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Online stores are the best way to provide service to people in an easy and more convenient manner. Due to the busy routine of every person, everyone wants to shop while sitting at home. Because of this need, many online stores are mushrooming. Online stores were 8.8% of total retail spending in 2018 and Uk had the highest retail percentage of total retail sales which was 15.6%. While 37% of the people were in between the age span of 30 to 39 and this age span is of the people, who have well-settled jobs or businesses.
Top Victims of Hackers
Cyber thieves exploit known vulnerabilities in an effective way and run their harbouring malicious code that steals credit card details of customers. Due to the huge amount of transactions on daily basis, online stores are the best option for cyberattackers. What hackers want to get from e-commerce stores is confidential information of people. In the previous year, one of the top victims of hacking groups were Online store. But why? Here is the answer. Most of them never implement any security checks about the identity of the person who is placing an order. They just want to sell their products to earn more profit. They are not the only one to be censured. Hackers are sniffing your networks, They are using social engineering to extract your intimate info and buying items online by using your identity. What they do is use someone's identity with a fake address to get a product delivered to their desired location. Everyone believes that identity can't be risked but most of the time we fail to take concrete measures to secure it. These are not the only consequences that are faced by people. Sometimes hackers buy products from your online store that can be used in explosives, and you have to bear consequences.
The obligation of Online Businesses:
As a responsible online business, it is the responsibility of these companies as well to make sure about the identity of the person with whom they are dealing. They must verify his true identity.there is a strong need to check the identity of a person through KYC. An online store must prevent itself from all types of thefts. Unfortunately, Many Online stores are aware of these thefts but are not willing to spend money on their security. Verifications that must be done by an e-commerce site include:
1- Verify Name
2- Verify DOB
3- Verify Address
These are the basic three facets of a person's identity that should be checked by any e-commerce store to verify the true identity of its customers. Hacker can easily trick online businesses by pretending to be a person whose identity has been stolen by them. He can use a fake address to verify fake identity but he can't physically get to that address to get the particular thing he ordered. He will obviously enter a fake address that will not match with original address.
Why Address Verification:
Address Verification is a service that checks the entered address if it is registered with major shipping companies. Address verification is important, If a company is not verifying address it might end up losing delivered items. Effective address verification techniques can increase conversion rates.
Most of the cyberattacks are launched through emails. An Online store must verify the source address of email and physical address where the product to be delivered.
What to do
1- An online store can ask its potential customer to provide Official identity document and run your checks on it to verify if the provided document is authentic or not.
2- You can ask him to provide his home address and verify it through his provided document. Or you can send him a keynote at his home address for address verification.
3- You can ask him to come live on camera with a specific handwritten note.
4- Check that the billing address and shipping address must be same.


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NRC: The Student Corner: What Is Nuclear Energy? Landing Page View an Animated Image of a Boiling Water ReactorNuclear Power Plant Layout And Operation - A nuclear power plant (nuclear power station) looks like a standard thermal power station with one exception.The heat source in the nuclear power plant is a nuclear reactor.As is typical in all conventional thermal power stations the heat is used to generate steam which drives a steam turbine connected to a generator which produces electricity.. Design Guidelines. The electrical power systems of the nuclear power plant should meet all functional requirements under the steady state conditions, short term operation conditions and transient conditions defined in the design basis.. A nuclear power plant (NPP) involves complex engineering structures that are significant items of the structures, systems and components (SSC) important to the safe and reliable operation of the NPP..
Course readings. SES # TOPICS READINGS; L1: Introduction Nuclear Power Plant Layout Reactor Startup; Operation While Critical: Background Information on Control Engineering Nuclear Power Plant Layout Subcritical Multiplication and Reactor Startup (PDF - 3.2 MB)L2. Nuclear new project news and licensing covering reactor design, reactor systems, reactor operation and reactor waste.. installation, operation and maintenance of nuclear power plants. Specific objectives To Year 2015 To Year 2020 To Year 2030 Implementing the project for construction of nuclear power plants To implement the project for construction of the first nuclear power plant by completing approval of the investment project and of the location, selection of.
Risk-Informed Decision Making: Application in Nuclear Power Plant Design & Operation Ernie Kee1, Zahra Mohaghegh2, Reza Kazemi3, Seyed A. Reihani4, Bruce Letellier5, Rick Grantom6 1South Texas Project Nuclear Operating Company, [email protected]. The explosions and nuclear fuel rods melting at Japan's Fukushima nuclear power plant, following the Sendai earthquake and tsunami last week, have caused fears of what will happen next.. Nuclear Plant Systems Lecture 0 Nuclear Plant Systems and the Role of a Nuclear Engineer. Outline • Introduction • Syllabus – Nuclear Power Plant Components. Topics to be Covered (cont.) • Systems Overview – Plant Operation at Power – Plant Shutdown – Plant Cool Down • Support Systems /optional/.
For every unit of electricity produced by a nuclear power plant, about two units of waste heat are rejected to the environment. Commercial nuclear power plants range in size from about 60 megawatts for the first generation of plants in the early 1960s, to over 1000 megawatts.. OSTI.GOV Technical Report: An introduction to the design, commissioning and operation of nuclear air cleaning systems for Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant. An introduction to the design, commissioning and operation of nuclear air cleaning systems for Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant.. Jun 22, 2013 · How Nuclear Power Plants Work / Nuclear Energy (Animation) Thomas Schwenke. Loading Unsubscribe from Thomas Schwenke? Cancel Unsubscribe. Working Subscribe Subscribed Unsubscribe 315K.
5 Power Plants issued in 2009. 1 This revision takes into account developments in the ageing management of nuclear power plants worldwide and expands the scope to include provisions for maintaining the safety of nuclear power plants during long term operation.. Nuclear power plants maintain the highest standard for operational safety, security, cybersecurity and emergency preparedness. The industry's comprehensive safety procedures and stringent federal regulations keep our plants and neighboring communities safe. Nuclear energy, in terms of an overall safety record, is better than other energy..
Basic Layout and Working of a Thermal Power Plant | electricaleasy.com Layout of thermal power station / plant

subset: commoncrawl


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The International Charity Bazaar will sell a wide range of foods and other items.
Visitors can purchase raffle tickets at VND50,000 to have a chance to win a variety of prizes, including a return airline ticket from Vietnam Airlines, Cathay Pacific Airlines and Singapore Airlines; a 5-star resort and hotel stay; spa packages; and lunch or dinner vouchers at the city's luxury restaurants.
Entry tickets cost VND100,000 for adults; children under 10 accompanied by an adult can enter free of charge.
Projects supported by the Consular Club through funds generated from the bazaar include scholarships, medical care, and construction of water wells, bridges, and schools, among others.
The event is held between 9.30am and 2.30pm at 194 Hoang Van Thu Street in Phu Nhuan District. — VNS


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This morning I woke up in a bad funk. I've been having a great time with my family, my boyfriend, and even catching up with some of my high school friends whom are all back. But I can't nor do I ever want to forget about my best friend, Stacey. I am reminded by her constantly because Christmas was her favorite time of the year. She loved everything about it. And I reminisce about the time she was happiest; she loved baking Christmas cookies and pies, she loved decorating, she had so many trees in her house it was crazy. She was my only real true friend, and it might sound harsh or rude to say something like that knowing fully well I do have great friends I've made in college in boulder, at berkeley, and even some of my hometown childhood friends. But Stacey was my best friend, she was the one person that I could call at 4AM and ask her for anything, not including my family of course. I loved her so much, like if she was my sister. She was my very best friend, and I never got to tell her how much I valued her friendship. In the end I couldn't even reach her, she was so shut off from everyone.
I think about how her family must be suffering, especially at the end of this month. Having to enter this new year without her. Without her baby. It breaks my heart. I almost feel guilty when I find myself having too much fun with my family and my love, knowing she never can.
I can't even bring myself to visit her grave, I fall apart every time.
I'm a coward. I'm too scared to stand there.
All I can do is remember her smile, and the face she would make when she would cry. I wonder what she wanted to name her baby, and what her son would have looked like. If she even fought back at the end. Its all so fucked up.
I play this around over and over in my head and it keeps me up at night to think how in the world a girl like her ended up with a man like him. I can't grasp it. I still feel blindsided by it all. Even her mother…….she never understood, not even in the end.
Today I've been very depressed, I try to hide it but I can never hide my emotions from Ayato. He can see right through me. And I don't want to be sad or depressed while he's here, because he's leaving back to Tokyo after New Years, and I'm lucky to have the time of all my favorite people surrounding me. But I did tell him I was sad because I was thinking about Stacey, and he just picks me up like a baby and takes me to the bed and cuddles me. Tells me its ok to feel blue and that we can spend time together even if its just cuddling and taking a nap. He says we can share all of the good and the bad, and to not feel guilty for being a good person. I love this man!
