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Our time is characterized by the development of globalization processes in economy and industry. Ecological crises, that arise, become global ones being the source or reflection of the social conflicts. Energetic aspect of the ecological crisis reflects the situation that energy production volume does not meet the customers' demands. According to the forecasts of experts from the Institute of World's Resources (Washington, USA) oil stock at the existing production rates will run out to 2007-2014, gas stock - in 40 years, coal stock– in the end of the XXI. Under conditions of climatic changes, shifts in the structure of year's seasons, there appear problems of normal functioning of the existing hydrotechnical (including hydroenergetic) constructions, water-, heat- and power- supply of the distant and developing regions. In the end, these are the problems of stable development of the civilization. This situation dictates the necessarily of working out the strategy of regional development that relies on the development of infrastructure that is determined by power supply. Use of the renewable energy meets the diversification of this problem.
Russia in spite of using renewable energy sources (further - RE) for a long time and a great number of producers of alternative power plants, does not have the All-Russia program for the development of RE' stimulation, similar to that are in the Germany, US, UK, Japan, India etc. Tomsk Region – is the single Russian object where there is RE law («Law about using of local non-traditional renewable energy sources in Tomsk Region, 2000»), however it does not yet work in practice due to non informativity of people and entrepreneurs, their inertness, relative cheapness оf traditional energy carriers. There has arisen the necessity of creation of regional social centers of civil initiative that will not only be engaged in ecological problems but also propagandize active practical application of the development alternative on the basis of extensive use of resources.
Experimental Laboratory of Renewable Energy and Landscape Ecology (ELRELE) was formed under influence of work of INTERSOLARCENTER (at All-Russian Institute of Agricultural Industry Electrification, Moscow, Russia) and Rocky Mountains Institute (USA) activity [23]. It had been working since 2001 till 2004 as a virtual part of the Non-Governmental Institute of Problems of Sustainable Development. Since 2005 it has been working as the initiative group at the Institute of Monitoring of Climatic and Ecological Systems (IMCES SB RAS, Tomsk, Russia). ELRELE is supervised by the Department of Natural Resources of Tomsk Regional Government and INTERSOLARCENTER (Moscow). Among its partners are the Department of Meteorology and Climatology (Tomsk State University, Tomsk) and «LMV Vetroenergetica LTD» (Khabarovsk, Khabarovskiy Region).
The Activity of ELRELE is targeted on study of local distinctive features of nature management, its optimization, research of regional features of nature use and their correction in compliance with industrial- economic development of the region and country as a whole. Main regions of ELRELE'S activity are Tomsk Region and Republic of Altai (Russia). Tomsk Region is the basis for development, spread and practical application of RE initiatives, and the Republic of Altai – mainly for propaganda and further promotion of plans. In this paper we have showed some geographical, technological and administrative aspects of possibility of RE using necessary and development in our areas.
Tomsk Region and the Republic of Altai in spite of the fact that they are far away from each other do have much in common. Their territories are characterized by severe continental climate, large forest-covered areas, marshlands, presence of dense hydro networks, light density of population, considerable percent of which (from 32% in Tomsk region up to 75% in the Republic of Altai) are engaged into agrarian sector of production, existence of great number of minerals (oil, gas, ores, timber, freshwaters, etc.) though very hard to reach and bad connection with main traffic centers of the country. There is observed clearly marked incoming flows of materials, raw material, fuel, foodstuff, etc. that is connected with development of oil and gas fields, forest development. Outgoing good flows are conditioned by export of hydrocarbon, wood and other kind of raw material. Besides low general supply with electrical energy and heat, use of traditional energy, without taking into account social-political and economic changes happened in 1985-1995 cause natural ecological damage to region's nature and their inhabitants.
Potential geological reserves of hydrocarbon fuel in Tomsk Region - 1,5-2,5 mlrd tons, peat - 28,7 mlrd tons (the 2nd place in Russia). Recoverable oil resources - 333 mln tons, gas - 300 mlrd m3 [28]. In the year of 2001 there was recovered approximately 7,8 mln tons of oil and condensed gas, more than 37 mlrd m3 of free and accompanying gas in the region[29]. But in spite of the presence of active oil and gas fields, oil is not refined at the place, mineral oil is delivered with coal form the neighboring regions. Peat is often found in overwetting conditions when its extraction and moving–out are becoming unprofitable. Gasification of dwelling houses is going actively, under the slogan of gas cheapness, however, prices on petrol and gas respond to world and internal Russian events. Their increase, for example, is indicated due to some events with "YUKOS" company, destroying influence of "Katrina" and "Rita" hurricanes. When Russia enters WTO we are to expect the next jump, now to the level of world prices that will have baneful affects on common people, as well as on small business, first of all – on the agricultural production producers. As a way out from this situation, there is lobbing a project of atomic plant reconstruction in Tomsk region that really gives insignificant energy percent. The main aim of the atomic plant is recycling of armor Pl. At the same time, radioactive remainders are supposed to be buried in valley of river Ob'. But annual emissions of radioactive steams on the reactor of Seversk and Tomsk petroleum chemical plant lead to increase of bronchopulmonary diseases and cancroid diseases of upper respiratory tracts, radioactive nuclide contamination of neighboring lands. Though we do not have means for their rehabilitation. Villages Naumovka and Georgievka that were affected by radioactive cloud in May, 1992 still are not settled apart, and inhabitants continue to live in this small "Chernobil' "!
Taking into account nature conditions of Altai Republic and way of life of its population, character of infrastructure, it is expedient to use recreational recourses that is assumed by the priority of the development of such nature management branch as a tourism, and also preservation traditional nature management [21, 30]. But weak infrastructure and power supply on the territory of Altai are the very restrictive factor for the development of recreation [17] in most attractive middle and high mountains belts. As the energy carrier there is used coal and, partly, gas from neighboring regions. Heat-and-power engineering problem forces to conduct the so-called"northern delivery" into the most distant parts of the Republic, on this purpose millions rubles are spent. Coal from Kuznetsk Basin mines (Kemerovo Region) possess a gross content of sulfurous anhydride, ashes of which are the reason for smog over narrow, closed river valley where there is situated Gorno-Altaisk, the capital of Altai Republic, with coal heating in most cases. At the same time, rural inhabitants still continue to use traditional fire-wood and for this purpose thousands of cube meters of wood are cut down. In districts of extreme forest existence (semidesert Chuja Steppe and Kurai Steppe), this problem threatens final deforestation and degradation of unique ecosystems under conditions of climatic warming. At the present moment it is propagandized, with lots of unfair shufflings, building of huge pressure Katun' hydro-power station (on biggest there Katun' River). By estimations of independent experts, in view of project estimated performance, economically, it will not cover costs soon, because it is based on calculations of hydrosynoptic parameters that determine average long-term drain that will take place only once in 5-10 years. So its filling and full power capacity operation will be of the same periodicity. The same situation is already observed in Eastern Altai with mini-hydroelectric power station on the left bank of Tchulyshman River. At the same time reservoir of Katun' hydro-power station will cardinally change the microclimate of resort village Chemal and make it less attractive for tourists and, flood a lot of fertile lands that are very rare and valuable in mountainous valleys.
Besides social inertness towards such projects, ecological illiteracy of specialists, that prepare projects, corruption of officials also play role in their realization that determine ecological safety, and unhealthy "economic" interest of high officials. As a result of Katun' hydro-power station building it is possible development of strategic fields of W, Mo, Li, Ta, Be and others, that will finally transform «Siberian Switzerland» into one more raw «black hole».
It is reasonable that besides ecological there exist social consequences. For example, destruction of way of life of native inhabitants, their degradation and dying out. There are no special laws in Russia that can protect minor peoples from industry's tyranny. That is why, besides entrepreneurs (active part of the population), children (receptive part), one of the target groups in RE-propaganda are the representatives of native peoples (part of the population that is subjected to negative civilization expenditures in the most).
Very vast territories of regions with rare weather station-net give us very non-representative information about its climates. And under practical operation of autonomous electric power plants there is a need for determination of expediency of their usage in specific given conditions of the area. All these oblige us to use meteo-data analysis fields methods in order to close «information holes». It allows us to receive general notion about climate of the territory, however, it does not give us adequate picture of climatic peculiarities of local ecotopes. Absence of hydrometric surveys data on distant from economic infrastructure channels (mountainous as well as flat ones) impede us to give real estimation of their energetic potential. It hinders to conduct normal strategic planning of RE development and all economy as a whole. Besides, meteodata is necessary not only to engineers-planners and potential consumers of the renewable energy but also to other interested parties. Under conditions of hydremeteorological service decay in Western Siberia (reduction of regular observation networks in Altai Republic reached 40 %), this very department needs independent meteodata.
