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In this whitepaper we describe the device to device communication in LTE from a UE point of view. Net-work elements are described as far as they concern the UE. In addition to the message transmission andreception, a special emphasis is put on the synchronization between UEs and on the security for the mes-sage exchange.
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Contents 1 Introduction............................................................................................ 3
2 System Aspects..................................................................................... 4
3 Sidelink Transmission........................................................................... 7
4 Receiver Synchronization................................................................... 21
5 Security................................................................................................. 28
7 References............................................................................................34
8 Additional Information.........................................................................35
1 Introduction Safety critical communication systems, abbreviated in the following as public safety, use different standards at present. Which one depends on the geographical region, and may even vary within one country. Consequently, the set of used communication systems is fragmented and accordingly, interworking between different public safety groups may be difficult. With the worldwide success of LTE, governmental authorities have started to consider LTE as a candidate for safety critical communications. As a result of a following 3GPP study, two main fields were identified as the starting point to use LTE for public safety: Group communication and proximity based services. Group communication is an essential part for public safety systems. Under the umbrella work item Group Communication System Enablers for LTE, a set of require- ments was first specified in [1]. 3GPP Working Group SA2 then specified the associ- ated architecture in [2], from which the concerned working groups created the corre- sponding stage-3 descriptions. Proximity based services can be provided when UEs are close to each other. These services comprise: ProSe Direct Discovery. This feature identifies that two UEs are in proximity of each other. For two UEs in cellular coverage it may also be used for commercial purposes. ProSe Direct Communication between two UEs. LTE resources from cellular traffic are reserved and used for this type of communication. Network-level Discovery and Network Support for WLAN Direct Discovery and Communication. This whitepaper describes the second aspect of the proximity based services, the direct communication between two LTE devices, also called Device-to-Device (D2D) communication. In chapter 2 we introduce the overall system and then describe in chapter 3 the message exchange from a RAN protocol stack point of view. Chapter 4 outlines the critical points of receiver synchronization, especially for UEs not in cover- age of an eNB. Security aspects in order to prevent message exchange from e.g. eavesdropping is described in chapter 5. Finally, we give an outlook in chapter 6 about further developments for device to device communication in 3GPP Release 13.
2 System Aspects
2.1 Scenarios In 3GPP Release 12, device to device communication, or ProSe communication, is limited to the public safety usage. According to the associated requirements, ProSe communication has to work in regions, where network coverage cannot be guaranteed. Therefore, ProSe communication is specified for the following scenarios:
In the in coverage scenario, the network controls the resources used for ProSe com- munication. It may assign specific resources to a transmitting UE, or may assign a pool of resources the UE selects from. This way, interferences with the cellular traffic is avoided and in addition the ProSe communication may be optimized. For the out-of-coverage case such a control is not possible. The UE uses resources which are preconfigured, either in the mobile device or in the USIM of the UICC card. However, the term out-of-coverge has to be interpreted carefully. It does not mean that there is no coverage at all. It rather means that there is no coverage on the frequency used for ProSe direct communication, although the UE might be in coverage on a dif- ferent carrier for cellular traffic. A special case is given in the partial coverage case. The UE out-of-coverage uses the preconfigured values, whereas the UE in coverage gets its resources from the eNB. A careful coordination between the network and the preconfigured values is necessary in order to enable communication and to limit the interferences to UEs at the cell boun- dary near an out-of-coverage UE.
Several new interfaces have been introduced. From a UE point of view, the most important ones are the PC5 interface between two UEs and the PC3 interface to a new defined node, the ProSe Function. For Release 12, the PC5 is a one-to-many communication interface, i.e. it is specified for group communication. From a higher layer point of view, this is reflected in the assignment of destination IDs, which are always group IDs. Using the PC3 interface, the UE contacts the ProSe Function. In Release 12, there is only one ProSe Function specified in each PLMN. The IP address of the the ProSe Function might be preconfigured (hard-coded) in the device. The alternative is, that the device identifies the IP address of the ProSe Function via DNS look-up. To contact the ProSe Function the device has to establish an RRC connection with the network (RRC_CONNECTED state). For the information exchange between the UE and the ProSe Function IP messages are used, i.e. HTTP Request and Response message, with its related syntax. From the ProSe Function the UE receives information for network related actions. This includes service authorization and provisioning of PLMN specific information. The authorization is always done on a per PLMN basis. However, the UE is not required to be registered in the PLMN in which it wants to do ProSe communication. The UE contacts the ProSe Function in its HPLMN, which in turn requests authorisa- tion information from the ProSe Function in the local PLMN. The authorization also comprises the information, whether and where the UE is allowed to perform ProSe communication when it is out-of-coverage. In the PLMN specific information provisioning, the ProSe Function sends the following parameters to the UE: Security parameters Group IDs Group IP multicast addresses, including the indication whether the UE shall use IPv4 or IPv6 for the group Radio resource parameters for usage in out-of-coverage scenarios Note that for public safety UEs these parameters may also be preconfigured in the UE or UICC. If they are defined in both, the parameters from the UICC have precedence.
For each transmitting UE and each established logical channel, the receiving UE has to keep one PDCP / RLC pair. The UE does not configure them in advance, this is done on reception of the first RLC PDU [4]. As ProSe communication is connection- less, there is no procedure to delete it. Consequently, the duration to keep an RLC / PDCP pair after reception of a message is up to UE implementation. The PDCP [5] uses Unidirectional Mode for header compression. The RLC [6] is oper- ated in the UM. MAC [7] supports HARQ processes, restricted to blind retransmissions without HARQ feedback. In order to identify the transmitting UE and the group for which the data packet is inten- ded, two identities are provided in each message: ProSe UE ID ProSe Layer-2 Group ID These IDs are either provided by the network or may be preconfigured in the UE, see chapter 5, "Security", on page 28 for details. The ProSe UE ID has a length of 24 bits and is used in each MAC PDU as Source field. The ProSe Layer-2 Group ID is used to identify the group, and has also a length of 24 bit. Its 8 LSBs are used in the control channel to filter data packets at the physical layer, and its 16 MSBs in a MAC PDU to identify the destination group, see figure 3-10. Together with the logical channel ID, the ProSe UE ID and the 16 MSBs of the ProSe Layer-2 Group ID identify the PDCP / RLC pair to be used in the receiving UE.
3 Sidelink Transmission In conventional cellular traffic over Uu, the eNB communicates with the UE via the UL and DL, for both, signaling and data. This concept is extended in ProSe communica- tion with the introduction of the sidelink (SL), see figure 3-1:
The SL corresponds to the PC5 interface described in the previous chapter. Resources assigned to the SL are taken from the UL, i.e. from the subframes on the UL frequency in FDD or from the subframes assigned to UL in TDD. There are two reasons for this selection: First, the UL subframes are usually less occupied than those on the DL. Sec- ond, most DL subframes are never really empty: Unless they are empty MBSFN sub- frames, there are always at least the cell specific reference signals (CRS) transmitted. Note the difference between ProSe and sidelink: ProSe describes the end-to-end application, which is here the device to device communication, whereas sidelink describes the channel structure, i.e. logical channels, transport channels, and physical channels which are used in the air-interface to realize the ProSe application. There are further sidelink channels for the other ProSe application, the ProSe direct discovery, which is not treated in this whitepaper.
Fig. 3-2: Sidelink channels for the air interface. In blue is the data path, whereas the path for control signaling is indicated in red.
There are two SL logical channels defined for communication, the SL Traffic Channel (STCH) and the SL Broadcast Control Channel (SBCCH). The STCH is used for the data transmission carrying the user information from the ProSe application. It is a point-to-multipoint channel, reflecting the group call property of the ProSe communication. It is connected with the SL Shared Channel (SL-SCH), a transport channel which may bear a collision risk, depending on the resource assign- ment from the eNB. It interfaces to the Physical SL Shared Channel (PSSCH), which transports the data over the air. The SBCCH carries signaling information used for synchronization in the out-of-cover- age or partial coverage scenario, or for synchronization between UEs located in differ- ent cells. It is connected with the SL Broadcast Channel (SL-BCH), a transport channel with a predefined transport format, which is possible because the blocks from the SBCCH are all of the same size. The SL- BCH interfaces with the Physical SL Broad- cast Channel, the PSBCH. The Physical SL Control Channel (PSCCH) is the equivalent to the PDCCH in cellular traffic over Uu. It contains the Sidelink Control Information (SCI), which carries the information the receiving UE requires in order to be able to receive and demodulate the PSSCH. So, the SCI is always sent in advance to an STCH data block.
Fig. 3-3: Resource Pool for SL Communication. Subframes to be used for the RP are indicated in blue.
In figure 3-3 the resources for SL communication are indicated. Whether or not a sub- frame may be used for the sidelink is indicated in a subframe bitmap. After a configura- ble period, the SL control period (SC Period), the whole pattern repeats. Within such a subframe, the resources used for SL are in two bands, identified by the occupied Physical Resource Blocks (PRBs). One band is starting at PRB-Start, one is ending and PRB-End, each one having a width of PRB-Num resource blocks. This construction allows nesting several resource pools within one subframe, and using the remaining resource blocks for other UEs for cellular traffic. Note that one UE uses a subframe in a given carrier for either cellular traffic or for sidelink, but not for both.
There are two types of RPs: Reception Resource Pools (Rx RPs) and Transmission Resource Pools (Tx RPs). These are either signaled by the eNB for the in coverage case, or preconfigured for the out-of-coverage case. Of course, for every Tx RP there must be an associated Rx RP in order to enable com- munication. However, within a cell there may be more Rx RPs than Tx RPs. This way, also reception from UEs in neighboring cells or from UEs out-of-coverage is possible. There are two modes of resource assignment: In Mode 1, the eNB indicates the resources to be used for transmission, including the resources within an RP. In Mode 2, the UE selects an RP and the resources therein from a set of assigned pools. Of
The first SC Period starts at an offset from SFN=0 and is periodically repeated with a configurable length between 40ms and 320 ms. It starts with the control region which contains the SCI0 control element carried by the PSCCH, see section chapter 3.4.1, "Sidelink Control Information", on page 17 for details. SubframeBitmapSL indicates the subframes used for the PSCCH. Directly after the last bit of the SubframeBitmapSL which is set to 1, the data region starts. It consists of another bitmap, the T-RPT bit- map, which is a bitmap indicating the subframes which are used for the data transmis- sion. This bitmap is repeated until the end of the SC Period, where the last occurence may be truncated. The T-RPT bitmap is dynamic and may therefore be different for each UE and for each SC Period. To be more precise, the set of all subframes which are allocated for the resource pool is restricted by using a periodic pattern with a periodicity of 8 for FDD, and a shorter one for some TDD configurations. Necessary parameters to determine this bitmap in order to receive the data part is signaled via the PSCCH, see chap- ter 3.4.1, "Sidelink Control Information", on page 17. For Mode 2 this structure is quite similar. The main difference is that start of the data part does not depend on the content of the SubframeBitmapSL, but has a fixed offset from the start of the SC Period. In addition, the algorithm to determine the bitmap pat- tern is somewhat different and may explicitely exclude some configurations.
3.3 Signaling The resource pool signaling structure for communication is shown in figure 3-5 [10]:
Elements in a box indicate that there is a further substructure, elements without a box indicate that this is a numerical value. The field sc-Period indicates the SC Period shown in figure 3-4. For both, the PSCCH and the PSSCH, the cyclic prefix (CP) can be set up independently. However, the UE is not expected to receive two different CPs within one subframe, which is essential when two resource pools are defined within one subframe. In the sc-TF-ResourceCon- fig IE the resource block occupation figure 3-3, the subframe offset indicator and the subframe bitmap of the control part are indicated, see figure 3-4. In the dataHoppingConfig, the parameters to determine the resource blocks within a subframe are included for the case that frequency hopping is applied. The ue-SelectedResourceConfig information element (IE) is present for resource pools used for Mode 2. It determines for the data part the used subframes and the offset from the start of an SC-Period. Information about the allowed transmission power is indicated in the txParameter IE. Thus, there are two instances of this IE, one for the control part and one for the data part. Finally, the rxParametersNCell IE is included for the receiving UE. From its content, the UE can derive whether the transmitting UE was in the same cell or not, and can there- fore determine whether it has first to synchronize to the transmitting UE. If this is the case the receiving UE also determines whether the sender applies TDD and in which configuration.