After dinner I called Stacey's mom, to wish her a merry Christmas, and ask her how she was doing. She tells me that Stacey's father is having a very bad time, he's become extremely depressed since the beginning of the month. He even put up all of Stacey's trees and favorite decorations, to remember her. He bought a small tree to honor her baby. But he's been going to therapy and is starting to come around. He's doing a lot better now, he had stopped talking for almost a month, he's doing so much better now. I know its just Christmas time that is crushing them. Stacey's mom says that she's been the rock in the family. But surprisingly her husband, Stacey's older brothers and sisters, and she have all gotten closer as a family now. They are all spending Christmas and New Years together. And even though its a tough time for them, they are united as a family and its been all the difference in the world to them.
I felt better after talking to her. Its weird, she ended up easing my tension and nerves. I feel at ease now that I've spoken to her.
Afterwards I fell asleep on Ayato while we were watching Netflix, he fell asleep too, and he woke up like an hour later because his back was all cramped up, I couldn't stop laughing. I needed that.


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Six Sheridan College massage therapy students gave free chair massages to employees of Sheridan organizations and businesses this week to celebrate Random Acts of Kindness Week.
The students included Rachel Hetler of Sheridan, Alexander Hokanson of Newcastle, Kathleen Troy of Wheatland, Laura Ross of Veteran, Monica Norfolk of Gillette, Angel Tapia of Rock Springs and Jennifer Berg of Casper.
Area residents nominated businesses and organizations to receive the massages. Nominations were based on the business or organization's service to the Sheridan area, and selection of recipients was by random drawing. Those who received the free massages included employees of Easter Seals of Wyoming, the Wyoming Department of Family Services, Sheridan Senior Center, Davis & Cannon LLP, Sheridan Surgical Center, the Wyoming Port of Entry and Sheridan WYO Dental.
A news release from the college stated that massage therapy students will give chair massages to employees of the Child Development Center Preschool later this spring.


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Support for Windows Products
Support for Windows Products
How To Fix Error 3035 6
If you have Error 3035 6 then we strongly recommend that you download and run this (Error 3035 6) repair tool.
Symptoms & Summary
Error 3035 6 and other critical errors can occur when your Windows operating system becomes corrupted. Opening programs will be slower and response times will lag. When you have multiple applications running, you may experience crashes and freezes. There can be numerous causes of this error including excessive startup entries, registry errors, hardware/RAM decline, fragmented files, unnecessary or redundant program installations and so on.
In order to fix your error, it is recommended that you download the 'Error 3035 6 Repair Tool'. This is an advanced optimization tool that can repair all the problems that are slowing your computer down. You will also dramatically improve the speed of your machine when you address all the problems just mentioned.
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File Size 746 KB
Compatible Windows XP, Vista, 7 (32/64 bit), 8 (32/64 bit), 8.1 (32/64 bit) Windows 10 (32/64 bit)
Downloads 361,927
Home Forums Blogs Search HelpWelcome Message FAQs Search Tips Participation Guidelines Terms and Conditions All Community All Community Forums Ideas Blogs Advanced Log in Sign up English简体中文 Français Deutsch 日本語 Português Español Home ForumsBlogs Ideas Norton ProductsCommunity Malware Discussion Norton Mobile Products Norton Public error 3035 6 appears on my norton product Beta Off-Topic Discussion Norton Internet Security | Norton 360 | Norton AntiVirusAnnouncements Norton Security Backup error 3035 6 in norton internet security Norton Toolbar / Norton Identity Safe Norton Ghost Norton for Mac Norton Family Other Norton Products PCTools Forum Feedback Product Suggestions Not
what you are looking for? Ask the experts! Lapurple Regular Visitor3 Reg: 02-Feb-2009 Posts: 9 Solutions: 0 Kudos: 0 Kudos0 Error 3035,6 Posted: 06-Jan-2012 | 8:32AM • 14 Replies • Permalink I keep getting the 3035,6 error.
I have run live update like suggested, but it does not solve the issue. The problem all started Dec 26, 2011. The autoprotect would automatically shut off. This was with NIS 2011. So I updated to 2012 hoping this would solve the problem. I recieved errors and it took me to the automatic fix error box. It could not find a solution so went to the website. I followed all the instructions, ie, running norton błąd 3035 6 Norton removal tool. It scanned, found errors and rebooted. On reboot, it cycled over and over again. Could not open windows so I had to do a complete windows recovery from my geek squad discs! I have since reinstalled NIS 2012 on my Hp Pavillion Media Center edition, xp. All I can do now is restart and the autoprotect is fine for about a minute then here comes the error saying I shut of the autoprotect. Something is shutting off, but it isn't me! I'm afraid to run the Norton removal again. My next step is just to uninstall. I am hoping there is another way around this. Any suggestions appreciated. Me Too0 Last Comment Replies lmacri Norton Fighter25 Reg: 05-May-2009 Posts: 2,887 Solutions: 77 Kudos: 1,402 Kudos0 Re: Error 3035,6 Posted: 06-Jan-2012 | 9:00AM • Permalink Hi Lapurple: First make sure that your system clock on your computer is set to the correct day and time. Then re-boot your computer and run LiveUpdates from your main NIS window until all updates (except pulse updates) have been delivered. This may require more that one re-boot and LiveUpdate to get your NIS fully patched to v. 22.214.171.124. Your NIS version can be found at Support | About. It wouldn't hurt to download the free Malwarebytes Anti-Malware (MBAM) scanner and run a ful
DriverDoc WinSweeper SupersonicPC FileViewPro About Support Contact Errors Troubleshooting › Runtime Errors › Symantec › Norton Internet Security › Error 3035 6 How To Fix Norton Internet Security
Error 3035 6 Error Number: Error 3035 6 Error Name:Norton Internet norton error 3047 53 Security 2012 Error 3035 6 Error Description: Error 3035 6: Norton Internet Security has encountered a problem error 3048 3 appears on my norton product and needs to close. We are sorry for the inconvenience. Developer:Symantec Software:Norton Internet Security Applies to:Windows XP, Vista, 7, 8 Download NowWinThruster 2015 - Scan your PC for https://community.norton.com/en/forums/error-30356-1 computer errors. Compatible with Windows 10, 8, 7, Vista, XP and 2000 Symptoms of Error 3035 6 "Error 3035 6" appears and crashes the active program window. Your PC frequently crashes with Error 3035 6 when running the same program. "Norton Internet Security 2012 Error 3035 6" is displayed. Windows runs sluggishly and responds slowly http://www.solvusoft.com/en/errors/runtime-errors/symantec/norton-internet-security/3035-6-norton-internet-security-2012-error-3035-6/ to mouse or keyboard input. Your computer periodically "freezes" for a few seconds at a time. These 3035 6 error messages can appear during program installation, while a Symantec-related software program (eg. Norton Internet Security) is running, during Windows startup or shutdown, or even during the installation of the Windows operating system. Keeping track of when and where your 3035 6 error occurs is a critical piece of information in troubleshooting the problem. Causes of Error 3035 6 Corrupt download or incomplete installation of Norton Internet Security software. Corruption in Windows registry from a recent Norton Internet Security-related software change (install or uninstall). Virus or malware infection that has corrupted Windows system files or Norton Internet Security-related program files. Another program maliciously or mistakenly deleted Norton Internet Security-related files. Runtime Errors such as "Error 3035 6" can be caused by a variety of factors, so it is important that you troubleshoot each of the possible causes to prevent it from recurring. Runtime Errors Knowledgebase Ar
using your computer. Most computer users do not have any idea about the source of such issues. However, there's nothing to worry about since this is only a sign that you need to do http://tomdownload.net/software/norton-internet-security-error-3035-6/ something. Norton Internet Security Error 3035 6 is a natural thing. The most important thing is to know what causes the problem Norton™ Official Site you will have an idea how to stop it from getting worse. It is easy to identify possible solutions through this. Detecting the main cause of the error enables you to fix the problem. This is also true when talking about the Norton Internet Security Error 3035 3035 6 6 that we always encounter with our computers. During this process searching for the major cause, you will finally realize that there are quite number of reasons why such error arises. Mismatched PC module applications as well as driver problems are some of the reasons why such error exist. Blue Screen of Death (BSoD) Even if you have the newest operating system, you can still come across this Norton Internet Security Error error 3035 6 3035 6. The mere act of pressing the ESC key and the Ctrl + Alt + Del combination is certainly not the solution for this. The main problem is either a recent change of the software of hardware on your computer. The best thing to do is open the computer in safe mode so that you could uninstall the software recently added, also remove any hardware devices attached to it. Virtual Memory Too Low Another issue that we always encounter is connected to the RAM space of our PC. There are situations that we tend to download countless software which makes the RAM space of PC loaded. The result of this error normally causes the virtual memory to run slow. You've got two options if you'd like to fix this error and what to use lies on the main issue. An additional chips added into RAM space is among those solutions you can take. But if there is no issue with your RAM, all you need to do is to add some additional space in your page file. You can start the procedure by going to the control panel and clicking on the advance setting. DLL Files are Lost This Norton Internet Security Error 3035 6 occurs when there is a Norton 360 V6
error 3035 6 norton 360
Error Norton Home Forums Blogs Search HelpWelcome Message FAQs Search Tips Participation Guidelines Terms and Conditions All Community All Community Forums Ideas Blogs Advanced Log in Sign up English Fran ais Deutsch Portugu s Espa ol Home ForumsBlogs Ideas Norton norton fehler ProductsCommunity Malware Discussion Norton Mobile Products Norton Public Beta Off-Topic Discussion Norton Internet norton b d Security Norton Norton AntiVirusAnnouncements Norton Security Backup Norton Toolbar Norton Identity Safe Norton Ghost Norton for norton autofix error Mac Norton Family Other Norton Products PCTools Forum Feedback Product Suggestions Not what you are looking for Ask the experts lilkel Visitor Reg
There are many reasons why Error 3035 6 happen, including having malware, spyware, or programs not installing properly. You can have all kinds of system conflicts, registry errors, and Active X errors. Reimage specializes in Windows repair. It scans and diagnoses, then repairs, your damaged PC with technology that not only fixes your Windows Operating System, but also reverses the damage already done with a full database of replacement files.
