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|Phenylephrine prodrug useful as mydriatic agent
|Schoenwald et al.
|Method of treating schizophrenia with cycloalkltriazoles
|Silvestrini et al.
|Drug excipient of silicone rubber
|Novel drug delivery device
|Topical analgesic preparation and method of using
|Siloxane-containing dressing
In order for a pharmaceutical vehicle to be useful as an ophthalmic vehicle, it is necessary that it be non-irritating to the eye, and non-toxic. In order for it to be most effective it must not blur the vision. For certain drugs, unstable in aqueous solution an oil based vehicle is required. For other drugs, which are water soluble and poorly absorbed, it is possible to promote better bioavailability through the use of an oil vechicle (Biopharm. and Drug Disposite, Vol. 7 page 453, 1986). Nevertheless, known oil based ophthalmic vehicles blur the eye. Known vehicles are edible vegetable oils such as cottonseed oil, soybean oil, coconut oil, rapeseed oil, peanut oil, olive oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil, castor oil, sunflower seed oil, wall flower oil, sesame oil; or mineral oils. None of these previously known oils satisfy the 3 above mentioned criteria; all of these oils, while being non-irritating and toxic, blur the vision.
The present invention provides ophthalmic drugs, in an oil based vehicle which is non-irritating, non-toxic and yet does not blur the vision.
It is a discovery of the invention that polydimethylsiloxane at a viscosity of 3-70 centistokes, is useful as a unique ophthalmic vehicle which does not blur vision, is non-toxic and non-irritating to the eye.
Polydimethylsiloxane, at a viscosity of 3-70 centistokes may be combined with various opthalmic drugs to provide novel ophthalmic compositions.
Polydimethylsiloxane of the above mentioned viscosity, may for example be combined with oxazolidine pro-drugs of 3-hydroxy-x-[methylamino T methyl]benzyl alcohol commonly known as phenylephrine, of the formula II ##STR1## wherein R1, R2, and R3 are any aliphatic combinations of C1 -C5, and R1 may also be hydrogen or the non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable salt forms thereof; to provide a stable, ophthalmic composition.
Phenylephrine is a well-known pharmaceutically active amine whose principal use in the field of ophthalmology is as a mydriatic. There are, however, certain known disadvantages associated with the use of phenylephrine as a mydriatic agent. Those disadvantages have limited the use of this highly effective drug. Thus, in spite of the fact that it is one of the most effective mydriatics available, its use is significantly limited because of the significant side effects which may occur in some individuals treated with phenylephrine. Those unwanted significant side effects range from hypertension, syncope, and even in some cases to myocardial infarction, leading to death. Such side effects have been reported with doses of topical ocular phenylephrine.
One approach which has been used from time to time in the past is the effort to develop successful prodrugs of phenylephrine. The term prodrug refers to a therapeutic agent that requires enzymatic transformation to demonstrate therapeutic activity. In other words, the prodrug itself is not therapeutically active, but once subjected to enzymatic activity by the host organism it is converted to an active drug. In the past there have been some attempts to make prodrugs of phenylephrine, with varying degrees of success. For example, Mindel et al, "Is Phenylephrine Pivalate a Prodrug?", Arch. Ophthalmol. 98, 2220 (1980) suggests the reaction product of phenylephrine and pivalic acid to provide a pivalic acid ester as a possible prodrug. However, as reported in that article, phenylephrine pivalate itself produces these side effects. And, it goes without saying that to have a successful prodrug, the prodrug itself must not produce the unwanted side effects, even though it may be effectively converted within the body to the active drug. Johansen et al, "Prodrugs as Drug Delivery Systems XXV: Hydrolysis of Oxazolidines--A Potential New Prodrug Type", Journal Pharm. Sci., 72, 1294 (1983) discloses some prodrug possibilities of ephedrine. However, ephedrine is not commonly used ophthalmically and is biologically different in activity then phenylephrine, with ephedrine being used orally for nacolepsy, bronchial asthma and nasal congestion. In contrast, the oxazolidine derivative of phenylephrine increases the bulk considerably on the amine function, the latter of which is responsible for phenylephrine's activity. With the addition of oxazolidine to the amine function, the prodrug would be expected to be devoid of alpha-adrenergic activity (A. Burger, "Medicinal Chemistry, 3rd ed., Wiley-Interscience, 1970, p. 1248).
Accordingly, there is a continuing and real need for safe and effective prodrugs of phenylephrine which can be safely and effectively delivered to the eye.
The prodrug of phenylephrine is not stable in aqueous solution. Thus, it is necessary that effective ophthalmic compositions include the prodrug in an oil suspension.
The composition of the invention is the only manner in which the prodrug can be delivered to the eye in a non-irritating, non-toxic manner without blurring the vision.
Polydimethylsiloxane of a viscosity of 30-70 centistokes may also for example, be combined with the mydriatic drug dapiprazole of the formula III ##STR2## to provide a non-irritating, non-toxic, non-blurring ophthalmic composition.
The compounds of formula II or III themselves, or their base form or pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic acid salts thereof can be combined with the polydimethylsiloxane with a viscosity of 3-70 centistokes. Such acid salt forms of biologically active compounds which are non-toxic are for example, those derived from inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, sulfamic, phosphoric, nitric, and the like; and the salts prepared from organic acids such as acetic, propionic, succinic, glycollic, stearic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, pamoic, maleic, benzoic, glutamic and salicyclic.
Such pharmaceutically accepted salts of the base form of the compounds of formula II or III in the previously synthesized by conventional, chemical methods. Generally the salts are prepared by reacting the free base form with stoichiometric amounts or with an excess thereof of the desired salt forming inorganic or organic acid, in a suitable solvent, or various combinations of solvents. For example the free base can be dissolved in a mixed aqueous solution of the appropriate acid and the salt recovered by standard techniques, such as evaporation of the solution.
