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It is well established that air pollution has detrimental effects on both human health as well as the environment. Exposure to ozone and particulate matter pollution, is associated with an increase in cardiopulmonary mortality and morbidity. Asthmatics, elderly and children have been indicated as especially sensitive groups. With a global increase in use of vehicles and industry, ambient air pollution represents a crucial health concern as well as a political, economical and environmental dilemma.
Both ozone (O3) and diesel exhaust (DE) trigger oxidative stress and inflammation in the airways, causing symptoms such as wheezing, coughing and reduced lung function. The aim of this thesis was to further examine which pro-inflammatory signaling pathways that are initiated in the airways by ozone, as compared to diesel exhaust. Furthermore, to study the effects of these two ambient air pollutants in a sequential exposure, thus mimicking an urban profile. In order to investigate this in healthy as well as asthmatic subjects, walk-in exposure chambers were utilized and various airway compartments were studied by obtaining induced sputum, endobronchial biopsies, or airway lavage fluids.
In asthmatic subjects, exposure to 0.2 ppm of O3 induced an increase in the cytokines IL 5, GM-CSF and ENA-78 in the bronchial epithelium six hours post-exposure. The healthy subjects, however, displayed no elevations of bronchial epithelial cytokine expression in response to the ozone exposure. The heightened levels of neutrophil chemoattractants and Th2 cytokines in the asthmatic airway epithelium may contribute to symptom exacerbations following air pollution exposure.
When examining an earlier time point post O3 exposure (1½ hours), healthy subjects exhibited a suppression of IL-8 as well as of the transcription factors NFκB and c-jun in the bronchial epithelium, as opposed to after filtered air exposure. This inhibition of early signal transduction in the bronchial epithelium after O3 differs from the response detected after exposure to DE.
Since both O3 and DE are associated with generating airway neutrophilia as well as causing direct oxidative damage, it raises the query of whether daily exposure to these two air pollutants creates a synergistic or additive effect. Induced sputum attained from healthy subjects exposed in sequence to 0.2 ppm of O3 five hours following DE at a PM concentration of 300 µg/m3, demonstrated significantly increased neutrophils, and elevated MPO levels, as compared to the sequential DE and filtered air exposure.
O3 and DE interactions were further investigated by analyses of bronchoalveolar lavage and bronchial wash. It was demonstrated that pre-exposure to DE, as compared to filtered air, enhances the O3-induced airway inflammation, in terms of an increase in neutrophil and macrophage numbers in BW and higher EPX expression in BAL.
In conclusion, this thesis has aspired to expand the knowledge of O3-induced inflammatory pathways in humans, observing a divergence to the previously described DE initiated responses. Moreover, a potentially adverse airway inflammation augmentation has been revealed after exposure to a relevant ambient combination of these air pollutants. This provides a foundation towards an understanding of the cumulative airway effects when exposed to a combination of ambient air pollutants and may have implications regarding future regulations of exposure limits.
Background Ozone (O3) is a common air pollutant associated with adverse health effects. Asthmatics have been suggested to be a particularly sensitive group.
Objective This study evaluated whether bronchial epithelial cytokine expression would differ between healthy and allergic asthmatics after ozone exposure, representing an explanatory model for differences in susceptibility.
Methods Healthy and mild allergic asthmatic subjects (using only inhaled β2-agonists prn) were exposed for 2 h in blinded and randomized sequence to 0.2 ppm of O3 and filtered air. Bronchoscopy with bronchial mucosal biopsies was performed 6 h after exposure. Biopsies were embedded in GMA and stained with mAbs for epithelial expression of IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, GRO-α, granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM–CSF), fractalkine and ENA-78.
Results When comparing the two groups at baseline, the asthmatic subjects showed a significantly higher expression of IL-4 and IL-5. After O3 exposure the epithelial expression of IL-5, GM–CSF, ENA-78 and IL-8 increased significantly in asthmatics, as compared to healthy subjects.
Conclusion The present study confirms a difference in epithelial cytokine expression between mild atopic asthmatics and healthy controls, as well as a differential epithelial cytokine response to O3. This O3-induced upregulation of T helper type 2 (Th2)-related cytokines and neutrophil chemoattractants shown in the asthmatic group may contribute to a subsequent worsening of the airway inflammation, and help to explain their differential sensitivity to O3 pollution episodes.
