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Search Charity Events
Latest Events
Johnson City Post Office 50th Anniversary Celebration
Come help restore the Settlement ecosystem by removing invasive species from the riparian area.
RSPCA Cupcake Day 2019
Cupcake Day is the sweetest opportunity to get together and raise money for animals in need!
Quiz Night - Fundraiser for Lionheart Camp for Kids
Fundraiser for Lionheart Camp for Kids
Drago Benefit Concert
Come support Drago's fight against stage IV Panceatic cancer
Have Fun For a Great Cause with 4th Annual Charity Picnic
Purr Parlor
Kitten Cuddle Cafe
Sydney Coastrek 2020
30km or 60km life-changing hike along the breathtaking Sydney Coastline in March 2020
Volunteer in Rural Tanzania
Inspire Dispensary brings you an opportunity to Volunteer in Shinyanga, Tanzania
9th Annual Community Dog Wash Fundraiser
Dog wash fundraiser for Fuzzy Pawz Animal Rescue & The Idaho Food Bank
4th Annual Say NO Bullying Festival
Join us on October for the 4th Annual Say NO Bullying Festival
Tennis Charity Swing & Sip
Play & Enjoy Tennis Charity Swing and Sip
VINO Palooza Wine & Music Festival Fort With
Wine & Music Festival Benefiting Music Meets Medicine
Love Never Fails
Learn about the transformational impact of Child Sponsorship
Support for Girls Education
VAI Nepal is supporting a girls who need things for their education please help us.
Let's Support Football for Humanity
Using football and the power of play to inspire out youth
Help Tsunami Victims in Indonesia
Let us extend our support in helping Indonesia rise again
Blue Tie Gala 2018
Why Blue? Find out this November with Blue Tie Gala 2018
Volunteer in Nepal
Help us support the Children of Nepal
Kindergarten Volunteering in Nepal
Kindergarten volunteering provide you best experience in Nepal
Nicole Kidman Continues Support of Women
Nicole Kidman Continues Support of Women
Aging in Place in Recognizing Elder Abuse
Recognizing Elder Abuse and Knowing Your Rights
Big Adopt Out 2018
See over 20 rescue groups along with RSPCA animals in an effort to find forever homes for over 300 animals.
Gorjana Gives Back- Hosted by the Children's Bureau
Vision Fest 2018
Join us for an immersive experience to learn how a small act can have a big, long-lasting impact in the lives of children
10th Annual Brooklyn TEAL® Walk/Run™
2.5 mile walk/5K Run: spread awareness & raise funds for medical research on ovarian cancer.
Mount Everest Virtual Challenge to Send Participants to the Top of an Imaginary Mountain
The Mount Everest Virtual Challenge is a unique fundraising event where participants use an on-line tracking system to gauge their progress as their approach the mountain summit.
Teams of up to fifteen people pay a $25 per person registration fee and receive a pedometer with their registration kit.
It takes 10,000 steps per person per day for a team of 15 to add up to 2.1 million steps, which is the number required to reach the summit of Mount Everest.
The Mount Everest Virtual Challenge is sponsored by Heritage Building Society, funds raised go to the Royal Children's Hospital Foundation, Brisbane Australia.
Check these Categories below for more on Mount Everest Virtual Challenge
Charity Fundraising, Mount Everest, Royal Childrens Hospital Foundation, Heritage Building Society
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At least three motorcyclists died following crashes in Arkansas since Friday, police said.
A 43-year-old rider was killed in North Little Rock early Friday evening after missing a curve and colliding with a pickup, according to a preliminary report by Arkansas State Police.
The crash happened at about 5:20 p.m. near the intersection of Arkansas 161 and Trammel Road, troopers said.
According to the report, Maurice London was riding his Suzuki motorcycle east on Trammel Road when he drove straight through a curve and hit the back of a 1998 Dodge Ram traveling south on Arkansas 161.
The motorcyclist, who was from North Little Rock, was taken to CHI St. Vincent North and later died of his injuries, police said.
Authorities said conditions were clear and dry at the time of the wreck.
In Sebastian County, Joseph Ackerman, 22, died after riding into the side of a dump truck near a Fort Smith intersection on Friday morning, police said.
According to a news release by the Fort Smith Police Department, Ackerman, of Hartford, crashed into the truck near the intersection of Knoxville Street and Wheeler Avenue at about 6:30 a.m. The release does not indicate what caused the wreck.
On Sunday, a second motorcyclist was killed elsewhere in Sebastian County, according to state police.
Dakota H. Hartman, whose age and residence were not listed, was riding north near the 8100 block of Waters Road when he left the road and was thrown from his 2014 Kawasaki motorcycle, the preliminary report for the crash states.
Troopers described conditions as clear and dry when the crash occurred shortly after 4:10 a.m.
At least 282 people have died on Arkansas roads this year.


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Halls to reopen after vandal sprays store, Crown Center areas with fire extinguishers
Halls Kansas City, a locally owned luxury department store in Crown Center, has been closed for clean-up after it was vandalized late Saturday night.
It plans to open for a fashion event Wednesday evening.
Halls president and CEO Kelly Cole said an individual was in a public space near the H Bar — Halls' cafe, coffee shop and bar — after the store had closed. The person used multiple fire extinguishers to spray into the store and other public areas, Cole said.
Cole issued this statement: "The safety and security of our customers are our highest priority, and while the residue from the extinguishers is not toxic, we are in the midst of testing certain merchandise. We want to ensure they meet our strict standards of the highest quality garments for our long-time and loyal customers. We expect to be fully open by the end of this week and thank our customers for their patience as we return Halls to the pristine shopping experience they deserve."
Cole said no merchandise hit by foam from the fire extinguishers would be sold.
A property damage report has been filed and Kansas City police are investigating. A description of the suspect was not available.
Halls originally opened in 1916 in a tiny space on fashionable Petticoat Lane in downtown Kansas City. It also had a location on the Country Club Plaza before consolidating in a 60,000-square-foot space on the top level of the Crown Center Shops in September 2014.
It has clothing and accessories in a range of prices. Designer brands include Oscar de la Renta, Prada and Gucci. It also sells home decor and cosmetics.
Halls will reopen for its fall fashion show with check-in at 5:30 p.m. Wednesday in an area by The Bridge, its men's and women's contemporary sportswear department. The store will then be open until 9 p.m.


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Kadus Shampoo - 33.8 Oz.
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- Country of Origin: Made in US
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One way to prevent your pores and skin from starting to sag is warding off skin care lotions, creams and moisturizers that incorporate dangerous chemical compounds. Some of the chemical substances used in lots of famous skin care merchandise can absolutely promote the arrival of the symptoms of growing old through drying the pores and skin and making it greater at risk of the pores and skin-unfavourable free radical movement.
The easy solution isn't to use merchandise that comprise chemical compounds inclusive of parabens or dioxane simply to call some. Scientists have validated that those chemical compounds are in all likelihood to reason your skin a good deal extra damage than desirable.
If you want to avoid those chemical compounds and avoid (more) wrinkles, first-rate traces and of direction, sagging pores and skin, you may need to begin using pores and skin care merchandise that are made with the usage of best natural elements. 100% herbal skin care merchandise are typically guaranteed chemical-loose and consequently secure to apply.
But fending off the awful components may not be sufficient if you really want to keep away from sagging pores and skin. The anti aging pores and skin care you pick out to buy and use should be packed with correct substances, too. These elements need to effective in fighting the signs of ageing and have so one can stop sagging pores and skin. Of route, they must be absolutely herbal and secure to use as well.
It's now not constantly easy to recognize which components are the exceptional and which anti getting old pores and skin care you need to be the usage of, though. Some of the great substances for tightening pores and skin and lowering wrinkles I realize are
1. Nano-Lipobelle H-EQ10, a unique shape of coenzyme Q-10, which rejuvenates the pores and skin obviously. It promotes cellular boom and has antioxidant residences, making the skin look and sense younger and smoother.
2. Natural oils with antioxidants, inclusive of jojoba oil or grapeseed oil can simply make a difference on your pores and skin condition. Look for anti aging skin care that have excessive quantities of these oils: merchandise like with a view to moisturize your pores and skin deeply, enabling it to appearance higher evidently.
3. Vitamin E, but only its natural shape! Natural nutrition E is any other powerful antioxidant that could help your pores and skin appearance more youthful and sense tighter. It reduces the arrival of exceptional lines and wrinkles, and additionally facilitates save you the appearance of age spots.
If you steer far from pores and skin-harming skin care merchandise and choose the ones which simply do your skin good, you may soon stop asking yourself the way to keep away from sagging skin and wrinkles.


