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Calling horse lovers. Beautiful country setting for this on 2.37 acres. Updated in 2015. Front and back porch with beautiful views, 46x52 stable with hay loft. Additional 20x36 out building. Fenced pasture. House features all wood interior walls, floors and ceilings. Tile baths and showers. Kitchen has breakfast area, granite, hickory cabinets, vaulted great room with fireplace, Master on the main with tile shower and floors. Upstairs balcony over looking great room below and features two bedrooms and 1.5 baths. Exterior features all wood log siding with green metal roof. This super convenient to I-20 and shopping but still with feel of being in the country. Full RV hook up on the side of the home.
Listing courtesy of The Realty Group. Selling Office: Jeff Justice & Co. Realtors.


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Fresno Wheelchair Accident: Man In Wheelchair Injured In Fresno Car Accident On West Avenue By Shields Avenue
FRESNO, CALIFORNIA (July 28, 2019) – A man was killed and a man in a wheelchair was seriously injured in a pedestrian accident on West Avenue by Shields Avenue.
Fresno police are saying that the accident took place around 1:00 a.m. A 64-year-old man was pushing a 60 year old man in a wheelchair and heading West.
A 45-year-old man in a pickup truck hit the victims. The 64-year-old man pushing the wheelchair later died due to his injuries.
The 60-year-old man in the wheelchair had to be taken to the hospital. An investigation into the cause of the accident remains ongoing at this time.
Liability In Pedestrian Accidents
All drivers have a responsibility to operate their vehicles in a reasonably safe manner. Even if a pedestrian is outside of a crosswalk drivers must take caution in order to avoid hitting them. According to California Vehicle Code 21950, "The driver of a vehicle approaching a pedestrian within any marked or unmarked crosswalk shall exercise all due care and shall reduce the speed of the vehicle or take any other action relating to the operation of the vehicle as necessary to safeguard the safety of the pedestrian."
The family of any victim that died in a pedestrian accident may have legal recourse through a wrongful death claim. Damages in a civil claim can help cover lost wages, medical bills, funeral expenses and pain and suffering. A wrongful death attorney can examine all of the facts of your case and let you know what your rights are.
Investigating A Pedestrian Accident
Have you or someone that you love been involved in a pedestrian accident? There are a number of laws designed to protect your rights. Our team of personal injury attorneys are here to answer any questions that you may have. We are committed to making sure that accident victims are informed of their rights. Whether you just have questions about your rights or need more information about an accident we are here for you. You're always welcome to reach out to us anytime at (888) 888-9285.

subset: commoncrawl


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Capping compensation for child sexual abuse survivors lets the multi-billion-dollar Catholic Church and other institutions get off scot-free, a redress inquiry has heard.
Victims and their advocates want the $150,000 maximum payment under the federal government's redress scheme increased or the cap scrapped.
Long-time victims' advocate Chrissie Foster said the maximum should be much higher and there should be no cap for the Catholic Church, which knew about an abuser priest before he assaulted two of her three daughters.
"You've got organisations like the Catholic Church who have got billions of dollars," she told a Senate inquiry on Tuesday.
"They're getting off scot-free basically."
Truth Justice and Healing Council CEO Francis Sullivan said Australia's Catholic archbishops all backed the child abuse royal commission's national redress scheme recommendations, including its call for a $200,000 maximum payment.
The Catholic Church has estimated it will be liable for about $1 billion in compensation under a national scheme.
"There's never been a question of the church not paying its way," Mr Sullivan said.
There is widespread opposition, including from Australia's major churches, to the federal government's decision to exclude sex offenders and anyone jailed for more than five years or more for serious crimes from the scheme.
The inquiry heard the exclusion would be soul destroying for survivors and effectively amounted to systemic racism, because of the over-representation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in the criminal system.
"If we allow this part of the bill to be passed then we're saying as a community that the churches and charities and state governments can get away with crimes against children," Care Leavers Australasia Network CEO Leonie Sheedy said.
"This redress scheme is supposed to be about the crimes that were committed on children, not about what you went on to do in your adult life."
Support group Berry Street representative Simon Gardiner believed "nobody would be beyond the pale" in terms of redress.
"Let's be really clear - the amount that is likely to be offered is essentially a drop in the bucket for a lifetime that has been blighted by childhood experiences."
Mr Gardiner and lawyers said survivors should consider whether they were better off taking legal action.
"The choice is between a settlement for clearly a much more modest amount than would otherwise be available if the survivor was brave enough to embark on the civil litigation process," Mr Gardiner said.
Lawyer Viv Waller pointed to a recent Victorian case where the victim was awarded more than $700,000 including for loss of earnings and future medical expenses.
The redress scheme that begins in July will only cover about 1000 people abused in Commonwealth institutions, out of a potential 60,000 applicants, unless all states sign on.
Mr Sullivan said there must be a direct opt-in by the states, not simply facilitating the non-government sector's participation.
South Australia was a strong opponent but during its election campaign Premier Jay Weatherill said the state made an in-principle decision to opt in.
The federal government on Friday said it was just weeks away from a deal with NSW and Victoria.


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The franchise gets pumped up with the introduction of Dwayne Johnson and we see the Fast and Furious films really start to kick off from here! This film also ups the campy dialogue and makes everyone more of a character. Does it work? Lets drive right into this episode with a special co-host Sam to help out.
The Fast and Furious-
2 Fast 2 Furious
Tokyo Drift- Karate Kid meets Heist
Fast and Furious (4)- Nothing
Fast Five- The Fugitive
Dominic Toretto and his crew of street racers plan a massive heist to buy their freedom while in the sights of a powerful Brazilian drug lord and a dangerous federal agent.
Director: Justin Lin
Writers: Chris Morgan, Gary Scott Thompson (characters)
Stars: Vin Diesel, Paul Walker, Dwayne Johnson | See full cast & crew »
BOX OFFICE Released April 29th 2011
Budget: $125 million
Domestic: $210 million
Foreign: $416.3 million
Cumulative: $626 million
Opening Weekend: $86.2 million
Opened #1 run 15 weeks
#2 Rio
#3 Tyler Perry's Medea's Big Happy Family
#4 Water for Elephants
#5 Prom
Fast and Furious TIMELINE
The Fast and The Furious
Turbo Charged Prelude (short)
2 Fast 2 Furious
Los Bandeleros (short)
Works with Han and Dom/Letty romance
Fast & Furious (4th)
Letty dies (not really)
Fast 5
Learn that Letty is alive
Fast & Furious 6
Fast and Furious: Tokyo Drift
Han heads to Japan after Giselle's death
Furious 7
The Fate of the Furious (8th)
Hobbs and Shaw
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Posted on March 14, 2018
Dressed as a princess is a nurse in Park Ridge, Illinois trying to make her patients more comfortable to sing for them.
The 45-year-old Jodi Kubis has been working and singing at Advocate Lutheran General Hospital for over 20 years.
Considering that she was actually born at the same hospital in 1973, everything has become a full circle.
Kubis loves to put a smile on the faces around her. That is why she is known as the "singing nurse" to her patients and co-workers.
Instead of only checking up on her patients for medical needs, she also makes sure that they are comfortable with anything from a blanket to a song.
"It doesn't take any time out of my day or delay care. But I find it's a nice distraction from what's going on, it lightens the mood, makes this scary place seem a little less scary in that moment and brings the make-believe back into their lives."
She may be dressed as a princess but Kubis has a large range of songs in her tool belt including, "Before He Cheats" by Carrie Underwood and "At Last" by Etta James.
"I'm basically a therapy dog in a princess dress."
Kubis's patients are so grateful for her kind heart and dedication, that they send her cards, flowers and sometimes even shed a tear.
"I treat my patients like they're my family and I feel as though if you can open up a little bit about yourself they're going to feel like they're not a room number."
Kubis said she is not ready yet to share her talent by hitting the road, but she would love to write and share her talent with others.
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On July 4, 1970, President Richard Nixon had an "Honor America Day."
Depending on who you talk to or what you read, the day did or didn't go so well.
Let's consider the History Channel's version of the event. This day was supposed to be a non-partisan event but opponents saw it as a day for Nixon and his administration to promote support for an unpopular war in Vietnam and as a rally for the right.
The day included the Rev. Billy Graham and Bob Hope. It also included protestors wading in the Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool, some tear gas and chants against the war with some waving Viet Cong flags.
Maybe this July 4, 1970, event is an illustration of how we exercise our freedoms in America. Maybe not.
And now, we have President Donald Trump who plans a rally on July 4. The fear is that Trump will simply use July 4 like a promotional tool.
That didn't seem to go too well for Nixon.


