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South Dakota - Montana 2018
The next day the sun was shining, the temperature was above 32 degrees and the hotel was quiet the entire night which made for easy sleeping for Aria and I but come 5a someone was up and ready to get the day started. She allowed me another 10 minutes before insisting it was time to get up and go. We went for an early walk where the sun was starting to peek through and then went back in for breakfast.
One more walk and we were back on the road headed towards Bozeman. The sky was blue and the sun was bright and warm. I was in love with this day, no bad weather or heavy clouds as far as the eye could see and the road was smooth. This could turn out to be a pothole-free day.
The route to Bozeman involved leaving I90 for about a hundred miles and taking Highway 212, which could also be called the truck driver's highway as I always saw more of them along the way than any other kind of vehicle. This was one of my favorite parts of the route, the road was smooth, speed was 70 MPH and there were a lot of small towns and communities along the way to help pass the time. In fact, it was the only part of the route where the miles ticked by like seconds. It was around the halfway point I entered the Custer National Forest.
There were signs for pull-offs and camping along the way but the roads became steeper, curvier and chain up areas was more frequent along the way. It was a fun change to the road but towns were also hidden and it wasn't long before the speed limit had dropped from 70 to 35 and then back up to 70 less than a mile later.
Highway 212 came to an end next to the Little Big Horn National Monument and up ahead lied Interstate 90 to take me the rest of the way to Bozeman. At this point, I was about 60 miles from Billings and speed was back up to 80 mph. It could be 100 mph and to me, this would still be the longest and dullest part of the ride, there was nothing along the way to keep me occupied. Heavy eyelids began to cloud my vision and down went the windows, up went the radio and another pull on the soda to get me through this portion.
Billings, an extremely Industrial City, finally lied ahead and in the far distance were the mountains. Traffic had started to gather and speeds were changing but I still had a hard time waking up to stay focused. It took traffic slowing down and road construction before I was fully awake and aware of all that was going on around me. I made it through the city, without any issues, and continued on to the final stretch before Bozeman. The day had been going great and the weather had been cooperating. However, the wind had also picked up and a few times made driving difficult but the sun and the snow was non-existent except on the mountains.
After leaving Billings there were about 2 hours left of the drive, the views only got better and I was revived to make it the rest of the way. About ¾ of the way I passed through a small town called Livingston, which was still under road construction the same area as a year ago, and down to one lane.
This section, after Livingston, is best described as a rollercoaster on a race track with speeds as slow as 60 to as high as 85. It was the most fun part of the entire trip and I loved taking the curves just a little bit faster than the rest. I climbed past the others and the slight tilt of the road made for a nice "photo op" with the towering mountains around us. Most of these curves were blind so it was imperative to be alert and aware of all the vehicles and trucks on the route as well. One blind curve could have me reading the small print on the back of a tractor-trailer or in the backseat of a slow-moving car. Which is why, when possible, I stayed in the left lane and coasted effortlessly past them.
It was also the scariest and most heart-stopping route I had ever been on. A year ago, I came back to Bozeman for a visit and a storm had moved in. I left the day after and the roads were only slightly cleared. The slush covered sharp curves and blind corners would pull me into the side or the shoulder without any warning. I was scared the whole way and was never so happy to see the sign for Livingston which was where the front had broken apart and opened up to cleaner roads.
Through the pass and up ahead were the signs for Bozeman. I was earlier than anticipated and the weather was still warm with temperatures near 60 and no stop was complete without a visit to Big Sky Country. This was also a route I could never get right the first time. I always think I know it but end up going in the opposite direction and have to pull out my phone to guide me back to the proper road, and today was no different.
On the way to Big Sky, there were a lot of Trailheads for hiking as well as turnouts to pull into for pictures or to allow others to pass or get out and go for a walk. One such trailhead I enjoyed was Lava Lake and was determined to find its entrance this time and find it I did, along with the many, many water-filled or snow-covered potholes along the way. The drive was one car wide and no turn around until I got into the main parking lot. Every bump and hole was felt with me apologizing to my car the entire way, a large and deep water-filled hole lied ahead before the parking area and I was afraid there would be no support when I went through.
Thankfully, looks were deceiving and it wasn't that deep but the snow I had to straddle to continue forward was high and scrapped the bottom of the car which had Aria jumping around in the back seat and whimpering. I made it through that up on the packed snow and was making my turn around when the car sunk down into a hole and I was stuck.
Snow, ice, and slush spat out as the front passenger tire spun freely without finding any grip. I put it in reverse, then forward, back to reverse at one point it didn't even bunch an inch. Panic started to set in, but it didn't overrule my stubbornness and I kept trying and finally, the tires gripped and pushed back. I still had to go forward to get out and giving it extra gas had me lurching out of the snow and slush and back on to the soft and wet gravel. Several thank yous to the Universe and more apologies to Ella and I slowly made my way back to the main road.
I pulled in to the turn around a short distance away and allowed my nerves and shaking hands and body to settle down. A few deep breathes later, I got out of the car and Aria and I took a walk around the area. A great place to take photos, stretch our legs, calm the nerves and enjoy the gentle breeze that flew past us. A few minutes later Aria and I left the turnaround and continued on towards Big Sky stopping along the way at other turnarounds for more photos, the final one allowed Aria to get out as well.
It was a good day for hiking and photographs, the breeze was gentle, temperatures were warm and that combination with walking made it ideal for a light sweater and no jacket. This was my idea of heaven and for it to be in Montana was icing on the cake. I made a u-turn and headed back to Bozeman for the night.
After supper and a few more walks, Aria and I were officially done for the night. Tomorrow we would be on the road again and in Spokane Valley, WA
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Driving across country can bring about some interesting situations. Broken down on a day by day basis enjoy my adventures and set backs along the way to some beautiful destinations.


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We released cult London club duo Super Drama's underground track 'Ultra' late last year.
A staple fixture on London's gay club circuit, the two friends from London have been throwing parties, DJ'ing and enjoying the city's music scene for over ten years. Super Drama began making music together two years ago. Since releasing a slew of unofficial remixes (made for their own DJ sets), they put out their first double A-side release 'Drama Theme / Irreplaceable Taste' on vinyl through their own label Super Drama Records and featured remixes by In Flagranti and Bell Towers.
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Lift Your House With Balloons
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How many balloons would it take to lift your house? With this interactive infographic, enter your home size and you'll know!