Ordinary comparison of the sum of consequences from usage of traditional energy and alternative one shows how the latter is more secure for humanity [1]. But for the effective usage of RE potential it is necessary to have comprehensive data about every of its components as a nature phenomenon that is about their spatial-temporary allocation. Final decision about perspectives of specific ecotopes for placing of RE-plants one should take after detailed examination of their energetic and general resource potential on the level of elementary economic cell [16, 25].
Indicated problems demand development: 1) as the alternative to traditional – essentially, usage of the renewable energy sources; 2) methods of indirect evaluation and cadastre of the potential on the level of ecotopes; 3) legal fundamentals of overall state and local administrative support of the non-traditional energy.
Made use of data acquired on the basis of the analysis of regional network of hydrometeorological service of the Tomsk Region, we will get the following climate characteristics. Quantitative sum of solar radiation per annum comprises 80-83 kcal/sm2 in the North of the Region (Alexandrovskoe village), in middle part (Kolpashevo village) – 87 kcal/sm2, and in the South (Tomsk town) – 90-93 kcal/sm2. Indirectly one can characterize the quantity of solar radiation by duration of solar radiance. For the most part of the territory it comprises 1700-1750 hrs/annum (in Pudino – 1846 hrs/annum). The maximum is marked in June-July annually. High periods of cloudy weather (especially in transitive periods) are not let to use solar energy power plant as main, only as additional.
Average months and annual wind speeds in generally are not a high. The maximum is observed in Ob', Vasjugan, Ket', Chulim river valleys (2,5-4 m/sec), average on the region – 2,7 m/sec. Speeds more than 10 m/sec are rare. In accordance with existed investigation [27], wind energy in Tomsk Region can serve as additional source of energy only. Repetition of average wind working speed (3-25 m/sec) for wind-power plants is not exceeding 43%. Thus, zone of maximal density of wind energy coincides with areas of maximal average wind speed (Ob' river valley).
For Altai Republic we have previously examined climatic data by Chemal, Yailyu and Kosh-Agach villages (two of them are district centers, other two are resorts at the same time Chemal comprises in itself both of roles), and have long-term observation rows [2]. Total solar radiation comprises here 100 kcal/sm2 and more, the duration of solar radiance – 1900-2555 hrs/annum that is positive factor for use of solar electric plants. Repetition of wind working speed for wind-power plants fluctuating by the region from 20-56% (January, July – Kosh-Agach) up to 56-80% (July, January – Chemal).
Subjectively, Republic of Altai has a better potential for RE development than Tomsk Region, without viewing of other features. In Tomsk Region receipt of various kinds of RE is non-uniform in time and in space, and not smoothed out at the expense of mutual overlapping of several sources of RE. However, for real concrete ecotops are needed more exact meteorological investigations. Cited meteorological data usually refer to rare points of regular observations net, located, as a rule in big enough villages. Though for usage of renewable energy source even in traditional nature management and especially in development of recreational activity, extensive interpolations are of sheer necessity. Insufficiency of regular aerography data, low density of weather stations make us to resort to mediate estimation of natural-resort potential of climate by principle of processing of data fields [5, 22]. Unfortunately these methods can not characterize, for example, repetition of flaws that are limiting for operation of wind power plants and especially dangerous events, limiting the operation of electric plants in a complex [3]. The significance of wind-power engineering in high-mountains Altai' regions is growing, but for estimation of her potential there is a need for special method [22].
Instability of this or that energetic resource in time (cardinal change of wind direction, its speed, (taking into account increase up to limiting not operational)) and repetition; increase in number of days with heightened cloudiness and short longitude of solar radiance; freezing of small channels and etc.), can be overcome by means of combining (into united power system) of [power plants, that use energy of independent sources.
Forest covering of Tomsk Region comprises 58% of it territory, and Altai Republic - about 42%. In 2001 in Tomsk Region there was produced 599,7 thousands m3 of roundwood, 235 thousands m3 of saw timber [29]. Active hole cuttings of wood (148,5 thousands m3 in 1997), especially of cedar, as a valuable sort for production, that is usually lead in river valleys, are not always in compliance with technological plan. That means that there are a lot of timber waste (sawdust, brush wood, bark, fine wood chips), that do deprive landscape its aesthetic attractiveness, that Altai is known for, reafforestation is not always lead, and wood is not always moved out. Besides, nature conditions of Siberia are the reason for destruction of forest due to different factors (outbreak in number and invasion of insects that coincide with wood cutting, fires, windfalls; waterlogging and etc.). By the example of North-Easter Altai we can say that a great number of different factors is the reason for weakening even of undisturbed forests. So in subalpine belt, for example, mechanical damage of trees do have 7,5%-29,5% of Pinus sibirica De Tour trees, on average 5,5% of trees are affected by trunk vermin, sheer signs of rot do have 6,6% (factual affection, at least, is more higher). All these factors as a whole do have significant affects [7].
Very often dead wood is becoming a prey of technical vermin and after that it is totally useless. More over, centers of insects' number growth are the source of their invasion into neighboring, unaffected plantations [15]. In case of successful and opportune depression of the centers as it is usually occurred in recent time, loss of trees in the affected plantations is not high (not higher than several percents). Mass death of trees and decay of plantations is observed only in the case if forest protection measures were not realized in proper time. It leads to cardinal change of phytocenosis that guarantees absence of repetition of outbreak in this very point, at least during life of modern to it generation of people. Vermin centers on valleys are generated mostly within limits of sub-zone of south taiga (south of Tomsk Region), and in mountains, if there are no fires, – in low highlands and middle highlands (most part of the republic of Altai).
Wastes of timber industry and dead by different reasons trees can be used for production of biogas. At the present moment there is no need in use of gas-generation stations in areas of dead forest (or wood harvesting) (in case of weak damage excluding mass death of trees), or they can be used once – the new will not restore soon on the place of the dead one. From the other hand, transport accessibility of forest of Tomsk Region and the Republic of Altai is very low or al least low (marshland +distance +complex mountainous), that becomes better only in winter time. Absence of permanent population in this situation means using mainly mobile biogas plants and, restrictedly, stationary – for creation of bases with economic functions of wide range, that will become advanced post of complex developing of taiga forests and can be canned if is necessary [18]. In any case it is of high importance from economic and forestry points of view to control forest damage by insects and to use the affected forest at the most. This can partially help to compensate economic losses because of forest death, promote the process of restoration of plants and provide biological and fire safety of neighboring forest areas.
The activity of two groups of insects - phyllofages (damage the photosynthetic apparatus) and xylofages (damage bast and wood) are of interest for the potential of renewable energy. In Tomsk Region and the Republic of Altai there is a row of kinds of such groups, which are able to cause the death of plants (Siberian moth, gypsy moth, Boarmia bistortata beauty moth, European pine sawfly, Monochamus urussovi longhorned beatle, Ips sexdentatus engraver, etc.), technical vermin, lowering value of wood (kinds of Buprestidae, Lymexylonidae, Cerambycidae, Scolytidae and Siricidae), and decal ills stimulating organisms [6, 11, 13, 26].
In Tomsk Region the most well-known case was the outbreak of number of Siberian moth, followed by mass reproduction of Monochamus urussovi longhorned beatle on Ket'-Chulim watershed (in mid-1950th), which caused the death of dark coniferous forest on the area more than 1 million hectares. Among latest events three are appearing of pesthole of Siberian moth (from place to place – together with European pine sawfly) in Kozhevnikovo, Tomsk, Shegarka, Tegul'detsk, Bakchar regions. In northeastern part of the Republic of Altai recently there had been pestholes of Siberian moth, on which periphery pestholes of Monochamus urussovi longhorned beatle and in Central Altai (Ongudai district) – gypsy moth appeared.
Potential «suppliers» of raw materials for biogas power engineering сырья are the decay ills stimulating organisms. Loss of business wood because of decay reaches tens per cent of total volume. Ills in this or that way affect all plants, increasing their influence together with the growth of trees. Besides, strongly affected trees become sensitive to wind. The case of North-Eastern Altai demonstrates that constant affection of firm red heart of Pinus sibirica pine trees varies between 45…66 % [4]. Affection by decays of other species, aspen (Populus tremulae) for example, can reach nearly 100 %. Even respectively resistant Pinus silvestris is often significantly affected. Brown-mottled white rot, affecting forests, consisting of different kind of birch (secondary derivative forests on the place of basic fir-cedar formation) also dooms them to be the potential raw materials for biogas units.