The amount of prodrug in the ophthalmic composition of the present invention can comprise from about 0.00125% by weight of the composition up to about 10% by weight of the composition which is to be topically applied to the eye. Preferably the composition is from about 0.5% by weight of the prodrug of phenylephrine (formula II) or dapiprazole (formula III) up to about 5% by weight of the prodrug or dapiprazole. The balance of the composition is primarily the silicone fluid (polydimethylsiloxane) at a viscosity of 3-70 centistokes.
The pharmaceutical composition, besides the silicone fluid (polydimethylsiloxane) may contain other non-toxic auxiliary substances such as anti-bacterials, anti-fungals, anti-oxidants, wetting agents, preservatives and the like. Examples include antibacterial components such as chlorobutanol, methyl and propyl paraben, and to the degree they are soluble quaternary ammonium compounds, phenylmercuric salts known to have cold sterilizing properties and which are non-injurious in use, and thimerosal; wetting agents such as pluronic P-103, SPAN with low HLB values (HLB below 5); antifungals such as methyl and propyl paraben; preservatives such as alpha-topoceroland BHA; and other conventional ingredients such as sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamine oleate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monopalmitylate, dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, monothioglycerol, thiosorbitol, and ethylenediamine tetracetic acid, to the degree they are soluble, and the like.
A source of polydimethysiloxane of a viscosity of 3-70 centistokes is DOW CORNING 360 MEDICAL FLUID. DOW CORNING 360 MEDICAL FLUID can be purchased at a viscosity of 3, 20, 100 centistokes, and to make polydimethylsiloxane of intermediate viscosity one simply appropriately dilutes one viscosity of the DOW CORNING 360 MEDICAL FLUID with another. For example, to obtain a viscosity of 11.5, DOW 360 with a viscosity of 3 and 20 centistokes is mixed 1:1.
The invention also relates to preparing the ophthalmic composition.
Generally, the ophalmic drug of choice is micronized to prevent corneal abrasion. A wetting agent is added to permit interaction between the polydimethylsiloxane and the drug. About 25% of the desired amount of polydimethylsiloxane is mixed with the drug and wetting agent, and the solution is mixed, preferably in a high speed mixer. The remainder of the polydimethylsiloxane is then added. As indicated above, other auxiliary substances may be then added as desired.
An example of typical pharmaceutical composition to be used with the compound 2-t-butyl-3-methyl-5-(m-hydroxyphenly)-1,3-oxazolidine in its base form, includes the following:
|Ingredients Percent
Chlorobutanol 0.25
Wetting Agent, Arlacel-85
Dow 360 Medical Fluid, 3 centistokes


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Enron Sigh, this is exactly what I am talking about. Its not like there is a need to mix cum among cum; no babies! I need a top daddy to make love to. Oral sex does have its minor risks. Next, do the same with a bare lubed finger. Also, I believe there is a lot self hate taking place, and from this self hate comes revenge a revenge that insist that everyone must go through what I am going through.
Building a healthier and healthier LGBT community is the very best of what our society should be.
And I agree wholeheartedly with the other guy.

subset: commoncrawl


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Unique And Cost Effective Babys Gifts Ideas
If you are seeking for the unique baby gifts, then this article can help you out. There are so many options available that you can easily find your desired gift. From soft and exquisite to practical and versatile, you can find numerous varieties of baby gifts.
It is best to shop for Baby gifts online as the online stores can make the shopping look like a breeze. It does not matter whether you are looking for babys finest toys, clothing, or other accessories, you can always find different varieties by shopping online.
In this article, you will find some of the items which you can easily find online. These include: Gift baskets: One thing should be made clear that baby gifts are very important for the parents. Thus, always try to gift something which can be used either by the parents or baby itself. There are lots of online stores that can provide you with gift baskets based on some themes. Budget plays an essential role in deciding the gift baskets. If your budget allows you to shop freely for baby gifts, then certainly you can find a unique gift online.
Baby toys: Purchasing the baby toys online can certainly bring a smile on the face of baby. Simply go to an online store that deals with baby toys and you can actually find treasured items for the baby. While purchasing the toys, you need to take some amount of precautions to ensure that toys are safe and healthy for the toddlers. You can also gift educational toys that can serve both the purpose of entertainment and learning.
Baby clothes: Since baby clothes are expensive, thus most of the parents love to get them as a gift item. It is always better to gift a large size as compared to the size of baby because baby grows a very fast rate. Thus, there can be case that your gifted clothes might become tight for the baby in one or two months only. Ideal colors for baby boy fashion are black and blue; while for that of girls are white and pink.
by: peter thomos


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Who Dem? – Primary Debates Round 1
"Wait, which one are you again?"
Get to know the top 20 public figures vying to become the Democratic nominee for President! The first debate will be split between two nights, with up to ten candidates each appearing on June 26 and 27. Come meet the field, or, if you have a horse, cheer on your favorite.
Organizations are welcome to set up a table, but please contact the venue in advance. Dates are set, but times are subject to change.
UPDATE: The lineup is set!
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June 26: Booker, Castro, de Blasio, Delaney, Gabbard, Inslee, Klobuchar, O'Rourke, Ryan, Warren
June 27: Bennet, Biden, Buttigieg, Gillibrand, Harris, Hickenlooper, Sanders, Swalwell, Williamson, Yang


text: 72%RatingSave Gender Feminine Usage Japanese Scripts 美紀, etc.(Japanese Kanji) Pronounced Pron. MEE-KYEE [key · IPA] Meaning & History From Japanese 美 (mi) meaning "beautiful" and 紀 (ki) meaning "chronicle". Other kanji combinations are possible. Related Names User SubmissionMiki Categories beautiful, beauty, Chrono characters, City Hunter characters, Fancy Lala characters, Megami Tensei characters, prophets, Revolutionary Girl Utena characters, Star Ocean characters, top 10 in Japan, Vocaloid characters Entry updated August 16, 2017


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Anna Herrman was born and raised in Ames, Iowa and has spent most of her life in the company of animals. As a teenager she spent three years working in a dog kennel, learning the ins and outs of dog care while becoming fascinated with dog behavior. She graduated from kennel care to more intensive animal care at a local Vet Clinic for two years, augmenting her education as an independent dog-sitter. As her time and experience with dogs and their owners increased, she began to see an increasing need for improved training programs for both dogs and owners—thus her relationship with Off Leash K9 began. In her free time, Anna enjoys spending time outside working with her own Lab puppy, Rigger, knowing that there is always time to learn more and build a stronger bond.