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Similar to the first OPAL conference, the Second International Conference on Optics, Photonics and Lasers (OPAL' 2019) will incorporate the following three symposiums covering a broaden range in optics, photonics and lasers, and provide an excellent opportunity to exchange ideas and present latest advancements in these areas. The OPAL 2019 will be organized by IFSA.
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- Guided Wave Optics
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On Friday 19th October 2018, the support staff based in Satis House raised £170 for Breast Cancer Now with a Wear it Pink Day.
Staff were invited to donate as the offices were donned with pink accessories while fairy cakes and tea were availble throughout the day.
King's Rochester is a limited company registered in England and Wales with company number 3791543
and a registered charity number 1084266. A member of the Woodard Corporation.


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First, there was the rainbow bagel. Now, a rainbow grilled cheese is the latest edible colorful craze.
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Thank you for reading the Springfield News-Sun and for supporting local journalism. Subscribers: log in for access to your daily ePaper and premium newsletters.
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Articulated Music started back in October 2017 when everyone in the house was asleep, and Paul had a couple of drinks, a few action figures and lots of vinyl. He always tries to make the connection between elements of his environment, so having his action figures match the positions of the people (or animals in some cases) featured on album covers was the start of his deep dive into music history with a growing action figure collection in tow.
1. How long have you been collecting (music and action figures)?
Collecting action figures definitely came first, since I can't remember not ever playing with them. As for music, I'd have to say that I've stayed very contemporary in how I consume it, so I don't have a collection of CDs or vinyl per se, but I think it's safe to say I've listened to music every single day of my life that I can remember.
I was always drawn to action figures so that I could create or extend storylines from cartoons or movies that the toys were inspired from. And I remember being the harshest toy critic as a kid, because most of them just let you move the arms and legs up and down, or they would a far cry, visually, from their TV or silver screen representation. But then fast forward to becoming a young adult, toy companies really upped their game by adding tons of points of articulation so that you could finally nail that pose you had always wanted to recreate. So being primarily a fan of Spider-Man at that time this was a big deal given how flexible that guy is, and it was like I was just starting to seriously collect toys from that point.
As for music, I've mentioned that I almost always choose the contemporary way of listening to it. So when I was a kid, I was often in my parents' basement listening to records or cassette tapes of their favourite artists, which was mostly pop acts such as Elton John, Elvis Presley and many one-hit wonder artists. Then as a teenager, it was the height of the movie soundtrack compilations which would feature many high-charting singles, but I realize now as I write this out that it actually robbed me from being interested in a particular artist because I could just go ahead and listen to their best-selling efforts. And now as an adult, I'm fully subscribed to the streaming service format, so when I write a post I just look it up and start listening to it immediately.
2. What's the first record you owned and the first action figure you owned?
I'm not sure I remember the first I've owned for either, but I do remember the first I've bought with my "own" money (I put "own" in quotes, because of course they were bought with allowance money my parents would give me). The first record I bought was The Cars Greatest Hits, released in 1985 which I bought at a local Canadian Tire store. The first action figure I bought was a Battle-Damage He-Man, but I'll admit I was gunning for a Skeletor action figure and since none were available I didn't want to go home empty-handed. Sorry, Battle-Damage He-Man, wherever you are, but you weren't my first choice.
3. Heroes, villains, or anti-heroes? Who is more interesting to you?
Definitely anti-heroes, and this is before everyone was on that wagon (thanks to the devilishly handsome Ryan Reynolds playing Deadpool). In my mind, the definition of what makes a hero or a villain can be very limiting to a fictional character, because a hero will always be the one forced into a position of sacrifice and the villain will always be the one to lead them there knowing this. The anti-hero still has their free will intact, so their story is much more open-ended and creates more opportunity for relatable situations the audience can connect to.
4. What's your typical day like?
My typical day is spent working for a digital media company as a senior software engineer, developing applications to suit their needs while also managing their infrastructure to make sure we can handle the Internet traffic coming in. It's very nerdy, but it's the constant problem solving that I really enjoy about it.
5. How do you balance your work with your creative pursuits?
I definitely abide by the rule that my creative pursuits are my way of decompressing from the work day, so while this Instagram project has grown, I've still restricted my attention to it in the after-hours. I'll admit that's caused a few late nights of playing, uh, I mean positioning action figures in front of album covers, but the balance is there nonetheless.
6. Who or what inspires you?
I think this one is the toughest question, because my inspiration is absorbed through so many sources in the span of a day. I have social media to thank/blame, because I'm a huge fan of perspective and how someone else will convey their feelings about a particular song, movie, or random quote from some well-known or unknown individual.
7. What's been a highlight of Articulated Music so far? Have any musical acts noticed your work?
The highlight of Articulated Music is that both action figure and music enthusiasts seem to enjoy the posts. When I started the project, I wasn't sure how divided Instagram was on stuff like that because I had honestly never used Instagram all that much and I thought having a project that didn't "belong" to one group or the other would result in neither accepting the concept.
As for musical acts noticing my work, I remember around the beginning when the official account for Geoff Emerick (sound engineer for most of the Beatles' albums) would "Like" posts I'd do on the Beatles. As I gained followers though, the artists I was featuring in a post would not only "Like" it, but they'd go as far as comment and even share the post on their own account. The first artist to Like, Comment, Follow and Repost a post featuring them was Bif Naked, and I remember checking and refreshing to make sure it wasn't some mistake on Instagram's part (don't ask me why my mind went there, given I'm in the field of IT it's kinda pretty impossible for a glitch like that to occur)." Since then, I've had official accounts for Crash Test Dummies, Lawrence Gowan, Eagles of Death Metal and many more acknowledge their featured post through a Like, Comment and/or Repost." It's always humbling and never ever gets old.
8. You mentioned to me that this project has really opened up parts of you and is helping you to figure out who you are. Can you explain?
Growing up, I was always in awe of creative types because their creations always spark reaction inside me and I wanted to be able to pay that forward by hopefully sparking a reaction in others by something I created. However in my mind, the creativity I use for Articulated Music doesn't feel like a viable career option and so it stays in the backseat for now while my career in IT stays in the driver's seat. When I started the Articulated Music project, I realized it was helping grow many of my passions simultaneously, which are music, action figures and writing. The added benefit of exercising these passions through Articulated Music is being exposed to others with similar passions that expose me to music I wouldn't have discovered on my own or action figures I would have never been aware of otherwise (sorry, wallet, at least I'm cute though, right?)."
