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>>>Product List<<<
Industry Wool Felt
Polishing Felt Wheels
Wool Buffing Pad & Polishing Bonnet
Felt Strips
Felt ring & Felt Seals Pads
Adhesive-backed Felt
Craft Felt
>>> Contact <<<
No.28 SouthYejin Street,Xingtai, Hebei,China
1The specific Property of Felt
Most of the felts are made of natural woolothers are mode of other kind of fur. It doesnt change the physical nature. Their main features are as the following:
(1)Rich in elasticity,it can be used as material of quakeproof,seal liner and spring felt.
(2)Because of good property, it is hard to loose and can be cut into parts of different shapes.
(3)Having good wearability, it can be used as material of heat and thermal insulation.
(4)Because it has close weave and small openingand its thickness is not limited as the interweave thingsit can be used as good material of filter.
(5)Having good wearability,it can be used as material of polisling.
2Instructions for selecting Felt
(1)The felts per volume weight g/cm3can be neither too big it will lose springnor too small it will lose wearabilityBoth its thickness and the furs thickness have effect on different properties. The user can select accoriding to your own requirementbut youd better be told the usage of the products in to avoid the production and the usage.
(2)At present there are two kinds of feltspecial grade felt and general felt.They are divided according to the thickness of raw material,size of per volume weight and the difference of colour. Technologydemands are divided according to whether it has strength stretchstretch and capillary action.The user can select it according to his own requiremet. It can be a checking standard when check up.
3Instruction of Felts standards and Type
Raise the serial number according to standard class number and as the same time tell the parameters,such as length,width and thickness,when you order felts.If you need dyeing felts, you can raise colour demands.
(1)The technology of serial number of felts consists of five numbers.The first one indicates colours;the second indicates the classification;the fourth and fifth indicate the density .T stands for the special felts.
<1>T212-32~44 stands for the code name thinnest white felt 0.32g/cm3 to 0.44g/cm3 per volume weight
<2>T112-41 6mm1016mm1016mmstands for thin white special felt,per volume weight is 0.41g/m3thickness is 6mmlength and width are 1016mm separately.
<3>112-41 6mm1016mm1016mm stands for thin white woolen general felt.
(2)When you order felt wheel and felt product parts,you should raise the product number and offer the drawing data of the parts.The deviation of the parts size is allowedit can be raised seperately and solved between both sides.
4About the usage of mixed Fur Felt
General mixed fur feltMost of the felt material are regenerated furThe products are fit for linerheat preservationheat insulation and the price is very low
Wool Felt
Industrial Wool Felt
Wool Felt Wheels
Polishing Felt Wheels
Polishing Bonnet
Zhongbang Felt Manufacturing Co.,Ltd
Inc.All rights reserved


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Natural Gas Keeps Delivering For U.S. Consumers
Breaking Energy 2017-01-26
Abundant, affordable natural gas is providing significant benefits to American consumers. That's the takeaway from a couple of new U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) reports. First, EIA says U.S. natural gas prices last year were at their lowest level in nearly two decades: Here we see natural gas spot prices in 2016 averaged $2.49 per

subset: commoncrawl


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CRT-92 Long-term Patency Rate After Nitinol Self-expandable Stent Implantation In Long Totally Occluded Femoropopliteal (tasc c&D) Lesions. (retrospective Study)
Author + information
- Published online March 9, 2018.
Author Information
- Mahmoud F. Elmahdi1,
- Piergiovanni Buonamici2,
- Maurizio Trapani2,
- Renato Valenti2,
- Angela Migliorini2,
- Guido Parodi2 and
- David Antoniucci2
To evaluate the long term patency of nitinol self-expandable stents implanted in TASC C&D femoropopliteal lesions, and determine predictors of reocclusion or restenosis.
All patients treated by nitinol self-expandable stents for totally occluded long femoropopliteal lesions between January 2002 and December 2010 were reviewed. Patient demographics, clinical features, anatomic, and procedure factors were retrospectively analyzed. Outcomes evaluated included long-term primary patency rate at three years and predictors of reocclusion or restenosis.
The study group included 240 TASC C&D limbs in 213 patients (mean age 70.91±9.37years, male gender: 66.2%). One hundred-fifty four (72.3%) were suffering from claudication, while 59 limbs (27.6%) underwent treatment for critical limb ischemia, including 31limbs (14.5%) with tissue loss. All the lesions were total occlusion of the femoral artery ± the popliteal artery, with mean length of 17.94±11.38 cm, and 31.2% of the target lesions were heavily calcified. A total of 509 nitinol self-expandable stents were implanted (average, 2.1stents/limb), with 95.8% techniqual success. There was one procedure related mortality or amputation. Follow-up was available for 240 limbs at a mean of 36±22.6 months. No patient required a major amputation during this follow-up period. Thirty-nine limbs (16.2%) experienced reocclusion and twenty-one limbs (8.7%) experienced restenosis, all these limbs underwent reintervention during the follow-up time. Primary patency rates at 1, 2 and 3 years were 99.2%, 87.4%, and 74.4% respectively. Independent predictors for reocclusion were male gender, severely calcified and TASC D lesions, while diabetes, smoking and TASC D lesions were the predictors for restenosis.
Nitinol self-expandable stent implantation can be safely performed in long, totally occluded and heavily calcified femoropopliteal (TASC C& D) lesions, with highly comparable long-term primary patency rate to venous bypass surgery. TASC D lesion is the most important predictor for reocclusion or restenosis.
- 2013 American College of Cardiology Foundation


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Product Description
Rainbow Research Organic Herbal Bubble Bath For Kids Original Scent
- Gentle
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We added Aloe Vera and Vitamin E to help moisturize the skin.
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Free of Animal testing.


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Beasley's return among RedWolves additions
May 18, 2018 - Coastal Plain League (Coastal Plain) - Florence RedWolves News Release
The Florence RedWolves and first-year head coach Cory Brownsten announce the signing of Jack Henry Beasley, Matthew Honeycutt and Ron Washington Jr. to the 2018 roster.
Beasley is a sophomore right-handed pitcher from The Citadel. He is a native of Florence and a graduate of West Florence High School. Last summer, Beasley made 13 appearances for the RedWolves going 1-3 with a 6.14 ERA, six saves and 17 strikeouts over 22 innings pitched.
"Love bringing in a home town guy for his second season back with the RedWolves," Brownsten said. "We are bringing back Jack after his six save summer last year."
This season for The Citadel, Beasley has appeared in nine games with a 7.00 ERA and seven strikeouts over nine innings pitched. "Jack will use his movement to pitch to contact and get us some big outs," Brownsten said. "Bringing Jack back this summer, I know he will set a great example for guys on and off the field. He is a great kid who really wants to have fun and win the game."
Honeycutt is a junior catcher from Mars Hill University. He is a native of China Grove, North Carolina. Honeycutt has played in 48 games this season for the Lions and has a team leading .399 batting average with 15 home runs and 49 RBIs.
"Talk about someone that a pitcher doesn't want to see come up. I think we have him here," Brownsten said. "Matt's season was unreal and very excited to put him in the lineup. Matt is coming off a First Team All-Conference and possibly All-American season. One of the weeks, he was the National player of the week. He will bring us power and average in the lineup as well as being steady behind the plate."
Washington Jr. is a freshman outfielder from the University of Pittsburgh. He is a native of Houston, Texas.
"LET'S GO PITT," Brownsten said. "Nothing but excited to welcome a boy from my Alma Mater, this young freshman has had an outstanding first year."
Washington Jr. has played in 48 games this season for the Panthers and is batting .282 with five home runs and 29 RBIs.
"He is a gamer," Brownsten said. "I remember watching the game they played against Miami where he hit a game winning home run in the 9th to lead them to victory. I said to myself, 'heck yeah' he's on our summer team and I will be able to work and watch him compete all summer. Ron is a guy that we will see on the draft board in the future. He will be a monster for Pitt in the next couple years."
Host Families Needed
Host families are an important and much-appreciated part of the RedWolves organization. Local families have opened their homes to our players each summer, and their generosity has helped us make the RedWolves a successful part of the Florence community.
Host families provide room and board to a RedWolves player for the entire season. All RedWolves players are college student-athletes and are not paid to play in the Coastal Plain League per NCAA rules.
Becoming a host family can be a rewarding experience. Often players and families share a friendship that last long after the season ends. Also, becoming a host family will earn you FREE SEASON TICKETS!
If you are interested in becoming a host family, please email RedWolves General Manager Barbara Osborne at firstname.lastname@example.com or call the RedWolves office at 843-629-0700.
RedWolves announce Summer Kids Baseball Camp dates
The RedWolves will hold their annual Summer Kids Baseball Camp on June 18th through June 21st, 2018. The camp allows kids ages 6 to 15 the unique opportunity to learn from their favorite RedWolves players and coaches on the same field as the RedWolves play.
Each day of camp will run from 9:00 am to 12:00 pm. Early drop off for working parents will be available starting at 7:30 am. The cost of the camp is $90 per camper.
Each camper will need to bring a glove, bat and cleats. Water will be present while camp is in session, and a trainer will be present at all times during camp.
To sign up for the Summer Kids Baseball Camp, please email Osborne at email@example.com or call the RedWolves office at 843-629-0700.
• Discuss this story on the Coastal Plain League message board...
Coastal Plain League Stories from May 18, 2018
- Tobs Add Talented Trio - Wilson Tobs
- Bananas Add SEC Players to 2018 Roster - Savannah Bananas
- Beasley's return among RedWolves additions - Florence RedWolves
The opinions expressed in this release are those of the organization issuing it, and do not necessarily reflect the thoughts or opinions of OurSports Central or its staff.