Accurate data concerning wood volume in forests, dying in the result of influence of different factors and combinations of factors, are impossible to imagine due to variety of reasons. Though, one can definitely say that it is huge. Strongly affected forests die. Meadows and swamps may take their places, but even in case the forest restores, this area can not be used for economic turnover for several decades of years, and left stand becomes completely worthless during two-three seasons. Resulting literiness and masses of wind-fallen trees become substratum for development of trunk pests, decay ills, fungus carps.
Stands, formed because of influence of insects, are drawn towards forestry, affected by fires, and wind-fallen trees, and vice versa. During dry years areas of dead or affected by ills forest are highly fire-risky, while considerable amounts of dead wood are being accumulated there. Statistic data, received on enterprises of forestry, indicate on constant appearing of forest arrears, affected by fires and hurricane winds. Their annual area depends, first of all, on weather, and comprises, as a rule, thousand and tens of thousand hectares. But it is impossible to forecast the frequency and recurrence of hurricane winds and fires (extreme temperatures, quantity and periodicity of thunderstorm days etc.) in Tomsk Region and Altai Republic because of rare net of hydrometeorological stations. It is necessary to note a big share of fires, cause by thunderstorms both on Altai and in Tomsk Region.
Not only forest industry, but also farmers are the main suppliers of raw materials for biogas units and gas-generator plants in Siberia reality [12]. A cattle breeding is still one of the important branches of agriculture of Western Siberia. In Altai Republic in comparison to Tomsk Region nomadic cattle breeding prevails; and in Tomsk Region stabling and distant-pasture breeding is more common. For receiving biogas for needs of dwelling house or block of flats as a basis «BGU» biogas plants can be taken, which are produced by the All-Russian Institute of Agricultural Industry' Electrification (Moscow) for cattle-breeding farms of different size. These plants let to receive from 1,5 to 450 m3 of biogas per day. After communistic giantomania the herds became small, which won't let to use plants of high power capacity. In Tomsk city there will also be added the household rubbish which is already a problem for city.
300-600 m3 of biogas (170-400 m3 in re-calculation on CH4) with heating value 5-7 kcal/m3 can be received from 1 ton of waste. 1 m3 of gas corresponds to 4 kWt/h of electro-energy. Depending on temperature up to 30% of received biogas is spent on the maintenance of anaerobic fermentation process. Biogas can be used for domestic demand without prior refining. After refining it is quite suitable for usage as petrol (in Tomsk it is now popular to use natural gas for city buses). Anaerobic fermentation provides almost complete disinfection from pathogenic microorganisms, helminthes and weed seeds, and thus formed bottom slime can be used as a cheap natural fertilizer [24].
Because of climate conditions the territories of Tomsk Region and Altai Republic are situated in the area of sufficient moistening. This fact defines the possibility to use micro-hydroenergy. If to take territories under review then among their common problems of micro hydroelectric power stations usage it is necessary to name the following: 1. Great amplitude of water level of small rivers creates uncertainty concerning required position of water turbine. The problem is considerably solved if the river in supposed power site has the shores with big angle of slide. 2. Small angle of slide of the shores with slow deepening from water edge to center of water stream (actual for both big and medium rivers) leads the turbine out of area of significant current speeds or out the limits of water stream even at small level decreasing. 3. In tumultuous mountain rivers with turbulent stream the intensive movement of 5-20 mm debris near the bottom is typical. It is negative for turbine. 4. Rivers with constant flow owning to underground waters as a rule have small slides and low current speeds in riversides. The question is in increasing slides at least at local sites. It can be achieved with the help of dike dams with holes for stand pipes. 5. The lack of complete damming and minimal interference in the natural course of river-bed processes may lead to the necessity of equipment transfer. Intensive regular deformations of river-beds and referred change of low river-bed are most typical for lowland rivers with shores, constituted by easily eroded sand material (0,17-0,75 m/sec [10]); the stability of small mountain rivers depends on the fact, how prone to crushing are rocks, constituting slides and valley-beds. 6. The duration of freezing of Siberian rivers comprises around 5 month in average (November-March), this makes the all-year usage of micro hydroelectric power plants impossible. At the same time their mobility allows to transfer such plants in case of necessity easily.
The rivers of Tomsk Region are lowland; their energy potential is uneven and changes with seasons. Flow of medium and big rivers of Tomsk Region comprises from (Vasyugan river at the Srednij Vasyugan village) to 5480 m3/sec (Ob' river at the Prokhorkino village) [20]. Data concerning water course during shallow period of year allows to note, that water content of low-water period for north and central rivers of Tomsk Region (Tym, Ket' and Vasjugan rivers) is less changeable (12-22% of average flow for low-water period) than that of south-eastern rivers with bigger slides (Yaya and Tom' rivers – 37-48%). In the whole, one should note that low-water course of the majority of medium rivers is enough for usage for hydroelectric needs. So, average low-water flow of the Tym river (Napas village) reaches 54 m3/sec (north of Tomsk Region), on Chichkajul river (Frantsevo village) - 6.5 m3/sec (central part) and 136 m3/sec on Tom'' river (in Tomsk).
Within the limits of Ob'-Tym lowland, as well as on Vasyugan and Ketsk-Tym valleys high speeds during low-water periods reaching 0,8-1.0 m/sec can be noted basically in curve tops of big and medium rivers (Ob', Chulym, Tym). But the danger of shore erosion is higher on such rivers. Speed of shore contraction comprises in different places from 5 to 25 m/annum [7, 14,]. Speed on small rivers of the same territories decreases till 0,2 m/sec and less. Such water flows can be used in hydro energy only in case there are specific biogenic relief pattern - logjam (accumulation of dead trees), which can be considered as natural dams or sausage dams. Downstream from logjams there are rather long sections with increased current speeds [9]. Similar logjams are common on Ket', Tym, Kataiga, Lisitsa and other rivers of the Vasyugan and Ket'-Tym plains. Strengthening of logjams from wash-out doesn't apply additional anthropogenic load on water ecosystems. Logjams hinder navigation of small vessels. If to clear the rivers, representing interest for navigation, from them, one can besides get the fuel for biogas plants. In the whole the usage of micro hydroelectric power plants on rivers of northern and central parts of Tomsk Region without any changing of river-bed' processes is not very promising. The micro hydroelectric power plants of INSET Company (S-Peterburg) with power 5-10 kW and low stream pressure (2-10 m) can be used there.
Rivers on southeast of Tomsk Region are more favorable for the usage of micro hydroelectric power plants. This is also one of the most developed territories. The average surface slope angles here reach 3-5°, which is enough for small hydropower engineering with water flow from 0,5 to 15 m3/sec and rift current speed up to 0,7 m/sec. These conditions allow to use here, for instance, all INSET units with power capacity up to 100 kW (with high pressure) inclusively. Shapes of local rivers' beds are stable, while erosion-resistant dense loamy soil and shale constitute the shores.
Hydro energetic potential of Altai Republic is higher: density of river network is 1,0-1,5 km/km2 with steep longitudinal river profiles, summer water-low period is not very typical for these rivers. Approximate evaluation of hydro energy resources may be performed using different techniques for defining the average flow amount without such observations. According to the method of orohydrographic classification of Republic of Altai and Altai Region [19], Kochesh river basin, for instance, is classified as II orohydrographc region. Using equation, characterizing the connection of flow module with the height of water collection, allows to define the flow norm for the Kochesh river: 105 ls/sec·km2, which corresponds to water flow 4,1 m3/sec with average height of basin surface 1400 ms. Such water content is typical for the majority of Altai Republic rivers, and can be used for micro hydro-power plants of low capacity (10-50 kW), for instance, that produced by «LMV Vetroenergetika», Khabarovsk. Further it is supposed to work on detail research of current speeds field in riverside areas on rift plots. To optimize the number of required measurement one of the authors offers the method of current speeds field evaluation by separate measurements [14].
During implementation of renewable energy sources one can forecast the following: the increasing of the population well-being, gradual developing of now-unreachable taiga resources due to developing of small and medium business, lowering of ecological tension due to decreasing of atmospheric emission level (combustion materials of hydrocarbon raw materials and utilization products of some economic waste).
Complex plans of ELRELE activity in the filed of scientific investigations, development of ecological propaganda and consulting for RE for Tomsk Region consists of some stages; namely: 1) creation of the demo-Center with constructive elements of RE on free plot in Tomsk' sub-urban; 2) propaganda of RE as ecological alternative to traditional and nuclear energy; 3) approbation of some companies' RE production in concrete conditions of Siberian ecotops, weather observation and RE-consulting; 4) regional estimation and mapping of RE' nature potential; 5) dealer work for some RE companies; 6) creation of the domestic local RE-industry; 7) lobbying of the development of the Tomsk Region' RE Law. Since 2003 there is an innovation Center in Tomsk, supporting projects with the participation of foreign partners. We invite all interested persons to take part in mutual research and practical implementation of renewable energy usage.
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26 Zhukov А. М. Micose ills of Upper Ob' forests. Novosibirsk, 1978.- 247 p.
27 Zhuravlev G.G. Wind-energy' potential of the Tomsk Region // 6th Siberian Meeting for Climate-Ecological Monitoring (14-16 June, 2005, Tomsk, Russia). Tomsk, 2005. Pp.34-37.
28 http://www.tomsk.gov.ru/pls/guber/web.page?pid=69
29 http://green.tsu.ru/obzor/coc-ecoTO.htm
30 http://www.altai-republic.com/


