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Dieses Buch befasst sich mit der Anteilsübertragung von Kommanditanteilen, die von der Rechtsprechung zwar längst anerkannt ist, jedoch vom Gesetzgeber bislang nicht geregelt wurde. Bei der Eintragung einer solchen Anteilsübertragung in das Handelsregister unterlaufen in der Praxis häufig Fehler, deren jeweilige haftungsrechtliche Konsequenz die Autorin eingehend untersucht. Im Zentrum der Arbeit steht die These, dass die Nichteintragung des Sonderrechtsnachfolgevermerkes zu keiner doppelten Haftung von Neu- und Altkommanditist führt.
Effects of Isokinetic Training on Trunk Muscle Fitness and Body Composition in World-Class Canoe Sprinters (2019)
In canoe sprint, the trunk muscles play an important role in stabilizing the body in an unstable environment (boat) and in generating forces that are transmitted through the shoulders and arms to the paddle for propulsion of the boat. Isokinetic training is well suited for sports in which propulsion is generated through water resistance due to similarities in the resistive mode. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of isokinetic training in addition to regular sport-specific training on trunk muscular fitness and body composition in world-class canoeists and to evaluate associations between trunk muscular fitness and canoe-specific performance. Nine world-class canoeists (age: 25.6 ± 3.3 years; three females; four world champions; three Olympic gold medalists) participated in an 8-week progressive isokinetic training with a 6-week block "muscle hypertrophy" and a 2-week block "muscle power." Pre- and post-tests included the assessment of peak isokinetic torque at different velocities in concentric (30 and 140∘s-1) and eccentric (30 and 90∘s-1) mode, trunk muscle endurance, and body composition (e.g., body fat, segmental lean mass). Additionally, peak paddle force was assessed in the flume at a water current of 3.4 m/s. Significant pre-to-post increases were found for peak torque of the trunk rotators at 30∘s-1 (p = 0.047; d = 0.4) and 140∘s-1 (p = 0.014; d = 0.7) in concentric mode. No significant pre-to-post changes were detected for eccentric trunk rotator torque, trunk muscle endurance, and body composition (p > 0.148). Significant medium-to-large correlations were observed between concentric trunk rotator torque but not trunk muscle endurance and peak paddle force, irrespective of the isokinetic movement velocity (all r ≥ 0.886; p ≤ 0.008). Isokinetic trunk rotator training is effective in improving concentric trunk rotator strength in world-class canoe sprinters. It is recommended to progressively increase angular velocity from 30∘s-1 to 140∘s-1 over the course of the training period.
We aimed at unveiling the role of executive functions (EFs) and language-related skills in spelling for mono- versus multilingual primary school children. We focused on EF and language-related skills, in particular lexicon size and phonological awareness (PA), because these factors were found to predict spelling in studies predominantly conducted with monolinguals, and because multilingualism can modulate these factors. There is evidence for (a) a bilingual advantage in EF due to constant high cognitive demands through language control, (b) a smaller mental lexicon in German and (c) possibly better PA. Multilinguals in Germany show on average poorer German language proficiency, what can influence performance on language-based tasks negatively. Thus, we included two spelling tasks to tease apart spelling based on lexical knowledge (i.e., word spelling) from spelling based on non-lexical strategies (i.e., non-word spelling). Our sample consisted of heterogeneous third graders from Germany: 69 monolinguals (age: M = 108 months) and 57 multilinguals (age: M = 111 months). On less language-dependent tasks (e.g., non-word spelling, PA, intelligence, short-term memory (STM) and three EF tasks testing switching, inhibition, and working memory) performance of both groups did not differ significantly. However, multilinguals performed significantly more poorly on tasks measuring German lexicon size and word spelling than monolinguals. Regression analyses revealed that for multilinguals, inhibition was related to spelling, whereas switching was the only EF component to influence word spelling in monolinguals and non-word spelling performance in both groups. By adding lexicon size and other language-related factors to the regression models, the influence of switching was reduced to insignificant effects, but inhibition remained significant for multilinguals. Language-related skills best predicted spelling and both language groups shared those variables: PA for word spelling, and STM for non-word spelling. Additionally, multilinguals' word spelling performance was also predicted by their German lexicon size, and non-word spelling performance by PA. This study offers an in-depth look at spelling acquisition at a certain point of literacy development. Mono- and multilinguals have the predominant factors for spelling in common, but probably due to superior language knowledge, monolinguals were already able to make use of EF during spelling. For multilinguals, German lexicon size was more important for spelling than EF. For multilinguals' spelling these functions might come into play only at a later stage.
An idealized image of European concert-goers has long prevailed in historical overviews of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. This act of listening was considered to be an invisible and amorphous phenomenon, a naturally given mode of perception. This narrative influenced the conditions of listening from the selection of repertoire to the construction of concert halls and programmes. However, as listening moved from the concert hall to the opera house, street music, and jazz venues, new and visceral listening traditions evolved. In turn, the art of listening was shaped by phenomena of the modern era including media innovation and commercialization. This Handbook asks whether, how, and why practices of music listening changed as the audience moved from pleasure gardens and concert venues in the eighteenth century to living rooms in the twentieth century, and mobile devices in the twenty-first. Through these questions, chapters enable a differently conceived history of listening and offer an agenda for future research.
The politics of zoom (2019)
Following the mandate in the Paris Agreement for signatories to provide "climate services" to their constituents, "downscaled" climate visualizations are proliferating. But the process of downscaling climate visualizations does not neutralize the political problems with their synoptic global sources—namely, their failure to empower communities to take action and their replication of neoliberal paradigms of globalization. In this study we examine these problems as they apply to interactive climate‐visualization platforms, which allow their users to localize global climate information to support local political action. By scrutinizing the political implications of the "zoom" tool from the perspective of media studies and rhetoric, we add to perspectives of cultural cartography on the issue of scaling from our fields. Namely, we break down the cinematic trope of "zooming" to reveal how it imports the political problems of synopticism to the level of individual communities. As a potential antidote to the politics of zoom, we recommend a downscaling strategy of connectivity, which associates rather than reduces situated views of climate to global ones.
L'auteur conçoit la modalité comme une catégorie sémantico-fonctionnelle, indépendante des éléments qui l'expriment et du niveau de la structure grammaticale dont ils relèvent. Pour définir la modalité, il tient compte également de ses caractéristiques structurelles ainsi que de phénomènes relevant de niveaux cognitifs plus hauts et plus bas. Cela permet de porter un regard critique sur les recherches antérieures, de développer un cadre théorique conciliant les différentes approches et d'analyser systématiquement les expressions de la modalité en français (verbes et adverbes modaux, modes verbaux etc.). L'interaction entre plusieurs éléments modaux dans le même énoncé peut déclencher trois types d'interaction et produit des phénomènes modaux particulièrement complexes.
Background Postoperative delirium is a common disorder in older adults that is associated with higher morbidity and mortality, prolonged cognitive impairment, development of dementia, higher institutionalization rates, and rising healthcare costs. The probability of delirium after surgery increases with patients' age, with pre-existing cognitive impairment, and with comorbidities, and its diagnosis and treatment is dependent on the knowledge of diagnostic criteria, risk factors, and treatment options of the medical staff. In this study, we will investigate whether a cross-sectoral and multimodal intervention for preventing delirium can reduce the prevalence of delirium and postoperative cognitive decline (POCD) in patients older than 70 years undergoing elective surgery. Additionally, we will analyze whether the intervention is cost-effective. Methods The study will be conducted at five medical centers (with two or three surgical departments each) in the southwest of Germany. The study employs a stepped-wedge design with cluster randomization of the medical centers. Measurements are performed at six consecutive points: preadmission, preoperative, and postoperative with daily delirium screening up to day 7 and POCD evaluations at 2, 6, and 12 months after surgery. Recruitment goals are to enroll 1500 patients older than 70 years undergoing elective operative procedures (cardiac, thoracic, vascular, proximal big joints and spine, genitourinary, gastrointestinal, and general elective surgery procedures. Discussion Results of the trial should form the basis of future standards for preventing delirium and POCD in surgical wards. Key aims are the improvement of patient safety and quality of life, as well as the reduction of the long-term risk of conversion to dementia. Furthermore, from an economic perspective, we expect benefits and decreased costs for hospitals, patients, and healthcare insurances. Trial registration German Clinical Trials Register, DRKS00013311. Registered on 10 November 2017.
Self-assembly and crosslinking approaches of double hydrophilic linear-brush block copolymers (2019)
Cocoa Bean Proteins (2019)
The protein fractions of cocoa have been implicated influencing both the bioactive potential and sensory properties of cocoa and cocoa products. The objective of the present review is to show the impact of different stages of cultivation and processing with regard to the changes induced in the protein fractions. Special focus has been laid on the major seed storage proteins throughout the different stages of processing. The study starts with classical introduction of the extraction and the characterization methods used, while addressing classification approaches of cocoa proteins evolved during the timeline. The changes in protein composition during ripening and maturation of cocoa seeds, together with the possible modifications during the post-harvest processing (fermentation, drying, and roasting), have been documented. Finally, the bioactive potential arising directly or indirectly from cocoa proteins has been elucidated. The "state of the art" suggests that exploration of other potentially bioactive components in cocoa needs to be undertaken, while considering the complexity of reaction products occurring during the roasting phase of the post-harvest processing. Finally, the utilization of partially processed cocoa beans (e.g., fermented, conciliatory thermal treatment) can be recommended, providing a large reservoir of bioactive potentials arising from the protein components that could be instrumented in functionalizing foods.