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But again, when it comes to subjective experience, and mental evolution, I would have to caution you to take what anyone says with a grain of salt. Obviously people want to sell these products. There are some good ones out there and there are some bad ones out there. There are differences in quality, as well as differences in intent with how the audios are to be used.
At a certain point (generally after about four to six months), your brain will have made all the changes it needs to make to handle the Holosync® we use in Awakening PrologueTM. At that point you're like a runner who's been running two miles a day for several months, and now two miles is easy, because the body has created the physical structure that can easily handle it.
Targeted hemispheric changes: Some speculate that specific alterations in brain waves can be made on an individual basis. In other words, you can target one frequency in one hemisphere (via the right ear) and another distinct frequency in the other hemisphere (via the left ear). The left ear affects the right hemisphere and right ear affects the left hemisphere.
So on thursday 21st July 2018 I tried marisa peers audio. She has a program that I bought that was just hypnosis audios. I then got three bonus audios. One of them was called money-wiring hypnosis typnaral alpha brainwave audios, which I tired for the first time. As soon as I went into hypnosis I had a weird sensation and my whole head and body stared stimulating to a point where I felt like I couldn't really move. I thought maybe it was just me being more relaxed. Until I started to feel pain on the side of my head near my ear. I woke up after and went to bed thinking it will get better the next day. But woke up with a headache feeling sick and tingling and numbness near my head and jaw. I contacted them and they said it's just blood going to your brain but now I feel tingling around my body and pain in my head and ears. I don't really know what to do but team responsible for this hasn't heaven me good answer since it hasn't really gotten better. I feel on edge and losing energy. Please can some one advise.
Thanks Lorita. There hasn't been any isochronic tones research that I'm aware of, for anti-aging, fat loss or attracting people, or any significant anecdotal feedback. You could combine positive affirmations or hypnosis scripts with isochronic tones to try and change habits and that could help with fat loss or build confidence to attract people. But it would be the affirmations and hypnosis doing most of the work, the isochronic tones would just be used to help relax the listener and put them in a more suggestible state. I don't believe isochronic tones can affect those things, without being used in combination with some kind of vocal mental programming.
After nearly two years of daily use of this brainwave meditation and brainwave technology, I began to enjoy a quality of life–without medication–that once seemed quite impossible for me. I do not say this lightly. Not only did I enjoy a fulfilling life, I also experienced what seemed like significant development in self-concept, values, interpersonal skills, creativity, accelerated learning, intuition, ability to handle stressful situations, self-esteem, sense of purpose, and social awareness.
Brainwave entrainment is a field of study and endeavor founded in the same physiological and psychological processes that make music, drumming, and chanting so powerful as methods for transforming the mind and spirit and aiding in healing of the body. These processes involve how the electrical energy in our brains synchronizes with sounds and visual stimuli, producing a particular brainwave frequency and its associated mental states.
Beta is the most common brain wave pattern: Beta brainwaves are produced when we are wide awake, alert, active and engaged in mental activity, usually involving more the rational, reality-oriented left hemisphere of our brain. When beta wave activity becomes very intense, our brain hemispheres become less synchronised. Beta state is required to function properly in your everyday life.
From the deepest, sincere, compassionate, and loving part of my soul; I offer thank you. : ) By saving me, I believe your organization did a service to society as a whole, for now I am like a ripple in a pond that will reverberate good vibes to all who I come into contact with. I express compassion, understanding, and knowledge to all who I see need your life saving, and healing product. Like a missionary I desire to spread it; for it is pure, good and loving to my fellow man.
The brain has two hemispheres that operate somewhat independently from one another. The two hemispheric structures of the brain are connected by a large nerve, called the corpus callosum, which sends information back and forth between the two sides of the brain. In most people, the left hemisphere controls language, logical thinking, and analytic processes and the right side contains the centers for emotion, intuition, and non-linear creative thinking.
Hi Julie! You're very welcome for the info. In answer to your question, I think some are probably good, and some not so good. There are many people putting brainwave entrainment out there these days and it is not so easy to figure out which ones are and aren't of reliable quality without investing time and doing some research. I would say (in general) that paid products are probably better quality than free ones, but I couldn't guarantee this is a golden rule. My best advice is to just do your research before spending too much time listening to the freebies.
My question is using the Alpha Isochronic Tones- it says not to use while driving or working. But what about listening while you study? I'm studying for a rather difficult exam and I'm looking for something to use while actually learning/reading the material for focus, concentration & comprehension. Thanks! And are the Alpha tones the best tones for this?
Other entrainment methods sometimes used include autopan modulation that moves sound in an 180º arc to create a desired tone. Harmonic box entrainment, invented by James Mann, uses a layering of binaural and monaural tones that alternate between ears, requiring headphones. Sound modulation and filtering, amplitude modulation, and pitch panning use diverse sounds to create rhythmic pulses matched to the desired brainwave frequency.
I am one of the fortunate ones who received a free demo of your product. I do believe your product corrected damage to my brain from a childhood concussion. Immediately upon use, I became aware of sounds, drainage and even discomfort behind my right eye and the lower right side of my skull. This continued for a week of using the product daily. I was about to give up using the product when all discomfort stopped, and has not returned. I do believe your product should be used for childhood head trauma. Even though the brain is only bruised, a life can be altered immensely. I love my Equisync II and will use it daily and with confidence.
If brainwave entrainment leaves you with unwanted side-effects (see below) or discomfort, you're probably encouraging a range of brainwaves that are already excessive in some area of your brain. The way around this is to get a brain map to see what your brain's strengths and weaknesses are, and see what (if any) brainwaves could use some encouragement.


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Brad Jones joined Game On in September 2010. As a Head Coach he is a familiar face in our Buckinghamshire schools. Brad is also involved in mentoring and assessing fellow Game On coaches and maintaining relationships with existing schools.
There is a sport for everyone but you're never going to find it until you try! Game On provides a chance to experience new sports, new friends, new skills and most importantly have loads of fun!
As much as we are mad about sport, at Game On we are extremely passionate about the health and fitness of our up and coming superstars.
Thanks to all the Under 8 players @1972Jets for coming along to play the our Game On Academy this evening. Great st… https://t.co/0paRZnOeFi
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Astonish Small Watch
£ 199.00
Calvin Klein Astonish Small K4T2S116 is an incredible interesting Ladies watch. Case material is Stainless Steel while the dial colour is Silver. This watch is market as water resistant. It means it can withstand slight splashes and rain, but is NOT to be immersed in water. We ship it with an original box and a guarantee from the manufacturer.


text: Experience & Mile Building Request Experience & Mile Building Please use this form to request a place on a course that has availability you would like to take for experience and mile building. Personal DetailsName* First Last Email* PhoneRequested DatesPlease select the dates you wish to join the course and leave the course. If you would like to be considered for other courses, please complete a new form for each course. Notes: 1. Please ensure you check there are places available before submitting this form. 2. If you join a course for only part of its schedule the location you join the yacht and depart the yacht will probably not be the same place and you are responsible for all transport arrangements.Start Date*Select the date you wish to join the course (approx 0900hrs). Date Format: DD slash MM slash YYYY End Date*Select the date you wish to leave the course (approx 1700hrs). Date Format: DD slash MM slash YYYY Additional InformationCommentsThis field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged.


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No blame game at Mercedes after headrest failure
The triple champion was comfortably leading an already eventful race when the headrest material worked loose, forcing him to pit for safety reasons and dropping him out of the podium places.
LONDON - Formula One world champions Mercedes refused to play the blame game on Monday as they sought answers for a headrest failure that cost Lewis Hamilton a victory in Azerbaijan.
The triple champion was comfortably leading an already eventful race when the headrest material worked loose, forcing him to pit for safety reasons and dropping him out of the podium places.
Azerbaijan was the only round of the current calendar that the Briton, who finished fifth, had yet to win and the setback left him 14 points behind Ferrari's championship leader Sebastian Vettel.
Without the headrest working loose, Hamilton would have been leading the championship after Vettel finished fourth following a penalty for banging wheels with his rival while following the safety car.
Team boss Toto Wolff emphasised on Sunday that the team would not blame anybody for the error.
"This team has won three world championships and I will not point the finger at a single person," the Austrian told reporters.
The team said in a column on their website on Monday that "things will always go wrong, it's the culture of fixing them that matters.
"Today the process of doing that will begin back in Brackley. We will analyse the headrest design to see what improvements can be made -- and our procedures to ensure they are robust enough in future.
"Calmly, working with facts rather than conjecture, we will put the finger in the wound... we will draw the right conclusions and improve."
Mercedes recognised that the controversy thrown up by the clash between Vettel and Hamilton, which made headlines around the world and was the major talking point of the morning after, was good box office.
The team added, however, that the weekend had also shown that the engineers were getting to grips with a car described as a 'diva' by Wolff after a bad Monaco weekend.
"During the time when yesterday's grand prix was still about deliberately driving around things, rather than into them, the W08 (car) did a pretty handy job of it in the hands of both Valtteri (Bottas) and Lewis," the column added.
More in Sport
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Boks braced for 'slippery' Wales in World Cup semi
Lewandowski goals help Bayern 3-2 past Olympiakos
Two late Dybala goals earn Juve victory over Lokomotiv
Tottenham return to form with 5-0 thrashing of Red Star
Arnold Palmer to receive US postage stamp tribute in 2020
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Submitted 2014-01-07 09:20:46
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Article From Article Directory Database A Fresh Guide To Listing Sashes Online A Fresh Guide To Listing Sashes Online May 24, 2013 | Author: Abraham Lowe | Posted in Internet Business Online
As you have probably already noticed, many entrepreneurs are investing in the online industry. You should join in on this as well, because selling sashes online is very lucrative. You can also do it straight from the comforts of home Wholesale NFL Jerseys China , so it does not add extra stress to your already busy life. Learn more about it right here!
Some of your customers simply discard the 'thank you' notes sent by you, as they know that they are auto responded notes. To gain the confidence of such customers, it's is better to send personal emails from time to time showing your gratitude. You have to travel this extra mile to be honest in expressing your gratitude.
To make your customers connected with you on a long term basis, use techniques like integrated marketing tools. Using these a customer can refer hisher friends or relatives to your online sash store. Any customer introducing his friend or relative to your site should be rewarded with discount coupons.
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Why not pick up a traditional book on sales? There are plenty of techniques from face to face sales that you can utilize on your web shop. If you learn even one thing from reading a single book it will be worth it. Study every resource you can find and you will sell plenty of sashes. That's the way the pros do it.
Customers appreciate you, when they receive your sashes safe and secure. You must ensure that the sash product is well packed without giving any room for damage in the transit. Likewise.