You can visit our YouTube Channel and watch all our before/after videos of our team's work! Off Leash K9 Training has more documented videos than any dog training business in the entire world!
Nick White is the Owner and Founder of Off Leash K9 Training. Nick is a former US Marine and former US Secret Service. He currently has over 130+ dog training locations throughout the United States.
Nick is globally recognized as being one of the top dog trainers in the world. He has 2 official world records in off leash obedience, named on Wikipedia as one of the top 20 dog trainers in the world, recently named top 10 trainer in the world by bestdogtrainers.org, has been featured in many magazines and shows, and he is regularly requested by the top celebrities and athletes! He has been called upon by people such as actor Ryan Reynolds, WWE's John Cena, MLB All Star Max Scherzer, UFC World Champion Jon "Bones" Jones, and many more!
You can visit our YouTube Channel and watch over 1500+ before/after videos of Nick and his team's work! Off Leash K9 Training has more documented videos than any dog training business in the entire world!


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Beyond Compare.
Amazing Wines. Premium Beef. Easy-Prep Meal Kits.
Incredible meal kits. Easy to follow instructions. Delicious results. Serves 2-4 depending on your appetite!
We rotate through three kits per week, available for order on Monday of each week. Sign up for all 3 and receive 10% off your next meal kit purchase.
Meal Kits will be available for pickup on Tuesday's after 4:00 PM. Please feel free to call or email us if you would like to make large orders or have special requests.


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Inverted image definition in Title/Summary
Inverted Image
Inverted Image is a freeware Mirror image tool. This Mirror image tool is a clean and powerful image processing software. It can easily create the inverted reflection in water effect with your photos, as well as the wave effect. Breathtaking results! Inverted Image supports general image file formats. Such as bmp, jpg, gif, png, tiff, tga, psd, etc.
- Publisher: zxt2007
- Home page: en.zxt2007.com
- Last updated: February 20th, 2016
Symantec Workspace Virtualization Layer Definition Tool
The Layer Definition tool is a command-line driven application that performs two main operations: exports a virtual application package to a layer definition file and creates or modifies a virtual application layer using a layer definition file. In order to run Symantec Workspace Virtualization Layer Definition Tool open a command prompt and type SWVLDF.exe.
- Publisher: Symantec Inc
- Home page: www.symantec.com
- Last updated: January 7th, 2012
Realtek High Definition Audio Driver
Realtek High Definition Audio Driver 6 is one of the best for Windows Vista Desktop and mobile PC. As it meets performance requirements for Microsoft WLP 3.08 Vista premium and mobile PCs, it is heavily used and popular amongst Vista and Mobile PC users.
- Publisher: Realtek
- Home page: www.realtek.com.tw
- Last updated: March 1st, 2017
Inverted image definition in Description
Blu-ray to DVD Converter
Blu-ray to DVD Converter may help convert Blu-ray movies to DVD. This way you will be able to watch your favorite movies with standard DVD equipment. The interface is so simple there is no way you can get lost. There are only a few steps necessary to do the entire job. It supports several data sources.
- Publisher: VSO-Software SARL
- Home page: www.vso-software.fr
- Last updated: March 29th, 2012
Erigraph is primarily designed to facilitate graphical presentation of 2D resistivity imaging (CVES) data and associated inverted model sections. It also supports time domain IP data. Measured apparent resistivities and chargeabilities can be plotted as pseudosections in colour or grey scale.
- Publisher: Terraohm
- Home page: www.abem.se
- Last updated: April 23rd, 2012
Tubularix is an open source game based on one of the most famous puzzle games, Tetris. Instead of the classic layout, Tubularix uses 'tubular perspective', a 12-faced cylinder where you need to arrange the falling blocks. It includes a two-player mode letting you compete either against a human opponent or the computer.
- Publisher: Miguel Escudero Gestal
- Home page: tubularix.sourceforge.net
- Last updated: September 13th, 2012
Wondershare Fantashow
Though initially designed to help you create pro-looking movies out of your favorite videos and images, Wondershare Fantashow proves also to be an excellent tool to produce presentations, tutorials, etc. All the most popular image files are supported, together with FLV and MP4 videos and MP3 and WAV audio files.
- Publisher: Wondershare Software
- Home page: fantashow.wondershare.com
- Last updated: September 13th, 2015
010 Memorizer
Having suffered from bad memory for all my life, especially when it comes to numbers, it's great to find a tool that can help you "translate" those elusive numbers into concepts. The program uses the rules of the Phonetic System (also known as Major System) to help you transform digits and large numbers into letters and phrases that you'll never forget.
- Publisher: SweetScape
- Home page: www.sweetscape.com
- Last updated: April 20th, 2018
Additional Inverted image definition selection
Image Inverter
This extension inverts all images on a website. This is meant to be used together with screen inverting that comes with OS X. Using the OS X built in screen inverting is very convenient for low-light settings, e.g. at night, with all lights off. But there's one problem: browsing Websites is awful because all the images are inverted.
- Publisher: kroener.io
- Home page: chrome.google.com
- Last updated: April 8th, 2017
GelCapture - Quality images-now faster than ever before. The GelCapture Pro advantages : - One-click image capture with user-defined procedures and configuration presets - Unique overexposure control - Brightness, focus, binning, and image filtering — all completely adjustable - Pseudocolor and Inverted Image options for detecting weak signals
- Publisher: DNR Bio-Imaging Systems Ltd.