The commRxPool is a list of up to 16 resource pools (figure 3-5), indicating the resour- ces in which the UE is allowed to receive sidelink transmission. Apart from the trans- mission pools defined in the same SIB, this list also may include resource pools from dedicated resource assignment, neighboring cells, and from UEs which are out-of-cov- erage. Reception pools are completely agnostic to the RRC state, so they are only defined in this SIB. Dedicated assignment of resources is only done for transmission pools. In the commTxPoolNormalCommon IE, a list of up to 4 resource pools is given which are used for transmission when the UE is in the RRC_IDLE state. When this list is included, the UE has to use these resource pools while it is in the RRC_IDLE state. It may only request an RRC connection for the purpose to receive dedicated SL trans- mission resources, if there is no element in this list. Resources from the commTxPoolExceptional may be used, when the UEs RRC state is in transition between RRC_IDLE and RRC_CONNECTED. E.g. the UE detects a radio link failure which then causes an RRC connection re-establishment. In this case, the UE has some time to select a suitable cell to request an RRC connection re-estab- lishment. This exceptional pool is for usage during this time in order to improve service continuity. Note that this situation is quite common for public safety UEs, for example a firefighter entering a building might frequently encounter this situation. Especially in this case, service continuity is extremely important. Finally, the commSyncConfigList contains the necessary information for synchroniza- tion between UEs which are not in-coverage in the same cell, see chapter 4, "Receiver Synchronization", on page 21.
When the UE is in the RRC_CONNECTED state, it does not use the tx pool resources given in the broadcast message. Instead, it requests the eNB to provide dedicated transmission resources. This process is depicted in figure 3-7:
By receiving SIB18, the UE knows that the eNB supports sidelink transmission and may so request dedicated resources. This is done via the SidelinkUEInformation mes- sage. It contains the frequency the UE is interested to transmit and / or receive sidelink data. Further, a list of up to 16 destination IDs are provided, where each ID identifies one group to which the UE wants to transmit. The UE sends this message whenever it has sidelink data to transmit and did not send it since entering the RRC_CONNECTED. In addition, it sends this message when it was connected in the meantime to an eNB not supporting sidelink transmission, i.e. which did not broadcast SIB18. This may be necessary e.g. because it is not clear, whether this eNB has the sidelink functionality already implemented at all. In this case, forwarding of the associated configuration data is not guaranteed. Of course, the UE also retransmits this message when the frequency set up by the higher layers has changed. This also includes the case that the UE is not interested anymore to transmit or receive sidelink data The obvious question is, why the eNB wants to know that the UE is interested to receive on the sidelink. The point here is that the UE does not receive sidelink and cel- lular transmission in the same subframe of the same carrier. So, knowing the UEs interest in receiving sidelink transmission, eNB can avoid to schedule cellular traffic to the UE at the subframes allocated for sidelink. Upon this request, the eNB can provide dedicated resources to the UE for SL transmis- sion. There are two options for the eNB: It can either provide a list of up to 4 transmis- sion resource pools, from which the UE can autonomously select the pertinent resour- ces. Or, the eNB can provide scheduled resources, which indicate exactly the resour- ces for the PSCCH as well as for the PSSCH. In figure 3-8 the associated structure is shown:
As shown in this figure, a resource pool is included also for scheduled resource assign- ment. From this pool, the UE extracts general information like SC-Period length, cyclic prefix length, or maximal transmission power. This information is optionally extended with the modulation and coding scheme (mcs) to be used in PSSCH. If this element is missing, it is up to the UE to select the pertinent one. In a way equivalent to the UL transmissions, the UE is configured to provide a buffer status report using the bsr-Config information element. When the UE has data to send over the sidelink and the associated buffer status report is triggered, the UE waits for a grant which is indicated in the PDCCH via a newly defined DCI, the DCI5. The sl-RNTI is used to identify the UE for which this grant is intended. This DCI5 contains the following information: Resource for PSCCH. Together with the data from the associated resource pool, this field identifies the subframes and resource blocks to be used for the SCI0 transmission. Transmission power control command for the PSCCH and PSSCH. Frequency hopping flag, indicates whether frequency hopping is applied. Both, type 1 and type 2 frequency hopping are supported. Resource block assignment and hopping resource allocation indicates information about frequency hopping if the frequency hopping flag is set, and the information about the physical resource blocks used in the data transmission. Time resource pattern provides the information about the subframes to be used in the data part, the T-RPT bitmap For the case of mode 2 transmission, the UE autonomously selects the pertinent resources.
Fig. 3-9: Example of SCI0 transmissions in the control region of the SC Period. Only the subframes indicated with 1 in the SubframeBitmapSL are shown.
Using mode 1, the UE knows the time and frequency resources to transmit the SCI0 and the data. On mode 2, it selects these resources from the configured resource pool in a random way. For the case that several resource pools are configured, the UE
always selects the first resource pool, at least for Release 12. This way, an optimized selection algorithm to be defined in later releases remains possible.
With the SCI0, the receiving UE can identify on the physical layer, whether the data packet is intended for it, and deduce the information necessary to demodulate. The SCI0 provides the following information: Frequency hopping flag: Indicates, whether frequency hopping is applied for the data part. Resource block assignment and hopping resource allocation: Provides information about the number of allocated resource blocks and their location. If frequency hop- ping is applied, it provides further information about the hopping configuration. Time resource pattern: Indicates the subframes used for the data part, see chap- ter 3.2.2, "Subframes within a Resource Pool", on page 10. Modulation and coding scheme Timing advance indication: This element is only used in mode 1. It indicates the timing adjustment value for the receiver. Group destination ID: Used for a receiver selection on the physical layer. This field corresponds to the 8 LSBs of the ProSe Layer-2 Group ID described in chap- ter 2.3, "Protocol Stack", on page 6. Note that the Group destination ID does not uniquely identify the receiving group. Also the 16 MSBs of the ProSe Layer-2 Group ID are required, as described in the next sec- tion.
The basic data segment to be transmitted is the MAC PDU. It is essentially the same as the one for the UL-SCH. The differences are, that there are no MAC CEs contained and that a SL-SCH subheader is prepended to the remaining fields of the MAC header:
Fig. 3-10: SL-SCH subheader, prepended to the legacy fields in the MAC header [7]
This SL-SCH subheader is not referring to any MAC SDU or padding region. Instead, it indicates the tranmitting UE (Source), its intended receiver (Destination), and a version number (V). The latter is included so that a possible extension in a later release may
be standardized. The bits marked with R are reserved and may be used for such an extension. The Source field is identical to the ProSe UE ID and has a length of 24 bits. The 16 bit Destination field is identical to the 16 MSBs of the ProSe Layer-2 Group ID and indi- cates the receiver group. Using the Destination field, the UE can drop data packets at the MAC layer.
The so constructed MAC PDU is sent as one transport block within one subframe. On the receiver side there is HARQ combining, however no HARQ feedback is transmit- ted. So, in order to improve reliability, the MAC PDU is retransmitted three times in consecutive subframes for sidelink. Each transmission has a different redundancy ver- sion, using a fixed pattern. Only the first transmission is indicated with SCI0, the receiv- ing UE can derive itself all required data to demodulate the retransmissions. When there is more data to send after this transmission, the UE creates another MAC PDU to be sent on the next 4 subframes defined for sidelink. However, within one SC Period there is only the possibility to transmit on logical channels with the same Source and Destination Layer-2 ID pairs. Nevertheless it is possible to receive from several sources and even for several destinations, if the UE belongs to more than one group. Correspondingly, there are several HARQ processes in the MAC layer of the receiving UE, as one HARQ process is always related to the transmission or reception of one MAC PDU. PSSCH data transmission is done using Uplink resource allocation type 0, with or with- out frequency hopping. If applied, type 1 and type 2 hopping is supported.
In order to control the SL transmission power, there are several parameters available. First there is the maximum allowed power PCMAX,PSCCH for the control channel, and PCMAX,PSSCH for the maximum allowed power of the data channel. These upper limits are either cell specific and transmitted as RRC messages, or they are preconfigured. However, these values never exceed the UE power class. The eNB can further control the transmission power for each resource pool separately. The associated parameters are provided in the txParameters contained therein:
Two parameters, and PO are defined, each for the control and the data part, respec- tively. For sidelink transmission Mode 1, there is the TPC command in DCI5. If this bit is set to 0, then the maximum transmission power of the control part, PPSCCH, and of the data part, PPSSCH, is given by:
If the TPC command in DCI5 is set to 1, or if the resource pool is used for Mode 2 transmission, the maximum transmission power is given by
where MPSSCH is the bandwidth of the PSSCH resource assignement given in the num- ber of resource blocks, PL is the expected path loss which the UE calculates using the referenceSignalPower of the cell and the filtered RSRP measurements.
For the sidelink transmission, the process depends on the RRC state. UEs in the RRC_IDLE state not camping on a ProSe cell may consider the ProSe cell to be the highest priority cell, i.e. it may camp on that cell. It then transmits sidelink according to the procedure defined in RRC_IDLE, i.e. using tx resource pools from SIB18 or requesting an RRC connection to that cell. A UE in the RRC_CONNECTED state may send the SidelinkUEInformation message indicating the frequency on which it wants to communicate on sidelink. The eNB may then setup an RRM measurement, and, if the measurement indicates sufficient cover- age, initiate a handover to that cell. If this handover is successful, sidelink transmission is done on this new cell in the way described in the previous sections. If not, the UE may still send sidelink data on the desired frequency, however in the same way as if it would be in the RRC_IDLE state, i.e. using the tx pools from SIB18 of that cell for the case that it has coverage, or else from the preconfigured resource pools.
4 Receiver Synchronization In order to demodulate the transmitted data, the receiver has to synchronize to the sender. This is no problem as long as both UEs are in coverage of the same cell or of two synchronized cells. In this case, the receiver has only to balance the propagation delay. The situation changes when the UEs are in different non-synchronized cells, or if at least one of the UEs is out-of-coverage. Then the timing of both UEs are not related and the receiving UE needs additional information. So, in the first section we introduce these additional synchronization signals and their usage in the network. Then we describe which UEs transmit them and where they get the associated data in different situations. Finally, we describe how the receiving UE knows that a synchronization to the sender is necessary before it attempts to demodu- late the data packet and how it applies the appropriate synchronization steps.
The inCoverage flag indicates, whether the sender is in coverage of a cell. directFra- meNumber and directSubFrameNumber correspond to the SFN and subframe in case of a connection to coverage and is a UE internal counter for the case that no connec- tion to a cell exists. The MIB-SL is transmitted in the same subframe as the SLSS, indicated in the follow- ing picture:
Fig. 4-2: Subframes used for the synchronization signals PSSS, SSSS, DMRS, and MIB-SL contained in the PSBCH
If this element is included and set to on, the UE transmits the SLSS and MIB-SL every 40ms, no matter whether is has data to send or not. If it is included and set to off, the UE does not send the synchronization signals, no matter how the conditions on the air- interface are or whether it has data to send. When the UE is instructed to transmit SLSS and MIB-SL, it has to select the parame- ters and to determine the corresponding subframes. In order to create the content of the MIB-SL message, it takes the sl-bandwidth from SIB2, and the tdd-configSL from SIB1. Note that this field contains the FDD modus as a special case. It selects the frame and subframe numbers to the ones in which it transmits this message. SIB18 provides the information on the selection of the SLSS ID and the subframes for transmission, see figure 3-6. Here, a list of up to 16 instances of the SL-SyncConfig information elements is included. Each one of them has the following content:
Fig. 4-4: SL-SyncConfig information element with the content for sidelink operation
The txParameters are contained in exactly one SL-SyncConfig list element. The UE selects this one, reads the slssid and the syncOffsetIndicator, and obtains the sub- frames for transmission from the latter. Finally, the syncTxParameters are used for power control.