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I read some of Sandy's story on Sunday: One afternoon, I left work and did not know how to get home. This was the start of a "downhill no return" into the Alzheimer's world. I am now in my world, a world of confusion, fatigue, and most days, in severe pain. I know there are days that […]
Matters of Life and Death #5: Dementia and Frailty
August 14th, 2011 No Comments
Tags: Alzheimer's Disease · Bible · death · dementia · hope · Jesus · Matters of Life and Death

subset: commoncrawl


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"Faithful, You are Faithful, forever You will be Faithful, You are All Your promises are "Yes and Amen" All Your promises are "Yes and Amen." We feel blessed listening to this song, thank you Anthem Lights.
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- JoNova - http://joannenova.com.au -
What Brexit market disaster?
Posted By Jo Nova On June 30, 2016 @ 4:10 am In Big-Government,Economics,Free markets | Comments Disabled
For five days headlines have told us the markets are being "Pounded", with "Turmoil", like a "Wild Ride" with "bloodletting". I thought I'd graph the horror of the last week on the FTSE100, DAX, the CAC40 and the Euronext. Naturally big-government fans in the media have no interest in overselling the disaster that is Brexit.
The last five years of the FTSE 100. See the carnage of the last week:
More shocking routs on the continent. Here's the last twelve months of the EURONEXT:
Twelve months on DAX:
Looks like a disaster every other week:
Financial graphs on DAX, CAC, and EuroNext from CNN
The British Pound is at a historic low (luckily the fall hasn't quite hit the 2008 level):
British exporters must be loving this.
The S&P 500, Germany's DAX, the Euro Stoxx 50—all of them have banks at the very bottom of the performance table…
In Europe, the damage is much, much worse: Germany's Deutsche Bank and Commerzbank are down by between 11.5% and 12% (having recouped around half of their losses at the European opening). In France, Societe Generale is the biggest loser, down 19%, followed by BNP Paribas -16% and Credit Agricole -12.1%. In Italy, seven of the bottom eight losers are banks, down by between 17% and 20.9%. The only thing keeping Lloyds Banking Group off the bottom of the FTSE 100 table is the fact that the U.K. has a lot of listed homebuilders, who have been hit even harder. — Fortune, June 24th
In the Brexit aftermath the Big Banks are getting into trouble. Most mainstream journalists don't seem to want to highlight the banker-pain. Maybe it's not the right message: "Stay IN the EU and Save the Banks"
Article printed from JoNova: http://joannenova.com.au
URL to article: http://joannenova.com.au/2016/06/what-brexit-market-disaster/
Click here to print.
Copyright © 2008 JoNova. All rights reserved.


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Pictures :)
We had a beach day, fewer on numbers as Tiffany is in season so she had to stay at home, as did Whoopi for obvious reasons.
The kittens are delightful, growing up fast. All have homes waiting for them but we hope to have some more in about 5 weeks time.
Whoopi continues to make really good progress, she's off to see a specialist next week where she will have a CT scan and then she will almost certainly have spinal surgery the following day, so please keep your fingers crossed for us.


