans, schemes, notions, nostrums, whimsies of all sorts who press upon us and try to take our time, is enormous and when this is added to the pest of interviewers and photographers, life becomes serious indeed. To his regret the pressure of work imposed by the conference required that
for the first time in my life I have made Sunday a day of work.
White and the head of the British delegation, Sir Julian Pauncefote, both had members of their teams who were difficult to control and whose views were often at variance with their governmental instructions. Both the chief mavericks represented their country's navy. The Briton was fifty-eight-year-old Admiral Jacky Fisher, destined to play an important part in the events of spring 1915. From relatively humble beginnings—his father was a failed coffee planter—he had made a spectacular rise through the navy for which he advocated less bureaucracy, less ship painting, and far fewer time-wasting drills and in their place far more training, far better gunnery, heavier armaments, a broader officer-recruitment base, and a new emphasis on torpedoes and defenses against them.
Both charismatic and tactless, Fisher made friends and enemies equally quickly. He stood out at The Hague not only for his opinions but also for his white top hat and tireless skills on the dance floor. His language was colorful and exaggerated. The existence of politicians had
deepened his faith in Providence. How else could one explain Britain's continued existence as a nation? His bold scrawl, usually in green ink, was full of exclamation marks, and double and triple underlinings, and he frequently admonished his addressee to burn his letters after reading to protect his confidences. He signed letters
Yours till hell freezes and
Yours till charcoal sprouts.
At every opportunity Fisher derided the objective of humanizing war as naive:
The humanising of war? You might as well talk about humanising Hell! The essence of war is violence! Moderation in war is imbecility! . . . I am not for war, I am for peace. That is why I am for a supreme Navy. The supremacy of the British Navy is the best security for the peace of the world . . . If you rub it in both at home and abroad that you are ready for instant war . . . and intend to be first in and hit your enemy in the belly and kick him when he is down and boil your prisoners in oil (if you take any) . . . and torture his women and children, then people will keep clear of you.
He believed all nations wanted peace
but a peace that suits them. An enemy's realization of the horrors of war coupled with conviction about Britain's readiness to fight were the best deterrents of all. It was his duty, Fisher said, to see that his country, and in particular its navy, were prepared.
He was similarly dismissive of the delegates' debate about the freedom of the seas and the rights of
neutral shipping:
Suppose that war breaks out, and I am expecting to fight a new Trafalgar on the morrow. Some neutral colliers try to steam past us into the enemy's waters. If the enemy gets their coal into his bunkers, it may make all the difference in the coming fight.


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Check back for Fall 2019 upcoming events and info!
Parents & Alumni
Stop by Hillel and say hello when you are in town visiting, we love to hear from you. Even if it's not Family or Alumni weekend, check out our events and join us for Shabbat. You can also stay up to date by signing up for our Alumni and Parent's newsletter or joining our Alumni Facebook Group.
Family Weekend
Friday, February 16th – Bring your family or just bring yourself to join the Hillel family for Shabbat! We'll be schmoozing and noshing starting at 5 pm. Stop by and say hi even if you're going out to dinner with your family!
5 pm Open House with Schmoozing and Snacks
5:30 pm Reform and Conservative Services
6:30 pm Dinner – Please RSVP for you and your family members!
Saturday, February 17th – 1:00PM – Join us for a Family Weekend Lecture – "The U.S. Foreign Service & Muslim-Jewish Relations"
What does life as a U.S. diplomat look like? What issues must be faced in running a U.S. embassy? Is there any optimism for politics in the Middle East? What potential does inter-communal diplomacy and relationship building hold for both domestic and international politics? Claremont Hillel is excited to present Robert Silverman for an event during Family Weekend. With his rich and decades-long experience as a U.S. diplomat and as his current position as the Director of the Muslim Jewish Advocacy Council, a newly initiated non-profit organization, Robert looks forward to presenting his insights on these important issues. Please RSVP online!
Alumni Weekend
Relive your Hillel days by joining us for Shabbat! Stop by and say hello at any point in the evening even if you can't stay!
Friday, April 26 – Passover Shabbat at Oldenborg, Pomona
Services 5:00pm, Dinner 5:30pm – Please RSVP at claremonthillel.org/passover
Friday, May 3 – Shabbat at McAlister Center
5:30 pm – Services
6:30 pm Dinner – Please RSVP for you and your family members!


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Harris Arts is a not-for-profit voluntary sector organisation managed entirely by volunteers.