A FREE Scan (approx. 5 minutes) into your PC's Windows Operating System detects problems divided into 3 categories - Hardware, Security and Stability. At the end of the scan, you can review your PC's Hardware, Security and Stability in comparison with a worldwide average. You can review a summary of the problems detected during your scan. Will Reimage fix my Error 3035 6 problem? There's no way to tell without running the program. The state of people's computers varies wildly, depending on the different specs and software they're running, so even if reimage could fix Error 3035 6 on one machine doesn't necessarily mean it will fix it on all machines. Thankfully it only takes minutes to run a scan and see what issues Reimage can detect and fix.
Windows Errors
A Windows error is an error that happens when an unexpected condition occurs or when a desired operation has failed. When you have an error in Windows, it may be critical and cause your programs to freeze and crash or it may be seemingly harmless yet annoying.
A stop error screen or bug check screen, commonly called a blue screen of death (also known as a BSoD, bluescreen), is caused by a fatal system error and is the error screen displayed by the Microsoft Windows family of operating systems upon encountering a critical error, of a non-recoverable nature, that causes the system to "crash".
One of the biggest causes of DLL's becoming corrupt/damaged is the practice of constantly installing and uninstalling programs. This often means that DLL's will get overwritten by newer versions when a new program is installed, for example. This causes problems for those applications and programs that still need the old version to operate. Thus, the program begins to malfunction and crash.
Computer hanging or freezing occurs when either a program or the whole system ceases to respond to inputs. In the most commonly encountered scenario, a program freezes and all windows belonging to the frozen program become static. Almost always, the only way to recover from a system freeze is to reboot the machine, usually by power cycling with an on/off or reset button.
Once your computer has been infected with a virus, it's no longer the same. After removing it with your anti-virus software, you're often left with lingering side-effects. Technically, your computer might no longer be infected, but that doesn't mean it's error-free. Even simply removing a virus can actually harm your system.
Reimage repairs and replaces all critical Windows system files needed to run and restart correctly, without harming your user data. Reimage also restores compromised system settings and registry values to their default Microsoft settings. You may always return your system to its pre-repair condition.
Reimage patented technology, is the only PC Repair program of its kind that actually reverses the damage done to your operating system. The online database is comprised of over 25,000,000 updated essential components that will replace any damaged or missing file on a Windows operating system with a healthy version of the file so that your PC's performance, stability & security will be restored and even improve. The repair will deactivate then quarantine all Malware found then remove virus damage. All System Files, DLLs, and Registry Keys that have been corrupted or damaged will be replaced with new healthy files from our continuously updated online database.
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Windows Operating Systems:
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Sellsy + Firebase / Firestore Integrations
In a matter of minutes and without a single line of code, Zapier allows you to connect Sellsy and Firebase / Firestore, with as many as 30 possible integrations. Are you ready to find your productivity superpowers?
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Triggers when a new contact is created.
Creates an opportunity.
Triggers when a new company (client or prospect) is created.
Creates a new contact. Make an update if we found an existing contact with provided email.
Triggers when a new opportunity is created.
Creates a new company (prospect or client). Make an update if we found an existing company with provided email.
Triggers when a new child object is discovered within a specific path.
Creates a new company (prospect or client).
Triggers when a Structured Query returns new documents within a Cloud Firestore collection.
Creates a new contact.
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I am having trouble getting Fedora 9 (x86_64 live cd) to read my SD
card using a built-in Ricoh MMC reader on an HP 8510 laptop (Core 2
Duo). I get mmcblk0 and mmcblk0p1 in /dev but any attempt to read the
card fails. I see an icon in Nautilus but after opening it and a brief
pause I get an error "Can't read superblock". Also, any attempt to
inspect the device in parted or fdisk also fail. They both complain
about lables but I'm not sure if they are talking about filesystem
labels or volume lables. I can't see why the latter would cause an
issue. I tried the mklabel command in parted setting it to msdos but
it couldn't complete... I'm in Windows XP right now and it's reading
it fine.
Along those lines, is it possible to get the UUID of a disk from windows?
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SEEKINGLead Guitar.
My band Melwood are looking to bring in a lead guitarist for the future. We have a lot of oppurtunities coming up that our lead can't commit to so we need someone to replace him.
If you are dedicated and up for touring then by all means give me a message. We have just been signed with Perspective Management so shows will be cropping up regularly.
Our debut single was released just over a month ago. If you want to take a listen, our link is below;
- Screen name:
- Benny 3197
- Member since:
- Feb 24 2018
- Active within 1 month
- Level of commitment:
- Touring
- Years playing music:
- 11
For fans of; You Me At Six - Kids In Glass Houses- Taking Back Sunday- The 1975 - Moose Blood - Neck Deep - Youth Fountain - Capstan.
Instrument experience:
- Drums:
- Expert
Sic drums
Meinl cymbals


text:
Previous Lecture
Complete and continue
Overcome the Overload
Welcome video (4:10)
Using teachable
Facebook group
Disclaimer/boundaries of Overcome the Overload
What to do if you're struggling to get started or keep going
Learning to use EFT
Introduction to EFT (8:58)
How does EFT work? (3:40)
Tapping along with EFT instructions (1:35)
What's challenging with EFT? (4:30)
Information if your scores stay stuck (3:00)
Information if your score goes up (3:31)
Further Resources (books, podcasts, youtube etc)
Daily EFT Practice
Morning EFT Script - Positive script (3:17)
Daily self love script (3:41)
Daily Evening EFT Affirmations (5:26)
EFT Library
Overwhelm (3:36)
Too many tabs open/to much to do (5:35)
For when you feel exhausted for whatever reason (4:28)
Can't relax as too much to do (5:30)
For when you're feeling anxious (4:45)
Feelings in the body (i.e. knot in stomach, headaches, lump in throat, tight chest etc) (5:21)
Panic attacks (2:47)
Clutter (3:50)
Letting go of control (5:34)
EFT for when you can't sleep (3:15)
For when you're worried about something in the future (6:05)
Can't let go of the day (4:53)
Struggling to justify asking for help (4:55)
When you feel uncomfortable/uneasy but don't know why (4:16)
Migraines (6:05)
Emotional Eating/can be used with other cravings/habits (10:50)
Feeling directionless (5:35)
Finding noise difficult (6:12)
When you're running late (7:42)
Overcoming a difficult situation or event (8:09)
Pain (10:03)
Emotional spending (7:38)
Intrusive thoughts (5:37)
Phone use EFT
Using phones when stressed (5:04)
Noticing when using phones - slowly starting to work on addiction (2:56)
Feeling we need to be contactable 24/7 (4:33)
EFT For Indecision
Ruminating thoughts around decision making (6:12)
Responsibility around decisions - seeking blame/responsibility (6:49)
Indecision - fear of getting it wrong (4:24)
Acceptance this is a phase of parenting (5:51)
Finding children's behaviour difficult (4:56)
People Criticising your Parenting (7:29)
Anxiety over baby's/child's health (when you know your baby is well) (3:20)
Struggling with a specific person (4:36)
Script for managing yourself with other people's big emotions (7:06)
Being more patient/accepting/less controlling of partner (6:00)
When it's a battle of who has it hardest (6:14)
EFT for when you feel resentment towards a partner (3:25)
Forgiving and accepting my behaviour (9:38)
Can't prioritise self/self care (4:03)
Self sabotage (8:19)
Don't deserve to be happy (5:08)
Discomfort at putting myself first (6:57)
Fear of failure (3:32)
Feeling guilty (3:53)
Can't change - possibly stuck in patterns or can't give permission to change (7:58)
Struggle to ask for (or make) time (5:15)
Uncertainty (5:12)
Hormones - regulating and self care
Ways to support yourself around hormones, periods, PMS
Hormones - physical sensations (6:25)
Hormones - rage (5:47)
Hormones - fatigue (5:39)
Non-EFT Resources
Square breathing (3:14)
Gratitude meditation
What makes you happy? What helps you?