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The first time Bill Eppridge met Robert Kennedy was aboard Air Force One. He'd been assigned by Life magazine in 1966 to cover Lyndon Johnson — the first outside photographer permitted to photograph a president on the plane.
Johnson was on a tour of the Northeast, and Kennedy was there because he was the senator from New York. During the flight, Kennedy lit up a cigar and sat down near Eppridge to talk to then-White House press secretary Bill Moyers. Eppridge surreptitiously shot his picture, which appeared in the magazine.
Awhile later, Life assigned him to shoot pictures for a story about whether Kennedy would run for the presidency. Eppridge decided to formally introduce himself and get permission to shadow the senator for the next several weeks.
"What did you say your name was?" Kennedy asked. "Eppridge," he said. Kennedy thought for moment, then said, "You can come along, but no cigars this time, OK?"
Eppridge was stunned that Kennedy remembered him. "From then on, I was his," he said.
Two years later, Eppridge would shoot the iconic image of Kennedy sprawled on the kitchen floor of a Los Angeles hotel, felled by an assassin's bullet, the busboy whose hand he'd just been shaking looking up in anguish.
Eppridge, 74, was the recipient of FOTOfusion's 2013 FOTOmentor award recognizing lifetime achievement and impact on younger photographers. The festival ended Saturday, but Eppridge's exhibition, Fifty Years in Photojournalism, runs through March 2.
"He's influenced several generations of photographers," said Fatima Nejame, president and chief executive offficer of Palm Beach Photographic Centre. "Everyone speaks highly of him. His pictures are awesome."
Eppridge was just 12 feet behind Kennedy when the shots rang out. He rushed forward, and saw Kennedy on the floor. "When I got there, the first thing I thought was when Jack Kennedy was killed no still photographs were made," Eppridge said. "This was history being made in front of me. It was my job to record it."
Eppridge positioned himself at a good angle and fired off four shots. The first was out of focus, in the second the busboy's head was down, the third was the history-making photograph.
Eppridge lost interest in politics after Kennedy's death. "If you photograph a politician, you want him to be a good man and someone you trust," he said. "That was Bobby. I could not find another Bobby."
During his long career Eppridge photographed for National Geographic, Life and Sports Illustrated and covered stories such as The Beatles' first American tour, Woodstock, the funeral of murdered Civil Rights workers in Mississippi, the Exxon Valdez oil spill and the Olympics.
One of his most memorable assignments was a landmark 1965 story for Life about heroin addiction moving into the young, middle-class white community. It took months to find a married couple willing to be photographed. At first, the wife demanded to be paid. When told that wasn't possible, she asked why she should bother to do it.
"I told her, if you do, a few people who were going to get into your position might not after they see the story," he said. "That's what convinced her."
Eppridge spent almost every day for three months photographing the couple, turning himself into a fly on the wall. "You just kind of mentally back off and let whatever is going to happen in front of you happen, without making determinations about what you're seeing," he said. "Later on, of course, you think about it a lot."
Just as he's never forgotten seeing Robert Kennedy killed.


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Haunted by nightmares — unable to shake memories of explosions, death, and visions of war — veterans can struggle with these images, even while awake. Many experience feelings of anxiety, depression, and anger; confused about how to make sense of what they have witnessed. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) often makes it hard for soldiers to return to normal life.
Although people often associate PTSD with veterans affected by the horrors of war, the condition can develop in anyone who has experienced a dangerous, shocking, or life-threatening event such as rape, childhood abuse, or a serious accident. According to the National Institute of Mental Health, PTSD will affect 6.8% of U.S. adults in their lifetime. With gun violence on the rise in the United States, survivors of mass shootings and those who reside near a mass shooting might also experience these symptoms, as fireworks can often sound like a gunshot. Continue reading What Happens in Your Brain During a PTSD Flashback?


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And I don't know,
This could break my heart or save me.
Nothing's real
Until you let go completely.
So here I go with all my thoughts I've been saving,
So here I go with all my fears weighing on me…
The radio out on the terrace has been playing for hours, tuned into a station that plays American Top 40. Not that I don't know enough French to enjoy any of the other channels out there; I do. But to concentrate enough for that would require more than the three extra brain cells I want to devote to what equates to white noise. Maybe that explains why it startled me when the lyrics of the song wound themselves into my already over-swamped mind. It was more than a little nerve-wrecking to realize just how on-target it was with my current thoughts.
Three months and I'm still sober.
Picked all my weeds, but kept the flowers.
But I know it's never really over…
Three months. In two more days, it will have been three months. Eleven weeks, four days, and assorted random hours since I saw him last. That was before the world fell apart. Well, before my world fell apart. God, that sounds neurotic. 'My world fell apart.' What a way to prove the naysayers wrong about you, Lane. Brilliant. It's such a good thing that your journalistic integrity has kept you so objective where this guy's concerned.
And I don't know,
I could crash and burn, but maybe
At the end of this road I might catch a glimpse of me.
So I won't worry about my timing,
I want to get it right,
No comparing, second guessing, no not this time…
That doesn't change the fact that I'm still watching, waiting. Hoping he'll swoop down onto the balcony with an ashamed look on his face and tell me that he was off-planet helping someone out there in the cosmos and that he didn't mean to scare me by taking off without a word. Hoping that he'll say that it was thoughtless of him, that he'd never do it again, asking for my forgiveness in a tone that shows just how worried he is that I won't. That he'll pull me into his arms for a reassuring hug that might just banish all of the fear that's been gnawing at my gut since the first whispers of his disappearance began, his cheek against my hair and I can just pretend that this was a bad dream…
Three months and I'm still breathing
Been a long road since those hands I left my tears in, but I know
It's never really over, no…
Wake up…
There isn't a major news hub I haven't contacted. A lead on a momentary sighting I haven't followed up on. Let's not even go into the amount of flight time I've logged. I've been everywhere from Helsinki to Madrid, bossing and threatening until I get the information I'm looking for. In the past month, I think I've spent about the sum total of a week at my own desk. The whole damn world considers me the authority on our favorite flying hero and I haven't, wasn't even aware he was gone until after the fact. And you want the real kicker? The Planet ran the original story, complete with banner headline: Astronomers Discover Krypton Intact. Signs of Life Found. The minute it went to press, I stormed Perry's office. He hadn't breathed a word about this article before it made the morning edition. Slamming it down on his desk, I let him know exactly how I felt about his keeping this a secret from me, of all people. Perry said I wouldn't have been objective. And, deep in my heart, I knew he was right.
Three months and I'm still standing here,
Three months and I'm getting better yeah.
Three months and I still am…
Once the findings were publicized, I remember the two of us on my balcony a few days later, acting like it was business as usual when it obviously wasn't. You would have to be blind to miss the way his attention wandered every other question or how his gaze was directed at something far past my ability to see. I should have known then what he was thinking. I should have said something. Anything. But I knew the price he paid for my involvement last time and didn't dare act as if I had a real clue. It hadn't taken long for those misted-over moments to come back to me, having torn away at those blank spots until they had given way. I had kept my mouth shut and played along for love of him and for the sacrifice he made. Until now. And admitting I knew the truth now would only cage him all the more.
Three months and it's still harder now
Three months I've been living here without you now,
Three months yeah, three months…
He was last spotted at the Thales Alenia Space facility, if sources are correct. Seems that they had managed to clean up the Cassini-Huygens satellite images released by NASA two weeks before. More than one eyewitness had confirmed that Superman had made a visit to view the images before they were made public. There were also whispers that he had discussed the actual location of the find. I can't even bring myself to say 'planet' even now. The moment I ferreted that little tidbit out of one of the reporters at the la Tribune Quotidienne, I was on yet another plane. But I was too late. Once I had convinced them that I was really Lois Lane, that I had a legitimate reason for knowing Superman's whereabouts, they agreed to speak to me. Nevertheless, it seems that he had sworn them to secrecy. All the scientists closed ranks after my initial questions, whether it was true that the Man of Steel had visited the facility, politely refusing to tell me anything beyond mentioning that he had been quite interested in the coordinates of what could possibly be his home world. He had also mentioned something about the rocket he had come to Earth in. They meant it to be a nice little scrap of information, a lead that any other reporter would have joyfully fallen on like a wild dog on weakened prey, but all I could feel was ice in my heart. I hadn't realized until that instant that I had known for sure what he had planning ever since the pictures had gone public. And even as I thought it, a sick feeling rose in my stomach. It had taken four days to find someone to let the information slip. I was too late.
I was already on my cell phone when I passed out the doors of the Thales Alenia Space headquarters, dialing Perry White's office number from memory and repetition. I had no more told him who it was before he started to bawl me out over Clark's resignation and why I hadn't told him that Kent was even considering it. And that was when I knew for sure that I had lost him.
Three months and I'm still breathing,
Three months and I still remember it,
Three months, and I wake up.
If you love something, set it free. If it comes back to you, it will be yours forever. If it doesn't, it was never yours to begin with. Great, romantic, wise saying – but it's something else entirely when it actually happens to you. Worse when it happens twice-over. And let's not mention the fact that I likely lost him to deep space and maybe even a whole planet of his own people. They say Whoever's Up There has a sense of humor. I think they're right. I've been in Paris the last week and a half, tying up the last of my loose ends and trying to make up my mind what I'm going to tell the public, what explanation I can possibly give for his sudden disappearance that won't show my hurt or bias. Constant bouts of nausea have made keeping my mind on my work fairly impossible. I got a call back from the doctor I saw in Montparnasse yesterday with the diagnosis. My flight is due out tomorrow, but I've already called Perry requesting extended leave.
If you love something, set it free. If it comes back to you, it will be yours forever. If it doesn't, it was never yours to begin with.
I guess now I have my answer.
I lean my chair back and look up into the clear blue skies, wondering what will come next. My heart both grateful and broken. I lost one, only to gain another that I never dreamed possible.
Yeah, I guess I have my answer.
Three months and I'm still sober,
Picked all my weeds, but kept the flowers…