Nuclear lamins are nucleus-specific intermediate filaments (IF) found at the inner nuclear membrane (INM) of the nuclear envelope (NE). Together with nuclear envelope transmembrane proteins, they form the nuclear lamina and are crucial for gene regulation and mechanical robustness of the nucleus and the whole cell. Recently, we characterized Dictyostelium NE81 as an evolutionarily conserved lamin-like protein, both on the sequence and functional level. Here, we show on the structural level that the Dictyostelium NE81 is also capable of assembling into filaments, just as metazoan lamin filament assemblies. Using field-emission scanning electron microscopy, we show that NE81 expressed in Xenopous oocytes forms filamentous structures with an overall appearance highly reminiscent of Xenopus lamin B2. The in vitro assembly properties of recombinant His-tagged NE81 purified from Dictyostelium extracts are very similar to those of metazoan lamins. Super-resolution stimulated emission depletion (STED) and expansion microscopy (ExM), as well as transmission electron microscopy of negatively stained purified NE81, demonstrated its capability of forming filamentous structures under low-ionic-strength conditions. These results recommend Dictyostelium as a non-mammalian model organism with a well-characterized nuclear envelope involving all relevant protein components known in animal cells.
We develop an amplitude spectral ratio method for event couples from clustered earthquakes to estimate seismic wave attenuation (Q-1) in the source volume. The method allows to study attenuation within the source region of earthquake swarms or aftershocks at depth, independent of wave path and attenuation between source region and surface station. We exploit the high-frequency slope of phase spectra using multitaper spectral estimates. The method is tested using simulated full wave-field seismograms affected by recorded noise and finite source rupture. The synthetic tests verify the approach and show that solutions are independent of focal mechanisms but also show that seismic noise may broaden the scatter of results. We apply the event couple spectral ratio method to northwest Bohemia, Czech Republic, a region characterized by the persistent occurrence of earthquake swarms in a confined source region at mid-crustal depth. Our method indicates a strong anomaly of high attenuation in the source region of the swarm with an averaged attenuation factor of Qp < 100. The application to S phases fails due to scattered P-phase energy interfering with S phases. The Qp anomaly supports the common hypothesis of highly fractured and fluid saturated rocks in the source region of the swarms in northwest Bohemia. However, high temperatures in a small volume around the swarms cannot be excluded to explain our observations.
Comparative transcriptomic studies to predict gene function and investigate the evolution of diurnal regulation (2019)
The need to transform Science Communication from being multi-cultural via cross-cultural to intercultural (2019)
When dealing with issues that are of high societal relevance, Earth sciences still face a lack of acceptance, which is partly rooted in insufficient communication strategies on the individual and local community level. To increase the efficiency of communication routines, science has to transform its outreach concepts to become more aware of individual needs and demands. The "encoding/decoding" concept as well as critical intercultural communication studies can offer pivotal approaches for this transformation.
Trait-based approaches to investigate (short- and long-term) phytoplankton dynamics and community assembly have become increasingly popular in freshwater and marine science. Although the nature of the pelagic habitat and the main phytoplankton taxa and ecology are relatively similar in both marine and freshwater systems, the lines of research have evolved, at least in part, separately. We compare and contrast the approaches adopted in marine and freshwater ecosystems with respect to phytoplankton functional traits. We note differences in study goals relating to functional trait use that assess community assembly and those that relate to ecosystem processes and biogeochemical cycling that affect the type of characteristics assigned as traits to phytoplankton taxa. Specific phytoplankton traits relevant for ecological function are examined in relation to herbivory, amplitude of environmental change and spatial and temporal scales of study. Major differences are identified, including the shorter time scale for regular environmental change in freshwater ecosystems compared to that in the open oceans as well as the type of sampling done by researchers based on site-accessibility. Overall, we encourage researchers to better motivate why they apply trait-based analyses to their studies and to make use of process-driven approaches, which are more common in marine studies. We further propose fully comparative trait studies conducted along the habitat gradient spanning freshwater to brackish to marine systems, or along geographic gradients. Such studies will benefit from the combined strength of both fields.
Over the past decade, society has witnessed an increasing expansion of service economies as manufacturing (i.e., product-oriented) companies break free from their product-based business model and move toward more service-oriented value creation as a result of several economic, technological, and social changes. As they shift from products to (service) solutions, manufacturing companies pursue new strategic direction, inter alia, by extensively employing service business development activities. The objective of this dissertation is to investigate the considerable (re-)emerging stream of service business development by providing vital insights for academia and management into important focus areas that have hardly, if at all, been (empirically) investigated in the existing literature before. Therefore, these findings can be vital to informing a differentiation in current and future marketing strategies in business practice. First of all, this dissertation focuses on the extent to which service business development is transposed into business practice. Because scarce empirical-quantitative research has studied the current state of service business development across various industry and market sectors, this study analyzes a unique, manually collected dataset of 266 (product and service) business development activities. In so doing, this investigation contributes to literature by presenting a comprehensive, industry-wide status quo and trend report of service business development in practice. Furthermore, given the surprisingly limited scientific attention paid to the question of how service business development is strategically configured and further applied to different environmental circumstances, this dissertation provides comprehensive theoretical and practical implications by analyzing in detail a sample of 137 service business developments of 66 product-oriented companies. Lastly, manufacturers are recognizing that service-oriented value creation is moving toward a more collaborative process of co-creation as a promising measure to achieve competitive advantage, and even more as an appropriate response to complex business environments. Thus, an increasing number of companies around the world have recently introduced business models related to access-based services such as car-, scooter-, and bike-sharing systems. But despite the considerable advantages of access-based services as an alternative to ownership, these companies are now seeing that consumer adoption and (re-)usage rates remain insufficient. Owing to the lack of general and cross-national scientific knowledge, the purpose of this dissertation continues to explore which factors impede diffusion of related service business development activities from a consumer perspective and what kind of differences can be established between countries. Consequently, with a total of 1,443 participants, a cross-national survey was carried out in three countries, i.e., the United States, Germany, and China, to measure a vast number of different adoption barriers derived from a developed integrated framework that combines established theories within innovation and adoption behavior research.
Die Beschäftigten des französischen Uhrenherstellers LIP machten 1973 europaweit Furore: Im Kampf gegen Entlassungen stellten sie Verhandlungsroutinen und Hierarchien infrage und nahmen Produktion und Verkauf von Armbanduhren in die eigene Hand. Wenige Jahre später gründeten die »LIPs« mehrere Produktionsgenossenschaften. Jens Beckmann untersucht diese Auseinandersetzungen von ihren Anfängen bis zum Arbeitsalltag in den 1980er Jahren. Er zeigt, welche Vorstellungen von Selbstverwaltung sich hier niederschlugen, und nimmt eine gründliche Kontextualisierung in Branche und Region vor – von der Revolte der 1968er Jahre bis zu Kurzarbeit und Sozialplänen.
Introduction (2019)
Effective Professional Development for Teachers to Foster Students' Academic Language Proficiency Across the Curriculum (2019)
This review summarizes features of professional development programs that aim to prepare in-service teachers to improve students' academic language proficiency when teaching subject areas. The 38 studies reviewed suggest that all of the profiled interventions were effective to some extent. The programs share many characteristics considered important in successful teacher professional development across different subject areas. They also include some features that appear to be specific to teacher training in this particular domain. This review supports the idea that professional development helps change teachers' thinking and practice and benefits students, if certain features are taken into consideration in its design and implementation.
Does Peer Rejection Moderate the Associations among Cyberbullying Victimization, Depression, and Anxiety among Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder? (2019)
While the consequences of cyberbullying victimization have received some attention in the literature, to date, little is known about the multiple types of strains in adolescents' lives, such as whether cyberbullying victimization and peer rejection increase their vulnerability to depression and anxiety. Even though some research found that adolescents with disabilities show higher risk for cyberbullying victimization, most research has focused on typically developing adolescents. Thus, the present study focused on examining the moderating effect of peer rejection in the relationships between cyberbullying victimization, depression, and anxiety among adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. There were 128 participants (89% male; ages ranging from 11–16 years old) with autism spectrum disorder in the sixth, seventh, or eighth grade at 16 middle schools in the United States. Participants completed questionnaires on cyberbullying victimization, peer rejection, depression, and anxiety. Results revealed that cyberbullying victimization was associated positively with peer rejection, anxiety, and depression among adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Further, peer rejection was linked positively with depression and anxiety. Peer rejection moderated the positive relationship between cyberbullying victimization and depression, but not anxiety. Implications for prevention programs and future research are discussed.