Harris Arts and Heritage Ltd 2 Ferry Road Leverburgh, Isle of Harris HS5 3UA tel: 07584 578759
Registered company no. SC137058 (Scotland) Scottish charity no. SC020105 email@example.com
Terms and Conditions Privacy Policy Cookie Consent Website by Martin Myers
Promoting the arts in Harris....Supporting your local venues


text: Apollo astronaut Alan L. Bean, who walked on the moon nearly 40 years ago, has recaptured his experience in paint. The subject of an exhibition that opens in July at the Washington's Smithsonian Air and Space Museum, the 77-year old astronaut-turned-artist hasn't received critical acclaim for his work but collector's have paid as much as $175,000 for one of his works. "When I left NASA, I made up my mind I was not going to be an astronaut who painted, but an artist who used to be an astronaut," he said. "It takes a while to change the heart." He started out painting flowers and fruits in the 1960s but switched his space missions in the late '70s, at the encouragement of his fellows Apollo astronauts, who told him he was the only artist to ever visit the moon.


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Ask a millennial born in Europe or the US to tell you the best app for streaming music, and s/he will probably tell you the question comes down to either Spotify or Apple Music. There's good reason to mention these two leading services. However, looking globally at music streaming reveals a strikingly fragmented and regional pattern among different platforms and companies.
The big two?
To start with Spotify: the company is widely credited for proving that streaming digital rights management (DRM) protected music can be profitable. Since then, Spotify has become the number one in the music streaming industry with well over 200 million active users around the world.
The Swedish platform features over 40 million songs, hundreds of high-quality genre-based and topical playlists, useful social sharing tools, and a world-class (and highly imitated) user interface. Paid users, who count over 96 million as of the end of 2018, also get access to premium features like higher quality audio and the ability to download songs for offline listening.
What about Apple Music? Looking back, the arrival of a music streaming service by the iPod and iPhone maker was, if anything, late. It has also come a long way since its launch in June 2015 as a more or less subscription-based door to the entire iTunes Music Store library, which includes more than 50 million songs. An app redesign in 2016 was well-received and has helped the service to sustain its rapid growth in the 3 years since its launch.
As of December 2018, Apple Music boasts over 56 million subscribers, according to Billboard. Furthermore, the Wall Street Journal reported in early April that Apple Music has overtaken Spotify in the US, with 28 million paid users compared to Spotify's 26 million.
More hear
Yet the Apple Music and Spotify services only scratch the surface of what has become a crowded and diverse marketplace of music streaming in the US and Europe alone.
Not far behind Apple Music is Google Play Music with over 40 million subscribers on the Android platform. Meanwhile, an undisclosed proportion of Amazon's 100+ million Prime users are active on the Amazon Prime Music service, though most estimates put that number somewhere around 30-40 million.
At the same time, Pandora and iHeartRadio have remained widely popular digital radio apps in the US with 70-100 million users each. The former has also offered a Spotify-like premium music service of its own since 2017, and it is used by about a tenth of its users.
There is an assortment of other apps also popular. For instance, Deezer and Tidal have found a niche among audiophiles looking for higher sound quality and larger music libraries while Soundcloud has attracted over 100 million subscribers to its most eclectic and user-generated music content.
Another world
And what about non-Western countries? If you ask music-loving millennials from outside the US/European cultural orbit what audio streaming app you should use, chances are they will never mention any of the services mentioned above. In India, for example, a streaming app called Gaana has boasted over 50 million subscribers since late 2017 and recently reached 80 million in December 2018.
Spotify currently has plans to launch in India this year, but it'll be entering a market where Gaana already has a big lead and wants to make it bigger. "In the next two years, we think the market will grow from 150 million users to over 400 million users and we would like to lead the market with over 50 per cent market share," said Gaana's chief executive, Prashan Agarwal, to PTI news.
A similar story can be told in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) as well as in China. In the MENA region, the dominant app is Anghami, which was launched in 2012 as the first legal music streaming platform in the Arab world and already has over 60 million subscribers. In China, by far the biggest player is NetEase Music, which saw its subscriber base leap by an incredible 50% during 2018 from 400 to 600 million users; more than the number of subscribers of Spotify, Apple Music, Pandora, Soundcloud, and Google Play Music put together.
These numbers turn the assumption of Western dominance in the music streaming arena on its head. Make no mistake, there are many formidable global players in the streaming market right now. But as historically less developed countries develop high-end digital providers of their own, the question may soon be - when will NetEase or Gaana make it in Europe and the US?