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Making Clay Wall Art and Wheel Throwing
sold out
Making Clay Wall Art and Wheel Throwing
Wednesday 17th April 10am-4pm
Enjoy spending the whole day playing with clay. In the morning enjoy designing a sculpture and creating a unique piece of wall art using air dry clay, a canvas and acrylics. In the afternoon you will be learning how to throw a pot on the wheel. The items will be ready to collect in 3 weeks.
This workshop costs £40. Please bring a packed lunch.
Add To Cart


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Adgangskodens styrke: Indtast en adgangskode
De tegn du ser på billedet nedenfor, skal indtastes i tekstboksen. Dette er nødvendigt for at forhindre misbrug af registreringerne.
Registered in England | Registration No. 5656736 | VAT Number. 882 6214 13 | Registered Office: Delta House, Wavell Road, Manchester, M22 5QZ
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GAF is the largest manufacturer of residential and commercial roofing systems in North America for over a century. The secret to its excellence lies in the company's focus to provide both roofers and [...] Read More
The Benefits of Working With a GAF Master Elite® Contractor
Roofing by Curry is a proud GAF Master Elite® contractor. Because of the strict requirements to get this designation, it puts us at the top 3% of all roofers across America. More importantly, however, [...] Read More
4 Roofing Maintenance Tips for Summer
Summer is the perfect time for roof maintenance thanks to the warm weather. As one of the leading roofers in the area, Roofing by Curry highly recommends starting a regular roof maintenance program. [...] Read More
The Advantages of Hiring Local Roofers
Finding reliable roofers for your project is hard enough with the number of professionals offering their services. But, add storm chasers to the equation, and it can be nearly impossible to choose. [...] Read More
Roof Repairs, Part 2: The Benefits of Timely Roof Repairs
In our previous installment, we discussed the dangers of postponing roof repairs: the potential structural damage, health effects and how it can leave your home vulnerable in the event of a storm. [...] Read More


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Dobel Smart-Naturals have been manufactured under fine control of GMPs (the standard good manufacturing practices), and certified by Federal FDA for marketing. These are important to guarantee that reliable and legal sale in nationwide and worldwide. Furthermore, Dobel Smart-Naturals provide more benefits approved by clinical studies in the United States for safe, reliable, and effective use.
Since 2002, Dobel Smart-Naturals such as Mind-Relax® and Cardiseng® the US patent and FDA certified smart supplements have been marketing in the worldwide, providing effective benefits on over 1,000,000 customers for their healthcare. Dobel Smart-Naturals have also been used by doctors in clinics for supporting their patients' health.
Today, people like you are focusing on healthcare for maintaining personal and/or family live in normal. When you think of healthcare, something important you need to know is how to make choices correct, such as you think of conventional medicine or natural supplement. Visit at db618.com, you can have basic understanding of sickness and health, natural supplementation much better than conventional medicines for your need.
With the information in dobelusa.com, you can learn to be an active participant in your healthcare. As you gain confidence and understanding in the use of Dobel Smart-Naturals, you will gain greater confidence in optimizing health and minimizing illness.
Some of the most important decision you ever have to make concern health care. Yet you are not aware of the full range of choices available to you. The goal of our website is to offer information on a variety of approaches that will help you create and maintain vibrant good health.
By the way, Dobel provides an in-home guide that will help you maintain your health through a unique approach that seeks to combine the best natural supplementation with Dobel Smart-Naturals. Making informed decisions and using Dobel Smart-Naturals for your health and longevity.


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Have you been running into car problems lately? It is important to learn more about auto repairs to be prepared for that kind of situations. It will show you what it takes to keep your car running. Keep reading to find out what you need to know.
Consider keeping a high quality battery charger in your car. Dead batteries happen more often than you imagine, and you can help other people if you take a battery charger along in your vehicle. Make sure you learn the points on your car where the battery charger should be connected.
Check out reviews about body shops online. This gives you an idea regarding the public's view of the particular service and lets you know who and where you should avoid. Use these reviews to eliminate unreliable mechanics and make a list of mechanic you want to contact to get a quote.
Make sure that you specifically request OEM parts. These parts come from the manufacturer of your car. Generic parts can be cheaper but OEM parts will last longer and usually come with a better warranty. What is a cheap option now could be an expensive option later.
Headlights will sometimes dim over time, but often is just a matter of cleaning them off regularly. Sometimes, dirt from the road transfers over to your lights dim them. Be sure to clean them with a strong glass solvent in order to get the best light possible.
Never go with the first estimate you receive. Even though mechanics are trustworthy in general, you could still wind up paying for more than you should. Search for a reliable shops that is knowledgeable with your kind of car. You will get much better results if you go to a reliable auto shop.
With any luck, this article has taught you how to fix your car in certain situations. While you likely do not know a lot about advanced auto repair, it pays to at least know some of the fundamentals. Go forward knowing that you have what it takes to take car repairs head on.
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Four Cornerz - Series 2
Audition / Rehearsal / Production datesScreen tests via WhatsApp video call
Filming Dates -
16th April 10am - 4pm
30th April 10am - 4pm
Job payment
Paid - £120 a film day
The owner of this listing has agreed to abide by the UK National Minimum Wage Act. Find out more
Debating Student/Ex-Student
We want a strong minded individual that will be not be afraid to let their opinion be voiced. Maybe you're someone willing to play devil's advocate just to mix things up. Perhaps you have a controversial opinion and you're not being heard. You may find that people are way too easily offended or that people are caring enough. If so, we want you to join our Four Cornerz family in this recurring role.
£120 a film day
Anyone, aged 18 to 26
- Located in London, UK
- Joined September, 2018


