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Plant Design and Operations provides practical guidance on the design, operation, and maintenance of process facilities. The book is based on years of hands-on experience gathered during the design and operation of a wide range of facilities in many different types of industry including chemicals, refining, offshore oil and gas, and pipelines. The book helps managers, engineers, operators, and maintenance specialists with advice and guidance that can be used right away in working situations.
Each chapter provides information and guidance that can be used immediately. For example, the chapter on Energy Control Procedures describes seven levels of positive isolation — ranging from a closed block valve all the way to double block and bleed with line break. The Safety in Design chapter describes topics such as area classification, fire protection, stairways and platforms, fixed ladders, emergency showers, lighting, and alarms.
Other areas covered in detail by the book include security, equipment, and transportation. A logical, practical guide to maintenance task organization is provided, from conducting a Job Hazards Analysis to the issue of a work permit, and to the shutdown and isolation of equipment. Common hazards are covered in detail, including flow problems, high pressure, corrosion, power failure, and many more.Provides information to managers, engineers, operators and maintenance personnel which is immediately applicable to their operations Supported by useful, real-world examples and experience from a wide range of facilities and industries Includes guidance on occupational health and safety, industrial hygiene and personal protective equipment
The purpose of this book is to provide practical guidance on issues to do with the design, operation, and maintenance of process facilities, including chemical plants, oil refineries, offshore facilities, and pipelines—with a focus on safety issues. This book is part of a series that includes Process Risk and Reliability Management and Offshore Safety Management.
Safety; Operations; Design; Maintenance; Regulations; OSHA; EPA; BSEE; SIMOPs; Area classification; Housekeeping
Introduction 2
Professional Advice 3
Regulations, Standards, and Guidance 4
Regulations 4
Industry Standards 4
Guidance Documents 5
Units of Measurement 5
Risk Reduction 6
Risk Analysis 6
Quantification 6
Flammable and Combustible Materials 7
Flammable Range 7
Flammable Limits 7
Flash Point 7
Combustible Liquids 8
Class II liquids 9
Class III liquids 9
Flammable Liquids 9
Ignition Sources 10
Area Classification 11
Housekeeping 12
General Neatness 12
Proper Placement 13
Grass and Brush 13
Equipment and Piping 13
Storage and Handling of Flammable Liquids 13
Regulations and standards 14
Handling requirements 14
Nonprocess Operations 15
Outside Storage 15
Coal and Coke Storage 15
Drum Storage 16
Drainage 16
Fire Protection and Prevention 16
Cylinders 16
Loading Racks 17
Simultaneous Operations 18
Managing SIMOPs 19
SIMOPs Matrix 19
Conducting the SIMOPs 20
Kickoff meeting 20
Communication meetings 21
Closeout 22
Examples 22
Example 1—Facility Design 22
Example 2—Heat Exchanger 23
The purpose of this book is to provide practical guidance on issues to do with the design, operation and maintenance of process facilities, including chemical plants, oil refineries, offshore facilities and pipelines—with a focus on safety issues. It is organized into the following chapters:
Chapter 1 Operations
Chapter 2 Maintenance and Inspection
Chapter 3 Energy Control Procedures
Chapter 4 Occupational Safety
Chapter 5 Chemicals
Chapter 6 Personal Protective Equipment
Chapter 7 Health and Industrial Hygiene
Chapter 8 Human Factors and Ergonomics
Chapter 9 Firefighting
Chapter 10 Safety in Design
Chapter 11 Siting and Layout
Chapter 12 Equipment
Chapter 13 Piping and Valves
Chapter 14 Safety Instrumentation
Chapter 15 Transportation
Chapter 16 Security
Chapter 17 Common Hazards
This book is one in a series to do with the management of process facilities, both onshore and offshore. Other titles include Process Risk and Reliability Management (PRRM) and Offshore Safety Management. There is a particularly strong overlap between the contents of this book and those of PRRM which discusses the process safety management systems that lie behind much of what is written here. For example, this book's Chapter 9 (Firefighting) is tightly integrated with Chapter 12 (Emergency Management) of PRRM. Another example is to do with the topic of Inherent Safety, the principles of which are discussed in PRRM. This book shows how those principles are applied to design of equipment such as pressure safety relief valves, tanks, and stairways.
The table of contents for PRRM is shown as follows:
Chapter 1—Risk Management
Chapter 2—Compliance and Standards
Chapter 3—Culture and Participation
Chapter 4—Technical Information
Chapter 5—Hazard Identification
Chapter 6—Operating Procedures
Chapter 7—Training and Competence
Chapter 8—Prestartup Reviews
Chapter 9—Asset Integrity
Chapter 10—Management of Change
Chapter 11—Incident Investigation and Root Cause Analysis
Chapter 12—Emergency Management
Chapter 13—Audits and Assessments
Chapter 14—Consequence Analysis
Chapter 15—Frequency Analysis
Chapter 16—Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability
Chapter 17—Managing a Risk Program
Chapter 18—Project Management
Chapter 19—Contractors
Chapter 20—The Risk Management Professional
This book covers a wide range of professional topics such as health, human factors, and equipment design. It goes without saying that a properly qualified professional should be consulted for specific advice in specialized areas such as these.
Note: This book also describes some of the regulations to do with safety, design and operations. However, because each country has its own legal system and regulatory interpretations are constantly changing, qualified legal advice should always be obtained for each particular system and location.
The design and operation of process facilities is covered by a wide range of regulations, industry consensus standards, and guidance documents such as books, company standards, and manufacturer's information. Many of these documents are referred to and described in this book. The guidance provided here is general in nature; each company and facility should use the material provided as a basis for developing its own standards.
As the name implies, regulations must be followed—they are the law of the land. They can be national/federal, state/province, or local.
In the United States, many of the regulations to do with the safety of process facilities are written and enforced by the Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA). It is often found that OSHA's rules and the interpretation of those rules are used internationally, even when there is no legal requirement to do so. The U.K. Health and Safety Executive (HSE) is another regulatory agency whose influence often extends beyond its own immediate jurisdiction.
Information as to how regulations are developed and enforced is provided in Chapter 2 of PRRM.
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) defines a standard as a documented agreement containing technical specifications or other precise criteria to be used consistently as rules, guidelines, or definitions of characteristics, to ensure that materials, products, processes, and services are fit for their purposes.
In the process industries, consensus standards are published by bodies such as the American Petroleum Institute (API), the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), and the American Society of Safety Engineers (ASSE). Generally, the standards are written by industry experts who pool their knowledge and experience while working together on a committee.
ISO also states that standards are developed according to the following principles:
• Consensus
• The views of all interests are taken into account: manufacturers, vendors and users, consumer groups, testing laboratories, governments, engineering professions, and research organizations.
• Industry-wide
• Global solutions to satisfy industries and customers worldwide
Although compliance with industry standards is usually voluntary, many of them—such as the API's Recommended Practice 14C—have been incorporated into law.
Two organizations, ISO and the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), help with the development and implementation of standards.
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has developed over 17,500 International Standards on a variety of subjects; some 1,100 new ISO standards are published every year. Two groups of standards—ISO 9000 (Quality Management Systems) and ISO 14000 (Environmental Management Systems)—are of particular relevance to the process industries.
The manner in which an organization implements and manages its ISO 9000/14000 programs is built around the following four steps:
1. It writes down what it is going to do.
2. It trains everybody to follow the standards that have been set.
3. It implements an audit program.
4. It suggests means for improving the present operation.
The ANSI has an accredited Standards Developing Organization. This organization reviews procedures for writing standards in many of the standards bodies. For example, ANSI will review and accept the manner in which an organization resolves differences of opinion during the consensus phase of writing a new or revised standard.
Many companies write internal standards for their own use. Such guidance often reflects that company's knowledge of unique issues, such as the handling of a specialized chemical. These internal standards supplement the pertinent regulations and industry standards.
Guidance can also come from manufacturers and vendors. They know their own equipment or products very well indeed and can often provide excellent advice to do with operations and safety.
The units of measurement used in this book are normally SI (Le Système International d'Unités, OI, 2006). However, many industrial standards have been developed by companies working with the traditional English/American units (sometimes referred to as customary units), and these are sometimes quoted here. Also, many of the standards that are currently in use are clearly based on the traditional units. For example, flash points are defined with the round number of 100°F (Fahrenheit). This converts to the more awkward 37.8°C.
The management or risk is central to much of what is written in this book. Decisions to do with topics as varied as vessel entry, the design of fire hydrants and the selection of process chemicals all require an understanding of the risks involved.
The topics of risk analysis and risk management are discussed in depth in PRRM. Equation (1.1) shows the three key elements of risk:
Equation (1.1) shows that risk can never be zero—a truth not always grasped by members of the general public or the news media. Hazards are always present within all industrial facilities. Those hazards always have undesirable consequences, and their likelihood of occurrence is always finite.
In general, the best way to reduce risk is to remove the hazard either by eliminating the item that is causing the risk or by removing persons from the scene of potential incidents. These approaches are summarized in the aphorisms,
If a tank's not there, it can't leak and
If a man's not there, he can't be killed.
If the hazard cannot be removed, the next best step is usually to reduce the consequence of the event. If that cannot be done, then the likelihood or predicted frequency should be reduced. The final and least satisfactory step is to add safeguards such as safety instrumentation or personal protective equipment (PPE) for the workers.