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Naka PRO MG12 - Magnesium L-Threonate - Magnesium helps the body to metabolize carbohydrates, proteins and fats. It is also a key factor in the development and maintenance of bones and teeth. Magnesium helps in tissue formation and to maintain proper muscle.
Each Vegetable Capsule contains: Magnesium L-Threonate Providing: 667 mg
Elemental Magnesium 48 mg
Non-medicinal Ingredients: Microcrystalline cellulose, magnesium stearate (vegetable source), hypromellose (capsule ingredient). Contains no added gluten, nuts, eggs, dairy products, animal product, fish or shellfish, soy, corn, starch, wheat or yeast.
Directions: Take 3 capsules 1 time per day.
Copyright © 2018 Abaco Health. All rights reserved. 3818 Gordon Dr, Kelowna, BC V1W 3G8


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Technology integration is a part of what we strive to implement in order to prepare students for a life in a technology-driven society. A variety of technology devices are utilized such as iPads, tablets, Kindles, SmartBoards, desktop computers, laptop computers, mobile and stationary tech labs, as well as interactive platforms for individual, small and whole group instruction.
In our elementary schools, we have implemented a 1:1 individualized iPad program. The decision to utilize a variety of tech tools for students attending UCP schools was intentional in that our students need to be prepared for authentic access to technology platforms and implementation methodologies.
Technology has the potential for helping all students access curriculum, learn new information, and fully participate and enjoy the benefits of inclusion. The integration of technology is a critical component of the curriculum used at UCP Charter Schools. The use of a variety of technological advances in the curriculum will create students who are information seekers, analyzers, problem solvers and decision makers. Creative and effective uses of productivity tools are interwoven throughout the content areas.
Technology integration is more than tech support and is an integral part of education for high-quality teaching and learning!
*Work Cited: (Alper & Raharinirina, 2006; Jackson, 2009; Puckett, 2004)


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On February 2nd, for one night only, Eventide Oyster Co. and Oxbow Brewing Company partnered to create Eventide Bar & Grill. Buffalo wings, ribs, and other Superbowl classics were served, as well as $5 Oxbow drafts and $1 oysters. Three 60 inch plasmas were even installed to watch the game. And they called it the Oxbowl.Read More
We're proud to share the news that Might & Main, led by Principals Arielle Walrath and Sean Wilkinson, is featured this week on Communication Arts. As the subjects of Fresh, which profiles firms and designers in their first 5 years, Commart's has highlighted Might & Main as one of the up and coming design agencies in the country.Read More
In the middle of May, we got some great news: Might & Main had won Best of Show in HOW Magazine's 2013 Promotion & Marketing Design Awards. The project would be featured in a multi-page spread in September issue, but the good news didn't stop there: HOW wanted us to design the cover as well.Read More
As a local design professional and alum of Maine College of Art, I am delighted to be a regular guest at design critiques and reviews. When we decided to start bringing paid interns to Might & Main, I knew exactly where to look.Read More
After about 3 years in our space at 28 Maple Street, Might & Main has moved into new digs at 408 Fore Street (suite 3A). Our old space served us well, and we left it better than we found it (two renovations, one new floor, and about 6 less walls later), and we couldn't be more excited about the new space.Read More
There's a sense of community in Portland that is hard to define and harder to match. In our 3 years as an agency in Portland (and 10+ years before that working here), we've had the fortune of being a part of a lot of great things, from restaurant openings to public rallies to one of the most important exhibits to show at the Portland Museum of Art. And we've been on the receiving end of so much support and camaraderie that the thought of working anywhere else seems impossible. When we saw that some friends were organizing an event to highlight the importance of the use of public space in our favorite city, we jumped at the chance to be a part of it.Read More
Last night, we were honored to be included in a special sneak-peek party at Eventide Oyster Co.. The Eventide / Hugo's staff was joined by friends, family, and a seeming who's who of the Portland food scene. It was great to see the restaurant community supporting the guys in their new venture, to catch up with so many friendly faces and to make some new connections.
Read More
We're very excited to welcome Morgan DiPietro to the creative team as a Print and Interactive Designer. In this role, Morgan will be responsible for working with our creative directors to execute brand strategy and conceptualize and design communication, marketing and advertising materials.Read More
We're very pleased to welcome Graeme Chamberlain Kennedy as Production Manager. In this role, Graeme will oversee day-to-day agency operations, manage client accounts, and coordinate project resources from concept through execution.Read More
You've just discovered the Might & Main Traveling Brandsmithery Picture Show, and if you peered inside, you would have been treated to a cascade of images displaying our branding and design skills in action.


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St. Lambertus Church in Duesseldorf
St. Lambertus is a tall church situated in the heart of Düsseldorf which was built in the fourteenth century. This church which is tall and twisted competes with the other skyscrapers in the vicinity.
The church has both Gothic and Romanesque influences in its architecture. The relics of the patron saint of Dusseldorf, St. Apollinaris, are situated here and there is also an original splinter from the cross of Christ.
The church has stood here since 1380 when Düsseldorf was the capital of the Duchy of Berg and there was rapid development in the region. In the front there is a huge sculpture of the crucifixion of Christ. It is believed that the roof of this church is crooked since it was built with fresh wood that was not dry.
Some even believe that the roof will become straight once again after a virgin marries in the church.


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Lavender - High Altitude
- Botanical Name: Lavandula angustifolia
- Origin: Bulgaria
- Method of Extraction: steam distilled
- Parts Used: flowers
- Cultivation Method: Certified Organic
- SKU: E-lavenhaO
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As the farm direct, wholesale aromatherapy oil industry leader in 2016, Organic Infusions continues to offer bulk, volume discounts for 100% pure, therapeutic grade, certified organic High Altitude Lavender essential oil. With over 10 years of dedicated service, our High Altitude Lavender essential oil is trusted by Premier Spas, Massage Therapists, Formulators, Skin Care Companies, Wellness Centers, Health Professionals, and Yoga Studios worldwide. Buy now and save!
Botanical Name: Lavandula angustifolia
Method of extraction: steam distilled
Parts Used: flowers
Country of Origin: Bulgaria
Cultivation Method: Certified Organic
Blends Well With: Bergamot, Black Pepper, Cedar Atlas, Chamomile, Clary Sage, Clove Bud, Cypress, Eucalyptus, Geranium, Grapefruit, Juniper Berry, Cistus / Labdanum, Lemon, Lemongrass, Mandarin, Sweet Marjoram, Oakmoss Absolute, Palmarosa, Patchouli, Peppermint, Pine, Ravensara aromatica, Rose, Rosemary, Tea Tree, Thyme, and Vetivert.
Scent: floral, fruity, slightly herbal
Contraindications: Non-toxic, non-irritant, and non-sensitizing.
All information contained within this site is for reference purposes only and are not intended to substitute the advice given by a pharmacist, physician, or any other licensed health-care professional. Organic Infusions products have not been evaluated by the FDA and are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any health condition or disease.
Never use an essential oil undiluted unless advised by your health care provider and certified aromatherapist. Keep essential oils away from infants, children, and all pets.
While some of Organic Infusions essential oils are medical food grade, we do not advise the use of essential oils for internal use unless they are prescribed by your health care provider and certified aromatherapist. Only your health care provider and certified aromatherapist can prescribe the proper dosage and usage. Please check with your health care professional and certified aromatherapist before ingesting any essential oils.


text: oscarlito Joined Mar 20, 2018 Messages 4 Points 1 Jun 21, 2018 #1 Is there any cordless ip phones for phone operators anyone can recommend that is compatible with Elastix 2.x and how to set up? One that allows me to make call transfers and call on-hold? Last edited: Jun 21, 2018


text: On Fri, 12 Oct 2001, james wrote: > Is there any way to reload rules (after making changes) without restarting > snort ? Well... Yes and No. :) Yes, you can send it a SIGHUP and snort will reload everything. But, that reload is via the execv(2) system call. Due to the way execv(2) works, it _restarts_ snort. So 'yes' you can reload rules w/o manually killing and restarting snort. But 'no' it doesn't work as you'd wish. :-/ See the FAQ (from CVS) and question 6.19. ----- Erek Adams Nifty-Type-Guy TheAdamsFamily.Net