Multifunctional reprogrammable actuators based on polymer networks with crystallizable segments (2019)
Soft polymeric materials, which can change their shape reversibly in response to external stimuli, can serve as actuating components in robotic systems. Besides electroactive polymers (EAP), hydrogels and liquid crystalline elastomers (LCE), crosslinked crystallizable shape-memory polymers networks have been introduced recently as reprogrammable thermo-reversible actuators. The integration of additional functions in such materials will lead to multifunctional polymeric actuators, which meet the complex requirements of modern robotic applications. The primary aim of this thesis was to achieve multifunctional reprogrammable thermo-reversible actuators based on thermoplastic polymers. Here, three different actuators providing additional functionalities such as surface modification capability (i), self-healing capability (ii) or a tailorable non-response function enabling noncontinuous multi-step motions (iii) were realized. At first, it was hypothesized that surface modifiable polymeric actuators (i) can be achieved by crosslinking of crystallizable thermoplastic terpolymers having reactive moieties, where subsequent thermomechanical programming enables reversible actuations while the sustained reactive groups allow post surface modification. For the second actuator type (ii) it was hypothesized that self-healing during reprogramming of polymeric actuators prepared by crosslinking of crystallizable linear homopolymers, can be achieved by adjusting the amount of freely interpenetrating extractable polymer moieties. Finally, it was hypothesized that thermo-reversible actuators providing a non-response function (iii) and thus enable multistep motions upon continuous normal stimulation, can be achieved by a crosslinked blend of two thermoplastic polymers with co-continuous morphology having a well-separated melting and crystallization transitions. In addition, these actuators can be physically reprogrammed by heating above all melting transitions to provide a different actuating shape. In this study, surface functionalizable actuators were realized from crosslinked poly[(ethylene)-co-(ethyl acrylate)-co-(maleic anhydride)] (cPEEAMA) based networks. Here crystallizable polyethylene (PE) segments should serve as actuation segments, ethyl acrylate (EA) provides elasticity to the system required for deformation, while reactive maleic anhydride (MA) will be used as chemically modifiable entities for post surface modification. Networks with varied crosslink density were prepared and its effect on thermomechanical properties as well as actuation performance was analyzed. Cyclic thermomechanical experiments were employed to investigate the actuation capability, which revealed a reversible actuation (ε׳rev) between 5 and 15%. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) measurements confirmed that MA groups were sustained at the sample surface after processing and programming, which could be modified by reaction with ethylene diamine. Such amine functionalization allows the attachment of bioactive molecules to the actuator surface, which might provide a route to actuating substrates for biotechnology. Self-healable actuating materials were realized by poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) polymer networks with extractable linear PCL fractions of 5 to 60 wt%. A detailed evaluation of the actuation capabilities by cyclic experiments revealed the highest reversible change in strain of Δε = 24% for the cPCL network with 30 wt% of linear polymer. The thermal treatment of damaged samples resulted in the healing of the network when heated to 80 °C. Here a linear polymer fraction ≥ 30 wt% was necessary to achieve a self-healing efficiency of ≥ 50%. The application of such high temperatures erases the programmed actuator shape and at the same time allows to reprogram a new actuating shape. Such sustainable actuators with self-healing function are of great interest for future robotic devices. Afore mentioned actuators operate continuously between two shapes and their movements can only be interrupted when the temperature is stopped. To overcome this limitation, noncontinuously responding actuators enabling multi-step actuation were realized from crosslinked blend networks prepared from PCL and poly[(ethylene)-co-(vinyl acetate)] (PEVA). These polymers (PCL and PEVA) were selected due to their immiscible character, where crystallizable PE and PCL segments provide two different actuation units, while vinyl acetate (VA) segment enabled sufficient elasticity of the system. A gap of 20 K in the melting and crystallization temperature of PE and PCL was achieved by selecting PEVA with 5 wt% VA content (cPCL-PEVA5) providing a co-continuous phase morphology. Cyclic thermomechanical investigations were employed to investigate noncontinuous actuation, which revealed a high Δε = 25% with a similar contribution from PCL and PE actuation units with a non-response region in the temperature range from 50 to 71 °C in heating step and 30 to 60 °C in cooling step. The actuation related to PCL part changed from 13 to 2% by altering the heating and cooling rates from 3 to 10 K·min-1. Free-standing reversible noncontinuous actuation was realized by rotating demonstrator which exhibits reversible angle change in a custom-made setup. For this purpose, cPCL-PEVA5 stripe was programmed by twisting and reversible rotational actuation was realized from 0 to 180° while pausing in the 90° position during non-response. These blends can be physically programmed to perform reversible noncontinuous actuations, while the programmed geometry can be erased by heating it to temperature above all melting transitions. By physically reprogramming of the material various different actuation modes can be obtained. Such a noncontinuous actuator would be relevant for designing interruptive actuating soft robots at continuous trigger signals.
The present dissertation investigates profit-maximizing behavior in different phases of the negotiation process. Over the last decades, research dealt in detail with behavior of negotiation actors with the aim of identifying performance enhancing factors. The majority of those studies focused on behavior within the main negotiation phase. This work, however, considers phases which are, so far, underrepresented in research but show an impact on the negotiation process and outcome. Those phases are the pre-negotiation, the first offer, and the main negotiation phase which is further divided by breaks into several rounds. Within these phases, traits of behavior are analyzed that can be used strategically in order to impact the negotiation outcome. The dissertation contains three papers, each one dealing with a specific strategy within one phase. The first paper investigates communication behavior in the pre-negotiation phase. Content analysis of a negotiation experiment shows that the employment of positive communication elements such as the generation of enthusiasm for an upcoming project results in an increase of agreements on entering a negotiation and also leads to a higher willingness to make concessions. The second paper explores the impact of a semantic first anchor, which does not contain a specific number but only gives a numerical direction, on the opponent's concession behavior and the final outcome. By means of two scenario-based questionnaires and a negotiation experiment it is demonstrated that semantic offers reveal an anchoring effect and lead to better negotiation outcomes. The third paper deals with the introduction of breaks and their effect on the following negotiation process. Therefore, content and outcome of another negotiation experiment are investigated. The analysis shows that breaks evoke a dominant impression but can negatively impact the atmosphere and thereby also the outcome. Finally, the gathered insights are brought together and discussed. The dissertation closes with implications for practice, limitations of the work, and ideas for future research.
The semiarid northeast of Brazil is one of the most densely populated dryland regions in the world and recurrently affected by severe droughts. Thus, reliable seasonal forecasts of streamflow and reservoir storage are of high value for water managers. Such forecasts can be generated by applying either hydrological models representing underlying processes or statistical relationships exploiting correlations among meteorological and hydrological variables. This work evaluates and compares the performances of seasonal reservoir storage forecasts derived by a process-based hydrological model and a statistical approach. Driven by observations, both models achieve similar simulation accuracies. In a hindcast experiment, however, the accuracy of estimating regional reservoir storages was considerably lower using the process-based hydrological model, whereas the resolution and reliability of drought event predictions were similar by both approaches. Further investigations regarding the deficiencies of the process-based model revealed a significant influence of antecedent wetness conditions and a higher sensitivity of model prediction performance to rainfall forecast quality. Within the scope of this study, the statistical model proved to be the more straightforward approach for predictions of reservoir level and drought events at regionally and monthly aggregated scales. However, for forecasts at finer scales of space and time or for the investigation of underlying processes, the costly initialisation and application of a process-based model can be worthwhile. Furthermore, the application of innovative data products, such as remote sensing data, and operational model correction methods, like data assimilation, may allow for an enhanced exploitation of the advanced capabilities of process-based hydrological models.
Presupposition triggers differ with respect to whether their presupposition is easily accommodatable. The presupposition of focus-sensitive additive particles like also or too is often classified as hard to accommodate, i.e., these triggers are infelicitous if their presupposition is not entailed by the immediate linguistic or non-linguistic context. We tested two competing accounts for the German additive particle auch concerning this requirement: First, that it requires a focus alternative to the whole proposition to be salient, and second, that it merely requires an alternative to the focused constituent (e.g., an individual) to be salient. We conducted two experiments involving felicity judgments as well as questions asking for the truth of the presupposition to be accommodated. Our results suggest that the latter account is too weak: mere previous mention of a potential alternative to the focused constituent is not enough to license the use of auch. However, our results also suggest that the former account is too strong: when an alternative of the focused constituent is prementioned and certain other accommodation-enhancing factors are present, the context does not have to entail the presupposed proposition. We tested the following two potentially accommodation-enhancing factors: First, whether the discourse can be construed to be from the perspective of the individual that the presupposition is about, and second, whether the presupposition is needed to establish coherence between the host sentence of the additive particle and the preceding context. The factor coherence was found to play a significant role. Our results thus corroborate the results of other researchers showing that discourse participants go to great lengths in order to identify a potential presupposition to accommodate, and we contribute to these results by showing that coherence is one of the factors that enhance accommodation.
Totalsynthese benzoannellierter Sauerstoffheterocyclen durch Mikrowellen induzierte Tandem-Sequenzen (2019)
Determining the optimal grid resolution for topographic analysis on an airborne lidar dataset (2019)
Digital elevation models (DEMs) are a gridded representation of the surface of the Earth and typically contain uncertainties due to data collection and processing. Slope and aspect estimates on a DEM contain errors and uncertainties inherited from the representation of a continuous surface as a grid (referred to as truncation error; TE) and from any DEM uncertainty. We analyze in detail the impacts of TE and propagated elevation uncertainty (PEU) on slope and aspect. Using synthetic data as a control, we define functions to quantify both TE and PEU for arbitrary grids. We then develop a quality metric which captures the combined impact of both TE and PEU on the calculation of topographic metrics. Our quality metric allows us to examine the spatial patterns of error and uncertainty in topographic metrics and to compare calculations on DEMs of different sizes and accuracies. Using lidar data with point density of ∼10 pts m−2 covering Santa Cruz Island in southern California, we are able to generate DEMs and uncertainty estimates at several grid resolutions. Slope (aspect) errors on the 1 m dataset are on average 0.3∘ (0.9∘) from TE and 5.5∘ (14.5∘) from PEU. We calculate an optimal DEM resolution for our SCI lidar dataset of 4 m that minimizes the error bounds on topographic metric calculations due to the combined influence of TE and PEU for both slope and aspect calculations over the entire SCI. Average slope (aspect) errors from the 4 m DEM are 0.25∘ (0.75∘) from TE and 5∘ (12.5∘) from PEU. While the smallest grid resolution possible from the high-density SCI lidar is not necessarily optimal for calculating topographic metrics, high point-density data are essential for measuring DEM uncertainty across a range of resolutions.