The importance of quantification is pointed out in two well‐known quotations. The first, attributed to Peter Drucker, is
What gets measured gets done. The second, attributed to W. Edwards Deming, is
In God we trust, all others must bring data. Those managing process facilities should follow the advice of these two industry leaders. All decisions to do with operations, design, and safety should be analyzed quantitatively, wherever possible.
This book contains many discussions to do with the control of flammable and combustible materials. The terminology used for this topic—which can be confusing—is explained in the following sections.
Fires require the presence of fuel and air (oxygen) along with a source of ignition. These criteria are often referred to as the fire triangle.
The fuel has always to be in the form of a vapor (liquids and solids do not burn directly—the fire generates flammable vapors at their surface and it is the vapors that actually burn). Moreover, not all fuel vapor/oxygen mixtures will burn—the concentrations have to lie inside the flammable range, which have upper and lower limits for the concentrations of the fuel in the vapor space. The flammability limits vary according to many factors, of which some of the most important are the pressure and temperature of the mixture and the presence of inert components such as steam, carbon dioxide, or nitrogen.
The flammable range for a fuel is defined by the lower flammable limit (LFL) and the upper flammable limit (UFL). These terms are also referred to as the upper and lower explosive limits. Below the LFL, there is insufficient flammable material for a fire to occur—the mixture is
too lean. It is the lowest concentration of a flammable vapor in air capable of producing a fire in the presence of an ignition source.
The UFL is similar to the LFL except that there is too high a concentration of vapor for a fire to occur—the mixture is said to be
too rich.
For most flammable hydrocarbons, the LFL is around 2%–5%. For simple alkanes, such as methane and ethane, the UFL is in the 10%–15% range. Some chemicals, such as hydrogen, ethylene oxide, and acetylene, have much higher values for UFL. Values for flammable limit ranges for many flammable materials are provided by NFPA 704—Standard System for the Identification of the Hazards of Materials for Emergency Response.
The flash point of a flammable material is defined as the temperature at which a vapor that is inside its flammable range that can be ignited. An ignition source such as a flame or spark is needed to make the material actually burn. It is important to recognize that an ignition source is required. The flash point is not the same as the autoignition temperature (AIT).
The flash point is determined by heating the liquid in test equipment and measuring the temperature at which a flash will be obtained when a small flame is introduced in the vapor zone above the surface of the liquid.
Figure 1.1 illustrates the concepts of ignition temperatures and flash points and flammable limits.
Figure 1.1 Flammability and ignition limits.
Before a flammable mixture will burn, its temperature must be at or above the flash point. If the temperature is below this point, then the vapor mixture will not burn, even if a source of ignition exists. The left line in Figure 1.1 is the flash point line.
Even if the material is above its flash point, the ignition source must be of sufficiently high temperature and must contain sufficient energy to ignite the fuel. The minimum energy varies with the type of gas and concentration; for hydrocarbon vapors it is low and for high flash point liquids, such as diesel and fuel oil, it is much higher—usually in the form of an existing fire. This is why low-energy flashes (such as that might be created by a mobile phone or a digital camera) may not ignite a flammable mixture.
If a flammable mixture is heated to a high enough temperature, it will spontaneously ignite; an ignition source such as a flame or spark is not needed. Spontaneous ignition occurs at the AIT, which is also shown in Figure 1.1.
A combustible liquid [see OSHA's 29 CFR 1910.106 (Flammable and Combustible Liquids)] is defined as having a flash point that is above 100°F (37.8°C). Combustible liquids are divided into one of the following two classes.
This class includes liquids with a flash point at or above 100°F (37.8°C) and below 140°F (60°C), except any mixture having components with flash points of 200°F (93.3°C) or higher, the volume of which make up 99% or more of the total volume of the mixture.
This class includes combustible liquids with a flash point at or above 140°F (60°C). Class III liquids are subdivided into the following two subclasses:
• Class IIIA liquids have a flash point at or above 140°F (60°C) and below 200°F (93.3°C), except any mixture having components with flash points of 200°F (93.3°C), or higher, the total volume of which make up 99% or more of the total volume of the mixture.
• Class IIIB liquids have a flash point at or above 200°F (93.3°C).
In general, the term
Class III liquid means
Class IIIA unless specified otherwise.
When a combustible liquid is heated to within 30°F (16.7°C) of its flash point, it shall be handled in accordance with the requirements for the next lower class of liquids.
• Flammable liquid: any liquid having a flash point below 100°F (37.8°C), except any mixture having components with flash points of 100°F (37.8°C) or higher, the total of which make up 99% or more of the total volume of the mixture. Flammable liquids shall be known as Class I liquids. Class I liquids are divided into three classes as follows:
• Class IA includes liquids having flash points below 73°F (22.8°C) and having a boiling point below 100°F (37.8°C).
• Class IB includes liquids having flash points below 73°F (22.8°C) and having a boiling point at or above 100°F (37.8°C).
• Class IC includes liquids having flash points at or above 73°F (22.8°C) and below 100°F (37.8°C).
• Liquids having flash points below ambient storage temperatures generally display a rapid rate of flame spread over the surface of the liquid, since it is not necessary for the heat of the fire to expend its energy in heating the liquid to generate more vapor.
Since it is the vapor of the liquid, not the liquid itself that burns, vapor generation becomes the primary factor in determining the fire hazard. Hence liquids that have a flash point below ambient temperature generally have a rapid rate of flame spread over the surface of the liquid because it is not necessary for the heat of the fire to expend its energy in heating the liquid to generate more vapor.
If ambient temperature is defined as being 100°F (37.8°C), then any liquid having a flash point below that value is said to be flammable, as distinct from just combustible. Flammable liquids are known as Class I liquids. There are three subclasses, which are as follows:
1. Class IA includes liquids that have a flash point below 22.8°C (73°F) and a boiling point below 37.8°C (100°F).
2. Class IB includes liquids that have a flash point below 22.8°C (73°F) and a boiling point at or above 37.8°C (100°F).
3. Class IC includes liquids that have a flash point at or above 22.8°C (73°F) and below 37.8°C (100°F).
Given that the above definitions are quite complex and can be confusing, OSHA developed the sketch shown in Figure 1.2 to help clarify the terms used.
Figure 1.2 Flammable and combustible liquids.
It has already been stressed that most fires require an ignition source and that the ignition source should have sufficient energy and temperature to actually cause the vapor fuel to burn. Therefore, it is very important to identify all ignition sources at a facility and, where possible, to eliminate them.
Some of the more common sources of ignition in process facilities include the following:
• Flames and hot surfaces
• Wiring (overhead and buried)
• Electrical equipment
• Low voltage devices
• Stray currents
• Electrostatic charges
• Lightning
• Hot work
• Sparks from tools
• Radiant heat
• Iron sulfide (FeS)
In some processes air is routinely allowed to contact hydrocarbons. Examples include some treating processes in refineries and some atmospheric fixed roof tanks. In such situations, the potential for a fire can be controlled by eliminating any ignition sources, maintaining a hydrocarbon/oxygen mix that is outside the flammable range, and installing equipment such as flame arrestors to prevent flame propagation.
Many of the decisions to do with safe operations and maintenance depend on the area classification systems that is being used. Area classification is primarily to do with the design of electrical systems. However, the guidance provided can be used whenever flammable materials are present, regardless of the potential sources of ignition. Therefore, an overview of the topic is provided here.
The three systems most commonly used are as follows:
• The National Electrical Code (NEC) from the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA 70)
• The Canadian Electrical Code
• The (International Electromechanical Commission) IEC European code
The three systems are broadly similar and there are ongoing efforts to harmonize them. In all cases, the hazardous area is defined by the following three major criteria:
1. The type of hazard
2. The likelihood of the hazard being present
3. The ignition temperature of the hazardous material
The NEC system consists of the following three classes:
1. Combustible gases and vapors
2. Dusts
3. Fibers and flyings
Most applications in the process industries fall in Class I, which itself is divided into the following two divisions. Division 1 covers areas where:
• Ignitable concentrations of flammable gases or vapors are present under normal operating conditions.
• Ignitable concentrations of flammable gases or vapors may exist frequently because of repair, maintenance operations, or leakage.
• Where breakdown or faulty operation of equipment or processes may cause a release of ignitable vapor and a simultaneous failure of electrical equipment that could become a source of ignition.
Division 2 covers areas where:
• Volatile and flammable liquids and gases are handled, but where the process fluids are normally confined in closed systems and will only escape in the event of an accident or abnormal equipment operation.
• Concentrations of flammable gases could become ignitable in the event of a failure of venting equipment.
• The storage tanks of volatile and flammable liquids and gases are adjacent to Class I/Division 1 areas but are not separated by a tight barrier.
In order to declassify the interior of a building (such as control rooms, living quarters, or labs) that is inside a classified area, the occupied space must be purged and pressurized. A general rule is that there should be at least 12 air changes per hour.
Good housekeeping is central to all types of operational, maintenance, and safety work. The quality of housekeeping also provides auditors and other outsiders with an opportunity to provide a quick evaluation of the overall level of operational excellence in a facility. In the words of the proverb,
You don't get a second chance to make a first impression. And it is housekeeping that creates that first impression. Housekeeping also provides a quick check regarding culture and employee participation since everyone has an impact on the appearance of the facility.
The first, and the most obvious, aspect of housekeeping is general neatness. The following checklist provides some of the instructions that should be followed to ensure a high level of housekeeping:
• Ensure that all discarded materials, particularly those that are potential fire hazards, are disposed of properly and continuously throughout the job progress.
• Avoid accumulation of combustible items such as spilled oil, woods, and rags because they can be a fuel source during a fire. Oil-soaked rags should always be promptly disposed of in covered metal cans.
• Remove tripping hazards.
• Keep drain openings and free-flowing drainage systems free of debris.
• Keep aisles and walkways free and clear of maintenance equipment and tools in order to eliminate tripping hazards and to ensure that emergency evacuation is not restricted and that access to firefighting equipment is not hampered.
• Ensure that junction and switch box covers on electrical circuits are secure and tight.
• Promptly eliminate trace hydrocarbon leaks from lines, valves, and stuffing boxes (this is often a strict requirement of the environmental regulations).
• Remove and replace oil-soaked insulation.
• Clean up spills at once.
• Nails, staples, and other puncturing metals should be bent under or removed from spent packing or lumber and stacked with points on bottom.
Proper placement means
a place for everything and everything in its place. Tools should be in their correct location and all firefighting equipment is where it should be and ready to operate immediately.
Stacked material should be secured to prevent materials from falling over, with the heaviest objects closest to the floor.
Dry grass, brush, or weeds can help spread a fire or transfer a fire from one area to another. On most properties, this can be avoided by appropriate use of weed killers and/or mowers. In some locations, carefully controlled and supervised burning of dry grass and weeds will reduce the risk of accidental fire.
Housekeeping includes checking that equipment and piping is in good condition. All process and utility piping should be horizontal or vertical (a few process applications do call for piping to be sloped). Any equipment that is in a deteriorated condition, say due to corrosion, should be identified and a repair work order issued. Damaged or contaminated insulation should be replaced, along with the insulation covers.
The storage and handling of flammable and combustible liquids can be hazardous since workers are often working closely with the containers and their contents. Also, the vapors generated by the liquids can be close to sources of ignition such as an internal combustion engine.
Guidance to do with the handling and storage for flammable and combustible liquids is provided by OSHA's 29 CFR 1910.106 and by NFPA 30, the Flammable and Combustible Liquids code. The OSHA standard applies to flammable and combustible liquids with a flash point below 200°F (93.3°C). These reference documents provide definitions for terms such as closed container, fire area, and aerosol.
Guidance to do with the design and construction of containers is provided in 49 CFR 173 and 178. They provide information to do with the management of containers for flammable and combustible liquids. Topics covered include the following:
• Containers
• Storage cabinets
• Storage rooms
• Wiring
• Ventilation
• Buildings
• Offices
• Warehouses
• Fire control
• Point of final use
The following guidance should be considered when handling flammable and combustible liquids:
• Flammable liquids shall be kept in closed containers when not actually in use.
• Flammable liquids may be used only where there are no open flames or other sources of ignition within the possible path of vapor travel.
• Flammable or combustible liquids must be drawn from or transferred into vessels, containers, or portable tanks within a building only through a closed piping system, from safety cans, by means of a top drawing device/pump, or from a container or portable tank by gravity through a self-closing valve.
• Transferring flammable or combustible liquids by means of gas or air pressure on the container or portable tanks is not allowed.
• Flammable liquids shall not be dispensed into containers unless the nozzle and container are electrically interconnected. This can be satisfied by:
• Having a metallic floor-plate on which the container stands while the fill pipe or nozzle is electrically connected to the container or plate.
• Bonding the container to the fill stem by means of a bond wire.
• Plastic containers should not be used to collect, store, or transfer flammable liquids unless the fluids could react with a metal container.
• Similarly, combustible or flammable liquids should be stored in metal tanks or containers unless the product being stored will cause a reaction with the vessels.
Not all incidents and mishaps at process plants take place in the actual processing areas. Some guidance as to how to manage nonprocess operations is provided in the following sections.
Although most process operations happen inside equipment and pipes, outside areas are often used for storage. In such situations, the following guidelines should be considered:
• All outside storage areas should be kept free of grass, weeds, and other combustibles. Cuttings should be removed.
• Smoking should be permitted in authorized smoking areas only.
• Travel distance from any point to an extinguisher should not exceed 25 meters.
• Hydrants should be provided so that all storage areas can be reached by at least two hose streams. A minimum spacing of 75 meters between hydrants should be provided.
• Storage piles should be as low and as stable as possible, with a 3-meter minimum width. Aisles should be provided between storage piles, piles and buildings, and piles and boundary lines.
Combustible materials such as wood or paper-based packing materials should not be stored in hydrocarbon processing areas. It is particularly important to ensure that the area around the base of flare stacks is kept free of combustibles because the radiant heat from the flare can be sufficient to cause ignition.
Bituminous coal and green coke (but not calcined coke) are subject to spontaneous heating and any fires are very difficult to extinguish. The following safeguards should be implemented:
• Air movement through the pile should be prevented as far as possible. This can be aided by compacting the coal.
• The internal temperature of the pile should be monitored regularly—say once a week. If temperatures reach 70°C, the hot area should be exposed by dispersing the pile.
• The pile should not be exposed to heat sources and it should be kept away from other combustibles.
• Coal bins should be of noncombustible construction.
The following guidance should be considered with regard to drum storage in open areas:
• Drum storage areas should be graded and have drains in order to divert spills from buildings or other critical areas.
• The drainage should be at a safe location.
• Drum storage areas should be at least 15 meters from other structures.
• Aisle and fire protection should be provided.
• Empty drums that were used for the storage of flammable or combustible liquids present a fire hazard due to vapors which still may be present in the drums. Therefore, all drums (full and empty) should be sealed wherever possible.
It is important that drains from the process areas do not enter unclassified nonprocess locations. Otherwise flammable or toxic vapors may be released in nonclassified areas. In particular, process drains should not be located close to occupied buildings.
Drainage from the nonprocess areas should not enter the process drains so that the oil–water sumps and treatment facilities are not overloaded with water that does not require treatment.
Further discussion to do with the layout of drains is provided in Chapter 11.
All cutting and welding should be done in areas that have been made fire safe by removal or protection of all combustibles. Typically, no combustibles without flame-resistant covers should be located within a 10-meter radius of the work area. All openings or cracks in walls and floors should be covered. Charged fire extinguishers and noncombustible fire blankets should be available at the work site. A fire watcher should be designated in areas where the potential for a serious fire exists.
The following guidance is provided regarding the storage and handling of cylinders containing hazardous materials:
• Cylinder storage areas should be prominently posted with the names of the gases that are permitted to be stored there.
• Where gases of different types are stored at the same location, cylinders should be grouped by type of gas and the groups arranged to take into account the gases contained. For example, oxidizing gases should be stored separately from hydrocarbons.
• Cylinders should be stored so as to minimize handling when they have to be moved. Full and empty cylinders should be stored separately.
• Cylinder storage rooms should be well ventilated and dry and should be of fire-resistive construction. Storage room temperature should not exceed 55°C (depending on the cylinder contents).
• Cylinders should be stored in a secured vertical position.
• They should not be located within 6 meters of readily ignitable substances such as gasoline or combustible waste, or near combustibles in bulk, including oil.
• Cylinders should not be exposed to continuous dampness, salt, or other corrosive chemicals or fumes.
• Cylinders should not be stored near elevators, gangways, unprotected platform edges, or in locations where heavy moving objects may strike or fall on them.
At many process facilities, the loading and unloading of trucks presents a major hazard. A spill can lead to a fire and/or a major environmental violation. The following principles should be noted with respect to loading racks and vehicle movement associated with loading and unloading. (The layout of loading and unloading racks is discussed in Chapter 11.)
• Generally, a tank loading area is Class I, Division 2, unless otherwise specified.
• There should be clear, unrestricted truck access during peak hours.
• Access routes should not require tank truck paths to cross on entry and exit.
• Access should not conflict with or congest access to adjacent facilities.
• There should be a waiting area for trucks standing by that allows orderly evacuation in case of emergency, without cross traffic or confusion.
• There should be a parking location for trucks making load and seal checks and completing final paper work.
• Weather protection canopies should not impede emergency access or restrict application of firewater or foam.
• Each bay should be isolated by high points and grading that slopes to the sealed catch basin. This prevents liquids from accumulating under vehicles in adjacent bays.
• Drainage should be away from the loading rack, occupied buildings, and waiting trucks.
• Drain inlets should be located between truck and rack piping, away from areas where a driver might be standing, such as the loading point or an emergency shutdown (ESD) switch.
• If possible, there should be a low point drain between the loading rack and the line for waiting trucks.
• The loading rack area should be paved.
• Truck-filling valves should be of the spring-loaded, self-closing type.
• ESD stations should be located at each end of the rack for bottom-loading facilities and at the base of each stairway for top-loading racks.
• Overhead lights must be installed so they will not be struck and broken by movement of the loading arms.
• The cover of the filled compartment should be closed before opening the next compartment.
If tank cars are filled or drained too quickly, static electricity may build up and create a spark. In general, the following guidelines should be