9. Is this something you could see yourself doing full time as a career, or would that take the enjoyment out of it?
I haven't given any thought to what a full-time version of Articulated Music would look like, but if I were ever given the chance I know that I would definitely create spin-off projects that have crossed my mind from time to time so that I could jump between projects to hopefully keep my interest in all of them at a respectable peak. " A random example would be a project I've thought about, but know I don't have the time to execute, is "Megatron in Moncton", and it would feature the Transformers' Decepticon leader Megatron in random situations around my home city of Moncton, New Brunswick.
10. What's next for you?
I'm horrible at foresight, but I can definitely say that I want to continue my trend of featuring up and coming artists from Canada so that those following me from other countries get a chance to see what kind of talent we have coming out of this ever-evolving music scene.
Follow Paul on Instagram to see more of his creations and to find out what he's up to next.
Interview by Glodeane Brown
All photos: Paul Curwin (Articulated Music)
If you liked this post, please like, comment, and share.


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Champ Readers Association and Leading Trails Pvt Ltd with Jaico Publishing launched the book- The Code by author Mukta Mahajani at Oxford Book Store, New Delhi.
The event kicked off with the launching of the book by Mrs. Rama Pandey, A film and theatre personality, a well-known author and an activist, Dr. N.K Sahu, Retired Economic Advisor- Ministry of Human Resource Development and Rudra Vikram Singh, Advocate (Supreme Court of India)
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After that, the questions and answer session with the author started, where the audiences asked many questions to her regarding the book and its inspirations.
The event concluded with a vote of thanks to all the chief guests, avid readers, and media personnel who took out time to witness the launch of the book "The Code"


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Bioactive lipids, antiradical activity and stability of rosehip seed oil under thermal and photo-induced oxidation
aDepartment of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu/Turkey
bAgricultural Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, 44519 Zagazig, Egypt
*Corresponding author: email@example.com
In the present report, the fatty acids, tocopherols, and sterol profiles as well as the total phenolics and carotenoids of rosehip (Rosa canina) seed oil were determined. The major fatty acids in the oil were linoleic and linolenic acids, comprising 54.80% and 23.47% of the total fatty acids, respectively. Other bioactive lipids in the oil included total tocopherols (786.3 mg/kg), total phenolics (37.97 mg/kg) and total carotenoids (218.8 mg/kg). Rosehip oil was rich in γ-tocopherol (472.0 mg/kg) and β-sitosterol (78.0% of total sterols). The DPPH· (2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity of the oil showed 1.08 mg α-tocopherol/g oil and 4.18 μmol TEAC (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity)/g oil, respectively. The ABTS+ (2,2′-Azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical scavenging activity of the oil showed 1.00 mg α-tocopherol/g oil and 3.02 μmol TEAC/g oil, respectively. The induction period (IP) of the oil was 3.46 h for the Rancimat test (110 °C), while the IP of oil in differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) test (100-150 °C) ranged between 0.26 and 58.06 min. The oxidative stability of the oil was determined under thermal and photo oxidation conditions. The progression of oxidation at 30 °C (under UV light) and at 60 °C (in the dark) was followed by recording the ultraviolet absorption (K232 and K270) and degradation of total tocopherols, γ-tocopherol and total carotenoids. Rapid deterioration occurred in the oil stored under UV light conditions. The information provided in the present work is of importance for using rosehip seed oil in different food and non-food applications.
Lípidos bioactivos, actividad antirradical y estabilidad de aceites de semillas de rosa mosqueta bajo oxidación térmica y fotoinducida. En este trabajo se determinaron los ácidos grasos, tocoferoles, el perfil de esteroles, así como los fenoles totales y los carotenoides de aceites de semillas de rosa mosqueta (Rosa canina). Los principales ácidos grasos fueron linoleico y linolénico, que representan el 54,80% y 23,47% de los ácidos grasos totales, respectivamente. Otros lípidos bioactivos incluyen tocoferoles totales (786,3 mg/kg), fenoles (37,97 mg/kg) y carotenoides (218,8 mg/kg). El aceite de rosa mosqueta es rico en γ-tocoferol (472,0 mg/kg) y β-sitosterol (78,0% del total de los esteroles). La actividad captadora de radicales DPPH· (2,2'-difenil-1-picrilhidrazilo) fue 1,08 mg de α-tocoferol/g de aceite y 4,18 μmol de TEAC (capacidad antioxidante equivalente de Trolox)/g de aceite, respectivamente. La actividad captadora de radicales ABTS+ (2,2'-Azino-bis-3-etilbenzotiazolin-6-sulfónico) fue de 1,00 mg de α-tocoferol/g de aceite y 3,02 μmoles de TEAC/g de aceite, respectivamente. El período de inducción (IP) del aceite fue 3.46 h Rancimat (110 °C), mientras que el IP del aceite para la prueba de calorimetría de barrido diferencial (DSC) (100-150 °C) osciló entre 0,26-58,06 min. La estabilidad oxidativa del aceite se determinó en condiciones térmicas y de fotooxidativas. El progreso de la oxidación a 30 °C (bajo luz ultravioleta) y 60 °C (en oscuridad) fue determinado mediante las medidas del K232 y K270 mediante la degradación de tocoferoles totales, γ-tocoferol y carotenoides totales. El rápido deterioro se produjo en el aceite almacenado bajo condiciones de luz UV. La información proporcionada en el presente trabajo es de importancia para usar aceite de semilla de rosa mosqueta en diferentes aplicaciones alimentarias y no alimentarias.
Submitted: 25 November 2017; Accepted: 31 January 2018
ORCID ID: Turan S https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1005-3590, Solak R https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5171-7587, Kiralan M https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7401-8025, Ramadan MF https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5431-8503
KEYWORDS: Differential scanning calorimetry; Induction period; Oxidation; Rosa canina L.; UV light
PALABRAS CLAVE: Calorimetría diferencial de barrido; Oxidación; Periodo de inducción; Rosa canina L.; Ultravioleta
Citation/Cómo citar este artículo: Turan S, Solak R, Kiralan M, Ramadan MF. 2018. Bioactive lipids, antiradical activity and stability of rosehip seed oil under thermal and photo-induced oxidation. Grasas Aceites 69 (2), e248. https://doi.org/10.3989/gya.1114172
Copyright: ©2018 CSIC. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License.