When the UE is either in the RRC_IDLE state, or in the RRC_CONNECTED state with the networkControlledSyncTx not included in the resource asignement, the UE has to decide on its own whether to transmit the synchronization signals or not. For this deci- sion, it takes the syncTxThreshIC threshold (figure 4-4) and compares the RSRP mea- surement of its cell to this value. If this RSRP measurement is below the syn- cTxThreshIC, it transmits SLSS and MIB-SL, getting the necessary parameters in the same way from the SL-SyncConfig as for the eNB instructed transmission. However, these transmissions only occur during the SC-Period in which the UE sends data. Let us clarify here, why the received power from the serving eNB is compared to a threshold, allthough it is the link to another UE which is at the center of interest. In order to see this, have a look at figure 4-5:
In light-blue we show the range of the cell. A violet dashed line indicates the syn- cTxThreshIC. Outside this line, the measured RSRP values is below this threshold. When we now consider UE1, there is no benefit in transmitting further synchronization signals. The cell itself already covers this range completely. However, for UE2 the sit- uation is different: Parts of the transmitted signals are outside the cell range and pro- vide a way for cell range extension.
Reference Signals (DMRS) which are embedded in the synchronization subframe see figure 4-2. All UEs for which the so obtained S-RSRP exceeds a prefconfigured thresh- old (see ch. 9.3.2 of [10]) and for which the MIB-SL was received are partitioned into three priority groups: Highest priority have those UEs, which are in coverage, indicated by the associ- ated flag in the MIB-SL Next priority have those UEs, which have an SLSS ID in the set for in coverage Lowest priority have the remaining UEs. Within these groups, the UEs are sorted with respect to the received S-RSRP. The so obtained UE which has the strongest S-RSRP in the highest priority group is finally selected as the SyncRef UE. In the same way, the UE performs a reselection of the SyncRef UE when the situation changes. When the UE has selected a SyncRef UE this way, it has to decide whether it should transmit itself the synchronization signals. For that decision, it compares the S-RSRP value received from the SyncRef UE with a preconfigured threshold. When these mea- surements are below that threshold (see [10], syncThresOoC), it transmits the synchro- nization signals. This way, it is prevented that too many UEs act as a synchronization source. The UE extracts the sl-bandwidth and the tdd-ConfigSL value from the received MIB- SL, and sets the frame- and subframe number to the subframe in which it transmits the SLSS and MIB-SL. However, in this case these subframes are determined from pre- configured values. Two of them are provided, and the UE selects those subframes which are not used by the SyncRef UE. So, two neighboring UEs which transmit the synchronization signals use different sets of subframes, which minimizes the interfer- ence. The SLSS ID which the UE uses for its own transmission is the same as the one received from the SyncRef UE. An exception occurs, if the SyncRef UE is out-of-cover- age but has an SLSS ID from the range for in coverage. In this case, the value of the SLSS ID is 168 higher than the received one. If the UE has not found any SyncRef UE at all, it transmits the synchronization signals when it has data to transmit. It determines the MIB-SL values from preconfigured val- ues. The SLSS ID is randomly selected from the set of IDs for out-of-coverage, and the subframes from the preconfigured set.
In the following figure, we show an example how this procedure shows up in a network:
Fig. 4-6: Example network configuration. The numbers indicate the SLSS ID which the UE uses when it transmits the SLSS itself.
The arrows indicate the deliveration of the synchronization signals. UE1 is in coverage and uses the SLSS ID 43, which it obtains from SIB18. UE2 Also uses ID 43, because it receives its synchronization from a UE in coverage, as it can verify by considering the MIB-SL. However, UE3 gets the synchronization information from a UE out-of-cov- erage with an SLSS ID from the in coverage range. Thus it adds 168 to that value, resulting in the ID 211. Finally, UE4 sees that the SLSS ID is from the out-of-coverage range, and thus retransmits the same value. For UE5 there is neither a SyncRef UE nor a cell coverage, so it selects the SLSS ID randomly from the set of out-of-coverage values. This random selection is done using a uniform distribution.
The tdd-Config indicates the TDD configuration, including the usage of FDD as a spe- cial case. syncConfigIndex is a number pointing to the SL-SyncConfig list element of SIB18, see figure 3-6. From this SL-SyncConfig element, the physical CellID and the SLSS ID used in this cell can be read off. For the case that the UE receives both, cell synchronization and reception of the SLSS, the cell synchronization has precedence. An example configuration is shown in figure 4-8
5 Security In this section we describe the security features for the ProSe operation from the UE point of view. Of course, also the interfaces between network entities are secured, see [12] for a detailled description. For the PC5 interface, security consists of bearer level security mechanism and media plane security mechanism. As this whitepaper mainly concentrates on the RAN proto- col stack, we describe the former security mechanism in detail, for a description of the media plane security mechanism see [12].
5.1 Parameters Security parameters are provided by a network node called the ProSe Key Manage- ment Function. This node may physically be part of the ProSe Function (figure 2-2), however it is regarded in this section as a separate logical unit. The UE accesses this node via the PC8 interface. PC8 is defined over IP and is thus acccessed over the cel- lular user plane. The parameters which have to be configured for a group are depicted in figure 5-1:
Each group is identified with a Group ID, which has a length of 24 bits and corresponds to the ProSe Layer-2 Group ID, see chapter 2.3, "Protocol Stack", on page 6. Each UE within the group is identified with the Group Member ID, corresponding to the ProSe UE ID defined in the same section. Note that one UE generally has different Group Member IDs in different groups. Central to the security is the ProSe Group Key (PGK). It is used as a basis to derive input parameters for the security algorithm. Each PGK is provided with an expiry time. By providing the UE with PGKs valid for different times, the UE may operate for a lon- ger time without further parameter provisioning, e.g. out-of-coverage, always taking a PGK valid for the actual time.
Several PGKs may be valid simultaneously. In order to know for the receiving UE which PGK the transmitting UE has used, each PGK is also provided with a PGK ID. The ProSe Key Management function ensures, that for each time instance, the PGK may be uniquely determined by the 5 LSBs of the PGK ID within a group. Finally, also the algorithm is specified for the whole group. Mandatory ciphering algo- rithms to be used for ciphering are EEA0 (no ciphering), 128-EEA1, and 128-EEA2. Optionally, the UE may support 128-EEA3. All these algorithms are listed in [13].
Fig. 5-2: Key exchange procedure to provide the UE with the required parameters
(1): If not already preconfigured in the USIM card, the UE first has to authorize for ProSe communication in the ProSe function. Apart from the authorization and the perti- nent communication parameters, the UE receives for each group of interest the Group ID and the information whether bearer level security is applied therein. Optionally the UE also obtains the address of the ProSe Key Management Function to be used for the remaining steps. (2): In order to request the keys for the groups of interest, the UE sends the Group IDs obtained in message (1) and the UEs security capabilities. It also adds the groups for which it has no interest anymore to participate in group communication. (3): For each group, the ProSe Key Manamgement Function checks whether the UE is authorized to participate and whether its security capabilties are sufficient for ProSe communication. It then returns the Key Response message, in which it includes the Group Member ID the UE has in each group, and the security algorithm to be used therein. This message may also contain another key, the ProSe MIKEY Key (PMK) to be used for step (4), together with an associated PMK ID. If the PMK is not transmitted, the previously sent PMK has to be reused.
(4): In this step, the ProSe Key Management Function sends the sets of PGK, PGK ID and their associated expiry time. Both sides use the Multimedia Internet Keying (MIKEY) exchange process described in [12], for which the PMK is the associated pre- shared key. Using this procedure, the UE acquires all parameters indicated in figure 5-1. Note that the messages between the UE and the ProSe function, as well as the Key Request and Key Response messages are protected by integrity, confidentiality and from replays. Details of this procedure are described in chapter 5.3 of [12]. The MIKEY mes- sage protection is independent thereof.
Fig. 5-3: Key derivation for data ciphering. The two KDFs are different, they are described in Annex A3 and A4 of [12], respectively.
From the PGK, the ProSe Traffic Key (PTK) is derived when the first PDCP entity for a group is created. The PTK is unique for a given UE and group, which is ensured by including the Group ID and Group Member ID as input to the Key Derivation Function (KDF). Also a counter, the PTK ID which has a length of 16 bit, is used for input. For a new PGK, the PTK ID is initialized with the value 1, it is incremented each time a new PTK is derived. From the PTK, the UE derives a ProSe Encryption Key (PEK), using the Algorithm ID as further input. With this PEK, the UE ciphers the PDCP PDU's data segment, with the PTK ID as an additional input. In order to prevent that the same ciphering is applied in two messages, the PDCP instance, identified with the LCID, and a PDCP internal counter, the PDCP-SN, are used as well. The PDCP-SN is incremented for each data packet which the associated PDCP creates. No PTK ID value may be used twice with the same PGK, and no PDCP-SN value may be reused with the same LCID and PEK. So, if the PDCP-SN wraps, the corresponding PDCP entity increases the PTK ID, and uses a new PGK if the PTK ID wraps as well. In both cases, new values for PTK and PEK are calculated.
The principle of the data encryption is shown in figure 5-4, see [13]:
Fig. 5-4: Data encryption for ciphering. The different ciphering methods are realized by chosing the pertinent EEA procedure (source: [13])
The parameter KEY is the ProSe encryption key PEK. The 16 MSBs of COUNT are the PDCP-SN, the 16 LSBs the PTK ID. BEARER is set to the LCID and the DIRECTION to 0, i.e. like in UL transmission. The LENGTH corresponds the the length of the data packet to be encrypted and EEA denotes the encryption algorithm. Encryption for the data packet (Plaintext Block) is done using a bitwise XOR with the KEYSTREAM BLOCK.
The PGK used by the transmitter is identified with the PGK ID, which is the reason why for a given time instance the PGK has to be uniquely identifyable by the 5 LSBs of this ID. Of course, the PGK itself may never be transmitted between two UEs. The PTK ID and the selected PDCP SN are included in the header as well. If ciphering is not applied, the PGK Index is set to 0. This special value for the PGK ID is always linked to the non-ciphering case and is never used to identify a valid PGK. In this case, the PTK ID and PDCP SN fields are set to 0 as well. So, the receiving UE can now determine the KEYSTREAM BLOCK and revert the ciphering by applying the same algorithm as the transmitting UE, as shown in fig- ure 5-4.
7 References [1] 3GPP TS 22.468 V12.1.0, September 2014; Technical Specification Group Ser- vices and System Aspects; Group Communication System Enablers for LTE [2] 3GPP TS 23.468 V12.5.0, June 2015; Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects; Group Communication System Enablers for LTE [3] 3GPP TS 23.303 V12.5.0, June 2015; Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects; Proximity-based services [4] 3GPP TS 36.300 V12.6.0, June 2015; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); Overall description [5] 3GPP TS 36.323 V12.4.0, June 2015; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Packet Data Conver- gence Protocol (PDCP) specification [6] 3GPP TS 36.322 V12.2.0, March 2015; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Radio Link Control (RLC) protocol specification [7] 3GPP TS 36.321 V12.6.0, June 2015; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Medium Access Con- trol (MAC) protocol specification [8] 3GPP TS 36.211 V12.6.0, June 2015; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Physical channels and modulation [9] 3GPP TS 36.213 V12.6.0, June 2015; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Physical layer proce- dures [10] 3GPP TS 36.331 V12.6.0, June 2015; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Radio Resource Control (RRC) [11] 3GPP TS 36.212 V12.5.0, June 2015; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Multiplexing and channel coding [12] 3GPP TS 33.303 V12.4.0, June 2015; Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects; Proximity-based Services (ProSe); Security aspects [13] 3GPP TS 33.401 V12.14.0, March 2015; Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects; 3GPP System Architecture Evolution (SAE); Security architec- ture [14] 3GPP TS 22.278 V12.6.0, December 2014; Technical Specification Group Ser- vices and System Aspects; Service requirements for the Evolved Packet System (EPS) [15 3GPP TS 22.179 V13.2.0, June 2015; Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects; Mission Critical Push To Talk (MCPTT) over LTE
8 Additional Information Please send your comments and suggestions regarding this white paper to firstname.lastname@example.com
Regional contact Europe, Africa, Middle East Phone +49 89 4129 12345 email@example.com North America Phone 1-888-TEST-RSA (1-888-837-8772) firstname.lastname@example.com Latin America Phone +1-410-910-7988 email@example.com Asia/Pacific Phone +65 65 13 04 88 firstname.lastname@example.com China Phone +86-800-810-8228 / +86-400-650-5896 firstname.lastname@example.com
Headquarters Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG Mhldorfstrae 15 | D - 81671 Mnchen + 49 89 4129 - 0 | Fax + 49 89 4129 13777 www.rohde-schwarz.com
This application note and the supplied programs may only be used subject to the conditions of use set forth in the download area of the Rohde & Schwarz website. R&S is a registered trademark of Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG. Trade names are trademarks of the owners.