Guest interviews
Interview with Fiona Storey - compassionate approach to exercise and looking after you
Guest interview with Annie Breen - gut-brain link
Ruminating thoughts around decision making
Lecture content locked
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Treatment of Germans in Post War Poland and Czechoslovakia
By Paul Philbrick
The Nazi empire decimated countries in East-Central Europe during the Second World War, but how did those people treat ethnic Germans when the tables were turned? This paper analyzes how Poles and Czechoslovaks treated ethnic Germans in their respective countries following the Second World War. The history of ethnic relations during the interwar period is crucial for understanding how ethnic Germans were treated after the war. The tensions between Poland and Germany only grew worse during this period, leading to the Polish government's plan to expel ethnic Germans in the early 1920's. Anti-German Polish sentiment pushed those Germans into the arms of the Third Reich. Minorities living in Czechoslovakia, however, were more fairly represented in Parliament than in almost any other European country. Ethnic identities were ambiguous in Czechoslovakia, and people often adopted whichever was most convenient at the time. Although there were much better conditions in Czechoslovakia than in Poland, the Sudeten Germans still had grievances with the Czechoslovak government. They complained that they had insufficient work and were not represented in the military or the postal service. The differences between the two countries during the interwar period shaped how they dealt with ethnic Germans after World War Two.
The Habsburg, Prussian, and Russian empires partitioned Poland from 1772 until 1918. The occupiers treated Poles poorly, creating animosity toward Germans – who were the dominant ethnic group in two of the three occupying powers – that carried over into the interwar period and beyond. After World War One, Poland received lands from Germany and inherited 2.1 million Germans in the process.[1] Between 1919 and the census of 1931 an estimated 500,000 Germans left Poznania and West Prussia, which were now under Polish control.[2] In 1921 the Polish government took a census which showed that 18.7 million or 69.7 percent of Poland's population was in fact Polish, while one million or 3.8 percent was ethnically German.[3]
A speech given by Stanisław Grabski (1871-1949), the foreign policy spokesman for the Polish Sejm, outlined Poland's views toward Germans: "We want to base our relationships on love, but there is one kind of love for countrymen and another for aliens. Their percentage among us is definitely too high and Poznania can show us the way by which the percentage can be brought from 14 percent or even 20 percent to 1.5 percent. The foreign element will have to see if it will not be better off elsewhere. Polish land for Poles."[4] Poland's Interior Minister Cyryl Ratajski (1875-1942) stated in 1924 that, "every German that we can somehow get rid of must leave."[5] Tensions were high and the Polish government made its feelings toward the Germans extremely clear from the beginning. Over the 21 years that Poland controlled Poznania and West Prussia, pressure slowly increased for ethnic Germans to either assimilate or leave. Some of the animosity toward the Germans stemmed from over 120 years of "German" rule and the Prussian and Habsburg policies towards Poles during the partitions. Polish leaders argued that because Poland was for Poles, non-Poles – including Jews, Ukrainians, Roma, and Germans – would have to leave or undergo Polonization.[6] In Poland's fight for a homogenous Polish state, its leaders failed to realize that by alienating the ethnic Germans they were in fact pushing them into the welcoming arms of extremist parties within Germany such as Hitler's National Socialist Democratic Party.
Between 1926 and1933 Germany repeatedly appealed to the League of Nations to force Poland to uphold the treaties it had signed which protected the minorities. In 1934 Colonel Józef Beck (1894-1944) renounced Poland's obligations under the minorities treaties, making matters between the German and Polish governments even more tense.[7] So long as Germany was a member of the League of Nations it brought more accusations about the mistreatment of minorities than any other member state. Poland was the nation- state most often blamed for the mistreatment of its minorities.
The rise of institutionalized antisemitism in Hitler's Germany undermined the basis of the League's approach to minorities because Germany now completely rejected the idea of assimilation.[8] The German government eventually took matters into its own hands and began sending money to ethnic Germans in Poland through private organizations. These organizations were secret, however, and the Polish government was very upset when it became public that Germany was sending money to Poland. Polish officials felt that this assistance made ethnic Germans in Poland dependent on Germany's Nazi government, which became increasingly threatening after 1933.[9]
Before 1939, the Third Reich asked German Poles to suffer in silence and to not cause any trouble with the Polish government.[10] After years of fighting for their Germanness, ethnic Germans in Poland were suddenly told by the German government to stay quiet and prepare themselves for a long life in a Polish state. The minorities in Poland provided next to nothing for Germany. Arming the German Poles was a waste of time because against trained troops they would fail. Eventually Germany did invade Poland. The German provocation in Gliwice on August 31, 1939 allowed Germany to use Poland's mistreatment of its German minority as a pretext for invading Poland the next day.[11] The SS used a prisoner, a German Silesian with Polish sympathies, whom had been arrested on August 30, 1939 and dressed him up as a saboteur. They then injected him with a deadly fluid and shot his body and placed him at a radio station. The propaganda surrounding the event portrayed the man as having attacked the building and being shot. This event gave the German leaders the ability to invade Poland with full support of their people. During World War Two German and Soviet armies swept the country three times in five years. The Polish elite perished, and the occupiers annihilated or forcibly expelled ethnic minorities.[12] The war absolutely devastated Poland, leaving millions dead in its wake.
World War Two and the Nazi occupation of Poland was not the first time in which the country had been occupied by a foreign power. Poland had been occupied for over one hundred years before the outbreak of World War One, during which time the Polish people "proved their ability to endure and their capability to resist," as stated by Jan Szczepański (1913-2004).[13] The Nazis were ruthless during their occupation of Poland, especially in their hunt for Jews. On the Morning of July 10, 1941, eight Gestapo men came to the Polish town of Jedwabne. The Germans had a meeting with representatives of town authorities and when the Gestapo men were asked their plans in respect to the Jews they stated that all the Jews must be killed. There were thoughts of leaving one family from each profession alive but they ultimately decided against it, the next morning the bloodbath in Jedwabne began.[14] During Germany's occupation of Poland the punishment for hiding a Jew was death.[15] If a Jew was found in a household an entire family could be executed because of the severity of the crime. The Germans did not stop with the Jews though, and one third of Poland's urban residents disappeared during the German occupation. Fifty-five percent of Poland's lawyers, forty percent of doctors and one third of university professors and Roman Catholic clergy died.[16] During the war Polish citizens faced two different invading armies, lost friends and family members and by the war's end they had reached their breaking point.
In postwar Poland the uprooting of foreigners began almost immediately. Before the large scale uprooting of Germans, the Soviet-sponsored Polish Government had already signed agreements with the Soviet Union to carry out large-scale 'population exchanges' with the Soviet Socialist Republic Ukraine, Belorussia and Lithuania. The exchanges allowed the Poles to forcibly uproot half a million ethnic Ukrainians eastward between 1944-1946, tens of thousands of ethnic Belorussians and Lithuanians.[17] After the fall of Germany, many millions of Germans were left with the decision to either leave everything they had ever known and flee to Germany, or stay in Poland and take their chances. Most chose to flee, especially with the Red Army approaching. An estimated six million Germans fled Poland in the wake of the Red Army's invasion in late 1944 and early 1945; most without the assistance of evacuation actions by the German authorities.[18] Altogether, an estimated eight million Germans left Poland between 1944 and 1949. Those who fled to Germany were not necessarily safe either; an estimated 150,000 babies were born in West Germany as a direct result of German women being raped by the Red Army.[19] The majority were not uprooted by Polish authorities but rather by the massive, largely spontaneous flight of German civilians from the Red Army in the final months of the war.[20] It was not until the late summer of 1945 that deliberate forced migrations occurred. The Potsdam Agreement of August 1, 1945 meant that countries expelling Germans had to follow specific rules to ensure the safety and well being of those being transported; rules the Poles found hard to follow.