The value of the rose flower is well known, but rose plants have been valued also for their fruits, the rosehips (Nybom and Werlemark, 2015). Rosehip (Rosa canina L., family Rosaceae) fruits are rich in ascorbic acid (Tumbas et al., 2012), phenolics and carotenoids (Gao et al., 2000; Böhm et al., 2003). The plant materials have been preferably used in foods such as herbal teas (Tumbas et al., 2012), marmalades (Sagdic et al., 2015), and juices (Böhm et al., 2003). Rosehip fruits are used as an ingredient in probiotic drinks, yoghurts and soups (Demir et al., 2014). In certain cultures, rosehips have medical applications for gastric disorder, gallstones, constipation, dropsy, flu, inflammation, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and chronic pain (Patel, 2017; Nybom and Werlemark, 2015).
Approximately 29% of rosehip weight is the seeds, and these seeds are discarded as waste after the processing of rosehip (Szentmihályi et al., 2002). Based on rosehip species grown in Turkey, the oil content of the seeds contained up to 7.95% (Çelik et al., 2010). Rosehip seed oil has been revealed as a valuable nonconventional oil due to the fact that it is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The most abundant fatty acid is linoleic acid (41.1-51.0%), followed by α-linolenic (19.6-23.8%) and oleic (20.3-23.0%) acids (Çelik et al., 2010). Machmudah et al., (2007) extracted rosehip seed oil using supercritical CO2, and found the oil to contain linoleic acid as the most abundant acid followed by linolenic, palmitic and stearic acids. Topkafa (2016) reported that cold-pressed rosehip seed oil contained high amounts of OLL, PLL, LLLn and LLL triacylglycerols as well as tocols (1124 mg/kg).
Although the oil content in rosehip seeds is low, the oil is rich in bioactive lipids including tocols and sterols that contribute to healthy traits (Fromm et al., 2012; Grajzer et al., 2015, Ramadan, 2015). The oil also contains high levels of carotenoids (i.e., lycopene, β-carotene and rubixanthin) (Franco et al., 2007; Silva et al., 2008). Rosehip seed oil could be used in the treatment of pigmentation, ulceration and scarring problems. The oil could be also applied in dermatological and cosmetic applications (Contri et al., 2016). Due to its high levels of bioactive compounds, rosehip oil has antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory traits and could inhibit cancer cell proliferation (Olsson et al., 2004; Silva et al., 2008). Paladines et al., (2014) and Martínez-Romero (2017) added rosehip oil to improve the beneficial effect of Aloe Vera gel in delaying the ripening and maintaining the postharvest quality of several stone-fruits and plums.
Rosehip oil contains more than 77% PUFA, and therefore the oil is susceptible to oxidation (Concha et al., 2006). There is limited published research on rosehip seed oil. The tocopherols, phenolics and sterols of rosehip oil were investigated (Grajzer et al., 2015; Ilyasoğlu et al., 2014; Zlatanov, 1999). Recently, de Santana et al. (2016) used mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy and partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) to discriminate authentic rosehip oil from adulterated rosehip oil containing soybean, corn and sunflower oils. The oxidative stability of rosehip oil under accelerated oxidation conditions was investigated in one article (Grajzer et al., 2015).
The goals of this study were (1) to investigate the fatty acid, tocopherol and sterol composition of solvent-extracted rosehip seed oil, (2) to evaluate the antiradical traits of the oil using DPPH and ABTS+ tests, and (3) to compare the induction periods (IP) and oxidative stability of rosehip oil under thermal and photo oxidation conditions.
Rosa canina fruits were purchased from a local market in Bolu (Turkey). The seeds were removed from the pulp then left for 48 h at room temperature to remove pulp residue. Dried seeds were ground in a coffee-grinder and sieved with a sieve of 1 mm in diameter. Twenty grams of powdered seeds were mixed with 150 mL of petroleum ether in an Erlenmeyer flask and the mixture was shaken at 100 rpm in a water bath for 4 h. The mixture was filtered and the solvent was removed using a rotary evaporator at 40 °C under vacuum. The extracted oil was stored at -18 °C until analysis.
2.1. Gas chromatography (GC) analysis of fatty acidsTOP
Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were prepared in accordance with the method developed by AOCS Ce 2-66 (AOCS, 2000). The separation of FAMEs was performed by gas chromatography on a Shimadzu GC-2010 equipped with a flame ionization detector and the capillary column TR-CN 100 (60 m x 0.25 mm x 0.2 μm, Teknokroma, Barcelona, Spain). One μL of FAMEs was injected in split mode at a ratio of 50:1. Helium was used as carrier gas at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The injector and detector temperatures were 250 °C. Separation was carried out at a temperature of 190 °C for 30 min. FAME identification was based on retention times as compared with those of a standard FAME mixture. The results were expressed as the percentage of total peak area. The analyses were carried out in triplicate.
2.2. Gas chromatography (GC) analysis of sterolsTOP
Sterols were determined according to the AOCS Official Method of Ch 6-91 (AOCS, 2000). The sterols were analyzed on an Agilent 7890A gas chromatograph, equipped with a FID and a capillary column HP-5 (30 m × 0.32 mm id × 0.25 μm film thickness). The carrier gas was nitrogen with a flow rate of 1 mL/min and a split ratio of 5:1. The injector and detector temperatures were set at 300 °C. The oven temperature was held at 235 oC for 75 min. The identification of peaks was done by comparing the retention time of external standards (cholesterol, brassicasterol, campesterol, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol). The result of each sterol compound was expressed as percent concentration. LOD was 0.005% and LOQ was 0.05%. The analyses were done in triplicate.
2.3. Determination of total phenolic content (TPC) and total carotenoidsTOP
Phenolic compounds were extracted from the oils as described by Yılmaz and Durmaz (2015). An oil sample (2 g) was dissolved in 5 mL of n-hexane and then the solution was extracted with 3 mL of aqueous methanol (80%). The mixture was blended in a vibration mixer for 3 min. After 5 min of centrifugation at 600 g the hydrophilic layer was filtered and the combined extract was brought to dryness in a rotary evaporator at 38 ºC. The TPC in the oil extract was determined colorimetrically at 760 nm, using the Folin-Ciocalteau reagent (Singleton et al., 1999; Ramadan et al., 2012) and expressed as gallic acid equivalents (GAE). Total carotenoids were determined according to the method of Silva et al. (2011). Carotenoids were measured at 455 nm and the results were presented as mg β-carotene per kg of oil. The analyses were done in triplicate.