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Raju Gari Gadhi 2 update: Nagarjuna and Samantha Ruth Prabhu's film release date revealed
Nagarjuna and Samantha Ruth Prabhu's upcoming horror film Raju Gari Gadhi's release date is announced.regional-movies Updated: Oct 04, 2017 18:11 IST
Actor Nagarjuna is gearing up for a hectic October. First, his son Naga Chaitanya is all set to tie the knot with Samantha Ruth Prabhu. In the midst of preparations for the wedding, the actor is also gearing up the release of his upcoming movie, Raju Gari Gadhi 2, which will hit the screens on October 13. Directed by Ohmkar, the film also has Nagarjuna's to-be-daughter-in-law playing the role of a ghost.
Nagarjuna was last seen in Om Namo Venkatesaya, in which he played the role of Hathiram Bhavaji, a Lord Balaji devotee. Samantha, on the other hand, is getting ready for one of the most-anticipated releases of this year, Mersal, where she will be paired opposite Vijay.
It's her marriage, however, which is creating the maximum buzz in the industry of late. She's been posting continuous updates on her official Instagram account and seems to enjoying everything she is expected to do as a to-be-bride. From enjoying her bachelorette to deciding on her outfit, she has been having a great time. She's even hashtagging all her pre-wedding pictures as 'Bride Vibes'.
In an interview to IANS recently, Nagarjuna scoffed at rumours that Samantha was cast in Raju Gari... on his recommendation. "People thought I wanted her to be cast. That's not true. I didn't recommend her. In fact, I didn't want to see her play a ghost right before marriage," he said.
"This is a very special month for me. My son is getting married and our families can't be happier. It's going to be a very simple wedding with just about 100 guests. The first ceremony will take place on Friday and the second one on Saturday," he added when asked about the wedding preparations of Naga Chaitanya.
Follow @htshowbiz for more
First Published: Oct 04, 2017 18:11 IST