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guest contributors:
Brent Wells, Executive Vice President | Southland Concrete
Tim Gainey, Business Development Manager – Commercial Applications | Tindall
Before you start your next data center project, consider these 7 factors in tilt wall and precast concrete construction methods.
Every owner has experienced the pressure associated with reducing costs while meeting schedules during a construction project. The reason most owners feel overwhelmed is because projects are complex and each one is different. This makes a cookie-cutter approach to project and construction management impossible. So, it's not surprising, the decision to use precast concrete walls or tilt walls is based on the project's complexity and unique needs.
But don't just take our word for it. Verity asked two recognized leaders in tilt walls and precast concrete construction methods. Here's what they have to say.
Southland Concrete, a leader in concrete contracting, and tilt walls are synonymous. They have completed more than 100 data centers in the Washington DC Metro Area which have consisted of either tilt wall design or precast shell.
"When people think of tilt wall construction method, they think of Southland Concrete," says Brent Wells, Executive Vice President with Southland Concrete. "Tilt wall projects come in many forms ranging from one-story to four-story projects, blast-proof, and progressive collapse designs. Tilt wall construction offers more design flexibility and creativity in building height and panel design due to the site-cast nature of the method. Tilt wall is not limited in this respect to the width and length of panels. The speed at which quality panels are casted and erected has long been the attraction to this method."
Tindall, a leading expert in precast concrete, has over 50 years of experience delivering precast concrete solutions that precisely meets their client's needs. Whether you're an architect, builder, contractor or owner, Tindall has provided smart solutions to the most complex challenges in a wide range of construction projects.
"Versatility, efficiency, and resiliency are just three characteristics that make precast concrete a high-performance solution," says Tim Gainey, Business Development Manager – Commercial Applications at Tindall. Some of the most experienced and well-known providers and builders in the data center space prefer precast over other methods due primarily to its enhanced quality control aspect in addition to the speed of erection, lack of disruption to the jobsite, and the flexibility to erect the panels after the steel structure is already erected."
Both methods offer dependable exterior walls and hard-wall interior with energy efficient options and a variety of finishing features. However, there are differences that include the following:
Precast Concrete Panels are cured and cast at a manufacturing facility, and then transported by truck to the job site to be lifted in place. Precast is created in a controlled environment so it can be made in extreme and unpredictable weather. One fallacy in the industry is precast concrete's inability to handle late design changes. Precast has adapted to the fast-paced nature of data centers and developed ways to minimize design restrictions through designating very minimally sized "no drill/cut zones" allowing the design team enormous flexibility to continue altering design extremely late in the design process. Also, due to the lack of disruption to the jobsite, precast concrete solutions work better than any other system in highly congested and high land cost areas.
Tilt Wall Construction refers to when concrete panels are cast on-site and, like the name, walls are then tilted up to form the exterior walls of a building. Since tilt wall is created on the job site, walls can be completed quickly. Tilt wall construction is only limited to the raw material availability which can be a benefit to production and scheduling. Because it's site cast, and uses existing aspects of the permanent structure, it has cost advantages too. It can provide owners in the highly competitive data center digital revolution a distinct edge from design to tilt wall erection thus speeding up project completion. Bad weather is often seen as a downside to tilt wall but the truth is only extreme weather patterns could delay casting. Typical seasonal weather patterns won't affect timing with a little bit of planning. Tilt wall is largely dependent on whether the site is big enough for casting; although, most expert contractors have many workable options to overcome a small site.
7 Factors
When it comes to choosing between structural precast concrete and tilt wall construction methods for data centers, one method is not better than the other. Deciding which method is best of your project starts with the project needs. Verity Commercial's project and construction managers advise owners through the project planning and decision-making process. Here is a list of 7 factors that Owners need to consider.
- Location – Where your project is located is a key factor to consider when deciding if tilt wall versus precast concrete construction will work for your project. With a little planning, typical weather patterns won't affect the ability to cure and cast tilt wall panels on-site. However, extreme weather conditions may prevent casting at the job site. Whereas, precast is made offsite in a controlled environment and unaffected by weather conditions. Plus, there are numerous precast concrete providers strategically located throughout the country to provide cost effective precast solutions.
- Site Limitations – Site constraints will play a part in deciding which method will work best. In order to create tilt walls on-site, you need space for casting and curing. Precast has few site limitations since it's cured and cast at a manufacturing facility then transported. However, good contractors will have many workable options for owners so don't be so quick to rule either one out.
- Schedule – Precast concrete is manufactured under roof in quality-controlled facilities with their own batch plants and requires transportation to the jobsite. However, most general contractors operating in the data center space today can easily coordinate the design, casting, and delivery of the precast in a timely fashion. On the other hand, tilt wall can adjust to requests for design changes as the project progresses allowing for reduced lead time.
- Structure – Both methods require additional components to complete construction of the entire building. Tilt wall uses steel products to accomplish this task. Steel can also be used in conjunction with precast concrete wall panels. However, with precast walls, another option is to build a total precast concrete structure with precast columns, beams, floor, and roof members. This choice opens up even more time and cost saving possibilities.
- Construction Sequencing – With precast walls, steel can be set before the precast walls if the precast walls are not load-bearing for the steel. In this case, there is no bracing needed for the precast wall panels. They can be welded directly to the steel frame. Generally, tilt wall goes up before the steel and has to have bracing in place until the steel frame is erected. However, if braces for tilt walls are put inside, contractors can still work and maneuver in certain areas. Another option is putting braces on the outside of the tilt walls in which case, contractors can continue to work as normal. Keep in mind, both methods have to wait until the foundations are complete before erecting walls.
- Budget – Both methods offer cost benefits. Precast requires lower total installation costs than other construction methods. And like precast, tilt wall can keep costs down while meeting a tough schedule. You'll need to consult an expert in precast and tilt wall methods to find out what makes the most financial sense for your project.
- Building Size – Tilt wall panels can be wider than precast and are really only limited to the size and shape of the building. Having fewer panels to raise reduces construction equipment and labor for the follow-on trades, i.e. patching and caulking. Precast is governed by the hauling width restrictions of each jurisdiction. However, with the use of tilt racks, precast can ship up to 15' wide panels.
These are some key factors to consider in deciding which method is right for your project. Both are demonstrated and reliable construction methods. Look at your unique project needs to determine which is right for you.
If you need help deciding whether tilt wall or precast construction is right for your project or if you'd like to connect with an expert contractor that specializes in one of these methods, such as Southland Concrete and Tindall, contact Verity's construction managers today.