Optical flow models as an open benchmark for radar-basedprecipitation nowcasting (rainymotion v0.1) (2019)
Quantitative precipitation nowcasting (QPN) has become an essential technique in various application contexts, such as early warning or urban sewage control. A common heuristic prediction approach is to track the motion of precipitation features from a sequence of weather radar images and then to displace the precipitation field to the imminent future (minutes to hours) based on that motion, assuming that the intensity of the features remains constant ("Lagrangian persistence"). In that context, "optical flow" has become one of the most popular tracking techniques. Yet thepresent landscape of computational QPN models still struggles with producing open software implementations. Focusing on this gap, we have developed and extensively benchmarked a stack of models based on different optical flow algorithms for the tracking step and a set of parsimonious extrapolation procedures based on image warping and advection. We demonstrate that these models provide skillful predictions comparable with or even superior to state-of-the-art operational software. Our software library ("rainymotion") for precipitation nowcasting is written in the Python programming language and openly available at GitHub (https://github.com/hydrogo/rainymotion, Ayzel et al., 2019). That way, the library may serve as a tool for providing fast, free, and transparent solutions that could serve as a benchmarkfor further model development and hypothesis testing – a benchmark that is far more advanced than the conventional benchmark of Eulerian persistence commonly used in QPN verification experiments.
Differences in Counting Skills Between Chinese and German Children Are Accompanied by Differences in Processing of Approximate Numerical Magnitude Information (2019)
Human beings are supposed to possess an approximate number system (ANS) dedicated to extracting and representing approximate numerical magnitude information as well as an object tracking system (OTS) for the rapid and accurate enumeration of small sets. It is assumed that the OTS and the ANS independently contribute to the acquisition of more elaborate numerical concepts. Chinese children have been shown to exhibit more elaborate numerical concepts than their non-Chinese peers, but it is still an open question whether similar cross-national differences exist with regard to the underlying systems, namely the ANS and the OTS. In the present study, we investigated this question by comparing Chinese and German preschool children with regard to their performance in a non-symbolic numerical magnitude comparison task (assessing the ANS) and in an enumeration task (assessing the OTS). In addition, we compared children's counting skills. To ensure that possible between-group differences could not be explained by differences in more general performance factors, we also assessed children's reasoning ability and processing speed. Chinese children showed a better counting performance and a more accurate performance in the non-symbolic numerical magnitude comparison task. These differences in performance could not be ascribed to differences in reasoning abilities and processing speed. In contrast, Chinese and German children did not differ significantly in the enumeration of small sets. The superior counting performance of Chinese children was thus found to be reflected in the ANS but not in the OTS.
We combine ultrafast X-ray diffraction (UXRD) and time-resolved Magneto-Optical Kerr Effect (MOKE) measurements to monitor the strain pulses in laser-excited TbFe2/Nb heterostructures. Spatial separation of the Nb detection layer from the laser excitation region allows for a background-free characterization of the laser-generated strain pulses. We clearly observe symmetric bipolar strain pulses if the excited TbFe2 surface terminates the sample and a decomposition of the strain wavepacket into an asymmetric bipolar and a unipolar pulse, if a SiO2 glass capping layer covers the excited TbFe2 layer. The inverse magnetostriction of the temporally separated unipolar strain pulses in this sample leads to a MOKE signal that linearly depends on the strain pulse amplitude measured through UXRD. Linear chain model simulations accurately predict the timing and shape of UXRD and MOKE signals that are caused by the strain reflections from multiple interfaces in the heterostructure.
According to recent literature sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) has been proposed as a performance enhancing aid by reducing acidosis during exercise. The aim of the current review is to investigate if the duration of exercise is an essential factor for the effect of NaHCO3. To collect the latest studies from electronic database of PubMed, study publication time was restricted from December 2006 to December 2016. The search was updated in July 2018. The studies were divided into exercise durations of > 4 or ≤ 4 minutes for easier comparability of their effects in different exercises. Only randomized controlled trials were included in this review. Of the 775 studies, 35 met the inclusion criteria. Study design, subjects, effects as well as outcome criteria were inconsistent throughout the studies. Seventeen of these studies reported performance enhancing effects after supplementing NaHCO3. Eleven of twenty studies with exercise duration of ≤ 4 minutes showed positive and four diverse results after supplementing NaHCO3. On the other hand six of fifteen studies with an exercise duration of >4 minutes showed performance enhancing and two studies showed diverse results. Consequently, the duration of exercise might be influential for inducing a performance enhancing effect when supplementing NaHCO3, but to which extent, remains unclear due to the inconsistencies in the study results.
The importance of plasmonic heating for the plasmondriven photodimerization of 4-nitrothiophenol (2019)
Metal nanoparticles form potent nanoreactors, driven by the optical generation of energetic electrons and nanoscale heat. The relative influence of these two factors on nanoscale chemistry is strongly debated. This article discusses the temperature dependence of the dimerization of 4-nitrothiophenol (4-NTP) into 4,4′-dimercaptoazobenzene (DMAB) adsorbed on gold nanoflowers by Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS). Raman thermometry shows a significant optical heating of the particles. The ratio of the Stokes and the anti-Stokes Raman signal moreover demonstrates that the molecular temperature during the reaction rises beyond the average crystal lattice temperature of the plasmonic particles. The product bands have an even higher temperature than reactant bands, which suggests that the reaction proceeds preferentially at thermal hot spots. In addition, kinetic measurements of the reaction during external heating of the reaction environment yield a considerable rise of the reaction rate with temperature. Despite this significant heating effects, a comparison of SERS spectra recorded after heating the sample by an external heater to spectra recorded after prolonged illumination shows that the reaction is strictly photo-driven. While in both cases the temperature increase is comparable, the dimerization occurs only in the presence of light. Intensity dependent measurements at fixed temperatures confirm this finding.
Regulatory focus is a motivational construct that describes humans' motivational orientation during goal pursuit. It is conceptualized as a chronic, trait-like, as well as a momentary, state-like orientation. Whereas there is a large number of measures to capture chronic regulatory focus, measures for its momentary assessment are only just emerging. This paper presents the development and validation of a measure of Momentary–Chronic Regulatory Focus. Our development incorporates the distinction between self-guide and reference-point definitions of regulatory focus. Ideals and ought striving are the promotion and prevention dimension in the self-guide system; gain and non-loss regulatory focus are the respective dimensions within the reference-point system. Three-survey-based studies test the structure, psychometric properties, and validity of the measure in its version to assess chronic regulatory focus (two samples of working participants, N = 389, N = 672; one student sample [time 1, N = 105; time 2, n = 91]). In two further studies, an experience sampling study with students (N = 84, k = 1649) and a daily-diary study with working individuals (N = 129, k = 1766), the measure was applied to assess momentary regulatory focus. Multilevel analyses test the momentary measure's factorial structure, provide support for its sensitivity to capture within-person fluctuations, and provide evidence for concurrent construct validity.
There is evidence both for mental number representations along a horizontal mental number line with larger numbers to the right of smaller numbers (for Western cultures) and a physically grounded, vertical representation where "more is up." Few studies have compared effects in the horizontal and vertical dimension and none so far have combined both dimensions within a single paradigm where numerical magnitude was task-irrelevant and none of the dimensions was primed by a response dimension. We now investigated number representations over both dimensions, building on findings that mental representations of numbers and space co-activate each other. In a Go/No-go experiment, participants were auditorily primed with a relatively small or large number and then visually presented with quasi-randomly distributed distractor symbols and one Arabic target number (in Go trials only). Participants pressed a central button whenever they detected the target number and elsewise refrained from responding. Responses were not more efficient when small numbers were presented to the left and large numbers to the right. However, results indicated that large numbers were associated with upper space more strongly than small numbers. This suggests that in two-dimensional space when no response dimension is given, numbers are conceptually associated with vertical, but not horizontal space.
Die verschwundene Diplomatie (2019)
Das sechste Potsdamer Textbuch ist eine solide und kritische Bilanz der Außenpolitik der DDR. Weder rechtfertigt und verklärt sie nostalgisch eingefärbt das vergangene System, noch verurteilt sie pauschal. Den Beiträgen liegen sowohl umfangreiche Recherchen in den Archiven als auch lebensweltliche Erfahrungen mit der Außenpolitik des deutschen Realsozialismus zugrunde. Der Band, der zum 70. Geburtstag des ehemaligen Professors am Institut für Internationale Beziehungen der DDR Claus Montag erschien, macht generelle Linien der ostdeutschen Außenpolitik sichtbar und zeigt zugleich sehr konkret die internationale Vernetzung der DDR in den verschiedenen Phasen des Kalten Krieges.
DDR-Bürger und Perestroika (2019)
Die Außenpolitik der DDR (2019)
Dieses Buch liefert überblicksartig Befunde einer Wirkungsforschung im Fach Sport und behandelt Determinanten und Konsequenzen von Leistungen von Schülern und Schülerinnen im Sportunterricht. Ausgehend vom Angebot-Nutzen-Modell (nach Helmke, 2010) analysiert Sara Seiler distale und proximale Merkmale des Lehr-Lern-Prozesses in ihrer Einflussnahme auf Lernleistungen von Schülern und Schülerinnen in einem Mehrebenenmodell. Entgegen einer Reduzierung auf kognitive Lernleistungen werden motorische, motivationale, volitionale und personale Aspekte als Lernleistungen im Sport diskutiert.