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Ultrasound has become increasingly important in medicine and has taken itsplace along with X-ray and nuclear medicine as a diagnostic tool. Its mainattraction as an imaging modality lies in its non-invasive character and ability todistinguish interfaces between soft tissues. In contrast, X-rays only respond toatomic weight differences and often require the injection of a denser contrastmedium for visualization of non-bony tissues. Similarly, nuclear medicinetechniques measure the selective uptake of radioactive isotopes in specificorgans to produce information concerning organ function. Radioactive isotopesand X-rays are, thus, clearly invasive. Ultrasound is not only non-invasive,externally applied and non-traumatic but also apparently safe at the acousticalintensities and duty cycles presently used in diagnostic equipment.
Diagnostic ultrasound is applied for obtaining images of almost the entire rangeof internal organs in the abdomen. These include the kidney, liver, spleen,pancreas, bladder, major blood vessels and of course, the foetus duringpregnancy. It has also been usefully employed to present pictures of the thyroidgland, the eyes, the breasts and a variety of other superficial structures. In anumber of medically meaningful cases, ultrasonic diagnostics has made possiblethe detection of cysts, tumours or cancer in these organs. This is possible instructures where other diagnostic methods by themselves were found to beeither inapplicable, insufficient or unacceptably hazardous. Ultrasonic studieswhich do not involve image formation have also been extensively developed toallow the dynamics of blood flow in the cardiovascular system to be investigatedwith a precision not previously possible. The main limitation of ultrasound,however, is that it is almost completely reflected at boundaries with gas and is aserious restriction in investigation of and through gas-containing structures.
Ultrasonic waves are sound waves associated with frequencies above the audiblerange and generally extend upward from 20 kHz. These waves exhibit the samephysical properties as the audible sound waves but they are particularlypreferred in situations favoured by one or more of the following reasons:
Ultrasonic waves can be easily focussed, i.e., they are directional and beams can be obtained with very little spreading.
They are inaudible and are suitable for applications where it is not advantageous to employ audible frequencies.
By using high frequency ultrasonic waves which are associated with shorter wavelengths, it is possible to investigate the properties of very small structures. It is particularly true in the detection of defects where the wavelengths utilized should be of the same order as the dimensions of the defect.
Transmission of ultrasonic wave motion can take place in different modes. Thewave motion may be longitudinal, transverse or shear. However, for medicalultrasonic diagnostic applications, the longitudinal mode of wave propagation isnormally used as these waves can be propagated in all types of media, viz.solids, liquids and gases. In longitudinal waves, the particles of the mediumoscillate to and fro in the direction of propagation of the wave resulting inalternate regions of compressions and rarefactions.
provided the ultrasonic beam strikes the interface at a right angle. Beamsincident on a boundary at an angle (Fig. 23.1) other than zero to the normal arereflected so that the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection are equal.
The approximate value of acoustic impedance for most of the biological materialsor organs is the same. It is about 1.6 105 g/cm2s. The greater the difference inacoustic impedance, the greater the amount of reflected energy. For example,the acoustic impedance of air and tissue are 42.8 g/cm2s and 1.6 l05 g/cm2srespectively. This difference is so large that most of the ultrasonic energy tendsto be reflected at the interface. It is for this reason that a coupling medium likeolive oil or special jelly is used to minimize the energy reflection by providing anair-free path between ultrasonic transducer and skin.23.2.2. Wavelength and Frequency
n = frequency or number of cycles which pass any given point in unit time
The velocity of ultrasound in all body tissues is almost constant. Therefore, thedepth of penetration can be read directly from the position of the echo pulse onthe calibrated time axis of the oscilloscope trace.
Characteristic Absorption Velocity of impedance, z in coefficient in Material ultrasound in m 2 1 kg m s 10 dB cm1 at 1 s 1 6 MHz
In the far field, the intensity of the beam reduces constantly with distance as itspreads out due to the finite size of the source. The angle of divergence within acone of semi-angle about the central axis is given by
where n = frequency
23.2.6. Resolution
Axial Resolution: The axial resolution is the minimal axial distance [Fig.23.4(a)], parallel to the beam axis, at which two reflecting structures arerecognized as separate structures. The axial resolution is determined by thewavelength of the transmitted pulse. This means that the smaller the wavelength,the higher the frequency and better the axial resolution.Figure 23.4. (a) Axial resolution (b) lateral resolution
The physical mechanism normally used to generate and detect ultrasonic wavesis the piezo- electric effect exhibited by certain crystalline materials which havethe property to develop electrical potentials on definite crystal surfaces whensubjected to mechanical strain. The converse is also true, which means thatmechanical displacement is produced when electrical charges are put on theirsurface. The effect is demonstrated by crystals of materials like quartz,tourmaline and Rochelle salt. This phenomenon offers an excellent method forconverting electrical energy into mechanical energy and vice versa.
While working with natural crystals, it is difficult to establish the appropriate axisand cut the crystal in the required form. Therefore, quartz has generally beenreplaced by synthetic piezo- electric materials namely barium nitrate and leadzirconate titanate. They offer several advantages because they are far cheaper toproduce and are much easier to construct transducers of complex shape andlarge areas. They can be moulded to any shape to obtain a better focusing actionfor producing high intensity ultrasonic waves.
The choice of piezo-electric material for a particular transducer depends upon itsapplications. Materials with high mechanical Q factor are suitable as transmitterswhereas those with low mechanical Q and high sensitivity are preferred asreceivers and in case of non-resonance applications. Lead zirconate Titanate(PZT) crystals are much better than quartz crystals upto a frequency of about 15MHz, because of its high electro-mechanical conversion efficiency and lowintrinsic losses. The properties of PZT can be adjusted by modifying the ratio ofzirconium and titanium and introducing small amounts of other substances suchas lanthanum. PZT can operate at temperatures up to 100C or higher and it isstable over long periods of time. It is mechanically strong and can be machined tovarious shapes and sizes. At frequencies higher than this, quartz is normally usedbecause of its better mechanical properties. Polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) isanother ferro-electric polymer that has been used effectively in high frequencytransducers. The surface of the synthetic crystals is normally silvered for makingexternal electrical connections.
There are three parameters that are important in optimizing transducers forvarious types of applications (Hunt et al. 1983). These are frequency, activeelement diameter and focusing. Their effects on the performance are as follows:
The second point to consider is the depth in the body you wish to image. For thebest image detail, it is advantageous to have the ultrasonic beam as narrow aspossible (minimum divergence). For superficial structures, the beam must narrowvery close to the transducer face and lateral resolution at greater tissue depths isnot critical; therefore, small diameter transducers are indicated. When thestructures of interest lie deeper in the body (pelvic and obstetrical examinations,obese patients) large diameters are advised, since their decreased rate of beamdivergence becomes important at greater tissue depths.
While selecting a transducer for a particular application, all three of these factorsshould be carefully weighed to achieve optimum performance.
The use of ultrasound in the medical field can be divided into two major areas:the therapeutic and the diagnostic. The major difference between the twoapplications is the ultrasonic power level at which the equipment operates. Intherapeutic applications, the systems operate at ultrasonic power levels of uptoseveral watts per square centimetre while the diagnostic equipment operates atpower levels of well below 100 mW/cm2. The therapeutic equipment is designedto agitate the tissue to the level where thermal heating occurs in the tissue, andexperimentally has been found to be quite successful in its effects for thetreatment of muscular ailments such as lumbago.
There are, however, many applications where only pulsed waves can beemployed. In fact, the majority of modern ultrasonic diagnostic instrumentation isbased on the pulse-technique. Pulse- echo based equipment is used for thedetection and location of defects or abnormalities in the structures at variousdepths in the body. This is possible because the time of travel of a short pulsecan be measured with much greater ease as compared to continuous waves.Echoencephalograph, echocardiograph and ultrasonic scanners for imaging areall based for their working on the pulse technique.
The probes are designed to achieve the highest sensitivity and penetration,optimum focal characteristics and the best possible resolution. This requires thatthe acoustic energy be transmitted efficiently into the patient. It is thus desirableto reduce the amount of reflected acoustic energy at the transducer-bodyinterface. The single quarter wavelength matching layer accomplishes this byinterposing a carefully chosen layer of material between the transducer's piezo-electric element and body tissue. A material with an acoustic impedance betweentissue and piezo-electric ceramic is selected to reduce the level of acousticmismatch at the transducer body interface. A uniform thickness of one-quarterwavelength for a frequency at or near the transducer's centre frequency resultsin higher acoustic transmission levels because of the favourable phase reversalswithin the layer.
Also, the single quarter wavelength matching layer transducer has a face with aconcave curvature. Occasionally, this can lead to air bubble entrapment orpatient contact problems. Multi-layer matching (Fig. 23.6) technology overcomesthese problems by interposing two layers between the piezo-electric element andbody. Two materials are chosen with acoustic impedances between the values forceramic and tissue. A stepwise transition of impedance from about 30 for ceramicto about 1.5 for tissue allows even further reduction of this acoustic impedancemismatch. The concavity can be filled with a material which is as acousticallytransparent as possible, thus yielding a transducer with a hard, flat face for goodpatient contact, while minimally affecting the ultrasound beam.
The width of the output pulse from the PRF generator should be very small,preferably of the order of a micro-second, to generate short duration ultrasonicpulse. It is a practice to use one astable circuit to generate a train of pulses withthe required frequency and then to use them to trigger a monostablemultivibrator which produces pulses of the required width. With the short pulseduration and the repetition rate of 1 kHz, only a few micro-seconds are occupiedby the emission of the pulse, and the transducer is free to act as a receiver forthe remainder of the time.
Under normal conditions, the SCR is non-conducting. The capacitor C1 can chargethrough the resistance R to the +V potential. If a short triggering positive pulse isapplied to the gate of the SCR, it will fire and conduct for a short time.Consequently, the voltage at 'A' will fall rapidly resulting in a short duration, highvoltage pulse at 'B'. This pulse appears across the crystal which generates shortduration ultrasonic pulse. For producing a pulse with a very short duration it isnecessary to use an SCR with a fast turn 'on' time and high switching currentcapability, which can be able to withstand the required supply voltage. SCR2N4203 can be used because of its high peak forward blocking voltage (700 V),high switching current capability (100 A) and fast turn-on time (100 ns).
Receiver: The function of the receiver is to obtain the signal from the transducerand to extract from it the best possible representation of an echo pattern. Toavoid significant worsening of the axial resolution, the receiver bandwidth isabout twice the effective transducer bandwidth.
The tuned transducer and input matching transformer form part of a Butterworthfilter with Q of about 1.4 to reject transducer ringing. On transmission, the diodesconduct, protecting the receiver in conjunction with L2 and effectively connectingL2 in parallel with L1. Since L2= 4L1, this has negligible effect on the transducertuning due to the low circuit Q.
Wide Band Amplifier: The echo-signals received at the receiving transducer arein the form of modulated carrier frequency and may be as small as a fewmicrovolts. These signals require sufficient amplification before being fed to adetector circuit for extracting modulating signals which carry the usefulinformation. This is achieved in a wide-band amplifier, which is wide enough tofaithfully reproduce the received echoes and to permit the use of differenttransducers operating at several different frequencies. A desirable gain of wideband amplifier is of the order of 80-100 dB. It must also have a very wide dynamicrange so that the amplifier does not operate in the non-linear regions with largeinput signals. The amplifier must also have a low noise level to receive echoesfrom deep targets. The input amplifier is usually a dual gate MOSFET which isvery suitable for high frequency signals and provides a high input impedance tothe signals from the transducer.
Swept Gain Control: Stronger echoes are received from the more proximalzones under examination than from the deeper structures. The receivingamplifier can only accept a limited range of input signals without overloading anddistortion. Abrupt changes in tissue properties that shift the acoustical impedancecan cause the echo amplitudes to vary over a wide dynamic range, perhaps 40 to60 dB. In order to avoid this, the amplifier gain is adjusted to compensate forthese variations. This reduces the amplification for the first few centimetres ofbody tissue and progressively increases it to a maximum for the weaker echoesfrom the distal zone. In some instruments, segmented gain control arrangementsare made to control the gain in segments on the time axis. This permits one toselectively amplify or reject echoes from different structures located at differentdepths. The swept gain profile can be adjusted and displayed on most of themodern instruments.
The output of the demodulator is the information desired, i.e. the amplitude ofthe echo signal and its time delay from the transmission pulse. The magnitude ofthe echo amplitude information can be controlled as it is written into theultrasonic image. It is a great advantage to have this control due to the largevariability of patient anatomy and acoustic parameters of normal tissue.
Video Amplifier: The signal requires further amplification after its demodulationin the detector circuit before it can be given to the Y-plates of the Cathode raytube (CRT). The output of the detector circuit is typically around 1 V, but fordisplay on the CRT, the signal must be amplified to about 100 to 150 V. Inaddition to this, the amplifier must have a good transient response with minimumpossible overshoot. The most commonly used video amplifier is the RC coupledtype, having an inductance in series with the collector load. The inductance helpsin extending the high frequency response of the amplifier.
The video signal is subject to some kind of compression function. This involvescompression of echoes in the mid-amplitude range, denoting relatively largersections of the output range to very weak and very strong echoes. This feature isuseful in maintaining gain for weak echoes while avoiding saturation on strongechoes. With the use of digital scan converters in ultrasound imaging system,mid-range expand, mid-range compress, logarithmic and log-linear amplitudetransfer functions can be made operator selectable.
Time Delay Unit: The time delay unit is sometimes required for specialapplications. Normally, the time base will begin to move the spot across the CRTface at the same moment as the SCR (Fig. 23.7) is fired. If desired, in specialcases, the start of the trace can be delayed by the time delay unit so that thetrace can be expanded to obtain better display and examination of a distantecho.
Time Base: The time base speed is adjusted so that echoes from the deepeststructures of interest will appear on the screen before the beam has completelytraversed it. Taking the speed of ultrasound in soft tissue to be about 1,500 m/s,a time of 13.3 s must be allowed for each centimetre that the reflectinginterface is below the surface. In many applications, distance markersappropriate to each time-base setting appear directly on the screen, whichgreatly simplifies distance measurements. Several standard circuits are availablefor generating the sawtooth waveform to provide a time base suitable forhorizontal deflection of the spot on the CRT screen. The horizontal sweepgenerator is controlled by the PRF generator as the sweep starts at the momentthat the transmitting pulse is applied to the transducer.