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Sources reporting their bike was stolen earlier tonight.
2017 Honda Grom stolen off Porter road, near the Anna Page Park area in Rockford
It happened around 7:30 pm
Sources reporting their bike was stolen earlier tonight.
2017 Honda Grom stolen off Porter road, near the Anna Page Park area in Rockford
It happened around 7:30 pm
Full Story: Just after 7pm on June 24, 2018 a MABAS call went out for boats and divers for a water rescue near South Perryville Rd and the Kishwaukee River near Rockford, IL for four kayakers on the river. Several departments across Northern Illinois and up to 50 fireman responded to the call for four kayakers that were stuck/stranded on the river. Some other kayakers on the river heard them calling for help and attempted to help them, but when that did not work, 9-1-1 was contacted. All four kayakers were safely rescued for the river with no injuries to report. Photo and video to come!
UPDATE: Four total victims, all have been safely recovered out of the water and are being checked out by medical staff now. High, fast moving water was said to be possible cause for water rescue. Photos and videos to come.
Original Post:
There is a possible search and rescue in the area of South Perryville Rd and Kishwaukee River. A MABAS call has been toned out for back up from several departments across the area for boats and divers. We have very limited information at the time of initial posting, but check back for updates.
Odor investigation in the 700 block of Wood Ave, home owner is reporting the smell of gas in the residents. Emergency personnel are en route to investigate.
Just after 4:50pm a call came in of a lawn mower fire in the 790 block of Rockton rd. The lawn mower was located about 40 feet from a full large a propane tank. Fire was extinguished.
Just after around 1:40 pm, an RS fan reported several rescue vehicles in the area of Bridge St in Roscoe, IL. There were 2 ambulances, a fire truck, fire chief and a boat on the river. Neighboring districts are being called in for back up and divers a well. Still developing! Please check back for more information.
Update: RS Fan reporting they were gone by 2:45 pm. We are still unsure on any other information at this time.
Just before noon today several emergency personnel were responding to an accident scene in Rockford.
It happened in the area of Alpine and Broadway.
Injuries were being reported. Sounds like the injuries are non life threatening.
Unknown if the accident is in the middle of the intersection, or in a certain direction lane of traffic.
Please avoid the area or expect delays in this area.
On 06-21-18 at about 8:15pm Officer Wiley initiated a traffic stop on a vehicle in the 1200 Block of Menard St. While Officer Wiley was approaching the vehicle, the driver accelerated at a high rate of speed. Officer Wiley initiated a vehicle pursuit in which the driver of the vehicle later fled on foot in the area.
Officers responded to the area where Officer Severson deployed K9 Fred to assist in locating the subject. While conducting an area search, alert citizens and K9 Fred located the subject attempting to flee from officers. After a short foot pursuit, the subject was apprehended by K9 Fred. The fleeing subject was identified as Nathan Hevel, 27 years old of Janesville. Hevel was transported to an area hospital for injuries as a result of the K9 apprehension.
The Janesville Police Department would like to thank the observant citizens in the neighborhood. They provided updated information to officers on Hevel's location as he continued to flee on foot. This was a collaborative effort with the community to apprehend Hevel.
Hevel was charged with the following and is awaiting court proceedings at the Rock County Jail:
Vehicle Operator Flee/Elude an Officer
Second Degree Reckless Endangering Safety
Obstructing/Resisting an Officer
Possession of Drug Paraphernalia
Open Intoxicants in Motor Vehicle
Operating While Intoxicated 1st Offense
Felony Department of Corrections Warrant
Around 2:20 am this morning, several sources are reporting a scene in Loves Park.
As you know details are minimal right now, due to the encryption.
Sources are reporting, Several police officers are in the 300 block of Hosmer in Loves Park.
Also many officers at the nearby intersections.
Sounds like this is currently a police perimeter. Unknown what the original call was or any suspect information.
We will update this, as the updates become available
Andrea Arteaga: I saw the cops drive by and went and sat on my porch. A minimum of four police cars were within my view. After about 10 minutes on my porch three officers with a k-9 started up and down my street. Once they were in my front yard they asked If I had seen a black male in a hoodie running around. I said no and they just kept searching onto the next block. From what I could tell they never caught anyone.


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Sign up to receive exclusive news, updates, and more delivered directly to your inbox!
Are you the type of person who apologizes for everything?
Have you lived a life of people pleasing or saying sorry even if you're not at fault?
Raise your hand if someone has ever bumped into you and you've been the one to say sorry and overcompensate?


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Book an Appointment
I am so excited to talk with you on your dream wedding flowers. This small cost opens a big door to a lot of dreaming, planning, and possibility. Getting the flowers of your dreams can be an overwhelming task and that's where I come in!
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Just click the link below and I will email you to schedule a time where we can talk.


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Color: BLUE
Interior: Select
Drive Train: FWD
Transmission: Automatic
Vin: 3VWD17AJ6FM329450
Engine: 1.8L
Stock #: 9305
1 Stop Motorsports
2171 Wilma Rudolph Blvd.
Clarksville ,
I hereby consent to receive text messages from or on behalf of dealer at the mobile phone number I provided above. I understand that I am opting in to receive text messages from dealer or their employees. I include consent to receive phone calls at the mobile phone number I provided. I understand that message and data rates may apply.


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Documents are the core element of any commercial or business office. Employers often maintain records, contracts, contacts, employee details and other information on paper for future needs. These notes help them to get the details and information in a way that is very fast.
In order to keep these records in a neat manner then it is necessary to cut, fold and put into the binder paper in the office. Instead of wasting time and money on company employees, the paper folding machine can be purchased to make the process of storing these records much easier. You can get the info of paper folding machines by navigating at https://sunfung-tech.com/paper-folder/
Image Source: Google
There are a number of companies available in the world that produce these products and delivers them directly to their customers. Those looking to buy machines only need to select the most reliable company and reputed to offer machines branded in their territory.
You can buy high-quality folding paper machines of various types. There are many well-known manufacturers of the folding paper machine. Some offer a wide range of products such as binding machines, cutters, drill and punch paper, book maker, sealers folder, document signer, folding machines, and more.
A paper folder can be an excellent choice for papers and collateral finishing and one that can save time and trouble. So take the time to do the research involved to make the right decision – on the folder, and the retailer you need.