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Took day 11 as a vegging day (me, not plot related!). Let the sunburn die down and take it easy. Really was a hard dig on day 10!
Day 12 was a catch-up. Got some timber and delivered. Strengthened some pallets and sunk in some creosoted baton posts to support them. Result was 2 huge (and I mean huge) compost bins. Moved the massive pile of weeds in, layered with guinea pig sweepings, lime and soil layers. Plenty of water and covered in carpet. Reckon that I might manage to fill one bin by the time I've cleared the whole plot.
Lets see if I can run it hot!
Also put up my bean poles and planted in some runners that I bought as small plants.
That tiny strip in the back left in front of the beans is the bit that broke me a few days ago! Compost heap is in the back left behind the canes.
Small crop of strawberries being shown off in front of the courgettes which have taken very well.
Below is a close up of today's work. The closest bin is the one about a third full. Need to remember to tie the netting at the top a bit more - currently just hooked in at the corners.


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LSU is offering a new option for buying football tickets, formerly one of the hottest commodities in Louisiana before high definition TV's and other changes shook up the ticket marketplace.
The offer, called the flex pass, costs $360 for seven vouchers that can be redeemed for any of the seven regular-season games in Tiger Stadium.
Seat locations vary, and only two vouchers can be used for the season's highest-profile games — Georgia on Oct. 13 and Alabama on Nov. 3.
Tickets are delivered digitally to iPhone or Androids 24 hours before the game.
"It is brand-new to the public," said Associate Athletic Director Brian Broussard, who oversees ticket sales.
In a sports world where fan fervor no longer necessarily translates into sellout crowds, LSU is feeling the pinch as much as anyone.
The price is the same as many season tickets in the east and west upper decks.
But buyers can pick and choose their games, which answers a longtime complaint from some season ticket holders about pricey tickets to see blowouts against non-conference opponents.
The limited roll-out, if successful, may be expanded in future seasons.
More importantly, the package helps show how college and professional football officials are scrambling to get fans away from their 65-inch HDTV's, and into stadiums.
It is also another sign that football tickets are more available for LSU home games than they used to be, even with one of the nation's most fervent college fan bases.
Gobs of tickets are listed for LSU home games on StubHub, and start at $6 per ticket for the Southeastern Louisiana University, Louisiana Tech and Rice University contests.
Season ticket sales, about 70,000, remain tops in the Southeastern Conference.
But that total is down from years past, and fans can still buy season tickets less than a month before the season starts.
In addition, the drop in renewals, the new option for Skyline Club tickets and other changes meant season ticket holders had more options to upgrade their seating location than in past years.
LSU faculty and staff used to have to have their names drawn from a lottery to buy discounted football tickets.
Now they can freely buy those tickets, and get a refund on the extra charge — called the Tradition Fund — that other fans pay.
Also, the flex pass is one of three ticket packages aimed at what once seemed unthinkable -- trying to lure fans into Tiger Stadium.
One is a four-game package, with options for two high-profile games and two lesser contests.
Also, in honor of LSU playing its 125th football season, fans can buy tickets for the Ole Miss or Mississippi State games and get a $25 discount on individual game prices for the Southeastern, Louisiana Tech and Rice games.
Earlier this year LSU officials announced that Tradition Fund fees would remain the same for the 2018 season, and be trimmed for some seats that are hard to sell.
There are a lot of perks that go along with being an elected official in Louisiana. One you may not expect: Many get the option to purchase "b…
The school is also lowering the price of some stadium parking passes.
The price reductions come amid a wide range of customer complaints, from modest success on the field in recent years to traffic problems on game day.
Fittingly for this 2018 season, LSU's football complex is undergoing a major renovation and expansion. Coaches are sequestered in temporary of…
Broussard said the school has taken steps to address some of the gripes, including improved stadium concessions and remodeled bathrooms.
Capacity at Tiger Stadium is 102,321, a tall hurdle even with outstanding teams.
There are a lot of perks that go along with being an elected official in Louisiana. One you may not expect: Many get the option to purchase "b…
LSU is forecast to finish near the bottom of the SEC West amid a rugged schedule, NFL defections and questions about quarterback play.
Away game tickets are another issue.
LSU has returned about 2,500 tickets for the Auburn contest, an early season showdown and one of biggest away games of the year.
"We definitely did return some to Auburn," Broussard said.
"That is a nationwide thing that everyone is trying to keep their eyes on," he said.
"Visiting teams are not taking as many tickets," Broussard said.
"We are guilty of that as well," he added. "We are still trying to identify what those reasons are."
Broussard said LSU has sold about 12,000 tickets for the season opener against the University of Miami in Arlington, Texas on Sept. 2.
He said a "few thousand" are available, and mostly in less desirable seating areas.
Broussard said the new flex passes are aimed at fans who live outside Baton Rouge and was first tried with recent LSU graduates.
"We are trying to reach a broader audience with fans that may not want to make every game," he said.
Buyers can also purchase additional vouchers for $40 each.
Broussard said challenges faced by LSU are similar to those at Alabama and Notre Dame, where football tickets are also available.
Season tickets are generally either $360 or $425, not counting Tradition Fund fees for the right to buy the seat.
Single game tickets will carry a face value of up to $250 for top games.


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Things to learn before we buy it Drawers. Cabinet is used for storing things, remember? So in the event that you buy the one with drawers, then it'll be beneficial. It's possible to organize things well. Materials. Look closely at these substances. Learn whether the content of the one which you would like to buy is powerful enough to take care of water and humidity. Ask the shop keeper to describe it in detail. Pay attention to the sink.


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Marcy is a seasoned youth worker who brings energy and enthusiasm into everything she does. Passionate about reaching the youth of our community, Marcy has devoted countless hours towards helping young people realize their inherent value and developing their leadership skills.
In her new role as Ministry Director at The Door youth centre, Marcy will have even greater opportunity to impact the lives of young people. One way you can partner with her in that is by supporting her financially (all YFC staff are responsible for fundraising their salaries). Here are some of our giving options:
Set up pre-authorized monthly donations directly from your bank account by printing THIS FORM and sending it in with a voided cheque. This is the most effective giving option, as there are no service fees deducted from your donation and it ensures a reliable flow of revenue into Marcy's salary account.
You can DONATE ONLINE via Canada Helps using your credit card. Here you can choose to make either a one-time gift or recurring monthly donations. Note: be sure to select "Huntsville Ministry Director (Marcy Hill)" from the dropdown list on the Canada Helps website.
You can send a one-time gift via email money transfer. Please follow THESE INSTRUCTIONS when sending your e-transfer.
To donate via cheque please print THIS FORM and mail it in with your cheque.