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New @ The Jeff Reichelt Library
November 21, 2018
Farm Stories -
A Fading Dream ,
by Loretta A. Johnson
THIS MEMOIR starts in the early 20th century as both sets of grandparents are immigrating to the United States from Czechoslovakia. Settling in Chicago, a carpenter and baker, they start to raise large families, just as the lure of settling the West starts to beckon. News spreads that they can realize a dream and become farmers with 160 acres of free land in Central Montana.
With no experience in farming, they are naive to the harsh weather and trials. THE STORY begins when the families set up homesteads without the conveniences of electricity, telephones and running water. Humorous adventures abound as you see this life through the eyes of a child. The book is an astounding true life tale of how children under the age of ten learn to be responsible for making large meals, driving the food to the fields, milking the cows, and getting an education in a one-room schoolhouse while the teacher teaches all eight grades.


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Hello and Welcome my fellow Travelers, Wanderers, Roamers, Ticket Bookers and Friends to Be who will meet other travels here!
Firstly, a few words about other travel blogs and guides that crowd the Internet – forget about them.
Chances are they contain too much self-indulged fluff and haven't gotten you where you want to be…aka traveling!
Welcome to DearTraveler.com
My goal with this blog is to make things a bit differently, mix things up, and turn it up, wayy up, all the while encouraging you to travel more each week, each year. Of course, I plan to take you inside my journey as I cross places and moments off my bucket list. Next stop is Hawaii!
I believe in three principles of travel:
1. You are never alone – When people ask me how I travel alone, I tell them you are always surrounded by other travelers and will meet plenty of new friends, so you should never feel alone.
2. No one belongs at a desk job: The pressure I faced as a millennial having to work a desk job and pay off my loans was huge, and I hope you'll join me as I take a less beaten path (of course, I still have to hold down a real job to pay the bills.)
3. All you need is yourself: A.Y.N.I.Y. remember that, plus your backpack 😉
About Me
I'm Christa, a Minnesota girl with an international soul <3. I grew up a pretty goofy kid and back in high school I didn't have a ton of friends, BUT I always got along great with the International Students. I made a point to introduce myself to each of them on their first day and learn what gems they brought with them while sharing what I could from my own life.
So my passion for traveling started out! It was simply a curiosity for other cultures and people. In high school, I hosted my first exchange student, from Taiwan (such a little angel) and then my second one from Germany (still bffls).
By the time college came around, of course nearly all of my closest friends were the international students. It sure felt nice escaping my small town…to go to another small town, Stout, Wisconsin 🙂
The more I learned about international cultures while there, the more my need to experience their life's my passion flourished into a need for travel. I was fortunate to visit Brazil for Rio's Carnival and Australia for a whole semester while in college studying Hospitality and Tourism Management. So that's two bucket list items checked off. But of course, my network of international friends grew – I met some of my closest friends from Germany, Brazil, Saudi Arabia, and now I am so excited to bring you with on my journeys and to visit all these people around the globe!
About You
So who are you and what do you stand to gain from reading this blog? I hope you are an eager traveler like me, someone who loves the feeling of waking up a bit disoriented but definitely excited to be in a new land. Reading this blog you will gain motivation and inspiration to get out there and just travel, whether it's to the town next door, your first time in a new continent or to the Wonders of the World.
My topics du jour here will be:
- Personal travel reviews
- Healthy living tips
- Money saving travel hacks
Overall, I want to help you live your best life and stretch your comfort zone each and every day.
Join The DearTraveler.com Community
Even though I'll keep the crazy travel stories coming, this blog is driven by advice from you! Got an interesting travel story of your own? Maybe an exciting or scary story at the airport? Found a secret lounge on the beach somewhere? Email me your stories and I'll repost them here on the blog, giving you credit on social media or back to your own blog!
That's all for now, go check out what's new on the home page and as always be planning your next trip!
AYNIY, love you guys!
Xoxo Christa


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Honors Night 2019
submitted by Ms. Rotter-Hansen, National Honor Society adviser
Battle Creek's National Honor Society presented Honors Night 2019 on May 7, 2019. The evening began with the traditional candlelighting induction ceremony. Cora Gillespie(president) led Austin Marx(vice president), Caydon McCracken(secretary) Shelby Obst(treasurer) and members Maisey Clausen, Curtis Eickhoff, Chloe Volk, Makayla Ruge, Stacey Frisch, Makenna Taake, Zach Zohner, Riley Seifert, Abigail Meinke, Madaline Taake, Bailey Hurlburt and adviser Ms. Rotter-Hansen into the gym. New inducted members were Brandon Lodge, Britney Kreikemeier, Dylan Mettler, Megan Lutt, Payton Kersten, Renee Brummels, BriAnna Zohner, Reece Bode, and Mikayla Miller.
NHS Officers for the 2019-2020 school year are President: Stacey Frisch, Vice-President Riley Seifert; Secretary/ Treasurer: Zach Zohner;
General Awards were then presented to the 9-12 students. After the BC Choir performed, special awards were given to the following people:
Outstanding Math Awards: Golden Calculator Award: Caydon McCracken
Outstanding Social Sciences Awards: Caydon McCracken
Outstanding English Award: Cora Gillespie
National School Choral Award & Choir Student of the Year: Hannah Maslonka
John Philips Sousa Award: Britney Kreikemeier
Class C All State Honor Band Recognition: Hannah Maslonka, Britney Kreikemeier, Zoe Hassler, Mikayla Miller, Tanner Oestreich, Jimmy Loutzenhiser, Ethan Mille, Kaleb Kummer, Jeston Hassler, Raina Lade, Ben Weinandt honorable mention
Artist of the Year Award: Kylee McLean
Robotics MVP Award: Parker Anderson, James Loutzenhiser
Omaha World Herald All-Academic Program, Honorable Mention: Caydon McCracken & Cora Gillespie
President's Award for Educational Achievement ACT 26 or higher and/or GPA 3.5 and higher: Parker Anderson, Cora Gillespie, Caydon McCracken, McKinzie Miller
Girls State Representative: Kylee McLean Alternate: Britney Kreikemeier
Boys State Representative: Slate Kraft
1st and 2nd in the Class: 12th grade: Caydon McCracken, Cora Gillespie; 11th grade: (1st) Stacey Frisch
(2nd) Zach Zohner; 10th grade: (1st) Megan Lutt (2nd) Payton Kersten; 9th grade- (1st) Landon Olson
(2nd- 3 way tie)- Haley Hrabanek, Joslyn Hrabanek, Kenna Pochop
Superintendent Luhr presented staff service plaques to Heather Tillotson (20 years). (Teresa Christensen and Robbie Trudeau were not able to attend to receive their 25 years plaque).
The evening ended with the faculty naming senior Austin Marx Student of the Year.


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Blue Paint Colors around the Chair. Blue is a kind of favorite color in this world. Blue includes with many type of type which may be used to paint your chair such as dark blue, violet blue, Mozart blue, Covington blue, Wythe blue, Palladian blue, navy blue, breath of refreshing air, turquoise, Aquarius, blue tide, blue blue, and many more.
This name of Adirondack Bar Chair EBay is gallery form Adirondack Bar Chairs. Wish you can find your picture here as inspiration from our gallery here.