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I have read about studies from Europe (not very specific I know) that suggest CBD might work better for some people if combined with some level of THC. Also, the getting high part can be helpful, although not for everybody, of course. A second point – I don't hear very much about CBD eliminating or almost eliminating pain for people with severe pain. Helpful, but, so far at least, it doesn't seem that CBDs can replace opioids or substantially reduce pain for all chronic pain patients. Maybe someday.
The passage of the 2018 Farm Bill made it legal to sell hemp and hemp products in the U.S. But that doesn't mean that all hemp-derived cannabidiol products are legal. Since cannabidiol has been studied as a new drug, it can't be legally included in foods or dietary supplements. Also, cannabidiol can't be included in products marketed with therapeutic claims. Cannabidiol can only be included in "cosmetic" products and only if it contains less than 0.3% THC. But there are still products labeled as dietary supplements on the market that contain cannabidiol. The amount of cannabidiol contained in these products is not always reported accurately on the product label.
Given CBD's reputation as a popular, artisanal remedy, one would think that Epidiolex would command a lot of "off label" attention. After all, physicians often prescribe pharmaceuticals off label to treat conditions that were not the actual focus of clinical trials. But the costly price tag for Epidiolex (more than $30,000 annually) precludes off label prescribing as well as affordable access for tens of millions of Americans without health insurance.
And now, onto the thorny issue of legality. The simple answer to the question is yes — if it is extracted from hemp. The 2014 Farm Bill established guidelines for growing hemp in the U.S. legally. This so-called "industrial hemp" refers to both hemp and hemp products which come from cannabis plants with less than 0.3 percent THC and are grown by a state-licensed farmer.
Since industrial hemp is naturally rich in CBD and has been bred to have only trace amounts of THC, many people today are turning to industrial hemp products as an alternative to medical marijuana. Medical marijuana is not legal in all states in the US and many countries worldwide, while products made from industrial hemp can be a safe and legal alternative. You can get many of the same beneficial effects of medical marijuana from industrial hemp products without getting "high."
There is significant preliminary research supporting the potential therapeutic value of CBD, and while it is not yet sufficient to support drug approval, it highlights the need for rigorous clinical research in this area. There are barriers that should be addressed to facilitate more research in this area. We appreciate the opportunity to testify on the potential use of CBD for therapeutic purposes. Thank you again for inviting me here today, and I look forward to any questions you may have.
Selective breeding of cannabis plants has expanded and diversified as commercial and therapeutic markets develop.[13] Some growers in the US succeeded in lowering the proportion of CBD-to-THC to accommodate customers who preferred varietals that were more mind-altering due to the higher THC and lower CBD content.[52] In the US, hemp is classified by the federal government as cannabis containing no more than 0.3% THC by dry weight. This classification was established in the 2018 Farm Bill and was refined to include hemp-sourced extracts, cannabinoids, and derivatives in the definition of hemp.[53]
The two main receptors in the endocannabinoid system are CB1 and CB2. Where THC directly affects these receptors, CBD has a subtler, more indirect approach. Instead of attaching to these receptors, CBD affects how these receptors signal the body and its chemicals. Furthermore, CBD increases the production of the body's own cannabinoids by blocking the enzymes that can break them down.
Marijuana can produce acute psychotic episodes at high doses, and several studies have linked marijuana use to increased risk for chronic psychosis in individuals with specific genetic risk factors. Research suggests that these effects are mediated by THC, and it has been suggested that CBD may mitigate these effects.xxxi There have been a few small-scale clinical trials in which patients with psychotic symptoms were treated with CBD, including case reports of patients with schizophrenia that reported conflicting results; a small case study in patients with Parkinson's disease with psychosis, which reported positive results; and one small randomized clinical trial reporting clinical improvement in patients with schizophrenia treated with CBD.xxxii Large randomized clinical trials would be needed to fully evaluate the therapeutic potential of CBD for patients with schizophrenia and other forms of psychosis.
This article may contain certain forward-looking statements and information, as defined within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and is subject to the Safe Harbor created by those sections. This material contains statements about expected future events and/or financial results that are forward-looking in nature and subject to risks and uncertainties. Such forward-looking statements by definition involve risks, uncertainties.
In September 2018, following its approval by the FDA for rare types of childhood epilepsy,[12] Epidiolex was rescheduled (by the Drug Enforcement Administration) as a Schedule V drug to allow for its prescription use.[73] This allows GW Pharmaceuticals to sell Epidiolex, but it does not apply broadly and all other CBD-containing products remain Schedule I drugs.[73] Epidiolex still requires rescheduling in some states before it can be prescribed in those states.[76][77]
Fab CBD offers full refunds for all products returned within 30 days of the original purchase. Inexpensive shipping rates are also available; most customers receive their delivery within seven or fewer business days. Customers can contact Fab CBD by phone or email if they have questions or concerns about their delivery. Those who join the brand's online community qualify for product discounts, as well.
Several weeks after a hysterectomy last spring, Bo Roth was suffering from exhaustion and pain that kept her on the couch much of the day. The 58-year-old Seattle speech coach didn't want to take opioid pain-killers, but Tylenol wasn't helping enough. Roth was intrigued when women in her online chat group enthused about a cannabis-derived oil called cannabidiol (CBD) that they said relieved pain without making them high. So Roth, who hadn't smoked weed since college but lived in a state where cannabis was legal, walked into a dispensary and bought a CBD tincture.
This is the second time Moon Mother Hemp Company has placed among the top five brands on our ranking. The Colorado-based company, which was founded about a year ago, sets the bar very high for quality (including USDA-certified organic hemp) without charging the moon for its products. Their tinctures taste so good, you may be sad you don't need more.
Our pick for Best Customer Experience is Fab CBD, a brand that offers high-quality CBD products at a reasonable price and provides additional perks for shoppers. The company's CBD oil is available in four concentrations, ranging from 240mg to 1,500mg, which makes the oil suitable for those with light to moderate insomnia symptoms. The oil is available in natural, mint, and citrus flavors; prices range from 11 to 26 cents per mg, depending on the concentration. Fab CBD also offers edible gummies and a CBD topical oil.
Under federal law, cannabis (from which both CBD and marijuana are derived) is illegal everywhere, although the laws against it aren't generally enforced in states that have legalized marijuana. Some manufacturers claim that CBD culled from legally imported industrial hemp, which has little to no THC, is fine to ship across the U.S., but many experts disagree, noting that because hemp comes from the same species as marijuana, cannabis sativa, all CBD falls under the DEA's Schedule 1 designation. "This creative interpretation of the law runs afoul of reality," says the Brookings Institution, a Washington, DC, think tank.
High-potency CBD oils are most suitable for people experiencing strong, insomnia, chronic aches and pains, anxiety/depression symptoms, and other conditions that necessitate stronger effects. Our top pick for this category is the Lab Grade CBD Oil from Spruce, which comes in a 30mL bottle with a concentration of 2,400mg. Each full dropper of oil contains roughly 80mg of CBD, which can be an effective dose for those with severe discomfort or symptoms.
Drugs.com provides accurate and independent information on more than 24,000 prescription drugs, over-the-counter medicines and natural products. This material is provided for educational purposes only and is not intended for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Data sources include IBM Watson Micromedex (updated 1 Aug 2019), Cerner Multum™ (updated 1 Aug 2019), Wolters Kluwer™ (updated 31 July 2019) and others.
It's also important to select CBD oil products based on your concentration preferences. Some forms of CBD oil – such as vapors and tinctures – normally have higher-than-average concentrations, whereas sprays and topicals tend to have lower concentrations. Remember: higher concentration means more pronounced effects, but not necessarily mean higher quality.
Although I'm no physician, and am not qualified to recommend any drugs for any specific medical purposes, and you should consult your doctor when considering the consumption of anything that may be medicinal: If you're looking to experiment with CBD products, you might consider looking for CBD products that are "whole plant" extract based from very high CBD cultivars. If you're in a State that has a legal Cannabis system, you may also find more therapeutic benefits from non-hemp derived CBD products.
CBD oil alleviates physical pain and anxiety – both of which can have a negative impact on sleep. Additionally, CBD oil can actually prolong sleep for some, leading to more rest from night to night. Most medical experts agree that marijuana is not particularly beneficial for individuals with medical conditions and/or mental health disorders, as the THC can increase their symptoms; this makes CBD oil a good alternative option for people with the following sleep disorders and medical conditions.
Some CBD manufacturers have come under government scrutiny for wild, indefensible claims, such that CBD is a cure-all for cancer, which it is not. We need more research but CBD may be prove to be an option for managing anxiety, insomnia, and chronic pain. Without sufficient high-quality evidence in human studies we can't pinpoint effective doses, and because CBD is currently is mostly available as an unregulated supplement, it's difficult to know exactly what you are getting. If you decide to try CBD, talk with your doctor — if for no other reason than to make sure it won't affect other medications you are taking.
As you may know, industrial hemp and marijuana come from the same genus of flowering plant– cannabis. The term "genus" essentially refers to a sub-family of plants and not a single species. This means that there may be multiple types of the cannabis plant, which are all cannabis but have remarkable differences. So, in terms of scientific classification, multiple species can exist within a single genus, and that's exactly the case with cannabis.
Success stories like Oliver's are everywhere, but there's not a lot of data to back up those results. That's because CBD comes from cannabis and, like nearly all other parts of the plant, is categorized by the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) as a Schedule 1 drug—the most restrictive classification. (Others on that list: heroin, Ecstasy, and peyote.) This classification, which cannabis advocates have tried for years to change, keeps cannabis-derived products, including CBD, from being properly studied in the U.S.
Tetrahydrocannabinol – More commonly known as THC, this is the particular compound that people are looking for when they use Cannabis, specifically marijuana, for recreational purposes. The THC content in the Cannabis plant is what contains the psychoactive properties that cause a person to experience that "high" after consuming the compound, either through consumption or smoking.


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FILM DETAILS Added 4 months ago
Go Se Yun (Park Bo Young) is a beautiful prosecution lawyer and Cha Min (Ahn Hyo Sup)is an unattractive successor of a cosmetics company who are both revived with different looks through an abyss after they died in an accident. They start working at the same law firm while looking for the reason of their revival.
Genres: Comedy, Drama Korea, Fantasy, Legal, Romance
Director: Yoo Je Won
Writer: Moon Soo Yun
Stars: Ahn Hyo Sup, Lee Sung Jae, Park Bo Young
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There are six sight loss guides in the top tips series. This is the second guide of six.
The advice given here will help you feel confident about spotting the signs for possible sight loss:
A person may have an undiagnosed sight condition if they present any of the following characteristics:
Tags Best of NB Online


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Thursday Plantation- Tea Tree Shampoo for Dandruff Original
Thursday Plantation uses tea tree oil and gentle cleansers to clean and soothe flaky, itchy scalps caused by dandruff. The product contains tea tree oil, which is used as an antibacterial to soothe and purify the scalp. The product is designed for sensitive, problematic and dandruff prone scalps. The product claims to be free from SLS, synthetic parabens, silicones, propylene glycol, synthetic colours and animal derived ingredients.
The company also produces a range of hair care products including regular tea tree shampoo, tea tree conditioner and tea tree head lice kit.
Information last verified: 6th Dec 2016