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Balcony, patio, and courtyard gardening are the preferred outdoor furnishings for many different reasons.
Whatever the reason, no space is too small for a small space garden. One small plant in a proper container is a garden. In fact, ever more gardening options are available in terms of pots, window boxes, troughs, cast-iron planters, or recycled materials.
Furnish your garden
When planning your small space garden several steps are fundamental adn and shall be taken into consideration: The first is to determine what purpose this space will serve. Do you want to grow vegetables, herbs, entertain family and friends, meditate, create a place of peace, healing, a memorial garden. Next, walk around your space and really look at what you have.
Think seroiusly to the possibility to furbish your garden with some of the great outdoor furnitures available. From patio ones to balcony furnitures. Garden furniture is now a fashion item as the patio and garden increasingly become an additional functional space to the home.
Firstly decide whether you want a permanent or not furniture. If you want your garden furniture to be a permanent part of your garden for esthetic reasons then heavy furniture is recommendeded; Made from hardwood, aluminum or iron.
Invest in your furniture
It is well worth spending the money on the heavier more durable materials. Decide what kind of material for your garden furniture would best compliment your patio or garden. Select a material that will stay in balance with your garden and house.
Wood is the best all round as it is lightweight, esthetically wonderful and comfortable but requires some maintenance. Consider to choose a tropical wood which is high in natural oil content like teak, or courbaril. These woods are weather resistant and can be left outside during the year.
Once your teak garden furniture has weathered the colour will be enhanced by an annual scrub. A small amount of bleach added to the water will suppress any algae growth. Any stains and spots can be removed by washing it using a detergent.
Cracks when dry
In dry weather some small cracks can appear in the end of the grain timbers. This is natural and no action is needed. When the moisture in the atmosphere increases the timber it will return to its original aspect.
Wrought iron garden furniture generally looks the best as it is usually perfect to give a unique look. There are some drwobacks too. The wrought iron furniture is not as comfortable as wood and heavier to move around.
As a general advice, it is recommendeded to cover your garden furniture expecially in the evenings or with the rain, certainly long term benefits wil be evident.


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As promised, during my final days at Z100 New York, I'm sharing with you my visits to some of my favorite places in New York City & the surrounding areas. This post, I visit some of my fav spots in … [Read more...] about @ShelleyWade VISITS CENTRAL PARK
That's me with Star Jones this past Sunday night at her "Celebrity Apprentice" viewing event, benefiting the American Heart Association. Before we started viewing the "Celebrity Apprentice" season … [Read more...] about PICS: STAR JONES' "CELEBRITY APPRENCTICE" PREMIERE PARTY!
My Ke$ha Commercial!
Check out my voice on Ke$ha's National Television commercial! Btw, her new album "Animal" is available today! … [Read more...] about My Ke$ha Commercial!
Backstage @ Z100's Jingle Ball!
As usual, I had a blast at Z100's Jingle Ball 2009! Our concerts are always the highlight of my year. Not only because I get to see performances from some of the biggest artists in the world, but … [Read more...] about Backstage @ Z100's Jingle Ball!


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I am not complaining, because it's better to get a substitute, and still do Zumba. The young lady was very good, and I was pleased with her routines.
After the class I mentioned Zumba Toning, and she has never done it. I was telling her that with the warm up, and cool down, she only needs a few tunes to work with. She could do 2 dances with weights, and then 2 or 3 without. Then repeat it.
She thought it was a great idea, and would then be able to offer it too.
After the hour class, I ended up doing 30 minutes with weights, as there is no way I couldn't do them.
Do you do classes, and so look forward to them, only to find that it has changed?


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MSU Bioethics on Facebook
- Comments are open on our latest #BioethicsInTheNews commentary, in which Dr. Fleck responds to a recent @WSJ opinio… twitter.com/i/web/status/1… 1 hour ago
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Students present research findings at 9th annual Mid-Michigan Symposium for Undergraduate Research Experiences
Michigan State University students Marissa Cortright and Emily Castillo presented a poster at the 9th annual Mid-Michigan Symposium for Undergraduate Research Experiences (Mid-SURE), held July 24 at Spartan Stadium. Their poster, "Perceived Invasiveness of Psychiatric Electroceutical Interventions as Treatment for … Continue reading


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Marc Methot bit his tongue and chose his words carefully.
The Senators' defenceman wasn't happy with sitting out Tuesday's 2-0 win over the Washington Capitals and had a hard time hiding his anger Wednesday at the Tampa Bay Times Forum.
Coach Paul MacLean told reporters Tuesday Methot was out because of a minor injury he suffered in practice Monday. Methot didn't think the injury was serious enough to keep him from playing.
"Yeah, I thought, there was an injury in practice. It turned out to be nothing really," said Methot. "I felt really good (Tuesday) and I felt really good (Wednesday)."
Asked if he was good to go vs. the Bolts Thursday, Methot responded: "Yup."
Methot said not playing against the Caps was a surprise.
"A little bit. I was a little caught off. I felt really good in the morning. It's their decision and I have to deal with it," said Methot.
Methot left the ice early at the Verizon Center Tuesday morning, but was summoned back to skate with scratches Joe Corvo and Matt Kassian. Methot didn't like the fact that if he was injured he skated with the extra players.
"Yeah, I got bag skated after practice so you know …," said Methot.
MacLean said he and the staff are just doing what's right for the player. Asked if Methot could have played if it was a playoff game, MacLean didn't hesitate.
MacLean noted captain Jason Spezza along with alternates Chris Phillips and Chris Neil have all been held out at various times this season because they were nursing injuries and the club wanted to err on the side of caution.
"(Methot) could have (played)," said MacLean. "It's the same as Chris Phillips, Jason Spezza and with (Methot) himself early in the year. Chris Neil could have played in Minnesota last week and against Montreal.
"We want them to play the most games they can all year long. It's up to us. (Athletic therapist) Gerry (Townend), the medical staff and I are going to decide when they are ready to go back and play. They can tell us they are ready to go but sometimes they stretch it and it's not right. We've been there in our previous two years. We might be a little bit old and we might be a little bit grey-haired but we can still learn.
"One thing I've learned about this group, and it's the same with any group, they all think they are ready before they are ready. It's up to us to make sure we have them in the lineup when they are 100% and they're not stretching it so they can get back in. I want to play. We all want to play. It's up to our medical staff and ourselves that we're putting the right team on the ice to give us a chance to win."
MacLean said players will always say they can play.
"That's a credit to the players. We want the players to play. We don't just want to sit them out to sit them out," said MacLean. "Players like Jason Spezza, Chris Neil and Marc Methot are important to our team having success.
"It's also important that we do things the right way."
With eight defencemen, MacLean has options and has to make two scratches. He said if Methot is ready — and 100% — he will consider playing him against Tampa.
"If he says he is (ready) we'll have to give all that consideration (Thursday)," said MacLean. "He certainly looked like he skated fine and we'll make that decision based on whether (Townend) says he's good to go.
"(Methot) has played fine. He's been one of the four guys that has played most of the time. If he's ready to play, we're going to have to get him in because he's an important player for us."
The Senators are trying to manage the eight blueliners and keep everybody happy. MacLean said the club has played much better defensively in the last two months.
"Since December our defensive core has been physical and they've been better with the puck. He's been a big part of that," said MacLean.
Twitter: @sungarrioch