Time Marker: The time marker produces pulses that are a known time apartand, therefore, correspond to a known distance apart in human tissues. Thesemarker pulses are given to the video amplifier and then to the Y plates for displayalong with the echoes.
Display: After amplification in the video amplifier, the signal is given to the Yplates of the CRT. CRT is not only a fast-acting device but also gives a clearpresentation of the received echo signals.
PW (Pulsed Wave) Doppler: In this mode, several pulses are transmitted alongeach scan line and the Doppler frequency is estimated from the relative timebetween the received signals. Since pulses are used for the signaling, thevelocity location can also be determined.
Colour Doppler: the PW Doppler is used to create a colour image that is super-imposed on top of B-mode image. A colour code is used to denote the directionand magnitude of the flow. Red typically denotes flow towards the transducerand blue denotes flow away from it. A darker colour usually denotes a largermagnitude while a lighter colour denotes a smaller magnitude.
This type of scan offers only one-dimensional information. The echo signals areapplied to the Y-deflecting plates of the CRT so that they are displayed as verticalblips as the beam is swept across the CRT. The height of the vertical blipcorresponds to the strength of the echo and its position from left to right acrossthe CRT face corresponds to the depth of its point of origin from the transducer.
Figure 23.10. Echoes received from the brain (a) in the normal brain, themid-line echoes coincide for each way (b) in the abnormal case, there is ashift between the two echoes
Even when a tumour grows in the brain, the anatomy of the brain is gentlyaltered and there is usually considerable tilting and displacement of the brainventricles. Ultrasonic mid-line echo, in such cases, immediately establishes theabnormality of the brain due to its shift to one side from the centre.
The instrument for diagnosis and detection of the mid-line of the brain is called'echoencephaloscope'. It usually incorporates a measuring range of 018 cm oftissue depth. The normally used frequency range is 13 MHz. The probe for 2 MHzwith the diameter of 1520 mm is the most common and gives a good resolution.The probe for a 1 MHz allows for deep penetration and may preferably beemployed for elderly patients whose skulls are strongly calcified.
In the normal eye, as is shown in Fig. 23.11, echoes can be obtained from thefollowing structures when performing an anterior-posterior examination along theoptical axis: the surface of the lid (corresponding with the zero marker thatappears constantly on the trace); the surface of the cornea; the anterior lenscapsule, the posterior lens capsule, the posterior wall of the globe (usuallyappearing as a complex of echoes originating from the retina, choroid and scleraas a unit) and retro-bulbar fat.
Figure 23.11. Acoustic landmarks in the normal eye along the optical axis.The electronic markers shown on the figure represent 2 mm of actualtissue depthBy using the distance markers on the trace, the depth and relative position ofeach structure represented in the display can be read directly from the screen orthe resulting photograph. For example, in Fig. 23.11, the corneal echo appears at2 mm and the posterior wall echo at 26 mm, giving a gross axial lengthmeasurement of 24 mm. In this eye, the depth of the anterior chamber and thethickness of the lens are each shown to be approximately 3 mm.
If one of the echo sources is a moving structure, then the echo dots of light fromthat structure will also move back and forth. If the dots are made to move with anelectronic sweep, from bottom to the top of the screen at a pre-selected rate ofspeed, the moving dots will trace out the motion pattern of the moving structure.This display is known as M-mode display. If a photographic film is continuouslyexposed to one sweep cycle of this display, a composite picture will result,providing a waveform representation of the motion pattern of the movingstructure. Alternately, thermal video printers are used for recording the M-modeinformation.
Fig. 23.13 shows the block diagram of an echocardiograph, which is based on theM-mode. Several circuit blocks are common to the general echo measuringinstrument, except for the addition of a slow sweep circuit and recordingarrangement.
For echocardiography, the transducer is placed between the third and the fourthribs on the outer chest wall where there is no lung between the skin and theheart. From this probe, a low intensity ultrasonic beam is directed towards theheart area and echo signals are obtained. The probe position is manipulated toobtain echoes from areas of interest in the heart.
The echocardiogram is currently the best method for the diagnosis of mitralstenosis. Echocardiography is also often used for the study of the aortic valve,tricuspid valve and pulmonary valve. Another very important use is in thedetection of pericardial effusion, which is the abnormal collection of fluid betweenthe heart and the pericardial sac. These examinations can be performed quicklyand easily at the bedside, if necessary, without apparent risk to the patient. Fig.23.14 shows a typical echocardiogram.
The system operates on the principle of reflected ultrasound and senses flowvelocity within a small 2 4 mm tear-drop shaped volume, referred to as thesample volume. The sample volume is specifically selectable within the heart andgreat vessels by means of a depth control setting and is subject to a variety ofcomponents of blood flow velocity; laminar, turbulent and motional componentslike wall motion and valve motion. These components are isolated by appropriatefilters in the circuitry and each has associated audio-tonal qualities and spectralpatterns.
Obviously the A-scope display is very difficult to interpret when many echoes arepresent simultaneously and often potentially useful information is wasted. Apictorial display can be conceived as a means of simultaneously presenting theecho information as well as information about the position of the probe and thedirection of propagation of the sound. This is achieved in the B-scan display whichresults from brightness modulation with amplitude of the echoes obtained forvarious probe positions and orientations to produce a cross-sectional image ofthe object integrated by a storage display from individual scans.
Fig. 23.15 represents the difference between A-scan and B-scan. Fig. 23.15 (a) isa hypothetical body with the probe placed upon its surface. The probe ispositioned in such a way that it transmits a beam obliquely inwards. The beamencounters three interfaces in its travel. A-scan representation [Fig. 23.15 (b)] ofthis structure consists of vertical peaks (2, 3, 4) received as echoes at thereceiving crystal in response to the transmitted pulse (1). The same structure inB-scan [Fig. 23.15 (c)] appears as light dots whose position is related to theechoing interface within the body.Figure 23.15. Difference between A-scan and B-scan displays
One of the serious limiting factors in B-scanning is the length of time taken tocomplete a scan. This results in blurring and distortion of the image due to organmovement, as well as being tedious for the operator. Elimination of motionartifact is important in conventional B-scanning but is critical if rapidly movingareas such as the chambers of the heart are to be made visible. Rapid scanningtechniques have been developed to meet these needs. The approaches usedinclude fast physical movement of a single transducer. Alternatively, electronicmethods using arrays of transducers which can be triggered in sequence or ingroups, may be utilized. In these systems, electronic manipulation allows thebeam to be swept rapidly through the area of interest. Finally, instruments inwhich an array of transducers is combined with mechanized motion, have alsobeen introduced. These instruments are called real-time scanners as there isnegligible time delay between the input of data and the output of processed datain such systems.
During observation, the scan plane can be easily selected since the echo image appears instantaneously on the display.
The required depth range varies considerably for different anatomical studies.For example, a range of 2530 cm is desirable for abdominal and obstetricalstudies. For cardiac studies, the distance from the chest wall to the posteriorheart wall is 15 cm or more. In superficial organs like the breast, thyroid, carotidand femoral arteries and in infant studies, the range of depth is 310 cm. Each ofthese depth ranges requires significantly different considerations as regardstissue absorption, specular reflection and small changes in tissue acousticimpedances. Generally high sensitivity receivers with wider dynamic range, lowexcitation frequencies and high transmitted powers help to extend the range.Focusing is usually necessary to achieve good resolution at the larger depths.
The field of view should be large enough to display the entire region underexamination and to provide a useful perspective view of an organ of interest.When viewing small superficial structures such as the thyroid, a field ofapproximately 5 cm 5 cm can encompass the desired region. For cardiacimaging, sector scans are preferable to rectilinear scans since a large structure isto be viewed through a small window. An angle of 60 is adequate tosimultaneously view most of the heart. In abdominal studies, though the field ofview is a matter of operator convenience, the viewed area should be at least 100cm2. It becomes difficult to view structures close to the surface when using sectorscans because they fall in the apex of the sector. Therefore, two-dimensionalarrays are used for abdominal studies.
In real-time imaging systems, the frame rate (the rate at which the image isrepeated) should be rapid enough to resolve the important motions and to obtainthe image without undesirable smearing. Most of these requirements are metwith a frame rate of about 30 frames/s. This also satisfies the requirements forflicker-free display and is compatible with standard television formats. For somespecial studies, greater frame rates are often required for the data acquisitionmode. These frames would then be stored and played back at about 30 frames/sto provide a slow motion presentation.
Schuette et al. (1976) developed a sector scanning system (Fig. 23.17) whichemploys a single ultrasonic transducer (2.25 MHz) through an angle that isprogrammable from 0 to 25 degrees. The sector scan rate is variable from 0 to 40scans per second and scan linearity is achieved by electronic programming of thetransducer position to match that of a triangular waveform.
Linear Phased Array: The arrangement of the elements is similar to the linearsequential arrays but the scanner steers the ultrasound beam through a sectorshaped region in the azimuth plane. This is shown in Fig. 23.20(c). The presentlinear phased arrays systems have up to 128 elements and all the elements areused to transmit and receive each line of data. This arrangement has theadvantage that the scanned region is much wider than the footprint of thetransducer, thus making them suitable for scanning through restricted acousticwindows such as in the case of cardiac imaging wherein the transducer has tolook through a small window to avoid the obstructions of the ribs and lungs.
The physical shape of the various types of ultrasound probes is shown in Fig.23.21.Figure 23.21. Various types of ultrasound probes used for real timescanning
The principle of linear array scanners is described by Bom et al. (1973) and canbe summarized as the use in rapid succession of a number of parallel singleelements with the display of each element in the brightness mode (B-mode) atalmost the same instant. The transducer used comprises 20 elements placed on aline array of 8 cm. Each element measures 4 by 10 mm and the active area of thetransducer is 80 10 mm. The depth penetration is designed for 16 cm, andtherefore, the cross-section covered measures about 8 16 cm.
The elements transmit a short acoustic pulse sequentially into the tissue.Returning echoes are displayed along a horizontal axis on the CRT while thevertical position of each line corresponds to the position of the respectiveelement. A block diagram of the principal components of the apparatus is given inFig. 23.22. In transmission, a tone burst of the resonant frequency of the crystalis fed through an electronic switch into a single crystal element. The elementgenerates a short acoustic pulse. The echo signals arriving at this element whenin the reception mode are amplified by a wideband preamplifier and fed througha switch, into the processing part of the apparatus. This cycle is subsequentlyrepeated for all elements. A time gain compensation circuit is used tocompensate for the attenuation of ultrasound by spherical spreading andabsorption in tissue. The display of the image can be on any of the standarddevices.Figure 23.22. Principle of multi-element scanning system. Block diagramshows major components in a multi-element signal processing and displaysystem
The linear array principle with beam stepping is described by Zurinski andHaerten (1978). The array applicators contain a linear array of 54 transducerelements. An initial pre-selected group of elements is actuated for thetransmission of an ultrasonic pulse and receives the returning echoes.
These form one line of the two-dimensional image on the monitor. By switching inan element of the selected group on one side, the image line is shifted by onehalf an element width. In the next step, the image line is again shifted by anotherhalf an element width by switching off an element on the other side of the group.In this way, an image is built-up which consists of 101 lines. By selecting thegroup width, i.e., the number of elements per group, the position of optimumlateral resolution (focus) can be located in different depth ranges. With thissystem, the information content is doubled as compared with conventionaltechniques. This is achieved by a special type of stepped group-switching anddoes not involve line interlacing and multiple recording.
Normally, an element group is moved in the scanning direction in such a way thatthe first element of the group is switched off and at the same time, on the otherside a new element is switched on (Fig. 23.23). The spacing between theindividual scans corresponds to the element spacing (raster spacing).
Figure 23.23. Group switching for selection of the focal distance in a multi-element scanning system (Redrawn after Zurinski and Haerten, 1978)
The linear array scanners mostly find applications in areas requiring a wide fieldof view such as obstetric scanning, rapid screening and orientation. On the otherhand, real-time mechanical sector scanners are specifically designed forabdominal imaging for scanning organs such as the gall bladder, pancreas, andspleen, as well as hard-to-access areas of the liver and kidney and for structuressuch as those under the ribs or deep in the pelvis. Modern ultrasonic imagingsystems sometimes incorporate both these techniques in single units in order toenhance their utility and economize on the cost by using common display forboth the modes of operation.
Fig. 23.24 shows an electronic sector scanning technique which uses a multi-element array transducer. Each element is connected to its own independentoscillator, which can be triggered at the right moment. Triggering the localoscillators subsequently with equal time intervals will cause the individual wave-fronts to construct a resulting flat wave-front, the angle of which depends onthese time intervals. If time delays of the wavefronts are d sin /c (where c is theultrasonic velocity and d is the inter-element distance) with respect to thereference element, then the direction of the main beam will have an angle withthe normal. When these time intervals are zero, it means that all elements areexcited simultaneously and the result is identical to that of a conventionaltransducer. Electronically variable pulse-delay circuits are used for delaying thetrigger pulse which permits variation of the beam direction with great rapidity.
When using a pulse repetition rate of 1000 pulses per second, a sector can bescanned 30 times per second when 32 different directions are used. In practice,128 lines are mostly used which means that every line on the screen is repeatedabout 8 times per second. A sector of 90 can be easily obtained using thistechnique.
For optimum lateral resolution, it is necessary to also make the reception of theechoes directional. Fig. 23.25 shows the principle of forming a received beamwith an arbitrary direction using a system of fixed and electronically variabledelay lines, which compensates for the differences in arrival time on thesubsequent elements of an impinging wavefront from every direction. The samecontrol voltage controls both the direction of transmission and that of reception,in order to always be maximally sensitive in the direction in which the pulses aretransmitted. The control voltage also controls the direction of the line on themonitor screen. The techniques of real-time imaging with phased arrayultrasound scanners are widely used in commercial scanners.