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Beautiful flowers to attach to a clip.
These are very suitable to wear to school or a wedding or a party.
The flowers have pearls and a diamonte in the middle of each. They measure 8cm in total.
We are able to make this available in any base and in any colour. Please let me know if you would like this customised.
Please note that you require a base to wear this product. This listing is for the Flowers only. Bases are sold separately


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Sunny Leone rocked New Delhi on New Year eve
In a program organized to celebrate new year eve of 2013 in New Delhi, Sunny Leone did a number of sensuous dances for the audience in New Delhi. The New Years Eve program, held in Hotel Lalit, had more than … Continue reading
Posted in Artists, Item girl Tagged Hotel Lalit, New Delhi, New Year, Sunny Leone Leave a comment


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Hi! I'm Peggy Niles. Thanks for stopping by.
I'll keep this short and sweet. I am a mom, wife, daughter, sister and friend. I am an accountant by trade, but my dream has always been to write professionally. Like many others, a dream is sparked by something that happens in your life. Mine is no different. My grandfather wrote a poem to me when I was eleven; ever since I have been writing poetry. I am a Libra which means I crave balance – that's quite fitting because I believe I am a "balanced" combination of dreamer and realist.


text: On 29/03/2012, at 8:40 AM, MartinBosslet (Martin Bosslet) wrote: > Right, good point. OK, then let me rephrase it for explicitly calling = store. ... > That way I can check for collisions in one pass without having to call = has_key? first. It's a nice thought, but about fifteen years too late - you can't just = change fundamental things like this without introducing all sorts of subtle = bugs into people's programs. Write a new method (e.g. put(x)) that has the = behaviour you want. Clifford Heath.=


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Select a City
Alexander, AR
Zoos and Petting Zoos around Alexander, AR
Add an Organization
Arkansas Alligator Farm and Petting Zoo
847 Whittington Avenue
Hot Springs, AR
The alligator farm was founded in 1902 by Mr. H.L.Campbell and sold to Mr. Donny S. Older between the years of 1902 and 1929. It was known as...
Read More »
Branson's Promised Land ZOO
2751 Shepherd of the Hills Expressway
Branson, MO
History:In 1992, Jeff and Diane Sanders moved their four boys and one girl down from Chicago in search of a quieter life. However, they were ...
Read More »
Crossland Zoo
1141 Parkway Drive
Crossett, AR
One of only two licensed zoos in Arkansas. Features more than 75 species of mammals, birds and reptiles. Paved 2.8-mile concrete path, a picnic are...
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Alexander Top Searches
Car Dealers
Hotels and Lodging
Dickerson Park Zoo
1401 West Norton Road
Springfield, MO
Mission Statement Dickerson Park Zoo connects people with animals to create adventures that encourage discovery and inspire conservation action. ...
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Gators and Friends
11441 US Highway 80
Greenwood, LA
Established in 2006, Gators and Friends was created to increase awareness among the public of different types of animals, their habitat, lifestyle,...
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Jubilee Zoo
6402 Highway 1/North Market
Shreveport, LA
Come spend the day or an hour or two. Pet and feed the animals, bounce in the moonwalk or ride the carousel ponies. Get up close and pe...
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Kidz Kountry Petting Zoo
5960 Tchulahoma Road
Southaven, MS
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Little Rock Zoo
# 1 Zoo Drive
Little Rock, AR
History: The Little Rock Zoo has a rich history in providing the citizens of Arkansas with a quality recreational experience that educates childre...
Read More »
Louisiana Purchase Gardens And Zoo
1405 Bernstein Park Road
Monroe, LA
The Louisiana Purchase Gardens & Zoo is the premier family tourism destination in northeast Louisiana, boasting a beautifully landscaped facili...
Read More »
Memphis Zoo
2000 Prentiss Place
Memphis, TN
Mission:The Memphis Zoo's mission is to connect people with wildlife.Vision:Our vision is to preserve wildlife through education, conservation and ...
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Monroe Zoo
1405 Bernstein Park Road
Monroe, LA
Our Mission The mission of the Louisiana Purchase Gardens & Zoo is to help people develop a sustainable relationship with nature. In so doing,...
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Natchitoches Alligator Park
380 Old Bayou Pierre Road
Natchitoches, LA
Come explore the unique, mysterious, and exciting world of the American Alligator -- at the Natchitoches Alligator Park, located just outside of Na...
Read More »
Promised Land Zoo
32297 State Hwy 86
Eagle Rock, MO
The Sanders opened up a section of the park for tours and everything took off from there! Over time, hundreds of visitors turned into many th...
Read More »
Red River Zooport
Shreveport, LA
The Red River Zooport is established for the purpose of initiating, developing, and maintaining a zoological and botanical garden in the greater Sh...
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Riddle's Elephant And Wildlife Sanctuary
Ark. 25 off U.S. 65 North
Greenbrier, AR
Mission: To provide a safe permanent haven for all elephants requiring sanctuary. To ensure that the knowledge and understanding of these ...
Read More »
Wild Animal Safari
124 Jungle Drive
Strafford, MO
Wild Animal Safari has a long history here in Strafford, Missouri, reaching back all the way to 1971. It was in the spring of that year that J.W. &...
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Wild Wilderness Drive-Through Safari
20923 Safari Road
Gentry, AR
About Us:Over 180 acres have now been developed into a park setting. The Safari has expanded to include petting areas where visitors ca...
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Wonders of Wildlife
500 West Sunshine
Springfield, MO
Mission:To educate, inform, and entertain visitors concerning the value of fish and wildlife, to help them appreciate our heritage of hunting, and ...
Read More »
Yazoo City Municipal School District
1133 Calhoun Avenue
Yazoo City, MS
Mission Our Mission is to provide a quality education to our scholars in order for them to compete in a global technological society. Vision Our...
Read More »
Yogie and Friends Cat Sanctuary
128 Fob Lane
Frierson, LA
Yogie and Friends is the only sanctuary for large, exotic cats in the State of Louisiana. We do not recommend the keeping of big cats as pets. Thes...
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What is the CCPA? The law applies to 'for profit' businesses in California that collect and process the personal information of California residents and do business in the state of California. However, a physical presence in California is not required to be subject to this law.
Automation has become the driving force in the evolution of revenue management. Leveraging advances in artificial intelligence and machine learning, the best of todays solutions make pricing decisions and rate updates automatically.
Starfleet Research has released its long-anticipated 2019 Smart Decision Guide to Hospitality Revenue Management. Now in its fifth edition, this title is widely considered to be the hotel industrys most authoritative and comprehensive resource on this topic. The new edition is now available for complimentary access.
Some properties still view upselling through a traditional lensusing the same well-worn tactics that have been around for, well, forever. The 'would you like to add fries to your order?' approach. Static offers based on static rates possibly with some incentives for the front desk and a bit of training on how to 'sell without selling.' But upselling has evolved, namely in technology.