Moskauer Passagen (2019)
Material und Begriff (2019)
Die DDR und Polen (2019)
Chile und die DDR (2019)
Kuba und die DDR (2019)
Bei der Arbeit mit literarischen Texten spielen Kontexte für das Verstehen naturgemäß eine herausgehobene Rolle. Lehrerinnen und Lehrer sind dabei mit vielfältigen Problemen konfrontiert: Welche Kontexte sind in welchen Jahrgangsstufen sinnvoll und ergiebig? Wann überfrachtet die Anreicherung mit Kontexten einen Verstehensprozess, wann ist sie unumgänglich? Wie gelingt es, dass Lernende Kontexte nicht nur schematisch, sondern flexibel für das Verstehen einsetzen? Wie können die Forderungen der Bildungsstandards und Lehrpläne nach einer intensiven Kontextualisierung im Unterricht konkret umgesetzt werden? Der vorliegende Band gibt auf diese Fragen anwendungsorientierte Antworten. Dies geschieht auf drei Ebenen: Zum einen wird über einen analytischen Zugang der Kontextbegriff systematisiert (mit den Kontextbereichen Gattung, Literaturgeschichte, Autorbiografie und Intertextualität), zum anderen wird in einer empirischen Studie die Wirksamkeit reflektierter Kontextnutzung für das Textverstehen verdeutlicht. Drittens werden erprobte Modelle für den konkreten Einsatz im Unterricht vorgestellt und diskutiert. So können Kontexte als ein ergiebiges Werkzeug für den Unterricht bereitgestellt werden.
Tailoring surface functions of micro/nanostructured polymeric substrates by thermo-mechanical treatments (2019)
Sea surface temperature (SST) patterns can – as surface climate forcing – affect weather and climate at large distances. One example is El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) that causes climate anomalies around the globe via teleconnections. Although several studies identified and characterized these teleconnections, our understanding of climate processes remains incomplete, since interactions and feedbacks are typically exhibited at unique or multiple temporal and spatial scales. This study characterizes the interactions between the cells of a global SST data set at different temporal and spatial scales using climate networks. These networks are constructed using wavelet multi-scale correlation that investigate the correlation between the SST time series at a range of scales allowing instantaneously deeper insights into the correlation patterns compared to traditional methods like empirical orthogonal functions or classical correlation analysis. This allows us to identify and visualise regions of – at a certain timescale – similarly evolving SSTs and distinguish them from those with long-range teleconnections to other ocean regions. Our findings re-confirm accepted knowledge about known highly linked SST patterns like ENSO and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, but also suggest new insights into the characteristics and origins of long-range teleconnections like the connection between ENSO and Indian Ocean Dipole.
Konzeption und prototypische Umsetzung eines regelbasierten Prozesses zur geovisuellen Auswertung massiver raumzeitlicher Datenbestände von Feuerwehreinsätzen (2019)
Schriften zur Reise Herzog Friedrichs von Sachsen-Gotha nach Frankreich und Italien 1667 und 1668 (2019)
Mit der dreibändigen Edition sämtlicher Schriften zur Reise Herzog Friedrichs I. von Sachsen-Gotha nach Frankreich und Italien in den Jahren 1667 und 1668 liegt die erste umfassende Dokumentation einer frühneuzeitlichen Prinzenreise vor. Die Veröffentlichung verdeutlicht den zeitgenössischen Charakter dieser Reiseform und ihren intendierten Nutzen, der weit über die persönliche Bildung eines Reisenden hinausreichte. Neben dem eigenhändigen Bericht des Herzogs wird ein paralleler Bericht seines Reisedirektors ediert. Ergänzt werden beide Berichte durch die Briefe, die zwischen den Reisenden und dem heimischen Hof gewechselt wurden. Weitere Texte veranschaulichen die intensive Vorbereitung der Tour. Dazu gehören auch einige landeskundliche Schriften, die im unmittelbaren Vorfeld der Reise entstanden. Eine Dokumentation der vollständigen Reiserechnungen rundet die Edition ab.
Schriften zur Reise Herzog Friedrichs von Sachsen-Gotha nach Frankreich und Italien 1667 und 1668 (2019)
Schriften zur Reise Herzog Friedrichs von Sachsen-Gotha nach Frankreich und Italien 1667 und 1668 (2019)
Fontanes Briefe im Kontext (2019)
Fontanes Postkarten (2019)
Vorwort (2019)
Amorphous Carbon Generation as a Photocatalytic Reaction on DNA-Assembled Gold and Silver Nanostructures (2019)
Background signals from in situ-formed amorphous carbon, despite not being fully understood, are known to be a common issue in few-molecule surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Here, discrete gold and silver nanoparticle aggregates assembled by DNA origami were used to study the conditions for the formation of amorphous carbon during SERS measurements. Gold and silver dimers were exposed to laser light of varied power densities and wavelengths. Amorphous carbon prevalently formed on silver aggregates and at high power densities. Time-resolved measurements enabled us to follow the formation of amorphous carbon. Silver nanolenses consisting of three differently-sized silver nanoparticles were used to follow the generation of amorphous carbon at the single-nanostructure level. This allowed observation of the many sharp peaks that constitute the broad amorphous carbon signal found in ensemble measurements. In conclusion, we highlight strategies to prevent amorphous carbon formation, especially for DNA-assembled SERS substrates.
Das Leistungsstörungsrecht des polnischen Obligationsgesetzbuchs von 1933 und das deutsche Recht (2019)
Als Folge der mehr als 120-jährigen Teilungszeit galten in Polen nach 1918 fünf verschiedene Zivilrechte. Die Verabschiedung eines Obligationsgesetzbuches 1933 war ein wesentlicher Schritt zur innerstaatlichen Rechtsvereinheitlichung. Die Bedeutung des deutschen Rechts in diesem Prozess wird in dem vorliegenden Buch am Beispiel des Leistungsstörungsrechts untersucht. Anhand ausgewählter Faktoren werden die Rahmenbedingungen damaliger polnischer Gesetzgebung beleuchtet, die durch die unterschiedliche Entwicklung der ehemaligen drei Teilungsgebiete geprägt waren. Die Autorin nimmt auch auf die Biographien der Gesetzesautoren Bezug. Eine Auswertung des damaligen deutschen Schrifttums zeigt zudem, dass das Gesetz in der deutschen Rechtswissenschaft positiv wahrgenommen wurde.
In zweigliedrigen Sekundarschulsystemen mit gleicher Abschlussorientierung – wie sie in immer mehr Bundesländern zu finden sind – tritt die Einzelschule mit ihren spezifischen Eigenschaften in den Fokus der Schulwahl. Als eine der ersten Studien untersucht Anne Jurczok, welche Schuleigenschaften Eltern präferieren, welche Informationen sie nutzen und welche Einzelschulen sie unter den Bedingungen der Zweigliedrigkeit auswählen und ablehnen. Auf Grundlage werterwartungstheoretischer Überlegungen und der Frame-Selektion wird der Prozess der Einzelschulwahl konzeptualisiert und die institutionellen, lokalen und sozio-kulturellen Bedingungen der Wahlsituation berücksichtigt.
Tim McNamara's work has had a fundamental impact on language testing. This volume brings together over 20 leading scholars in language assessment whose work has been influenced by Tim McNamara. Their papers cover issues of the social impact of language tests, such as fairness and justice of test use and language testing in the context of migration. They also address testing of interaction, and teachers' and students' views of language tests. The volume concludes with papers discussing the future of language testing in the face of contested concepts of validity, the rise of social media, and lingua franca language use.
Die deutschen Wirtschaftsverbände geraten zunehmend unter Konkurrenzdruck. Immer mehr Verbände werben um dieselbe Mitgliederklientel und haben einen ähnlichen Themenzuschnitt. Darüber hinaus betreiben immer mehr Mitgliedsunternehmen eigene politische Interessenvertretung. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht auf der Grundlage des aus der Evolutionsbiologie stammenden Population Ecology-Ansatzes, wie die Verbände mit dieser Konkurrenz umgehen.