Exposure to elevated concentrations of ozone, a common air pollutant, has been associated with numerous adverse health effects. We have previously reported the time-course of ozone-induced airway inflammation, demonstrating an early up-regulation of vascular endothelial adhesion molecules in bronchial mucosa at 1.5 hours, followed by a neutrophilic infiltration 6 hours after exposure to 0.2 ppm ozone. We hypothesized that the neutrophilic infiltration in the bronchial mucosa would reflect an early increase in bronchial epithelial expression of redox-sensitive transcription factors and kinases regulating neutrophil chemoattractant expression. To test this hypothesis, endobronchial biopsies were obtained from healthy human subjects (n = 11) 1.5 hours after 0.2 ppm of ozone and filtered air exposures (lasting for 2 hours) and stained for mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), transcription factors, and neutrophil chemoattractants. Total epithelial staining was quantified, as well as the extent of nuclear translocation. Contrary to expectation, ozone significantly suppressed total and nuclear expression of nuclear factor κB (NFκB) in bronchial epithelial cells (p = 0.02 and p = 0.003 respectively). Similarly, the total staining for phosphorylated C-jun was suppressed (p = 0.021). Expression of interleukin 8 (IL-8) in the bronchial epithelium was likewise decreased after ozone (p = 0.018), while GRO-α, ENA-78, C-fos, p-p38, p-JNK, and p-ERK stainings were unchanged. These data suggest that the redox-sensitive NFκB and activator protein 1 (AP-1) pathways within the human bronchial epithelium do not seem to be involved in the early inflammatory cell recruitment pathways in healthy subjects exposed to ozone.
Exposure to air pollution is associated with adverse health effects, with particulate matter (PM) and ozone (O(3)) both indicated to be of considerable importance. Diesel engine exhaust (DE) and O(3) generate substantial inflammatory effects in the airways. However, as yet it has not been determined whether a subsequent O(3) exposure would add to the diesel-induced airway inflammatory effects. Healthy subjects underwent two separate exposure series: A 1-h DE exposure at a PM-concentration of 300 microg/m(3), followed after 5h by a 2-h exposure to filtered air and 0.2 ppm O(3), respectively. Induced sputum was collected 18 h after the second exposure. A significant increase in the percentage of neutrophils (PMN) and concentration of myeloperoxidase (MPO) was seen in sputum post DE+O(3) vs. DE+air (p<0.05 and <0.05, respectively). Significant associations were observed between the responses in MPO concentration and total PMN cells (p=0.001), and also between MPO and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) (p<0.001). The significant increase of PMN and MPO after the DE+O(3) exposures, compared to DE+air, denotes an O(3)-induced magnification of the DE-induced inflammation. Furthermore, the correlation between responses in MPO and number of PMNs and MMP-9 illustrate that the PMNs are activated, resulting in a more potent inflammatory response. The present study indicates that O(3) exposure adds significantly to the inflammatory response that is established by diesel exhaust. This interaction between exposure to particulate pollution and O(3) in sequence should be taken into consideration when health effects of air pollution are considered.
Exposure to particulate matter and ozone cause adverse airway reactions. Individual pollutant effects are often addressed separately, despite coexisting in ambient air. The present investigation was performed to study the effects of sequential exposures to diesel exhaust (DE) and ozone on airway inflammation in human subjects. Healthy subjects underwent bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and bronchial wash (BW) sampling on two occasions. Once following a DE exposure (with 300 mug.m(-3) particles with a 50% cut-off aerodynamic diameter of 10 mum) with subsequent exposure to O(3) (0.2 ppm) 5 h later. The other bronchoscopy was performed after a filtered air exposure followed by an ozone exposure, using an identical protocol. Bronchoscopy was performed 24 h after the start of the initial exposure. Significant increases in neutrophil and macrophage numbers were found in BW after DE followed by ozone exposure versus air followed by ozone exposure. DE pre-exposure also raised eosinophil protein X levels in BAL compared with air. The present study indicates additive effects of diesel exhaust on the ozone-induced airway inflammation. Together with similar results from a recent study with sequential diesel exhaust and ozone exposures, the present data stress a need to consider the interaction and cumulative effects of different air pollutants.


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21 dating a 27 year old, 21 year old guy dating 27 year old woman
Research finds that one well-known guideline may not work for everyone. Anyone is allowed to ask and answer questions. Most Helpful Opinion mho Rate. If not, your first step is to get a good paying job. You probably have far greater issues than just age Share Share this post on Digg Del.
Welcome to Reddit
Is a 27 year old guy dating a 20 year old girl creepy - GirlsAskGuys
He approached the line with two other partners but is well within the threshold in his marriage with Amal Alamuddin. She still has a warped view of the world and also would care about a lot of things that really were hard to emphasize with because I was older. Dating Dating, courting, or going steady? Once you find yourself a job, most of your time will be spent working and accumulating money. Why a Hot Relationship Runs Cold.
But you will never be mature without life. Admittedly it was somewhat awkward around her family, especially her older sisters who were friends of mine already. Share Share this post on Digg Del. Some people mostly lonely older women will try to give you shit about it. Only ur insecurities will ruin the relationship, jus enjoy wot u both have.