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How To Choose The Perfect Wedding Ring/
With much to consider in your wedding planning, from choosing the right venue for celebrating your vows to finding the outfit that will wow your husband-to-be, you won't be short of things to do. But some of these things are only temporary. You will only pay for them once and probably not give them much attention again. That isn't the case with your wedding ring. This is something you will be wearing for life, so due care and consideration needs to be taken when choosing the perfect piece for your ring finger.
For starters, you need to think about your budget. While you don't want something that looks like it came fresh from a Christmas cracker, you still don't want anything that will blow your entire wedding budget. Figure out how much you have to spend, and then narrow down your choices. Avoid looking at jewelers that will only make you go emerald green with envy, and search for a ring online and on your high street in those places that suit your budget.
You then need to choose the metal for your wedding ring. Depending on your budget and lifestyle, some will be more suitable than others. It also needs to sit alongside your engagement ring, so you need to decide whether you want something to contrast or match what you are already wearing. A sliver band is a popular and inexpensive choice, but they can get tarnished easily. Platinum wedding bands are also popular; not only for the elegant look when placed upon the finger, but also for the extreme durability. However, platinum rings are at the top end of the price scale, but if you are in danger of blowing your budget, you could go for a palladium wedding ring, which is of a similar color but at a budget-friendly price tag. Check out this wedding ring metal guide for a more comprehensive overview.
Choose the right gemstone that fits your budget. If diamonds truly are a girl's best friend, then you might want to consider this precious jewel as your gemstone of choice. Using this guide to VVS Diamonds, you will be able to compare the look and prices available to you. Traditionally, diamonds come in round (brilliant-cut) and square shapes (princess-cut), but you can also opt for more glamorous designs when choosing a stone. However, the more unique the diamond shape, the higher the price, so know your spending limits. Of course, you don't need to opt for a diamond at all. Coming in at a range of prices, there are some stunning diamond alternatives, from sapphire to aquamarine that may also take your fancy.
Finally, remember to find a ring that fits your finger. This is a no-brainer, of course, but you need to schedule your ring fitting at the optimal time. External factors, such as the warmer temperature or added weight gain can cause your fingers to swell, so take the advice of the jeweler before purchase. If you do make a mistake, you can still have the ring adjusted at the jewelers after buying, so all isn't lost if you have any problems.
If you are getting married soon, then we hope this advice was useful to you. We wish you every happiness in this exciting new chapter of your life.
Take care, and thanks for reading.


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Dr. Phillips H.S. Student Accepted by 11 Colleges Goes Ivy League
ORLANDO, Fla. (FNN NEWS) – Dr. Phillips High School valedictorian Marcos Rosario Barrios, a star student who has been making an impact since his sophomore year there, was wooed by 11 colleges and finally made his choice: he's heading to the Ivy Leagues. The University of Pennsylvania, an Ivy League institution, was one of the colleges who accepted him, and he has chosen UPenn as his new academic home.
Being the artist he is, he didn't just announce his decision with a simple social media post. He created an announcement video, which his mother, model and actress Jennifer Rosario de Casiano, shared on Facebook.
Florida National News editor Mellissa Thomas sat down with Barrios for an exclusive interview earlier in April in which Barrios laid out his accomplishments, his excitement for being named valedictorian and his college goals.
Barrios has been juggling responsibilities as drum major for the DPHS Marching Band, serving in the community with his musical gifts, excelling academically


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Jimmy Butler wants out of Minnesota, and at least some Timberwolves fans are eager to see their disgruntled All-Star sent packing in a trade. Butler and the Timberwolves returned to the Target Center for their home opener on Friday, and Butler heard boos when he was introduced prior to the game.
Butler went on to score 33 points to power Minnesota past the Cavaliers, and there were a few M-V-P chants for the guard in the second quarter.
Butler said after the game that he loved the reaction he got.
Via ESPN:
"I love it. I love it. I think people kind of love to hate me sometimes. Say whatever you want to say, but it really makes me smile, what people think about me. But no matter what, you gotta respect my effort…. You may not like me. That's OK. But as long as you know that my mind and my heart are in the right place, that I do everything to win and I would do anything for my guys."
Jalen Rose explains why Lonzo Ball 'doesn't fit' with the Lakers
Tim Tebow says Nick Bosa will regret leaving Ohio State
What the Carlos Hyde trade means for fantasy football owners
The G League's 'professional path' effectively destroyed LaVar Ball's JBA league
Jimmie Johnson opens up on the bold move that ruined his shot at an 8th title