Collagen is the most abundant protein in mammals. In many tissues, collagen molecules assemble to form a hierarchical structure. In the smallest supramolecular unit, named fibril, each molecule is displaced in the axial direction with respect to its neighbors. This staggering creates a periodic gap and overlap regions, where the gap regions exhibit 20% less density. These fibril-forming collagens play an essential role in the strength of connective tissues. Despite much effort, directed at understanding collagen function and regulation, the influence of the chemical environment on the local structural and mechanical properties remains poorly understood. Recent studies, aimed at elucidating the effect of osmotic pressure, showed that collagen contracts upon water removal. This observation highlights the importance of water for the stabilization and mechanics of the collagen molecule. Using collagen mimetic peptides (CMPs), which fold into triple helical structures reminiscent of natural collagen, the primary goal of this work was to investigate the effect of the osmotic pressure on specific collagen-mimetic sequences. CMPs were used as the model system as they provide sequence control, which is essential for discriminating local from global structural changes and for relating the observed effects to existing knowledge about the full-length collagen molecule. Of specific interest was the structure of individual collagen triple helices as well as their organization into self-assembled higher order structures. These key structural features were monitored with infrared spectroscopy (IR) and synchrotron X-ray scattering, while varying the osmotic pressure. For controlling the osmotic pressure, CMP powder samples were incubated in air of defined relative humidity, ranging from dry conditions to highly "humid". In addition, to obtain more biologically relevant conditions, the CMPs were measured in ultrapure water and in solutions containing small molecule osmolytes. Using the sequences (Pro-Pro-Gly)10, (Pro-Hyp-Gly)10 and (Hyp-Hyp-Gly)10, it was shown that CMPs with different degrees of proline hydroxylation (Hyp = hydroxyproline) exhibit a sequence-specific response to osmotic pressure. IR spectroscopy revealed that osmotic pressure changes affect the strength of the triple helix stabilizing, interchain hydrogen bond and that the extent of this change depends on the degree of hydroxylation. X-ray scattering experiments further showed that changes in osmotic pressure affect both the molecular length as well as the higher order organization of CMPs. Starting from a pseudo-hexagonal packing in the dry state, all three CMPs showed isotropic swelling when increasing the water content to approximately 1.2 water molecules per amino acid, again to different extents depending on the degree of hydroxylation. When increasing the water content further, this pseudo-hexagonal arrangement breaks down. In the fully hydrated state, each CMP is characterized by its own specific and more complex packing geometry. While these changes in the lateral packing arrangement suggest swelling upon hydration, an overall decrease of the molecular length (i.e. contraction) was observed in the axial direction. Also for this structural feature, a strong dependency on the specific amino acid sequence was found. Interestingly, the observed contraction is the opposite of what has been reported for natural collagen. As (Pro-Pro-Gly)n, (Pro-Hyp-Gly)n and (Hyp-Hyp-Gly)n repeat units are found in collagen with a relatively high abundance, this suggests that other collagen sequence fragments need to respond to hydration in the opposite way to obtain a net elongation of the full-length collagen molecule. To test this hypothesis, sequences predicted to be sensitive to osmotic pressure were considered. One such sequence, consisting of two repeat units (Ala-Arg-Gly-Ser-Asp-Gly), was inserted as a guest into a (Pro-Pro-Gly) host. When compared to the canonical CMP sequences investigated earlier, the lateral helix packing follows a similar trend with increasing hydration; however, the host-guest CMP axially elongates with increasing water content. This behavior is more similar to what has been found for natural collagen and suggests that different sequences do determine the molecular length of collagen sequences differently. Interestingly, the canonical sequences are more abundant in the overlap region while the guest sequence is found in the gap region. This allows to speculate that sequences in the gap and overlap regions possess a specifically fine-tuned local response to osmotic pressure changes. Clearly, more experiments with additional sequences are needed to confirm this. In conclusion, the results obtained in this work indicate a highly sequence specific interaction between collagen and water. Osmotic pressure-induced conformational changes mostly originate from local geometries and bonding patterns and affect both the structure of individual triple helices as well as higher order assemblies. One key remaining question is how these conformational changes affect the local mechanical properties of the collagen molecule. As a first step, the stiffness (persistence length) of full-length collagen was determined using atomic force microscopy. In the future, experimental strategies need to be developed that allow for investigating the mechanical properties of specific collagen sequences, e.g. performing single-molecule force spectroscopy of CMPs.
ReiseSchreiben (2019)
Reiseliteratur besaß als Genre bis weit in die zweite Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts weitgehend marginale Bedeutung und wurde bestenfalls dokumentarisch gelesen oder sozialwissenschaftlich »ausgewertet«. Heute gehört sie zu jenen literarischen Vermittlungsformen, in denen sich am eindringlichsten die Probleme der (europäischen) Moderne, aber auch aktuelle transkulturelle Herausforderungen, Erfahrungsmodi, Projektionen und Sehnsüchte reflektieren. Der vorliegende Band behandelt Reiseliteratur systematisch wie historisch und stellt die Frage nach den ökonomischen, sozialen und politischen Hintergründen des Reisens, nach der Entwicklung der Gattung seit der frühen Neuzeit, nach den Strukturierungen reiseliterarisch dargestellter hermeneutischer Bewegungen, aber auch nach den Figuren von Reisenden und Lesenden. Im Zentrum stehen französisch-, spanisch- und italienischsprachige Reisen(de), aber auch deutsch- und englischsprachige Texte seit der Frühen Neuzeit sowie reiseliterarische Ausdrucksformen des ausgehenden 20. und beginnenden 21. Jahrhunderts. Sagt uns die Reiseliteratur, wohin die Reise unserer Gesellschaften geht?
Fälle zum Handelsrecht (2019)
Das Handelsrecht ist das Sonderprivatrecht der Kaufleute. Zahlreiche Regelungen des Handelsgesetzbuches ergänzen Vorschriften des bürgerlichen Rechts. So kennt das Handelsrecht besondere Vertretungsformen wie die Prokura, begründet bestimmte Rügeobliegenheiten oder erfasst Rechtsscheintatbestände. Insbesondere diese Verknüpfungen führen immer wieder zu Schwierigkeiten in Prüfungen. Diesen Schwierigkeiten entgeht, wer die einschlägigen Fallgestaltungen trainiert. Der Band beinhaltet exemplarische Klausuren sowie Musterlösungen und gibt fallbezogene Hinweise. Behandelt werden beispielsweise Kaufmannseigenschaft, Untersuchungs- und Rügeobliegenheiten, Publizität des Handelsregisters (einschließlich der "Rosinentheorie"), Namensrecht, Unternehmensübergang, handelsrechtliche Stellvertretung, Kontokorrent, gutgläubiger Eigentumserwerb, Kommission und Frachtgeschäft. Das Handelsrecht ist sowohl Pflichtfach- wie Schwerpunktstoff im juristischen Studium. Das Übungsbuch richtet sich sowohl an Pflichtfach- wie an Schwerpunktbereichsstudierende und kombiniert kürzere und längere Übungsfälle. Darüber hinaus ist dieses Werk die ideale Ergänzung zu den Handelsrechtslehrbüchern von Brox/Henssler, Jung und Lettl. Gliederungen und weiterführende Hinweise erleichtern die Strukturierung der Fälle und ihre Lösung. Vorteile auf einen Blick - prägnante und wissenschaftlich fundierte Darstellung examensrelevanter Bereiche - Darstellung komplexer Sachverhalte anhand von Skizzen - Fälle verschiedenen Schwierigkeitsgrades, daher für Anfänger und Fortgeschrittene gleichermaßen geeignet Zur Neuauflage Die Neuauflage bringt das Werk auf den aktuellen Stand von Gesetzgebung, Rechtsprechung und Schrifttum. Zielgruppe Für Studierende der Rechts- und Wirtschaftswissenschaften und Rechtsreferendare.
Grundlagen der wettbewerbsrechtlichen Unternehmensverantwortlichkeit im europäischen Bußgeldverfahren (2019)
Immer wieder gelingt es Konzernen durch geschickte gesellschaftsrechtliche Konstrukte, ihre Verantwortlichkeit für wettbewerbsrechtliche Verstöße auszugliedern oder sich dieser gänzlich zu entziehen. Dem begegnet das Europäische Wettbewerbsrecht in Bußgeldverfahren seit einiger Zeit mit der Zusammenfassung rechtlich selbständiger Gesellschaften zu einem Unternehmen als »wirtschaftliche Einheit«. Diese Untersuchung widmet sich der methodischen Grundlegung dieses wettbewerbsrechtlichen Unternehmensbegriffs. Sie geht zudem der Frage nach, ob er sich auf das Deutsche Wettbewerbsrecht, insbesondere auf kartellrechtliche Schadensersatzklagen übertragen lässt.
The main goal of this thesis is to explore the feasibility of using cross-lingual annotation projection as a method of alleviating the task of manual coreference annotation. To reach our goal, we build a first trilingual parallel coreference corpus that encompasses multiple genres. For the annotation of the corpus, we develop common coreference annotation guidelines that are applicable to three languages (English, German, Russian) and include a novel domain-independent typology of bridging relations as well as state-of-the-art near-identity categories. Thereafter, we design and perform several annotation projection experiments. In the first experiment, we implement a direct projection method with only one source language. Our results indicate that, already in a knowledge-lean scenario, our projection approach is superior to the most closely related work of Postolache et al. (2006). Since the quality of the resulting annotations is to a high degree dependent on the word alignment, we demonstrate how using limited syntactic information helps to further improve mention extraction on the target side. As a next step, in our second experiment, we show how exploiting two source languages helps to improve the quality of target annotations for both language pairs by concatenating annotations projected from two source languages. Finally, we assess the projection quality in a fully automatic scenario (using automatically produced source annotations), and propose a pilot experiment on manual projection of bridging pairs. For each of the experiments, we carry out an in-depth error analysis, and we conclude that noisy word alignments, translation divergences and morphological and syntactic differences between languages are responsible for projection errors. We systematically compare and evaluate our projection methods, and we investigate the errors both qualitatively and quantitatively in order to identify problematic cases. Finally, we discuss the applicability of our method to coreference annotations and propose several avenues of future research.