When the forced migrations began there were still those who were willing to leave on their own, and in Poland the German citizens, and ethnic Germans who were Polish citizens that were willing to leave were given special travel passes. In the second half of 1945, thousands of Germans left by foot, horse-drawn cart, motorized lorry, and trains headed for Allied-controlled Germany. In October 1945 there were 35,000 Germans in Jelenia Góra, a town in southwestern Poland near the border with Czechoslovakia; by January 1946 there were only 19,589. Altogether in Poland by 1946, 550,000 Germans had left for Germany voluntarily.[21] However, both before and after the Potsdam Agreement Poles took laws into their own hands and reopened Nazi labor camps. Karl Cordell writes that "it is an open secret" that on occasion the actions of those carrying out of the expulsions were clearly criminal in nature.[22] Roughly 400,000 people died during the expulsions. That number includes those who died while being expelled, those caught in crossfire or killed by Polish citizens, but the largest portion of those deaths are attributed to the concentration camps run by the Polish and the Red Armies. [23]
With the labor camps reopen, the Soviet and Polish governments broke the remaining Germans into different groups. The first group included Germans from interwar German territory that did not fulfill necessary criteria for the verification process applied to (former) German citizens and were expelled. The second group consisted of people who met the criteria to be expelled but due to their expertise in a certain field were forced to stay. The third group was considered to be Germanicized Poles.[24] The expulsions of Germans continued until 1949. By that date those Germans left in Poland were considered Germanicized Poles and were given the opportunity to stay in Poland, but Poland was still not accommodating towards them. The Polish government could fine or imprison people for speaking German but eventually those laws were abolished, mostly because there were still a large number of Germans living in Poland who did not speak one word of Polish. In the years after the war Germans slowly gained more rights within Poland and it was not until the 1970s that German was taught in Polish schools again.
The problems of German refugees did not cease after they had been expelled from Poland. Millions of Germans were now homeless, many of them children. Over 300,000 requests to trace missing children between 1945 and 1958 were made to various countries throughout Eastern Europe in an effort to locate the families and children.[25] Once expelled, the refugees were sent to Displaced Persons Camps where they were screened, given medical examinations and awaited the official word to be eased back into German society. Officially, Germany and Austria accepted them, but many Germans considered them foreigners. They even thought they were "Gypsies" because of the way they were poorly dressed and called the refugees "Banater" (literally: "from the Banat") which had the connotation of "riff-raff".[26] Expellees, many of whom found themselves in considerably reduced circumstances, complained of marginalization and of feeling unwelcome.[27]
At the beginning of the war Germany was doing well and it is understandable that ethnic Germans in Poland would have wanted to be members of the Reich. However, it would also be their undoing after the war. Poles wanted control of their country and to rid themselves of Germans who committed atrocities against their people or supported those who did. In an effort to get rid of these people they resorted to violence, murder, concentration camps, and did not properly supply expellees with enough food, water, or clothing to make the journey to occupied Germany. Once in Germany there was very little acceptance for the refugees. The German people treated these people as foreigners, and indeed they were. The refugees were from a completely different country and though they spoke German they were not from Germany. The German people had to deal with the burden of the postwar economy as well as incorporating in 14 million more Germans from other countries including Poland and Czechoslovakia. That was 14 million more mouths to feed, more people to cloth, shelter, and to find work for. Many refugees were left homeless, most of them children. Those left in Poland were treated as second-rate citizens In fact, they were not allowed to become citizens until the 1970s, and could not study in German until the same decade. Poland was not the only Eastern European country that expelled Germans after World War Two; Czechoslovakia did the same but its approach was very different.
In 1891 many believed that gentlemen of Bohemia must be German speakers.[28] The Enlightenment and Industrial Revolutions in France and the United States had sparked a political awakening throughout Europe. Workers and peasants believed that their lives could be better than those of their ancestors who had to live under harsh conditions in the Austria-Hungarian Empire. Czechs and Slovaks began fighting for their rights in Austria-Hungary. People spoke of forming a separate nation-state at this time but the nationalists did not have the political connections necessary to make it happen. The Czech and Slovak nationalists wanted the right to form their own political parties, elect representatives to parliament, exercise more control over local government, and operate their own schools. By the late nineteenth century ethnicity was vague and difficult to define. The mix of Czechs and Germans made it hard for anyone to make a claim to being a "pure blood" German or Czech. The Mayor of Budweis, Franz Josef Klawik stated that "as regards myself, and claims that I circulate among Germans as a German, and among Czechs as a Czech, I am in truth proud to have learned how to do this. People will surely find my comportment quite natural, and all the more forgivable when they consider that it is desired by the government, in which both nationalities are to be represented."[29]
The Austrian-Hungarian Empire wanted to know who belonged to which nationality and in the process fueled the fight between the two ethnic groups even more. Agents of the Austrian-Hungarian government went into towns with questionnaires to fill out and each citizen had to check either Czech or German. In most cases everyone went with whatever the majority was in the town because the larger the group the more schools it could have, the more votes it would be given in parliament, and the more local officials it could elect. Furthermore, if a family was Czech but there were not enough Czechs in the town to warrant their own school it was convenient for the family to be German. If a shopkeeper had a business in a Czech town it was not smart to speak German while conducting business transactions. Choosing your ethnicity became a choice of convenience rather than of "true" ethnic background.[30]
In August of 1914 a campaign for Czech independence swept through America thanks in large part to an immigrant newspaper in Omaha, Nebraska.[31] Throughout 1917 and the early months of 1918 the U.S. State Department opposed dismembering the Austria-Hungarian Empire in hope that Vienna would agree to a separate peace. At the same time, Tomáš G. Masaryk (1850-1937) tried to change the mind of the United States government because separating the Austria-Hungarian Empire could have ended the war more quickly.[32] On May 31, 1918 Tomáš Masaryk and Vojta Beneš (1878-1951), the leaders of the Czech-Slovak independence movement, met in Pittsburgh (USA) with members of the United States government. Both Masaryk and Beneš tried to win support from their countrymen who had immigrated to the U.S. At this meeting the two leaders drafted a document that helped formalize relations between the groups and encouraged President Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924) to champion the cause of an independent and democratic Czechoslovak state.[33] The creation of a Czechoslovak state meant that Czechs, Slovaks, Germans, Ukrainians, Jews, and Roma would have to coexist within one country.
On October 28, 1918 the U.S. recognized Czechoslovakia as an independent state.[34] After the war the borders of Czechoslovakia were officially determined by the victors and it was agreed upon that the southern border would be along the Danube, annexing three quarters of a million Hungarians; to the east the Carpathian Ruthenia was added, contributing half a million Ukrainians, and in the north a bitter compromise left Czechoslovakia with less land in a coal-rich railway hub than it wanted but also gave it jurisdiction over 100,000 Poles.[35] By the end of the negotiations the Czechoslovak government had achieved most of its goals but the country was still threatened by Germany in the west and Austria and Hungary in the south.