Phased array scanners are particularly useful for cardiac ultrasound sectorscanning. A transducer measuring 1.2 cm l.3 cm (2.25 MHz) or 1.2 cm 0.8 cm(3.5 MHz) is commonly used. The transducer is thus small enough to be easilymanipulated by hand and the beam is small enough at the transducer face to bedirected through the inter-costal spaces in any desired orientation. It yields an84 sector angle, and produces 64 shades of gray to all sector displays. The grayscale controls allow an emphasis on select echo amplitude ranges. For example,it is possible to visualize such structures better as valve orifices during studies ofmitral or aortic stenosis.A typical phased-array ultrasound system will have from 32 to as many as 256transmitters and receivers. In many cases, the system will have fewertransmitters and receivers than the number of available transducer elements. Inthese cases, high-voltage switches located in the transducer or system are usedas multiplexers to connect a specific transducer element to a specifictransmitter/receiver (Tx/Rx) pair. In this way, the system can dynamically changethe active transducer aperture over the available transducer element array. Therequirements for these switches are severe. They must handle transmit pulseswith voltage swings as large as 200VP-P and with peak currents up to 2A. Theymust switch rapidly to quickly modify the configuration of the active aperture andmaximize image frame rate.
Duplex echo-Doppler scanning has been found to be useful for direct non-invasivemeasurement of peripheral arterial flow and tissue geometry. Here, the echoimage is used to locate the artery and determine the position of the walls. Theecho image is then used as a guide to map out the flow field with the Doppler.The incorporation of separate echo and Doppler transducers in a duplex scannerresults in high resolution images due to the fact that the echo transducer beamcan be aligned perpendicular to the artery wall, while the flow probe is at anangle appropriate for detecting Doppler shift.
Fig. 23.26 shows the major components of the duplex scanner (Barbaro andMacellavi, 1978). It basically comprises the scanner head, the pulse-echo unit,the pulse Doppler unit, the duplex control unit and the display.
Figure 23.26. Block diagram of Duplex scanner (After Barber et al., 1974)Echo Rotor: Pulse-echo imaging is performed by rotating a transducer so that itsbeam sweeps out the image plane. The rotor contains four identical transducersbut at any one time, only the one pointing in the direction of the image plane isused. The proper transducer is automatically selected by an external magnet andthe reed switches shown in the rotor diagram. The proper transducer isconnected through its switch to a rotary transformer to the pulse-echo unit. Therotor is driven by a DC motor and the position of the rotor is measured with aprecision sine-cosine potentiometer. The operation of the system, in mostrespects, is therefore, independent of the speed of the motor.
The pulse-echo unit contains a pulser, a 5 MHz broadband amplifier with time-compensated gain, and a video detector. The pulse-Doppler unit also runs at 5MHz. The output going to the Z-axis intensity control is normally a pulse takenfrom the range-gate generator. Most ultrasound systems provide two to as manyas four switchable transducer connectors to allow the clinician to easily switchamong the various transducers for each examination.
The system runs off a 5 MHz master oscillator. The echo period is the timebetween each pulse from the echo PRF pulse train and is 100 s. The Dopplerperiod is 60 s, a time which is shorter because the Doppler transducer is locatednear the skin surface. These and other logic signals control the echo and Dopplerunits, and the display circuitry.The rotor potentiometer, a ramp generator and the duplex control signals arecombined to generate both echo and Doppler x-y signals. The intensity of thedisplay is quantized to four discrete shades of gray. The echo video signal isconverted to a set of parallel binary signals which are re-combined with theDoppler range information, determined by the duplex control. This real-timequantization technique greatly enhances the apparent resolution of the B-modeimage.
In continuous wave Doppler (CWD), the ultrasound transducer elements are splitinto equal halves about the centre of the transducer aperture. Half of theelements are used as transmitters to produce a focused acoustic CWD transmitbeam; the other half of the elements serve as receivers to produce a focusedreceive beam. The signals applied to the transmit elements are square waves atthe Doppler frequency of interest, typically 1 MHz to 7.5 MHz. Transmit jitterneeds to be minimized to avoid phase-noise generation that can adversely affectDoppler phase-shift detection. The transmit beam is focused by properly phasingthe signals applied to the transmit elements. In a similar way, the CWD receivedsignals are focused by phasing and summing the signals from each receiveelement. Because the transmitters are on simultaneously with the receivers inthis mode, the Doppler signals of interest are typically within a few kilohertz of avery large receive signal that is generated by reflections from stationary tissue atthe transmit fundamental.In spectral Doppler processing, the beam-formed digital signals are digitallyfiltered, mixed to baseband by using quadrature local oscillators (LOs) at thetransmit frequency, and then sampled at the transmit pulse repetition frequency(PRF). A complex, fast Fourier transform (FFT) is used to generate an outputspectrum representing the velocity content of the signal. The signal magnitudefor each bin of the FFT output is calculated and compressed to optimize theavailable, visible display dynamic range. The signal magnitude is finally displayedversus time on the ultrasound display. The spectral processor also generates leftand right stereo audio signals that represent positive and negative velocities. ADAC converts these signals which are used to drive external speakers andheadphones.
Modern ultrasound imaging systems make use of digital signal processors andsystem-on-chips which are specially designed single-chip microcomputers thatprocess digitized electrical signals generated by transducers that haverevolutionized the area of diagnostic ultrasound imaging. A diagnostic ultrasoundimaging system generates and transmits acoustic waves and captures reflectionsthat are then transformed into visual images. The signal processing on thereceived acoustic waves include interpolation, decimation, data filtering andreconstruction. Programmable DSPs and SOCs (System-on-Chip), witharchitectures designed for implementing complex mathematical algorithms inreal-time, can efficiently address all the processing needs of such a system(Pailoor and Pradhan, 2008).
Most ultrasound imaging systems are capable of three major modes of operation:B-mode, colour-flow and Doppler. B-mode operation results in a gray scale imagethat is used for examining tissue structures and organs. Colour-flow operationresults in a colour-coded display of spatial distribution of mean velocity of bloodflow super-imposed on gray scale image. Doppler processing produces scrollingdisplay of blood flow velocity distribution at a user specified location. Somesystems are capable of displaying all three modes simultaneously. Common to allthree is the initial stage where beamformed RF data gets down converted tobaseband, filtered, and in most cases, decimated. What follows this depends onthe mode. For B-mode, it is envelope detection and logarithmic compression.What needs to take place for colour-flow is a lot more compute intensiveprocessing involving high pass filtering of ensembles of scan lines to removecontributions from vessel wall or tissue motion. Output of the wall filter is thenused to estimate power, mean velocity, and turbulence. Doppler processinginvolves a much simpler filter and estimation of velocity distribution using short-time Fourier transform techniques. Doppler processing also produces a stereoaudio signal representing the Doppler spectrum.
Just like most embedded systems, ultrasound imaging systems need a systemcontroller to carry out functions such as configure and control the signal path,events and take appropriate actions, acoustic pressure and intensity levels andensure safety of patients. A typical ultrasound scanner is shown in use in Fig.23.28.
The most widely applied approach (Roelandt et al., 1994) for the three-dimensional image acquisition is the rotation of the scan plane around a centralaxis from a fixed transducer position. For data acquisition, the image plane isrotated in regular increments spanning a total angle of 180. In this way a cone-shaped volume is scanned with its apex located at the transducer position. Foreach scanning position, sequential images covering an entire cardiac cycle arerequired and transferred either to the hard disk of the workstation or to theoptical disk of the ultrasound system. Images can be stored using a video or adigital format. In order to obtain homogeneous data sets, only image sequencesfrom cycles that fall within pre-selected limits of the R-R interval, are accepted.The final data set consists of the gray level values of all pixels with their exactspatial location and their temporal location within the cardiac cycle. Forprocessing and reconstruction, data is later retrieved by disk by independentthree-dimensional workstation. For three-dimensional display, the reconstructedvolume can be dissected along any selected plane and cardiac structures ofinterest can be viewed from different angles. Several algorithms such as distancecoding are used to create the illusion of depth. Data can be displayed as adynamic loop sequence of an entire cardiac cycle with moving structures viewedfrom a selected angle. McCann et al. (1988) illustrates the in vivo and in vitrotechniques for three-dimensional ultrasound imaging for cardiology.
The 3-D imaging technique is being popularly utilized for viewing the foetusduring various stages of pregnancy, wherein highly exciting pictures of theunborn child can be stored as an album. Fig. 23.31 shows 3-D image of a baby at33 weeks of pregnancy. A logical extension of the 3-D images is the 4-Dultrasound image which brings to the user an image which is continuouslyupdated and it becomes a moving image like a movie.Figure 23.31. A 3D image of baby at 33 weeks picking its nose (Courtesy:www.fetalvisionimaging.com)
The normal first order coronary is 25 mm in diameter, but second order vesselsand atherosclerotic lumina often reach 0.12.0 mm. The small size of thesevessels puts a limit on the size of the transducer and the acoustic power to obtaina favourable signal-to-noise ratio. The transducer is normally carried on the tip ofa catheter, which should be flexible enough for safe passage into the vessels. Theflexibility not only ensures that the catheter can be manoeuvred to a central andcoaxial position in the vessel but also enhances both safety and image quality.Various technical approaches have been employed to construct an ultrasoundprobe capable of intra-luminal examination (Nissen and Gurley, 1991). Basically,there are two fundamental approaches: one utilizing a mechanically rotatedtransducer or acoustic mirror, the other utilizing an electronic array.
In another approach, very small Doppler probes have been incorporated intoguide wire tips for introduction into the coronary artery. Fig. 23.33 shows aschematic illustration of the Doppler guide wire. A piezo-electric element isincorporated into the tip of a 0.014" or 0.018" guide wire to produce a forwardlooking pulsed Doppler signal at typically 15 MHz.
In tissue harmonic imaging systems, the returning high frequency signal has totravel in only one direction i.e. return to the probe. The displayed image wouldhave the benefits from the attributes of high frequency imaging and a one-waytravel effect. Apart from increase in axial, lateral and contrast resolution, there isa substantial decrease in beam aberration, reverberation and side lobes.Harmonic imaging is most efficient in the mid-to far-range before absorptionlimits its penetration.
Over the past several years, ultrasound equipment has become more compact,with cart-based systems increasingly complemented or replaced by portable andhandheld ultrasound machines. This reduction in size is enabling a wide variety ofhealth care applications that illustrate how advances in medical technology arebringing care to patients instead of forcing them to travel. Portable and handheldultrasound systems are also instrumental in bringing health care to rural andremote areas, disaster sites, patient rooms in hospitals, assisted-living facilitiesand even ambulances.
Ulrich (1971) prepared a schedule of safe ultrasound dosage for experimental useon human beings (Fig. 23.37). He observed that the zone of safety for continuouswave ultrasound lay below a log/log line connecting 1 ms of 1 kW/cm2 ultrasound,with 200 s of 100 mW/cm2 ultrasound. An ultrasound intensity of 100 mW/cm2 orless was also safe for at least 10,000 s. Pulsed wave ultrasound was safe fordoses in which the average intensity multiplied by the total exposure time (orpeak intensity multiplied by sum of pulse on-time) lay within this zone of safety.The zone of safety was valid for 0.5 to 15 MHz and for all anatomic sites exceptthe eyes. Re-exposures were limited to l0% and 30% per year. The data in thisfigure provide the best estimates which can be made on the basis of the availableevidence of 'safe' conditions of ultrasonic diagnosis. Presently, it is recommendedthat ultrasonic diagnosis should not be permitted unless the irradiation fallswithin the safe conditions defined in Fig. 23.36. On the basis of Wells (1977) data,a pulse-echo system operating with pulses of 1 ms duration and 10 W/cm2 onintensity, at a pulse repetition frequency of 100/s should not be used to examineany individual patient for a total time exceeding 2.75h. On the other hand, aDoppler detector (continuous wave) operating at an intensity of less than 0.04Wcm2 may be used without time restriction.
The necessity for ultrasound safety also captured the attention of the AmericanCollege of Obstetrics and Gynecology (ACOG), as evidenced by their CommitteeOpinion # 180 entitled "New Ultrasound Output Display Standard" issued inNovember 1996. This publication described the onscreen display standards (asdetermined by the FDA, the AIUM, ACOG, and the National ElectricalManufacturers Association NEMA) for commercially available ultrasoundsystems. The ultrasound devices manufactured after 1992, one of two acousticoutput indices (MI or TI) is required to appear on the screen.
Finally, prudent use of ultrasound is recommended with the ALARA principle thatmandates that ultrasound exposure (in terms of TI, MI, and exposure time) bekept "as low as reasonably achievable" without compromising diagnosticcapability or resolution. The American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (AIUM)in March 1993 issued the following official statement on clinical safety. "Althoughthe possibility exists that such biological effects may be identified in the future,current data indicate that the benefits to the patient of the prudent use ofdiagnostic ultrasound outweigh the risks, if any, that may be present."
5. Describe with the help of a diagram the various building blocks of a basic pulse-echo apparatus.
7. Distinguish between 'A' and 'B' scan displays with the help of a diagram. What are the common applications of these two types of scan modes?
8. What is 'M' mode display in an ultrasound system? Name the instrument used in medical practice based on M-mode display. Describe its working with the help of a block diagram.
9. What is a real time ultrasound imaging system? What are special requirements of real time imaging systems?
10. Explain the constructional and working details of the following types of real time transducers: a. Mechanical sector scanner
f. Duplex scanner
11. Describe the working principle of linear array scanner with the help of a block diagram.
12. Explain with the help of a diagram the working of ultrasound tissue harmonic imaging system.
EXPORT EXPORTDr R.S. Khandpur: HANDBOOK OF BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION, THIRDEDITION. Ultrasonic Imaging Systems, Chapter (McGraw-Hill Professional, 2014),AccessEngineering
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Ariana Grande is Releasing a Line of 'Thank U, Next' Beauty Products
Fans can now smell like their favorite Ariana Grande song with a collection of beauty products inspired by her smash hit/album.
It looks like Ariana may be following in the footsteps of Rihanna, another pop star turned beauty mogul. The pop singer has filed trademarks for a collection of 'Thank U, Next' beauty products including fragrances, shower gels, body mists, lotions, and exfoliating scrubs. The new line is named after her Billboard #1 song and album by the same name released earlier this year.
This isn't the first time Ariana Grande has dabbled in the beauty industry. She already has three fragrances, Cloud, Ari, and Sweet Like Candy, all available at Ulta Beauty. Grande also partnered with Lush beauty to release a shimmery bath bomb inspired by her song "God is a Woman". This caused Lush to create their Goddess line of products which include glittery soaps and fragrances. While this line was only inspired by her, Ariana Grande fans bought the products in droves. It totally makes sense for Grande to create official beauty merch for her loyal Arianators.