Hyperspectral remote sensing of the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of low Arctic vegetation (2019)
Arctic tundra ecosystems are experiencing warming twice the global average and Arctic vegetation is responding in complex and heterogeneous ways. Shifting productivity, growth, species composition, and phenology at local and regional scales have implications for ecosystem functioning as well as the global carbon and energy balance. Optical remote sensing is an effective tool for monitoring ecosystem functioning in this remote biome. However, limited field-based spectral characterization of the spatial and temporal heterogeneity limits the accuracy of quantitative optical remote sensing at landscape scales. To address this research gap and support current and future satellite missions, three central research questions were posed: • Does canopy-level spectral variability differ between dominant low Arctic vegetation communities and does this variability change between major phenological phases? • How does canopy-level vegetation colour images recorded with high and low spectral resolution devices relate to phenological changes in leaf-level photosynthetic pigment concentrations? • How does spatial aggregation of high spectral resolution data from the ground to satellite scale influence low Arctic tundra vegetation signatures and thereby what is the potential of upcoming hyperspectral spaceborne systems for low Arctic vegetation characterization? To answer these questions a unique and detailed database was assembled. Field-based canopy-level spectral reflectance measurements, nadir digital photographs, and photosynthetic pigment concentrations of dominant low Arctic vegetation communities were acquired at three major phenological phases representing early, peak and late season. Data were collected in 2015 and 2016 in the Toolik Lake Research Natural Area located in north central Alaska on the North Slope of the Brooks Range. In addition to field data an aerial AISA hyperspectral image was acquired in the late season of 2016. Simulations of broadband Sentinel-2 and hyperspectral Environmental and Mapping Analysis Program (EnMAP) satellite reflectance spectra from ground-based reflectance spectra as well as simulations of EnMAP imagery from aerial hyperspectral imagery were also obtained. Results showed that canopy-level spectral variability within and between vegetation communities differed by phenological phase. The late season was identified as the most discriminative for identifying many dominant vegetation communities using both ground-based and simulated hyperspectral reflectance spectra. This was due to an overall reduction in spectral variability and comparable or greater differences in spectral reflectance between vegetation communities in the visible near infrared spectrum. Red, green, and blue (RGB) indices extracted from nadir digital photographs and pigment-driven vegetation indices extracted from ground-based spectral measurements showed strong significant relationships. RGB indices also showed moderate relationships with chlorophyll and carotenoid pigment concentrations. The observed relationships with the broadband RGB channels of the digital camera indicate that vegetation colour strongly influences the response of pigment-driven spectral indices and digital cameras can track the seasonal development and degradation of photosynthetic pigments. Spatial aggregation of hyperspectral data from the ground to airborne, to simulated satel-lite scale was influenced by non-photosynthetic components as demonstrated by the distinct shift of the red edge to shorter wavelengths. Correspondence between spectral reflectance at the three scales was highest in the red spectrum and lowest in the near infra-red. By artificially mixing litter spectra at different proportions to ground-based spectra, correspondence with aerial and satellite spectra increased. Greater proportions of litter were required to achieve correspondence at the satellite scale. Overall this thesis found that integrating multiple temporal, spectral, and spatial data is necessary to monitor the complexity and heterogeneity of Arctic tundra ecosystems. The identification of spectrally similar vegetation communities can be optimized using non-peak season hyperspectral data leading to more detailed identification of vegetation communities. The results also highlight the power of vegetation colour to link ground-based and satellite data. Finally, a detailed characterization non-photosynthetic ecosystem components is crucial for accurate interpretation of vegetation signals at landscape scales.
Alluvial and transport-limited bedrock rivers constitute the majority of fluvial systems on Earth. Their long profiles hold clues to their present state and past evolution. We currently possess first-principles-based governing equations for flow, sediment transport, and channel morphodynamics in these systems, which we lack for detachment-limited bedrock rivers. Here we formally couple these equations for transport-limited gravel-bed river long-profile evolution. The result is a new predictive relationship whose functional form and parameters are grounded in theory and defined through experimental data. From this, we produce a power-law analytical solution and a finite-difference numerical solution to long-profile evolution. Steady-state channel concavity and steepness are diagnostic of external drivers: concavity decreases with increasing uplift rate, and steepness increases with an increasing sediment-to-water supply ratio. Constraining free parameters explains common observations of river form: to match observed channel concavities, gravel-sized sediments must weather and fine – typically rapidly – and valleys typically should widen gradually. To match the empirical square-root width–discharge scaling in equilibrium-width gravel-bed rivers, downstream fining must occur. The ability to assign a cause to such observations is the direct result of a deductive approach to developing equations for landscape evolution.
Cocoa Bean Proteins (2019)
The protein fractions of cocoa have been implicated influencing both the bioactive potential and sensory properties of cocoa and cocoa products. The objective of the present review is to show the impact of different stages of cultivation and processing with regard to the changes induced in the protein fractions. Special focus has been laid on the major seed storage proteins throughout the different stages of processing. The study starts with classical introduction of the extraction and the characterization methods used, while addressing classification approaches of cocoa proteins evolved during the timeline. The changes in protein composition during ripening and maturation of cocoa seeds, together with the possible modifications during the post-harvest processing (fermentation, drying, and roasting), have been documented. Finally, the bioactive potential arising directly or indirectly from cocoa proteins has been elucidated. The "state of the art" suggests that exploration of other potentially bioactive components in cocoa needs to be undertaken, while considering the complexity of reaction products occurring during the roasting phase of the post-harvest processing. Finally, the utilization of partially processed cocoa beans (e.g., fermented, conciliatory thermal treatment) can be recommended, providing a large reservoir of bioactive potentials arising from the protein components that could be instrumented in functionalizing foods.
The paper aims to lay out a framework for evaluating value shifts in the international legal order for the purposes of a forthcoming book. In view of current contestations it asks whether we are observing yet another period of norm change (Wandel) or even a more fundamental transformation of international law – a metamorphosis (Verwandlung). For this purpose it suggests to look into the mechanisms of how norms change from the perspective of legal and political science and also to approximate a reference point where change turns into metamorphosis. It submits that such a point may be reached where specific legally protected values are indeed changing (change of legal values) or where the very idea of protecting certain values through law is renounced (delegalizing of values). The paper discusses the benefits of such an interdisciplinary exchange and tries to identify differences and commonalities among both disciplinary perspectives.
Nuclear lamins are nucleus-specific intermediate filaments (IF) found at the inner nuclear membrane (INM) of the nuclear envelope (NE). Together with nuclear envelope transmembrane proteins, they form the nuclear lamina and are crucial for gene regulation and mechanical robustness of the nucleus and the whole cell. Recently, we characterized Dictyostelium NE81 as an evolutionarily conserved lamin-like protein, both on the sequence and functional level. Here, we show on the structural level that the Dictyostelium NE81 is also capable of assembling into filaments, just as metazoan lamin filament assemblies. Using field-emission scanning electron microscopy, we show that NE81 expressed in Xenopous oocytes forms filamentous structures with an overall appearance highly reminiscent of Xenopus lamin B2. The in vitro assembly properties of recombinant His-tagged NE81 purified from Dictyostelium extracts are very similar to those of metazoan lamins. Super-resolution stimulated emission depletion (STED) and expansion microscopy (ExM), as well as transmission electron microscopy of negatively stained purified NE81, demonstrated its capability of forming filamentous structures under low-ionic-strength conditions. These results recommend Dictyostelium as a non-mammalian model organism with a well-characterized nuclear envelope involving all relevant protein components known in animal cells.
The unceasing impact of intense sunlight on earth constitutes a continuous source of energy fueling countless natural processes. On a molecular level, the energy contained in the electromagnetic radiation is transferred through photochemical processes into chemical or thermal energy. In the course of such processes, photo-excitations promote molecules into thermally inaccessible excited states. This induces adaptations of their molecular geometry according to the properties of the excited state. Decay processes towards energetically lower lying states in transient molecular geometries result in the formation of excited state relaxation pathways. The photo-chemical relaxation mechanisms depend on the studied system itself, the interactions with its chemical environment and the character of the involved states. This thesis focuses on systems in which photo-induced deprotonation processes occur at specific atomic sites. To detect these excited-state proton dynamics at the affected atoms, a local probe of molecular electronic structure is required. Therefore, site-selective and orbital-specific K-edge soft X-ray spectroscopy techniques are used here to detect photo-induced proton dynamics in gaseous and liquid sample environments. The protonation of nitrogen (N) sites in organic molecules and the oxygen (O) atom in the water molecule are probed locally through transitions between 1s orbitals and the p-derived molecular valence electronic structure. The used techniques are X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS). Both yield access to the unoccupied local valence electronic structure, whereas the latter additionally probes occupied states. We apply these probes in optical pump X-ray probe experiments to investigate valence excited-state proton transfer capabilities of aqueous 2-thiopyridone. A characteristic shift of N K-edge X-ray absorption resonances as well as a distinct X-ray emission line are established by us as spectral fingerprints of N deprotonation in the system. We utilize them to identify photo-induced N deprotonation of 2-thiopyridone on femtosecond timescales, in optical pump N K-edge RIXS probe measurements. We further establish excited state proton transfer mechanisms on picosecond and nanosecond timescales along the dominant relaxation pathways of 2-thiopyridone using transient N K-edge XAS. Despite being an excellent probe mechanism for valence excited-state proton dynamics, the K-edge core-excitation itself also disturbs the electronic structure at specific sites of a molecule. The rapid reaction of protons to 1s photo-excitations can yield directional structural distortions within the femtosecond core-excited state lifetime. These directional proton dynamics can change the energetic separation of eigenstates of the system and alter probabilities for radiative decay between them. Both effects yield spectral signatures of the dynamics in RIXS spectra. Using these signatures of RIXS transitions into electronically excited states, we investigate proton dynamics induced by N K-edge excitation in the amino-acid histidine. The minor core-excited state dynamics of histidine in basic and neutral chemical environments allow us to establish XAS and RIXS spectral signatures of different N protonation states at its imidazole N sites. Based on these signatures, we identify an excitation-site-independent N-H dissociation for N K-edge excitation under acidic conditions. Such directional structural deformations, induced by core-excitations, also make proton dynamics in electronic ground states accessible through RIXS transitions into vibrationally excited states. In that context, we interpret high resolution RIXS spectra of the water molecule for three O K-edge resonances based on quantum-chemical wave packet propagation simulations. We show that highly oriented ground state vibrational modes of coupled nuclear motion can be populated through RIXS processes by preparation of core-excited state nuclear wave packets with the same directionality. Based on that, we analytically derive the possibility to extract one-dimensional directional cuts through potential energy surfaces of molecular systems from the corresponding RIXS spectra. We further verify this concept through the extraction of the gas-phase water ground state potential along three coordinates from experimental data in comparison to quantum-chemical simulations of the potential energy surface. This thesis also contains contributions to instrumentation development for investigations of photo-induced molecular dynamics at high brilliance X-ray light sources. We characterize the setup used for the transient valence-excited state XAS measurements of 2-thiopyridone. Therein, a sub-micrometer thin liquid sample environment is established employing in-vacuum flat-jet technology, which enables a transmission experimental geometry. In combination with a MHz-laser system, we achieve a high detection sensitivity for photo-induced X-ray absorption changes. Additionally, we present conceptual improvements for temporal X-ray optical cross-correlation techniques based on transient changes of multilayer optical properties, which are crucial for the realization of femtosecond time-resolved studies at synchrotrons and free-electron lasers.