There was yet another issue to solve: what to do with all the ethnic Germans in the Sudetenland, a population numbering thirteen million people. Ethnic Germans in the area attempted to break away from Czechoslovakia and declare themselves Austrians, but they did not receive any support from Austria and the revolt was quickly put down.[36] By the late 1930s the Sudetenland had become a very important region for the Third Reich because of the large number of Germans living there. Germans had lived in the Sudetenland for centuries and the region only contained a small percentage of Czechs.[37] Czechoslovakia was a model democracy. It introduced women's suffrage in 1920, six months before the United States. Furthermore, Czechoslovakia allowed minorities to become cabinet members; making it the only country in Europe to allow its minorities such good representation.[38] The main reason for this being that unlike many other nations during the interwar period, Czechoslovakia remained a parliamentary democracy.[39] Elections were held for every level of government and most importantly they were fair; the press was independent so citizens could say what they wanted without fear of retaliation, legislative power was exercised by parliament and guided by the Committee of Five, an informal body consisting of the heads of the leading parties and because of this moderation was encouraged which allowed communists and fascists to enjoy legal status.[40] By 1930, the country ranked tenth among the world's industrialized powers largely due to the emphasis on schooling from first grade through college, eight-hour work days, and great benefits such as disability payment, health insurance, and retirement pensions, and their exports mainly of textiles and glassware flourished.[41]
Fearing military action from Germany after Hitler remilitarized the Rhineland in 1936; the Czechoslovaks placed their faith in the League of Nations, an alliance with France, and a partnership with Soviet Russia.[42] Beneš wrote in 1942, "things came to such an extraordinary pass that the totalitarian and dictator states — Germany, Hungary, and Italy — persecuted the minorities in their own territories and at the same time posed as the protectors of minorities in states which were truly democratic."[43] To build the German empire, Hitler needed an industrial base, and he intended on taking it from the Czechoslovaks even before he seized power: "In these areas there is today a large majority of alien tribes, and if we want to put our Great Power on a permanent basis, it will be our duty to remove them… The Bohemian-Moravian Basin… will be colonized by German farmers. The Czechs will be…expelled from Central Europe."[44] The rise of Nazi Germany catalyzed nationalistic sentiment among the Sudeten Germans and though many still expressed loyalty to Prague, others were attracted to the Third Reich. The Sudeten Germans had grievances with the Czechoslovak government such as a lack of representation in institutions such as the postal service and the military, and many unemployed Sudeten Germans claimed that jobs were given to Czechs first.[45] There were complaints that the number of German schools had diminished but the true reason behind the growing separation between Czechs and Sudeten Germans is that the founder of the Sudeten German Heimat Front (the local branch of the Nazi Party) Konrad Henlein (1898-1945), told Germans in the area that they belonged to a superior race.[46] Henlein also led a propaganda campaign to illustrate the support the Sudetenland Germans had for the Reich and to become apart of Germany. After taking over Austria in 1938, Hitler's troops invaded Czechoslovakia. In the first few years of German occupation Czechs were both annoyed and mad. Jews faced severe discrimination, schools were closed, curfews were in effect, shops, government offices, and streets all had German soldiers.[47] As long as Czechoslovaks kept their heads down and did not cause problems they could live their life semi-normally and could even show pride in being Czechoslovak as long as it did not disrespect Germany.[48]
Over time, the relaxed nature of the German occupation allowed the Czech underground movement to organize. In response, Reinhard Heydrich (1904-1942) the Acting Reich-Protector of Bohemia and Moravia, began to torture thousands of Czechs, imposed martial law and even sentenced to death the Prime Minister Alois Eliáš (1890-1942) who had ties to the resistance.[49] The families of those executed had to pay the Gestapo for the cost of the execution.[50] As time progressed Heydrich implemented phase two of his plans for Czechoslovakia, which included better pay for those who worked in defense plants, payment for Czechs who informed on their countrymen and promotions for police officers who cooperated with the Nazis.[51] With violence and rewards Heydrich was able to severely weaken the resistance but the Czechs did not go quietly.
After Germany's surrender many ethnic Germans were left wondering what was going to happen to them, especially those in the Sudetenland. Initially the Sudeten Germans seemed surprised at the amount of Czechoslovak animosity they had generated. There is no evidence that they were aware of the hostility toward them and did not expect their coming expulsion.[52] After the fall of Germany the Czechoslovak government, free from Soviet influence took control of the Sudetenland and immediately began looting German homes and mistreating their inhabitants. The Czechoslovak military took control of the area and began to forcibly remove Germans. Those who remained in their homes began to face persecution such as forced labor, loss of property, and internment camps.[53] Some summary executions occurred as well as the maltreatment of the Germans—particularly former SS and SA members.[54] The Czechoslovak government introduced many rules against the German population, including wearing white armbands to identify people as Germans, being able to shop only during certain hours, not being allowed to use methods of public communication or to change residency. In June of 1945 German schools were shut down and many Germans were sent to work on Czechoslovak farms. Also in the summer of 1945, a wide range of legal measures were introduced against the ethnic Germans in Czechoslovakia. The first decrees targeted Germans on the basis of nationality.[55] The fifth decree placed property owned by "unreliable people" in the control of national administrators.[56] The twelfth decree targeted German agricultural property and defined Germans and Magyars as unreliable regardless of whether or not they had Czechoslovak citizenship.[57] Decree No. 33 stripped Germans and Magyars of their Czechoslovak citizenship.[58] Through these decrees the Czechoslovakian government was able to punish the Germans through collective means and gave the entire population the idea that Germans were unfit to remain in the country.
Furthermore, any German who had supported the Reich or gained citizenship within the Reich was prosecuted and immediately lost his or her Czechoslovak citizenship. On May 4, 1947, 713 people were sentenced to death, 475 of whom were Germans. Another 741 were sentenced to life in prison, of whom 443 were German, and 19,888 people were imprisoned.[59] The only way to escape imprisonment or death was to prove that you had no involvement with the Reich or that you suffered because of the Reich and that you were completely loyal to the Czechoslovak cause. If one of those three things could be proven then that person was allowed to apply for Czechoslovak citizenship and was not subject to looting and persecution. If you were a German who did not qualify for Czechoslovak citizenship your property was at risk and often times was looted, taken, and sold with out compensation or remorse. The transfer of this confiscated German property not only served as retribution against the Germans but as an incentive for Czechoslovaks to populate the now vacant Sudetenland. This treatment did not stop with Germans; Czech traitors along with Slovak traitors were treated as badly as Germans. If a German farmer was found guilty his land was sold to a Czech farmer, if the German owned an industrial business it was nationalized. In May, June, and July 1945 Czechs began to expel Germans from the country. Transportation of Germans was harsh. They were put on trains that were ill equipped with food and water or they were marched to the border of Germany. Often times those being expelled found out only hours before their expulsion that they were leaving, which left little time to gather belongings. The unorganized transportation of Germans ceased after the Potsdam Agreement in August 1945. A month before the agreement President Edvard Beneš (1884-1948) made a speech emphasizing that the transfer could be effected only in full agreement with the Great Powers, recognized that the state organs had not behaved correctly in some cases, and appealed to the Czechoslovaks to exercise "reason and patience" until the Sudeten question was solved.[60] Benes's goal was to make sure that the unfair treatment of Germans was stopped in order to gain the support of the Allied Powers, and he realized that the only way the Allied Powers would back Czechoslovakia was if the refugees were treated well.
Germans who had remained loyal to the Czechoslovaks and had fought against the Nazis were given equal rights with Czechoslovaks, their land was exempt from confiscation, and they were given special ID cards, which allowed them to become Czechoslovak citizens. However, many chose to move to Germany because the Czechoslovak government got rid of German schools and did not allow German culture to be publically celebrated. Those Germans who decided to leave were given special transportation, they were able to leave their property in the hands of someone of their choosing but those who had special skills such as doctors were not allowed to leave because they were valuable to the country. Of the 3.32 million Germans who lived in Czechoslovakia before the Munich Agreement, some fled and others were killed, leaving 2.5 million Germans to be expelled.[61] Women in mixed German-Czechoslovak marriages were allowed to stay, along with the Czechs and Slovaks who were forced to register as a Germans or Magyars, and Germans who had been anti-fascists. Assembly camps were set up in order to organize those who were being sent back to Germany. The trains that carried the passengers were able to hold a little over 1,000 passengers and upon arrival to the reception centers the refugees were screened, underwent medical examinations, and were classified according to the skills they possessed.[62] Like the refugees from Poland, the people coming from Czechoslovakia were sent from the reception areas to Displaced Persons Camps and waited for the German government to integrate them into the German economy.
On May 30, 1945 some 20,000 Germans were forced to march from Brno to the Austrian border 30 km to the south in what became known as "The Brno Death March," which claimed the lives of hundreds of its participants. The Austrian Government had not agreed to take these people so after many died on the way to the Austrian border, hundreds more died in makeshift camps in Pohořelice.[63] In August 1945 transfers of Germans were suspended, but 373,000 people still found their way to the Soviet and American zones. In early January 1946 a series of meetings were held between American and Czechoslovak officials in order to set up plans to bring the expellees to Germany. At first one trainload holding 1,200 passengers was agreed upon. Families were not to be divided, clothing was adequate, and every German was allowed to take 30 to 50 kg of belongings; they were also allowed 1,000 Reich Marks (RM).[64] In February the number of trains increased to two. By April the number had increased to six trains that brought 7,200 passengers a day or 50,400 refugees a week. Furthermore, each of those passengers was given 500 RM by the Czechoslovak government. The transferees were moved as family units, they were allowed to bring 100 kg of personal belongings, and food. People who were not financially able to make the trip were given the money and were provided with proper clothing if needed.