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Heating&Moisturizing-Kit™ We are a leading company
which is working on Heating Patch without electrical devices
that can improve the effectiveness of the cosmetics and mask packs.
We are focusing on developing our patches to expand
our products to the world market as an essential product.
In near future, we will expand our business
and introduce products which is not only for cosmetics & beauty
but also for health care products, such as, hot pack, edible patch, and so on.
Brands: SKINDAUM Co.,Ltd (Company specializing in Heating Mask & Acupoint Heating patch)
1. What is Beauty Point Heating Mask(Acupoint Heating Mask)?
When the heating point patch is put on the soothing mask, it increases the absorption rate of the effective ingredient by rising
the skin temperature up to the body temperature.
This is a new concept patch that helps wrinkle prevention and skin lifting through the warmed the acupuncture point by the heating point patch.
(Acupuncture point -> stimulation with heating -> blood circulation -> exhaustion of waste and release of toxins causing swelling
-> help for line reduction, firming and lifting)
2. What is the acupuncture point?
The entire body is connected organically like a subway line, so if a point is stimulated, the stimulus is transmitted to the internal organs connected to that point.
In particular, stimulating blood circulation in the face releases toxins as the waste material in the lymphatic fluid is removed, increases elasticity of the face, prevents fine wrinkles, and helps for facial lifting.
3. The function of the acupuncture point
The acupuncture point for beautiful face
◎ Yintang point (center between two eyebrows) :Helps with the care of fine wrinkles in middle of the forehead
◎ Dongja point (side part of the eye end, dented part) : Helps with wrinkles and dark spot care
◎ Gwanlyo point (below both cheekbones) : Helps with facial lifting and firming care
◎ Seungjang point (under the lower lip) : Helps with the care of skin firming and nasolabial fold
※ The above is a description of the location of the trigger point
[TIPs for use]
◎ Be sure to use dry hand when using when using the heating point patch
◎ When you feel it is too hot, please remove it immediately or move it to the side.
Exhibit questions please contact: email@example.com


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We are San Marcos, Texas residents and Pickleball Instructors that foster pickleball growth in our community and surrounding areas. We are also pickleball players that compete in USAPA Sanctioned Tournaments across the nation.
We are both PPR (Professional Pickleball Registry) and IPTPA (International Pickleball Teaching Professional Association) certified.
We compete in Singles, Men's and Women's Doubles and Mixed Doubles USAPA Sanctioned tournaments in Texas and across the nation. As of 8/7/19 our ratings range from 4.5-5.o, depending on their event bracket.
Randall Wood
Former tennis and raquetball player, long distance runner.
Amy Yarbrough
Baylor University B.S. in Physical Education and Health
Teach / Coach
Certified Personal Trainer


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Decent, affordable housing is fundamental to the health and well-being of people and to the smooth functioning of economies. Yet around the world, in developing and advanced economies alike, cities are struggling to meet that need. If current trends in urbanization and income growth persist, by 2025 the number of urban households that live in substandard housing—or are so financially stretched by housing costs that they forego other essentials, such as healthcare—could grow to 440 million, from 330 million. This could mean that the global affordable housing gap would affect one in three urban dwellers, about 1.6 billion people.
A new McKinsey Global Institute (MGI) report, A blueprint for addressing the global affordable housing challenge, defines the affordability gap as the difference between the cost of an acceptable standard housing unit (which varies by location) and what households can afford to pay using no more than 30 percent of income. The analysis draws on MGI's Cityscope database of 2,400 metropolitan areas, as well as case studies from around the world. It finds that the affordable housing gap now stands at $650 billion a year and that the problem will only grow as urban populations expand: current trends suggest that there could be 106 million more low-income urban households by 2025, for example. To replace today's inadequate housing and build the additional units needed by 2025 would require $9 trillion to $11 trillion in construction spending alone. With land, the total cost could be $16 trillion. Of this, we estimate that $1 trillion to $3 trillion may have to come from public funding.
Source: McKinsey & Company
NB: Press Cutting Service
This article is culled from daily press coverage from around the world. It is posted on the Urban Gateway by way of keeping all users informed about matters of interest. The opinion expressed in this article is that of the author and in no way reflects the opinion of UN-Habitat


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10 November 2018
Views: 38
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[ stur-jis ]
/ ˈstɜr dʒɪs /
Russell,1836–1909, U.S. architect and author.
Dictionary.com Unabridged Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2019
Examples from the Web for sturgis
You know, like Nixon tried to shunt responsibility for the break-in on to Liddy, Sturgis, et al.It's Time to Get More Women in the NFL Boardroom|Robert Silverman|September 12, 2014|DAILY BEAST
But after several restless nights an inspired idea flashed upon Sturgis, and he sprang out of bed delighted.Sketches New and Old, Complete|Mark Twain (Samuel Clemens)
Finally, six months passed, the mortgage became due, and Job received a notice from Major Sturgis that he wanted his money.Ben's Nugget|Horatio, Jr. Alger
Sturgis felt that more consideration should have been given to him as commander of the army at Wilson's Creek after Lyon fell.The Struggle for Missouri|John McElroy
A few days later, Mr. Sturgis and Jack left the ranch for the railroad.Jack, the Young Ranchman|George Bird Grinnell
Mr. Marshall, with your permission I should like a word with Mr. Sturgis.My Man Jeeves|P. G. Wodehouse


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If there's is one painful lesson to be re-learned from the events in Brussels it's that public security isn't a matter to more surveillance hardware or government funding - it's about human assets keeping their eyes open.
As Brussels bleeds, Tory M.P. slams Trudeau on anti-terror spending
It wasn't so much that Conservative M.P. Jason Kenney took to social media last night to complain about Liberal budget priorities on the war on terror as that he waited so long to do it.
Kenney, who held the portfolios of citizenship and defence in the previous Harper government, didn't participate in his party's post-budget speech slagging of the Trudeau government's maiden economic blueprint. The heavy lifting on that job was left to interim Conservative leader Rona Ambrose and deputy leader Denis Lebel, each of whom took turns denouncing the government in both official languages for having fudged its $10 billion deficit ceiling pledge, a move they contended added to the tax burden of hard working Canadians by doing so.
Yet it was Kenney who, a few hours later, tweaked the nerve of public opinion far more effectively (if only because in the real world, fistfights usually don't break out over the level of government deficits) when he Tweeted: "$675 million for the CBC…$8 million for counter-terrorism These two numbers say it all".
Yes, Brussels was still bleeding as Kenney fired off his critique, still wounded and updating its list of dead and injured after a pair of terrorist attacks attributed to ISIS tore through the Belgian capital's international airport and one of its metro stations hours earlier. And some might argue that no matter how diligent an opposition party may want to appear, the timing of Kenney's critique was insensitive at best and politically cynical at worst. But on the other hand, as that Tweet was posted, chances are more Canadians were genuinely wondering whether it had become too dangerous to travel to Europe this year than whether all that extra cash would change CBC's Tuesday night television line-up.
To be fair to the Liberals, even though only $8 million in new money had been directed towards anti-terrorism effort, specifically in the area of deradicalization, an undisclosed amount had been allotted by the Trudeau government to CSIS last month to aid its counter-terrorism activities, and the millions already steered toward public security by the Tories last year don't appear to have been rescinded. And given the amount of attention being paid to what increasingly appears to be an inability by Belgian and French authorities to stay ahead of radical Islamists operating not out of some deserted cave in Iraq or Syria but in the suburbs of Paris and Brussels, and given our own, innate assumption that there is no problem so big it can't be pushed aside by a sufficiently large wave of money, equating better security with bigger operating budgets isn't too tough a sell for most of us.
Problem is, if there is one painful lesson to be re-learned from the events in Brussels it's that effective public security isn't a matter of more surveillance hardware or intelligence analysis or government funding – it's about having low tech human assets that know how to keep their eyes open. The surveillance camera images made public yesterday by Belgian authorities of the three suspects believed responsible for the airport bombing depict two them pushing luggage carriages. And while all three men appear to be dressed lightly enough for a spring morning, the two pushing the luggage that contained the nail bombs that would later kill and mutilate scores of innocent travelers are immediately remarkable for the fact they each of them are wearing a single glove, and that on their left hands.
Belgian authorities explained that the gloves concealed the detonators each terrorist carried, a tidbit of information handy enough to know after the fact. But it's intriguing to wonder how many stares the trio drew from passersby – or, for that matter, security personnel – as they wheeled their bombs into position. After all, a fundamental element of security surveillance – the kind exercised by humans rather than drones – is to search for what doesn't seem right and zero in on it. Two men each deciding to wear a single glove may not in itself herald a suicide bombing, but certainly merited a second look, presuming anyone was actually looking.
Reports have suggested that the Belgian capital was already at a high state of alert in the wake of the arrest last Friday of a suspect in last November's Paris bombings. Clearly, however, that level of vigilance wasn't high enough. It's likely that as in the case of the Paris attacks, official questions will be asked about how effective a job Belgian security did yesterday. It's equally likely that sooner or later, the issue of funding for that security will be raised.
But it's hard to imagine how a bigger budget would have done anything to change yesterday's bloody outcome, if only because as comforting as it may be to some to be be able to place our trust in a multi-million dollar security establishment and all the high priced equipment that comes with it- it's even more reassuring when that establishment actually knows how to put two and two together.
Montreal Gazette news columnist James Mennie can be heard weekdays at 4:35 p.m. on the Aaron Rand Show on CJAD 800.