2.4. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of tocopherolsTOP
The Tocopherols were determined following the AOCS Method Ce 8-89 (AOCS, 2000). External standards of α, β, γ and δ-tocopherols (Sigma-Aldrich, Inc., St. Louis, MO) were used to calculate the individual amounts of each tocopherol in the oil. An aliquot of sample (20 μL) was injected into a Shimadzu HPLC system equipped with a PDA detector and a silica gel column (Intertsil SIL 100 A, with a 5-mm particle diameter, 4.6 x 250 mm in size, Tokyo, Japan). The separation of tocopherols was achieved with an isocratic elution of hexane: isopropanol (99.5:0.5, v/v) at 1.0 mL/min flow rate. The tocopherols were measured at 292 nm and expressed as mg/kg. The analyses were done in triplicate.
2.5. DPPH· (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activityTOP
The DPPH· method described previously (Espín et al., 2000; Yılmaz and Durmaz, 2015) was used for the determination of the radical scavenging capacity of the oil samples. In brief, 100 μL of ethyl acetate extract from the oil was added to 2.9 mL of DPPH· methanol solution (25 mg/L). The mixture was shaken vigorously and left in the dark for 30 min. The absorbance was measured at 520 nm against pure ethyl acetate (blank) using a spectrophotometer in a 1-cm quartz cell. The radical scavenging activity was expressed as the inhibition percentage and was calculated using the following formula:
% Radical scavenging activity = (control OD-sample OD/control OD) × 100
The obtained data were used to calculate the α-tocopherol and trolox equivalents that correspond to the oil. The analyses were done in triplicate.
2.6. ABTS+ (2,2'-Azino-bis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activityTOP
The antioxidant capacity of the oils was estimated using the ABTS+ method (Yılmaz and Durmaz, 2015). The ABTS+ radical solution was obtained by incubating 7 mM potassium peroxidisulfate solution in distilled water for 16 h in the dark at room temperature. The absorbance was maintained in the 0.700±0.010 range with a methanol:chloroform (1:1, v/v) mixture before the assay. A 100 μL oil sample, diluted 10-fold in methanol:chloroform (1:1, v/v) was allowed to react with 2.9 mL of the ABTS+ solution and the absorbance was recorded at 752 nm. The results of the ABTS+ tests were expressed as α-tocopherol and trolox equivalents. The analyses were done in triplicate.
2.7. Determination of induction period (Rancimat test and DSC)TOP
The induction period (IP) of the oil samples was determined using a 679 Rancimat device (Metrohm Ltd., Herisau, Switzerland). Briefly, 3 g of oil sample were used at 110 °C with an air flow of 20 L/h. Each measuring vessel contained distilled water (60 mL) and the experiments were done in duplicate.
DSC was also used for the determination of the IP of rosehip seed oil. The IP of the oil sample was analyzed by DSC (Shimadzu Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) at different temperature ranges (100-150 °C). For this purpose, 3.0 mg of the oil were weighed in an aluminum pan while an empty pan was employed as the reference. The oven was heated from 50 °C to 150 °C at a rate of 10 °C/min under a nitrogen gas flow of 50 mL/min. After reaching 150 °C, oxygen gas was released into the sample instead of nitrogen at the same flow rate and the sample was held at 150 °C during analysis (Suja et al., 2004). The experiments were done in duplicate.
2.8. Oxidative stability of oil under accelerated thermal oxidation conditions (60 °C)TOP
An oil sample (15 g) was weighed into glass Petri dishes (70 mm diameter) and placed in the dark in an oven at 30 °C and 60 °C. The oxidative stability of the oil was examined using the specific extinction (K232 and K270) values of the samples taken during the oxidation period (0-500 h) according to the AOCS Official Method of Ch 5-91 (AOCS, 2000). The experiments were done in duplicate. The tocopherol and carotenoid degradation in the oil were investigated during oxidation storage (0-160 h).
2.9. Oxidative stability of oil under accelerated photo oxidation conditions (UV light)TOP
Accelerated photo oxidation was performed in a UV-light cabin (110 cm x 55 cm x 55 cm) fitted two 30 W UV lamps (254 nm wavelength). Petri dishes containing 15 g of oil were irradiated at a distance of 27 cm during 21 h. The temperature in the cabin was maintained at 30 °C. The oxidative stability of the oil was monitored by the determination of K232 and K270 values (AOCS, 2000). The experiments were done in duplicate. The tocopherol and carotenoid contents in the oil samples were also determined during photo oxidation.
3.1. Fatty acids and bioactive lipids of rosehip seed oilTOP
The fatty acid composition of rosehip seed oil is shown in Table 1. The main fatty acid found in the oil sample was linoleic acid (54.8%), followed by linolenic acid (23.4%) and oleic acid (14.7%). These fatty acid profiles are similar to previous reports (Ilyasoğlu et al., 2014; Prescha et al., 2014). Grajzer et al., (2015) found fatty acid profiles in cold-pressed rose hip oils that were similar to those reported by Ozcan (2002) and Szentmihályi et al., (2002) for oils extracted from rose hip seeds. They concluded that rose hip oil is a valuable source of PUFA in the human diet.