In July a survey taken by the Americans stated that the people expelled from Czechoslovakia: "were in reasonably good physical condition, fairly well clothed and in possession of the 500 RM which are to be furnished them under the agreement. Many of the expellees brought household goods and working tools. The food they received and messing facilities en route were satisfactory. The former complaints that working males were being separated from their families had almost entirely ceased.[65] By the time that official transfers ceased at the end of 1946, 1,859,541 Germans had been sent back to Germany.[66] Some Germans were reunited with their families after 1946. Furthermore, around 30,000 more Germans emigrated on their own to Germany and abroad between 1947 and 1948.[67] The Czechoslovak government was able to systematically and safely transport most of the Germans leaving their country. It provided them with food, clothing, and money and allowed them to bring belongings. This systematic transportation they enacted was in large part due to Czechoslovakia's industrial capabilities, and the country's ability to put personal feelings on hold in order to do "the right thing."
The interwar period played an enormous role in the manner in which ethnic Germans were treated after World War Two. In Poland, Poles and Germans disliked one another and had done so for hundreds of years. Before becoming a nation-state in 1918 Poland had been part of the Prussian and Habsburg empires and had been poorly treated the Germans in both places. After World War One the Polish government wanted to completely expel all ethnic Germans living in the country in order to create a country that was only for Poles. There was some leniency toward those ethnic Germans who were willing to renounce their ethnic German background and become completely Polish. Such people were few and far between however, and Polish hostility pushed those ethnic Germans living in Poland to seek refuge with the Third Reich. This is in complete contrast to Czechoslovakia. In 1918 after the Pittsburgh Agreement and negotiations Czechs and Slovaks created their own nation-state called Czechoslovakia. During the inter-war period Czechoslovakia became a highly industrialized and democratic country. Symptomatically, Czechoslovak women were given the right to vote before American women were. Citizens of Czechoslovakia whether Czechs, Slovaks, or ethnic minorities were able to find jobs, get an education, and were properly represented within the Sejm. The Sudeten Germans complained that they could not get work and they were not represented in the military or the postal service, but these grievances were minor compared to the manner in which ethnic Germans were treated in Poland. The one major problem that Czechoslovakia had was the fact that often times ethnic lines between Germans and Czechoslovaks were so ambiguous that people would literally change their ethnic backgrounds to suit the convenience of the situation. This was clearly a major problem after World War Two when the Czechoslovak government began to expel the Germans.
When the war ended both Poland and Czechoslovakia behaved violently towards the ethnic Germans living within their borders. People were dragged out of their homes and shot; homes were looted for their valuables and property sold for the money. In Poland labor camps were reopened and Germans were sent to perform forced labor. Many died on the way and in the camps themselves. Violence was not aimed just at Germans; any Polish or Czechoslovak citizen that helped the Reich in any way was either killed or sentenced to prison. In Czechoslovakia hundreds of people were sentenced to death and nearly 20,000 to prison, along with nearly 500 people sentenced to life in jail. Both countries were disorganized until the Potsdam Agreement in the late summer of 1945 was created. In Poland, Polish citizens still acted as they pleased after the agreement, killing Germans and transporting them in poorly supplied trains. This caused hundreds of deaths along with those who perished in the labor camps. The total estimated number of German deaths during the expulsion is around 400,000. In Czechoslovakia the government decided that it would follow the rules laid out by the Allied Powers and began to systematically expel Germans by train. The Czechoslovaks did act violently toward Germans before the Potsdam Agreement was made public; murdering ethnic Germans, forcibly removing them and stealing their belongings especially their homes and property. However, after the Potsdam Agreement most of the hostility toward ethnic Germans was controlled and the Czechoslovaks were able to humanly expel Germans. Those Germans who chose to leave Czechoslovakia were allowed to bring some of their belongings; they were provided with proper clothing, along with money if they were without means. Proper amount of supplies for the journey were also provided. The process began with one train carrying 1,200 passengers and by the end of the year there were six trains each carrying 1,200 passengers arriving daily in Allied controlled Germany. The number of refugees from both countries arriving in Allied controlled Germany was staggering and would have completely crippled the German economy, so Displaced Persons Camps were set up in order to slowly ease the new arrivals into the country's economy. The people who stayed behind in both countries were not treated as equals and were not allowed to show their "Germanness" in public.
The inter-war period is crucial for explaining why Poland and Czechoslovakia handled the expulsion of Germans differently. Neither country existed before 1918. After World War Two the Soviet Union took control of Poland and was involved heavily in the expulsions of the Germans. The Czechoslovaks however, had their own government after the war and were able to handle the manner in which the expelled the Germans much more systematically. Poland during World War Two was absolutely decimated. It was controlled by Germany and the Soviet Union, at different times, and the country suffered high death tolls. After the war the Polish people were furious at Germany and wished to get rid of the Germans within their country in order to have a Poland for Poles. Czechoslovakia was merely occupied during the war. Without downplaying the hardships that Czechoslovaks endured, it is clear that they were not as severe as in Poland and this enabled the Czechoslovaks to act more rationally. Most importantly, in Poland there were sharp ethnic differences. The inter-war Polish government wanted to completely expel all minorities in order to have a completely Polish state. The animosity between the Germans and Polish in that period was terrible, but the Polish were expelling other minorities within the state as well so it was not limited to only Germans. Czechoslovakia had quite the opposite problem. In Czechoslovakia ethnic lines were so blurred that the citizens would often chose a nationality based on convenience making it difficult to determine who to expel after the war. Ethnic relations before the Second World War, the nature of the wartime occupations, and the fact that Czechoslovakia had some degree of autonomy in the years immediately after the war meant that ethnic Germans suffered less in Czechoslovakia than in postwar Poland.
[1] Richard Blanke, "The German Minority in Inter-War Poland and German Foreign Policy-Some Reconsiderations," Journal of Contemporary History, 25/1 (1990): 88.
[3] Karl Cordell. "Memory, Identity and Poland's German Minority," German Politics and Society, 27/4 (2009): 3.
[7] Mark Mazower, "Minorities and the League of Nations in Interwar Europe," Daedalus, 126/2 (1997): 54.
[12] Jessica Reinisch. "We Shall Rebuild Anew a Powerful Nation: UNRRA, Internationalism and National Reconstruction in Poland," Journal of Contemporary History, 43/3 (2008): 451.
[13] Jan Tomasz Gross, Polish Society Under German Occupation: The Gernarlgouvernement, 1939-1944 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1979), 4.
[14] Jan T. Gross, Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland (NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001), 4.
[15] Jan T. Gross, "A Tangled Web: Confronting Stereotypes Concerning Relations between Poles, Germans, Jews, and Communists," in Istvan Deak, Jan Gross, and Tony Judt eds., The Politics of Retribution in Europe: World War Two and Its Aftermath (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000), 78.
[17] Hugo Service, "Reinterpreting the Expulsion of Germans from Poland, 1945-9." Journal of Contemporary History, 47/3 (2012): 533.
[25] Tara Zahra, The Lost Children: Reconstructing Europe's Families After World War Two (MA: Harvard University Press, 2011), 3.
[26] Anne Koch Dreer, "My Childhood Experiences as a Displaced Person," http://www.dvhh.org/history/ds_camps/dreer-dp.htm (accessed November 2, 2013).
[28] Madeleine Albright, Prague Winter: A Personal Story of Remembrance and War 1937-1948 (New York: Harper Collins, 2012) 29.
[29] Jeremy King, Budweisers into Czechs And Germans: A Local History of Bohemian Politics, 1848-1948 (NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002), 1.
[33] David Grinnell, "The Pittsburgh Agreement," Czech Connections. (accessed Dec 14, 2013).
[37] David Gerlach, "Beyond Expulsion: The Emergence of "Unwanted Elements" in the Postwar Czech Borderlands, 1945-1950," East European Politics and Societies, 24/2 (2010): 271.
[39] Carol Skalnik Leff and Susan B. Mikula, "Institutionalizing Party Systems in Multiethnic States: Integration and Ethnic Segmentation in Czechoslovakia, 1918-1992, Slavic Review, 61/2 (2002): 292.
[52] Radomir Luza, The Transfer of the Sudeten Germans: A Study of Czech-German Relations, 1933-1962 (New York: New York University Press, 1964), 268.
[59] Stenographic Reports, 55th Session, May 29, 1947, quoted in Luza, Transfer of the Sudeten Germans, 270.
[67] Ibid., 287.