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Welcome to the United Nations
Browse commitments & partnerships
Share an update
Action Networks
South African Elecrification Programme
SDGs & Targets
Deliverables & timeline
Resources mobilized
Description/achievement of initiative
Eskom implements the integrated national electrificaton programme on behalf on the Department of Energy (DOE) in the company's licenced supply areas. Electrification in a municipality's licensed area.
Implementation methodologies
Eskom strives to accelerate electrification in support of the South African government's objective of universal access to electricity, and is committed to helping the government achieve its electrification targets by 2022/23. Since 1994, Eskom has been very successful in electrification connecting 4.07 million households to the grid and providing non grid access (PV) to a further 6 000 households through the Eskom/Shell Joint Venture.
Eskom implements the integrated national electrification programme on behalf of the Department of Energy (DOE) in the company's licenced supply areas. Electrification in a municipality's licensed areas of supply is carried out by the municipality. Meeting the government's target of universal access to electricity is dependent on the funding from the DOE. Eskom works with the department and other interested parties continuously on planning, funding and other requirements for universal access.
Eskom has investigated the potential for an accelerated electrification programme that would increase the number of new households connected per year beyond current government plans. The programme makes use of internal technical resources.
Arrangements for Capacity-Building and Technology Transfer
Coordination mechanisms/governance structure
South African Department of Energy
Progress reports
Total number of electrification connections in South Africa (724 636)
Basic information
Time-frame: - 2017
South African Department of Energy
Contact information
United Nations
Contact us


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Step Aboard Your FLOATING CONDO!!
This is a FUN COUNTRY 14' x 56' Houseboat!
Sleeps 10 people!!
1 full head with full shower and a half bath.
Residential-style galley with double bowl sink, oven, 4 burner stove-top, and a full-size microwave. A full-size refrigerato...more
Step Aboard Your FLOATING CONDO!!
This is a FUN COUNTRY 14' x 56' Houseboat!
Sleeps 10 people!!
1 full head with full shower and a half bath.
Residential-style galley with double bowl sink, oven, 4 burner stove-top, and a full-size microwave. A full-size refrigerator, as well as two half-size refrigerators to separate adult & kids beverages.
Bar height seats for the kitchen counter and plenty of counter and storage space
Nice dinette area and couch with a pullout bed in the living room.
Full sun deck on top with upper controls too!
The best thing for the kids is the slide on the back of the boat.
New impellers, new seawater pumps in 2018
Upgrades on the inside for 2018.
22 KW Kohler generator.
This houseboat appears to be in expected condition for her age and everything works according to the owners.
She got new impellers & new seawater pumps, as well as many upgrades on the inside for 2018.
She could use a good cleaning and detailing but the vessel is in a slip at Perry Lake which is 23 feet above normal levels so owners have not had it out of the slip this year.
60-day Sea Tow membership* comes standard with your boat purchase!
All reasonable offers will be reviewed and presented to the seller.
All offers are contingent upon being fully satisfied with unit after personal inspection and/or professional inspection.
Check out this 1999 Fun Country 14 x 56 in Ozawkie, Kansas! #funcountry #popyachts https://www.popyachts.com/house-boats-for-sale/fun-country-14-x-56-in-ozawkie-kansas-179142
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We work closely with several marine lenders to offer you competitive rates and flexible financing options to get you approved and on the water quickly. Click the button below to view some of the lenders we work with.
Financing may not be available for this vessel, due either to its age or category. However, banks are giving marine loans, and we would love to get you started in a discussion about financing.
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Magic ChefConsumerAffairs Unaccredited Brand
This company is not yet accredited. To learn more, see reviews below or submit your own.
Keep an eye on your inbox, the lastest consumer news is on it's way!
Magic Chef Reviews
A link has directed you to this review. Its location on this page may change next time you visit.
I bought the freezer several weeks ago. Thought we had made a mistake of leaving door open one or 2 times as the food was soft. Everything is still soft - chicken cutlets, steak, Ellios Pizza. What can I do?
This upright freezer was purchased for our clothes garage area by my father-in-law from Home Depot. The first day I did not plug it in. The second day I plugged it in and put it on the recommended setting. Went shopping loaded it with meats. Went back out a week later to pull something and all my meat so soft. So I threw away the meat which was a big waste of money. Unplug the freezer plugged it back in after day and it still never would freeze. I decided since the freezer is less than six months old and just sitting there not being used that I would call to get the company to honor their product.
The girl on the phone was very rude and said that because it is in the garage it Voided my warranty. Most people buy these small upright freezers so that they will have extra space and keep their freezers in the garage I have a refrigerator in my garage right now that works great. I would advise against a company that will treat you poorly when you call over a small freezer. I will push the freezer to the corner for the garbageman to pick up tomorrow and will never purchase a magic chef products again. Great customer service you have.
I'll keep this simple. 2 years ago, I purchased a deep freezer. A small one, from Home Depot. It has completely stopped working. The life expectancy for this APPLIANCE is approx 2 years?? Home Depot shouldn't carry the brand. And the Feds should explore putting them out of business for good. -- I wouldn't be so irate had it not been for two things:
2) ALL of these review mimicking my experience. If it we're just me, then maybe I bought a lemon. Reading all of these similar experiences, shows that this company has a HISTORY of shoddy work.
They shouldn't be allowed to take people's money in exchange for JUNK.. - RCB
This is definitely one purchase that I can truly say I got my money worth. I have never any type of problems whatsoever. I had it since my children were in elementary and I still have it. Best buy ever.
Tried to get service for Warranty, went on chat, told me I had to fill a request out I did. Sent it e-mail and waited. Heard nothing in a week. Got on chat again and they could not find the form I filled out. I told her then give me my money back and they quit the chat. Freaking idiots, poorest equipment I have ever owned. Bought a leak detector and it was leaking to???? Turntable turns slowly or not at all to add to the piece of crap. Then I saw made in China explains it all. Went online to Home Depot where I bought it to file a complaint and heard nothing from Home Depot either. I will never ever buy a Magic Chef anything. Home Depot sells crap and I now go to Lowe's who you don't have to tell them what color underwear you are wearing to get a military discount. My thanks for serving 30 years protecting the USA. Magic Chef disgusting. Home Depot sells crap and does not stand behind it. Just a matter of time for the rest of the USA to wake the hell up.
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I bought a Wine and Beverage cooler side by side with separate control zones twenty two months ago and the temperature was 64 degrees and not cooling. I bought the extended 1 year warranty that I found out is no help to me since they can't locate a service company for me. I got a service company to come out with $150 charge to tell me the compressor is bad. I called Magic Chef who told me they would send the compressor to a registered service company at no charge but I had to pay the labor and refrigerant which is hard for me to do since they had no list of service companies to share with me. RIDICULOUS! Poor customer service! Never buy another Magic Chef product!
So I bought an apartment sized MAGIC CHEF refrigerator at Home Depot... IN the first week I had it, the dial Knob in the freezer part broke off completely. I only turned it like twice. Two years later now the refrigerator is dead as a doornail. In fact a doornail has more life in it... I called them to say help me. They said my warranty was no longer valid, but they would mail me a compressor, and I would have to pay someone to put it on... WOW HOW SAD THAT MY 1985 KENMORE REFRIGERATOR THAT I ACCIDENTALLY MELTED A CANDLE WAX ALL OVER THE BACK GRILL IS WHAT IS SAVING ME RIGHT NOW... Thank you for nothing Magic Chef. I would rather rent a man with an ice cube in his mouth to blow on my cold groceries. I hope if I ever see a Magic Chef anything, I can get a hammer and beat it up. Yours truly, a very unsatisfied customer.
I've had this cooler for about 1 1/2 and suddenly stopped cooling. Of course I'm past my 1 yr warranty but I have a 5 year compressor coverage. I paid $55 to get it inspected and they want to charge $350 for labor??? That's what I paid for it! I asked if they can send me the compressor. I will have someone else do it and Magic Chef Warranty department will NOT mail it to me. NEVER NEVER NEVER going to purchase another Magic Chef Appliance.
I have recently purchased your countertop ice maker. Though it does produce ice quickly, it is the noisiest machine in my house. I enjoy living in my camper, and this product is exactly what I need due to only having a very small fridge and freezer. My major complaint is that it is very noisy. You can hear motors running and pumps running. Sometimes they're so loud, I'll have to turn up my tv. The product is great but sure could use some improvements.
After plugging this product in and ensuring that the thermostat/temperature was at middle to high level, we loaded food. We heard it turn on and felt a bit of cold. So, we assumed all was good. NOT! The refrigerator would run for a second or two and then turn off. We did not know this until the next morning when we opened it and all of our food went bad and had to be thrown out. When I contacted the company asking if we could get compensated for the loss of food, I was told no. When I asked if we could get compensated for gas for having to return the product, I was told no. The company had the nerve to say that it would fix the refrigerator under the product warranty to save us gas to bring it back to the store. NOT ONCE DID THE COMPANY REPRESENTATIVE EVEN SAY "SORRY", and we had several emails. I will never purchase a Magic Chef product again.
Magic Chef expert review by Jonathan Trout
Magic Chef got its start over 85 years ago and today makes a variety of kitchen and home comfort appliances. It offers several models of upright and chest freezers that range from 3.0 to 9.0 cubic feet. They also sell a portable freezer. Check Magic Chef's website for places to buy their products.
Upright freezer: Magic Chef's 3.0 cubic foot upright chest freezer includes an adjustable temperature control and manual defrost. It has a reversible, recessed door handle; two wire shelves; and a completely flat back for placement flexibility.
6.9 cubic foot freezer: The 6.9 cubic foot chest freezer is designed with a flush back to fit up against most walls. It features an adjustable temperature control, manual defrost, recessed door handle and indicator lights to let you know the unit is running.
Warranties: Both models come with a 1-year parts and labor warranty and a 5-year warranty on the compressor.
Manuals: Magic Chef includes both models of chest freezers manuals online for easy access to instructions and product registration.
Videos: Videos explaining each feature for both models are available online.
Best for: consumers needing a compact chest freezer.
Magic Chef Company Information
- Company Name:
- Magic Chef
- Website:
- mcappliance.com