- Home page: www.dnr-is.com
- Last updated: September 27th, 2011
Microsoft Image Composite Editor
Creating panoramas out of a set of pictures or video frames in the simplest way is what Microsoft Image Composite Editor was designed for. Its wizard-like interface makes this tool suitable for all types of users. This free utility is compatible with Photoshop, Deep Zoom, and Photosynth, and will also let you save your panoramic views in the most common high-quality image file formats.
- Publisher: Microsoft Corporation
- Home page: www.microsoft.com
- Last updated: January 24th, 2018
Bulk Image Resizer
Bulk Image Resizer is a program that allows the user to resize and rotate many images in Jpeg and Gif formats. You can make thousands of thumbnails in a few seconds or minutes and you can try to resize to an exact special size or reduce the images by percents
- Publisher: Inverted Software
- Home page: www.invertedsoftware.com
- Last updated: November 21st, 2009
Many of us have ever desired to enjoy our favorite videos on our TV sets, but this is usually not possible because of the limited compatibility and number of supported formats of our home DVD players. Fortunately, today we can use software tools like ConvertXtoDVD to convert one or more videos into a standard DVD movie with customized menus and subtitles.
- Publisher: VSO Software
- Home page: www.vso-software.fr
- Last updated: October 19th, 2018
Xilisoft Video Converter Ultimate
Xilisoft Video Converter Ultimate is a tool for converting more than 160 audio and video formats. You can easily clip audio and video files using the Clip function. The software helps you merge videos or pictures into one file and add special effects. It can also convert HD videos and videos for iPad, iPhone and Samsung Galaxy. It is a genuine expert in audio and video convertions.
- Publisher: Xilisoft Corporation
- Home page: www.xilisoft.com
- Last updated: November 14th, 2018
Creating pro-looking DVDs, Blu-ray discs, and video CDs is a simple and hassle-free task with CyberLink PowerProducer. This wizard-based tool can also transform your image collections into slideshows and capture video and photos via any camera connected to your system. You can then combine any of these captures with existing video clips and slideshows to create stunning discs.
- Publisher: CyberLink Corp.
- Home page: www.cyberlink.com
- Last updated: November 11th, 2016
Pixillion Image Converter
Pixillion Image Converter has the ability to convert multiple photos between JPG, PNG, GIF, NEF, ICO, RAW, PDF, and other formats. It also helps you rotate, resize, and compress images in batch mode. Addition of caption and watermark is possible. This program has the ability to preserve vector graphics when converting between vector formats.
- Publisher: NCH Software
- Home page: www.nchsoftware.com
- Last updated: July 28th, 2019
Acronis True Image Home
The only personal backup software that actively defends against ransomware. Reliable. Easy. Secure.
- Publisher: Acronis, LLC
- Home page: www.acronis.com
- Last updated: March 20th, 2019
FastStone Image Viewer
FastStone Image Viewer is a user-friendly image browser, converter and editor. It has a nice array of features that include image viewing, management, comparison, red-eye removal, emailing, resizing, cropping, retouching and color adjustments. The full-screen mode provides quick access to EXIF information, thumbnail browser and major functionalities via hidden toolbars.
- Publisher: FastStone Soft
- Home page: www.faststone.org
- Last updated: September 2nd, 2019


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Great Product/Great Service
| Irene McBride | Centerville
I purchased these for a Fundraiser gift for attendance. Everyone loved them. The mugs came fast and when I had to reorder I was able to get them before my needed date. Will use CTA again.
All around wonderful!
| Regina Robertson | Owensboro
Great quality product that the moms in our congregation loved receiving! Ordering was easy and quick as was the shipping. I only had to deal with customer service one time and it was a pleasant experience as well. Will use and recommend this company for future purchases!
Great Item
| First True Love Church | FORT WORTH
Love the cups gave away as a gift. The Devotional book topped it off.


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What Did Benjamin Franklin Do During The Revolutionary War The guy basically won us the Revolutionary War and, to me, he's probably the first. This is the American dream (which is still incredibly alive, by the way). But how did he do it? How did Ben. William Franklin FRSE (c. 1730 – November 1813) was an American-born attorney, soldier, politician, and colonial administrator.He was
Buy $10 Face Value Tubes of 90% Silver Franklin Half Dollars in Circulated Condition. FREE Shipping on $99+ Orders. Immediate Delivery.
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1955 P-Mint Uncirculated 90% Silver Franklin Half Dollar Celebrate a renowned founding father with this unique and historical coin. This Franklin half dollar comes in 90% pure silver and represents the year of lowest mintage, making it a collectable of intrinsic and historical value.
Presidential Dollar coins of 2007-2016 honored the U.S. presidents in order of service, but were limited to those deceased for at least two years before issue of a coin.
Benjamin. the history, value, and authenticity of coins and currency — expertise is the driving force within numismatics. In April 2018, a Minnesota-based dealer was indicted for selling.
The United States one hundred-dollar bill ($100) is a denomination of United States currency.The first United States Note with this value was issued in 1862 and the Federal Reserve Note version was launched in 1914, alongside other denominations. Statesman, inventor, diplomat, and American founding father Benjamin Franklin has been featured on the obverse of the bill since 1914.
Benjamin Franklin taught us that only a couple of things are certain. Provisional income includes gross income, tax-free interest and one half of your Social Security benefits. If your provisional.
Own a little piece of history with a 90% Silver US Half Dollar with a $1 face value. Free shipping on orders of at least $99.
Where Christopher Columbus From May 13, 2018 · Columbus And The Age Of Discovery Licensed to YouTube by UMG (on behalf of Narada Productions, Inc.); LatinAutor, Capitol CMG Publishing, Adorando Brazil, ASCAP, and 3 Music Rights Societies Visitation will be from 5-7 p.m. Tuesday at Hagarty-Waychoff-Grarup Funeral Service on South Street, where there will be a 5 p.m. Knights of
Founding father Benjamin Franklin knew a thing or two about how the world worked. age of expensive health care and high-tech treatments that can cost thousands of dollars for a single dose.