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A man has been charged with committing a range of indecent acts in Melbourne's northwest.
The 29-year-old man, from Melton West, has been charged with 17 offences including five counts of indecent acts in the presence of a child under 16.
All incidents are alleged to have occurred between 13 November and 7 December 2014, a Victoria Police spokeswoman said.
He has been bailed to appear at the Sunshine Magistrates Court on February 23.


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Vic Gregovits was handing out more than just candy last Halloween. The Indians senior vice president of sales and marketing was also passing out the teams 2007 schedule and player cards. We believe theres nothing more important than reaching out and having that personal touch with fans, Gregovits said. Everyone knows you work for the Indians, so when they come to your house why not have some fun with it? What better way for me to put our marketing message out there. The message starts from the top. Its part of a new grassroots marketing focus, something the club is doing to enhance ticket and merchandise sales. Wins are the greatest selling point, but as the Indians found out last year, thats no guarantee. They have to be prepared to overcome that. As part of a team speakers bureau, members of the organization and sales staff, including team president Paul Dolan and executive vice president of business Dennis Lehman, were scheduled to spend the offseason speaking to business, civic and educational organizations. The presentations are 30 minutes and include a video presentation and a question-and-answer session. The goal is to connect with fans, giving them a taste of the upcoming season. That effort probably wasnt as important 10 years ago when the Indians were in the midst of a record streak of 455 consecutive sellouts from 1995-2001. Jacobs Field opened in 1994 with a first-year attendance total of 1,995,174 (39,121 per game average). The next season the Indians reached the World Series and averaged 40,038 fans, beginning a string of six straight years with an average attendance of more than 40,000 per game. After another first-place finish in 2001, the Indians fell to third in 2002 and won just 74 games. Attendance dipped to a low of 21,358 per game in 2003 when the Indians won just 68 games and climbed to 24,861 in 2005 when they just missed the playoffs with a 93-69 record. The Indians were 78-84 last year with an average attendance of 24,665. Its just a different time and we have to adjust and do things differently, Gregovits said. There are a lot of fans of those glory days. How do we get them re-engaged with us? The easy answer is by winning. Expectations were high after 2005 and the front office is again confident. Last year we were still going through a lot of things for the first time with a lot of young players, Indians general manager Mark Shapiro told Crains Cleveland Business. I feel like weve been through about everything we could go through at this point. Were better equipped and better prepared I would be very surprised and disappointed if we are not a good team.
Making connections
Club hopes grassroots marketing focus helps to win more
attendance by employing a personal touch with fans
The trick for the sales staff is to succeed with or without the wins. We try to capitalize on the teams performance if things are going well, Gregovits said. And if theyre not, hopefully weve created a special event to help. All our research shows ballpark experience rates very high with Cleveland fans. Gregovits said theyve enhanced the promotional calendar and the giveaways are for all fans or children, depending on the promotion, not just the first 10,000 as it was two years ago. For the second straight year, every Friday is a fireworks night. Sundays are Kids Fun Days, attracting families with events and activities for children, even allowing them to run the bases after the game. The Indians also focus on the more traditional sales tactics, like mass advertising, direct mail, telemarketing and will even try door-to-door sales, Gregovits said. Fans have plenty of options when buying tickets. They can choose from the Six Pack Plans, which offer various combinations of six games. New this year is the Pronk Flex Plan, which allows fans to select a combination of 20 games. Tickets arent the only product the Indians are selling. The retail side of the business is just as important. Kurt Schloss, director of merchandising and licensing, said that in 2005 the Indians ranked eighth in retail business out of the 30 Major League Baseball teams. They ranked fourth out of the 16 teams that have out-of-stadium stores, he said. The Indians have five team shops outside of the one at Jacobs Field. Theyre located at malls in Fairlawn, North Olmsted, Elyria, Mentor and Strongsville. Wins are just as important on the retail side, Schloss said, but marketing individual players also helps. Nearly 70% of player product sales are for fan-friendly Travis Hafner and Grady Sizemore and legend Bob Feller, Schloss said, and that is nearly 20% of the total retail business. Whether its a trip to the mall or to Jacobs Field, the Indians strategy is the same. For us its all about being fan and family friendly, Schloss said. Is it a great place to come? Is there value to it? The Indians are doing everything they can to make sure the answer is yes.