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MIDDLETOWN — Some students at Middletown High School begin eating lunch a few hours after breakfast. Others wait until nearly an hour before school lets out to have a midday meal.
The elongated lunch schedule, five periods from about 9:50 a.m. to 1 p.m., is due to the school's burgeoning student population.
About 2,200 are estimated to be enrolled at the high school this year. District officials project the student body to climb to 2,500 within the next few years, Superintendent Richard Del Moro said at Thursday's school board meeting.
Ideally, there would be a way to squeeze in another lunch period. But that would mean either running lunches until school lets out, providing interim cold lunches or going as far as splitting the school into two shifts, Del Moro said.
The district is instead opting to expand the cafeteria space. The project was lumped into a handful of other improvements around the district that will be part of a December referendum.
The complete list of projects totals $34,880,000, with $13.5 million allotted for work at the high school. Beyond expanding the cafeteria, the district wants to revamp the library media center and renovate an area for TV production and journalism courses.
Also included in the projects are roof replacements at Maple Hill Elementary and Twin Towers Middle School, replacing the roof of the Maple Hill maintenance garage and masonry restoration at Twin Towers.
"It's really a necessity, not a nicety, that we move forward with this project," Del Moro told the school board.
Del Moro noted several times on Thursday night that the projects will not require increases to school taxes. About $5.6 million of unappropriated fund balance and $10 million in capital reserves is available to use to fund the project, if needed.


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1. THE RIGHT PRICEPricing a property is a science of its own. There are a lot of components and factors and so many small details that ultimately lead to the value of a home. Although there are a
Why Getting PreApproved Should Be Your First Step
Dated: 12/11/2017
Views: 327
In many markets across the country, the number of buyers searching for their dream homes greatly outnumbers the number of homes for sale. This has led to a competitive marketplace where buyers often need to stand out. One way to show you are serious about buying your dream home is to get pre-qualified or pre-approved for a mortgage before starting your search.
Even if you are in a market that is not as competitive, knowing your budget will give you the confidence of knowing if your dream home is within your reach.
Freddie Mac lays out the advantages of pre-approval in the 'My Home' section of their website:
"It's highly recommended that you work with your lender to get pre-approved before you begin house hunting. Pre-approval will tell you how much home you can afford and can help you move faster, and with greater confidence, in competitive markets."
One of the many advantages of working with a local real estate professional is that many have relationships with lenders who will be able to help you with this process. Once you have selected a lender, you will need to fill out their loan application and provide them with important information regarding "your credit, debt, work history, down payment and residential history."
Freddie Mac describes the '4 Cs' that help determine the amount you will be qualified to borrow:
Capacity: Your current and future ability to make your payments
Capital or cash reserves: The money, savings, and investments you have that can be sold quickly for cash
Collateral: The home, or type of home, that you would like to purchase
Credit: Your history of paying bills and other debts on time
Getting pre-approved is one of many steps that will show home sellers that you are serious about buying, and it often helps speed up the process once your offer has been accepted.
Bottom Line
Many potential home buyers overestimate the down payment and credit scores needed to qualify for a mortgage today. If you are ready and willing to buy, you may be pleasantly surprised at your ability to do so as well.
Darci Dunn
The Dunn Real Estate Group is a three person FAMILY team. With The Dunn Real Estate Group, we focus on these niches.
-- Business Owners & Entrepreneurs needing to buy or sell
1 comments in this topic
hello darci i was just wanting to see if i could start looking about getting approved for buying a house
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|Government Auditing - Green Book: 3. Information and Communication, and Monitoring
|Accounting and Auditing
|Field of Study:
|Auditing (Governmental)
|Course Code:
|CPE Credits:
Standards for Internal Control in the Federal Government, known as the "Green Book," sets the standards for an effective internal control system for federal agencies. This course covers the effective information, communication system and monitoring of the government internal control framework, as discussed within the GAO Green Book. Effective information and communication systems are a key component of an effective system of internal controls. Effective internal control monitoring assesses the effectiveness of control performance over time and promptly resolves identified weaknesses. These ongoing control evaluations, and corrective actions, are necessary to achieve objectives because they help ensure an effective system of internal controls is in place and operating effectively to mitigate any risks. Together, information, communication, and monitoring support the functioning of the other key components: the control environment, risk assessment, and control activities.