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Benjamin Franklin was born on Milk Street, in Boston, Massachusetts, on January 17, 1706, and baptized at Old South Meeting House. He was one of seventeen children born to Josiah Franklin, and one of ten born by Josiah's second wife, Abiah Folger; the daughter of Peter Foulger and Mary Morrill.Among Benjamin's siblings were his older brother James and his younger sister Jane.
Apr 17, 2019 · 1948-1963 Silver Franklin Half Dollars are updated with the live silver price. This site measures the pure metal value or current melt value of U.S. circulating and pre-1965 silver coins. Values for the 1961 and 1962 half dollar types are included.
In 1727, when Benjamin Franklin was twenty-one. in personal and professional development"—half life coach, half makeover consultant. Each Circle discussion centers on one of Franklin's thirteen.
Looking for a lesson plan about a certain time period? Many of the United States Mint's lesson plans can be adapted to suit different historical eras, but the following lessons were created for specific times in.
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Betsy Ross American Flag Dimensions Buy 'Betsy Ross 13 Stars in a Circle American Flag' by allhistory as a T-Shirt, stars in a circle), shown with square canton and modern 19:10 flag proportions. The American Civil War bibliography comprises books that deal in large part with the American Civil War.There are over 60,000 books on the war, with more appearing
Benjamin Franklin loved electricity. $6.55 million in 2019 dollars). The American Committee for the Statue of Liberty, which was tasked with raising funds for the construction of the monument,
Coin Explorer Search The NGC Coin Explorer is the most comprehensive reference for United States coins. This complete catalog has images and specifications for every U.S. coin, including mintage figures and current melt values for all gold, silver, and platinum coins.
According to Secret Service statistics, some $63 million in counterfeit US currency was seized in 2003 – $31 million, or half. watermark featuring Benjamin Franklin's portrait is less visible than.
Benjamin Franklin. to students that Yale's values as an institution — and as a community — are secondary to the value of the dollar. The Yale Women's Center also published a statement criticizing.
"Let's be clear, the Republicans just gave away a trillion and a half. re about values. They're about who you believe the government should work for." Warren denounced Trump's tax cuts during a.
Coin Value Price Chart for Presidential Dollars $1. Lookup Coin values for Good, Very Good, Fine, Very Fine, Brilliant Uncirculated & Proof conditions and MS grade. How much Presidential Dollars are worth. Buy & Sell. Coins for sale for Presidential type Dollars items.
1948 – 1963. The Benjamin Franklin Half Dollar was the first circulated US coin to feature a real person, who was not a president, in the design. The idea for a coin to honor Benjamin Franklin came from Mint Director Nellie Tayloe Ross. Franklin was very well known and respected not only for his role as one of the Founding Fathers of the United States, but also for his talents as a writer.
Every medium of exchange,' said the British Board of Trade, 'should have an intrinsic value, which paper. the cause of the Rebellion; as Benjamin Franklin pointed out, the little tax on tea,
U.S. Coins and Currency. Denominations, pictures, and presidents. Franklin Delano Roosevelt 32nd U.S. President: Olive Branch,
Remember, in 1982 the government realized that copper was much too valuable to be used to mint one cent coins. In fact the metal value of a 1981 penny is higher.
He went on to paraphrase Benjamin Franklin in that "he who trades his freedom for. and the consequences will be damning with regard to future inflation, the value of the dollar, the worth of our.
"Here we are paying for his private property with our tax dollars, and then he can sell them." Farnsworth built his school chain over more than two decades ago and became its sole owner in 2017, when.
Andrew Jackson Beard Inventor The Absolute Best All-Day Cafés in New York Where to Drink New York's Most Eye-Opening Coffee Cocktails RIP, Inventor of Swiss Miss Hot Cocoa Really Philly Cheesesteaks Arrive in New York — Are They. African American, Sarah Boone, patented an improvement to the ironing board (U.S. Patent #473,653) on April 26, 1892. Sarah Boone's ironing
As Benjamin Franklin wrote. which represent roughly half of our equity exposure today. Dollar stores have historically provided both consumers and investors with tremendous value. Over the past.
Despite its low monetary value, the penny has a. First introduced by Benjamin Franklin in 1787, the penny became the first U.S. authorized currency. Since then, 300 billion of these shiny copper.
"This isn't about politics," she said,standingon stage at the Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology. "This is a crisis the Trump administration is saying costs us a half a trillion dollars a.
Christopher Columbus Wife And Children Oct 12, 1992. How can I teach my children the importance of a lasting temple marriage?. This has not been a good season for Christopher Columbus. In the meantime, Columbus's wife had died, leaving him with their five-year-old son, A list of famous Jewish Catholics (or Catholic Jews), i.e., people who are both Jewish and
1.True or false: The dollar sign appears on all U.S. currency except the. Alexander Hamilton on the $10 and Benjamin Franklin on the $100. 10. False. The government issued about 95 million $1 bills.
About seventy billion dollars, or five per. become less important as a store of value. And yet, if anything, the increasing demand for hundred-dollar bills—still with their image of the famously.
The United States Mint first produced a nickel five-cent coin in 1866. Previous to that, five-cent coins were made out of silver and were known as half dimes.
when he offered dollars, $200. The value of his paper currency jumped 350 percent just by bearing Benjamin Franklin rather than Ruhollah Khomeini. Imagine the money in your wallet suddenly increasing.
I have employed the use of Benjamin Franklin's famed decision-making technique to analyze. EPS estimates cut due to potential future legal liabilities EPS estimates have been cut in half for the.
Early American currency went through several stages of development during the colonial and post-Revolutionary history of the United States. Because few coins were minted in the thirteen colonies that became the United States, foreign coins like the Spanish dollar were widely circulated. Colonial governments sometimes issued paper money to facilitate economic activities.
Benjamin Franklin was only half right. Death is still certain. Instead of taxing the total value of the decedent's assets at the time of death, the new tax applies to the total appreciated value of.