subset: commoncrawl


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#Constitutions (1956 1962 1973 #Constitution_1956 ================= ppsc past papers mcqs solved 1. Constitution of 1956 was passed from National Assembly on A. 29th January, 1956 B. 29 February, 1956 C. 29...
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PUNJAB PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION PPSC ANNOUNCE SCHEDULE FOR COMBINED COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION 2019 QUALIFICATION: Graduate (Second Division) from a recognized University AGE: 21-30 YEARS LAST DATE FOR THE SUBMISSION OF APPLICATION 14 JANUARY 2019 FOR ADVERTISEMENT DOWNLOAD
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Sheepskin boot giant Ugg Australia has axed its multimillion pound account with young fashion chain Bank as part of a broader strategy to take the brand more upmarket.
Ugg's US parent Deckers took back control of the UK market from UK and Republic of Ireland distributor AMG last month and is understood to be culling a string of accounts while also raising prices. Retail prices on classic styles have gone up by between 10% and 15%, though some of the rise is said to be due to increased manufacturing costs.
According to one retail source, Ugg has also introduced a clause into its contract with stockists limiting them to selling the brand purely via their own store websites and not via third-party platforms.
Deckers is also said to be doing more thorough credit checks on all of its stockists than AMG did.
Bank, which has more than 70 UK stores and is owned by JD Sports Fashion, is the biggest victim of the cull so far.
Ugg is its biggest-selling footwear brand and is believed to generate retail sales of £10m. Its wholesale orders are thought to have averaged £4m a year. Spring 11 will be the last season it will be allowed to stock Ugg, and Bank is said to be "devastated".
Bank was unavailable for comment.
The end of Ugg's agreement with Bank has sparked fear and anger among some stockists. It has about 225 accounts and last year won Brand of the Year at the Drapers Footwear Awards after saving Christmas 2009 for many footwear retailers. "It has sent shivers down my spine. Ugg is a big seller for us," said one.
A source close to the situation added: "Ugg is saying, 'We are moving upstream, but you, our stockists, are no longer good enough for us to come upstream with us'. It is a foolish, naive and arrogant step considering the company [Deckers] has never done direct business in the UK yet."
However, other stockists welcomed the move. David Weeks, buying director at young fashion indie mini-chain Xile, Ugg's biggest independent account in Scotland, said: "Ugg could do with getting rid of a few accounts. They're overstocked. I'm not worried."
Deckers' review of Ugg's stockist base follows several high-profile departures at Deckers. Evan Mason, European vice-president, left at the end of the December, at the same time as UK general manager David Ward, who had been at the company for just six months.
Deckers was unavailable for comment.
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About the tutor
I believe that as I have personally experienced learning different languages and am still learning new things everyday about neuroscience, I understand better how to teach others and fully understand that every student is unique. I am eager to get to know each new student, as well as their personal goals and expectations from our lessons, and to modify our lessons to suit their individual needs.
Thank you for this opportunity and I look forward to working together :)
Preferred student age
Preferred level of students
McGill University
Cognitive Science
Conversational English
In the past, I have mostly tutored conversational English, meaning that I've helped others that wanted to be more comfortable having casual conversations in English with friends or coworkers.
American English
Having learned English in the United States, I can teach others the American accent and grammar.
English for kids
I have worked with children in Greece and in America who wanted to speak English more fluently.
English homework help
I previously tutored students who had specific goals and helped them in correcting essays for English classes.


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Ryan Adams' cover of '1989' falls flat
It's hard to do Ryan Adams when you want Taylor Swift.
You can't help but wonder why. What is alt-rock god Ryan Adams doing covering Taylor Swift's zeitgeist of an album, 1989? Is it a joke? Is the rocker taking the piss out of Swift? Is it, like Father John Misty's Swift covers, a critical jibe? Or is this real? Does Ryan Adams, a musician with serious music cred, actually admire the album?
Turns out he does. Ryan Adams' cover of Taylor Swift's 1989 is sincere. It's an authentic homage to what many agree is already a timeless album. Whether Adams' take is any good or not is an entirely different question.
'On the Side of the Poor' reminds us of the true purpose of theology
Jason Isbell's brilliant lyrics describe the struggle of blue collar life
A review of Jason Isbell's newest album, Something more than free
The release of Jason Isbell's Something More Than Free was as much of a mainstream media event as one can expect in this age of audience fragmentation. The album debuted at the top of the Billboard charts in country, rock, and folk, and it garnered Isbell profiles everywhere from The New Yorker to NPR.
'The Whale Chaser' details the search for forgiveness
Isolated brothers rely on movies and each other in 'The Wolfpack'
The Wolfpack
Directed by Crystal Moselle (Kotva Films, 2015)
'The Soul of a Pilgrim' teaches us how to view life as an intentional pilgrimage
The Soul of a Pilgrim
By Christine Valters Paintner (Sorin Books, 2015)
The Social Experiment makes music that inspires in 'Surf'
Donnie Trumpet & The Social Experiment (Self-released, 2015)
'Inventing a Christian America' debunks the myths about religion in the early United States
Inventing a Christian America
By Steven K. Green (Oxford, 2015)
'How To Read The Bible' teaches us to look at biblical texts with new eyes
Love prevails in the Brian Wilson biopic 'Love and Mercy'
Love and Mercy
Directed by Bill Pohlad (River Road Entertainment/Battle Mountain Films, 2015)
Brian Wilson was a gifted yet troubled songwriter. In Love and Mercy, Bill Pohlad explores two critical periods in Wilson's life: the mid '60s, when he produced the Beach Boys' highly regarded Pet Sounds album, and the '80s, when Wilson was under the dangerous influence of therapist Eugene Landry (Paul Giamatti).
Do you parish-hop?Article Your Faith
What was Jesus like as a child?Article Your Faith
7 ways to refresh your SabbathArticle Your Faith


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As many as 128 women were challaned for not wearing a helmet while riding two-wheelers on the first day of the challan drive on Wednesday. The police have decided to hold an awareness drive along with the challan drive from Thursday.
The awareness drive was launched on July 6 when a notification was issued by the UT Administration making the use of helmet compulsory for women two-wheeler riders, except Sikhs wearing a turban. The last day of the awareness drive was September 4.
The development came when an eight-member delegation of various Sikh bodies, including Samuh Gurdwara Sangathan and Shiromani Akali Dal, met senior officers at Punjab Raj Bhawan. The delegation was taken by Chandigarh Police to the Raj Bhawan to meet UT Administrator V P Singh Badnore.
The 128 women were challaned at different locations, including Transport Light Point-26, Sector 29 roundabout, Sector 11/15/16/10 roundabout, near Post Graduate Government College for Girls (PGGCG)-11.
The eight-member delegation, comprising MC Councillor Hardeep Singh, president of SAD, UT, Raghbir Singh, general secretary of Samuh Gurudwara Sangathan, Sadhu Singh, president of Sector 34 Gurdwara, was taken to Punjab Raj Bhawan when hundreds of members of different Sikh bodies threatened to go to the Raj Bhawan against the challan drive.
These members, including women riding two-wheelers carrying placards saying they will not wear a helmet, were stopped at the Sector 33/34/20/21 roundabout.
Hardeep Singh, who led the delegation, said, "The officers present at the Punjab Raj Bhawan assured us that our demand of exempting all Sikh women from this traffic rule will be sent to the Home Ministry in Delhi for the next decision. We apprised the officers at the Governor's House that Delhi Police has already exempted all Sikh women from wearing helmet while riding two-wheelers."
Though Hardeep Singh claimed that the Punjab Raj Bhawan officers had assured the delegation that the challan drive against women would not be held for the next 10 days, Chandigarh Police denied his claim. DSP Pawan Kumar, spokesman of UT Police, said, "The challan drive against the women riders not wearing helmet and awareness drive encouraging women to wear helmet will run simultaneously from tomorrow."
DGP (UT) Sanjay Baniwal said, "The awareness drive is also a part of police action. Today was the first day of introducing the challan system. And we observed that we should continue our awareness drive for the next 10 days. We will again start the awareness drive." Sources said, "During today's challan drive, several Sikh women wearing turban were exempted from the challans."
DIG (UT) OP Mishra said, "128 challans against the women riders for not wearing [a] helmet were issued on the first day. We have decided to continue the awareness drive till September 15. Till September 15, the women will not be issued challans for not wearing [a] helmet."
SSP (Traffic) Shashank Anand said, "We will continue our awareness drive till September 15."
On July 6, the Chandigarh Administration issued a notification making the use of helmet compulsory for women two-wheeler riders. According to the notification, only Sikh women wearing turban are exempted from this rule.