Recommended citation: Paul Philbrick, "Treatment of Germans in Post War Poland and Czechoslovakia," Germina Veris, 1/1 (2014). Available at: http://www.easternct.edu/germinaveris/treatment-of-germans-in-post-war-poland-and-czechoslovakia/


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Château d'Yquem 1967 is stored with our sister company, Cadman Fine Wines, in the UK, and is in very good condition. The price quoted includes international shipping from the UK to the USA (your shipping address).
Yquem is without doubt, one of the world's finest wine producers, of whom Robert Parker comments: "There is no other wine in the world like it, and there is no other luxury wine that can possibly justify its price as much as Yquem. The remarkable amount of painstaking labor necessary to produce the nectar known as Yquem is almost impossible to comprehend."
There is no rush to drink Yquem, but when you can resist the temptation no more we would recommend that you serve it alongside a foie gras or oyster starter, or with a fine blue cheese such as Roquefort (which has its own a.o.c.!). Several top international chefs have also partnered Yquem with sole and lobster dishes.
"From one of the 20th century's celebrated vintages for Yquem, this bottle stands up to all the hype--unforgettable for its purity, elegance, harmony, its "total" everything. Powerful, yet it seems weightless on the palate, almost defying gravity as it tangos around with its vanilla, peach and apricot flavors. Seamless, nearly endless finish. Easy to understand its reputation as the greatest Yquem of the last 35 years." Wine Spectator
"This vintage ranks as one of the very best vintages in the history of the district. Golden brown with reddish nuances. Already in the nose, you could sense incredible intensity and depth with exceedingly sublime botrytis. It was incredibly sophisticated wine with extremely brilliant structure and wonderful balance, packed with sweet apricots, peaches and honey melon on the palate, and with honey-like texture. Aftertaste lasted for several minutes. It was simply pure perfectionism. This wine has potential to last for minimum 25 more years." Izak Litwar, greatbordeauxwines.com
"Very deep amber colour. A quite astounding nose of orange-rind, apricot, sultanas and fig. Amazing definition and vitality. The palate is very intense, perhaps quite conservative in some ways. Unctuous texture, good acidity with marmalade, quince and apricot. There is a slight dryness on the finish, but this is a majestic, authoritative wine that demands attention." Robert Parker


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I didn't choose the slide life, the slide life chose me.
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Hi everyone! Adriana here, and we're going to continue our PLANOLY Small Business School Series with tips and tricks that you can utilize when it comes to social media strategy for your Small Business. We'll cover a few different topics from maximizing your presence on social, to utilizing your voice through Instagram, as well as re-sharing content on Pinterest, and elevating your business through Facebook. So… let's go ahead and dive in!
First things first – let's start by talking a little bit about content creation for your Small Business and the different types of platforms that you can utilize for everything that you're planning to share across social. We're going to breakdown all of them, and give you a quick overview of the types of content that would work best for each platform. Social Platforms we'll be covering for your Small Business include: Instagram, Pinterest, Facebook, Blog or Website, and Twitter.
*Pro Tip – Always know where to find your audience. Each platform specializes and caters to different groups within your audience. Knowing which platform reaches who, will be a great determining factor with the type of content you share.
The struggle of knowing what to post on Instagram or Facebook is real, but that's where we come in! We're here to help! While there is no actual formula for what you need to be sharing and where you need to be sharing it, we've found that tweaking and compartmentalizing a few things have helped when it comes to social shares + content creation.
"Instagram is best for
showing snippets & sneak
peeks of your content
to your audience."
Tweet this.
Instagram is best for showing snippets and sneak peeks of your content to your audience. You want to give them little pieces of your content that are easy to digest without sharing the entire view. This will lead them to dive deeper into blog posts, tutorials, etc…
IG Feed
- You can utilize Instagram to plan out "snippets" or "sneak peeks" of content that you want to give a small glimpse of. For example : This can be digestible bits that lead to bigger content packed blog posts, new product releases, tutorial videos on youtube, etc..
- Allow your content to reach larger audiences by using Shoplink in your bio to create a gallery of recent posts. This will ultimately drive more traffic back to your blog and website.
IG Stories
- Utilize Instagram Stories to see how often your audience would like to see content on your timeline. Include the question feature, take polls, use the new quiz tool, and more.
- Think of your IG Stories as a direct line to your followers. It's the best way to reach them quickly, and the easiest way towards communicating with them.
*Planoly Pro Tip – Don't forget to get creative with your stories, and have fun! Make sure to download our new StoriesEdit Tool to help elevate your content on Instagram Stories in order to maximize your presence and engagement with your followers.
We've shared great info regarding Pinterest here, but we're listing out a few need-to knows below! Pinterest users LOVE tutorials, how-to's, and instructional and information loaded content.
Pinterest Boards
- Use Pinterest for sharing past and current blog posts in order to reach a larger audience and gain more views on your content.
- Share often! Pinterest is 80% more viral and 3x more likely to drive engagement vs twitter so the more you can share, the more potential exposure you'll have!
- Be engaging and creative when captioning your pins. Give enough detail to draw your audience back to your website.
Facebook is a great tool for building your business, especially with the integration of the new business profile for your page. You can connect with influencers and other brands to form partnerships for collaborations and create a seamless brand strategy.
Facebook Posts
- Facebook users love videos and links to website, blog posts, and additional reading materials – layering these onto your Facebook page is key!
- Utilize the power of ads, videos, and boosted posts on Facebook to maximize your presence on the platform.
"Utilize the power of ads,
videos, and boosted posts on
Facebook to maximize your
presence on the platform."
Tweet this.
Your blog/website is the heart of your brand, the "meat and potatoes" of your company, and the source for everything that showcasing what you're all about.
Blog Posts
- Share in-depth content, dive deeper with your audience, and get to know your demographic through the posts that you create for them.
- Use your website to give as much information about your brand as possible so that your audience knows exactly who you are, and what you're about when they visit your page.
Twitter is perfect for in the moment content, or front row action! It includes content "play by play" material, quick need-to-knows as well as fast calls to action.
Tweet Tweet
- Great for "real-time" content views and fun one-liners or quick call to actions to draw your audience in.
- Twitter is the best platform for sharing news, updates, incorporating live tweeting, promoting big sales, and for PR purposes.
Okay, you've created some amazing content, now what? The best way to boost all of this great content is through the use of ads and partnerships. Try boosting a few of your most engaged posts in order to help you reach a larger, more diverse audience. Allocating a certain amount of money per month or year towards ads and partnerships can help your brand to be seen by a lot of other people too. And always remember that the more you're consistently engaging with your followers, the more you'll organically continue to grow. Stay true to yourself, have fun, and keep at it!
*Pro Tip – Engagement is key, and engaging with other accounts that are similar to yours can also work in boosting the amount of views and engagement your profile has!
One thing that I always try to stress is to make sure you're maximizing your presence with your readers through constant engagement. You can create great conversations through Instagram Stories with the use of polls, questionnaires, videos, and more! Even when I'm not posting on my grid, I always try to post something on IG Stories to keep my followers engaged. Get creative with the photos you take and make sure you provide different content on different platforms!
Head to the Planoly Blog for more social media strategy tips!


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Brill's New Jacoby
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Appendix on Skythia (845)
(4,620 words)
This entry was prepared by Ken Dowden and published on 1 April 2011. About this Historian Historian: Appendix on Skythia Jacoby number: 845 Attested works: Historian's date: unknown 6th century BC Historical focus: Place of origin: unknown BNJ 845 F 1 Source: Strabo, Geography, 7.3.6 Work mentioned: Source date: 1st century AD Source language: Greek Fragment subject: ethnology - Library of Congress Textual base: Jacoby Strabo, Katasterismoi, 7.3.61. Ἀπολλόδωρος ἐν τῶι δευτέρωι Περὶ νεῶν προοιμιαζομένος ... ἐπαινεῖ... ᾽Ερατοσθένους ἀπόφασιν, ὅτι φησὶν ἐκεῖνος κ…
Source: Brill's New Jacoby
Aithiopia: Appendix (673)
(92,984 words)
This entry was prepared by Stanley Burstein and published on 1 April 2012. About this Historian Historian: Aithiopia: Appendix Jacoby number: 673 Attested works: Historian's date: unknown 4th century AD Historical focus: III. History of Cities and Peoples ( Horography and Ethnography) | C. Authors on Single Countries | II. Ethiopia Place of origin: unknown Source: Diodoros of Sicily, Historical Library, 3, 11, 1-3 Work mentioned: Source date: 1st century BC Source language: Greek Fragment subject: geography, ancient - Library of Congress ethnology - Library of Congress criticism - …
Source: Brill's New Jacoby


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