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What's Brewing: Business Insight from the Job Creators Network
Looks like it could be a long, hot and potentially expensive summer for Dunkin' and other quick service franchise owners around the country. SeveraLabor and activist groups have been on a roll around the country, championing proposals that push up costs for franchise owners and other small business owners. Launched nearly a decade ago, the…Read More »


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Contact Us
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Best Games
Sprinter Game
Learn To Fly 3
Impossible Quiz
Happy Wheels
Raze 3
Strike Force Heroes 3
Super Smash Flash
About The Game
Video games have taken the world. Whatever your interest in games may be, video games are here to stay. Here are some tips to improve your gaming experience. If you're buying a game for a child, have a list of possible options. You will use a lot of variables in making a decision on whether or not to purchase a game for kids of a certain age, so it's better to start with a longer list that you can narrow down. If the game you are buying is meant to be a gift, check out the ESRB rating before you buy it. This will give you the game has in it so you're sure you're not giving the kid something too violent. It can ultimately help you determine whether you want to purchase the game. Make sure you take cover before reloading a weapon during a shooting game. It's a common occurrence for FPSers to get killed if you are out in the open. You do not want this to occur to you!
Download a demo game before you desire to purchase.This will allow you to figure out whether or not it's worth it to go ahead and buy the full game. Make sure that you exercise safety precautions when doing this. Only allow downloads from verified or trustworthy sites. The page will tell you whether your system is capable of running a certain game. If you don't like downloading anything, keep in mind that things can always be deleted after the key material is gained. Make the screen is bright enough.Games set in dark caverns and abandoned warehouses may have great ambiance, but can negatively effect your performance. It will make the colors easier to distinguish and you'll be able to spot your enemies won't see you before you see them. When buying games for kids, look for educational games or ones with better ratings. Spend some time with your children by playing video games that both of you all enjoy. Children usually love to play video games.
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As part civil service statement and part dish, I provide to you: turkey rolls. I will not continue about how tasty ..
Chili Lime Chicken Drumsticks with Avocado Oil [Recipe] Ingredients: Chicken drumsticks Avocado Oil Chili Powder ..
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A gathering will be held to mark the Shloshim of Shula Swerdlov, OBM on Tuesday, November 17, at Chovevei Torah Hall – 885 Eastern Parkway.
The one hour program is for women only and will begin promptly at 8:00 pm.
Scheduled speakers include Mrs. Shaindy Jacobson, Mrs. Miriam Swerdlov, and Mrs. Rivka Sarah Chein.
Anyone wishing to participate in Shula's Toy Drive for the Friendship Circle can drop off toys at the shloshim event.
If you want to donate in Shula's memory, please go to www.ShulasTorah.com.
A gathering will be held in California as well, on Tuesday at 8:00 pm, at Casa Del Mar Hotel, 1910 Ocean Way, S. Monica, CA.


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Our traditional Western Pennsylvania rye whiskey is made with local rye grown in the Monongahela valley. We carefully craft a high-rye mash bill consisting of un-malted rye, malted rye, yellow corn and an addition of a chocolate malted barley. The result is a surprisingly smooth and sweet finish for a traditionally spicy whiskey. Aged for at least 3 months in our small batch barrels.
The owners of our distillery believe the desire for liberty is the motive behind all disobedient spirits. It is the spirit of liberty that has driven the farmers, miners and steel workers of Western Pennsylvania; from the Whiskey Rebellion to the Homestead Strike to risk their lives and fortunes fighting for justice. Aged for at least 3 months in small batch barrels.
Our most prominent founding father could never tell a lie, and neither can we. This stuff is delicious. Distilled from select white corn and rested in American oak barrels, our small batch whiskey is then flavored with premium dried cherries for a sweet and flavorful finish. Whether you're leading a revolution or simply chipping away at the trees of tyranny, we remind you to always disobey responsibly
Our Blue Dog Corn Whiskey is made from triple distilled Hopi blue corn. Using only the flavorful tails from our small batch runs, this unique corn makes sweeter and nuttier moonshine than other grains. Refined in the small stills of our artisan shop and hand bottled, we bring this to you from the rolling hills and sweet waters of the Allegheny Highlands.
A disobedient spirit engaged in solitary reflection may decide to stand against tyranny and be counted. Two such spirits may resolve to unite in common dissent of the powerful and unjust. Yet, when that spirit is shared amongst friends, it has the potential to be revolutionary. This was the inspiration for our American revolution as well as our House Vodka. Alone or with others, we ask you to disobey responsibly.
Summer is here. Which means longer days, fun in the sun, and lighter libations. We use local, wild grown honeysuckle and carefully steep them in our small batch, grain based vodka. The result is a sweet nectar finish and a spirit that will keep you feeling cool by the pool.
As the leaves start to turn and the autumn winds push us a little closer together, tastes change with the season. Flavored with Andy's Own maple syrup, an Indiana, PA product. This seasonal vodka is the perfect spirit for any fall occasion. So, sit back, relax and enjoy the taste of things to come.
We introduce the crisp and refreshing taste of wild teaberries to our traditional House Vodka. The teaberry is a sweet wintergreen flavor that has been popular in western Pennsylvania for decades. This unique spirit is produced in small batches in our column still and reflects the spirit of the folks of Pennsylvania.
Named for the old Indiana-Blairsville trolley line, our premium gin is distilled and re-distilled in a small batch copper still. As our Hoodlebug Number 11 distillate passes through the gin basket, the subtle tastes of rosemary and grapefruit add a unique flavor to this premium product.
Our House Gin uses a fresh and fragrant blend of select juniper, orange and coriander to produce a smooth gin with a hint of citrus and a crisp finish. Our grain based spirit is distilled in small batches, delivering a clean and lively taste that goes well in most any drink.
Our Spiced Apple Brandy is made from fresh, local Townsend Brothers cider. Carefully distilled in our 100 gallon copper pot still, the fermented apple cider is flavored with whole vanilla beans and a touch of natural cinnamon. The smooth, subtle finish makes a perfect holiday drink mixed with hot cider. Toast the season, toast the day, but disobey responsibly.


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smbd(1M) System Administration Commands smbd(1M) NAME
smbd - CIFS server daemon SYNOPSIS
/usr/lib/smbsrv/smbd DESCRIPTION
The smbd daemon handles CIFS/SMB requests from CIFS clients, such as Windows clients. Only processes with {PRIV_SYS_SMB} and sufficient privileges to write the /var/run directory can run this daemon. The smbd daemon is automatically invoked by using the sharemgr command over all available transports. By default, smbd starts over the Net- BIOS-Over-TCP (NBT) and TCP transports. When smbd is started over NBT, the following services are started: o The NetBIOS name service is started on UDP port 137. o The NetBIOS datagram service is started on UDP port 138. o The NetBIOS session service is started on TCP port 139. When the smbd daemon is started over TCP, the CIFS service is started on TCP port 445. Only one instance of smbd may be running at a time. EXIT STATUS
The following exit values are returned: 0 Daemon exited cleanly. 95 Daemon exited with a fatal error. 96 Daemon exited with a configuration error. ATTRIBUTES
See the attributes(5) man page for descriptions of the following attributes: +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+ | ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE | +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+ |Availability |SUNWsmbsu | +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+ |Interface Stability |Uncommitted | +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+ SEE ALSO
ps(1), svcs(1), sharectl(1M), sharemgr(1M), smbadm(1M), smbstat(1M), svcadm(1M), smb(4), smbautohome(4), system(4), attributes(5), smf(5) NOTES
Use the svcadm command to perform administrative actions on the smbd service, such as enabling, disabling, or restarting the service. Use the svcs command to query the service status. The smbd service is managed by the service management facility under the service identifier svc:/network/smb/server. If the smbd service is disabled, it will be enabled by the sharemgr(1M) command, unless its auto_enable property is set to false. SunOS 5.11 5 Feb 2008 smbd(1M)


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Browsing Economics and Business by Author "Arbulu, Lucas"
Now showing items 1-1 of 1
How Much is it Worth? An Empirical Study of the Value of STEM Degrees in Michigan Arbulu, Lucas (2016)There is a constant debate over which college degrees have the best returns on their investment. Many economists believe that STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) degrees offer the highest returns, with ...