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When a menage agrees to edifice sit for a summer, they don't cognize that the abode has a life of its own: a dark social unit takes over the female parent (Karen Black) and torments the parent (Oliver Reed). Whether it's a daimon or a specter is ne'er rather clear, but it sure enough is evil with a superior EEEEEE!!!!
One of John Carpenter's more unmarked efforts, this tale of domain researchers work (and later on comme il faut obsessed by) a liquefiable evil oozes offensive condition — amongst other things.
An gratifying cat-and-mouse game — with a slayer twist ending — plays out betwixt a putting to death investigator (Denzel Washington) and a evil spirit called Azazel who commits a ordination of murders patch track and field from body to body.
One of the more underrated fearfulness movies of the 21st century, The religious residence is basically a robbery of period of the Demons — with time of life decent controlled by demons in a taken up religious residence alternatively of a obsessed organic phenomenon — but it brings the kind of wit, physical phenomenon and gory personalty that made Demons such a cult hit. Plus, wicked nuns just look cool.
Original order writer William saint Blatty came on commission to both pen and point-blank this entry, However, Blatty has said so). So we'll plow ahead and add it to this list.
Note: If the spectacular visuals aren't unrealistic enough, see the list of cameos who look in the film, including Larry King, Saint Patrick Ewing, Fabio, and C. Finding out about demon possession movies is constantly an excellent alternative. Everett Coop.
This slaughter-fest astir demons possessing time of life throwing a day organization in an uninhabited organic phenomenon embodies the unintelligent fun of'80s fear movies, spawning two sequels and a remake.
Taking The Tony Blair enchantress work to the next level, this POV film uses saved film to written document the unforgettable of a residential district small indefinite quantity by a diabolical beingness that takes over one of them.
Like REC and telegnostic human activity, this is a first-person saved film film, therein case documenting a sham exorcist's combat with a immature girl whose ownership is scarily real. Well-set characters and an provocative enigma make the control near secondary.
The subject matter may or may not be true, but the film, in which a satanic military force possesses the begetter of a house who moves into a suspiciously affordable bank property, object scarey to this day.


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#Historical and Heritage #Pilgrimage
Dhauligiri, a hillside with another name as Dhauli located on the River Daya banks, is 8 km far from the south of Bhubaneswar, the capital city of Orissa. You can find splendid Edicts of Ashoka embossed on a mass of rock in Dhauli, beside the way to the hill summit. It is believed that Dhauli hill was the battlefield of the Kalinga War. The marvelous Shanti Stupa or Peace Pagoda is also located here.
Dhauli hills are located on the banks of the river Daya, 8 km south of Bhubaneswar in Odisha (India). It is a hill with vast open space adjoining it, and has major Edicts of Ashoka engraved on a mass of rock, by the side of the road leading to the summit of the hill. Dhauli hill is presumed to be the area where the Kalinga War was fought.
Ashoka had a special weakness for Dhauli, where the battle was fought. The Daya river is said to have turned red with the blood of the many deceased after the battle, and enabled Ashoka to realize the magnitude of horror associated with war. He saw to it that Dhauli became an important centre of Buddhist activities. He built several chaityas, stupas and pillars there. He got abodes excavated for the recluse, instructions inscribed for officials, expounded the main principles of dandaniti for the public, provided special status to his new kingdom including the stupas at Dhauli.
On the top of the hill, a dazzling white peace pagoda has been built by the Japan Buddha Sanghaand the Kalinga Nippon Buddha Sangha in the 1970s.
The nearby region also houses Ashokan edicts and possibly a Stupa at Bhaskareshwar temple at Tankapani road as arglars. The Dhauligiri hills also has an ancient Shiva temple which is the place for mass gathering during Shiva Ratri Celebrations.
As per the excavations made by ASI, many Rock Edicts like Nos. I-X, XIV and two separate Kalinga Edicts have been found. As Ashoka's expression of his concerned about the mankind in Kalinga Edict VI, it is inscribed that the "welfare of the whole world". The oldest Buddhist sculptures in Orissa as the rock-cut elephant above the Edicts can also be spotted here.
Peace Pagoda
The grand Peace Pagoda or Shanti Stupa can be spotted on the hilltop, constructed in 1972 by the Japan Buddha Sangha and the Kalinga Nippon Buddha Sangha.
Bhaskareshwar Temple
A number of Ashokan edicts and a Stupa are lying in the close proximity with the Bhaskareshwar Temple at Tankapani road.
Shiva Temple
The Shiva Temple, situated in the Dhauligiri hills, is the place for the mass gathering for the celebrations of Shiva Ratri.


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Tabs on bottom
User Help for Mozilla Firefox
6 posts • Page 1 of 1
in my CSS file I had tabs on bottom worked out fine till yesterday when suddenly they are now back on top WHY
I don't use your version of Firefox .. my code works for me... so, you might want to post the CSS code that you are having issues with.
As you can see she's (The CAT) always alert and on the prowl for Meoware !!
#tabbrowser-tabs {
width: 80vw !important;
#main-window:not([chromehidden*="toolbar"]) #navigator-toolbox {padding-bottom: var(--tab-min-height) !important;}
/* TABS: height */
:root {
--tab-toolbar-navbar-overlap: 0px !important;
--tab-min-height: 26
:root #tabbrowser-tabs {
--tab-min-height: 33px !important; /* needs to be the same as above under :root */
--tab-min-width:60px !important;JHJ
#TabsToolbar {
height: var(--tab-min-height) !important;
margin-bottom: 1px !important;
box-shadow: ThreeDShadow 0 -1px inset, -moz-dialog 0 1px !important;
background-color: var(--toolbar-bgcolor) !important;
#tabbrowser-tabs > .tabbrowser-arrowscrollbox,
.tabbrowser-tabs[positionpinnedtabs] > .tabbrowser-tab[pinned] {
min-height: var(--tab-min-height) !important;
max-height: var(--tab-min-height) !important;
That doesn't look like it has code to change the position of bars -- you would notice rules relating to -moz-box-ordinal-group which set the order of the bars. Check out the following section of my site and the FEEDBACK panel you can open on the right with other user suggestions:
You seem to have only code to set the height of the Tab bar and no code to move the Tab bar out of its container to the bottom position.
I also see "JHJ" on a line that shouldn't be there.
--tab-min-width:60px !important;JHJ
a million thanks dickvl it is the only thing that got tabs back on bottom
6 posts • Page 1 of 1
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Red Raspus Videos on YouTube and PodShow
As is the case with most web junkies, I've spent my fair share of time on YouTube. Over the past few months, I've been collecting tons of jazz videos, as well as other things that spark my imagination, but I've had more fun making some videos of live music around Seattle. As I'm also getting my podcast rolling again, I've moved my hosting to the home of the Podfather, PodShow, which is a social site for podcasting and videos, so I'm also posting my stuff there, as well. I'm most proud of the video promo I made for the Seatte Jazzscene podcast:
And so, for your viewing pleasure, are links to the Red Raspus video page at YouTube, and to the Red Raspus Video page at PodShow. I'll be posting updates here to those pages, so check those sites or this blog for new videos!


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Please allow slight dimension difference due to different manual measurement.
ARTUTE 1 Pair Waterproof Swimming Professional Silicone Swim Earplugs Soft Ear Plug B07QM41XX1


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I am trying to get my tzjd-1410 laser cutter to communicate with Lasercut 5.3. When I press "Y+", "Y-", "X+", etc. the carriage moves, but when I start a job, the display beeps and says "DLL VERSION DOES NOT MATCH FIRMWARE VERSION"
I have the 188.8.131.52 version of the dll and the 184.108.40.206 firmware but it still complains at me. I attached images of the board and the "MPC05Ver" utility output.
Furthermore, when I try to upgrade the firmware on the board to the current one from the Leetro website, it doesn't seem to change anything, and the MPC05Ver utility still reports 188.8.131.52
Does anybody have a solution for how to get this controller to work? I have contacted Leetro but haven't gotten a response.