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Cost effective building solutions available! Build with pigmented supers, rockface or blocks to save approximately $100 per sqm on plaster and paint! Build smartly in these tough economic times! Only available at Nambrick &Concrete Swakopmund.
Not luxury, but really a good place to stay a day or two
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Pyrowave is a small portable module that can decompose plastic waste using microwave energy and regenerate root chemicals used to make new plastics and products.
The solution regenerates post-consumer plastics by breaking down plastics into their basic constituents, used to make new plastic resins identical to virgin plastics and restore their full value. The modules are intended to be installed in existing sorting facilities where a lot of post-consumer plastics do not find a market due to low value. The project therefore increases the double bottom line of plastic recycling facilities by increasing recycling ratios and financial performance. The modular approach allows local deployment and minimizes transportation costs. The modules can later be installed in developing communities, ships, airport authorities and create local micro-economies around waste. Its small scale favors fast deployment and scaling by deploying more units in the field.
Key features
- •Produces 95-98% yield of recyclable output.
- •Up to 2.5 tons GHG (greenhouse gases) reduction per ton of input of plastics processed.
- •A typical operator will see a 50% return on initial investment.
Categories of Application
- •Quality enhancing technologies
- •Biogas
- •Pyrolysis
- •Advanced biofuels
- •Toxin and waste minimization
- •Industrial raw material efficiency
- •Sustainable packaging
- •Supply chain efficiency
- •Green chemistry
- •Airfreight
- •Carbon capture and storage
- •Biochar
- •Materials reclamation
- •Smart waste collection and sorting
- •Waste treatment
- •Waste management
- •Waste valorization
- •Customer engagement tools
Company Profile
Company Profile
Montréal, QC H2N 2B7, Canada
SDG's of Application
SDG's of Application
Maturity Stage
Maturity Stage
- Medium and large scale commercialization
- Small scale commercialization
- Initial market commercialization
- Prototype testing in the real world
- Prototype testing 1:1 in the lab
Looking For
Looking For
Activity Region
Andorra, Albania, Austria, Åland, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Belgium, Bulgaria, Belarus, Switzerland, Czechia, Germany, Denmark, Estonia, Spain, Finland, Faroe Islands, France, United Kingdom, Guernsey, Gibraltar, Greece, Croatia, Hungary, Ireland, Isle of Man, Iceland, Italy, Jersey, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Latvia, Monaco, Republic of Moldova, Montenegro, Republic of Macedonia, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Russia, Sweden, Slovenia, Svalbard and Jan Mayen, Slovakia, San Marino, Ukraine, Vatican City, Kosovo,
United Arab Emirates, Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Bahrain, Brunei Darussalam, Bhutan, China, Cyprus, Georgia, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Israel, India, Iraq, Iran, Jordan, Japan, Kyrgyzstan, Cambodia, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Kazakhstan, Laos, Lebanon, Sri Lanka, Myanmar [Burma], Mongolia, Macao, Maldives, Malaysia, Nepal, Oman, Philippines, Pakistan, State of Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Syria, Thailand, Tajikistan, East Timor, Turkmenistan, Turkey, Taiwan, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Yemen,
Angola, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Benin, Botswana, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Djibouti, Algeria, Egypt, Western Sahara, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Gambia, Guinea, Equatorial Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, British Indian Ocean Territory, Kenya, Comoros, Liberia, Lesotho, Libya, Morocco, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, R̩union, Rwanda, Seychelles, Sudan, Saint Helena, Sierra Leone, Senegal, Somalia, South Sudan, Ṣo Tom̩ and Pr?_ncipe, Swaziland, Chad, French Southern Territories, Togo, Tunisia, Tanzania, Uganda, Mayotte, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe,
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South america
Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Bouvet Island, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Falkland Islands, French Guiana, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Guyana, Peru, Paraguay, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela,
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Pellenc ST
Multi-material optical sorting machine to help recycle large amounts of waste quickly and accurately.
A machine to recycle 'unrecyclable' plastics in an economically viable way.
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SP024: Scandal Guess Who's Coming to Dinner S3, E2
Podcast: Play in new window
Guess Who's Coming to Dinner
This episode got off with a ton of flashbacks as we travelled back five years into the past of Huck and Olivia. We saw into the relationship between Olivia and Rowan and learned about the rift that has rented this father/daughter duo apart. We also learned where her love of wine originated. Due to some technical difficulties and unfortunate incidents I am joined on this episode with only one of the three panelists today.
Favorite moment of tonight:When Olivia was having the conversation with Jeanine and she was saying to her, every time you lie, you lose a bit of your soul. I thought that was very interesting because of the relationship with her father. That was definitely my favorite moment. "- Evette You say her relationship with her father every relationship in her life is based on a lie. The whole Quinn situation that happened was a set of lies. -Jaha
What were your three highlights this episode?
Was the case compelling?
You can listen to the Scandal Podcast for the Guess Who's Coming to Dinner Episode, watch it on Youtube and subscribe to the show. Thank you for joining us.
Evette Dionne is a cultural critic, experienced digital and print magazine editor, multi-platform storyteller and news hound. Currently Dionne serves as daily editor of Clutch magazine and managing editor of Full Figured Magazine. She is also a wordsmith for hire.
Dionne is alum of the Dow Jones News Fund, where she spent a summer in the newspaper trenches at The Star Tribune. She cultivated a distinctive writing voice as an editorial intern for the Atlanta Post (now Madame Noire), BettyConfidential.com, House of Mikko and other publications. Some of her writing interests include the economics of fashion, politics, black women's roles in social movements, and critiquing social institutions (popular culture, hip-hop, fashion, etc.) with a racialized and gendered lens. Her work has been featured in a variety of publications including The Root, theGrio, XOJane, Uptown Magazine, Vibe Vixen and Urban Cusp.
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We will create a new
VoltageInput class to represent a voltage source connected to our board, specifically, to an analog input pin. The following lines show the code for the new
VoltageInput class that works with the
mraa library. The code file for the sample is
import mraa import time class VoltageInput: def __init__(self, analog_pin): self.analog_pin = analog_pin self.aio = mraa.Aio(analog_pin) # Configure ADC resolution to 12 bits (0 to 4095) self.aio.setBit(12) @property def voltage(self): raw_value = self.aio.read() return raw_value / 4095.0 * 5.0
We have to specify the analog pin number to which the voltage source is connected when we create an instance ...
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The Fame Monster: "A Star is Born" as Drag About Drag and the Self-Mythology of Lady Gaga
It's telling that Bradley Cooper begins his version, the fourth, of A Star is Born in a drag bar. A drag bar is, in not precisely insulting but at least somewhat paternalistic, not like other bars, even though, for his needs, it served alcohol. Queens in full face and wig line the bar, and then Lady Gaga comes out, her angular face also painted in drag makeup, as the one resident AFAB-queen. It's commonly agreed upon that drag is about artifice, but it takes a little more thought, maybe more camp or irony, to get at artifice being a gateway to truth. So, Ally sings "La Vie en Rose" and Jackson sees the beauty and truth of her artistry not because or augmented by this drag, but in spite of it, an artistic purity that seems to be stifled by the fake eyebrows and harsh, accentuated faux contours. And when the well-worn star is birthed and begins to eclipse Jackson's gravely country dulcet tones, via pop stardom, the movie, too, begins to view her genre stylings as just another form of drag. Read the rest of this entry »
Find Your Jesus, Find Your Kubrick: Lady Gaga as Auteur
(Author's Note: The originally appeared on Sound on Sight, which became PopOptiq, which sort of became defunct. I think it's from, like, June 2014. It has been heavily re-written.)
Lady Gaga was like a smack in the face at her career peak, from about 2008 to 2010. As if a Phoenix risen from the ashes of the global economic recession, she embodied the voyeuristic, post-reality show pleasures of an audience gaze and intentionally cobbled herself together, seemingly, from the consumerist detritus that got us into this mess in the first place. She was late capitalist performance art, all the garbage and joy, validation and indictment of the early 21st century as one pop singer, daring enough to let the audience hang her on live TV, and bring her back from the dead, a cycle of life and death she keeps repeating throughout her work. Though live performance is crucial for Gaga's act, music videos are her medium. Gaga, née Stefani Germanotta, through her videos presents a vision, often of powerful women and the deconstruction of fame, through each of her music videos. For Gaga's videos, the delineation between film art and music video threatens to disappear, but her auteurial hand is always present. Read the rest of this entry »
The Mirror Has Two Faces: On Fame, Politics, and Taylor Swift's "Look What You Made Me Do" and Beyoncé's "Formation"
Regardless of the accuracy of the claims of stealing from Beyoncé lodged against Taylor Swift regarding her new single and video "Look What You Made Me Do", directed by the prolific Joseph Kahn, there is nonetheless a quick jolt of schadenfreude when someone quips, in quotes, "Okay ladies now let's gentrification." The riff on the chorus from Beyoncé's single "Formation" sits atop one of the first images that appeared from Swift's video, of the singer standing before a "squad" of dancers, in black. After seeing this teaser, before the video actually dropped, folks on Twitter ran with the vague similarities between that and a shot from the Melina Matsoukas directed "Formation" video, making a litany of variantly amusing jokes. But while the resemblance between the two music videos is arguably a stretch — the shots in question barely have the same blocking, never mind a difference in costuming, color palette, set design, and general scene composition, in context of the whole video or otherwise — there is a likeness between the tracks themselves that seems to have gone without much comment. It's two women, under intense public scrutiny, answering the public in very different ways. Read the rest of this entry »
Eyes Wide Shut: The Best Music Videos of 2016
Once upon a time in West Hollywood, a friend of mine dragged me out to paint the town red and make me stop using old timey phrases like that when I was visiting Los Angeles. He took me to a gay club called Tiger Heat, which was supposed to be like the magazine in the sense that the twinks there were just as seemingly depthless. But I found one of my first true loves on the dance floor that night: the music video. As I don't drink often and was then disinclined to engage with anyone in that kind of space socially, I spent the night swaying back and forth to the music, bathed in neon lights, and I stared up at the monstrous screen playing random music videos.
Perhaps surprisingly, yes, there were other music videos released this year not by Beyoncé. And while one may be quick to quip, "And I'm not sure why they bothered", the little pieces of pop art pleasure here are just as worthy of attention as the tome Lemonade. Read the rest of this entry »
Perform This Way: Lady Gaga's "Joanne"
Over the summer, I briefly plunged myself into studying camp for a couple of pieces I did. Its definitions varied, one of the great conceptual terms whose definition is as elusive as the transient nature of what it may or may not describe. For some, it's merely the love for kitsch; for others, it's pointed exaggeration to subvert normative values in art; and for some others, it's the enjoyable bad, where badness does a 360 and becomes good again in spite of itself. The common connection was the role artifice plays. It's either tool or catalyst, coding in each second of a given text a kind of language recognized and shared by a niche group of people.
And then at some point, camp was mainstreamed, and what was once kind of secret became kind of populist, even if in a tangential way. Ryan Murphy, Madonna, Hairspray as a musical, and the grande dame, Lady Gaga. Read the rest of this entry »
Greatest Expectations: Sia's "The Greatest"
There are two things about Sia's music videos: 1) they are a voyeur's delight and 2) they are made to be projected upon. These two ideas intersect fairly often, so it's curious that such a perspective should be at once reinforced as well as negated for her most recent track and video, "The Greatest", which, the artist says, was made in dedication of the victims of the Orlando massacre in June. Such an assignation of purpose is a little frustrating, honestly. Read the rest of this entry »
Children Will Listen: 100 Favorite Songs
Amongst my worst qualities as a human being are my aggressive need to be right about the James Bond movies, my habit of impulsively buying food, and my disinclination to listen to complete albums. It's not to say I haven't done it (LEMONADE y'all!), it's just that my taste in music, unlike my taste in people with whom I sleep and subsequently kick out of my room, is very high and finnicky. So, most of the music I listen to I've heard in commercials, trailers, movies, commercials and trailers for movies, the radio, and once in a while, recommendations from friends, enemies, and former lovers' sister's best friends. In honor and celebration of nothing in particular, here's a list of 100 favorite songs that I originally intended on posting last year, but due to laziness and a bout of post-Mad Men depression, I never got to. Read the rest of this entry »