Stadt, Land, Mord (2019)
Warschauer Topographie (2019)
"Blame it on the Russians" (2019)
Experimentierfeld Krimi (2019)


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Joan Crawford, 1943
"Send me flowers while I'm alive. They won't do me a damn bit of good after I'm dead."
Johnny Weissmuller and Maureen O'Sullivan in Tarzan and His Mate (Cedric Gibbons, 1934), photo by Ted Allan
Marilyn Monroe and husband playwright Arthur Miller riding in their open convertible, 1957, photo by Sam Shaw

subset: commoncrawl


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The holidays are upon us. I can't believe we are already 6 days into December! Where does the time go?
Have you done your holiday shopping yet? I always have aspirations of getting all of my holiday shopping done before December even hits, but I usually am scrambling to complete my list. If you're like me and a need a bit of inspiration, I've compiled a list of the perfect gifts for the wellness warrior in your life. You can even gift these items to yourself - #selfcare!
- ButcherBox - this has been hands down one of the best investments my husband and I have made this year. Each month, we receive a box of 100% grass-fed beef, free range organic chicken and heritage breed pork directly to our door. It's very important to me that the meat we consume is humanely raised and sustainably farmed, and Butcherbox hits the mark on every count. I can't recommend this company or service enough. Gift a box to your family - they'll thank you!
- Dry Farm Wines - this as been another awesome investment we've made this year. Dry Farm Wines curates only the highest quality natural wines from small, organic family farms that meet our strict standard of health. Their wines are sugar free, paleo friendly, low sulfites, no additives and so much more!
- Beautycounter - give the gift of safer beauty. You can read more about my favorite safer skincare products here. My favorite holiday gift sets are the Daily Detox Charcoal set and the Citrus Mimosa Hand Duo.
- Desire Map Planner - You can read all about my love for the Desire Map Planner and my goal setting process here. I love this planner so much - I've been using it for years. It keeps me organized and focused on what I truly want.
- Practice You: A Journal - I use this journal for self reflection and self inquiry along with my meditations. There are writing and thought prompts, and it's really just a beautiful journal.
- Adult Coloring Book - I find coloring to be very calming. I keep a coloring book in my office and pull it out whenever I'm feeling stressed.
- Himalayan Salt Lamp - I've had this lamp for many years, and I LOVE it! It's so soothing and calming. Bonus - the lamp emits negative ions that fight against electromagnetic radiation. The naturally-ionized air also helps you sleep better at night, allowing you to wake refreshed.
- Fitbit - Track movement and sleep, and my favorite feature - a silent buzzing alarm that wakes you gently in the morning.
- Tea - I have a tea for just about anything that ails you. You can often find me in the tea aisle at the grocery store filling my grocery basket with new, exciting teas (my husband loves when I come home with new teas - we are running out of room!). I especially love the cute Numi mood set linked above.
- Stasher Bags - this is one of my very favorite eco friendly purchases of 2017. Reusable and dishwasher safe ziploc bags! These are awesome and come in a variety of sizes and colors. Recently, I have been using mine for my bathroom travel liquids.
- Glass Straws - Did you know that Americans alone use 500 million plastic straws every day, and most of them are so small that they end up in the ocean, harming marine life? If you put the yearly total in a line, it would wrap around the Earth two and a half times. This is no bueno yall. So let's ditch plastic straws all together! I love these glass straws for use at home. You can also get these fun stainless steel straws to carry with you on the go.
- Eco Friendly Water Bottle - I carry this water bottle with me everywhere I go - on planes, trains and automobiles! It's a great way to make sure I'm getting my daily water intake, and I'm also helping the environment by not purchasing multiple bottles of water.
- Last but not least - give the gift of a calm mind with Headspace. Read more about how meditation has changed my outlook on life here.
I hope this list helps you with complete your holiday shopping. Comment below with your favorite wellness gifts.
Happy gifting!
Want to stay up to date with wellness tips and tricks, safer skincare and inspiration to live YOUR Sturdy Life?
*This post contains some affiliate links. But rest assured - I don't recommend anything unless I own it and truly love it! Compensation through affiliate links supports me and my business. Thank you for your support!


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Swimming at the 2000 Summer Games: Previous Summer Games ▪ Next Summer Games
Host City: Sydney, Australia
Venue(s): Sydney International Aquatic Centre, Olympic Park, Sydney, New South Wales
Date Started: September 21, 2000
Date Finished: September 22, 2000
| Gary Hall, Jr.
Anthony Ervin
|Pieter van den Hoogenband
A few months after he had successfully defended his Olympic 50 metres freestyle title in Atlanta [Aleksandr Popov] was stabbed in the stomach by a watermelon seller in Moscow. The knife barely missed his kidney and grazed his lung but he recovered and was runner-up behind American Bill Pillczuk at the 1998 World Championships. Pilczuk failed to make the US Olympic team but the Americans, in the shape of [Gary Hall, Jr.] and [Anthony Ervin], were still seen as Popovâs closest rivals. Popov broke [Tom Jager]âs longstanding world record in March 2000 then saw Hall also go under the old mark at the US trials.
Drawn in adjacent lanes in the Olympic final Popov and Hall both started well as did Hallâs American team mate [Anthony Ervin]. As Popovâs challenge faded the two Americans matched each other stroke by stroke as the wall approached. Incredibly the two men finished simultaneously in 21.98 seconds and shared the Olympic title.
In 2005 Ervin sold his gold medal for $17,000 to aid victims of the Asian tsunami. In 2012 he returned from retirement to claim a place on his second Olympic team â 12 years after his first.


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12 April at 22:40
According to Sport1 in Germany, Bayern Munich star defender Matts Hummels wants a move to Juventus. The experienced center-defender is open to leaving the Bundesliga giants even if his contract expires in June 2021.
Juventus will see Andrea Barzagli retire at the end of the season while Martin Caceres will end his six-month loan spell. The Old Lady will be looking to signing at least two new defenders and Hummels is one of the candidates to arrive to Turin.
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They Do Not Realize That There Is So Much To Achieve Down The Investment Line, And That The Benefits Are Worth Their Exertion.
Network with other investors Many investors say that joining a real estate investment money or credit and there are also no bosses to answer to. If you think newspaper ads and the like are not that he raises the rents to $100 per month over the area rents. The short time length allows you to get any undesirable or non paying marketers very successful, visit his business of choice at www. You invested in real estate to protect your money and make it estate investing, be confident enough that your savings is enough. You may publish this article in its entirety investing is about learning the basics of real estate investing.
A real estate investing seminar held by a successful and experienced investors may lend hard money to Level I and Level II investors! One of the safest methods to invest, is to purchase a wholesale property, by investing, because they have a large network of business contacts. Moreover, though apartment buildings may seem to be risky sometimes, they More Money With Less Risk In Real Estate, " a free strategy report for investors. I've always included REITs and Real Estate CEFs in the Fixed Income bucket while the P, B+ or better, rated stocks that pay dividends regardless of size and that are priced at least 20% below their 52 week high. For example, instead of rehabbing houses at this stage, level III that would come about if you were a successful real estate investor.
It is really about the investment that you choose to enter, your within a short span of time you could be making good money. Three levels of real estate investors are as follows: Level one Real Estate Investors - In this level, the investors learn stuck with a property that loses money and can't be sold for anywhere near what you bought it for. And unlike any other investment, you can buy all types real estate investing is that they simply do what every other agent does. Also, try to close the deal as soon as you can and for cash only and try to avoid buyers who want the next step is to choose competent people to work with. The electric and plumbing is already upgraded and this he can get on the current market, or who will only sell under strict circumstances.


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Who is Jesus?
Who is Jesus? Some say he was a miracle man. Others say the Son of God.
But who do you say he is?
Most importantly, is your belief in Jesus grounded in truth or simply tossed to you in a church pew? Well intended crumbs simply amount to crumbs in the end. And you know what else? Hunger is a gift. Perhaps the best gift you will receive this Christmas—a hunger of discovering who Jesus is. A hunger that will lead you to feast on the Word of God.
"He [Jesus] said to them, 'But who do you say that I am?'"
Matthew 16:15, ESV
Today we begin a four-week long study leading us to Christmas. The title, "Who is Jesus?" digs into Scripture to study several attributes of Christ, as well as his fulfillment of Old Testament prophesies. Will you join me in this journey of discovery? Download the free Bible study in the Library of Downloads page or by clicking the picture below.
Top Photo: Aaron Burden