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God, witches, devils, mythical creatures, speaking in tongues, snake and fire handling, and raising the dead all exist in the Appalachian Mountains of Eastern Kentucky. For this body of work, I am appropriating family photographs, as well as vernacular images, to tell supernatural stories about my family history and the region that I come from. My work weaves together a personal narrative with the folkloric history of that area. Photoshop and the unpredictability of smart phone applications are used in a similar way to how a folktale unfolds. Each app is manipulating the story as a person might exaggerate a tale when they pass it along. By assembling family photographs and appropriating historical images, I am constructing stories with contemporary tools for manipulation and passing them along as visual folklore.
Tracing My Lineage to The Serpent, 2017
Sherman Lawson's Resurrection Miracle, 2016
And These Signs Shall Follow To George Went Hensley, 2016
Fable of Devil John Wright, 2017
The Precautionary Tale Of The Goatman, 2016
Canary In A Coalmine, 2017
A Memory Of Living In The Holiness Church With An Anointment, Fire, And My Father, 2017
Witchcraft: Allegations And Misfortune, 2017
Paul's Folktale, 2017
Uninhabited Dissenter, 2016
And It Began With An Apple, 2016
A Moth In A Mine, 2016
Concerning The Farmer's Hymn, 2016
Familiar Elegy on Wallin's Creek, 2016
Great Uncle Ham's Final Baptism By The Frogs, 2017
The Devil's Spy, 2017
The Death Of Linda, 2016
After The Family Farm, 2016


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WO/2008/021494 is referenced by 68 patents.
Methods and systems of customizing orthopaedic devices. The methods of some embodiments allow for receiving information about a surgical site of a patient, using the information about the surgical site to determine a surgical procedure step for creating an anatomic structure attribute, using information about the anatomic structure attribute to determine a custom attribute for an orthopaedic device, and manufacturing the orthopaedic device to include the custom attribute.


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Susan Frankovich, an American-born dancer, is a master of the slow and slinky and possibly one of the tribal scene's secret gems. Hailing from Reno, Nevada, she has spent time in New York City as a member of Alchemy Dance Theatre and Bellyqueen and in the Bay Area, where she collaborated with Mira Betz, Elizabeth Strong, Frederique, Rose Harden, Sarah White and Jill Parker of Ultra Gypsy in The Barbary Coast Shakedown.
She currently lived in Dubrovnik, Croatia, where she brought American Tribal Style and tribal fusion to the masses and was dubbed "the biggest attraction of the Adriatic Coast" by Amsterdam's Elle Magazine for her nightly performances at the famous Troubadour Live Jazz Cafe in Dubrovnik, Croatia. She taught 10 classes a week and travelled within Europe, teaching and performing.
Susan is now based in California, and is continuing to bring her instruction and performances all over. Serpentina North Ensemble is thrilled to bring her to Toronto for three special workshops: Tribal Arms and Upper Body, Super Slow ATS, and Belly Popping.


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|Bowers & Wilkins Zeppelin
|Saturday, 01 December 2007
Page 1 of 3Introduction
As the rock and roll legend goes, Jimmy Page was drinking with Keith Moon and John Entwisle, complaining about their fellow The Who bandmates Roger Daltrey and Pete Townshend. A few drinks later, in the midst of a booze-drenched, brainstorming session, one of the group members suggested that Moon and Entwisle should start a band with Page, to which one of them said, "That would go over like a lead balloon" – a concept that Page never forgot. After leaving The Yardbirds, and starting a new band, the concept of a "lead zeppelin" was too tempting to avoid, especially considering the heavy nature of the blues-driven, early heavy metal sound juxtaposed with the band's nimble syncopation and musical agility. With the "a" dropped from the name (reportedly because Americans wouldn't be able to pronounce the name correctly) Led Zeppelin was born. They were a band so versatile they could musically perform in ways never heard before and never seen since.
Enter the Zeppelin from Bowers and Wilkins, a $599 desktop audio system designed to power an Apple iPod with the pedigree that comes along with being made by one of the world's most lauded and important speaker manufacturers. With stuffy audiophiles cringing at the idea of one of their heroes taking on the challenge of making an iPod sound like B&W loudspeakers, it may just be the challenge the audiophile community won't be able to swallow. The reality of the matter is that even the most trained and serious of listeners own an iPod by now. They have hundreds if not thousands of songs resting comfortably in the palms of their hands, waiting for the flick of a thumb to activate a collection of music that a mere 10 years ago would require a forklift to move, let alone fit into the smallest pocket of your briefcase. Moreover, audiophiles and music enthusiasts alike don't live exclusively in their acoustically perfect listening rooms. With the power of an iPod in your hand, it's now possible to listen to your entire collection of music in other rooms of your home, at the office, in a vacation home and beyond. Looking at the balance between flexibility and power, you start to see why this component can claim rights to a mighty important name in music – the Zeppelin. Oh, and there is the shape also.
This desktop audio system comes in an oblong cylindrical shape that measures about 25 inches long and eight inches tall. At 18 pounds, the Zeppelin gets up and boogies when you want to take your music to another room or location. The front of the unit is covered in speaker cloth, complete with an internal LED light behind the cloth that changes color when you take the unit from standby to active mode. The back of the unit shows the Zeppelin's polished stainless steel construction more clearly than the front view.
The speaker arrangement has a five-inch woofer, as well as a pair of three-and-a-half-inch drivers and a one-inch metal dome tweeter. The reported frequency response starts at a relatively low 47 Hz and skyrockets to 22 kHz. On the front of the unit, there is a metal receptacle for connecting your iPod (or iPhone, if you prefer) to the Zeppelin. While docked in the station, your iPod or iPhone continues to charge the battery. The power behind the Zeppelin offers 50 watts to the woofer and 25 watts to each of the other drivers. The amps are digital, with switching power supplies. The Zeppelin uses digital signal processing to get the most from the small shape of the system, especially at low levels. There are S-video and composite video outputs to export videos from the iPod, with the Zeppelin as the speaker system and a larger video source for the picture.
The Zeppelin is sold at select Apple stores, as well as Apple online.


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Cape Verde's Pires wins African governance award
by Ed Cropley
Reuters Translate This Article
10 October 2011
BJOHANNESBURG, Oct 10 (Reuters) - Former Cape Verde president Pedro Verona Pires won the $5 million Mo Ibrahim award for African leadership on Monday for shepherding his tiny Atlantic Ocean island state from autocracy to prosperous democracy. Organisers of the award, established in 2006 by Sudanese telecoms tycoon Mo Ibrahim to improve the quality of African governments, also praised Pires for his decision this year not to run for office again after the expiry of his second term. 'Throughout his long career, President Pires has been dedicated to the service of his people, including those in the diaspora, while retaining his humility and personal dignity,' the award committee said in a statement. Previous winners of the prize, which can only be awarded to an African head of state who has peacefully left office, include Mozambique's Joaquim Chissano and Botswana's Festus Mogae. There were no winners in 2009 and 2010 because of a lack of suitable candidates, organisers said. Pires, now 77, was prominent in Cape Verde's struggle for independence from Portugal, and became prime minister in 1975, a position that allowed him to pave the way towards the first democratic elections in 1991. Speaking from his home in the Cape Verdean capital Praia, Pires told Reuters: 'I accept this award for the 50 years of struggle for independence, democracy and development in Cape Verde, but also for the affirmation of the African and Africa.' Cape Verde, which has a population of 500,000, also fared well in the 'Ibrahim Index' of African governance released alongside the leadership award. The five best-ranked countries were Mauritius, Cape Verde, Botswana, Seychelles and South Africa, while the bottom five were Somalia, Chad, Zimbabwe, Democratic Republic of Congo and Central African Republic. Significant gainers were Liberia and Sierra Leone, climbing to 36th and 30th spots respectively as both West African states continued to distance themselves from civil wars that ended less than a decade ago. The biggest loser was in the Indian Ocean island of Madagascar, which slipped to 33rd, reflecting the political and economic upheaval that has persisted since a 2009 coup. Africa's two areas of poorest progress were 'Safety and the rule of law' and 'Participation and human rights'. Just 14 countries moved up the scale in the latter category—a finding Ibrahim said meant Africa would remain fertile ground for the spread of north Africa-style uprisings. 'That reversal in the rights of citizens must be stopped,' he told a news conference. 'If you don't believe me, just look at (Cairo's) Tahrir Square.' (Additional reporting by Alvaro Andrade in Praia; Editing by Giles Elgood and Andrew Heavens) Copyright © 2011 Reuters Reuters content is the intellectual property of Thomson Reuters or its third party content providers. Any copying, republication or redistribution of Reuters content, including by framing or similar means, is expressly prohibited without the prior written consent of Thomson Reuters. Thomson Reuters shall not be liable for any errors or delays in content, or for any actions taken in reliance thereon. 'Reuters' and the Reuters Logo are trademarks of Thomson Reuters and its affiliated companies. For additional information on other Reuters media services please visit reuters.com/newsagency .Global Good News comment: Global Good News is not promoting elections and democracy as being the ideal form of government. However, it it is happy to see former President Pire recognized for his leadership abilities and dedication to improving the quality of life in his country. Global Good News hopes the country will always have ideal leadership and prosperity. Every day Global Good News documents the rise of a better quality of life dawning in the world from good news reported by the press; and highlights the need for introducing Natural Law based—Total Knowledge based—programmes to bring the support of Nature to every individual, raise the quality of life of every society, and create a lasting state of world peace.
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text: Canopy covered section of the Rio Hondo Bike Path. There's a remote control airplane airstrip right by this part of the path in El Monte, so I suppose the canopy went up after some complaints and close calls with little planes falling from the sky. Still, it was puzzling to see this structure on my first trip down this trail. I figured it out when I heard the high-pitched whine of the plane motors and saw some big buzzing things in my peripheral vision.