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Background: Stomach cancer incidence shows substantial racial-ethnic disparity in the United States, with Korean Americans experiencing by far the highest incidence. We examined stomach cancer incidence trends in Korean Americans by tumor subsite, histology, and stage and compared them with incidence rates in racial-ethnic groups with the second highest rate (Japanese Americans) and the lowest rate (non-Hispanic whites; NHWs) as well as populations in South Korea and Japan.
Methods: We calculated age-adjusted incidence rates by racial-ethnic groups, sex, and tumor characteristics, using the 1988–2012 California Cancer Registry data. Data on South Korea and Japan were obtained from the literature and other resources.
Results: Between 1988 and 2012 in California, Korean Americans had about five times greater incidence than NHWs and twice that of Japanese Americans. Tumor characteristics differed by ethnic group and gender. The incidence in Korean Americans has declined during recent years, for both cardia and noncardia sites and for both intestinal- and diffuse-type histology. Although Korean Americans were diagnosed at an earlier stage than other Californians, the proportion with localized disease (43%) was much smaller than in South Korea (57%), where population-based screening is available.
Conclusions: Stomach cancer incidence declined in the highest risk ethnic groups. However, the persistent disparity between Korean Americans and other racial-ethnic groups warrants additional strategies for prevention and earlier diagnosis.
Impact: Analysis of California Cancer Registry data identified a racial-ethnic subgroup with stomach cancer disparity that may benefit from targeted prevention and screening efforts. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(4); 587–96. ©2016 AACR.
This article is featured in Highlights of This Issue, p. 441
Stomach cancer is an often fatal disease with a 5-year relative survival rate of less than 30% and has considerable impact on quality of life on surviving patients (1). Although stomach cancer incidence has decreased markedly over the past several decades in the United States, from 11.7 per 100,000 in 1975 to 7.0 per 100,000 in 2012 (1), a substantial disparity in stomach cancer burden is seen across racial ethnic groups (2–4). Korean American men and women continue to have by far the highest stomach cancer incidence of all racial/ethnic groups (2–4), having a 4- to 5-fold higher incidence than non-Hispanic whites (NHW) in 2003–2008 (5). Unlike the significant decrease in stomach cancer incidence in all other racial/ethnic groups, including Asian American subgroups such as Chinese, Japanese, and Vietnamese for which stomach cancer is among the top 5 cancers, the incidence in Korean Americans did not significantly decrease between 1990 and 2008 (3). This disparity parallels the high incidence in South Korea. South Korea has the highest stomach cancer rate worldwide (about 10 times of the incidence in U.S. whites), followed by Japan (6). Although the incidence in Japan has decreased substantially in recent decades (5, 7), the incidence in South Korea has decreased little (8, 9).
Etiology of stomach cancer is known to differ by tumor subsite (cardia vs. noncardia) and histology (intestinal vs. diffuse-type; ref. 10). Cardia gastric cancer is associated with obesity and reflux disease, whereas noncardia gastric cancer is associated with Helicobacter pylori infection (10). Intestinal type is primarily associated with H. pylori infection coupled with environmental factors such as salt and other dietary factors, whereas diffuse type is thought to be related to H. pylori and genetic factors (11–14). These subsite- and histology-based stomach cancer subtypes have shown different incidence trends and racial disparity. For example, in contrast to the substantial decrease in overall stomach cancer incidence in all ethnic groups in the United States, the incidence of cardia cancer increased among men between the 1970s and 1980s (15, 16), and the incidence of diffuse-type stomach cancer increased between 1973 and 2000 in men and women, whites and nonwhites (15, 17). Incidence rates of most subtypes were higher in nonwhites than in whites, with the exception of higher incidence of cardia subtype in whites (15, 16). Given the differential etiology and epidemiology across subtypes and race groups (10), it is important to examine the incidence trend and ethnic disparity by tumor subtype as well as stage at diagnosis to plan efficient prevention strategies. However, such information has not been described separately for Asian American subgroups.
To examine more recent data and reasons of stomach cancer disparity in Korean Americans, which may warrant focused prevention and screening efforts, we investigated the time trends of overall and subtype-specific stomach cancer incidence in Korean Americans. In addition, as migrant studies may provide insight into environmental factors related to etiology, we also provide incidence rates for NHWs, Japanese Americans, and populations in South Korea and Japan for comparison. Population prevalence of known risk factors is discussed within these population subgroups to gain additional insights into the stomach cancer disparity.
Materials and Methods
Cancer incidence data
U.S. data.
We used the population-based California Cancer Registry (CCR) data. Approximately one third of all Korean Americans in the United States reside in the state of California (18). Cases included all California residents diagnosed during 1988–2012 with primary invasive stomach cancer (International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, 3rd edition (ICD-O-3) site codes C16.0-C16.9, histology codes 8000-8999; ref.2). Among the patients with invasive stomach cancer, there were 32,549 NHWs, 2,455 Korean Americans, and 2,007 Japanese Americans.
Patients with stomach cancer were further classified according to stage, anatomic subsite, and histologic type. Tumor stage was grouped into localized, regional, and distant according to the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (SEER) Summary Stage 2000 definition (19). Histology codes were categorized into intestinal type and diffuse type (20) on the basis of ICD-O-3 histology codes (intestinal-type: 8010, 8140, 8144, 8211; diffuse-type: 8490, 8142, 8145). This histologic type classification has been used in previous investigations (2, 15, 17). We considered changes in histology coding between ICD-O-2 and ICD-O-3: "8255" (mixed type; ICD-O-3) was coded as "8490" (i.e., diffuse type) prior to 2001 (15). Results remained similar when considering "8255" as diffuse type due to the small number of cases with "8255." Tumor subsite was categorized into cardia (C16.0), noncardia (C16.1–C16.6), and unknown, which includes overlapping or unspecified (C16.8, C16.9). Overlapping subsite code (C16.8) indicates not only an overlap between cardia and noncardia sites but also an overlap between 2 or more noncardia subsites. Because the overlapping subsite code was noted for only 7% to 10% of cases across race/ethnic groups and does not necessarily indicate cardia and noncardia overlap, we decided to combine overlapping and unspecified sites together. The main findings did not change when separating overlapping (C16.8) and unspecified (C16.9) subsites.
South Korea data.
We used 1999–2012 cancer incidence data collected by the Korea Central Cancer Registry (KCCR; ref.8). Since 1999, KCCR has covered the entire population of South Korea with a completeness of 97.7% in 2012 (8). Subsite-specific incidence data were obtained from 2003–2008 data reported in Cancer Incidence in Five Continents (CI-5), Vol. X (5). Stage distribution was reconstituted from 2006–2010 data (21).
Japan data.
We used 1975–2010 national estimates of cancer incidence data published by the Cancer Information Service on the basis of 25 population-based cancer registries in Japan (7, 22). Subsite-specific incidence data were obtained from the 2003–2008 Miyagi Prefecture data reported in CI-5, Vol. X (5). Miyagi prefecture had an incidence rate close to the median of all registries in Japan contributing the incidence rates to CI-5 and had a proportion of "overlapping or unspecified sites" comparable to those from U.S. registries. Stage distribution for Japan was reconstituted using 2003–2005 data presented in Japan Cancer Statistics 2014 (23).
Annual population estimates
We used the annual population estimates for NHWs in California provided in the 1990–2012 National Cancer Institute (NCI) SEER*Stat software package. We extended the 1990–2000 linear growth trends by sex and age to obtain the NHW population estimates for 1988–1989.
Annual population estimates for Asian subgroups were based on the Asian ethnic–specific population counts from the 1990, 2000, and 2010 population censuses for California. Because of the multiracial scheme used in the 2000 and 2010 census, population counts for each Asian subgroup by age and sex were represented by the simple average between the count for one race alone and the count for one race alone or 2 or more races for each sex-age-ethnicity–specific combination in each census year, respectively. Annual population estimates for Asian subgroups in California during 1988–2012 were obtained by linear interpolation of sex-age–specific population counts between census years for 1990–2000 and 2000–2010 and extrapolation of the linear trend in the adjacent decade for 1988–1989 and 2011–2012, respectively.
Statistical methods
Annual age-adjusted incidence rates (AAIR) per 100,000 population were calculated by direct standardization to the world standard population (24, 25) for the time periods of 1988–1990, 1991–1995, 1996–2000, 2001–2005, and 2006–2012, by sex and race/ethnicity. We also calculated AAIRs for each period specifically by tumor stage, histologic type, and anatomic subsite.
Joinpoint Regression Program Version 4.1.0 (National Cancer Institute; ref. 26) was used to describe changes in incidence trends and estimate the average annual percent change (AAPC) in AAIRs during 1988–2012 by race/ethnicity and sex. AAPC is a summary measure of a trend over a fixed period of time, which uses a single number to describe the average trend over a period of multiple years (27).
In this article, we refer to Koreans and Japanese living in California as Korean Americans and Japanese Americans, respectively, and the populations in South Korea and Japan as South Koreans and Japanese, respectively.