21 year old guy dating 27 year old woman
Don't let her guide you anywhere. It's not an all-encompassing thing or a blanket rule, just a lot of them I have the overwhelming urge to slap into reality and shove their iphones somewhere unpleasant. Do not make posts asking about a specific person's or group of people's actions, behavior, dating or thinking.
Honestly, who gives a shit, do what the two of you want. Select as Most Helpful Opinion? The only way you will know is if you try. Paying for it in the long term emotionally? What's the worst that can happen?
Psychology Today
- It's all about how you present yourself to the world.
- You become who you are because off all that you have gone through.
- Get an ad-free experience with special benefits, and directly support Reddit.
- Explain to her how you're feeling.
- That's totally inappropriate, what would the neighbours think?
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Does it match our scientific understanding of age-related preferences for dating? What is the acceptable minimum age for a dating partner? What do you think of a year-old woman dating a year-old guy?
21 year old guy dating 27 year old woman
No, it's not creepy at all. It might be tough, but if you like her and you want it to work out, you will make it happen. If I had a son that age would I be ok with him dating an older woman?
It depends on the guy, his age, and where hes at in life. My boyfriend is pressuring me to have sex? You guys go on a couple dates and you realize you're not into her, or, you are and things move forward. Why did you break up with him if you were in love with him? Human relationships are incredibly complex and they depend a lot in many different factors.
So yes, these are typical causes of failed relationships which could happen at any age! It depends on what the man is looking for - and who the man is. Are there other limiting factors with age? Love has no age restriction I guess.
Whatever jiggles your jello, man. Was it the age difference? Well I will say if you find it creepy then probably it is but don't listen to other people, iii churchill just make decisions which makes you happy and be happy.
Just don't want to waste my time. Experience or common interests are binding points where people can make common cause, to say so, but there's a lot more that is happening. Maybe not for some but I would feel guilty being poor and busy all the time.
Can a 27 year old compete with a 21 year old girl - Community Forums
- The rule overestimates the perceived acceptability of men becoming involved with older women.
- And he doesn't care about the age gap.
- As a girl, should I be driving an hour for a first date?
- Yeah i think that would be interesting.
If he doesn't like you, he doesn't like you. Things not working out the way you had hoped? Girlfriend and future wife is sixteen. If you or someone close to you is currently in crisis or in an emergency situation, brother contact your local law enforcement agency or emergency number.
If it was in a bar situation, definitely No. No reason not to go for it. The troubles I've had have not stemmed from age difference as much as life stage. Girls in general are a bit more mature than boys at the same ages. They want to play video games or do their hobbies.
She is going to want a guy who can support himself, just like she does. He pursued me and not her. When I ended it we both were in tears. You probably shouldn't be thinking about it like a competition - he either likes you or not, then you go about your business.
It depends on whether one person is a minor or not, truly. Originally Posted by kaylan. It might be tough for you to be the man she wants you to be, is all I'm really trying to say.
It lets you chart acceptable age discrepancies that adjust over the years. In other words, while the rule states that year-old women can feel comfortable dating year-old men, this does not reflect the social preferences and standards of women. The older you are, the less age means anything at all. But of course, I dominate to make many major decision, since he matures slower than me, so that he is depend on me.
Originally Posted by Colez Fanboy. Of course, it depends on the woman. It still depends on the women. Strictly speaking, you can have a common interest with anyone of any age - I enjoy playing chess with the old fogies at the home I volunteer at, and I also like watching Star Wars with my nephew. All of us know that woman are always more mature than man, but if you let her guide you, in a near future you will feel like her puppet, are heather and josh still and she will feel like she runs the world.
With some quick math, the rule provides a minimum and maximum partner age based on your actual age that, if you choose to follow it, you can use to guide your dating decisions. Age difference doesn't matter as much as life stage difference, if you're in vastly different stages of life than its inappropriate. Keeping each other happy and respecting one another is enough, ignore the age difference.

subset: commoncrawl


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Note: This advice is given by the CAP Executive about non-broadcast advertising. It does not constitute legal advice. It does not bind CAP, CAP advisory panels or the Advertising Standards Authority.
Rule 3.7 requires marketers to hold documentary evidence for their claims before submitting a marketing communication for publication. Rule 12.1 echoes that requirement and states that substantiation will be assessed on the basis of the available scientific knowledge. Although it states that marketers should provide trials conducted on people only "if relevant", CAP's experience is that efficacy claims for anti-ageing products need to be supported by tests on people. In-vitro trials have frequently been dismissed as inadequate (Avon Cosmetics Ltd, 17 January 2007, and Clarins (UK) Ltd, 15 August 2007).