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Lawsuit: Family says police lied about fatal shooting of man in downtown Fort Worth
A federal lawsuit claiming Fort Worth police covered up the wrongful shooting of a man in 2015 was re-opened this week.
Phillip 'Flip' Vallejo was fatally shot outside a Mexican restaurant in downtown Fort Worth on July 31, 2015, in front of his wife, Brenda Vallejo. She filed a suit against the police department, the city and the officer who shot Phillip Vallejo, Mark Ochsendorf, in 2016.
The case was temporarily stalled while the Vallejo family established an administrator of Phillip Vallejo's estate because Brenda Vallejo had filed for divorce prior to her husband's death.
In the suit, Brenda Vallejo says Ochsendorf shot her husband multiple times in the back and again while he lay on the ground, bleeding. She said Ochsendorf and other officers on scene lied about what happened by saying that Phillip Vallejo had a gun and pointed it at Ochsendorf.
In 2015, Fort Worth Sgt. Steve Enright told the Star-Telegram that Phillip Vallejo was waving a handgun and "turned and faced the officer as if to confront him with the weapon."
Ochsendorf was cleared by a grand jury in Phillip Vallejo's death and, in a response to the lawsuit, the city denied any wrongdoing on Ochsendorf's or the city's behalf.
The police department and the city said they cannot comment on pending litigation. Lt. Brandon O'Neil said Ochsendorf has since retired from the Fort Worth Police Department.
Brenda Vallejo said in the suit that she and her husband were leaving Ojos Locos, which used to be located at 1515 Houston Street, when a fight broke out between the two and a group of drunk men. One of the men threatened Phillip Vallejo with a gun and left.
Ochsendorf rode up on a bike to the front of the restaurant, where the couple were standing, the suit says. The officer drew his gun and pointed it at Phillip Vallejo, who Brenda Vallejo said was facing away from him. Phillip Vallejo put his hands in the air and Ochsendorf shot him multiple times in the back and continued to fire after he fell to the ground, according to the suit.
Phillip Vallejo was shot four times — twice in the left side of his chest and twice in the left side of his back, an autopsy report obtained through an open records request stated.
It is unclear if Ochsendorf captured the shooting on a body camera or not.
The suit says Ochsendorf had a body camera on his uniform but did not turn it on until after Phillip Vallejo was shot. However, a police spokeswoman told the Star-Telegram in 2015 that Ochsendorf was not wearing a camera.
After Phillip Vallejo was shot, police handcuffed him. Brenda Vallejo said in the suit her husband was still alive, bleeding and begging for help.
"The Officers responded by screaming and commanding Phillip to 'shut the [expletive] up,'" the suit says. "Officers refused to remove the handcuffs despite the fact that he was of no threat to anyone and needed emergency medical attention. Instead, they deliberately chose to leave him lying on the pavement in a prone position."
Phillip Vallejo, 30, died at the hospital.
Brenda Vallejo said in the suit she was put in the back of a police car and held at the Fort Worth Police Department station for hours without just cause.
Numerous surveillance cameras captured the incident, but footage was not released by police.
In the suit, Brenda Vallejo said "police collectively agreed to adopt a false version of the events leading up to Phillip's homicide to prevent anyone from discovering their unlawful conduct."


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News & Events
Please take note that our office will be closed on Friday, September 27th for our annual inventory. Therefore, we will not be able to take any calls or answer any emails.
Thank you for your comprehension.
GENEQ is going to INTERGEO tradeshow
Stuttgart | 2019 17-19 September Hope to see you there!
Notice advisory for Galileo users (NAGU) 2019025
Published 2019-07-11 14:45
Until further notice, users may experience service degradation on all Galileo satellites. This means that the signals may not be available nor meet the minimum performance levels defined in the service definition documents and should be employed at users' own risk. The nominal service will be resumed as soon as possible.
Geneq inc. announces a redesigned, ultra-efficient battery for the SXblue receivers product line
SXblue is pleased to announce a battey upgrade for its receivers. For the last couple of years we have been collecting our clients' feedback and working on a new, state-of-the-art battery design. The new battery is equipped with 4 Li-ion rechargeable cells that boost its capacity from 3900 mAh to 6000 mAh. It boosts the receiver's autonomy by up to 50%, greatly increasing its field work efficiency. When fully charged, the battery can last up to 16 hours depending on the SXblue model and bluetooth connectivity.
The GPS week is about to be reset.
Will your positioning products be ready?
On April 6th, 2019, the GPS week will reach the 1024 bit limit and reset to 0. Global Positioning System (GPS) signals provide accurate timing information, including the date. The timing information includes the ability to transmit the current week and the current number of seconds into the week. GPS receivers can then translate the date and time into a more common format; time of day, day, month, and year. The week number is represented by a 10-bit binary number. This limits the range of the week number to a value ranging from 0 to 1024.
All SXblue GNSS positioning products' firmware will continue to count the week in succession. On April 6th 2019 the GPS week reporting in all SXblue GNSS products will go from 2047 to 2048. All SXblue products will continue to function properly without any issue. GPS week rollovers have been accounted for and implemented in all SXblue GNSS firmware builds available from us since 1999.
NET20 by Sx Blue
Connect any GNSS receiver to your CORS network without any subscription!
How to collect field data and export Shapefiles with Geneq FieldGenius ?
Using FieldGenius 9 to Collect and Export ESRI Shapefiles for GIS from Darren Llewellyn on Vimeo.
Using FieldGenius 9 to Collect and Export ESRI Shapefiles for GIS from Darren Llewellyn on Vimeo.