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What is a sabiki rig ?
A sabiki rig is a simply a long piece of line with six small jigs attached to it. These jigs are generally either green or pink in color. It is important that you use a light florescent color. This is a highly visual type of fishing. They are designed to catch small bait fish of varying size. You simply attach them to your main line and attach an appropriate size sinker to the bottom of the line. You first decision concerning a sabiki rig is selecting the proper size. Very small rigs are designed to catch small pilchards and other bait in the two inch size range. Large sabiki rigs are targeted toward species like ballyhoo, pinfish, grunt and other large bait fish. Understand also that you can and will catch game fish species with sabiki rigs. Crevalle Jacks are famous for attacking this lure. It is not uncommon to catch more than one fish on one cast with this rig. Sabiki rigs can be fished in two different ways. They can be cast long distances into a school of baitfish and retrieved slowly. There is no need to set the hooks, simply retrieve the lure slowly and action will come soon if bait fish are in the area. You can also vertically jig this rig when your boat or pier offers you close access to a school of the bait fish you are targeting. Be sure to slowly lift your rod up and down when fishing in this manner.


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Our Team
Carol Neville
Carol the Pilgrim fell in love with the Via Francigena in late 2016 when she discovered its delights on her pilgrimage from Canterbury to Rome. So, she started up Via Francigena Tours to share the joy of being a pilgrim! Carol has many personal attributes to help make your pilgrimage amazing. She spent many years teaching science, art and religion. Today she is well informed about the history and culture of the Via Francigena. Also, she is passionate about walking, historical architecture and the landscape, all creatively captured in photography, drawing and writing.
Matthew Neville
Matthew Neville is our PR Manager and Social Media expert. He is the man behind the scenes who works patiently on website development and photography. In addition, he joins us on guided tours to capture lasting memories of our pilgrimage. He also enjoys indulging in the local food and wind. So his food appreciation, photography and media skills are a bonus to Via Francigena Tours.
Sarah Kleinknecht
Sarah is our Swiss Alps mountain guide. She will lead us along the Via Francigena trails from Orsières to Grand-St-Bernard Pass. A qualified mountain leader from the Swiss Mountain Guides Association, she is seriously dedicated to the Val de Bagnes region of the Swiss Alps and knows it thoroughly. She fell in love with the area 22 years ago when she came to Verbier for a skiing season and decided to remain. Today she is proud to say 'I have walked, skied, and run in these valleys ever since, they are part of me now, such a great backyard to play in!!'