Delivery Method: Online Interactive Self Study
Level: Overview
Prerequisites: None
Advanced Preparation: None
Policies: Click here
Author: Delta Publishing
Category: Accounting and Auditing
Field of Study: Auditing (Governmental)
Passing Score: 70%
Publication Date: 12/15/2016
For More Detail: Click here
If you are unable to view PDF then right click the mouse and click save link as
Chapter 1 An Effective System of Internal Controls
1. Identify the legislation leading to the GAO's Green Book standards and recall what COSO represents.
2. Identify the definition of internal control and systems of internal control.
3. Recognize the 3 main categories of an entity's objectives and who is responsible for meeting these objectives with an effective system of internal controls.
4. Recognize the 5 main components and their 17 principles of the GAO's framework of internal controls and their similarity to COSO's framework.
For More Objectives:
Click here
If you are unable to view PDF then right click the mouse and click save link as


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IKFF News from Armenian Kung Fu Federation, Armenian Cup of Kung Fu Fighting took place in Armenia on the day of 09.02.2019, according to the president of Armenian Kungfu Federation,Mr. Sargis Harutyunyan, there were about 120 athletes/players from Armenia and Georgia.
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14+ Musterbrief der Freundschaft
Besides instilling the assurance that is critical to snare that hot shot An organization application can spare a great deal of conversation. There is A business program helpful besides raising money for various things. There are three forms of planning, including operational, strategic and tactical planning. A sort of planning can be a different strategy of activity, that can be executed if and once an original plan doesn't create the most consequence that is anticipated. Production preparation is crucial to achievement of any kind of company and organization. Plan Recruitment program is crucial for your own business enterprise to attain a elevation in the human resource administration.
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The rejection letter format is somewhat comparable to this business letter format also should be followed closely correctly. Perfect structure and design have become elements in a report, because it includes the comprehensive data of any project. It's not sufficient to create copy .
Obligations and Obligations are closely intertwined collectively. The responsibilities and obligations of a job manager are related to a another. So known at the onset and they have to be organized. For example, it is the duty to address the endeavor of a manager, however, it's perhaps not his obligation to pay for the blunder of somebody.
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The best method is always to associate most your work experience in such ways it could show how experienced and proficient you're. Resumes of each one of the people associated with a organization come under the type of business resume whether he is a owner, manager or finance officer. Employ our IT analyst sample resume cover letter for a information. Point out any vital consequence, essential missions and corporation analyst roles that you are responsible for on your previous or current small business analyst projects that are . On an even positive note, consider exciting a new career will probably be at work you think of just how far more money you will be earning and also like carrying out.
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The purpose in assembling a portfolio that is own is to give the reviewer with info about you as possible. A lifetime career objective can be a succinct statement that defines the location you are seeking, setting the tone. A Career Objective is invaluable if you are applying to your specific location and outfitted to tailor your objective for that position. While a qualitative analyst's attention may vary quite a piece from job to project, the essential perform typically revolves around the evolution and building of mathematical models built to furnish insight into complex economic programs. The outlook prior to applying for the occupation of qualitative analyst should be considered whilst planning the restart.
The time related writing information and also contemplating that your strengths and experiences with utilizing the business research analyst identification sample will cover off. Applying for Quantitative Analyst requires you to become excellent as you are going to have to deal with large quantity of competition. Someone with conducted investigation demonstrated capacity to build investment initiatives and handled money flows is inclined because that's what they might need to be picked.
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text: Pilates devotees worship at the temple of Pilates for many reasons, but its strongest benefit is not calorie burning. Because Pilates does such a great job at strengthening and balancing you, reducing your risk of injury and improving your flexibility, it will keep you from getting sidelined with an injury and help you to workout more frequently and consistently. You'll also feel more confident to engage safely in other high-intensity sports and activities because you'll feel the benefits of a balanced body, with greater muscular endurance, that's less prone to injury. A sometimes overlooked benefit of Pilates is the mind-body awareness it creates that goes way beyond your workout. For many advocates, its this new sense of mindfulness that unlocks a whole heap of other positive changes t the approach you take to looking after yourself. From improving what you eat, to reducing the amount of time you spend sitting down, to boosting your sleep routine. This mind-body consciousness can be the catalyst for positive change in so many other areas. So instead of looking at calorie counting as a measure, let's look beyond to total body transformation. Because Mr. Joseph Pilates couldn't have nailed his brand promise any truer when he said ͞In 10 sessions you'll feel the difference, in 20 you'll see the difference, and in 30 you'll have a brand new body."