|Relative content (%)
|Fatty acids
|Myristic acid (C14:0)
|0.03 ± 0.00
|Palmitic acid (C16:0)
|3.66 ± 0.00
|Stearic acid (C18:0)
|2.19 ± 0.01
|Oleic acid (C18:1)
|14.79 ± 0.05
|Linoleic acid (C18:2)
|54.80 ± 0.38
|Linolenic acid (C18:3)
|23.47 ± 0.50
|Arachidic acid (C20:0)
|0.93 ± 0.05
|Behenic acid (C22:0)
|0.14 ± 0.00
|Saturated fatty acids
|Unsaturated fatty acids
|Monounsaturated fatty acids
|Polyunsaturated fatty acids
|Unsaturated/saturated fatty acid
|0.4 ± 0.0
|0.1 ± 0.0
|4.3 ± 0.1
|78.0 ± 0.1
|3.9 ± 0.1
|4.3 ± 0.2
|1.5 ± 0.4
The sterol composition of rosehip seed oil is also presented in Table 1. The main sterol component found in the oil was β-sitosterol (78%), followed by campesterol, Δ7-stigmastenol and Δ5-avenasterol, with 4.3%, 4.3% and 3.9%, respectively. Our results for β-sitosterol were similar to those reported by Grajzer et al., (2015) and Ilyasoğlu (2014). They stated that β-sitosterol was the most abundant sterol in rosehip oil. The percentages of campesterol, Δ7-stigmastenol and Δ5-avenasterol were similar to the data of Ilyasoğlu (2014). Grajzer et al., (2015) reported that the sterol levels of cold-pressed rose hip oils were high and ranged from 5891.6 mg/kg to 6485.4 mg/kg. The presence of brassicasterol reported by Zlatanov (1999) and Δ7-stigmastenol reported by Ilyasoğlu (2014) (5.4% and 6.2% of total sterols, respectively) were confirmed in our results. Phytosterols have health-promoting traits and aid in preventing cardiovascular diseases by inhibiting the intestinal absorption of cholesterol. Thus, sterols have been incorporated into functional foods (Ramadan, 2015).
The bioactive lipids in rosehip seed oil including tocopherols, carotenoids and phenolics are given in Table 2. The Total amount of tocopherol, carotenoid and phenolic contents were 786.3 mg/kg oil, 218.8 mg/kg oil and 37.97 mg gallic acid/kg oil, respectively. Regarding TPC, Grajzer et al., (2015) reported TPC in lower amounts (783.5 and 570.7 μg/kg) than those presented in our work. The level of total carotenoids in the oil was higher than those reported by Ilyasoğlu (2014) and Szentmihályi et al., (2002). Grajzer et al., (2015) reported that the carotenoid content of cold-pressed rose hip oils ranged from 36.4 mg/kg to 107.7 mg/kg mg/kg. Among tocopherol isomers, γ-tocopherol accounted for the highest value in rosehip oil (472.0 mg/kg oil). Besides, α-tocopherol (261.2 mg/kg oil) was found slightly higher than half of the γ-tocopherol, while δ-tocopherol was present only as a minor (53.1 mg/kg oil) isomer among the tocopherols. Grajzer et al., (2015) reported higher levels of total tocopherols (1124.7 and 1037.6 mg/kg) in rosehip oil in comparison with our results. However, the total tocopherol content of rosehip oil in our study was higher than the values (89.4 mg/kg) reported by Zlatanov (1999).
|Total phenolic comounds (mg gallic acid/kg oil)
|37.97 ± 1.45
|Total carotenoids (mg/kg oil)
|218.8 ± 1.9
|Total tocopherols (mg/kg oil)
|786.3 ± 0.7
|Individual tocopherols (mg/kg oil)
|α- tocopherol
|261.2 ± 0.3
|γ- tocopherol
|472.0 ± 0.4
|δ- tocopherol
|53.1 ± 0.7
|Antioxidant capacity
|Tocopherol equivalents (mg α-tocopherol/g oil)
|1.08 ± 0.04
|Trolox equivalents (μmol TEAC/g oil)
|4.18 ± 0.14
|Tocopherol equivalents (mg α-tocopherol/g oil)
|1.00 ± 0.09
|Trolox equivalents (μmol TEAC/g oil)
|3.02 ± 0.28
|TEAC: Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity
Several studies mentioned that oil composition is affected by the method of extraction. Also, studies reported that the qualitative and quantitative compositions of fatty acids, sterols, tocopherols and carotenoids differed significantly among different genera and also among cultivars of the same species. Grajzer et al., (2015) stated that γ- tocopherol was the major tocopherol isomer in rosehip oil. They found lower contents of α-tocopherol and higher contents of δ- tocopherol than those detected in our study (116.6, 147.3 mg/kg for α-tocopherol and 230.4, 259.9 mg/kg for δ- tocopherol). Andersson et al., (2011) studied the levels of tocols in four species of Rosa (R. dumalis, R. spinosissima, R. rubiginosa, and R. pimpinellifolia) and found α- and γ-tocopherol only in the fleshy parts of the rosehip. The amount of tocols and vitamin E activity varied with the date of harvesting and species, while fruit ripening had little influence on this activity.
3.2. Antiradical properties and IP of rosehip seed oilTOP
The antiradical activities of the extracts from oil samples were assessed using DPPH· and ABTS+ radical scavenging tests. Both tests are commonly used to determine the antioxidant capacity of bioactive compounds. As exhibited in Table 2, the antioxidant activities of the extracts as assessed by the DPPH· test were 1.08 mg α-tocopherol/g oil and 4.18 μmol TEAC (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity)/g oil. The ABTS+ values for the oil extracts were determined as 1.00 mg α-tocopherol/g oil and 3.02 μmol TEAC/g oil. The antioxidant activity tested by ABTS+ for rosehip seed oil extracts was higher than the reported value (Ilyasoğlu, 2014) for the methanol extract of rosehip oil (1.77 μmol TEAC/g). The DPPH· results showed higher antiradical activity than those (2.32 mM TEAC/kg) reported by Prescha et al., (2014) and Grajzer et al., (2015), who reported that the antioxidant activity of rosehip oil extracts ranged between 2.32 and 3.00 mM TEAC/kg.
The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) method is a rapid method to evaluate the oxidative stability of oils. In addition to this method, the Schaal oven test could be used as an accelerated oxidation method (Ramadan, 2012). Arain et al., (2009) determined the oxidative stability of Bauhinia purpurea oil and found a high correlation between DSC T0 values and the oxidative stability index (OSI) values. They concluded that the DSC method could be easily used as an alternative technique for the measurement of oil's oxidative stability. To get comprehensive data about stability against oxidation, different thermal oxidation values should be compared. The values for the IP obtained by the Rancimat test and DSC are given in Table 3. The IP measured by Rancimat was 3.46 h at 110 °C. Regarding the DSC test, the IP of the oil samples decreased with the increase in the DSC experiment temperature. As expected, the highest IP (58.06 min) was recorded at 100 °C, while the lowest IP of the oil was 0.26 min at 150 °C. The IP obtained by DSC was lower than that obtained by the Rancimat method. These differences could be related to the higher surface-to-volume ratio, small amount of sample and purified oxygen used in DSC (Tan et al., 2002). In our study, the IP of rosehip oil determined by DSC was lower than the results reported by Grajzer et al., (2015) for cold-pressed rosehip oils.
|IP (min)
|Rancimat (110 °C, 20 L/h air flow rate, h)
|3.46 ± 0.13
|58.06 ± 5.39
|24.38 ± 3.35
|6.93 ± 2.82
|4.95 ± 0.65
|1.02 ± 0.07
|0.26 ± 0.05
Tocols have vitamin E activity and they are compounds with the ability to scavenge free radicals, and even tocols could be considered as the most important antioxidants. The high amount of tocopherols found in rosehip oil could be the main reason for the strong oxidative stability of the oil.