Comparison of overall stomach cancer incidence and time trends across racial-ethnic groups
Between 1988 and 2012 in California, Korean Americans had the highest stomach cancer incidence of any racial-ethnic group both among men and women, with an AAIR that was about 5 times higher than that of NHWs and about twice that of Japanese Americans (Fig. 1 and Supplementary Table S1). The AAIRs for Korean Americans and Japanese Americans are much lower than the rates in South Korea and in Japan. In 2006–2012, the Korean American AAIRs were only 40% (for men) and 50% (for women) of the rates in South Korea. The same proportion for Japanese Americans in comparison to Japanese was 17% for men and 30% for women, respectively (Fig. 1). Nearly all (∼98%) of Korean American patients with stomach cancer included in this study were born in Korea, whereas about 50% of Japanese American patients were born in the United States. In all population subgroups, the rates were much higher in men than in women. Among men, incidence rates in all subgroups in the United States significantly and steadily declined between 1988 and 2012. The rates in Japanese men also substantially declined during this time period. However, the rates in South Korean men declined only slightly, and the decline was not apparent until 2010. Among women, incidence rates declined continuously in Japanese Americans and NHWs between 1988 and 2012. The rates in Korean American women also declined during this time period, although the decline was not clearly observed until the most recent years. As in South Korean men, the decline in South Korean women were observed only during the most recent years.
Comparison of tumor characteristics and time trends by tumor characteristics across racial-ethnic groups
By tumor subsite.
Tumor subsite distributions varied widely across ethnic groups and by sex, and this pattern was consistent over the 25-year period (Fig. 2). The proportion of cardia stomach cancer was highest among NHWs (40–49% in men; 16–24% in women) and lowest among Korean Americans (2–7% in men; 3–8% in women) and South Koreans (4% in men; 3% in women). The cardia proportions in Japanese Americans were slightly higher than (for men) or similar to (for women) the proportions in Japanese. Over the 25 years, the proportion of cardia cancer has increased, especially among NHWs. Reflecting the substantial ethnic difference in subsite distribution, incidence of cardia cancer was higher in NHWs and Japanese Americans than in Korean Americans among men (Supplementary Fig. S1 and Supplementary Table S2). The incidence rates of cardia cancer generally decreased in all subgroups during this period, except for NHW women. Incidence rates of other parts of the stomach (e.g., noncardia, overlapping/unspecified) also decreased in all population subgroups, although the decrease in Korean American women was less clear and appeared to be limited to the most recent years.
By stage at diagnosis.
The proportion of localized stage disease increased over the past 25 years in all ethnic groups, with the largest increase being observed between late 1980s and early 1990s among Korean and Japanese Americans (Fig. 3). There was no sex difference in stage distribution within each ethnic subgroup (data not shown). Of all ethnic groups, Korean Americans consistently had the highest proportion of localized disease throughout the study period. In 2006–2012, 43% of Korean American patients were diagnosed with a localized disease, which is much higher than those in other ethnic groups (∼30%). The proportion of localized disease in South Korea and in Japan was even higher (57% and 55%, respectively). When examining the incidence trends by stage (Supplementary Fig. S2 and Supplementary Table S3), incidence of localized disease in Korean American men and Japanese American men substantially increased during the first half of the 25 years, consistent with the stage conversion during this time period. A similar pattern was observed for women, although the magnitude of change was smaller than in men. More advanced stage disease decreased over the 25 years in all ethnic groups both in men and in women.
By histology type.
When examining intestinal- and diffuse-type using the ICD-O-3 histology codes as described in the Materials and Methods, males had a higher proportion of intestinal type than females; the difference across ethnic groups within each sex was smaller (Supplementary Table S4). When examining the incidence trends, incidence of intestinal type substantially decreased across all ethnic groups regardless of sex (Fig. 4 and Supplementary Table S4). Incidence of diffuse type decreased in general in all ethnic groups among men and women during the more recent years.
To our knowledge, this is the first population-based investigation of stomach cancer disparity in Korean Americans examining tumor characteristics. Our results demonstrate a persistent stomach cancer disparity in Korean Americans and demonstrate for the first time that the incidence in Korean Americans has started to decline in recent years. Tumor characteristics with respect to subsite and histology showed difference by ethnicity and sex: the proportion of cardia stomach cancer was highest among NHW men and lowest among Korean American and South Korean men and women, and the intestinal type histology was more frequent among men than in women for all racial-ethnic groups. Although Korean Americans had an earlier stage at diagnosis than others in California, the proportion with localized disease was still much smaller than in South Korea.
Two recent reports based on 1990–2008 SEER data (3) and 1988–2007 data from Los Angeles County (9) showed that stomach cancer rates were not decreasing in Korean American men and women. Our updated data from California suggest that Korean American rates have started to decline both in men and in women. Despite this encouraging trend, our data show that Korean Americans still experience the highest incidence, consistent with previous reports of higher stomach cancer incidence in Korean Americans compared with all other ethnic groups in the United States, including Hispanics and other Asian Americans (2–4, 9). The high incidence rates among Korean Americans mirror those of South Koreans, who have the highest incidence in the world (6, 28) and about twice the incidence of Korean Americans (9, 29). It is noteworthy that stomach cancer incidence in Korean Americans declined much earlier than in South Koreans. This is in line with the well-documented observation that Asian immigrants experience lifestyle changes and divergence in cancer incidence patterns after migration (30, 31). Interestingly, Japanese Americans have a much lower stomach cancer incidence than Korean Americans, even though the incidence in Japan is high (5). This likely reflects the difference in the immigration history: more recent immigration of Korean Americans compared with Japanese Americans. The majority of Korean Americans immigrated after 1965 (32, 33), and only about 25% of Korean Americans in California in 2014 (and ∼15% of adult Korean Americans) were born in the United States (34). In contrast, Japanese American immigration was highest between the 1900s and mid-1920s and then continued in a relatively smaller volume since the 1950s (35), and 71% of California Japanese Americans are U.S.-born second-, third-, or even fourth-generation immigrants (34). Lifestyle changes among immigrants are larger in subsequent generations than in the first generation (30, 31). At present, we do not have sufficient power to examine stomach cancer incidence by birth place for these Asian American subgroups. Additional efforts in monitoring stomach cancer disparity are warranted given the continuing immigration from these 2 countries.
Understanding cancer risk factors in ethnic subgroups and comparing the risk factor prevalence between immigrants and their population of origin and the U.S. population is helpful in identifying prevention strategies. The strongest risk factor for stomach cancer is H. pylori infection. Analysis of preneoplastic gastric lesions from a large national pathology database (36) showed that H. pylori prevalence in Korean Americans was about 2 times that of NHWs (19% vs. 10%). Similarly, analysis of blood samples from large nationwide surveys in the United States (37) and South Korea (38) found H. pylori seroprevalence (detecting H. pylori immunoglobulin G) among South Koreans to be about 3 times higher than that of US NHWs (67% vs. 21%), which is in line with the difference in the stomach cancer rates. However, when considering H. pylori prevalence in other ethnic groups in the United States, H. pylori prevalence itself does not completely explain the stomach cancer disparity in Korean Americans. For example, while Chinese Americans have similar H. pylori prevalence to Korean Americans (36), their stomach cancer incidence is only about 30% that of Korean Americans (3). Likewise, U.S. non-Hispanic blacks and Mexican Americans have similar seroprevalence rates (52% and 64%, respectively) to South Koreans (37, 38) but experience stomach cancer rates that are only 15% to 30% of the incidence in South Koreans (3, 5). Increased pathogenicity of East Asian strains of H. pylori has been proposed as an additional contributing factor (39–41). The interplay between H. pylori and environmental factors, and possibly host genetic factors, may also play a role (11, 12, 42, 43).
Salted food intake, particularly salted fish intake, is an established stomach cancer risk factor (44–47). In Korea, the mean daily sodium intake was 4,546 mg (5,212 mg in men and 3,868 mg in women; ref.48). This is higher than that in U.S. adults (4,043 mg in men; 2,884 mg in women; ref.49). Even within Korean American immigrants, birthplace (U.S.-born vs. Korea-born) and length of residence in the United States are associated with decreased levels of salt intake (32) and consumption of a traditional Korean diet (50) which typically includes diverse types of salted fish. Thus, the ecologic comparison of levels of salt intake, and possibly salted fish intake, is compatible with the differences in the stomach cancer incidence across these populations. A synergistic effect between salt intake and H. pylori has been proposed by available, although limited, data from epidemiologic and laboratory studies (14, 51, 52). Therefore, prevention efforts to reduce salted food intake and H. pylori infection in high-risk populations are warranted.