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Last Updated: Before 30 days ago
Before 30 days ago
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Effects of stocking density and immersion time on the performance of oysters in intertidal off-bottom culture
Intertidal culture in meshed bags on trestles is worldwide the most established culture method for oysters. Culturists can affect oyster performance by adjusting stocking density and immersion time, and it can be expected that these factors are not independent. The combined effect of stocking density and immersion time on survival, growth and condition of oysters was investigated on a culture site, where oysters are usually stocked at 8 kg bag−1. Half-grown oysters were stocked in three biomass densities: 4, 8 and 12 kg bag−1, nested within three immersion times (87%, 76% and 73% of tidal cycle). Chlorophyll-a concentration peaked in summer (~ 3–10 μg l−1) and was low in autumn (~ 1 μg l−1), and high chlorophyll-a levels coincided with oyster spawning period. Survival was not affected by density or immersion time. Shell growth per oyster and biomass production per bag were density dependent—higher at 4 than at 12 kg bag−1—but neither were different from 8 kg bag−1. Growth rates were negativity related with immersion over the spawning period but showed a (non-significant) positive trend over other periods. At harvest, condition per oyster decreased with stocking density and increased with immersion. There was no interaction between density and immersion. Treatments had a more pronounced effect on meat content than on biomass production. Hence, oysters might be kept at higher stocking densities to increase biomass production during most of the growth cycle but restocked in lower densities, with longer immersion times prior to harvest to maximize meat content at harvest.
KeywordsMagallana gigas (Crassostrea gigas) Split-plot design Density dependent Trestle culture Shellfish culture
Extensive shellfish aquaculture is largely dependent on the environment for seed and feed. Optimizing culture practices or system design for culture is based on anticipating to this environment. Shellfish farmers anticipate food availability by trying to optimize shellfish density, mostly based on experience, by adjusting stocking density and thinning-out practices. Shellfish density affects growth and survival when individuals compete for food or for space (Marshall and Dunham 2013; Honkoop and Bayne 2002; Fréchette and Bacher 1998).
Oysters are the foremost cultured species in volume in global aquaculture production, and much of the oyster culture takes place in intertidal areas (FAO 2018). Oysters in intertidal areas are subjected to different immersion times that at some point affect growth and survival (Vincent et al. 1994). At the same time, it might very well present an opportunity for the oyster growers to manipulate growth and survival.
In the Netherlands, Pacific oyster (Magallana gigas) cultivation is mainly carried out on subtidal bottom plots (Drinkwaard 1999). However, oyster production is under pressure, it suffers from large mortalities, mainly due to the oyster herpes virus (Engelsma et al. 2010), but also other threats such as the oyster drill Ocenebra inornata (a predatory snail) (Faasse and Ligthart 2009). This development calls for a number of measures, including more efficient and productive culture techniques. Recently, a consortium of Dutch oyster growers has started experimenting with culturing oysters in the intertidal in meshed bags on trestles. Worldwide the most established culture method for M. gigas (Buestel et al. 2009; Forrest et al. 2009), but a novel culture method for the Netherlands.
The culture cycle currently starts with oyster seed collected with seed collectors (coupelles) that are employed at the culture site, or with oyster spat from a hatchery. About 5 kg of oyster seeds (ca. 5000 seeds) are stocked in 0.5 m × 1 m bags with a 6-mm mesh until they are about 25–40 mm and restocked in lower biomass densities (2.2 kg) in bags with 12-mm mesh. After 8–10 months, oysters are restocked in bags with 16-mm mesh in a biomass density of 8 kg bag−1 for grow-out until harvest that occurs usually at the end of the year (Nov–Dec). The outgrow phase also takes place with half-grown oysters that are handpicked from wild oyster beds. During the outgrow phase, oyster bags are turned manually every 2–4 weeks. Some farmers treat fouling, especially seaweed fouling by spraying 9.5% acetic acid during low tide.
At new culture sites and with a new culture technique, oyster growers are facing questions on optimization of production. It can be expected that factors that affect performance are not independent but act cumulative. Here, we present the results of a large-scale experiment on combined effects of density and immersion on the performance of cultured oysters. At the scale of culture units, it was investigated how the combined effect of stocking density and immersion time affected survival, growth and condition of oysters stocked in meshed bags on trestles in the low intertidal area in relation to on-site food quantity. It is expected that survival, growth and condition decrease with density and that the magnitude of this effect increases at lower immersion times and in periods with lower food levels.
Material and methods
Experimental setup
Oysters were placed in the field at 25th of April and were collected four times between the start and the end of the experimental period: 26–28 May, 7–8 Jul, 25–26 Aug and 22–24 Sep. Oysters were taken to the laboratory, a 30-min drive from the field site. At each sampling moment, maximum ventral-dorsal shell length was recorded for each individual marked oyster, and the individual wet weight was obtained. After measurement, the oysters were kept in a basin with running saline groundwater (with 28 g l−1 about the same salinity as the Oosterschelde estuary) and relayed to the site the next day.
Final measurement was achieved in the period from 1 December to 9 December 2014. On five days, a randomized number of bags were taken from the field. After measuring the length and wet weight, a subset of oysters was sacrificed for further analysis. The subset consisted of 17 random oysters from each bag. The oysters were opened, the meat was collected and weighed, and the 'wet' shells were weighed. The dry weight of the oyster meat was obtained by drying it at 80 °C in a prepASH (prepASH® 340 series, http://prepash.com) until the change in weight of each sample was less than 0.1% per 0.5 h. The ash weight was obtained by heating at 540 °C in a prepASH until the change in weight of each sample was less than 0.1% per 0.5 h. The ash-free dry weight (AFDW) was calculated as the net difference between the dry weight and the ash weight.
Data analysis
There are two studied factors in this design: immersion time as main factor, density as sub-factor, with location as blocks. Measurements of individual oysters are utilized, but these measurements are nested to a bag (practical constraints) and each bag is nested to the interaction immersion time × stocking density and bags are triplicated (Fig. 3). Variability between the locations in the split-plot design was used in a nested ANOVA to test the effects of the main factor (immersion time); the variability between the triplicated bags was used to test the effects of the sub-factor (stocking density) and its interaction with immersion time; and at the lowest level of the nested design, the variability between measurements on each oyster is the error term of the ANOVA and was only used to test the between bag variability.
The oyster farmer harvested oysters from the culture plot shortly before the final measurement period (Dec 2014). At location F, all the experimental oyster bags were accidentally harvested, and these oysters were lost in the process. This introduced two main sources of unbalancing i.e. (1) absence of results for the F location and (2) oyster mortalities. As stated by Sokal and Rohlf (1981) p. 293, nested ANOVAs with unequal sample sizes generate complications about (1) computations that become much more tedious and (2) absence of exact tests of significance. Therefore, homogeneity of variance assumption that can result from the missing F location was carefully checked in all models, and in the case of overall mortality, we considered it still possible to use a balanced data set with only one value (total mortality rate) per bag.
Standardized residuals of the ANOVAs were checked for normality using a histogram and were plotted against fitted values and against each explanatory variable to validate the model. The residuals followed a normal distribution closely, and no violation of homogeneity was indicated. When significant overall effects were found, pairwise comparisons were made by means of a Tukey HSD test from the agricolae package for R (de Mendiburu 2017). Two possible sources of pseudo-replication were identified in the analysis: (1) repeated measurements on the same oyster and (2) spatial autocorrelation. Problems with repeated measures (for growth data) were minimized due to the large sample size per treatment (in total 2430 engraved oysters were stocked), similar origin and size of the oysters and randomisation at stocking. Spatial autocorrelation was investigated by plotting the residuals of the model in a variogram. Residuals in the variogram showed no increase or decrease; spatial autocorrelation could not be detected.
Growth rates between sampling points and over the experimental period were calculated for shell length as (Lend − Lstart) / t, with L as maximum individual oyster's shell length in mm and t time in days and for oyster wet weight as (Wend − Wstart) / t, with W as individual wet weight (g). Mortality rates during the experimental period were calculated per bag as ln(nstart) − ln(nend) / t, with n as number of oysters per inner bag (nstart = 30) and t time in days. The market value of oysters for the industry is strongly connected to quality or meat content. We used condition index (CI) of the oysters as a measure of meat content. CI at the end of the experiment was calculated as [dry tissue weight (g) / shell cavity volume] × 100, with wet oyster weight (g) minus shell weight (g) as a proxy for the shell cavity volume (Abbe and Albright 2003). Relative biomass production ratio (BPR) is relevant for culture practices and is defined by growth and mortality. It is expressed as (Bend / Bstart), with B as oyster biomass (kg) per bag. Differences between treatments were tested according to the same procedure used for growth rate.
Split-plot ANOVA for growth rate in millimetre per day, with immersion time as the main plot factor and density as subplot factor
Growth rate (mm/day)
Main plot
Main plot error
Density × immersion
Subplot error
Split-plot ANOVA for biomass production ratio (BPR), with immersion time as the main plot factor and density as subplot factor
Main plot
Main plot error
Density × immersion
Subplot error
Split-plot ANOVA for condition index of the oysters at the end of the experiment (December) with immersion time as the main plot factor and density as subplot factor
Condition index
Main plot
Main plot error
< 0.001
Density × immersion
Subplot error
We found density-dependent effects and effects of immersion period on the performance of the oysters, but no evidence was found for an interaction effect between immersion time and stocking density.
Effect of stocking density
Growth rates reflect food availability over the period it is measured (Pouvreau et al. 2006). However, not all food is transferred to shell or tissue growth, a proportion of the food is allocated for reproduction and maintenance (Bernard et al. 2011). Oysters store glycogen in vesicular cells outside the growing season (November–March), which is diverted to gametogenesis in spring and summer (Berthelin et al. 2000). Spawning in the Oosterschelde area generally takes place in the period August–September (Troost 2009), when food levels are high (period II: Fig. 4); spawning-associated weight loss resulted in low growth rates in this period, and there was no difference in growth rates between the high density treatment and reference density of 8 kg per bag (Fig. 5b). In the period after spawning (and preceding harvest), the oysters recover from spawning, but in this time of year, food levels have dropped (period III: Fig. 5c).