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03/13 Charlottetown PE
03/24 Halifax NS
04/12 Fredericton NB
04/13 Florenceville-Bristol NB
04/14 Kingston NB
04/20 Oxford NS
04/27 Musquodoboit Valley NS
05/01-05 East Coast Music Awards Charlottetown PE
05/10 Chelsea QC*
05/11 Wentworth-Nord QC
05/16 Brockville ON
05/17 Kingston ON*
05/19 Ottawa ON^
05/22 Windsor ON>
05/23 Cobourg ON
05/24 Toronto ON*
05/25 Utopia ON
05/31 Ingonish NS
06/01 Iona NS
06/28 Berwick NS
*Booked by Side Door
^With Brendan Flynn
>With Crissi Cochrane
Christina Martin hits the road again in Canada, accompanied by longtime lead guitarist and producer Dale Murray. "When we're not touring, it feels like I'm cutting class and I'm plagued by nightmares of not making it to my gigs on time." To help find new and unique spaces to perform in Canada, Martin made use of a new and exciting booking platform called Side Door. Co-founders Dan Mangan and Laura Simpson made the connection from west coast to east coast over a dream to make things better for touring artists and live music fans. "For artists like me that want to tour more, and are independently booking, this platform feels like a really fancy gift."
"Impossible To Hold" won 2018 Music Nova Scotia Award Pop Recording of the Year, is Martin's sixth and strongest studio album, achieving a perfect balance between organic ambience and impeccable production. Her video Always Reminding, directed by Toronto filmmaker Ryan Thompson, garnered two 2019 East Coast Music Award Nominations, and Martin will be showcasing at this years ECMAs in Charlottetown May 1-5th.
For her upcoming Canadian tour — a 20+ date affair spanning Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Ontario, and Quebec — Martin continues to partner with The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health to promote the work of Canada's largest mental health and addiction teaching hospital, and to increase engagement and awareness on the topic of addiction and mental illness.