Smoking and heavy alcohol drinking are additional stomach cancer risk factors (11, 53–55). In 2001, the prevalence of current smoking in South Korean, California Korean American, and California NHW men was 61%, 38%, and 20%, respectively, which corresponds with the differences in stomach cancer incidence (34, 56). The role of heavy drinking on the observed disparity is less clear. South Korean men consume nearly double the amount of alcohol and 4 times the amount of liquor than men in the United States (per capita; ref.57), consistent with the incidence difference between South Korean men and Korean American men. However, the prevalence of heavy drinking in Korean American men was similar to that of NHW men (34), although there may be ethnic differences in the amount and pattern of alcohol consumption and burden of heavy drinking on stomach cancer (58). Among women, smoking and heavy drinking were inconsistent with the stomach disparity in that South Korean and Korean American women have lower prevalence of smoking and drinking than NHW women (34, 56, 59).
The ethnic difference in subsite distribution was consistent with earlier reports showing that stomach cancer in the cardia has been particularly high among white men (15) and scarce in South Koreans (60, 61). The reasons for this pattern are not clearly understood but may be related to the higher prevalence of erosive reflux disease in men than in women and in whites than in other ethnic groups (62). Obesity and reflux disease are key risk factors of cardia cancer in the United States (10). H. pylori infection is not associated with cardia cancer in Western countries and only weakly associated with cardia cancer in high-risk populations (10, 63). An earlier study reported a continued increase in cardia cancer up to 2005 among men of "other races," the majority of whom are Asians (15). Our results, together with an updated report focused on Hispanics in California (2), suggest a promising decrease in cardia cancer among many ethnic groups in men and also, at least since the late 1990s, in women.
The observed histology distribution is similar to that from one previous study in the United States, which reported a higher proportion of diffuse type for women (∼25%) than for men (∼15%) (15). The incidence of diffuse-type stomach cancer increased up to the year 2000 (17) but since then decreased up to 2005 in all ethnic groups (i.e., whites, blacks, "others") regardless of sex (15). Our results extends earlier findings and show that diffuse-type incidence has decreased in NHWs, Korean Americans, and Japanese Americans in recent years. H. pylori is involved in carcinogenesis of both intestinal-type and diffuse-type with similar relative risks (64), although there are differences in their downstream or alternative events in each carcinogenic pathway (12, 13). Thus, it is possible that decreasing H. pylori prevalence to some extent contributed to the recent decreasing trend of diffuse-type stomach cancer. It is unclear why the decreasing trend of diffuse type was much more substantial in men than in women and warrants further research. The trends of "other" histologic types are difficult to interpret because it includes a diverse of types of rare forms of stomach cancer such as other types of adenocarcinoma, sarcoma, carcinoid tumor, squamous cell carcinoma.
Recent data suggest that endoscopy-based screening leads to earlier diagnosis (65) and improves gastric cancer survival (66). In South Korea, stomach cancer screening is offered as part of a national cancer screening program to persons aged ≥40 years with 2-year intervals using upper endoscopy (predominantly) or upper gastrointestinal series (67). In addition, endoscopy screening is widely available through opportunistic cancer screenings. As a result, 80% of the screen target population (age ≥ 40 years) has ever had stomach cancer screening, primarily through upper endoscopy (67), and the majority is following the program guidelines with regards to the procedure and screening interval. Unfortunately, in the United States, well-defined guidelines for stomach cancer screening are currently lacking (68), although guidelines from the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy pointed out the importance of race and ethnicity considerations and suggest that endoscopic stomach cancer screening be considered for first-generation immigrants from high-risk regions (69). The earlier stage at diagnosis in Korean Americans compared with other ethnic groups in the United States suggests that aggressive diagnostic work-up and/or opportunistic screening practices may be occurring in some part of the community medical practice. However, the unfavorable stage distribution in Korean Americans compared with South Koreans or Japanese suggests that additional strategies of prevention and early diagnosis are warranted to reduce stomach cancer disparity. It has been shown that nearly all early-stage stomach cancer would progress with time and lead to death if untreated (70). Endoscopy can also detect precancerous changes, creating prevention opportunities such as lifestyle changes and/or H. pylori eradication as well as opportunities for aggressive endoscopy surveillance for disease progression.
Thus, in addition to designing strategies to reduce prevalence of stomach cancer risk factors in high-risk populations, the medical community and policy makers should consider offering endoscopy screening in the absence of symptoms to Korean Americans and other high-risk Asian Americans such as Japanese and Vietnamese Americans (4) to detect stomach cancer at an early stage or to prevent the disease. Lung cancer screening in the United States provides a precedent for such targeted screening. Lung cancer screening through low-dose computed tomography is being recommended for selected asymptomatic high-risk populations with heavy smoking history and the cost is covered by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) and private insurance companies (71). Following a similar approach, it is timely to consider insurance/CMS coverage of stomach cancer screening for high-risk populations such as Korean Americans and other high-risk Asian Americans. A recently proposed ethnicity-based targeted screening algorithm comprising initial endoscopy screening of high-risk individuals such as immigrants from high-incidence regions followed by subsequent treatment and periodic surveillance depending on H. pylori infection or other premalignant changes merits further discussion (68).
The strengths of the current study include the use of population-based CCR data and the fact that this is the first investigation of Korean American stomach cancer disparity considering tumor characteristics and comparing with South Korean incidence rates. The limitations include potential misclassification of race/ethnicity of cancer cases, primarily derived from medical records, and potential errors in population estimates (3), as in any studies based on United States cancer registries. However, these errors are likely to be minimal and nondifferential by tumor characteristics (72), thus unlikely to explain the 5-fold higher incidence in Korean Americans compared with NHWs and the difference in tumor characteristics by race/ethnicity and sex. Our data on intestinal- and diffuse-type classification were reconstituted from histology codes; however, we adopted classification methods used in previous investigations (2, 15, 17). Although comparisons of cardia stomach cancer were based on small sample sizes, the ethnic difference in tumor subsite distribution was sufficiently large. Finally, we were not able to examine stomach cancer incidence in second-generation Korean Americans because the majority (∼98%) of Korean American patients with stomach cancer were first-generation immigrants.
In conclusion, our results show persistent stomach cancer disparity in Korean Americans and substantial ethnic difference in tumor characteristics. Comparisons of incidence rates and stage distribution between Korean Americans and South Koreans along with ecologic comparisons of risk factors indicate that additional prevention and screening strategies need to be implemented targeting high-risk immigrant populations such as Korean Americans.
Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest
No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.
The ideas and opinions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and endorsement by the State of California, Department of Public Health, the National Cancer Institute, and the CDC or their Contractors and Subcontractors is not intended nor should be inferred.
Authors' Contributions
Conception and design: E. Lee, L. Liu, A. Barzi, D. Deapen
Development of methodology: L. Liu, D. Deapen
Acquisition of data (provided animals, acquired and managed patients, provided facilities, etc.): D. Deapen
Analysis and interpretation of data (e.g., statistical analysis, biostatistics, computational analysis): E. Lee, L. Liu, J. Zhang, A. Barzi, A.E. Hwang, A.S. Hamilton, D. Deapen
Writing, review, and/or revision of the manuscript: E. Lee, L. Liu, M.C. Stern, A. Barzi, A.E. Hwang, A.E. Kim, A.S. Hamilton, A.H. Wu, D. Deapen
Administrative, technical, or material support (i.e., reporting or organizing data, constructing databases): D. Deapen
Study supervision: E. Lee, D. Deapen
Grant Support
This study was supported by grant CDPH 12-10211 from the California Department of Public Health to D. Deapen. The collection of cancer incidence data used in this study was supported by the California Department of Public Health pursuant to California Health and Safety Code Section 103885; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) National Program of Cancer Registries, under cooperative agreement 5NU58DP003862-04/DP003862; the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Program under contract HHSN261201000140C awarded to the Cancer Prevention Institute of California, contract HHSN261201000035C awarded to the University of Southern California, and contract HHSN261201000034C awarded to the Public Health Institute.
Note: Supplementary data for this article are available at Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention Online (http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/).
- Received July 12, 2016.
- Revision received November 18, 2016.
- Accepted November 21, 2016.
- ©2016 American Association for Cancer Research.