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I was taught that vectors are one rank tensors, so under diffeomorphism they do not change (their components do change but not them as tensors) they are contravariant, i.e. \begin{equation} A = A^{\mu} e_{\mu} = \frac{\partial x^{\mu}}{\partial x^{\nu}} A^{\nu} \frac{\partial x^{\rho}}{\partial x^{\mu}} e_{\rho} = A^{\nu} e_{\nu} \end{equation} But, why do the basis vectors transform but the $A$ vector doesn't? Are they different types of vectors?
$\begingroup$ The tensor $A$ doesn't change - only the components of the tensor - $A^{\mu}$ - change when you change coordinate systems. $\endgroup$ – Cinaed Simson Aug 13 at 23:07
$\begingroup$ This is linear algebra. Do you know the difference between a vector and a basis of a vector space? $\endgroup$ – DanielC Aug 13 at 23:19
$\begingroup$ DanielC: A basis of a vector space is a set of linearly independent vectors that generate the whole space, in this sense I don't see a wide difference. $\endgroup$ – Geovanny Alexander Rave Franco Aug 14 at 3:13
$\begingroup$ Cinaed: Yes, that's my question, but I asked to my Cosmology Professor and he told me that we have to think about the vectors as differential operators and, in that sense, $A$ and $e_{\mu}$ are different differential operators so the do not have to transform in the same way. That seems a good answer for me but I'd like to read more answers. $\endgroup$ – Geovanny Alexander Rave Franco Aug 14 at 3:18
In terms of a differential operator - also known as the natural coordinate system, I would write $A=A^{i}\frac{\partial}{\partial u^{i}}$.
Then transforming the$\frac{\partial}{\partial u^{i}}$ basis to the $\frac{\partial}{\partial w^{j}}$ basis, for instance, I would use the rule $\frac{\partial}{\partial u^{i}}=\frac{\partial w^{j}}{\partial u^{i}} \frac{\partial}{\partial w^{j}}$.
So the bottom line is, when you change the basis from $\frac{\partial}{\partial u^{i}}$ to $\frac{\partial}{\partial w^{j}}$, the transformation rule changes the coefficents from $A^{i} \rightarrow A^{i}\frac{\partial w^{j}}{\partial u^{i}} $ and $A$ is unchanged.


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New Orleans Medical Mission Services.
All Rights Reserved.
(504) 392-1934
P.O. Box 6249
New Orleans, LA 70174
The Fred Mikill Memorial Golf Tournament, sponsored by First Bank & and Hydra Force to benefit NOMMS was held on Friday, October 11, at Lakewood Golf Club.
Thanks to the many people who organized and sponsored
the tournament and came out to play.
The 2020 Mission Possible Gala will be on Saturday, June 13, at Generations Hall. Volunteers are working right now to gather another great list of auction items with an emphasis on really special items. We're planning to offer some new and enjoyable ways to give and take part in the evening for those rather play than bid.
Of course, we'll have great music and plenty of great food and drinks.
This is our major fund raiser so you being there will be fun for you and really helpful for NOMMS.
Reserve tickets now by calling 504.392.1934
the Fred Mikill Memorial Golf Tournament
is sponsored by:
email NOMMS
NOMMS Warehouse
625 Distributors Row
Harahan, LA 70123


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Product Comparison: Samsung BD-F7500/EN vs Sony BDP-S790
General Specifications
About the Product
Watch your favourite videos and films in ultra HD with the Samsung Blu-ray player. With life-like details that will make the images seem realistic, this player brings life right into your living room. Up scaled from full HD to ultra HD, it comes with four times the resolution of Full HD, giving perfect and crystal-clear picture.
The BDP-S790 Blu-ray Disc Player with Wi-Fi is equipped with the latest technology to bring you incredible entertainment quality.
Key Specs
Smart Capable
Maximum Video Resolution
2160 p
2160 p
Wi-Fi Built-in
What customers say about "Key Specs"
Samsung BD-F7500/EN
- Looks great, quick set-up and reasonably priced. Does a great job on Blu-ray and DVD play back Even 3-D looks great.
- I did like that this unit can upscale to 4K resolution, though one would need a tv that supports that resolution.
- I highly recommend this Blue-ray player with the 4k T.V.
- I like the ability for the DVD player to update its software with a wireless connection.
- It is easy to setup and I like the smart features of this.
Sony BDP-S790 3D Blu-ray Player
- The 4k upscaling really kicks up the movies in resolution.