text: They Are The Cutest Puppies! | 21 Reasons Labradoodles Are Wonderful 0DogsJune 19, 2015 A+ A- Email Print Posted by Animals Tagged withCutest PuppydogsI Want YouLabradoodle PuppiesLabradoodlespetsPuppiesWant You Like to share? Newer PostI have wanted to do this since I was about 5 years old. Older PostIllustrator Lili Chin produced this wonderful explanation of her dog's body language. Leave a Reply Cancel replyYou must be logged in to post a comment.


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Good Buoy: Take Your Pooch Swimming at This Pet Spa And Day Care Centre
Doggiie Dog World is a pet wellness centre that has a swimming pool for dogs – and we're taking our pooches there.
What Is It?
Doggiie Dog World is a wellness center cum day care boarding for pets. They also have a pet spa where they'll groom your furry friends with a bath starting INR 800, ear cleaning at INR 150 and nail clipping at INR 150. They also have a basic grooming package at INR 1,650.
Their pet swimming pool is the highlight of what they do. You dog can go for a swim in their swimming pool for INR 1,000 per session and it's extremely beneficial for you dog's fitness, weight loss, blood circulation and cardiovascular activity. Dog got your head in a twist because of his disobedience? You can hit them up for obedience training to improve your dog's house and social skills.
So, We're Saying...
If you think you are unable to spend more time with your baby, taking him/her for a swim is a novel and fun idea.


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Get into the holiday spirit with the 9th Annual Art Show & Silent Auction on Thursday, December 5th from 6-9 pm at FishEye Studios. There will be more than 30 exhibitors from the advertising community as well as other talented painters, potters, photographers, illustrators and crafters.
Back to All Events
Earlier Event: November 2Greenville's Open Studios
Later Event: January 18Alternative: A Unique Art Event presented by Jade Castle Studios


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Despite the confession, the priest cannot be prosecuted for his crime by Mississippi authorities. Parikh, and et al. A lawsuit claiming the Archdiocese of Philadelphia is liable for alleged child molestation by one of its former priests in the s will remain in New Jersey court, a state Superior Court judge in Atlantic County has ruled. Port, and Michael Caparon. A Chilean appeals court ruled on Wednesday that the Catholic Church should pay compensation to three victims in a sex abuse case involving former Santiago parish priest Fernando Karadima, potentially opening the floodgates to similar civil lawsuits. If we really want to see change, we should see reports being required to go to independent and secular law enforcement officials. Monda backed off and everyone stayed in place.
Detection of neoantigen-specific T cells following a personalized vaccine in a patient with glioblastomaTanner M.
But Crawford said there are several priests who ministered at St. Mutch, Samuel A. Featured Businesses. Peter Goedegebuure, Osvaldo L.
The Woodcliff Restaurant.


text: Au MaV 0 Posted June 18, 2005 Hi Ive edited some code for a spoiler it works perfect but in reverse. In its current form with the gear up I get partial deployment of the spoiler and full deployment with the gear down.What Im aiming for is partial deployment with gear down and full with gear up.Ive tried just about every configuration I can think of but nothing works or only partially worksAny help much appreciatedThanksWozzaDa arse about code :) (A:GEAR CENTER POSITION,bool) if{ (L:spl_drop,bool) if{ 0 (>L:spl_drop,bool) 16384 (>K:AXIS_SPOILER_SET) } } els{ (A:SPOILERS HANDLE POSITION,percent) 99 > if{ (L:spl_drop,bool) ! if{ 1 (>L:spl_drop,bool) 2000 (>K:AXIS_SPOILER_SET) } els{ 0 (>L:spl_drop,bool) -16384 (>K:AXIS_SPOILER_SET) } } Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites


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Chris Blythe: The silver lining on the jobs cloud
The latest skills survey from CITB-ConstructionSkills gives a bleak outlook for the UK industry for 2012. A projection of 45,000 jobs to be lost is not a great start to the year.
There was one bright spot in the report. From 2013 output will begin to pick up, although at reduced levels, and over 30,000 more construction managers will be required up to 2016.
Some of these will be new entrants to the industry, but many will already be in construction and changing careers, some relishing the prospect and others viewing it with trepidation. This is a natural reaction when moving out of your comfort zone.
In fact, there may be someone reading this article now wondering what it means to be a construction manager. What they will learn as they look through the magazine is that construction management is diverse and covers a range of activities. What they will also learn is that construction managers are talented, accomplished and operate at all levels of the industry.
They will also see in the Contact pages stories of people just like them who have been able to achieve a chartered qualification even as a late starter. The University of Life may not issue any degrees, but they will find that their experience is highly valued.
But for that to happen there is a real case for a change in emphasis in terms of funding. Demand for the traditional trades is forecast to decline. There is not much point funding programmes where there is no demand for the skills. On the other hand, training and developing 30,000 construction managers over the next four years is going to need resourcing.
Whether CITB-ConstructionSkills will believe its own survey is another matter, but the source of the data is impeccable — it's the employers.
But employers also have changing expectations. At a recent CIOB scholarship presentation, hosted jointly with the Worshipful Company of Constructors, a director of one scholar's company said that modern construction managers needed different skillsets than their predecessors had, not just 10 years ago, but five years ago. Construction management has become as dynamic as that.
That's great news for anyone becoming a construction manager, and for the CIOB. So for those readers contemplating whether this is for them, I hope this piece, as well as the rest of Construction Manager, has persuaded you to join the CIOB and get the recognition you deserve.
So , Chris
the upcoming house building boom
will not require masons bricklayers formwork erecotors and finishing carpenters electicians plumbers roofers painters - and support plant fitters and staging erectors ???
just a group of re trained ex bankers who would not know how to set out a building site or check a foundation dig for square.
Excuse me but I think you need to re-focus on what is required today and for the next 5 to 10 years .
Construction Managers -need resources to manage the process.
Keith Skelton- FCIOB Chartered Builder


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What Is Augmented Reality (AR)?
Augmented Reality (AR) – What is AR…? Hmmm? AR is otherwise known as Augmented Reality, also known as 'That Pokemon GO one?' AR took the world by storm when Pokemon GO was
FRAG Profile: Saad "I Bring Dead Things to Life" Fayyaz
The Lion King! Look, I think the movie was a disaster (don't @ me bro) but the CGI was AMAZING! It was probably the best I've seen yet! So, I was
5 Most Memorable Boss Fights (That We Could Come Up With in 5 Minutes!)
So, we're a games studio. At the office, we're usually working, playing games or talking games. And when we talk about games we usually don't stop. So a couple of