Aug 07, 2018 · If you're looking for an Eisenhower dollar price guide and don't want to read the full article, click the link or scroll down. In previous articles, we've explained how to value earlier series of U.S silver dollars, like Morgan and Peace Dollars (minted 1878-1935) as well as Trade Dollars (1873-1885). In today's article, we're going to discuss a more modern dollar coin — the Eisenhower.


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Brazilian Journal of Physics
Print version ISSN 0103-9733On-line version ISSN 1678-4448
Braz. J. Phys. vol.34 no.4b São Paulo Dec. 2004
On reconnection phenomena in the standard nontwist map
A. Wurm; A. Apte; P.J. Morrison
Department of Physics and Institute for Fusion Studies. The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA
Separatrix reconnection in the standard nontwist map is described, including exact methods for determining the reconnection threshold in parameter space. These methods are implemented numerically for the case of oddperiod orbit reconnection, where meanders (invariant tori that are not graphs) appear. Nested meander structure is numerically demonstrated, and the idea of meander transport is discussed.
1 Introduction
Here we consider the standard nontwist map (SNM) M, as introduced in Ref. [1]:
where (x, y) Î × , a Î (0, 1) and b Î (-¥, ¥). This map is area-preserving and violates the twist condition,
along a curve in phase space, called the nonmonotone curve.[2] Traditional studies of area-preserving maps dealt with twist maps, for which (2) is satisfied, but more recent research efforts have considered the nontwist case.
Nontwist maps describe many physical systems, including the magnetic field lines in toroidal plasma devices such as tokamaks (see e.g. [3, 4, 5, 6, 7]) and stellarators[8, 9]. Recently, it has been shown[10] that (2) is violated generically in area-preserving maps that have a tripling bifurcation of an elliptic fixed point. Apart from their physical importance, nontwist maps are of mathematical interest because important theorems concerning area-preserving maps assume the twist condition, e.g., the KAM and Poincare-Birkhoff theorems. The SNM can serve as a model for the development of new proofs. Presently, only a few mathematical results exist for nontwist maps [11, 12, 2, 13].
Nontwist maps of the annulus exhibit interesting bifurcation phenomena: periodic orbit collision and separatrix reconnection. The former, which applies specifically to collision of periodic orbits of the same period, such as the so-called up and down periodic orbits that occur in the SNM, can be used to calculate torus destruction,[14] while the latter is a global bifurcation that changes the phase space topology in the vicinity of a central barrier that occurs in these maps. At the threshold of reconnection, the invariant manifolds of two or more distinct hyperbolic orbits with the same rotation number connect. Various aspects of this bifurcation have been studied over the years. Some early references are Refs. [14, 15, 16]. (For a more complete review of past work see Ref. [17].)
Key to the analytical and numerical exploration of the SNM is the map's invariance under symmetries.1 Of particular significance are indicator points,[18] fixed points of some of the symmetries of the SNM, given by
The importance of these points was first recognized by Shinohara and Aizawa. In Ref. [19], they showed that a shearless invariant torus crosses the x-axis at the two points and . This led them to devise the following criterion to determine the approximate location in the (a, b)-parameter space of the breakup of shearless invariant tori: For a given (a, b) value, one of these points, e.g. , is iterated many times. If the y value stays below a threshold, it is assumed that the shearless curve exists and the point is plotted. The boundary of the resulting diagram (see Fig. 7) displays a fractal-like structure. The analysis of Refs. [20, 14, 19] indicates that the highest peaks correspond to the break-up of shearless invariant tori with noble winding numbers. (See Refs. [20, 21] for discussion.)
In Ref. [18], Shinohara and Aizawa obtained the four points of (3) and used them to propose exact expressions for the reconnection threshold of even-period hyperbolic orbits. These indicator points were independently re-discovered by Petrisor[2] in the analysis of the reversing symmetry group[22] of nontwist standard-like area-preserving maps.
A very different exact criterion for the reconnection threshold was also proposed by Petrisor in Ref. [23]. For a class of standard-like nontwist maps it was shown that the hyperbolic points belonging to periodic orbits of the same period are at the reconnection threshold if their actions coincide. As noted in Ref. [23], for odd-period hyperbolic orbits in the SNM this criterion reduces to the action being zero at the point of reconnection.
A goal of the present paper is to bring together these two exact criteria for the reconnection threshold and to implement them numerically. We aim to deepen the understanding of the behavior of the SNM in different regions in (a, b)-parameter space by extending the discussions of Refs. [20, 21, 14, 19, 18].
The paper is organized as follows: In Sec. 2, we describe the reconnection of hyperbolic orbits of even period, applying the method of Ref. [18] to Eq. (1). A description of the reconnection of hyperbolic orbits with odd period is presented in Sec. 3, where we also numerically implement the exact criterion of Ref. [23]. In addition, we discuss the occurrence of meanders and introduce the notion of meander transport. Section IV contains our conclusions and some directions of future research.
2 Reconnection of even-period periodic orbits
The reconnection process for orbits with even-period winding number, for which the up and down orbits on a symmetry line have the same stability type, is illustrated by the example of 1/4-orbits. As the perturbation is increased (by increasing b at a fixed value of a), the hyperbolic orbits on the s3 and s4 symmetry lines2 collide [Fig. 2]. The phase space topology after the collision of hyperbolic orbits shows the ''dipoles'' of elliptic orbits [Fig. 2]. As the perturbation is increased further, the elliptic orbits collide as well, as shown in Fig. 2. No 1/4-period orbits exist for larger values of b. This process takes place for any two chains of periodic orbits which have the same stability type on a symmetry line.
The threshold for reconnection of even-period orbits, which is the same as the point of collision of their hyperbolic points, can be obtained by using the numerical observation[18] that at the point of bifurcation two of the indicator points belong to the periodic orbit.3 This implies that M2n = for either i = 1 or i = 2, where are the indicator points given in Eq. (3).