- No hangups, lockups, freezes or dropped connections from WiFi network yet and it has been used at least 3 hours every day.
- Excellent blu ray picture as well as DVDs. 2d - 3d conversion, dual core processor, wifi, very easy to operate no problems.
- So far, fantastic is the only word for it. Wifi connection was instantaneous.
- But, the dual power of this device really comes out in the streaming ability, particularly over a home WiFi network. I was impressed.
Size & Weight
1.8 in.
1.65 in.
16.9 in.
16.9 in.
7.9 in.
7.2 in.
3.75 lbs.
4.2 lbs.
Disc Loading Type
Compatible Disc Formats
CD-DA, 3D Blu-ray, Blu-ray, DVD-Video, DVD-R, DVD-RW, CD-R, CD-RW, VCD 1.1
BD-ROM, BD-R, BD-RE, DVD-ROM, DVD-R, DVD-RW, DVD+R, DVD+RW, CD-DA, CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW, Super Audio CD
Pre-Installed Services & Apps
Netflix, YouTube, Facebook, Twitter, LOVEFiLM, Pandora, Web Browser
YouTube, Netflix, Amazon Instant Video, Vudu
Supported Formats
MPEG2/4, DivX, DivX HD, AVCHD, MKV, WMV, JPEG, MPO
MPEG-1 Video/ PS, MPEG-2 Video/PS, TS, MPEG-4 AVC, WMV9, AVCHD, Xvid, MP3, AAC/HE-AAC, WMA9, LPCM, JPEG, PNG, GIF, MPO
Built-in Audio Decoders
Dolby Digital, Dolby Digital Plus, Dolby TrueHD, DTS Surround, DTS-HD Master Audio, DTS-HD High Resolution Audio, DTS-HD Bitstream Output, LPCM, AAC, MP3, WMA
Dolby Digital Plus, DTS, DTS-HD, Dolby TrueHD, DTS-HD Master Audio, PCM
USB Port(s)
Ethernet Port(s)
Wireless Connection
Remote control, Samsung Smart Hub app
Remote control, Media Remote app
Smart Hub, CD Ripping, AllShare Play, AllShare Cast, Dust proof, 3D playback capability
3D playback capability
What customers say about "Features"
Samsung BD-F7500/EN
- It corrects the blu-rays that has the Dolby True HD sound. For example, The Pink Panther blu-ray sound does not miss anymore.
- Easy to connect and operate. With Wi-Fi function can connect to your home network.
- 4k UHD reproduces image 4 times as sharp as the SD movie quality. 3D, Blu-Ray, DVD, and even VCD available.
- Looks awesome and performs very well with Samsung smart TV. Value for your money and worth every penny
- Combine this with a UHD 4k 3D tv and you will have a cinema in your house.
Sony BDP-S790 3D Blu-ray Player
- 3d recognized immediately and the player has been flawless with both 3D and standard blu-rays.
- It has handled every disk I have thrown into it and I can't imaginge it not working flawlessly as we go along.
- When inserting a blu-ray disk it reads the content and begins playback MUCH faster than our 3 year old model.
- One of my favorites with this Blu-ray is the ability to use a hard drive to play video or music that you have stored on it.
- I did not realize when I bought this player that is also played SA-CD's. This is Super Audio CD. These are 5.1 surround discs. The Pink Floyd Dark Side of the Moon SA-CD is amazing!
Optical Digital Audio
Coaxial Digital Audio
What customers say about "Outputs"
Samsung BD-F7500/EN
- Loads quickly and operates flawlessly. Works seamlessly with my other Samsung products. Glad I bought it.
- This BD player support USD HDD and sticks and plays out correctly HD files
- BR & DVD play nice, and this is the only decent player with full 7.1 surround RCA connectors.
- I loved the features and when I got it home and hooked it up to my Smart TV it was complete system.
Sony BDP-S790 3D Blu-ray Player
- I was impressed it had 2 HDMI outputs and more importantly, an Optical Audio Out that better suits my audio receiver.
- Blue-rays are exceptionally clear- with a HDMI cord. Wonderful, sharp sound.
- Fairly fast boot-up with all the needed apps and dual HDMI outputs.
- I routed one HDMI output to my receiver and projector for when I want the big theater experience.
- It was one of the very few models that still has analog and digital connections, two HDMI outputs and it also had an onscreen display with video information of video playing files.
Included With Unit
Remote control, Battery
Remote control
Warranty / Certifications
Manufacturer Warranty
1 year(s)
1 year(s)
Other Information
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