Anti-ageing Creams
The ASA and CAP have spent many years assessing claims for beauty creams and there is an established line on what is and is not likely to be acceptable. Sensory claims or those based on consumer perception tests, such as "look fresher", "skin feels smoother", "for more radiant-looking skin" or "80% of women thought their skin felt firmer and looked more toned" are low-risk and relatively easy to substantiate. But marketers should avoid confusing readers by trying to support an objective claim using subjective feedback, for example, "82% decrease in wrinkles*… *based on 52 customer responses".
In isolation, describing a product as an "anti-ageing" or an "anti-wrinkle" cream is unlikely to be a problem, especially if the context of the ad explains that the effects are temporary. So, an ad that states the cream can reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles is likely to be acceptable, but an ad that states or implies the product will have an anti-ageing or an anti-wrinkle effect is not. See "Anti-ageing creams" and "Claims in product names"
Marketers wanting to make new or breakthrough claims must collate sound data to form a body of evidence. That body of evidence will usually need to include at least one controlled human experimental study. See the CAP Help Note on Substantiation for Health, Beauty and Slimming Claims for detailed guidance on the amount and type of evidence on the efficacy of their product the ASA would ask marketers to hold. The Copy Advice team can evaluate and advise on the likely acceptability of marketers' substantiation, if necessary after consulting an expert.
Medicinal claims
Before submitting evidence to CAP, marketers should first ensure that their claims are legal under medicines law (Rule 12.1). If the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) classes a product as medicinal, either by function or by presentation, marketers need to obtain a Marketing Authorisation from the MHRA before selling that product in the UK. Medicine law defines medicinal claims as those that suggest the product can treat or prevent a disease or restore, correct or modify physiological function by metabolic, pharmacological or immunological means. The MHRA Borderline Section can advise whether a product is medicinal and can be contacted at: Borderline Section, MHRA, Market Towers, 1 Nine Elms Lane, London SW8 5N; Tel: 020 7273 0759; Fax: 020 7273 0439 or by e-mail at [email protected].
A temporary effect
In general, cosmetic claims tend to be those that an average consumer would regard as relating to temporary improvements in one's appearance. A claim that implies that a cream can change the structure of the skin, for example by reducing or even removing wrinkles (either immediately or over time) or penetrating the blood-stream beneath the skin, could be a physiological claim and might therefore be unacceptable. See "Anti-ageing: Physiological effect".
An ASA ruling in September 2007 gives good guidance on what is likely to be considered a physiological claim. For example, claims to "Stimulate natural cell renewal", "boost skin's natural structure" or "promote skin regeneration" were considered unacceptable (The Body Shop International plc, 26 September 2007).
Marketers should not exaggerate the effect their product is likely to have on the skin. While favourable lighting for example, is often used in anti-wrinkle cream advertisements, the ASA has upheld complaints where the post production re-touching of photographs has been considered to give a misleading impression about the results a product is likely to achieve on the model shown (L'Oreal (UK) Ltd, 1 Feb 2012, The Higher Lifestyle, 4 January 2012, Procter & Gamble Ltd, December 2009). See "Cosmetics: The use of production techniques".
Although many of the anti-ageing claims we see relate to skin creams, other products, such as lasers, pills and supplements, chemical peels and facial fillers make similar claims. The Copy Advice team has also been asked whether complementary therapies, such as acupuncture and massage, can claim to have "anti-ageing" effects. To date, neither CAP nor the ASA has seen evidence that acupuncture nor massage can slow down, reverse or relieve the superficial signs of ageing. See other entries on "Anti-ageing" and "Lasers".
Other rules
The CAP Code also states that marketers should not: encourage consumers to use products to excess and must hold proof before suggesting their product or therapy is guranteed to work, is absolutely safe or without side-effects (rule 12.9), even if a product is "natural" or omits an ingredient in common use (Rule 12.10).
Marketers should not refer to the relief of symptoms or the superficial signs of ageing unless they can prove this (Rule 12.7); use unqualified claims such as "cure" or "rejuvenation" (Rule 12.7); . Claims about the action that a cosmetic has on or in the skin should distinguish between the compositio of the product and the benefits achieved through its application, such as massage (Rule 12.22). Marketers should not refer to theprevention, delaying or masking of premature ageing in anything other than in temporary terms (Rule 12.22.1).
See Anti-ageing creams, Anti-ageing: Physiological effect, Anti-ageing: Pills and supplements, Anti-ageing: Chemical peels, Anti-aging: Treatments using fillers, Anti-ageing: "Non-surgical" and "surgical" type claim,other "Anti-ageing entries" and Medicinal claims.


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