The symmetries of the map further imply that the indicator points map onto each other after n iterations, i.e. Mn = . By solving these two equations for the two unknowns (a, b), we can obtain an exact expression for the bifurcation threshold. Note that the result obtained using is the reconnection threshold [b = Y(a)], while that using is the collision threshold [b = F(a)]. Fig. 2 shows that the curves obtained analytically using this method compare very well with the numerically obtained bifurcation curves (where up and down periodic orbits have collided) using the methods of Ref. [20].
3 Reconnection of odd-period periodic orbits
The reconnection scenario for the odd-period orbits is very different because the stability types of the up and down periodic orbits on a symmetry line are different [Fig. 3]. In this case, as the chains approach each other with increasing perturbation, the hyperbolic manifolds of the up and down orbits connect, as shown in Fig. 3. Further, increase of the perturbation leaves each hyperbolic orbit with a homoclinic and a heteroclinic manifold. In the region between the two chains, new periodic orbits and non-KAM tori appear [Fig. 3], i.e., orbits and tori that do not exist at zero perturbation. These tori are not graphs over the x-axis and have been called meanders or meandering curves.[24, 13] Such invariant tori can occur only in nontwist maps (to be more precise, in the nontwist region of the phase space). It is known that any invariant torus for a twist map must be a graph over x.
As the perturbation is increased further, the periodic orbits collide [Fig. 3], and are survived by the meandering tori. This reconnection process, in a related plasma physics context, was conjectured by Stix in [6, page 523]. He stated (emphasis and figure references are ours):
Looking now at the nonlinear growth of the double-tearing mode, Fig. 3 represent bold guesses at the possible evolution of the magnetic surfaces for this instability... If such reconnections were to take place in the double-tearing mode, it would be accompanied by a rapid redistribution of the current and electron heat along the new convoluted and extended magnetic surfaces.
An exact method for determining the threshold of reconnection for odd-period orbits was presented in Ref. [23]. This method uses the primitive function S(x, y), which is a generalization of the generating function of canonical transformations (see, e.g. Ref.[25]). For the SNM, it is given by
The action of a periodic orbit {z1, z2, ..., zn} is defined by
In the case of the SNM, Petrisor[23] states that at the reconnection threshold for an odd-period hyperbolic orbit, the action of the orbit is zero. (This result is valid for any orbit for which the up and down orbits on a symmetry line have opposite symmetry types, which is the case for odd-period orbits in maps with quadratic twist.)
We have implemented this idea numerically. The main idea is to conduct a root search for the zeros of the action, considered as a function of the perturbation parameter b, for any given value of a. By this method, we have obtained reconnection curves b = Y(a) for a few low-period orbits. These are shown in Fig. 7.
3.1 Meandering invariant tori
In this subsection, we will focus on two aspects of meandering tori: their implications for transport and their nested structure.
Meander transport and global meanders The reconnection process outlined for odd-period orbits also takes place for the fixed points of the SNM. The only difference is that the location of the fixed points with winding number 0/1 is independent of the parameters (a, b), i.e., for all a > 0 the fixed points are located at (x, y) = (0, ±1) and (1/2, ±1). Thus even though the manifolds of the hyperbolic fixed points reconnect, the points do not collide with increased perturbation. This implies that for all b > Y0/1(a), there are meandering tori. These we call ''global meanders'' because they change the topology of the phase space globally and not just locally as is the case for meanders around other periodic orbits. An example of such meanders is shown in Fig. 4.
We also note that the global meanders can traverse large regions in phase space. For example, for (a, b) = (0.001, 2.1), Fig. 4 shows meanders that range from y » -13 to y » 5. Their appearance can be understood by noting that the map is ''integrable'' for any nonzero value of b if a = 0. In this integrable case, there are no invariant tori that encircle the cylinder. However, the orbit of any point (x0, y0) is parallel to y-axis:
The orbits near x = 0 and x = 1/2 undergo small displacements in y under iteration, while those close to x = ±1/4 are displaced in y in increments of the order of ~ b. When a small ''perturbation'' a ¹ 0 is added, the orbits are deformed and the fixed points at (0, ±1) and (1/2, ±1) appear. The orbits still cover a large range in y, especially close to y = 0, x = ±1/4, giving rise to phase space structures like those shown in Fig. 4. In the presence of such global meandering tori, transport in phase space can occur along these tori even when the tori are not broken. The implications of such transport scenarios in applications such as the structure of magnetic field lines are being investigated.
Nested meandering tori Another important aspect of meanders is their winding number. Fig. 3a-b shows a plot of the winding number as a function of the y-coordinate along the s1 symmetry line at fixed parameter values, and Fig. 3a-b shows the corresponding phase space plots. The winding number increases monotonically until the hyperbolic point is reached, and then stays constant at 1/3 throughout the island. It starts decreasing in the meandering region, attaining a minimum at the shearless curve, and then increases again until the upper separatrix with winding number 1/3 is reached. The latter cannot be seen in the plot because of insufficient resolution.
The meandering region itself has periodic orbits that can undergo reconnection and collision. Thus, if the perturbation is increased so that the minimum in Fig. 3a-b reaches a rational number, one can see the reconnection process occur locally inside the meandering region. A local maximum at the bottom of the minimum of the winding number plot will be an indicator of this ''second order'' reconnection, giving rise to ''nested meanders.'' This is illustrated in Fig. 3a-b, 3-b for the reconnection of 18/19-period orbits inside the meandering region of the 1/1-periodic orbit.
Thus we can imagine that the reconnection of periodic orbits inside this second order meandering region will lead to third order meanders and so on.[13] If this process continues, then at certain ''critical'' parameter values bc, the limiting curve will have structure at all scales even though it is not at the point of breakup. Even apart from the structure of such a higher order meander, it is still an open question whether the last curve to break is a shearless meander or a non-meandering curve. As far as we know, there have been no studies of breakup of meandering curves using Greene's residue criterion.