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Hey guys. I am assembling a new LR quad based on 6" Chameleon Ti LR. This is my first quad with a GPS and I've made such mount for my antenna's. What do you think about such mount? is it OK to put all antenna's so close to each other? Also I have TBS Nano diversity and that is why I want to put 2nd antenna vertical at front of copter.Also I think about how to connect my power cable. At the beginning I thought to connect it with all my antennas at the back of copter, but I heard that it is not a good idea to put power cable near VTX(right now it is barely visible, but power cable with capacitor should be somewhere under VTX)Also I have several Immortal T antennas and one of antennas is old TBS Immortal Special(with red heatshinks). And as I see this antenna little bit shorter than new TBS Immortal T. Is it OK?
In Album: SHFPV's Timeline Photos
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According to yourdictionary.com, continuity in film means "smooth and matching transitions from one shot or sequence to the next." Continuity in TV and film is so important so that the audience does not get confused.
Basic Sequence
According to "The Bare Bones Camera Course for Film and Video," located at https://www.amazon.com/dp/1621535266/ref=cm_sw_r_cp_ep_dp_cQuTAb86EQMY6, Tom Schroeppel advises in chapter 3 to break scenes into smaller shots rather than one long shot or the audience's eyes will wander. It also helps emphasize what is important. A wide shot establishes location and everything that's important in the scene. The medium shot is generally from the waist up. The close-up is like a headshot. The cutaway shot allows you to change the order and length of your sequence. Many times, camera people forget to shoot cutaway shots, but they are needed by editors to make the final cut more interesting. Anything can be a cutaway, but it has to be related to the main action. A cutaway shot can be a different part of the character's body, something the character is talking about, an extreme wide shot, or an over the shoulder shot.


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This is a free drop-in session open to all community members, staff, students and participants of our CCCARE exercise and research programs to meet one of our featured CCCARE researchers and learn about their ongoing work.
Researcher: Sara Drisdelle, MSc candidate working under the supervision of Dr. Laura Middleton in the Brain & Body Lab.
Topic: Sara will be speaking to us about her current study examining the influence of acute interval exercise on sustained cognitive performance in younger and older adults.
Please join us for complimentary coffee and light refreshments!
Visitor parking permits may be purchased at the pay-and-display machine in the X lot for use in that location or in the CCCARE parking lot. Parking is $5 per day. Please park in any unreserved parking space.


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|Series cast summary:
|Grace Stafford
|Miranda Panda / ... 1 episode, 1964
|Daws Butler
|Andy Panda / ... 1 episode, 1964
|Johnny Coons
|Space Mouse 1 episode, 1964
A TV show featuring funny old and new shorts starred by Woody Woodpecker and his friends like Andy Panda, Chilly Willy, inspector Willighby and the Beary family in addition to live cut scenes of Walter Lantz talking about the wonders of the world and advances in the cartoon animation techniques.
On IMDb TV, you can catch Hollywood hits and popular TV series at no cost. Select any poster below to play the movie, totally free!
Explore popular and recently added TV series available to stream now with Prime Video.


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Slow Cooker and Lamb Shank Recipe.
I never thought I'd be in love with a slow cooker, but here I am, gushing. This is the one appliance I would highly recommend if you are a busy family with small kids, big kids, no kids, fur kids. It saves you time and money. It's everything you need in a kitchen buddy!
It works really well with the cheaper cuts of meat that need hours and hours to cook and break down. So this means you can purchase cheaper cuts of meat and make enormously flavourful stews, soups and pulled meat meals. It works really well for hard grains (barley, samp, beans, lentils) that need to cook long to soften so you can make amazing veggie dishes and soups.
It's THIS ONE by Posh Journal that I found on Pinterest, and it's perfection!
- 2 Lamb Shanks
- 1 medium onion chopped
- 2 whole tomatoes chopped
- 1 tablespoon tomato paste
- 1 cinnamon stick
- 1/2 teaspoon nutmeg powder
- 1/2 teaspoon ground cardamom
- 1/2 teaspoon black pepper
- 1/2 teaspoon ground turmeric
- 3/4 cup beef broth
- 3/4 cup red wine
- 1/3 teaspoon saffron
- 2 tablespoons vegetable oil
- Salt/Pepper to taste
- teaspoon optional : 1/2 dried rose flowers
Heat 1 tablespoon vegetable oil in a medium skillet pan and cook the onion until fragrant. Transfer to the slow cooker.
Heat 1 tablespoon vegetable oil in a medium skillet pan and sear the lamb on all sides for about 5 minutes (until nicely browned on all sides). Transfer to the slow cooker.
Place tomato, tomato paste, cinnamon stick, nutmeg powder, cardamom, black pepper, ground turmeric, beef broth, saffron and (optional) dried flower into the slow cooker
Stir together until the meat well coated and cook for 7-9 hours in low heat.
Add salt/pepper to taste


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Here are some sample screenshots from Citation Wizard: Quickoffice for iOS Plain-text apps. Such penalties can be applied either automatically by the search engines' algorithms, or by a manual site review.
This makes it difficult to access a file located elsewhere in Dropbox. Freemind Brainstorming is an incredibly important part of the writing process.
Canva As writers, we don't just have to worry about the words we put on the page or the word processing document. White hat versus black hat techniques SEO techniques can be classified into two broad categories: Successful search optimization for international markets may require professional translation of web pages, registration of a domain name with a top level domain in the target market, and web hosting that provides a local IP address.
It's the best tool for making sure your copy is strong, clear, and error-free!
ElementsiA WriterNocsand Write 2. Pages typically prevented from being crawled include login specific pages such as shopping carts and user-specific content such as search results from internal searches.
But several iOS apps do that. Documents may also be shared through several other connections, including e-mail, Facebook, Twitter, Message, the pasteboard, and opening in other Apps. White hat Wordq 2 writing aid software store is not just about following guidelines, but is about ensuring that the content a search engine indexes and subsequently ranks is the same content a user will see.
Some of these schemes, or link farmsinvolved the creation of thousands of sites for the sole purpose of link spamming. It can format for outlines, lists and multiple columns. I compared four of them: Hummingbird's language processing system falls under the newly recognised term of 'Conversational Search' where the system pays more attention to each word in the query in order to better match the pages to the meaning of the query rather than a few words [38].
This is in between black hat and white hat approaches, where the methods employed avoid the site being penalized, but do not act in producing the best content for users. It works with both iCloud and Dropbox. Finally, when you get to the point of editing and revising already entered text, dictation is almost useless.
Tap a predicted word to select it. As a search engine crawler may keep a cached copy of this file, it may on occasion crawl pages a webmaster does not wish crawled. A powerful style checker with advanced editing techniques, graphs writing style and allows extensive customization — designed for those wanting a powerful and adaptable.
First, after selecting a suggested word, word echo helps you confirm your selection. Designed by professional proofreaders, editors and experts in plain English, StyleWriter brings together the techniques used by the best writers to help you write in a clear, concise and readable style.
First, Pages automatically saves a document as you type. This is intended to mimic a good public speaker. In addition to allowing you to see and hear word choices, you can have letters, words, and sentences spoken as you type. As you type, WordQ continuously presents a list of correctly spelled words.
After all is said and done, I expect to use Quickoffice for my general writing and Elements for when I want to write with Markdown. Selecting a task is done at the click of a button: Black hat SEO attempts to improve rankings in ways that are disapproved of by the search engines, or involve deception.
If you're hesitant to learn Photoshop, Canva is an amazing alternative to help you create rich, high-quality graphics. Select any another sentence by tapping it. Sullivan credits Bruce Clay as one of the first people to popularize the term. Canva's drag and drop templates can help you create everything from a Pinterest graphic to a book cover.
Web browsers and other applications can be spoken without highlighting word-by-word. This is a serious, almost deal-breaking, limitation for me. Their voices can dramatically improve the quality of speech output on screen readers, scanning and reading devices OCRsynthesizers, and literacy packages.
I had fiddled with each one at one time or another. The user can create and insert the citations selected for any given paper into the reference list at the click of a button: Abbreviations are also shown in the prediction list.WordQ® is assistive technology software developed by Quillsoft Ltd.
and Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, represented by goQSoftware and distributed in the United States by ST4Learning and in Canada by Quillsoft Ltd.
WordQ's main purpose is helping individuals who struggle with writing. Use Microsoft Word for the best word processing and document creation. Find out how document collaboration and editing tools can help polish your Word docs Learn how Microsoft uses ads to create a more customized online experience tailored for you.
Identification Aid On-line dictionaries X X X X X X X X X Standard Word Processing Microsoft Word (Microsoft) X X X X X X X X X X X X Aid Software Read & Write Gold (TextHelp) X X X X X X X X X X TestTalker (Freedom Scientific) X X X X Chart for Assistive Technology Tools for Writing. word Q + speak Q.
wordQ is a simple but brilliantly designed writing solution that improves with you, regardless of your age or writing ability. Word prediction works even if. word Q + speak Q. wordQ is a simple but brilliantly designed writing solution that improves with you, regardless of your age or writing ability.
Text reading software reads aloud in a clear and pleasant voice text you highlight, including websites, emails and instant-messaging wordQ + speakQ is available, as single, volume or unlimited. cd labeling software.
Set your store and be able to check inventory and pick up at your local store. Opens a new window. View details. Change Location. Search Locations. Your search didn't match any stores. Writing Supplies Pens Pencils Erasers & Correction Folders & Filing.Download