3.3. Oxidative stability of rosehip oil as affected by thermal and photo oxidationTOP
Lipid oxidation negatively influences the quality and nutritional value of foods during storage and this might also limit the utilization of oil in processed foods. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the stability of oils as affected by storage conditions (Mohdaly et al., 2010; Özkan et al., 2016). Several methods have been employed to measure the stability of oils and fats. The storage of oil samples under thermal and photo oxidation conditions was employed for monitoring the stability of oils (Özkan et al., 2016). On the other hand, the detection of conjugated dienes (CD) and conjugated trienes (CT) is a good parameter to determine the stability of oils. The formation of hydroperoxides is coincidental with the conjugation of double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids, as measured by absorption at the UV spectrum. Methylene-interrupted dienes or polyenes in lipids show a shift in their double bond position during oxidation. The resulting CD exhibit intense absorption at 232 nm, while CT exhibit intense absorption at 270 nm. The increase in CD and CT contents is proportional to the uptake of oxygen. The higher the levels of CD and CT in oil the lower the oil stability will be (Ramadan et al., 2006).
The changes in K232 values during thermal and photo oxidation experiments are illustrated in Figure 1A. At all stages, the highest K232 value of the oil was observed during UV light-induced oxidation. After 21 h, the K232 value increased from 4.94 to 40.64 in the photo oxidation experiment, followed by the oil stored at 60 °C in the oven (15.38). There was a lower increase in the K232 value in the oil during 21 h storage at 30 °C under dark conditions (8.47). With the increase in storage time, the K232 value of the oil was decreased after a certain point under thermal storage conditions (60 °C). This behavior of the decrease in CD when the heating times increased could be explained by the induction of secondary oxidation products (hydroperoxides) which formed in the primary stages of oxidation (Shahidi et al., 1992; Ramadan and Moersel, 2004; Iqbal and Bhanger, 2007). Regarding the oil stored at 30 °C in the dark, the maximum value for K232 was 17.69 after storage of up to 480 h.
Figure 1A. Variation in K232 values for rosehip seed oil under different storage conditions (n=2, mean ± SD).
The K270 values for the oil samples were determined during storage under thermal and UV light-induced conditions (Figure 1B). After 21 h of storage at UV light, the K270 value increased from 1.24 to 10.50. The K270 values for samples over the same period stored at 60 °C and 30 °C were 2.83 and 1.14, respectively. Up to 144 h of storage at 60 °C, the K270 value reached its maximum value (10.19) and after that, the value was decreased. However, the K270 value of the oil increased slightly during storage at 30 °C. The results for K232 and K270 values were similar to those reported in a study of rosehip oil stored at 20 °C (Prescha et al., 2014), where an increase was observed for CD and CT values in rosehip oil during 6 months of storage.
Figure 1B. Variation in K270 values for rosehip seed oil under different storage conditions (n=2, mean ± SD).
The amounts of total tocopherols in the oils during different storage periods are presented in Figure 2A. The highest decrease in total tocopherols occurred during storage under UV light conditions. The amount of total tocopherols decreased from 784 mg/kg to 11.3 mg/kg after 11 h of storage under UV light. After that, the tocopherols were not detected in these samples. The other storage condition which caused a loss in tocopherols was the storage of oils at 60 °C. After 72 h of storage, total tocopherols decreased to 92.3 mg/kg; thereafter, tocopherols were not detected in the oil samples. The smallest loss in total tocopherols was determined at 30 °C of storage. Although there was a decline in the total tocopherols at the beginning of storage, after 21 h, the tocopherol content in the oil (132.6-139.8 mg/kg) exhibited stabile behavior for 120 h of storage.
Figure 2A. Variation in total tocopherol contents in rosehip seed oil under different storage conditions (n=2, mean ± SD).
In addition to total tocopherols, the levels of γ-tocopherol, the main tocopherol isomer in oil, was assessed during different storage conditions. The changes in the amounts of this isomer in the oil during storage is exhibited in Figure 2B. The highest decline in the level of this isomer was observed in the oils during storage under UV light. During 9 h of storage under UV light, the amount of γ-tocopherol decreased to 30.3 mg/kg from the starting value (472.0 mg/kg). The other significant decrease in γ-tocopherol was detected during storage at 60 °C. After 120 h under thermal storage, the concentration of γ-tocopherol declined to 15.3 mg/kg. The lowest decrease in γ-tocopherol between among the storage conditions was determined under dark storage at 30 °C. The amount of γ-tocopherol was 62.3 mg/kg for rosehip oil at the end of 144 h of storage.
Figure 2B. Variation in γ-tocopherol contents in rosehip seed oil under different storage conditions (n=2, mean ± SD).
The carotenoid degradation of rosehip oil under different storage conditions is summarized in Figure 2C. The degradation rate of carotenoids was more noticeable under UV light storage than under storage in the dark at 30 °C and 60 °C. After 15 h of storage under UV light, there was a tremendous decline in the carotenoid level in rosehip oil, where the total carotenoid content decreased to 0.6 mg/kg from the initial value (218.8 mg/kg). The other dramatic decrease in the content of carotenoids was observed in the oil samples stored under thermal conditions at 60 °C. Total carotenoid content decreased to 2.3 mg/kg after 48 h storage under thermal storage conditions. During storage at 30 °C, the minimum losses in total carotenoids was detected, where the total carotenoid content was 9.6 mg/kg even at the end of 144 h storage in the dark at 30 °C.
Figure 2C. Variation in total carotenoids in rosehip seed oil under different storage conditions (n=2, mean ± SD).