4 Conclusion
Another important use of the indicator points is to obtain a rough estimate of the threshold parameter values for breakup of the shearless torus.[18] This use is based on the observation that the indicator points belong to the shearless torus. For a given (a, b), the indicator points are iterated many times (we used 106). If the y value stays below a threshold (we used |y| < 20), it is assumed that the shearless curve exists and the point is plotted. Fig. 7 presents the results of using this procedure for the SNM.
This figure also depicts a few low-period bifurcation and reconnection curves. Note that this criterion provides an upper bound on the critical value for breakup because if the indicator point does not stay below the threshold, the shearless curve definitely has broken, but not vice-versa. The only exceptions are global meanders which reach past the bounds in y, but this happens only for large values of b that are not shown in the figure.
There are a few important features to be noted about Fig. 7.
The a = 0.5 line is the bifurcation curve of 1/2-orbits on s1. The indicator point (a/2 + 1/4, 0) = (0.5, 0) is a period-2 orbit and thus never crosses the y-threshold. Therefore the criterion fails for a = 0.5 .
For (a, b) values in the region left of the 0/1 reconnection curve Y0/1(a) (i.e. the region a » 0), the map has global meanders. This region is transformed into the region near the 1/1 reconnection curve (i.e. a » 1) under the reparametrization a ® a + 1 and b ® b . Thus it might be easier to study the breakup of global meanders by studying the region in parameter space between a = 1 and the 1/1-reconnection curve.
The plot generally shows a ''dip'' in the region between the reconnection and bifurcation curves. These are related to the presence of meanders, and further studies of breakup of meanders can reveal more clearly the structure in these ''dips.''[17]
One of us (PJM) would like to thank the organizers for their hospitality at the joint X Latin American Workshop on Plasma Physics and the 7th Brazilian Meeting on Plasma Physics. This research was in part supported by U.S. Department of Energy Contract No. DE-FG01-96ER-54346 and by an appointment of A. Wurm to the U.S. Department of Energy Fusion Energy Postdoctoral Research Program administered by the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education.
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[12] J. Franks and P. Le Calvez, (1999), math.DS/9910152. [ Links ]
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[14] D. Del-Castillo-Negrete, J. M. Greene, and P. J. Morrison, Physica D 91, 1 (1996). [ Links ]
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[16] J. E. Howard and J. Humphreys, Physica D 80, 256 (1995). [ Links ]
[17] A. Wurm, A. Apte, and P. Morrison, in preparation. [ Links ]
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[19] S. Shinohara and Y. Aizawa, Progr. of Theor. Phys. 97, 379 (1997). [ Links ]
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[21] A. Apte, A. Wurm, and P. J. Morrison, Renormalization for breakup of invariant tori, Submitted to Physica D (2003). [ Links ]
[22] J. S. W. Lamb, J. Phys. A 25, 925 (1992). [ Links ]
[23] E. Petrisor, Chaos, Solit. and Fract. 14, 117 (2002). [ Links ]
[24] J. P. van der Weele, T. P. Valkering, H. W. Capel, and T. Post, Physica A 153, 283 (1988). [ Links ]
[25] Á. Haro, The primitive function of an exact symplectomorphism , Ph.D. thesis, Universitat de Barcelona (1998). [ Links ]
Received on 1 February, 2004
1 For a review of symmetry properties of the SNM and the definition of symmetry lines see Ref. [20].
2 See [14] for discussion of symmetry lines.
3 As shown in Ref. [18] this is not the case for odd-period orbits.


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In its day it was a stable reliable car, and by buying it new I made positive that I used to be its only proprietor. I've bought all receipts entered into a spreadsheet to show it, and I wrote about it in my weblog lately to bust the myth that older vehicles always cost more to maintain on the street. Repair bills and insurance coverage are cheaper, and I have never paid a cent in car payments for over 17 years. I wouldn't have that confidence in a used automobile which can not have been treated in addition this link to I might deal with it. Now, this automotive has not given me any hassle aside from a Predominant Relay" problem that was repaired with $one hundred ninety bucks. Now, the $1400 bucks i put into the automobile, shall be nothing in comparison with the $300/Month car cost for a $20k new automotive. While it is a necessity for the vast majority, a automotive is probably the worst way to spend your cash.
One more factor persons in the market for autos might discover leveraging their conclusions in buying Japanese used automobiles over new autos is the accessibility of huge deals. There'll nonetheless be many of individuals on the market who need and can purchase new a automotive. Nearly each individual on the planet has a ardour for cars. In such a case you should gaze for imported types made in other nations, significance you can purchase an imported used automotive.
They even get off on bashing American staff and despite all of that, a lot of them have the gall to slap an American flag sticker on the car. For every Amerikkkan car you purchase you send one other 30 troops to Iraq. Get a clue, american automotive firms don;t help america. Mahagogo, i can agree with you on the fact that Euro automobiles being the most effective when it comes to efficiency and stuff but u should understand that individuals do not buy vehicles for the same objective. One more factor, we are talking try what he says about cars not people. Speaking trash about other cultures won't change the fact that some cars suck and others blow. Lol at these saying jap-car lovers transfer to japan…how childish – grow the [email protected] up. The reason people dont purchase american vehicles is as a result of they are not reliable. Even american natives would a lot fairly buy a toyota, honda, nissan, etc. Which means elements and labor, it is a seventy nine% American automotive.
The Japanese car exporters you employ normally would ship you photos and particulars of the automotive you're on the lookout for. The process goes like this: If you want to buy the automobile or automobiles your exporter has situated for you, the company would submit your bid and when you gained it, the exporter would send you the required paperwork you want so as to register and import the automobiles from Japan. For this reason you cannot simply purchase a automotive blindly from Japanese automotive auctions without realizing what to do subsequent. You actually need to read up and find out more about the proper process to import and register the car. Understanding these details can make the process of importing Japanese cars much gratifying and easier. The very first step earlier than you may import automobiles from Japan is to discover a good and reliable Japanese used automotive exporter. There are in all probability dozens of Japanese used automotive exporters that can assist you to to import vehicles from Japan. Choose the owner link first.