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6 February 1959 – Jack Kilby files patent for integrated circuit
The question of who invented the integrated circuit seems to be somewhat controversial. In my stumblings around the internet I found many sites hailed Jack Kilby as inventor, including, unsurprisingly, Texas Instruments, where Kilby was working at the time. Others however, the Computer History Museum among them, recognise that the prototype produced by Kilby in 1958 "was but one of many attempts to build such a device that had been underway for several years". What is clear however, is that Jack Kilby filed a patent application called "miniaturized electronic circuits" for his work on a multi-transistor device on 6 February 1959.
What are integrated circuits and where did they begin?
The integrated circuits (IC), or computer chip/microchip, is a basic building block of today's tech. Physically, it is an analog and/or digital circuit with internal connections, on a single piece of semiconducting material.
Attempts to integrate electronic circuits into a single device began ten years before Kilby's patent application. German physicist and engineer Werner Jacobi [German] was the first to have the idea when he developed and patented the first known integrated transistor amplifier in 1949. A few years later, British radio engineer Geoffrey Dummer suggested integrating a range of standard electronic components in a monolithic semiconductor crystal, and a year after that, in 1953, Harwick Johnson filed a patent for a prototype integrated circuit.
However despite the great ideas, it wasn't until 1958 that a breakthrough meant the ideas could become reality. Three people, from three US companies, solved three fundamental problems, and Jack Kilby was just one of them. While he patented the principle of integration, created the first prototype ICs and commercialised them, Kurt Lehovec of Sprague Electric Company figured out how to electrically isolate components on a semiconductor crystal, and Robert Noyce (who went on to co-found Intel) of Fairchild Semiconductor solved the problem of connecting the IC components and proposed an improved version of insulation (based on planar technology by 'traitorous eight' member Jean Hoerni).
Patents for the integrated circuits
In 1959 both Jack Kilby and Texas Instruments, and Robert Noyce and the Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation, filed patents. Kilby and TI received US patent #3,138,743 for miniaturized electronic circuits. Noyce and the Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation received US patent #2,981,877 for a silicon-based integrated circuit. A patent war began between the two companies, lasting several years, before they decided to cross-license the technologies, creating a global market now worth about $1 trillion a year.
Commercial release
Integrated circuits might be everywhere now, but in the early days they were very expensive, and not everyone saw the benefit.
But what ... is it good for?
Engineer at the Advanced Computing Systems Division of IBM commenting on the microchip
The first commercially available ICs came from the Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation in 1961, when all computers started to be made using chips. Texas Instruments first used the chips in Air Force computers and the Minuteman II missile in 1962. The original IC had only one transistor, three resistors and one capacitor, and was around the size of an adult's little finger. Today an IC smaller than a penny can hold 125 million transistors.
Almost all modern products use chip technology.
Patrick Martlew's in-depth breakdown of the B2B tech sphere
Mark Chillingworth on IT leadership
Do you think your smartphone is making you a workaholic?
Do you think your smartphone is making you a workaholic?
I'm working on keeping a work-life balance


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1986 Nissan 300ZX Z31 T-TOP Hatchback RUNS STRONG
Price: US $4,000.00 Item location: Crystal River, Florida, United States
- Condition: Used
- Make: Nissan
- Model: 300ZX
- Type: Coupe
- Trim: Base
- Year: 1986
- Mileage: 141541
- Color: Red
- Engine size: V6 3000
- Number of cylinders: 6
- Power options: Power Locks, Power Windows
- Fuel: Gasoline
- Transmission: Manual
- Drive type: RWD
- Interior color: Burgundy
- Drive side: Left-hand drive
- Vehicle Title: Clear Want to buy? Contact seller!
1986 Nissan 300ZX BaseHere we have a 1986 300ZX 5-Speed Manual Z31 Hatchback. A rare treat that is rapidly appreciating. This girl needs some paint! But other than that, just minor things.I've got a picture of her in all her glory when I first had it done if you would like to see the potential. However, the shop skipped the clear coat and the paint faded in the Florida sun.
This beautiful antique only has 141,000 miles on it &runs strong. I have owned this car for over 10 years. It has been driven sparingly. I am now a single-income home, and can no longer justify keeping this as a toy. Nor do I have the time to enjoy it anymore. It needs to go to a proper home that can put some miles on it.Take the T-Tops off and head for the beach! The voice warning system still works great. That was top of the line back then!! "Left door is open," "Right door is open," "Parking brake is on," "Fuel level is low," "Keys in the ignition," and "Lights are on". The theft deterrent system activates properly. Comes with original T-Top bags, owners manual & the Haynes service manual.I have most all of the service records if you want copies of them.The dash cover is specifically fitted and matches the interior perfectly.The maroon corduroy seats are in great condition, as are the front rugs.The T-tops do not leak.The battery is brand new, as is the distributor. The clutch was just re-built. The A/C needs to be charged. The front hydraulic hood supports work, the hatchback supports do not. Sometimes the bottom row of dash idiot lights come on, but it does not affect performance at all. It seems like a loose connection.The washer fluid system needs repair. The power windows need replacement plastic covers, but still go up and down slowly. The faceplate to the radio is missing. I will update the auction if it is located. Most buyers like to personalize with their own stereo preference anyway. Here's the Wiki page if you want to read up on all the specs and little known facts on the Z31. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_300ZX Questions, please ask away! I tried to cover everything, but I may have missed something. This is being sold as-is with local pick up only. It is fully insured with antique plates and a clean title if you would like to test drive it. Payment and pickup will be expected within 3 days of bid.


text: Cardiac imaging Page ContentThe Cardiovascular Imaging Unit was established at the DRCMR in late 2012 as a cooperation between the Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging. The intention is to develop a strong clinical cardiac MRI unit based on a profound research development program. In the recent years cardiac MRI has been established as a unique imaging modality in several areas: • To distinguish viable from non-viable myocardial tissue• For non-invasive examination of the regional myocardial blood perfusion• For examination of patients with complicated valve- and myocardial diseases The CIU also entails a comprehensive list of other imaging modalities as cardiac CT, advanced echocardiography (3-dimensional echo and speckle tracking analysis) and cardiac Positron Emission Tomography (PET). Responsible editor email@example.com Please give your consent in order to send your message. Please enter a valid email address. Write your message: Write your email (Must be filled out): I hereby give my consent to the Capital Region of Denmark to process the information in my enquiry for professional purposes only. Read the terms for your consent Send No e-mail has been registred for this user/group


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- Description
Stellar James Martin 44 Piece Cutlery Set
The Stellar James Martin Cutlery pattern is a beautifully simple design exhibiting refined taste and style, and promising a long life for its perfectly polished finish. Made from top quality stainless steel, Stellar James Martin Cutlery is distinctively gift-boxed. Each piece incorporates the James Martin logo, and is endorsed with a lifetime guarantee.
- Simple yet beautiful design
- Distinctively gift boxed in a 44 piece collection
- Polished Finish
- Each piece incorporates the James Martin Logo
- Stellar Lifetime Guarantee
- Material: Made from top quality stainless steel
Set Includes:
- 6 x Table Knives
- 6 x Table Forks
- 6 x Dessert Knives
- 6 x Dessert Forks
- 6 x Dessert Spoons
- 6 x Soup Spoons
- 6 x Tea Spoons
- 2 x Serving Spoons
- Delivery & Returns
Free standard delivery on orders over £40, read more
Easy returns within 30 days, exclusions apply.
- Reviews


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Ed Fringe Box Office: 01312260000 Download brochure Join our list
Grab the hottest Fringe tickets to discover tomorrow's comedy stars, showcasing their Fringe comedy shows in this prestigious final. Vote alongside international comedy cognoscenti for your favourites, battling it out for glory, fame and a shiny moose trophy, emulating previous winners Marcel Lucont, Richard Gadd, The Kagools and Celia Pacquola. Talent scouts viewed (online, worldwide, then live) hundreds of entries by relative unknowns, to select the most entertaining. Celebrity host. 'Prestigious talent search' (Ents24.com). 'Not worth missing by true comedy fans' (BroadwayBaby.com). Line-up on www.amusedmoose.com.
Event Tags: stand-up
Warnings: Strong Language/Swearing
No Performances