Vegetable oils are bioactive ingredients in nutraceuticals, drugs, cosmetics and biofuels. Rosehip oil is valuable for food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications. Rosehip seeds are potential sources for the production of edible oil after marmalade production. Rosehip oil is rich in unsaturated fatty acids especially linoleic and linolenic acids and these fatty acids are an important part of the human diet because of their contribution to human health. In addition, the oil contains high contents of tocopherols, especially γ-tocopherol, which showed strong antioxidant traits. Considering the levels of bioactive phytochemicals in rosehip oil, the oil could be utilized in food, pharmaceutics, cosmetics, and other nonfood applications. The storage conditions for rosehip oil should be controlled, especially under UV light and temperatures above 30 °C which promote oil degradation.
The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. The authors highly appreciate the financial support of Abant Izzet Baysal University (Turkey), Scientific Research Projects (Project No: 2015.09.04.961). The authors would like to thank Abant Izzet Baysal University YENIGIDAM Research Center for their support in HPLC, GC-FID and DSC analyses.
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Diamonds in the rough - Arsenal's emerging stars
Every year, Arsenal's youth academy produces a few gems, capable of shining through the rough ends of the Premier League. The academy had always produced someone who have been capable of taking the League by storm. They nurtured Cesc Fabregas into a world-class talent, brought out Kieran Gibbs and more recently, introduced Jack Wilshere into the Premier League world.
This year, there are really good players coming through the ranks and the potential they hold is absolutely astonishing. Following are a few players who, I believe, could make it into the Arsenal squad and not disappoint.
Thomas Eisfeld
Recruited by Borussia Dortmund's youth academy, the German has developed into an exceptional player. He's already spent a year and a half wearing red and white and is tipped to directly join the first team rather than going out on loan first.
Touted as the next 'Mario Goetze', Eisfeld's growth at Dortmund stalled due to an ACL injury during which time Goetze was taking long strides in the Dortmund squad and the German team meaning Eisfeld had to move elsewhere for regular football. Arsene Wenger regards him highly and you won't be surprised why.
Eisfeld is a creative midfielder, his vision is what excites me the most, much like Cesc Fabregas, Eisfeld is capable of picking the pass not many notice and ever since the departure of the Spaniard, we've need someone to fill that role. Santi Cazorla is an exceptional creator but his vision, truth be told, is not as good as Fabregas'.
Eisfeld can come in to eventually replace the aging Tomas Rosicky. He can play behind the striker or in a deeper attacking role. He's got decent pace, enough for a midfielder and considering his build and his height, nearly perfect balance.
With the departure of Arshavin, Coquelin and Denilson, Eisfeld can surely seal a spot. He's amongst the best youngsters we have.
Serge Gnabry
Young, pacy and an eye for goal: Gnabry is soon going to be a fan's favourite with his rapid development. Signed from Stuttgart, the German is a winger by role and has some serious talent. He is able to breeze past players with ease, be it using his pace or his dribbling skills.
In the youth squad, he's usually deployed on the right flank and has impressed Neil Burton to no extent. He has contributed some exceptional goals throughout the season and has helped his team greatly.
One thing about Gnabry I like most is his almost-telepathic understanding with Thomas Eisfeld. Both the Germans have been linking each other very well and they're creating quite a storm amongst the younger leagues.
Unlike Eisfeld though, I expect Gnabry to go out on loan. He could do with some experience and will surely come back a much stronger player for Arsenal.
Hector Bellerin
If Bacary Sagna were to leave the Emirates this season, I feel Bellerin could prove quite a deputy to Carl Jenkinson. Snapped up from La Masia, the Spaniard is a huge, huge talent. He's got great pace and can defend exceptionally well.
If there's one player whom I can compare Bellerin to, it's Everton's Leighton Baines. The Englishman contributed so many assists and lead the table of 'Most Chances Created' and Bellerin could soon follow the likes of Baines, except on the opposite flank.
He has this technique of pulling back the ball and cutting in left instantaneously giving him so much more room wherein creating chances for the likes of Eisfeld and Gnabry is the next logical choice. He doubles back to defend well, too and has held some of the best attacking youngsters with ease.
I doubt the boss will want Bellerin to immediately come in to the squad, he'll send out the Spaniard on loan and then draft him in alongside Carl Jenkinson. The two of them are both incredible talents, if they remain injury-free and in the club, it'll be one of the hardest headaches Wenger will have to make.
Chuba Akpom
Everything that Arsenal are desperately looking for as a striker can be epitomised as Chuba Akpom. The incredibly gifted striker has scored many goals this season with his exceptional finishing and his blinding pace. The fact that he's just 17 years old means the amount of talent is unquestionable.
He's sure to go out on loan this summer but hopefully it'll be a short season loan meaning he can come back in January and get into the first team squad.
Akpom has made strides due to his height, his strength and his link up play. He links up especially well with Gnabry and Eisfeld and by reading this, you're getting the idea that the three of them are some sort of holy trinity, trust me, they are.
Akpom reads spaces well, he's also able to bring in players into the attack and spread the ball from the front. Beating defenders is easy considering his strength and pace. Give him a few more months and he'll develop into a truly brilliant centre-forward.
Jon Toral (One of the most exciting young players I've seen for a long time)
Barcelona president Sandro Rossell was heartbroken after he heard that Toral had agreed to sign for Arsenal. Toral is possibly the next best player to come out of our academy and he replicates a certain someone who graduated from our academy and went on to become captain.
Toral moved to the Emirates with his good friend, Bellerin. The two of them are 17 but have broken into the under-21 squad because they're just that special.
Toral plays a central midfield role, he can attack, he can defend and much like Eisfeld, he can control the game with exceptional through passes. His vision is way beyond anyone his age and it's no wonder why Wenger was desperate to land him.
Unlike Eisfeld though, Toral will go out on loan, maybe for a year, maybe for two but that's only because he needs it. His body isn't entirely suited to the Premier League, he isn't the strongest and with a few loan experiences under his belt, he could grow as a pivotal figure in the Arsenal spine.
Of all the players who are yet to walk out the Arsenal Academy doors, I believe these five are the ones who'll grab headlines. Wenger should tie them down on contracts as soon as possible. They're the future stars for the Gunners and you won't find too many people doubting otherwise.


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