Results point out that growth of the oysters was negatively affected by density. This pattern was consistent over all measured periods, i.e. at all food levels. Furthermore, condition index was more sensitive to detect such patterns than changes in shell length or wet weight. However, differences in condition index are probably dependent on timing of the samples taken. In shellfish, growth rate integrates variation of food availability over the period that it is measured, while condition index is a measure that reflects feeding conditions in a short period prior to measurement (Filgueira et al. 2013; Pouvreau et al. 2006; Capelle et al. 2016). Because condition index is a proxy for meat content and sampling is destructive, it was only measured in the period when meat content matters for oyster growers, which is in the harvest period (December). Practically, meat content can be increased by decreasing stocking biomass prior to harvest.
Oysters were handled intensively at the start of the experiment when engraving their shells. This handling did not result in substantial oyster mortality, and mortality showed no peak at the first sampling moment. Furthermore, oyster mortality was not related to stocking density. Mortality at our study site was in line with other studies in Europe (Soletchnik et al. 2002; Syvret et al. 2008).
Biomass production is determined by the growth and survival during the period between stocking and harvest. Therefore, the biomass yield in extensive bivalve mollusc culture is determined by the extent to which growth can offset mortality (Petraitis 1995; Dare and Edwards 1976). The relative biomass production ratio (RBP) at the reference stocking density of 8 kg per bag was not different when densities were either decreased by 50% or increased by 50%. Differences in RBP are hereby similar to differences in growth rates, because mortality was not density dependent.
In the current set-up, the total experiment did not change the effective density of the site, since an equal number of bags had 50% reduction and 50% increase in stocking density. It is expected that when the effective density of the site increases, growth will be more reduced. Several tools are developed to estimate this production capacity of a (potential) culture site based on the environment and farm configuration (e.g. in Hawkins et al. 2013, and in Ferreira et al. 2009). However, when a shellfish population is maintained below the exploitation carrying capacity at farm or site scale, density-dependent processes (e.g. due to local food or space limitation) still might occur within a farm at the culture unit scale. Examples are found for oysters in cages (Manley et al. 2009; Robertson et al. 1987), mussels on longlines (Rosland et al. 2011), mussels on bottom plots (Capelle et al. 2014) or scallops in nets (Zhang et al. 2006). At the current set-up, we found that the half-grown oysters were not easily overstocked and biomass production per area can be substantially increased by increasing stocking biomass per bag.
Effect of immersion time
We found that growth rates were lowest at highest immersion time in summer; this is when food levels were highest and when spawning takes place, while during the other periods, there was no trend. Meat content (condition index) at harvest was higher at lower densities and when oysters were longer immersed. Survival was not affected by density or immersion period.
Contrary to what was expected, oyster growth rate and survival rate were not higher when longer immersed. It was expected, i.e. based on Spencer et al. (1978), that longer immersion times provide longer access to food and support higher growth rates in shellfish. However, this relationship does not appear to be straightforward for oysters under field conditions, due to various confounding factors that might affect growth. For example, in Wales, where Pacific oysters were exposed to air (~ 100–70% immersion), no effect on survival was found, but growth increased with immersion (Spencer et al. 1978). However, in another study in Wales, King et al. (2006) found no difference in growth between cultured M. gigas that were exposed to air for 4 h (~ 33% immersion) and oysters that were exposed to air for 1 h (~ 83% immersion) per tidal cycle, according to the authors, probably, because of food competition due to heavier fouling and heavier Polydora sp. infestation when longer submerged.
Sampling of natural oyster beds in the German Wadden Sea, Diederich (2006) showed that growth of M. gigas was not affected by the tidal level (nor by substrate or barnacle fouling). For C. virginica, no effect of immersion on growth was found when immersion period was above than 75% (Roegner and Mann 1995). An improved (or higher than expected) growth when oysters are exposed to air for some time, compared to oysters that are submerged all the time, can occur when a periodic growth of oysters is higher than a continuous growth. This faster periodic growth can be caused by a stronger selection mechanism for the survival of fast growing individuals in the intertidal zone, or because of higher energy conservation and supplementation (Crosby et al. 1991; Gillmor 1982). Oysters also have an advantage to settle at higher shore levels, because there is a reduced predation pressure (Bartol et al. 1999). The development of natural M. gigas reefs in the Oosterschelde, where our study was also situated, is limited up to an immersion time of 45%, and here, oysters showed the best performance at an immersion time of around 80% (Walles 2015). With an immersion of 73–87%, our treatments were situated below and above this optimal immersion period.
A plausible reason why immersion had an effect on condition index but not on shell growth over the experimental period is due to spawning activities. It appears that oysters at lowest density and highest immersion time displayed the lowest growth rates (see Fig. 5e and also note the interaction between density and immersion time for that period). This is likely a result of the spawning activity. Delaporte et al. (2006) found that when oysters were kept at higher food levels during gonad development, they allocated the majority of their energy to gonads. Hence, oysters under more optimal conditions (low density and high immersion time—that resulted in the highest oyster condition at the end of the experiment) could have had a higher reproductive output and lost more weight to spawning. This suggests that a longer immersion period favours growth, but when in summer, food levels are high, most of the extra energy is allocated to gonadal development.
Condition at the end of the experiment was higher at an immersion time of 87% than it was for the two more similar immersion times of 76% and 73%. This effect is likely caused by feeding time and not by food depletion, because the effects are clearly more related to the immersion periods at the site than to position on the plot relative to other oysters (e.g. middle vs edge). Soft tissue growth rates, i.e. changes in condition, can show different patterns in shellfish than growth in shell length. For example, in the ribbed mussel and in the blue mussel, soft tissue growth is accelerated after spawning, while shell growth decreases (Hilbish 1986; Borrero and Hilbish 1988). In the study of Honkoop and Bayne (2002) on density effects in Pacific oysters and Sydney rock oysters, shell growth and somatic growth were uncoupled and their results were very similar to our study: an overall density-dependent effect in condition, but a lesser effect on shell length.
Implications for culture
Optimal stocking densities has been defined in terms of biomass production as the minimum stocking densities that will produce the maximum biomass production (Fréchette et al. 1996). The optimal stocking density has also been defined more economically as the maximum return per culture unit, with oyster bags as culture units for trestle culture. Hence, the question is if the farmer wants to growth as much biomass (tonnes) of oysters as possible, or if the farmer wants to harvest oysters with as much meat content as possible? We found that this does not need to be mutually exclusive, because treatments had a different effect on meat content than on biomass production. Oysters might be kept at higher stocking densities to increase biomass production during most of the growth cycle, but restocked in lower densities, with longer immersion times prior to harvest to maximize meat content during harvest. An excellent follow-up study would evaluate cost-benefit of differing densities and immersion times at site scale.
We thank the oyster companies Bonton, Prins & Dingemanse and Roem van Yerseke for their cooperation in this project. From the HZ University of Applied Science, Ben van Heumen, Victor Devillers, Daniel Schissler, Ingrid Wong and Tony van der Hiele assisted with the field and lab work. From Wageningen Marine Research, Johan Jol, Emiel Brummelhuis, Ad van Gool, Carola van Zweeden and Jack Perdon assisted with the field and lab work. We thank two anonymous reviewers for their positive critical comments on earlier versions of this paper.
Funding information
This work was part of the RAAK-PRO 'Zilte Productie' project and was funded by SIA.
Compliance with ethical standards
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethical statement
This article does not contain any studies with animals performed by any of the authors.
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Traveler 4.4.2012
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2016-04-17, 02:16
(2016-04-16, 08:59)marcelveldt Wrote:(2016-04-16, 05:52)leejk Wrote: I've recently started noticing a lot of errors in my log being generated by this script. I'm using version 1.0.68. Should I post up a debug log or is there an update for it coming soon that will fix it?
Yes, there is an update coming up. In fact, current version is 1.0.82
It can't harm hoewever to share your log so I can check if the errors are all caught now.
I felt brave and installed the version in this threads first post from github. Now it looks like all of the errors are gone. One issue that's new tho is the Next Aired widget... now it always reports that it is busy. I'm not seeing anything in the log tho pertaining to that, but I will keep looking.


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Scientists studying plant biochemistry recently made a surprising discovery: They found that a protein that turns on oil synthesis also activates a protein that puts the brakes on the same process. They describe how this seemingly paradoxical system keeps oil precursors perfectly balanced to meet plants' needs.
This full article appears on Science Daily


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* Brazil's council of coffee exporters (Cecafé) has released its monthly report on exports which shows that the country exported over 3.5m sacks of coffee (1 sack = 60 kg) in May this year, a 103.5% increase on last May's export volumes and a new record for the month of May. These figures include green coffee, soluble coffee, and roasted ground coffee. The value of exports totalled US$416.2m, with the average price of a sack of coffee falling to US$118.26, a 22.4% decrease on last year and the lowest price in the last five years. Despite the continuous fall of the price of coffee worldwide, Nelson Carvalhaes, Cecafé president, remains optimistic and celebrated the "very positive" performance of Brazilian coffee exports, not only in May but throughout 2019 so far and for the July 2018-June 2019 crop year.
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